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L 3 L . 3 1 tie- Q~- Occupational Em ploym ent in Selected Nonm anufacturing Industries Transportation, Communications, Utilities, Trade, Educational Services, State and Local Government U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics December 1987 Bulletin 2284 U .S . D E P O c *sT O I i t JuN 0 1988 Occupational Em ploym ent ^ in Selected Nonm anufacturing Industries ^ Transportation, Communications, Utilities, Trade, Educational Services, State and Local Government U.S. Department of Labor Ann McLaughlin, Secretary Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner December 1987 Bulletin 2284 For sale by the Superintendent o f D ocum ents, U .S . G overnm ent Printing O ffice W ashington, D .C . 2 0 402 4 Preface This bulletin provides data from a 1985 survey of occu pational employment in transportation, communications, utilities, wholesale and retail trade, educational services, and State and local government. Earlier surveys of transporta tion, communications, utilities, and trade were conducted in 1976, 1979, and 1982. Results of the 1982 survey were published in Bulletin 2220, Occupational Employment in Transportation, Communications, Utilities, and Trade. State and local government services were included in the 1979 and 1982 surveys. Educational services were surveyed for the first time in 1985. Other nonmanufacturing industries were surveyed in 1984 and results were published in Bulletin 2264, Occupational Employment in Mining, Construction, Finance, and Services. Surveys of the manufacturing sector have been conducted at 3-year intervals since 1971. Results of the most recent sur vey, 1983, were published in Bulletin 2248, Occupational Employment in Manufacturing Industries. These periodic surveys are part of a Federal-State cooper ative program of occupational employment statistics (O E S ). The OES program provides information for many data users, including individuals and organizations engaged in planning vocational education programs, training programs supported by the Job Training Partnership Act, and higher education. O ES data are also used to prepare information for career counseling, for job placement activities performed at State employment security offices, and for personnel planning and market research conducted by private enterprises. This bulletin was prepared in the Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Division of Occupational and Administrative Statistics, by Janet Owens and Barbara Keitt under the direction of Glyn Finley. Minnie Dickerson and Florence Moore provided word processing assistance. Material in this publication is in the public domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without permission. Contents Page Introduction........................................................................................................................................ 1 Summary............................................................................................................................................ 2 Transportation.................................................................................................................................... Railroad transportation ................................................................................................................... Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation............................... Motor freight transportation and warehousing .............................................................................. Water transportation ..................... Air transportation.................................. Pipelines, except natural gas........................................................................................................... Transportation services................................................................................................................... 7 7 7 8 9 9 10 11 Communications ................................................................................................................................ 32 Utilities................................................................................................................................................ 37 Wholesale trade.................................................................................................................................. Durable goods................................................................................................................................ Nondurable goods.......................................................................................................................... 42 42 43 Retail trade.......................................................................................................................................... Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers ........................... General merchandise stores............................................................................................................. Food stores...................................................................................................................................... Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations.......................................................................... Apparel and accessory stores......................................................................................................... Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores....................................................................... Eating and drinking places............................................................................................................. Miscellaneous retail stores ............................................................................................................. 52 52 53 53 53 53 54 54 54 Educational services........................................................................................................................... 83 State and local government................................................................................................................. 88 Tables: 1. Employment in transportation, communications, utilities, trade, educational services, and State and local government, 1985 .................................................. 2. Employment in transportation, communications, utilities, trade, educational services, and State and local government by major occupational group, 1985 ....................................................................................................... 3. Percent distribution of employment in transportation, communications, utilities, trade, educational services, and State and local government by major occupational group, 1985 ........................................................................................ v 4 5 6 Contents—Continued Page Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, 1985: 4. Railroad transportation, M ay.................................................................................................. 5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation, M ay................................................................................................................ 6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing,M ay................................................................ 7. Water transportation, A p ril.................................................................................................... 8. Air transportation, Ju n e.......................................................................................................... 9. Pipelines, except natural gas, Ju n e......................................................................................... 10. Transportation services, A pril................................................................................................ 11. Communications, M ay ............................................................................................................ 12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitaryservices,A pril.......................................................... 13. Wholesale trade—durable goods, Ju n e ................................................................................... 14. Wholesale trade—nondurable goods, Ju n e ............................................................................. 15. Retail trade: Percent distribution of employment in major occupational groups by industry............................................................................................ 16. Building materials , hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers, Ju n e.................................................................................................... 17. General merchandise stores, Ju n e.......................................................................................... 18. Food stores, Ju n e.................................................................................................................... 19. Automotive dealers and gasoline servicestations,June ........................................................... 20. Apparel and accessory stores, June......................................................................................... 21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipmentstores, June........................................................ 22. Eating and drinking places, June............................................................................................ 23. Miscellaneous retail stores, June............................................................................................ 24. Educational services, April .................................................................................................... 25. State government, May .......................................................................................................... 26. Local government, M ay.......................................................................................................... 56 60 64 67 70 73 77 79 84 89 94 Appendixes: A. Survey methods and reliability of estimates ........................................................................... B. The O ES classification system .................................................................................................. C. OES survey data available from State agencies ....................................................................... 99 103 105 vi 11 15 18 21 24 27 29 33 38 44 48 55 Introduction Employment is based upon survey results adjusted to reflect total industry employment. The percent of total employment refers to total employment in the industry. Rela tive error measures the level of confidence to be placed on each estimate. The percent of establishments reporting a particular occupation indicates the frequency of occurrence of the occupation. Occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but are included in the appropriate residual categories. Employment is rounded to the nearest ten. The relative error and the percent of respondents reporting the occupa tion are rounded to the nearest whole percent. The percent of total employment was computed from rounded data. The Occupational Employment Statistics ( o e s ) Survey is designed to collect data on occupational employment of wage and salary workers by industry in nonagricultural establish ments. The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides the proce dures and technical assistance for the survey, State employment security agencies collect the data, and the Employment and Training Administration provides adminis trative support. Supplemental funding is provided by the National Science Foundation. In 1985, 50 States and the District of Columbia partici pated in the survey, compared with 48 States in 1982. This bulletin presents national data only. Data on occupa tional employment in each participating State are available from the State employment security agencies listed on the last page of this bulletin. This bulletin presents national data on occupa tional employment for 2-digit SIC industries.1 Data are presented for each industry under the following headings: Employment, percent of total employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting the occupation. 1 Occupational employment data at the more detailed 3-digit level are avail able upon request from the O ffice o f Em ploym ent and U nem ploym ent Statistics, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. D efinitions for all occupations surveyed are also available upon request. 1 Summary In 1985, 42.7 million, or 44 percent of all nonagricultural wage and salary workers in the Nation were employed in the transportation, communications, utilities, trade, and educational services industries and in State and local govern ment. Wholesale and retail trade industries employed more than half; educational services employed one-fifth. The third largest industry group in the survey, transportation, employed 7 percent, with the motor freight and warehousing compo nent accounting for almost one-half of this share. (See table 1.) For comparative purposes, data from the 1982 and 1985 surveys of occupational employment in these industries appear in the following tabulation. In the industries surveyed in both years, employment increased by a total of 12 per cent. The tabulation excludes employment in railroads and educational services since they were surveyed for the first time in 1985. Employment 1982 Transportation, excluding railroads . . . . . C o m m u n ic a tio n s............ U tilitie s ................................ W h olesale and retail . . . . . 2 ,3 6 8 ,2 4 0 1 ,4 2 1 ,1 2 0 8 6 6 ,7 7 0 2 0 ,5 7 1 ,8 6 0 1985 2 ,6 3 0 ,7 4 0 1 ,3 2 2 ,0 7 0 9 0 4 ,3 9 0 2 3 ,2 9 1 ,6 5 0 classification schemes. A detailed explanation of the OES classification system is given in appendix B. Under this system, workers are classified into seven major occupational groups: Managerial and administrative workers; professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers; sales and related workers; clerical and administrative support workers; service workers; agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers; and production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers. Tables 2 and 3 present the distribution of employment of these seven major occupational groups in the various industries surveyed. The following sections provide analyses of the distribu tion of occupational employment among the 2-digit SIC in dustries surveyed. Throughout, changes in occupational employment between survey years that may be due to changes in the classification system, as opposed to changes in the actual occupational mix of the establishments, are noted. These sections also present detailed occupational employ ment data by industry. Percent change, 1982-85 Managerial and administrative workers. Persons holding positions as managerial and administrative workers are primarily concerned with policymaking, planning, organiz ing, staffing, directing, and controlling activities common to many types of organizations. Occupations included in this group are plant, office, and sales managers and corporate officers such as president and treasurer. First-line supervi sors, such as production and clerical supervisors, however, are included in the same occupational division as the workers they supervise. The new classification system contains a new occupation: First-line supervisor—sales. These supervisory workers are now included in the sales category rather than in the managers/administrators group (appendix B). In 1985, managerial and administrative workers numbered 2.8 million, or 7 percent of total employment in the indus tries surveyed. The highest concentrations of these workers were in retail trade, specifically in the home furnishing and building materials industries. In these industries 12 and 11 percent, respectively, of the work force were in managerial positions. This high proportion of managers may be explained by the fact that approximately 50 percent of the units in these groups are small establishments that employed fewer than 50 workers. 11.1 - 7 .0 4 .3 13.2 Of the major industry groups surveyed, only communi cations experienced a decline in employment, with 7 percent fewer workers than in 1982. Divestiture of the telephone industry was implemented during January 1984, which may explain much of the employment change that has occurred in the industry. Employment increases in transportation, utilities, and wholesale and retail trade reflect a period of general sustained economic growth which began at the end of 1982. Between 1982 and 1985, employment in the nonagricultural sector of the economy increased by 9 percent. The employment gains in transportation and wholesale and retail trade were higher than average, with increases of 11 percent and 13 percent, respectively. Major occupational groups This is the first survey of these industries to use the OES occupational classification system, introduced in 1983. The O ES classification emphasizes occupations of special interest to many data users, such as technology-related occupations and those which require substantial training. In addition, this system is both more concise and more compatible with the Standard Occupational Classification System than were older Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers. Persons employed in professional positions usually deal with theoretical or practical aspects of such fields as science, engineering, art, education, medicine, law, and business 2 and material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing occupations. The last group consists of plant clerical workers who plan, coordinate, or expedite produc tion and the flow of work. They are also involved in the clerical aspects of receiving, storing, issuing, or shipping of materials, merchandise, supplies, or equipment. The other nonsupervisory groups are primarily office clerical workers who prepare, systematize, transcribe, transfer, or preserve written communication and records, as well as collect accounts and distribute information. There were 6.9 million clerical and administrative sup port workers employed in the surveyed industries in 1985. The greatest number were employed in educational services. relations. Most of these occupations require substantial educational preparation, usually at the university level. Paraprofessionals work under the direction of professionals. These occupations usually require some postsecondary education or, in some instances, a baccalaureate degree. Technical occupations require knowledge of fundamental scientific, engineering, mathematical, computer program ming, or draft design principles. This knowledge is acquired through study at technical schools and junior colleges, through other formal postsecondary training less extensive then a 4-year college education, or through equivalent onthe-job training or experience. In 1985, professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers numbered 7.9 million, or 19 percent of employment in the surveyed industries. Approximately 66 percent of this occupational group were employed in educational services. Service workers. Persons in this occupational group perform services for individuals or establishments. Service workers protect individuals and property, prepare and serve food and beverages, and clean interiors and equipment of buildings, offices, stores, vehicles, etc. In 1985, service workers numbered 8.6 million, or 20 per cent of surveyed employment. Service workers constituted the largest occupational group in the industries surveyed. Eating and drinking establishments accounted for more than half of total employment in this category. Sales and related workers. Sales and related workers in these industries primarily include persons who are required to have specific knowledge of the commodity or service being sold. Sales representatives include those who sell commodities on a wholesale basis to wholesale, retail, industrial, professional, or other establishments. They solicit orders from established clientele and attempt to secure new customers; show sam ples or catalog illustrations of products or services to prospec tive buyers and explain their merit; quote prices and credit and discount terms; arrange delivery schedules; process orders; resolve customer complaints; and keep informed of the latest market conditions, product innovations, and price changes. Sales engineers include workers primarily con cerned with selling to businesses goods and services where a technical background equivalent to a degree in engineer ing is required. In 1985, the number of sales workers was 8.4 million, or 20 percent of surveyed employment. The highest proportions of sales workers were employed in food stores (20 percent) and general merchandise stores (17 percent). Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers. Agricul tural workers include persons in occupations such as graders and sorters of agricultural products; gardeners and grounds keepers, except farm; and farm equipment operators. The occupational group also includes forestry workers such as choke setters, log-handling equipment operators, nursery workers, and conservation workers. In 1985, the surveyed industries employed only 209,380 workers in this occupational group, less than 1 percent of total employment. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations. This occupational group, referred to hereafter in the text as production and related workers, includes all skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers performing machine and manual tasks. In 1985, this group numbered 7.8 million, or 18 percent of the work force surveyed. The largest concentration of production workers was employed in motor freight transportation. Clerical and administrative support workers. Persons employed in this occupational group are concentrated in five categories: First-line supervisors—clerical; selected secretarial and general office occupations; electronic data processing and other office machine occupations; selected communication, mail, and message distributing occupations; 3 Table 1. Employment in transporation, communications, utilities, trade, educational services, and State and local government, 1985 Employment Percent distribution T otal............................................................. 42,689,560 100.0 Transportation, total................................................ Railroad transportation........................................ Local and suburban transit and interurban highway .......................................................... Motor freight transportation and warehousing .... Water transportation............................................ Air transportation................................................. Pipelines, except natural g a s ............................. Transportation services....................................... 2,997,840 367,110 7.0 .9 291,460 1,347,920 180,940 520,480 19,190 270,750 .7 3.2 .4 1.2 .0 .6 Communications..................................................... 1,322,070 3.1 Utilities..................................................................... 904,390 2.1 Wholesale and retail trade..................................... Wholesale trade ................................................ Durable goods ................................................ Nondurable goods.......................................... Retail tr a d e ............................................. Building materials, hardware, garden supply, and mobile home d e a le rs...................... General mechandise s to re s ........................ Food sto re s................................................... Automotive dealers and gasoline service sta tio n s......................................... Apparel and accessory s to re s .................... Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores....................................... Eating and drinking places.......................... Miscellaneous retail....................................... 23,291,650 5,767,230 3,428,870 2,338,360 17,524,420 54.6 13.5 8.0 5.5 41.1 710,950 2,275,450 2,785,160 1.7 5.3 6.5 1,915,410 1,030,940 4.5 2.4 726,440 5,923,060 2,157,010 1.7 5.1 5.1 Educational services............................................. 8,569,280 20.1 State government................................................. 1,843,480 4.3 Local government................................................. 3,760,850 8.8 Industry 4 Table 2. Employment in transportation, communications, utilities, trade, educational services, and State and local government by major occupational group, 1985 Industry T o ta l........................................ Railroad transportation....................... Local and suburban transit and interurban highway ....................... Motor freight transportation and warehousing ................................. Water transportation.......................... Air transportation ............................... Pipelines, except natural g a s........... Transportation services...................... Communications ................................ Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services.......................... Wholesale trade-durable goods....... Wholesale trade-nondurable goods .. Building materials, hardware, garden supply, and mobile home dealers . General merchandise stores............. Food stores........................................ Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations............................ Apparel and accessory stores.......... Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores......................... Eating and drinking places................ Miscellaneous retail........................... Educational services......................... State government.............................. Local government.............................. Managerial and administrative workers Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers Clerical and Sales and administrative related workers workers Production, construction, Agriculture, operating, forestry, maintenance, fishing, and and material related workers handling workers Service workers 2,815,930 7,939,900 8,352,870 6,928,770 209,380 7,819,160 8,623,550 17,950 13,860 4,400 52,860 100 267,690 10,240 10,830 26,580 1,900 34,270 0 205,910 11,970 67,040 10,180 20,430 1,580 19,090 115,180 13,050 6,750 27,700 3,190 7,500 255,950 30,580 4,950 13,430 40 111,740 71,250 220,930 24,100 162,460 2,350 93,790 496,830 1,700 120 30 0 150 90 1,003,970 126,800 202,630 11,960 33,420 370,770 10,650 8,040 93,800 70 5,060 12,000 57,120 321,870 186,020 153,770 259,590 102,760 12,860 904,390 609,510 223,320 983,580 620,200 2,080 1,230 33,980 439,650 933,260 733,620 15,590 24,950 52,270 80,040 124,760 188,310 24,370 68,660 41,940 301,780 1,441,540 1,690,850 120,790 375,390 165,140 18,600 220 1,050 158,080 135,110 241,450 7,290 129,770 456,420 161,680 97,490 15,880 27,920 575,850 764,190 244,660 83,720 280 120 870,970 44,600 46,090 12,900 85,820 338,350 178,110 431,120 106,870 196,090 37,620 37,630 196,160 5,243,390 668,720 706,910 296,370 306,670 1,134,580 23,970 23,060 28,960 133,420 105,600 280,680 1,249,180 469,470 786,030 50 790 7,630 48,560 21,710 70,890 164,370 70,010 262,730 499,520 203,530 839,110 8,790 5,064,010 97,120 1,073,540 350,120 1,132,860 5 Table 3. Percent distribution of employment in transportation, communications, utilities, trade, educational services, and State and local government by major occupational group, 1985 Industry All occupations Managerial and administrative workers Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers Sales and related workers Clerical and administrative support workers Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers Service workers T o ta l........................................ 100.0 6.6 18.6 19.6 16.2 0.5 18.3 20.2 Railroad transportation....................... Local and suburban transit and interurban highway ....................... Motor freight transportation and warehousing ................................. Water transportation........................... Air transportation ............................... Pipelines, except natural g a s........... Transportation services...................... Communications ................................ Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services........................... Wholesale trade-durable goods........ Wholesale trade-nondurable goods .. Building materials, hardware, garden supply, and mobile home dealers General merchandise stores............. Food sto re s........................................ Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations............................ Apparel and accessory stores.......... Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores.......................... Eating and drinking places................ Miscellaneous retail............................ Educational services.......................... State government.............................. Local government.............................. 100.0 4.9 3.8 1.2 14.4 .0 72.9 2.8 100.0 3.7 9.1 .7 11.8 .0 70.6 4.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 5.0 5.6 3.9 8.2 7.1 8.7 1.0 3.7 5.3 16.6 2.8 19.4 2.3 2.7 2.6 .2 41.3 5.4 16.4 13.3 31.2 12.2 34.6 37.6 .1 .1 .0 .0 .1 .0 74.5 70.1 38.9 62.3 12.3 28.0 .8 4.4 18.0 .4 1.9 .9 100.0 100.0 100.0 6.3 9.4 8.0 17.0 7.6 4.4 1.4 26.4 26.1 24.7 28.7 26.5 .2 .0 1.5 48.6 27.2 31.4 1.7 .7 2.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.3 5.5 6.8 3.4 3.0 1.5 42.4 63.4 60.7 17.0 16.5 5.9 2.6 .0 .0 22.2 5.9 8.7 1.0 5.7 16.4 100.0 100.0 8.4 9.5 .8 2.7 30.1 74.1 12.8 8.1 .0 .0 45.5 4.3 2.4 1.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 11.8 5.7 8.3 5.0 5.8 5.2 5.2 .6 9.1 61.2 36.3 18.8 40.8 5.2 52.6 .3 1.3 .8 18.4 1.8 13.0 14.6 25.5 20.9 .0 .0 .4 .6 1.2 1.9 22.6 1.2 12.2 5.8 11.0 22.3 1.2 85.5 4.5 12.5 19.0 30.1 6 Transportation In 1985, there were 3.0 million workers employed in trans portation industries, accounting for 7 percent of total surveyed employment. The motor freight transportation and warehous ing component was the largest employer, with approximately 45 percent of all transportation workers. Air transportation ranked second with 17 percent. Railroad transportation, which was included for the first time in the 1985 survey, employed 12 percent. Local and suburban transit and interurban high way passenger transportation and transportation services em ployed 10 and 9 percent, respectively. Water transportation employed 6 percent, and pipeline transportation (except natural gas) employed less than one-half of 1 percent. Combined employment in transportation, excluding rail road transportation, increased by 11 percent from 1982. The following tabulation shows the change in employment for the transportation industries since 1982. Employment 1982 Total ............................................. L ocal and suburban transit and interurban highw ay passenger transportation . . . . M otor freight transportation and w a reh o u sin g .......... W ater transportation.................... A ir transportation......................... P ipelines, except natural g a s ................................... Transportation s e r v i c e s ............. . . . . 2 ,3 6 8 ,2 4 0 1985 Percent change, 1982-85 2 ,6 3 0 ,7 4 0 11.1 2 6 8 ,8 9 0 2 9 1 ,4 6 0 8 .4 . . . . 1 ,2 0 7 ,8 4 0 .. . . 2 1 2 ,6 0 0 .... 4 4 0 ,5 9 0 1 ,3 4 7 ,9 2 0 1 8 0 ,9 4 0 5 2 0 ,4 8 0 11.6 - 1 4 .9 18.1 2 2 ,6 5 0 2 1 5 ,6 7 0 19 ,1 9 0 2 7 0 ,7 5 0 - 1 5 .3 2 5 .5 .... .. . . other), and terminal and switching establishments. This includes line-haul operating railroads and interurban rail ways, whether diesel, electric, or steam. In 1985, 367,110 persons were employed in the railroad in dustry. Most of these workers (93 percent) were employed by Class 1 railroads. Total national employment in the railroad industry declined steadily from 445,400 in 1982 to 384,000 in 1983, 381,600 in 1984, to the 1985 level of 367,110. A universe of establishments was collected for the 1985 OES survey of the railroad industry. This represents the first year in which occupational employment estimates have been published for this industry. Workers employed in production and related occupations accounted for 73 percent of railroad employment. Clerical and administrative support workers ranked second with 14 percent. The remaining employment was distributed through out the other major groups as follows: Managerial and administrative workers, 5 percent; professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers, 4 percent; service occupations, 3 percent; sales and related occupations, 1 percent; and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations, less than 1 percent. (See table 4.) The five most populous occupations in the railroad indus try, all of which are found in the production and related workers group, are listed in the following tabulation. Together they constituted approximately 40 percent of total employment in the industry. Since 1982, the only transportation industries to experience declines in employment have been water transportation and pipe lines, which each employed about 15 percent fewer workers. However, these large decreases did not significantly influence overall employment because these industries account for only a small percentage of total employment in transportation. The high rates of employment growth that occurred throughout most of the other transportation industries stemmed from regulatory changes that were implemented in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Deregulation contributed to an increase in industrywide competition and cost efficien cy. Concurrently, conditions of general economic prosperi ty increased the demand for travel, transportation, and related services. Railroad brake, signal, and sw itch o p e r a to r s ............................................... Railroad conductors and yard masters . . . . Rail-track laying and m aintenance equipment o p e r a to r s........................................ Railcar rep a irers.................................................... L ocom otive engineers ........................................ Percent o f industry employment 4 3 ,9 8 0 3 2 ,3 4 0 12.0 8.8 3 1 ,7 9 0 19,680 18,7 8 0 8 .7 5 .4 5.1 Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation Establishments in this industry include firms which pro vide transportation of passengers by automobile, bus, taxi, rail, or subway within a single municipality, between neigh boring municipalities, or between a municipality and its surrounding locale. Also included are establishments which supply sightseeing transportation. (Interurban rail service is not included.) Terminal and maintenance services are also part of this industry. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway Railroad transportation The railroad industry includes establishments furnishing transportation by line-haul railroad, (Class 1, Class 2, and Employment, 1985 7 passenger transportation employed 291,460 workers in 1985, or 10 percent of all workers employed in transportation. Production and related occupations accounted for 71 percent of all workers employed in this industry. Clerical and administrative support workers ranked second with 12 percent. The third largest group was professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers with 9 percent. Service workers and managerial and administrative workers ranked fourth and fifth, respectively. Sales and related workers con stituted less than 1 percent of the industry’s employment. (See table 5.) Employment in all major occupational groups, except managers and administrators, increased between 1982 and 1985. The decline in employment among managers resulted from changes in the OES classification structure. First-line sales supervisors were reclassified to the sales and related workers group from managers and administrators. Cashiers were shifted to sales from the clerical and administrative workers group, which caused about a 20-percent increase in sales employment. The change, however, had little effect on the overall employment figure for clerical and adminis trative workers. The five largest occupations are listed below: Busdrivers, s c h o o l ....................... B u sd r iv e r s........................................ T axi drivers and c h a u ff e u r s ................................... Em ergency m edical te c h n ic ia n s................................... D ispatchers, except p olice, fire, and a m b u la n c e ............... 1985 1982-85 . . . . 5 2 ,8 1 0 8 0 ,8 1 0 6 0 ,2 4 0 16.7 14.1 . . . . 3 5 ,4 9 0 3 3 ,2 7 0 - 6 .3 . . . . 14,740 2 4 ,0 8 0 6 3 .4 8 ,8 4 0 - 2 .4 . . . . 6 9 ,2 6 0 .... 9 ,0 6 0 Employment Industry Total ....................................... Local and surburban transportation ...................... Taxicabs ............................. Intercity and rural highway passenger transportation . . . Passenger transportation charter service .................... School buses ......................... Terminal and service facilities for motor vehicle passenger transportation . . . 1982 1985 Percent change, 1982-85 268,890 291,4601 8.4 411 412 85,520 42,250 92,210 38,690 7.8 -8.4 413 38,680 36,290 - 6 .2 414 415 16,890 82,720 20,980 100,790 2 1 .8 417 2,850 2,490i 24.2 - 1 2 .6 Motor freight transportation and warehousing This industry consists of establishments which furnish local or long-distance trucking, or those engaged in the storage of farm products, furniture or other household goods, or commercial goods of any nature. The operation of termi nal facilities for handling freight, with or without main tenance facilities, is also included. (Establishments engaged in field warehousing or storing natural gas are excluded.) The motor freight industry employed 1.3 million workers in 1985, with local and long-distance trucking establishments accounting for 93 percent. Public warehousing establishments employed 7 percent and terminal and maintenance facilities, less than 1 percent. There were no changes in these employ ment distributions from 1982. Production and related workers accounted for the largest occupational group in the motor freight industry, with 75 percent of total industry employment (table 6). Ranking second, clerical and administrative workers comprised 16 percent. The remaining employment was distributed among the occupational groups as follows: Managerial and adminis trative workers, 5 percent; sales and related workers, 2 per cent; professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers, 1 percent; service workers, 0.8 percent; and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers, 0.1 percent. Between 1982 and 1985, employment in the motor freight and warehousing industry grew by 12 percent. Four occu pations that experienced substantial increases in employment are shown in the following tabulation: School busdrivers, busdrivers, and taxi drivers and chauffeurs were also the three most populous occupations in the industry in 1982. The number of taxi drivers and chauffeurs declined by 6 percent between 1982 and 1985. Employment of school busdrivers and busdrivers rose dur ing that same period. Between 1982 and 1985, the number of emergency medical technicians employed in local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation increased by 63 percent, outpacing the employment growth of all other occupations in the industry. Ambulance drivers declined by 49 percent during this period. One reason for the opposing trends in employment may be that ambulance drivers were trained and moved into the more skilled occupation. Of all workers in local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation in 1985, the school bus industry employed 35 percent. Ranking second was local and suburban passenger transportation, with 32 percent. Employment in each of the remaining four industry segments did not exceed 15 percent of the total. Between 1982 and 1985, employment in local and subur ban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation increased by 8 percent (text table 1). The expansion of the SIC Code charter service industry was due in part to the favorable con ditions created by the Bus Reform Act of 1982, which allowed carriers to enter into charter service without provid ing a regular route service. The industry has benefited from the expansion of domestic leisure and vacation travel. Percent change, Employment 1982 Text table 1. Employment in local and surburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation by industry, 1982 and 1985, and percent change Percent Employment 1982 H eavy and tractor-trailer truck d r iv e r s ............................ Bus and truck m echanics . . . . D isp a tc h e r s................................... Sales agents ................................. 8 ..........4 4 1 ,0 9 0 .......... 4 1 ,4 1 0 .......... 2 5 ,6 9 0 .......... 16,6 0 0 1985 change, 1982-85 5 0 9 ,5 7 0 5 1 ,2 2 0 3 0 ,8 1 0 2 3 ,2 0 0 15.5 2 3 .7 19.9 3 9 .8 and flying fields, and provide terminal services. The air transportation industry employed 520,480 workers in 1985. Certificated carriers who are licensed to transport revenue passengers, cargo, or freight accounted for 82 per cent of the industry’s employment. Establishments that oper ate and maintain airports, flying fields, hangars, and aircraft ranked second with 12 percent. Noncertificated carriers employed the remaining 6 percent. Employment in the airline industry increased by 11 per cent from 1982 to 1985. Over the period, airline deregula tion stimulated growth and activity within the industry. The change in industry structure provided airline establishments with greater pricing flexibility, freedom to enter and aban don markets, and incentives for creating new marketing strategies. As a result, fare discounts, route concentrations, mergers and acquisitions, and the development of commuter and feeder networks shaped the business environment. Regional airlines increased air traffic through their agree ments with the major airlines to route passengers from out lying areas into central networks; major airlines pursued international opportunities. Additionally, the high value of the dollar, in comparison with other currencies, encouraged U.S. residents to travel abroad. The combination of these factors provide, at least in part, an explanation for the increase in employment levels. Production and related workers accounted for 39 percent of all workers employed in the airline transportation industry. Ranking second, clerical and administrative support workers made up 31 percent. The third largest group was service workers, with 18 percent. Remaining employment was dis tributed as follows: Professional, paraprofessional, and tech nical workers, 5 percent; managerial and administrative workers, 4 percent; and sales and related workers, 3 percent. (See table 8.) Between 1982 and 1985, employment of production and related workers increased by 14 percent; clerical and ad ministrative workers, 22 percent. The number of manageri al and administrative workers and professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers declined by 19 and 62 percent, respectively. These apparent declines resulted from the change in the classification system. The new cod ing structure reclassified first-line supervisors from the managerial occupational group to their respective occupa tions. Flight engineers and airline pilots, who accounted for 69 percent of professional workers in 1982, were reclassi fied to the production and related occupational group. (In order to achieve comparability between 1982 and 1985 employment estimates for production and related workers, flight engineers and airline pilots were excluded from the 1985 estimates prior to calculation of percentage changes.) Economic conditions and regulatory reform of the indus try, implemented through the Motor Carrier Act of 1980, have both contributed to fluctuations in the levels of motor carrier tonnage and revenue but it is difficult to separate the impact of each. During the previous survey in 1982, motor freight transportation employment had decreased by 11 per cent from 1979. These reductions occurred at the same time that industrial production was declining. Since 1982, eco nomic activity has increased, which has spurred the demand for motor freight transportation services. Water transportation Included in this industry are establishments that transport freight and passengers on the open seas or inland waterways, and those which furnish incidental services such as lighter age, canal operation, and towing. Also included are excur sion boats, sightseeing boats, and water taxis. Charter and party fishing boats are excluded. In 1985, water transportation establishments employed 180,940 workers, accounting for 6 percent of all workers employed in transportation-related industries. Fifty-three per cent of the workers were employed in services incidental to water transportation. Deep sea foreign transportation and local water transportation establishments each employed 15 percent. The remaining industry employment was distributed as follows: Transportation on rivers and canals, 9 percent; deep sea domestic transportation, 7 percent; and transporta tion services on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway, 1 percent. The 126,800 production and related workers accounted for 70 percent of total industry employment. Clerical and administrative support workers ranked second with 13 per cent. The third largest group was managerial and adminis trative workers, with 6 percent. Service workers ranked fourth with 4 percent, followed by professional and sales workers, with 4 and 3 percent, respectively. (See table 7.) From 1982 to 1985, employment in water transportation declined by 15 percent. The greatest decline, 18 percent, was in deep sea foreign transportation establishments. Thirty-nine percent of all able seamen were employed in this indus try; their employment increased by 3 percent despite the sharp decline in deep sea transportation employment as a whole. Substantial declines did occur in employment of or dinary seamen and marine oilers, and water vessel captains, as shown in the following tabulation: Employment 1982 1985 Ordinary seam en and m arine o i l e r s ................................ . . . . Captains, water v e s s e l s ................ . . . A ble s e a m e n ..................................... . . . . 1 8,980 1 3,780 8 ,7 8 0 12 ,5 4 0 10 ,4 9 0 9 ,0 6 0 Percent change 1982-85 - 3 3 .9 - 2 3 .9 3.2 Pipelines, except natural gas Air transportation This industry is made up of firms that move petroleum and other products (except natural gas) through pipelines. Pipe lines operated by petroleum producing or refining companies Included in this industry are establishments that provide domestic and international air transportation, operate airports 9 the clerical to the sales and related workers group, and travel agents, formerly included among professional workers, also have been reclassified as sales workers. The reclassification of travel agents had a large impact on total employment for the sales and professional groups. The estimates for sales and related workers were also affected by the addition of 3,000 first-line supervisory workers, who were formerly classified as managerial and administrative workers. Travel agents continued to be the leading occupation in terms of employment. This occupation accounted for 36 per cent of total industry employment in 1985 and increased by 73 percent since 1982. Up to 1982, travel agents and travel accommodations appraisers were surveyed together as a single occupation. In 1985, establishments arranging transportation employed 193,400, or 71 percent of all workers in transportation serv ices. The travel industry has benefitted from the increase in leisure-time activities and the expansion of business-related travel. Almost all of the travel agents employed in 1985 were in arrangement-of-transportation industries, as were most bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks; first-line supervisors; clerical and administrative support workers; and sales agents in selected business services. These workers con stituted 78, 70, and 62 percent, respectively, of total employment in transportation services. Freight forwarding establishments employed the second largest number of transportation service workers in 1985, or 22 percent. The occupation with the largest proportion of workers in the industry was truckdrivers, light (includ ing delivery and route workers), 65 percent. General office clerks accounted for 45 percent. Communications, transpor tation, and utilities operations managers made up 42 percent. Establishments engaged in the rental of railroad cars and miscellaneous services incidental to transportation made up the balance o f transportation services em ploym ent, 6 percent in 1985. and separately reported are also included. There were 19,190 workers in this industry in 1985, a decline of 15 percent from 1982. This reflected a general slowdown in oil and gas activity due to an oversupply which led to price declines. Over 60 percent of the workers in the industry were employed in production and related occupations. (See table 9.) The next largest group was professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers with 17 percent. Over half of these workers were engineers or engineering technicians. Clerical and ad ministrative support occupations accounted for 12 percent. Transportation services This industry comprises firms that provide services incidental to transportation such as the arrangement of passenger and freight transportation, and forwarding and packing services. In 1985, these firms employed 270,750 workers or 9 percent of the total employed in transportation. This was a 25-percent increase from 1982. The following tabulation shows employment changes within the industry: Employment 1982 Freight fo r w a r d in g ............................ . . 5 2 ,9 8 0 A rrangem ent o f transportation . . . . 1 4 0 ,5 7 0 4 ,3 0 0 Rental o f railroad c a r s .................... M iscellaneous services incidental to transportation. . . . 7 ,8 3 0 Percent change, 1985 1982-85 5 9 ,8 9 0 1 9 3 ,4 0 0 3 ,0 9 0 13.1 3 7 .6 -2 8 .1 14 ,3 8 0 - 1 9 .3 Sales and related workers accounted for 41 percent of all workers employed in transportation services. Clerical and administrative support workers made up 35 percent. The re maining employment was distributed as follows: Production and related workers, 12 percent; managerial and adminis trative workers, 7 percent; professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers, 3 percent; and service workers, 2 per cent. (See table 10.) Since the last survey, cashiers have been reclassified from 10 Table 4. Railroad transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985 (SIC 40) Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment T o ta l................................................................................ 367,110 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Construction managers ............................................................. Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers .............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 17,950 1,090 4.89 .30 670 .18 .06 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts ................................................................... All other financial specialists............................................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products .................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. Construction and building inspectors..................................... Compliance officers and enforcement inspectors, except construction........................................... All other management support workers................................ Engineers.................................................... .............................. Civil engineers, including traffic.............................................. All other engineers.................................................................. Engineering and related technicians and technologists.................................................................. Physical scientists..................................................................... Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Operations and systems researchers and analysts, except computer..................................................... Health practitioners, technologists, technicians, and related health workers ........................................................................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales representatives and salespersons, services.................................................................................... Appraisers, real estate ........................................................... Sales agents, selected business services............................ Cashiers...................................................................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers ......................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... 210 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 1 0 0 .0 0 n.a. 11 n.a. 28 10 17 10 11 .46 .25 .24 7,870 1,580 3,010 2.14 .43 .82 10 14 13 53 54 25 13,870 6,670 3.78 1.82 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9 13 n.a. 28 210 .54 .38 .06 400 .1 1 12 7 320 .09 11 13 560 240 .15 .07 11 170 3,380 2,350 1,390 960 .05 .92 .64 .38 .26 17 17 n.a. 9 14 650 140 .18 .04 10 12 15 7 1,660 .45 n.a. n.a. 650 .18 .28 13 15 8 450 .1 2 13 5 100 .03 7 7 1,850 .50 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2 ,0 0 0 1,390 1 ,0 1 0 4,400 1 .2 0 9 30 15 14 1,700 930 890 11 11 9 6 14 8 8 17 n.a. 22 11 8 620 .17 7 16 2,990 130 2,860 n.a. 17 n.a. 3 31 580 .81 .04 .78 .06 .16 9 n.a. n.a. 52,860 14.40 n.a. n.a. 5,960 850 1.62 .23 10 210 See footnotes at end of table. Relative error (in percentage) 2 11 12 9 10 46 18 Table 4. Railroad transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued (SIC 40) Occupation Reservation and transportation ticket agents.......................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ........................................................................................ Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Correspondence clerks ............................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Statistical clerks ........................................................................ Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................. Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Telegraph and teletype operators............................................. All other communications equipment operators...................... Messengers................................................................................ Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Production, planning, and expediting clerks..................................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers .................................................................................... Service occupations ..................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Railroad and transit police and special agents........................ Crossing guards ........................................................................ Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers .................................................................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Baggage porters and bellhops.................................................. Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters............................................ All other service w orkers.......................................................... Employment1 1,730 3,190 1,310 120 11 10 40 7 20 10 120 .03 15 2 ,0 0 0 .54 80 380 690 2,350 620 5,260 11,380 .0 2 .19 .64 .17 1.43 3.10 14 16 14 19 2,590 .1 0 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 14 .1 2 22 4 14 3 15 4 8 11 6 26 19 36 49 .71 n.a. n.a. 260 .07 11 6 500 .14 .03 .33 .14 .08 .28 13 8 120 1 ,2 0 0 510 290 1,030 770 1,290 10 9 9 20 10 3 20 21 8 10 9 14 9 12 6 .35 8 17 9,220 2.51 n.a. n.a. 3,430 .93 6 28 280 .08 13 2,570 .70 11 27 2,270 .62 13 18 670 .18 17 9 1,190 .32 9 16 10,240 2.79 n.a. n.a. 700 2,700 230 390 .19 .74 .06 12 14 26 2,260 .62 n.a. n.a. 1,990 360 .54 .1 0 n.a. 14 n.a. 7 1,040 570 .28 .16 15 n.a. n.a. 100 .03 n.a. n.a. 267,690 72.92 n.a. n.a. 20,580 5.61 n.a. n.a. See footnotes at end of table. 0.47 .87 .36 .03 Relative error (in percentage) 2 440 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. Percent of total employment 12 .2 1 .1 1 7 14 18 9 6 6 6 Table 4. Railroad transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued (SIC 40) Occupation First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - construction trades and extractive workers......................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/superv-transp and material moving machine and vehicle workers.................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand ................................................. All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Transportation inspectors ......................................................... All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Rail car repairers.................................................................... Signal or track switch maintainers......................................... Radio mechanics.................................................................... Electrical installers and repairers, transportation equipment..................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material moving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance.................................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters........................................................................... Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment operators............................................................................... All other construction trades workers.................................... Precision metal workers............................................................ Machinists............................................................................... Sheet-metal workers............................................................... Precision workers, n.e.c............................................................. Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Painters, transportation equipment........................................ All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and plastic ..................................................... Hand workers, including assemblers and fabricators........................................................................ Plant and system workers ........................................................ Motor vehicle operators ............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer ..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Railroad conductors and yardmasters ..................................... Locomotive engineers ............................................................... Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and hostlers.................................................................................... Locomotive firers....................................................................... Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators........................... All other rail vehicle operatives and controllers................................................................................ Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders........................................ Employment' Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 6,940 1.89 8 41 7,250 1.97 11 33 4,140 1.13 8 26 1 ,2 0 0 .33 8 15 1,050 3,220 .29 8 .8 8 6 14 26 720 43,250 1,040 70 11.78 .28 .0 2 19 3 7,230 19,680 8,510 140 1.97 5.36 2.32 .04 10 8 26 42 38 14 6 4,730 1,850 1.29 .50 10 8 16 44,580 3,780 4,880 12.14 1.03 1.33 n.a. 6 n.a. 30 7 22 630 .17 12 1,650 .45 .2 0 12 n.a. 8 2 9 11 n.a. 21 20 12 14 31,790 1,850 7,400 4,500 2,900 800 8 .6 6 .2 2 7 n.a. 64 19 n.a. 18 19 n.a. 1,500 60 .41 n.a. n.a. .0 2 22 2 n.a. n.a. 11 7 10 .50 2 .0 2 1.23 .79 (3) (3) 8 n.a. 10 1,430 .39 2 ,2 0 0 2,580 .60 .06 .70 190 .05 2,390 32,340 18,780 .65 8.81 5.12 9,180 6,370 43,980 2.50 1.74 11.98 3,890 410 1.06 9 17 .11 11 10 220 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 13 n.a. 9 n.a. n.a. 9 n.a. 12 8 9 (3) 5 15 70 70 8 8 (3) 31 27 61 Table 4. Railroad transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued (SIC 40) Occupation Employment' All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Hoist and winch operators..................................................... Crane and tower operators.................................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... Operating engineers................................................................ All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Helpers - mechanics and repairers .......................................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners............................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, ha n d .......................................................................... 1,480 3,320 890 390 920 910 0.40 .90 .24 Relative error (in percentage) 2 11 n.a. 13 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 12 n.a. 5 .1 1 12 11 .25 .25 12 10 15 5 2,860 1,830 .06 .78 .50 14 15 14 5 18 9 16,200 4.41 9 32 210 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 14 Table 5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 41) Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment Total ................................................................................ 291,460 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 10,830 580 3.72 490 160 .17 .05 280 330 .1 0 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides................................................. Emergency medical technicians................................................ All other health professionals, paraprofessional and technicians........................................... Public relations specialists and publicity writers ................................................................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales agents, selected business services............................... Cashiers...................................................................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Reservation and transportation ticket agents ......................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers........................................................................... Receptionists and information clerks ....................................... Typists ....................................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. File clerks.................................................................................. Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................ Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Data entry keyers, except composing................................... Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 1 0 0 .0 0 .2 0 .1 1 5,990 2,380 620 2.06 .82 26,580 1,490 n.a. 4 n.a. 8 6 6 9 2 7 4 3 12 4 3 7 38 19 4 9.12 .51 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 930 .32 n.a. n.a. 90 .03 9 1 280 190 .1 0 6 3 .07 7 1 .06 .03 .03 8.26 n.a. 7 13 n.a. 170 80 90 24,080 .2 1 2 1 1 18 280 .1 0 16 1 140 .05 30 1 420 .14 n.a. n.a. 1,900 .65 n.a. n.a. 340 910 370 280 .1 2 8 2 .31 .13 8 6 8 2 .1 0 11 1 34,270 11.76 n.a. n.a. 900 5,250 3,200 50 .31 1.80 6 12 3 15 5 16 9 28 (3) 7 2 1 ,2 2 0 220 60 1 .1 0 .0 2 .42 .08 .0 2 3,100 460 1,310 4,420 .04 .04 1.06 .16 .45 1.52 560 190 120 120 200 See footnotes at end of table. Relative error (in percentage) 2 15 5 11 9 10 1 1 1 3 4 5 3 28 .19 n.a. n.a. .07 .07 10 2 7 6 9 24 2 Table 5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 41) Occupation All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers .................................................................................... Service occupations ..................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers .................................................................................... Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians............................................. Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Guides ........................................................................................ Baggage porters and bellhops.................................................. Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters............................................ All other service workers .......................................................... Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/superv-transp and material moving machine and vehicle workers..................................................................... All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Inspectors and related workers................................................ Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Automotive body and related repairers................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. All other mechanics, installers, and repairers ....................... Machine setters, set-up operators, operators and tenders............................................................................. Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer ..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Bus drivers.............................................................................. Bus drivers, school.................................................................. Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ................................................... Service station attendants........................................................ Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 170 900 0.06 .31 n.a. 10 n.a. 3 11,970 4.11 n.a. n.a. 2,190 .75 4 10 8,840 3.03 3 30 440 .15 8 3 360 .1 2 14 1 140 .05 15 1 410 .14 n.a. n.a. 11,970 4.11 n.a. n.a. 410 260 .14 .09 7 24 2 80 .03 38 (3) 5,090 1.75 6 7 1 ,2 1 0 .42 .28 .29 5 14 9 810 840 10 2 410 2,860 .14 .98 18 n.a. n.a. 205,910 70.65 n.a. n.a. 3,690 1.27 n.a. n.a. 770 .26 3 6 2,820 .97 4 17 100 .03 .03 6.41 .34 1.07 .32 n.a. n.a. 7 4 4.26 .41 3 n.a. 30 n.a. 160 175,800 .05 60.32 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 770 .26 20 1 710 60,240 80,810 33,270 540 .24 20.67 27.73 11.41 .19 100 18,690 990 3,130 940 12,430 1 ,2 0 0 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 16 8 6 1 1 1 1 n.a. n.a. 7 15 4 16 2 2 2 28 24 2 21 8 2 Table 5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 41) Occupation Employment' All other transportation and material moving equipment operators............................................................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners............................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers.................................................................................... Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 910 4,310 0.31 1.48 14 3 18 1 ,0 2 0 .35 9 3 690 .24 n.a. n.a. 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 2 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 17 Table 6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishment reporting selected occupations, May 1985 (SIC 42) Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. n.a. 6 8 T o ta l................................................................ 1,347,920 Managerial and administrative occupations............... Financial managers................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers................................................. Purchasing managers............................................... Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers................................................. Administrative services managers........................... Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................. General managers and top executives.................... All other managers and administrators.................... 67,040 2,380 4.97 .18 1,640 480 .1 2 6 6 .04 10 2 2,060 930 .15 .07 8 6 9 3 40,940 14,210 4,400 3.04 1.05 .33 3 4 9 48 13,050 9,020 .97 .67 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 6,050 5,670 .45 .42 n.a. n.a. 6 12 (3) Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................. Management support workers.................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists.............................................. Accountants and auditors.................................... Budget analysts................................................... All other financial specialists............................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists............................................. Compliance officers and enforcement inspectors, except construction.......................... All other management support workers................ Engineers .................................................................. Engineering and related technicians and technologists.................................................. Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................ Systems analysts, electronic data processing ................................................... Computer programmers......................................... Computer programmer aides................................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers.............. Sales and related occupations .................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers............................................... Sales agents, selected business services.............. Cashiers..................................................................... All other sales and related workers ........................ Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers ........ Credit checkers ........................................................ Adjustment clerks..................................................... Secretaries................................................................ Stenographers.......................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks...................... Typists ...................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment....................... Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................ Correspondence clerks ............................................ File clerks................................................................. Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks....... Payroll and timekeeping clerks .............................. 21 4 200 .0 1 180 .0 1 18 18 310 .0 2 15 1 1,360 .1 0 8 3 1 530 770 700 .04 .06 .05 14 1 20 1 18 1 390 .03 15 (3) 2 ,1 2 0 .16 n.a. n.a. 660 1,080 380 .05 .08 .03 12 2 820 30,580 8 3 11 1 .06 n.a. n.a. 2.27 n.a. n.a. .2 0 8 1.72 4 24 .24 4 13 14 220,930 16.39 n.a. 7,110 540 4,330 23,910 .53 .04 .32 1.77 220 .0 2 20 .1 2 11 .1 1 12 2 .03 11 1 .08 .05 7 14 4 .1 1 8 1.90 3 5 3 35 7 2,680 23,200 1,530 3,170 1,680 1,480 450 1,140 720 1,430 25,580 2,670 See footnotes at end of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 18 .1 1 .2 0 5 12 7 4 2 3 n.a. 12 1 5 33 (3) 5 1 Table 6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishment reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued (SIC 42) Occupation Employment’ Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation Billing, cost and rate clerks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................ Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Messengers................................................................................ Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Production, planning, and expediting clerks.................................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks.................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers................................................................................... 20,810 42,920 1.54 3.18 4 3 26 39 10,820 .80 n.a. n.a. 5,470 .41 7 7 1,310 310 3,560 170 1,740 1,750 .1 0 3 Service occupations .................................................................... Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers.................................................................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. All other service workers .......................................................... 10,650 1.580 .1 2 11 n.a. 3 180 .0 1 39 (3) 6,960 1,930 .52 .14 7 35 13 1,700 .13 n.a. n.a. 1,003,970 74.48 n.a. n.a. 44,740 3.32 n.a. n.a. 3,470 .26 5 8 25,170 1.87 4 23 15,070 1 .1 2 5 16 2 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/superv-transp and material moving machine and vehicle workers.................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand ................................................. All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Transportation inspectors ......................................................... All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Machinery maintenance workers............................................ Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Automotive body and related repairers................................. .0 1 7 15 7 19 .13 .13 26 68,380 5.07 n.a. n.a. 30,810 2.29 3 36 1,320 .1 0 10 1 17,720 1.31 6 12 16,310 1 .2 1 7 11 .26 12 1 4 (3) 5 2 2 ,2 2 0 .16 16 1 3,250 .24 13 2 .79 n.a. 1,030 490 .08 .04 14 15 390 81,230 1,470 370 13,560 8,270 2,460 .03 6.03 17 n.a. 14 See footnotes at end of table. .0 2 19 .1 1 .03 1 .0 1 .61 .18 21 7 8 9 1 1 1 n.a. 1 1 15 7 3 Table 6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishment reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued (SIC 42) Occupation Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... Tire repairers and changers................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. All other construction trades workers.................................... Precision production workers ................................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Painters, transportation equipment........................................ All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and plastic ..................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Welders and cutters................................................................ All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Plant and system workers ........................................................ Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer ..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Service station attendants........................................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Hoist and winch operators..................................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... Conveyor operators and tenders........................................... All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Refuse collectors...................................................................... Hand packers and packagers .................................................. Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners............................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers .................................................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 51,220 3.80 3 330 2,140 1,410 .0 2 15 1 .16 8 5 n.a. 1,230 260 170 800 360 1,340 34 .1 0 n.a. .09 .06 .03 n.a. 26 25 36 n.a. (3) (3) n.a. .0 2 .0 1 n.a. 1 .1 0 n.a. n.a. 200 .0 1 22 1 240 .0 2 n.a. n.a. 900 1,800 760 1,040 670 653,090 .07 .13 .06 .08 .05 48.45 23 n.a. (3) n.a. 509,570 37.80 1 70 143,520 990 10.65 .07 3 22 10,980 54,910 620 39,100 7,040 .81 4.07 .05 2.90 .52 .60 8,150 22,410 24,230 3,320 1.80 .25 101,630 7.54 160 1 .6 6 .0 1 22 n.a. 17 21 20 13 n.a. 31 1 n.a. 1 1 1 2 6 n.a. (3) 16 29 1 12 2 10 4 8 8 13 4 3 15 n.a. n.a. information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 .0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 20 Table 7. Water transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985 (SIC 44) Occupation Employment’ Percent of total employment Total ................................................................................ 180,940 1 0 0 .0 0 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 10,180 750 5.63 .41 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts ................................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products .................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Engineers ................................................................................... Mechanical engineers............................................................. Marine engineers.................................................................... All other engineers................................................................. Engineering and related technicians and technologists.................................................................. Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing ................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides................................................. Radio operators......................................................................... All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales agents, selected business services............................... Cashiers..................................................................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Reservation and transportation ticket agents.......................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers ........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ....................................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................ Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. n.a. 8 11 380 .2 1 7 8 200 .1 1 6 5 680 350 .38 .19 10 9 7 5 3,330 2,800 1,690 1.84 1.55 .93 5 5 36 27 8 10 6,750 3,220 3.73 1.78 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1,810 1,400 180 230 1 .0 0 n.a. 5 16 18 n.a. 17 560 .31 280 570 1,250 140 900 .15 .32 .69 .08 .50 .77 .1 0 .13 8 7 15 n.a. 15 2 2 10 5 3 n.a. 2 10 8 210 .1 2 27 1 190 .1 1 16 2 870 .48 n.a. n.a. 430 340 20 3 4 480 .24 .19 .06 .27 740 4,950 100 400 2 ,0 0 0 11 21 1 11 3 .41 n.a. n.a. 2.74 n.a. n.a. .2 2 11 1 .1 1 8 5 13 13 1,780 770 .98 .43 11 6 24,100 13.32 n.a. n.a. 6 12 1,230 1,400 4,260 .6 8 240 320 130 .77 2.35 .06 .13 .18 .07 180 130 3,710 540 .07 2.05 .30 110 See footnotes at end of table. Relative error (in percentage) 2 21 .1 0 9 20 4 17 4 40 1 8 6 9 18 4 14 15 4 5 3 2 2 41 10 Table 7. Water transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued (SIC 44) Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Production, planning, and expediting clerks..................................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... 1,780 3,500 0.98 1.93 7 5 16 29 970 .54 n.a. n.a. 140 .08 15 2 310 60 350 11 3 270 .17 .03 .19 .06 .15 4,240 2.34 n.a. n.a. 460 .25 11 4 660 .36 13 5 2,540 1.40 580 .32 14 3 1,090 .60 n.a. n.a. Service occupations ..................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers .................................................................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Guides ........................................................................................ Baggage porters and bellhops.................................................. Transportation attendants, except flight attendants and baggage porters............................................ All other service workers .......................................................... 8,040 4.44 n.a. n.a. 300 750 .17 .41 12 3 5 4,510 2.49 7 1,330 160 160 .74 .09 .09 10 11 37 38 (3) 230 600 .13 .33 28 1 20 2 120 .07 n.a. n.a. 126,800 70.08 n.a. n.a. 5,770 3.19 n.a. n.a. 1,760 .97 110 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/superv-transp and material moving machine and vehicle workers..................................................................... All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Transportation inspectors ......................................................... All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics, marine equipment.......................................................................... All other machinery maintenance mechanics..................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... 1 13 24 7 3 11 12 1 6 11 13 1 5 23 15 19 3,610 2 .0 0 400 .2 2 10 4 210 .1 2 26 1 110 12,140 3,390 .06 6.71 1.87 28 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3,120 270 3,670 130 1.72 .15 2.03 .07 7 18 17 11 21 S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. 21 22 19 1 2 1 Table 7. Water transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued (SIC 44) Occupation Employment1 Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines.................................................................................. Small engine specialists......................................................... Radio mechanics.................................................................... Riggers.................................................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material moving................................................................................. Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance................................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters........................................................................... All other construction trades workers.................................... Precision production workers ................................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Boiler operators and tenders, low pressure......................................................................... Painters, transportation equipment........................................ All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and plastic ..................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Welders and cutters................................................................ All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Plant and system workers ........................................................ Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Captains, water vessel.............................................................. Mates, ship, boat, and barge.................................................... Pilots, sh ip .................................................................................. Motorboat operators.................................................................. Able seamen.............................................................................. Ordinary seamen and marine oilers ......................................... Ship engineers........................................................................... Service station attendants........................................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Longshore equipment operators ............................................ Hoist and winch operators..................................................... Crane and tower operators.................................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Stevedores, except equipment operators................................ All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... Relative error (in percentage) 12 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 750 0.41 16 410 1,900 80 1,080 730 .23 1.05 .04 .60 .40 24 2 8 13 28 18 15 6 3 2,740 n.a. n.a. 10 10 300 1.51 .67 .17 13 3 770 .43 12 7 290 160 50 .16 .09 .03 22 1 49 42 1 580 .32 n.a. 130 250 .07 .14 25 25 1 ,2 2 0 10 6 1 0 n.a. 1 1 .0 1 n.a. n.a. .1 1 190 1,710 1,650 60 70 2,350 .95 .91 .03 .04 1.30 27 n.a. 9 43 n.a. n.a. n.a. 9 (3) n.a. n.a. 1,970 1.09 14 5 380 10,490 5,510 1,800 500 9,060 12,540 6,470 1,060 .2 1 5.80 3.05 .99 .28 5.01 6.93 3.58 .59 18 4 5 9 4 33 18 22 3 13 14,210 8,500 610 1,880 2,790 1.17 7.85 4.70 .34 1.04 1.54 430 29,050 8,260 2 ,1 2 0 10 1 8 6 20 5 13 15 7 14 5 n.a. 9 4 9 8 10 .24 16.06 29 4 14 4.57 7 14 11 n.a. 8 11 2 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 23 Table 8. Air transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 45) Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation T o ta l................................................................................ 520,480 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 20,430 960 3.93 .18 n.a. n.a. 6 10 790 530 .15 7 9 1,700 750 .33 .14 8,600 3,780 3,320 1.65 .73 .64 10 8 27,700 9,240 5.32 1.78 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3,460 2,370 370 720 .6 6 n.a. 14 n.a. 13 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts.................................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Engineers ................................................................................... Aeronautical and astronautical engineers ............................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers........................................ Industrial engineers, except sa fe ty........................................ All other engineers.................................................................. Engineering and related technicians and technologists................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists.............................................. All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Physical scientists...................................................................... Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides.................................................. Operations and systems researchers and analysts, except computer..................................................... Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training............................................................ Health practitioners, technologists, technicians, and related health workers........................................................................ Public relations specialists and publicity writers ................................................................ Airplane dispatchers and air traffic controllers................................................................................ Radio operators......................................................................... All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales agents, selected business services............................... .1 0 .46 .07 .14 6 10 4 5 6 6 11 5 53 22 11 2 16 2 .18 8 6 .23 .70 .33 11 3,620 1,710 520 450 380 360 .1 0 17 2 .09 .07 .07 20 1 20 1 19 1 1,820 .35 n.a. n.a. 920 .18 11 3 900 80 .0 2 16 n.a. n.a. 4,240 .81 n.a. n.a. 2,340 1,740 160 .45 .33 .03 17 15 14 3 670 .13 17 1 3,330 .64 7 13 220 .04 17 1 1,880 .36 32 3 2 ,2 2 0 .43 .08 7 13 8 420 1,870 .36 n.a. n.a. 13,430 2.58 n.a. n.a. 2,180 5,530 .42 1.06 6 11 7 19 960 1 ,2 0 0 S e e fo o tn o tes at e n d of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 24 .17 14 n.a. 5 3 n.a. 2 2 1 3 Table 8. Air transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 45) Occupation Travel agents............................................................................. Cashiers..................................................................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Reservation and transportation ticket agents.......................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ....................................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Correspondence clerks ............................................................. File clerks.................................................................................. Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................ Billing, cost and rate clerks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Production, planning, and expediting clerks.................................................................................... Transportation agents............................................................. Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks.................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers .................................................................................... Service occupations .................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ............................................... Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers.................................................................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households................................................................. Baggage porters and bellhops................................................. Flight attendants ....................................................................... All other service workers .......................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation .58 16 13 9 5 3 9 162,460 31.21 n.a. n.a. 5,200 1,340 81,640 8,140 260 860 990 520 1 .0 0 4 17 5 35 47 2,030 650 3,040 0.39 .1 2 .26 15.69 1.56 .05 .17 .19 10 1 4 14 1 12 6 15 18 3 .1 2 10 4 .06 .05 1.37 24 1 12 2 6 31 .1 0 6 .36 1.26 7 5 29 3,630 .70 n.a. n.a. 260 .05 22 1 .2 1 17 2 .1 0 12 1 .32 11 4 610 300 270 7,110 500 1,880 6,580 1,090 500 1,660 .1 0 2 6 11 120 .0 2 240 .05 19 9 4 38,470 7.39 n.a. n.a. 2,340 .45 17 8 1,920 25,840 .37 4.96 8 5 5 15 1 .0 0 7 12 5,230 1 1,810 .35 12 4 1,330 .26 29 2 3,920 .75 14 4 93,800 18.02 n.a. n.a. 3,030 1,160 .58 6 9 .2 2 13 2 3,710 .71 12 3 .60 6 3,140 5,840 72,440 4,480 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. 30 Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. 202,630 S e e fo o tn o tes at e n d of table. Percent of total employment 25 .8 6 10 14 7 7 5 .0 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1 .1 2 13.92 38.93 8 (3) Table 8. Air transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 45) Occupation Employment1 First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/superv-transp and material moving machine and vehicle workers.................................................................... All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Transportation inspectors ......................................................... All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines.................................................................................. Aircraft mechanics................................................................... Aircraft engine specialists...................................................... Radio mechanics..................................................................... Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment............................................................. Electrical installers and repairers, transportation equipment..................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. All other construction trades workers.................................... Machinists.................................................................................. Precision workers, n.e.c.............................................................. Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Painters, transportation equipment........................................ All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and plastic ..................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Welders and cutters................................................................ All other hand workers, n e.c.................................................. Motor vehicle operators ............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Aircraft pilots and flight engineers............................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners............................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling w orkers.................................................................................... 9,690 1 .8 6 5,710 1 .1 0 2 ,2 2 0 .43 1,760 2,390 .34 .46 730 71,880 510 3,840 1,430 .14 13.81 1,040 .1 0 Relative error (in percentage) 12 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. n.a. 5 26 5 14 13 4 5 19 n.a. n.a. 12 2 12 2 .74 .27 8 12 8 5 .2 0 13 3 2 (3) 51 11 10 150 54,230 6,480 950 .03 10.42 1.25 .18 26 14 3 850 .16 10 4 1,730 670 .33 .13 10 6 14 2 350 160 .07 .03 n.a. 100 .0 2 90 900 330 .0 2 .17 .06 22 1 n.a. n.a. 780 480 .15 .09 n.a. 13 n.a. 150 .03 25 (3) 150 880 370 510 8,520 .03 .17 .07 24 n.a. 19 (3) n.a. .1 0 22 1 1.64 n.a. n.a. 1,960 .38 12 4 6,560 58,620 1.26 11.26 10 9 38 2,130 1,380 700 .41 .27 .13 680 6,580 .13 1.26 26 1 6 13 37,340 7.17 4 23 130 .0 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. 21 1 26 39 1 1 (3) 2 1 n.a. 5 n.a. 20 1 11 are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors Percent of total employment 26 Table 9. Pipelines, except natural gas: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 46) Occupation Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 8.23 .57 n.a. 16 n.a. 9 70 60 .36 .31 17 14 7 7 460 540 340 2.40 2.81 1.77 7 7 n.a. 34 36 n.a. 3,180 690 16.57 3.60 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 330 1.72 n.a. n.a. 70 .36 14 8 80 .42 1.09 4.95 11 8 Employment1 T o ta l................................................................................ 19,190 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers................................................................. Administrative services managers............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 1,580 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products .................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Engineers ................................................................................... Civil engineers, including traffic.............................................. Electrical and electronic engineers........................................ Mechanical engineers............................................................. All other engineers.................................................................. Engineering and related technicians and technologists.................................................................. Civil engineering technicians and technologists........................................................................ Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists.............................................. Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists ................................................................. Drafters.................................................................................... All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing ................................................................... All other computer systems analysts, programmers, and programmer aides ................................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... 110 210 950 230 150 340 230 1 .2 0 .78 1.77 1 .2 0 15 n.a. 13 13 10 9 n.a. 14 13 16 16 10 5.89 n.a. n.a. 60 .31 16 4 440 2.29 9 25 210 1.09 .99 12 190 8 13 14 230 1 .2 0 12 14 210 1.09 n.a. n.a. 160 .83 22 6 50 .26 n.a. n.a. 1.04 n.a. n.a. .2 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. 200 40 2,350 12.25 n.a. 190 460 60 300 440 .99 2.40 .31 1.56 2.29 11 20 7 18 7 26 5 13 35 120 .63 n.a. n.a. 490 2.55 n.a. n.a. 310 1.62 14 9 180 .94 n.a. n.a. 290 1.51 n.a. n.a. S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 1,130 Sales and related occupations ................................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Secretaries................................................................................. Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... Percent of total employment 27 11 Table 9. Pipelines, except natural gas: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 46) Occupation Employment' Service occupations ..................................................................... Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - construction trades and extractive workers......................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/superv-transp and material moving machine and vehicle workers..................................................................... All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Inspectors and related workers................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Precision instrument repairers................................................ Mechanical control and valve installers and repairers................................................................................ All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Electricians.............................................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters........................................................................... Pipelayers................................................................................ All other construction trades workers.................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, operators and tenders............................................................................. Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Welders and cutters................................................................ All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Plant and system workers ........................................................ Gaugers................................................................................... All other plant and system operators.................................... Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer ..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Main line station engineers.................................................... All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Helpers - plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters.............................................................................. All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling w orkers.................................................................................... Relative error (in percentage) 12 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 80 0.42 n.a. n.a. 11,960 62.32 n.a. n.a. 1,400 7.30 n.a. n.a. 410 2.14 8 33 290 1.51 10 20 240 1.25 10 17 460 160 1,650 500 540 2.40 .83 8.60 2.61 2.81 8 n.a. n.a. 9 29 n.a. n.a. 27 23 .26 39 50 360 1 .8 8 12 11 1 18 90 .57 .47 17 n.a. 7 n.a. 1,550 280 8.08 1.46 n.a. n.a. 16 160 720 390 .83 3.75 2.03 23 110 720 .57 2.87 1.77 1.09 11.78 10.73 1.04 3.75 620 110 11 11 5 16 14 11 20 n.a. 7 18 n.a. 5 n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. 30 4 n.a. 46 n.a. n.a. 3.23 14 15 100 .52 16 9 100 2,460 2,320 .52 12.82 12.09 26 n.a. 4 n.a. 43 140 .73 23 6 240 1.25 18 7 700 3.65 11 60 .31 n.a. 550 340 210 2,260 2,060 200 10 20 n.a. are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors Percent of total employment 28 T a b le 10. T r a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v ic e s : o c c u p a t i o n s , A p ril 1 9 8 5 E m p lo y m e n t, r e la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e le c te d (SIC 47) Occupation Employment1 T o ta l................................................................................ 270,750 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 19,090 700 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts................................................................... All other financial specialists............................................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Engineers .................................................................................. Physical and life science technicians and technologists.................................................................. Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing ................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides................................................. All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales agents, selected business services............................... Travel agents............................................................................. Cashiers..................................................................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers ......................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Travel cle rks.............................................................................. Reservation and transportation ticket agents.......................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ....................................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service...................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. 5 n.a. 4 1 0 0 .0 0 7.05 .26 320 .1 2 6 2 200 .07 18 1 1,620 480 .60 .18 12 10,480 3,990 1,300 3.87 1.47 .48 3 4 7 27 7,500 4,980 2.77 1.84 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4,230 3,930 60 240 1.56 1.45 .09 n.a. 4 15 24 n.a. 14 (3) (3) 110 .04 19 1 170 470 260 .06 .17 1 .1 0 17 14 17 (3) .0 2 42 (3) n.a. n.a. 60 1,160 260 600 300 .0 2 .43 6 5 2 12 3 1 .1 0 10 1 .2 2 9 16 2 .1 1 1 1,040 .38 n.a. n.a. 111,740 41.27 n.a. n.a. 3,260 10,860 96,150 460 1 .2 0 5 4 20 1 64 16 13 2 8 1 ,0 1 0 4.01 35.51 .17 .37 93,790 34.64 n.a. n.a. 15,470 1,700 1,800 2,800 8,140 80 3,730 2,580 5.71 .63 2 41 1 ,1 2 0 .6 6 1.03 3.01 .03 1.38 .95 .41 9 13 10 3 19 5 7 9 1 2 2 2 26 (3) 16 7 4 .04 .13 10 1 360 10 2 2,890 13,970 1.07 5.16 2 120 S e e fo o tn o tes at end of table. Percent of total employment 29 8 5 43 T a b le 10. T r a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v ic e s : E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e l e c t e d o c c u p a t i o n s , A p ril 1 9 8 5 — C o n t i n u e d (SIC 47) Occupation Payroll and timekeeping cle rks......................... Billing, cost and rate cle rks.............................. General office clerks ......................................... Electronic data processing and other office machine operators.............................. Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators....................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment..................................................... Peripheral EDP equipment operators............ Data entry keyers, except composing........... All other office machine operators ................ Switchboard operators ...................................... Messengers........................................................ Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers........... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance.................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage y a rd .................................................. Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks............................................................. All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers ...................................... All other clerical and administrative support workers............................................................ Service occupations ............................................. Guards and watch guards................................. Food and beverage preparation and service workers............................................................ Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.......................................... Guides ................................................................ All other service workers .................................. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations..................................................... Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations..................................................... First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ......................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ................................ First-line supervisors and manager/superv-transp and material moving machine and vehicle workers............................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand ......................... All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related............................ Transportation inspectors ................................ All other inspectors, testers and related occupations.................................................... Mechanics, installers, and repairers................ Maintenance repairers, general utility........... Automotive mechanics .................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists.................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 230 6,510 12,530 0.08 2.40 4.63 7 5 4 5,010 1.85 n.a. n.a. 1 ,2 0 0 .44 9 3 1,610 140 1,830 230 960 2,070 .59 .05 7 25 2 11 20 6 (3) 3 (3) .6 8 10 .08 .35 .76 42 5 7 3.79 n.a. 2 ,2 0 0 .81 7 6 1,660 .61 9 4 5,730 2 .1 2 6 8 10,260 6 5 n.a. 670 .25 19 1 1,460 .54 11 2 5,060 380 1.87 .14 n.a. 27 n.a. (3) 130 .05 36 (3) 970 3,300 280 1 .2 2 10 4 4 .1 0 26 1 .36 8 150 .06 n.a. n.a. 33,420 12.34 n.a. n.a. 980 .36 n.a. n.a. 210 .08 15 1 340 .13 13 1 280 .1 0 11 1 150 940 .06 .35 20 (3) 240 1,960 920 220 .09 .72 .34 .08 440 380 .16 .14 S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. Percent of total employment 30 13 2 28 n.a. (3) n.a. 11 2 16 1 12 2 24 (3) T a b le 10. T r a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v ic e s : E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts re p o r tin g s e le c te d o c c u p a t i o n s , A p ril 1 9 8 5 — C o n t i n u e d (SIC 47) Occupation Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 0.14 .04 n.a. 39 n.a. (3) 140 140 .05 .05 25 42 (3) (3) 70 1,750 1,430 320 12,950 .03 .65 .53 31 n.a. 15 (3) n.a. .1 2 22 4.78 n.a. (3) n.a. 6,070 2.24 7 5 6,590 290 2.43 2 ,1 0 0 3,380 80 1,810 Employment1 Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance.................................................................. All other construction trades workers.................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, operators and tenders............................................................................. Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Welders and cutters................................................................ All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route w orkers................................................................ Taxi drivers and chauffeurs................................................... All other transportation and motor vehicle operators................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Longshore equipment operators............................................ Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Stevedores, except equipment operators................................ Hand packers and packagers.................................................. All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, ha n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers.................................................................................... 380 100 1 31 7 (3) .78 1.25 .03 .67 14 n.a. 39 n.a. (3) 10 2 1,490 500 3,320 .55 .18 1.23 37 36 9 4,640 1.71 8 3 210 .08 n.a. n.a. .1 1 6 1 (3) (3) 2 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate "All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 31 Communications The communications industry includes establishments that furnish communication services between two or more parties, whether by wire or radio, and whether intended to be received visually or aurally. These services can be domestic, international, marine, or aeronautical. Radio and television broadcasting is a small group of the industry. The industry also includes the rapidly expanding cable television service, transradio press service, operation of radio stations, and services for the exchange or recording of messages. In 1985, 1.3 million persons were employed in the communications industry. Telephone communications employed 69 percent of the total. Radio and television broad casting employed 18 percent; communications services 11 percent; and telegraph communication 1 percent. Between 1982 and 1985, total employment in communi cations declined 7 percent. Employment changes in the com ponent industry groups are shown in the following tabulation: Employment 1982 T e le p h o n e ................................ R adio and te le v is io n .......... 1 ,0 7 7 ,4 6 0 C om m unication services . . 2 1 8 ,9 7 0 105 ,12 0 T e le g ra p h ............................... 19,5 10 1985 9 2 0 ,2 9 0 2 3 9 ,7 1 0 Percent change, 1982-85 - 1 4 .6 1 46,690 9 .5 3 9 .5 1 5,400 - 2 1 .1 32 Employment in the telephone and telegraph components declined sharply as deregulation and divestiture took place in the telephone industry. The communication services com ponent grew dramatically. This was due, in large part, to the continued expansion of the cable television industry. Clerical and administrative support workers constituted the largest occupational group in communications, with 38 per cent (table 11). Ranking second, production and related workers accounted for 28 percent. The remaining occupa tional employment was distributed as follows: Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers, 19 percent; managerial and administrative workers, 9 percent; sales and related workers, 5 percent; and service workers, 1 percent. Some of the apparent changes in occupational employment are the result of changes in classification. First-line super visors were reclassified from managerial and administrative occupations to their respective occupations, affecting pimarily sales supervisors; cashiers were shifted from clerical and administrative support occupations to sales occupations. Much of the change, however, is explained by industry changes that occurred as the result of deregulation and divesti ture. The 12-percent increase of professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers may have been caused by an increase in financial and market planning in the industry, and by the tech nological advances that have been made in telecommunications. T a b le 11. C o m m u n ic a tio n s : J u n e 1985 E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s , (SIC 48) Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation T o ta l................................................................................ 1,322,070 1 0 0 .0 0 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers............................................ Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences managers................................................................................. Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 115,180 9,450 8.71 .71 n.a. 4 n.a. 34 2,390 .18 .08 5 7 4 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts.................................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Engineers................................................................................... Civil engineers, including traffic.............................................. Electrical and electronic engineers........................................ Industrial engineers, except sa fe ty........................................ Mechanical engineers............................................................. All other engineers.................................................................. Engineering and related technicians and technologists................................................................... Civil engineering technicians and technologists........................................................................ Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists.............................................. Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists ................................................................. Drafters.................................................................................... All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Physical scientists..................................................................... Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing ................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... All other computer systems analysts, programmers, and programmer aides ................................ Social scientists, including urban and regional planners................................................................................... Lawyers...................................................................................... Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training............................................................ Health practitioners, technologists, technicians, and related health workers........................................................................ Writers and editors.................................................................... Public relations specialists and publicity w riters................................................................ Reporters and correspondents ................................................ 1 ,0 0 0 18,320 3,200 1.39 .24 5,650 7 50 7 .43 4 17 24,470 23,120 27,580 1.85 1.75 2.09 4 6 44 35 13 255,950 34,090 19.36 2.58 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. .92 .62 n.a. 5 7 1 2 ,2 1 0 8,240 1,380 2,590 1,390 5,060 15,430 32,900 2,070 20,360 1,540 710 2 2 .2 0 10 n.a. 17 3 3 .1 1 11 4 .1 0 .38 1.17 2.49 .16 1.54 .1 2 9 9 n.a. 6 7 n.a. 10 2 5 15 19 1 .05 .62 12 1 16 4 33,110 2.50 n.a. n.a. 590 .04 15 1 6 15 8 ,2 2 0 15,800 490 6,080 1 .2 0 .04 .46 27 7 1 7 10,150 160 .77 12 .0 1 37 4 (3) 19,350 1.46 n.a. n.a. 7,040 10,380 .53 .79 6 5 9 6 1,930 .15 n.a. 810 1,150 .06 .09 20 9 2 1 ,0 1 0 .08 19 1 400 7,750 .03 .59 12 5 22 2,990 10,140 .23 .77 6 9 17 S e e fo o tn o tes a t en d of table. 8 33 3 n.a. 1 1 T a b le 11. C o m m u n ic a tio n s : J u n e 1 9 8 5 — C o n tin u e d E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s , (SIC 48) Occupation Employment' Broadcast news analysts.......................................................... Announcers, radio and television.............................................. Photographers........................................................................... Camera operators, television and motion picture.................... Broadcast technicians............................................................... Film editors................................................................................ Artists and related workers....................................................... Designers, except interior designers........................................ Producers, directors, actors, and other entertainers ............................................................................. Radio operators......................................................................... All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... 7,300 44,910 3,800 6,560 26,960 1,350 1,540 610 Sales and related occupations .................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales agents, selected business services............................... Sales agents, advertising.......................................................... Cashiers...................................................................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Credit authorizers....................................................................... Credit checkers .......................................................................... Adjustment clerks....................................................................... Bill and account collectors ....................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers ........................................................................... Receptionists and information clerks ....................................... Typists ........................................................................................ Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Correspondence clerks ............................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service...................................................................................... Statistical clerks ........................................................................ Customer service representatives, utilities............................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................. Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Directory assistance operators................................................. Central office operators ............................................................ Telegraph and teletype operators............................................. All other communications equipment operators...................... Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service.......................................................................... Messengers................................................................................ Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ 0.55 3.40 .29 .50 2.04 Relative error (in percentage) 2 3 2 5 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 18 40 6 6 10 5 .1 0 6 28 5 .1 2 6 6 .05 8 2 .62 7 15 8,230 1,620 .1 2 9,210 .70 n.a. n.a. 71,250 5.39 n.a. n.a. 7,380 24,360 19,740 5,000 14,770 .56 1.84 1.49 .38 5 5 3 6 10 1 .1 2 5 12 496,830 37.58 38,590 190 470 22,960 4,550 28,830 3,480 5,540 8,240 2,380 2.92 2,680 520 4,830 .0 1 .04 1.74 .34 2.18 .26 .42 .62 .18 .2 0 .04 .37 10 2 14 20 25 n.a. n.a. 1 22 15 16 1 2 7 12 5 9 3 10 1 6 50 3 26 8 8 5 14 14 15 5 1 3 6 3 11,040 4,340 68,920 20,400 1,540 5,230 70,660 .84 .33 5.21 1.54 10 .1 2 6 6 .40 5.34 8 11 1 35 18,640 1.41 n.a. n.a. 2,850 .2 2 8 7 7,920 1,510 4,980 1,380 9,860 33,710 43,840 3,250 2,900 .60 .11 .38 .10 .75 2.55 3.32 .25 .22 2,170 1,300 .1 0 .16 8 1 22 4 42 6 12 7 11 15 2 3 24 28 15 1 7 1 10 3 7 2 2 9 9 5 4 53,770 4.07 n.a. n.a. 12,710 .96 8 13 S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. Percent of total employment 34 T a b le 11. C o m m u n ic a tio n s : J u n e 1 9 8 5 — C o n tin u e d E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s , (SIC 48) Occupation Production, planning, and expediting clerks.................................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks.................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support w orkers.................................................................................... Service occupations .................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ............................................... Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers.................................................................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. All other service workers .......................................................... Employment’ 26,740 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 1 8 .57 5 12 2,260 .17 6 6 4,570 .35 17 2 2 2 ,0 0 0 1 .6 6 1 2 ,0 0 0 .91 1,550 800 7 9 n.a. n.a. 8 4 .06 23 2 220 .0 2 16 (3) 8 ,0 0 0 .61 6 21 1,430 .1 1 36 1 90 .0 1 .1 2 n.a. n.a. 370,770 28.04 n.a. n.a. 53,210 4.02 n.a. n.a. 47,280 3.58 1 34 5,930 6,630 .45 .50 13 13 5 4 630 298,120 .05 22.55 .46 14 n.a. n.a. 6 ,0 2 0 6 1 11 2,920 .2 2 8 5 270 .0 2 11 1 75,830 13,360 5.74 1 21 1 .0 1 9 1 ,1 1 0 .08 .17 15 1 2,250 12 2 4,660 .35 10 4 94,280 7.13 1 36 5,200 16,980 57,550 .39 1.28 4.35 9 5 8 6 1 15 12,350 5,340 .93 .40 10 2 n.a. n.a. 1,670 380 350 .13 .03 .03 n.a. 26 24 n.a. .0 1 35 (3) .06 12 1 180 760 S e e fo o tn o tes at e n d of table. 2 .0 2 Relative error (in percentage) 2 7,490 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Precision inspectors, testers, and graders .............................. All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Central office and PBX installers and repairers................................................................................ Frame wirers, central o ffice ................................................... Telegraph and teletype installers and maintainers........................................................................... Radio mechanics.................................................................... All other communications equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers ....................................................... Telephone and cable TV line installers and repairers................................................................................ Electronics repairers, commercial and industrial equipment ............................................................. Electrical powerline installers and repairers.......................... Station installers and repairers, telephone........................... All other electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers.................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance.................................................................. All other construction trades workers.................................... Percent of total employment 35 9 1 1 Table 11. Communications: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 48) Occupation Employment1 Precision production w orkers................................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, operators and tenders............................................................................. Plant and system workers ........................................................ Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer ..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ All other transportation and material moving equipment operators............................................................... Helpers - mechanics and repairers .......................................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers .................................................................................... Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 1,440 0.11 n.a. n.a. 340 660 1,520 .03 .05 .11 19 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 570 .04 25 1 950 .07 12 2 650 1,420 .05 .11 13 15 1 2 3,930 .30 10 3 550 .04 n.a. n.a. 1 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 10. 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 36 Utilities professional category was electrical and electronic engineer, which accounted for nearly three-fourths of the employment in electric services. Managers and administrators ranked fourth among the occupational groups; nearly one-half were employed in electric services. Service workers accounted for 2 percent of the industry employment—more than half of these workers were cleaners and building service workers. The smallest occupational group, sales workers, accounted for less than 2 percent of utilities employment. The following tabulation compares employment in the util ities components between 1982 and 1985: The utilities industry includes establishments which gener ate, transmit, or distribute electricity, gas, or steam and may also provide related transportation, communication, and refrigeration services. Other types of services include water supply and irrigation systems, and sanitation systems which collect and dispose of garbage, sewage, and other wastes. In 1985, employment in utilities totaled 904,390, an in crease of 4 percent from 1982. Forty-nine percent of the job holders worked in electric services. Establishments providing combination electric, gas, and other utility services, and firms that produce and distribute gas accounted for 22 percent. The balance was in gas production/distribution (19 percent), sanitary services (7 percent), water supply and irrigation sys tems (3 percent), and the steam supply industry (less than 1 percent). About one-half of the workers in the utilities industry held production and related jobs. (See table 12.) Clerical occu pations, primarily general office clerks and meter readers, accounted for about one-fourth of industry employment. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations accounted for 17 percent. The largest occupation in the Percent change, Employment 1982 Electric s e r v ic e s ........................... . . Com bined electric, gas, and other u t ilit ie s .................... . Gas production/distribution . . . . Sanitary s e r v ic e s ........................... W ater supply ................................ Irrigation s y s te m s ......................... Steam supply .............................. 1 L ess than 0 .5 percent. 37 1985 1982-85 4 1 7 ,2 0 0 4 4 5 ,7 0 0 6 .8 199,890 1 74,860 5 0 ,2 9 0 2 0 ,7 0 0 2 ,5 6 0 1,240 199,800 171,500 6 2 ,0 0 0 2 1 ,8 0 0 2 ,4 0 0 1,200 (') - 1 .9 2 3 .3 5.3 - 6 .3 - 3 .2 Table 12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985 (SIC 49) Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation T o ta l................................................................................ 904,390 100.00 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences managers................................................................................. Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 57,120 3,340 6.32 .37 n.a. 4 n.a. 13 2,450 980 .27 4 5 11 .11 4,050 2,080 .45 .23 4 5 21 6,630 .73 6 17 13,980 11,580 12,030 1.55 1.28 1.33 3 4 5 47 34 18 153,770 34,020 17.00 3.76 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 15,550 11,090 2,040 2,420 1.72 1.23 .23 .27 n.a. 4 n.a. 24 6 6 7 4 2,550 .28 5 9 .65 11 11 .28 .46 1.97 .31 5 5 n.a. 9 9 7 5 9 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts.................................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Engineers ................................................................................... Chemical engineers................................................................. Nuclear engineers................................................................... Civil engineers, including traffic.............................................. Electrical and electronic engineers........................................ Industrial engineers, except safety ........................................ Safety engineers, except mining............................................ Mechanical engineers............................................................. All other engineers.................................................................. Surveying and mapping scientists ............................................ Engineering and related technicians and technologists................................................................... Civil engineering technicians and technologists........................................................................ Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists.............................................. Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists ................................................................. Drafters.................................................................................... Estimators and drafters, utilities............................................. Surveying and mapping technicians and technologists........................................................................ All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Physical scientists..................................................................... Geologists, geophysicists, and oceanographers .................................................................... All other physical scientists................................................... Life scientists............................................................................. Physical and life science technicians and technologists.................................................................. Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides................................................. 5,880 10,040 39,300 930 2,530 4,200 17,860 2,760 4.35 .10 7 n.a. 3 2 11 18 5 5 7 1,110 .12 10 4,810 5,100 720 .53 .56 .08 11 6 6 39,910 4.41 n.a. n.a. 1,490 .16 7 6 11,880 1.31 5 15 1,540 8 3 7 4 11 5,690 .17 .69 .63 2,350 .26 9 6 10,760 1,640 1.19 .18 6 11 n.a. n.a. 260 1,380 740 .03 .15 .08 8 1 7 15 5 2 2,090 .23 9 4 12,720 1.41 n.a. n.a. 6,320 5,050 .70 .56 .13 6 6 7 8 3 6,200 1,210 See footnotes at end of table. 1.11 7 38 5 10 4 13 Table 12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued (SIC 49) Occupation Programmers - numerical, tool, and process c o n tro l.................................................................................. Mathematical scientists............................................................. Social scientists, including urban and regional planners................................................................................... Lawyers...................................................................................... Farm and home management advisors................................... Health practitioners, technologists, technicians, and related health workers........................................................................ Writers and editors.................................................................... Public relations specialists and publicity writers ................................................................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales agents, selected business services............................... Salespersons, retail .................................................................. Cashiers..................................................................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Bill and account collectors ....................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ....................................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Correspondence clerks ............................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service...................................................................................... Customer service representatives, utilities .............................. Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................ Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Meter readers, utilities............................................................ Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. Employment' Relative error (in percentage)2 0.02 680 1,260 1,510 .08 .14 .17 27 7 4 6 6 730 560 .08 .06 13 6 3 3 1,990 .22 5 8 14,180 1.57 10 9 12,860 1.42 n.a. n.a. 1,130 3,120 760 6,030 1,820 .12 6 6 8 6 .20 6 9 3 25 5 223,320 24.69 n.a. n.a. 16,220 3,710 6,560 18,730 6,090 1,270 4,360 1,930 1.79 .41 .73 2.07 .67 .14 .48 4 29 .21 7 5 2,880 440 2,360 .32 .05 .26 7 10 6 8 2 2,650 27,900 14,960 1,940 3,890 37,100 .29 3.08 1.65 .19 .34 .08 .67 19 33 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 140 1,720 3 O 2 1 6 8 4 3 7 23 48 9 9 6 8 8 7 7 31 39 .43 4.10 16 4 4 5 5 5 10,200 1.13 n.a. n.a. 1,820 .20 6 10 2,560 700 3,630 1,490 1,510 .28 .08 .40 .16 .17 5 8 2 51,260 5.67 5,980 29,300 3 3 22 3.24 12,210 1.35 4 34 930 .10 2,840 .31 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 39 .21 .6 6 12 5 11 15 51 3 9 3 13 n.a. n.a. 8 11 9 43 3 5 Table 12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued (SIC 49) Occupation All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... Service occupations ..................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Detectives and investigators, except public............................. Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers .................................................................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. All other service workers .......................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - construction trades and extractive workers......................................................... All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Precision inspectors, testers, and graders .............................. All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or power generation pla n t..................................................... All other machinery maintenance mechanics..................... Machinery maintenance workers............................................ Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines.................................................................................. Electric motor, transformer, and related repairers................................................................................ Powerhouse, substation, and relay electricians............................................................................ Electrical powerline installers and repairers.......................... All other electrical and electronic equipment mechanics, installers, and repairers.................................... Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... Precision instrument repairers................................................ Electric meter installers and repairers................................... Mechanical control and valve installers and repairers................................................................................ Riggers..................................................................................... Gas appliance repairers ......................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. Employment1 Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 7,360 0.81 6 10 15,590 1.72 n.a. n.a. 2,470 500 3,120 .27 .06 .34 6 17 8 1 8 5 230 .03 12 1 7,840 1,430 .87 .16 4 9 26 3 2,080 .23 n.a. n.a. 439,650 48.61 n.a. n.a. 49,350 5.46 n.a. n.a. 27,290 3.02 4 49 8,280 .92 5 22 13,780 5,070 1.52 .56 6 8 16 3,170 198,790 28,170 .35 21.98 3.11 7 n.a. n.a. 25,960 2,210 2.87 .24 1,090 15,910 7,290 4 8 6 n.a. n.a. .12 10 11 20 2 2 1.76 .81 4 4 27 19 3,300 .36 5 9 1,400 .15 15 3 1,990 .22 11 3 14,580 70,530 1.61 7.80 6 12 3 31 4,460 .49 9 5 1,350 6,650 14,420 .15 .74 1.59 11 3 4 12 6 17 9,890 320 10,790 6,650 1.09 .04 1.19 .74 5 14 16 28,150 760 3.11 .08 .90 8,110 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 40 12 1 10 15 5 n.a. n.a. 11 6 2 10 • Table 12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued (SIC 49) Occupation Employment1 Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance................................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters........................................................................... Pipelaying fitters ..................................................................... Pipelayers................................................................................ Insulation workers .................................................................. All other construction trades workers.................................... Extractive and related workers, including blasters.................................................................................... Machinists.................................................................................. Precision workers, n.e.c............................................................. Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Boiler operators and tenders, low pressure......................................................................... All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and plastic ..................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Welders and cutters................................................................ All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Plant and system workers ........................................................ Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators.................................................................. Gas plant operators................................................................ Power generating plant operators, except auxiliary equipment operators.............................................. Auxiliary equipment operators, power ................................... Power reactor operators......................................................... Power distributors and dispatchers........................................ Stationary engineers............................................................... All other plant and system operators.................................... Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer .................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Gas pumping station operators.............................................. Gas compressor operators.................................................... Hoist and winch operators..................................................... Crane and tower operators.................................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... Operating engineers................................................................ All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Helpers - mechanics and repairers .......................................... Helpers - electricians and powerline transmission installers ............................................................ Helpers - all other construction trades .................................... Refuse collectors ...................................................................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand .......................................................................... Relative error (in percentage)1 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 1,380 0.15 12 3 10,080 350 3,840 1.11 5 16 12 1 8 3 220 .02 23 1 3,410 .38 10 4 1,540 2,500 1,030 .17 .28 18 1 8 .11 n.a. 4 n.a. 2,880 .32 n.a. n.a. 1,200 .13 10 1 340 .04 19 (3) 1,340 7,420 6,500 920 50,210 .15 .82 .72 13 n.a. 5 n.a. .10 21 20 1 5.55 n.a. n.a. 4,390 5,210 .49 .58 6 9 7 6 15,720 8,380 2,550 8,750 1,780 3,430 14,490 1.74 .93 .28 .97 6 9 7 .38 1.60 n.a. 3 n.a. 10,770 1.19 5 17 3,720 .41 12 9 1,100 .12 1.88 12 n.a. 3 n.a. 11 2 7 14 5 16,960 1,240 3,060 570 670 .04 .42 .20 5,880 .14 .34 .06 .07 .23 .65 3,420 5,600 .38 .62 10,780 4,600 22,790 13,220 2,120 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 5 10 4 20 11 8 10 5 2 1 8 2 1 2 4 14 6 5 5 8 1.19 .51 2.52 5 14 6 3 6 12 1.46 7 14 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 41 Wholesale Trade The wholesale trade industry group is primarily engaged in selling large quantities of goods to retailers; to industrial, commercial, institutional, farm, or professional business users; and to other wholesalers. The industry group also includes agents or brokers who buy and sell merchandise to other wholesalers or agents. In addition to selling, whole sale establishments are involved in maintaining inventories of goods; extending credit; physically assembling, sorting, and grading goods in large lots; delivery; refrigeration; and various types of promotion. The durable goods sector of wholesale trade includes establishments primarily engaged in the wholesale distribu tion of the following kinds of merchandise: Motor vehicles and automotive parts and supplies; furniture and home fur nishings; lumber and other construction materials; sporting, recreational, photographic, hobby goods, and toys and supplies; metals and minerals except petroleum; electrical goods; hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment and supplies; machinery, equipment, and supplies; and miscel laneous durable goods. Firms in the nondurable goods sector are primarily engaged in the wholesale distribution of the following kinds of merchandise: Paper and paper products; drugs, drug proprietaries, and druggists’ sundries; apparel, piece goods, and notions; groceries and related products; farm-product raw materials; chemicals and allied products; petroleum and petroleum products; beer, wine, and distilled alcoholic bever ages; and miscellaneous nondurable goods. There were approximately 5.8 million persons employed in wholesale trade in 1985. As shown in text table 2, the durable goods sector, with 3.4 million workers, accounted for 59 percent of the employment in the industry. Nondurable goods establishments employed 2.3 million workers. Employment in wholesale trade increased by 8 percent between 1982 and 1985; the durable goods and nondurable goods sectors increased by 10 and 6 percent, respectively. Industries which declined in employment were metals and minerals except petroleum, 1 percent; farm-product raw materials, 4 percent; and petroleum and petroleum products, 9 percent. Contributing to these declines were the lingering effects of the 1981-82 recession on the agricultural, mining, and manufacturing industries. Between 1982 and 1985, there were relatively strong em ployment gains in the following industries: Lumber and other construction materials, 21 percent; paper and paper products, 17 percent; electrical goods, 16 percent; and furniture and home furnishings, 15 percent. The employment increase in lumber and other construction materials corresponded to the recovery in housing starts. Employment increases in the other three industries may have been influenced by the relatively large increase in the rate of growth of consumer installment credit between 1982 and 1985, which itself was partially due to deregulation (for example, the Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980). Durable goods There were 3.4 million persons employed in the whole sale durable goods sector in 1985. The three largest indus tries, accounting for 70 percent of durable goods employment were: Machinery, equipment, and supplies, with 1.5 million workers; electrical goods, with over 500,000; and Text table 2. Employment in wholesale trade by industry, 1982 and 1985, and percent change Percent change, 1982-85 SIC Code 1982 Wholesale trade, to ta l........ 50,51 5,325,230 5,767,230 8.3 50 3,117,870 3,428,870 10.0 501 407,710 435,300 6.8 502 113,180 130,290 15.1 503 179,540 217,800 21.3 504 72,750 80,800 11.1 505 506 142,190 432,300 141,100 501,900 16.1 507 236,340 256,400 8.5 508 1,351,400 1,466,700 8.5 509 182,400 198,620 8.9 2,208,000 2,338,360 5.9 511 157,070 184,410 17.4 512 154,710 166,390 7.5 513 171,320 187,390 9.4 514 685,800 738,900 7.7 515 136,080 130,290 -4.2 516 134,990 134,990 0.0 517 518 227,510 146,920 207,900 153,600 -8.6 4.5 519 393,590 434,500 10.4 Durable g o o d s ...................... Motor vehicles and automotive parts and supplies . Furniture and home furnishings........................ Lumber and other construction materials............ Sporting and other recreational goods............ Metals and minerals except petroleum.............. Electrical goods.................. Hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment and supplies.................... Machinery, equipment, and supplies.................... Miscellaneous durable goods ............................... Nondurable g o o d s ................ Paper and paper products .......................... Drugs, drug proprietaries, etc....................................... Apparel, piece goods, etc.................................... Groceries and related products ........................... Farm-product raw materials ........................... Chemicals and allied products ........................... Petroleum and petroleum products ........................... Beer, wine, etc..................... Miscellaneous nondurable goods ............................... 42 Employment Industry 51 1985 - .8 motor vehicles and automotive parts and supplies, with 435,000. Among the occupational groups, clerical occupations ranked highest, with 29 percent of wholesale durable goods employ ment. (See table 13.) Production and related workers accounted for 29 percent. The next largest group, sales workers, accounted for 26 percent. Managerial and administrative workers con stituted 9 percent; professional, paraprofessional, and techni cal workers, 8 percent; and service workers, less than 1 percent. The five occupations with the highest concentrations of work ers in the wholesale trade durable goods sector, accounting for 29 percent of employment, are given in the tabulation below: Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail ............................................................ General managers and top e x e c u tiv e s.......... Sales representatives, scientific and related products or services, except r e ta il............ S ecreta ries.............................................................. General office c le r k s .......................................... Employment, 1985 Percent o f industry employment, 1985 333,100 227,710 9.7 6 .6 182,640 136,640 130,190 5.3 4 .0 3.8 tries, which accounted for 59 percent of total employment in this sector were: Groceries and related products, with 738,900 workers; miscellaneous nondurable goods, with 434,500 workers; and petroleum and petroleum products, with 207,900 workers. Among the occupational groups, the largest number of workers were in production and related occupations, with 31 percent of employment (table 14). Clerical and administrative support occupations ranked second with 27 percent. Sales oc cupations accounted for 26 percent. Managerial and adminis trative workers accounted for 8 percent, and professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers made up 4 percent. The highest concentrations of workers in the wholesale trade nondurable goods industry were in the following occupations: Employment, 1985 Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and r e ta il..................................... Truckdrivers, l i g h t ........................................ Truckdrivers, h e a v y ..................................... General m anagers and top e x e c u tiv e s. . Freight, stock, and material m overs, hand ............................................. Nondurable goods In 1985, 2.3 million persons were employed in the whole sale trade nondurable goods sector. The three largest indus 43 . . . 3 0 0 ,3 6 0 Percent o f industry employment, 1985 ... ... ... 151,570 131,810 127,650 12.8 6 .5 5 .6 5 .4 ... 9 7 ,1 7 0 4.1 Table 13. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 50) Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. 4 T o ta l................................................................................ 3,428,870 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 321,870 6,510 9.39 .19 n.a. 5 2,660 38,980 .08 1.14 3 12,750 4,240 .37 6 4 .1 2 8 2 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts.................................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products........................................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. Cost estimators........................................................................ All other management support workers................................ Engineers ................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers........................................ Mechanical engineers............................................................. All other engineers.................................................................. Engineering and related technicians and technologists................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists.............................................. Mechanical engineering technicians and technologists ................................................................. Drafters.................................................................................... All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides.................................................. Health practitioners, technologists, technicians, and related health workers........................................................................ Writers and editors..................................................................... Artists and related workers....................................................... Designers, except interior designers........................................ Interior designers ....................................................................... All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers................................ Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales engineers.......................................................................... 6 2 20 6,350 227,710 22,670 .19 6.64 6 .6 6 n.a. 3 69 n.a. 259,590 95,450 7.57 2.78 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 36,720 33,540 800 2,380 1.07 .98 n.a. 18 .07 n.a. 3 13 14 40,730 1.19 3 16 .0 2 1 1 1 3,920 .1 1 10 2 2 ,2 0 0 .06 11 1 3,120 1,370 7,390 21,460 12,330 5,040 4,090 .09 .04 15 1 11 1 .2 2 20 1 n.a. n.a. 12 1 .1 2 16 16 1 69,740 2.03 n.a. n.a. 58,420 1.70 6 6 1,980 3,980 .06 26 (3) .1 2 10 2 5,360 .16 16 1 47,910 1.40 n.a. n.a. 20,940 25,360 1,610 .61 .74 .05 12 2 3,090 700 1,450 1,070 1,230 .09 .63 .36 .15 1 8 7 9 1 n.a. (3) .04 .03 .04 n.a. 16 19 15 14 17,490 .51 n.a. n.a. 904,390 26.38 n.a. n.a. 100,400 11,500 2.93 .34 2 35 13 1 See footnotes at end of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 44 .0 2 1 (3) (3) Table 13. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 50) Occupation Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except retail...................................... Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, retail .................................................................. Salespersons, p a rts.................................................................. Counter and rental clerks ......................................................... Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................ Cashiers..................................................................................... News and street vendors, telephone solicitors, door-to-door sales workers, and other related workers....................................... Demonstrators, promoters, and models................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Credit authorizers...................................................................... Credit checkers ......................................................................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Bill and account collectors ....................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers ........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ....................................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Correspondence clerks ............................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service...................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................ Billing, cost and rate clerks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service.......................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ...................................................................... Marking clerks......................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage y a rd ......................................................................... Order fillers, wholesale and retail trad e .............................................................................. Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... Service occupations.................................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 182,640 5.33 3 16 333,100 85,300 129,210 2,600 40,240 9,100 9.71 2.49 3.77 .08 1.17 .27 2 2 46 16 25 17 4 11 2,320 900 7,080 .07 .03 27 26 .2 1 22 1 4 8 1 4 (3) (3) 983,580 28.69 n.a. n.a. 72,760 1,810 1,840 9,200 4,100 136,640 2 .1 2 2 31 1 ,1 0 0 27,910 17,150 6,880 1,340 980 2,730 .05 .05 .27 .1 2 3.98 .03 .81 .50 .2 0 .04 .03 .08 8 1 11 1 10 7 2 13 3 4 6 7 20 2 2 40 (3) 16 6 3 1 (3) 9 2 18 45 2 .0 0 3 2 25,660 130,190 3.75 .06 .75 3.80 5 4 3 33 62,380 1.82 n.a. n.a. 16,020 .47 5 7 19,090 2,790 23,430 1,050 12,260 .56 .08 4 29 4 30 5 1,920 .06 6 1 261,050 7.61 n.a. n.a. 3,350 .1 0 10 2 2,630 630 .08 16 .0 2 20 91,250 2 .6 6 3 20 76,420 2.23 3 15 82,930 2.42 3 25 3,840 .11 14 1 6,280 .18 12 1 24,950 .73 n.a. n.a. 68,460 128,730 2 ,2 1 0 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 45 .6 8 .03 .36 2 12 10 (3) 10 (3) 9 1 (3) Table 13. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 50) Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Guards and watch guards......................................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. All other service workers .......................................................... 1,820 1,770 0.05 .05 12 1 16 1 18,930 2,430 .55 .07 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. 1,230 .04 n.a. n.a. 933,260 27.22 n.a. n.a. 54,480 1.59 n.a. n.a. 43,900 1.28 3 18 10,580 .31 5 4 Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Production inspectors, testers, graders, sorters, samplers, and weighers............................................ All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Automotive body and related repairers................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines.................................................................................. Farm equipment mechanics................................................... Aircraft mechanics................................................................... Small engine specialists......................................................... Data processing equipment repairers.................................... Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers................................................................................ Electric home appliance and power tool repairers................................................................................ Electrical installers and repairers, transportation equipment..................................................... Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... Camera and photographic equipment repairers.................... Watchmakers.......................................................................... Office machine and cash register servicers.......................... Tire repairers and changers................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance.................................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters........................................................................... Carpet installers...................................................................... Glaziers.................................................................................... All other construction trades workers.................................... Precision metal workers............................................................ Machinists............................................................................... Jewelers and silversmiths...................................................... Sheet-metal workers............................................................... Precision woodworkers.............................................................. 7,170 10 1 21 (3) n.a. 4,020 352,050 8,160 51,390 21,710 3,200 10.27 .24 1.50 .63 .09 n.a. 6 5 16 1 42,440 1.24 6 5 .90 8 .1 2 20 5 1 11 30,700 37,880 1,330 1,470 35,580 .04 .04 1.04 43 30 3 4 (3) (3) 10 1 1,980 .06 27 (3) 1,850 .05 28 0 2 ,1 0 0 .06 27 (3) 14,650 790 .43 9 44 35 7 (3) (3) 3 1 ,1 0 0 42,210 7,350 46,160 1 .1 0 .0 2 .03 1.23 8 2 10 1 1.35 n.a. n.a. 17,990 2,410 1,530 .52 .07 .04 n.a. 16 33 n.a. (3) (3) 620 .0 2 22 (3) 2 ,2 0 0 .06 640 4,400 6,190 38,690 33,930 1,870 2,890 4,140 .0 2 23 31 (3) (3) See footnotes at end of table. .2 1 46 .2 1 .13 .18 1.13 12 1 20 1 n.a. n.a. .99 6 .05 .08 26 21 6 (3) (3) .1 2 n.a. n.a. Table 13. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 50) Occupation Wood machinists.................................................................... Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters .................................. Furniture finishers ................................................................... Upholsterers............................................................................... Precision workers, n.e.c............................................................. Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Sewing machine operators, garment..................................... Sewing machine operators, nongarment .............................. Painters, transportation equipment........................................ Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.......................................................................... All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and plastic ..................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Welders and cutters................................................................ Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision..................................... All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Plant and system workers ........................................................ Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r.................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Driver/sales workers............................................................... Service station attendants........................................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Hoist and winch operators..................................................... Crane and tower operators.................................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... Conveyor operators and tenders........................................... All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Helpers - mechanics and repairers .......................................... Freight, stock, and material movers, hand.............................. Hand packers and packagers .................................................. Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners............................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers.................................................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 0.05 .05 .26 n.a. n.a. 24,050 670 1,080 350 .70 n.a. 33 23 .0 1 20 n.a. (3) (3) (3) 1,680 .05 16 (3) 5,710 .17 13 1 14,560 61,070 24,880 .42 1.78 .73 9 n.a. 5 n.a. 24,430 11,760 400 156,150 .71 .34 4.55 7 n.a. 34 n.a. n.a (3) n.a. 58,610 1.71 3 17 94,080 3,460 1,350 2.74 2 26 5,560 41,380 1,350 7,960 24,670 4,060 .0 2 .0 1 .0 2 .03 .0 1 .1 0 .04 .16 22 16 23 (3) (3) (3) 0 2 6 2 1 (3) 13 n.a. 18 n.a. 6 5 3 7 .1 2 10 1 .1 0 24 17 3 1 .2 1 .04 .23 .72 3,340 2,510 79,460 30,640 1,610 .07 2.32 .89 .05 40,840 1.19 370 15 23 38 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 1,840 1,780 520 470 8,860 ' Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate "All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment .0 1 1 1 (3) 1 16 13 4 (3) 5 5 n.a. n.a. 5 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 47 Table 14. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 51) Occupation Employment’ Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation T o ta l................................................................................ 2,338,360 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. Food service and lodging managers........................................ General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 186,020 4,300 7.96 .18 n.a. 4 n.a. 5 1,840 25,330 .08 1.08 4 3 3 18 7,560 .32 .09 5 7 2 5,300 870 127,650 11,170 .23 .04 5.46 .48 4 43 5 5 (3) 63 4 102,760 65,110 4.39 2.78 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 23,820 22,470 530 820 1 .0 2 n.a. 17 .04 n.a. 3 9 9 25,280 1.08 3 14 11,420 .49 5 6 620 .03 10 .05 7 13 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts.................................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products........................................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products .................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. Cost estimators........................................................................ All other management support workers................................ Engineers ................................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineers........................................ Mechanical engineers............................................................. All other engineers.................................................................. Engineering and related technicians and technologists................................................................... Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists.............................................. Drafters.................................................................................... All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Physical scientists...................................................................... Life scientists............................................................................. Physical and life science technicians and technologists................................................................... Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aid e s................................................. Pharmacists ............................................................................... All other health professionals, paraprofessional and technicians........................................... Writers and editors.................................................................... Artists and related workers....................................................... Designers, except interior designers........................................ Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ........................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... 2 ,0 0 0 .96 .0 2 1 5 1 1 1 1,140 340 2,490 .0 1 2 ,2 2 0 .09 300 670 1,250 .0 1 .03 .05 2,800 .1 2 n.a. 1,410 410 .06 13 1 .0 2 12 (3) 980 1,840 1,700 .04 .08 .07 2,520 .1 1 .1 1 1 (3) 10 1 n.a. 21 n.a. (3) 10 1 14 1 n.a. 11 19 n.a. n.a. 1 (3) 12 1 n.a. n.a. 11,380 .49 2,340 7,860 1,180 610 .1 0 1,720 620 2,030 4,110 1,240 .07 .03 .09 .18 .05 n.a. 37 4,860 .2 1 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 609,510 See footnotes at end of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 48 .34 .05 .03 26.07 7 4 2 7 6 1 22 (3) 11 n.a. (3) 1 12 1 14 1 Table 14. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 51) Occupation First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales engineers......................................................................... Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except retail...................................... Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, retail ................................................................... Salespersons, p a rts.................................................................. Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................ Cashiers...................................................................................... News and street vendors, telephone solicitors, door-to-door sales workers, and other related workers....................................... Demonstrators, promoters, and models................................... All other sales and related w orkers......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Credit authorizers...................................................................... Credit checkers......................................................................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Bill and account collectors ....................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... T ypists....................................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Correspondence cle rks............................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service..................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................ Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office c le rks................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators.............................................................. Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service.......................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ...................................................................... Marking clerks......................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage y a rd ......................................................................... Order fillers, wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................. Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 78,250 760 3.35 .03 27 35 (3) 70,170 3.00 3 10 300,360 65,860 3,540 45,240 38,050 12.84 2.82 .15 1.93 1.63 1 42 13 2,310 940 4,030 .1 0 .04 .17 24 n.a. (3) n.a. 620,200 26.52 n.a. n.a. 44,720 1,080 1.91 .05 .04 .17 .08 3.00 2 30 10 1 1 ,0 0 0 3,970 1,880 70,120 480 14,070 7,050 3,130 1 ,1 2 0 580 2 ,0 2 0 .0 2 .60 .30 .13 .05 .0 2 .09 2 4 11 2 9 9 4 4 21 0 7 1 6 2 6 2 13 3 5 6 5 2 35 (3) 13 5 3 2 12 (3) 6 2 3 2 14 44 3 9 33 n.a. 34,750 82,280 1,980 14,000 80,150 1.49 3.52 .08 .60 3.43 41,020 1.75 n.a. 10,140 .43 4 6 12,880 700 16,520 780 5,190 .55 .03 .71 .03 3 11 .2 2 3 15 3 1,390 .06 10 203,730 8.71 n.a. 1,900 .08 6 1,910 1,550 .08 .07 10 55,170 1 4 4 8 1 10 (3) 7 2 2 1 17 (3) 2.36 3 15 81,520 3.49 3 16 56,740 2.43 3 20 4,940 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 49 .2 1 10 1 Table 14. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 51) Occupation All other clerical and administrative support w orkers.................................................................................... Service occupations..................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers.................................................................................... Waiters and waitresses.......................................................... Counter attendants, lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria..................................................... Bakers, bread and pastry....................................................... Butchers and meat cutters..................................................... Cooks, restaurant.................................................................... Food preparation workers...................................................... Combined food preparation and service workers................. All other food service workers ............................................... Pharmacy assistants.................................................................. Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Maids and housekeeping cleaners........................................ Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners................................................. All other cleaning and building service workers, except private households ................................... All other service w orkers.......................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Nursery w orkers........................................................................ Graders and sorters, agricultural products.............................. Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm .......................... All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers........................................................................ Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Production inspectors, testers, graders, sorters, samplers, and weighers............................................ All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Automotive body and related repairers................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines.................................................................................. Farm equipment mechanics................................................... Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... Office machine and cash register servicers.......................... Coin and vending machine servicers and repairers................................................................................ Tire repairers and changers................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 4,490 0.19 9 52,270 2.24 n.a. n.a. 1,700 1,780 .07 .08 8 1 8 1 31,950 1,150 1.37 .05 n.a. n.a. (3) 700 1,810 .03 .08 33 23 7 28 2 0 ,0 0 0 300 2,980 1,230 3,780 240 .8 6 .0 1 .13 .05 .16 .0 1 21 1 (3) (3) 2 29 n.a. 48 (3) (3) (3) n.a. (3) 20 16,090 280 .69 .0 1 n.a. 29 n.a. (3) 15,420 .6 6 3 12 390 510 .0 2 .0 2 19 n.a. (3) n.a. 1.45 .18 .28 .05 n.a. 19 13 28 n.a. (3) 22,240 .95 7 3 733,620 31.37 n.a. n.a. 23,150 .99 n.a. n.a. 11,640 .50 4 9 11,510 .49 4 6 3,900 .17 13 1 1,080 48,840 1,840 22,070 5,130 250 .05 2.09 .08 .94 14 n.a. 9 3 5 16 (3) n.a. 8,090 .35 4 5 360 1,280 .0 2 .05 35 16 3,160 670 .14 .03 10 2 21 (3) 760 2,600 .03 24 9 (3) 33,980 4,130 6,500 1 ,1 1 0 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 50 .2 2 .0 1 .1 1 1 (3) 1 14 4 (3) (3) 1 2 Table 14. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 51) Occupation All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Carpenters................................................................................. Machinists................................................................................. Custom tailors and sewers....................................................... Precision workers, n.e.c............................................................. Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Sewing machine operators, garment..................................... Sewing machine operators, nongarment.............................. Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.......................................................................... All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and plastic ..................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Welders and cutters................................................................ Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision..................................... All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Plant and system workers ........................................................ Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer .................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Driver/sales workers............................................................... Service station attendants........................................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Hoist and winch operators..................................................... Crane and tower operators.................................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... Conveyor operators and tenders........................................... All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Helpers - mechanics and repairers .......................................... Freight, stock, and material movers, hand.............................. Hand packers and packagers .................................................. Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners............................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers................................................................................... Employment' 2,630 490 3,150 640 4,050 Relative error (in percentage) 12 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 0 .1 1 n.a. .0 2 21 n.a. (3) .13 .03 .17 16 35 n.a. l3) n.a. 27,530 3,030 730 1.18 .13 .03 n.a. 33 n.a. C3) (3) 7,600 .33 9 1 3,310 .14 14 1 12,860 11,440 1,090 .55 .49 .05 n.a. n.a. 15 n.a. n.a. 4,010 6,340 1,600 325,260 .17 .27 .07 13.91 15 n.a. 16 n.a. (3) n.a. (3) n.a. 131,810 5.64 2 30 151,570 41,880 23,570 6.48 1.79 2 6 1 .0 1 6 34 4 5 2,440 40,580 330 320 29,390 7,620 .1 0 1.74 .0 1 .0 1 1.26 .33 20 14 n.a. 36 27 3 8 1 1 1 n.a. (3) (3) 8 2 .1 2 15 1 1,170 97,170 70,660 940 .05 4.16 3.02 .04 11 1 44,860 1.92 5 5 1 ,1 0 0 .05 n.a. n.a. 2,920 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 2 17 4 16 8 1 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 51 Retail Trade Retail trade industries include those establishments or businesses which sell merchandise for personal or household consumption and also render services incidental to the sale of those goods. In 1985, there were 17.5 million workers employed in re tail trade, a 15-percent increase from 1982 (text table 3). Factors which may have contributed to this employment growth include the increase in both consumer installment debt and housing starts; a stable economy that encouraged con sumer expenditures; and an increase in two-income house holds. The consequent strong demand for retail goods, combined with consumer willingness to use debt as a means to obtain these items, led to employment gains in all sectors of the retail trade industry from 1982 to 1985. With 5.9 million workers or one-third of industry employ ment, eating and drinking places constituted the largest employer in retail trade (table 15). Food stores were next with 2.8 million workers or 16 percent. Ranking third were general merchandise stores, with 2.3 million or 13 percent, followed closely by miscellaneous retail stores, with 2.2 million or 12 percent, and automotive dealers and gasoline service stations, employing 1.9 million or 11 percent. Apparel and accessory stores employed 1 million or 6 per cent, while furniture dealers (726,000) and building material dealers (711,000) each accounted for 4 percent of industry employment. Sales and related workers constituted the largest occupa tional group in retail trade, numbering 6.5 million or 37 per cent of total industry employment. Nearly three-fourths of these workers were employed as salespersons and cashiers. General merchandise stores accounted for 22 percent of all sales employment. Service workers (5.8 million) accounted for 33 percent of industry employment. Of these workers, 24 percent or 1.4 million were waiters and waitresses. Eating and drinking establishments employed the largest number of service workers in retail trade, with 5.1 million workers or 87 percent. Production and related occupations ranked third with 1.9 million workers or 11 percent. The largest occupation in this group was automotive mechanic; 45 percent of the auto mechanics in retail trade were employed at automotive dealerships and gasoline service stations. Clerical occupations made up 1.5 million or 9 percent of industry employment, ranking fourth among the occupational groups. Approximately one-quarter of these workers were employed in general merchandise stores. Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks made up the largest occupa tion in this group, with 338,000 workers or 22 percent. Managerial and administrative occupations accounted for 1.3 million workers or 7 percent of retail trade employment. Of these, 27 percent were employed in eating and drinking places. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occu pations made up 3 percent of total employment in retail trade; buyers and pharmacists were the two largest occupations in this major group. The smallest major group was agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers, which constituted less than 1 percent of industry employment. Text table 3. Employment in retail trade by industry, 1982 and 1985, and percent change Employment Industry SIC Code 1985 15,246,080 17,524,420 14.9 52 599,580 710,950 18.6 53 54 2,150,570 2,466,270 2,275,450 2,785,160 5.8 12.9 55 1,637,690 1,915,410 17.0 56 933,620 1,030,940 10.4 57 58 59 573,880 4,985,150 1,899,320 726,440 5,923,060 2,157,010 26.6 188 13.6 Retail trade, to ta l................ 52-59 Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers . . General merchandise stores ................................... Food stores............................ Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations . . . . Apparel and accessory stores ................................... Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores.......... Eating and drinking places. . . Miscellaneous retail................ 1982 Percent change, 1982-85 Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers This industry consists of establishments that sell lumber and other building materials; paint, glass, and wallpaper; hardware; nursery stock; lawn and garden supplies; and mobile homes. Employment in this industry totaled 710,950 in 1985, a 19-percent increase from 1982. The largest industry within this group was lumber and other building materials dealers, with 373,000 workers or 52 percent. Hardware stores employed 164,000 or 23 percent. Retail nurseries, lawn and 52 garden supply stores (74,000), and paint, glass, and wall paper stores (68,000) each employed 10 percent of the in dustry’s workers. The smallest group was mobile home dealers, with 32,000 or 5 percent. Sales workers made up the largest occupational group, with 43 percent (table 16). Production and related occupations accounted for 22 percent. Ranking third were clerical and administrative support workers, with 120,790 or 17 percent of total employment. Managerial and administrative occu pations accounted for 80,040 or 11 percent. Of the re maining 7 percent of industry employment, professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers totaled 24,370; agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers, 18,600; and service workers, 7,290. General merchandise stores This industry includes establishments which sell several lines of merchandise, such as dry goods, apparel and acces sories, furniture and home furnishings, small wares, hard ware, and food. In 1985, employment in these stores totaled 2.3 million, a 6-percent increase over 1982. Department stores, with 1.9 million workers or 84 percent of industry employment, were the largest employer in this industry. Variety stores accounted for 223,000 jobs or 10 percent. Miscellaneous general mer chandise stores accounted for 142,000 or 6 percent. The largest occupational group in this industry was sales and related workers, with 1.4 million persons or 63 percent of total industry employment (table 17). Almost two-thirds of these workers were retail salespersons. Clerical and administrative workers ranked second with 375,000 or 17 percent. The majority of these workers were employed in office clerical positions. Production and related occupations and service occupations each accounted for about 6 percent of industry employment or 135,000 and 130,000, respec tively. Managerial and administrative occupations numbered 125,000 or 5 percent, while professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers numbered 69,000 or 3 percent. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations accounted for less than 1 percent of employment in these stores. Food stores This industry consists of establishments selling food for home preparation and consumption. Employment in food stores in 1985 totaled 2.8 million, a 13-percent increase from 1982. With 2.4 million workers or 87 percent of food store employment, grocery stores were the largest employer in this industry. Retail bakeries accounted for 158,000 or 6 percent. Meat and seafood markets, including freezer provisioners (60,000) and stores selling dairy products (40,000), each made up 2 percent of industry employment. The remaining 3 percent was dis tributed among fruit stores and vegetable markets, 22,000; candy, nut, and confectionery stores, 31,000; and miscel laneous food stores (those engaged in the retail sale of special ized foods such as coffee, tea, spices, etc.), 39,000. Sales and related occupations accounted for 1.7 million or 61 percent of employment in food store (table 18). Nearly half of these workers were cashiers. Service workers con stituted 456,000 or 16 percent, almost one-third of whom were butchers or meat-cutters. With 241,000 or 9 percent of industry employment, production and related workers were the third largest occupational group. Managers and administrative occupations constituted 188,000 or 7 percent of industry employment, followed closely by clerical and administrative support workers with 165,000 or 6 percent. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations em ployed 42,000 or 1 percent, while agriculture, forestry, fish ing, and related workers made up less than 1 percent of total industry employment. Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations This industry comprises establishments engaged in the retail sale of new and used automobiles, boats, recreational and utility trailers, and motorcycles; other automotive vehicles such as dune buggies, snowmobiles, and go-carts; and new automobile parts and accessories. Gasoline service stations are also included. In 1985, this industry employed 1.9 million workers, a 17-percent increase from 1982. Persons working in dealer ships selling new and used motor vehicles numbered 856,000 or 45 percent of industry employment. Gasoline service sta tions accounted for 598,000 or 31 percent. Sixteen percent held jobs in auto and home supply stores, selling products such as tires, batteries, radios, and television sets. The remaining 8 percent were in establishments selling used motor vehicles, with 54,000 workers; boat dealers, 34,000 workers; motorcycle dealers, 33,000 workers; recreational and utility trailer dealers, 21,000 workers; and miscellaneous automotive dealers, 9,000 workers. Unlike any other industry in retail trade, almost half of the workers, or 871,000, were employed in production and related occupations (table 19). One-third of these workers were automotive mechanics. Sales and related workers ranked second with 576,000 or 30 percent of total employ ment. Clerical and administrative support occupations accounted for 245,000 workers or 13 percent. Managerial and administrative workers made up 162,000 or 8 percent of total industry employment. The remaining 3 percent con sisted primarily of 46,000 service workers and 16,000 profes sional, paraprofessional, and technical workers. Apparel and accessory stores This industry includes establishments engaged in the retail sale of new clothing, shoes, hats, underwear, and 53 related articles for personal wear and adornment. Furriers and custom tailors carrying stocks of materials are also included. Apparel and accessory stores employed 1 million workers in 1985, a 10-percent increase from 1982. Women’s readyto-wear stores, with 374,000 employees, accounted for 36 percent of industry employment. Family clothing stores ranked second with 217,000 or 21 percent, followed closely by shoe stores, with 21,000 or 20 percent. Men’s and boys’ clothing and furnishings stores accounted for 110,000 workers or 11 percent. Establishments selling miscellaneous apparel and accessories, such as bathing suits, sports apparel, and uniforms, employed 54,000 or 5 percent. The remain ing 7 percent consisted of 34,000 employed at children’s and infants’ wear stores; 27,000 at women’s accessory and specialty stores; and 6,900 at furriers and fur shops. Sales and related workers, totaling 764,000, made up the largest occupational group, with 74 percent of industry employment (table 20). Managerial and administrative workers accounted for 97,000 workers or 10 percent. Cler ical and administrative support occupations made up 84,000 or 8 percent. Ranking fourth were production and related workers with 45,000 or 4 percent. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers accounted for 28,000 or 3 percent of employment in this industry; service occupations, 13.000 or 1 percent; and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers, less than 1 percent. Eating and drinking places This industry includes firms engaged in the sale of prepared foods and drinks for consumption on the premises, and lunch counters and refreshment stands selling prepared foods and drinks for immediate consumption. Restaurants and lunch coun ters operated by hotels and department stores are excluded. There were 5.9 million persons employed in eating and drinking places in 1985, a 19-percent increase from 1982. This industry, with over one-third of all workers, was the largest employer in retail trade. The majority, 5.1 million or 85 percent of workers in this industry, were in service occupations (table 22). Almost all of these, 94 percent, were food service workers. Managerial and administrative occupations made up 338,000 or 6 per cent of industry employment, followed closely by sales and related occupations with 307,000 or 5 percent, most of whom were cashiers. The remaining 4 percent consisted of 106,000 clerical and administrative support occupations; 70,000 production and related occupations; 38,000 professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations; and 1,000 agriculture, forestry, fishing and related workers. Miscellaneous retail stores This industry comprises establishments engaged in the retail sale of miscellaneous goods, other than those previously discussed. Among such firms are drug stores, liquor stores, used merchandise stores, nonstore retailers, fuel and ice dealers, miscellaneous shopping goods stores, and florists. Employment in miscellaneous retail stores was 2.2 mil lion in 1985, a 14-percent increase over 1982. Miscellaneous shopping stores (book stores; jewelry stores; hobby, toy, and game shops; sporting goods stores; etc.) accounted for 697.000 workers or 32 percent. Drug stores employed 541.000 or 25 percent. Other retail stores (florists, cosmetic stores, cigar stores and stands, etc.) accounted for 355,000 workers or 16 percent of industry employment. Nonstore retailers, such as mail-order houses and auto matic merchandising machine operators, employed 258,000 or 12 percent. Liquor stores totaled 128,000 workers or 6 percent; fuel and ice dealers, 103,000 or 5 percent; and used merchandise stores, 77,000 or 4 percent. Sales workers constituted the largest occupational group in this industry, with 1.1 million workers, or over one-half of total industry employment ( table 23). Clerical and adminis trative support occupations accounted for 281,000 or 13 per cent, followed closely by production and related workers with 263.000 or 12 percent. Professional, paraprofessional, and tech nical workers made up 196,000 or 9 percent, while managerial and administrative workers totaled 178,000 or 8 percent. Serv ice occupations accounted for 97,000 workers or 5 percent of industry employment. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers made up the smallest occupational group. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores Firms that sell furniture, floor coverings, draperies, housewares, stoves, refrigerators, and other household electrical and gas appliances comprise the furniture, home furnishings, and equipment industry. In 1985, employment in this industry totaled 726,000, a 27-percent increase from 1982. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores (except appliances) accounted for 416.000 workers or 57 percent of industry employment. With 225.000 or 31 percent, radio, television, and music stores were the second largest employer in this industry. House hold appliance stores employed 85,000 workers or 12 percent. Workers in sales and related occupations, numbering 296.000, constituted the largest occupational group, with 41 percent of industry employment (table 21). Over 75 percent of these workers were salespersons. Production and related workers ranked second in employment with 164,000 or 23 percent. Clerical and administrative workers, totaling 133.000, accounted for 18 percent. Managerial and adminis trative workers, with 86,000 or 12 percent, ranked fourth. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations accounted for 38,000 or 5 percent, while service workers accounted for 9,000 or 1 percent. Agriculture, forestry, fish ing and related workers constituted less than 1 percent. 54 Table 15. Retail trade: Percent distribution of employment in major occupational groups by industry, 1985 Industry Total ................................................ Percent............................................. Building materials, hardware, garden supply, and mobile home dealers............................ General merchandise stores.......... Food sto re s..................................... Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations......................... Apparel and accessory stores....... Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores....................... Eating and drinking places............. Miscellaneous retail......................... Total Professional, Managers paraproand fessional, and administrative technical workers workers 17,524,420 1,254,560 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 Sales and related workers 450,180 6,511,830 1 0 0 .0 0 1 0 0 .0 0 Clerical and administrative workers 1,509,400 1 0 0 .0 0 Agricultural, forestry, fishing, and related workers 28,740 1 0 0 .0 0 Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers 1,947,320 1 0 0 .0 0 4.06 12.98 15.89 6.38 9.94 15.01 5.41 15.25 9.32 4.63 22.14 25.97 24.87 10.94 64.72 .77 3.65 6.94 12.40 10.93 5.88 12.89 7.77 3.53 6 .2 0 8.84 11.74 16.21 5.55 .97 .42 44.73 2.29 4.15 33.80 12.31 6.84 26.97 14.20 8.36 8.36 43.57 4.55 4.71 17.42 8.84 7.00 18.60 .17 2.75 26.55 8.44 3.60 13.49 55 8 .0 0 8 .1 2 Service workers 5,822,390 1 0 0 .0 0 .13 2.23 7.84 .79 .2 2 .15 86.97 1.67 Table 16. Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 52) Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation T o ta l................................................................................ 710,950 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 80,040 600 11.26 .08 n.a. n.a. 6 2 210 .03 1.70 7 3 1,090 360 .15 .05 12 2 15 1 670 62,300 2,710 .09 8.76 .38 24,370 16,850 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products........................................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products .................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. Cost estimators....................................................................... All other management support workers................................ Engineering and related technicians and technologists................................................................... Drafters.................................................................................... All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides................................................. Artists and related workers....................................................... Designers, except interior designers ........................................ Interior designers ...................................................................... Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ........................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales engineers......................................................................... Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except retail...................................... Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, retail ................................................................... Salespersons, p a rts................................................................... Counter and rental clerks ......................................................... Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................ Cashiers...................................................................................... News and street vendors, telephone solicitors, door-to-door sales workers, and other related workers....................................... 1 2 ,1 0 0 1 20 7 1 1 n.a. 72 n.a. 3.43 2.37 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4,440 4,280 160 .62 .60 .0 2 n.a. 4 n.a. n.a. 9 n.a. 11,060 1.56 4 15 .0 1 36 (3) 180 .03 19 (3) 140 530 410 .0 2 12 (3) .07 .06 16 16 (3) .28 .26 n.a. 9 n.a. 3 140 .0 2 n.a. n.a. 570 .08 n.a. n.a. 170 300 .0 2 (3) .04 17 13 100 .0 1 12 170 1,530 2,690 .0 2 12 (3) (3) .2 2 8 2 .38 100 .0 1 9 14 3 (3) 440 .06 n.a. n.a. 301,780 42.45 n.a. n.a. 10,040 1.41 120 .0 2 4 35 (3) 150 .0 2 35 (3) 90 2 ,0 2 0 1,880 1 1 8 1 .0 2 7 1 37,390 46,790 26.60 .13 1.13 5.26 6.58 23 5 3 2 3 75 (3) 7 29 25 800 .11 32 (3) 7,270 189,110 940 8 ,0 2 0 See footnotes at end of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 56 Table 16. Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 52) Occupation All other sales and related workers ............................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations......................................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .............................. Credit authorizers................................................................................. Credit checkers .................................................................................... Adjustment cle rk s ................................................................................. Bill and account collectors ................................................................ S e creta rie s............................................................................................. Receptionists and information c le rk s ............................................. Typists ..................................................................................................... Personnel clerks, except payroll and tim ekeeping......................................................................................... File c le rk s ............................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and se rvice.................................................................................................. Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing c le rk s ............................. Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........................................................ Billing, cost and rate c le rk s .............................................................. General office cierks .......................................................................... Electronic data processing and other office machine o p e ra to rs .............................................................. Computer operators, except peripheral eq uip m ent......................................................................................... Data entry keyers, except com posing......................................... All other office machine operators .............................................. Switchboard operators ....................................................................... Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal s e rvice..................................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing w o rk e rs ......................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and a m b u la n c e ....................................................................................... Marking cle rk s.................................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard .................................................................................... Order fillers, wholesale and retail tr a d e .......................................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving c le rk s ................................................................................................. All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers ....................................................................... All other clerical and administrative support w o rk e rs ................................................................................................ Service occupations ............................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ....................................................... Detectives and investigators, except p u b lic ................................. Guards and watch gu ards.................................................................. Cleaning and building service workers, except private households............................................................................ Maids and housekeeping cleaners .............................................. Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners ........................................................ All other cleaning and building service workers, except private households ......................................... All other service workers ................................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations......................................................................................... Nursery workers ................................................................................... Gardeners and groundskeepers, except fa rm .............................. All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related w o rk e rs .................................................................................. Employment1 Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 1,150 0.16 n.a. n.a. 120,790 16.99 n.a. n.a. 1,870 240 120 610 220 13,730 350 100 .26 .03 .02 .09 .03 1.93 .05 .01 7 13 16 13 12 3 12 26 3 1 (3) 160 110 .02 .02 10 15 (3) (3) 550 32,660 300 4,240 19,410 .08 4.59 .04 .60 2.73 16 2 9 5 3 1 49 1 8 24 3,220 .45 n.a. n.a. 2,380 560 280 320 .33 .08 .04 .05 6 9 n.a. 10 5 1 n.a. 1 130 .02 16 41,830 5.88 n.a. 450 170 .06 .02 11 24 29,750 4.18 3 18 820 .12 15 1 10,170 1.43 4 13 470 .07 n.a. n.a. 620 .09 n.a. n.a. 7,290 1.03 n.a. n.a. 200 140 1,500 .03 .02 .21 15 20 8 (3) (3) 2 5,250 240 .74 .03 n.a. 18 n.a. 4,930 .69 4 10 80 200 .01 .03 41 n.a. (3) n.a. 18,600 9,650 8,410 2.62 1.36 1.18 n.a. 4 4 n.a. 6 6 540 .08 n.a. n.a. S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. Percent of total employment 57 (3) 1 1 22 1 (3) n.a. 1 (3) (3) Table 16. Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 52) Occupation Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations......................................................................................... First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ............................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ................................................................. All other first-line supervisors and m anager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and re la te d .............................................................. Inspectors and related w o rke rs........................................................ Mechanics, installers, and repa ire rs............................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.......................................... Automotive mechanics .................................................................... Automotive body and related repa ire rs...................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine sp ecialists......................................................................................... Farm equipment m echanics........................................................... Small engine specialists.................................................................. Electric home appliance and power tool repa ire rs............................................................................................ Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers............................................................. Installers and repairers, manufactured buildings, mobile homes, and travel trailers .......................... Tire repairers and changers........................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and re p a ire rs .......................... Construction trades workers, except material m o v in g ................................................................................................. Carpenters .......................................................................................... Electricians.......................................................................................... Painters and paperhangers, construction and m aintena nce............................................................................ Plumbers, pipefitters, and steam fitters....................................................................................... Carpet installers................................................................................. Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tile s ..................................................................................................... G la zie rs ................................................................................................. Fence erectors .................................................................................. All other construction trades w o rkers.......................................... Precision production workers ........................................................... Precision woodworkers....................................................................... Wood m achinists............................................................................... Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ........................................ Machine setters, set-up operators, operators and te n d e rs ......................................................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.............................................................................. Welders and cu tte rs......................................................................... Carpet cutters, diagrammers, and seamers ............................................................................................ Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision........................................... All other hand workers, n.e.c.......................................................... Motor vehicle o p e ra to rs ..................................................................... Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer .................................................................................................. Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ......................................................................... Driver/sales w o rk e rs ........................................................................ Material moving equipment operato rs......................................... Industrial truck and tractor op erato rs.......................................... All other material moving equipment operators........................................................................................... Helpers - mechanics and repairers ................................................. Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 158,080 22.24 n.a. n.a. 7,360 1.04 n.a. n.a. 5,600 .79 5 8 1,760 160 26,020 5,040 1,360 350 .25 .02 3.66 .71 .19 .05 8 n.a. n.a. 7 11 31 3 n.a. n.a. 6 2 890 80 6,360 .13 .01 .89 11 44 4 (3) 8 350 .05 22 1 230 .03 37 8,000 150 3,210 1.13 .02 .45 5 30 n.a. 23,170 7,150 80 3.26 1.01 .01 n.a. 8 50 n.a. 4 950 .13 19 1 420 140 .06 .02 25 30 230 11,970 880 1,350 500 8,640 7,840 800 .03 1.68 .12 .19 .07 1.22 1.10 .11 37 5 29 21 n.a. n.a. 6 23 1,030 10,390 140 .14 1.46 .02 n.a. n.a. 44 110 .02 47 9,600 540 51,790 1.35 .08 7.28 7 23 n.a. (3) n.a. 20,160 2.84 4 13 31,280 350 11,050 10,660 4.40 .05 1.55 1.50 3 31 n.a. 5 (3) n.a. 8 390 110 .05 .02 26 34 Employment' S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. 58 (3) 2 (3) 4 (3) n.a. 0 (3) (3) (3) 5 (3) 1 n.a. n.a. 5 (3) n.a. n.a. (3) (3) 5 24 (3) (3) Table 16. Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 52) Occupation Employment1 Freight, stock, and material movers, h a n d ................................... Hand packers and p a c k a g e rs .......................................................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d ..................................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling w o rk e rs ................................................................................................ Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 6,860 350 0.96 .05 7 28 10,290 1.45 n.a. n.a. 360 .05 n.a. n.a. ' Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 3 (3) information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 10. 59 Table 17. General merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 53) Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 5.48 .14 n.a. 7 n.a. 8 4,180 12,440 .18 .55 6 5 13 17 15,340 1,070 .67 .05 4 8 15 3 3,930 1,450 62,420 20,800 .17 .06 2.74 .91 6 6 2 8 12 6 79 17 68,660 39,080 3.02 1.72 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4,810 3,170 1,000 640 .21 .14 .04 .03 n.a. 12 24 17 n.a. 6 2 1 22,930 1.01 6 13 590 .03 31 1,400 .06 24 1 7,130 2,220 670 .31 .10 .03 4 n.a. n.a. 17 n.a. n.a. 2,730 .12 n.a. n.a. 930 1,400 400 370 3,100 .04 .06 .02 .02 .14 15 11 14 22 7 2 2 1 1 4 420 1,180 290 1,670 930 1,640 12,760 .02 .05 .01 .07 .04 .07 .56 n.a. 11 20 9 11 17 3 n.a. 3 1 3 3 3 24 3,820 .17 n.a. n.a. 1,441,540 63.35 n.a. n.a. 82,360 360 3.62 .02 3 25 (3) 310 .01 29 (3) 7,980 905,040 9,390 6,580 173,690 206,790 .35 39.77 .41 .29 7.63 9.09 15 (3) 13 14 3 2 2 77 4 4 52 57 Employment1 Percent of total employment T o t a l............................................................................................ 2,275,450 100.00 Managerial and administrative occupations.................................... Financial m anagers.............................................................................. Personnel, training, and labor relations m anagers............................................................................ Purchasing m a n a g e rs ......................................................................... Marketing, advertising, and public relations m anagers............................................................................ Administrative services m a n a g e rs ................................................... Communications, transportation, and utilities operations m a n a g e rs ....................................................................... Food service and lodging m an a g ers.............................................. General managers and top execu tive s.......................................... All other managers and adm inistrators.......................................... 124,760 3,130 Occupation Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations...................................................................... Management support w o rke rs.......................................................... Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists........................................................................ Accountants and auditors............................................................ Budget a n a ly s ts .............................................................................. All other financial specialists....................................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm prod ucts.................................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products.................................................................................. Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm p ro d u c ts.......................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations sp ecialists........................................................................ All other management support w o rk e rs ..................................... Engineers ................................................................................................ Computer scientists and related workers ............................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .............................................................................. Computer program m ers................................................................... Computer programmer a id e s ......................................................... Opticians, dispensing and m easuring............................................. Pharmacists ........................................................................................... All other health professionals, paraprofessional and technicians................................................. Writers and editors............................................................................... P hotographers....................................................................................... Artists and related w o rke rs................................................................ Designers, except interior d e sig n ers.............................................. Interior designers ................................................................................. Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ........................... All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical w o rke rs.................................... Sales and related occupations ........................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related w o rk e rs .......................................................................... Sales en gin eers.................................................................................... Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except re ta il............................................ Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and re ta il........................................ Salespersons, retail ............................................................................. Salespersons, p a r ts ............................................................................. Counter and rental clerks .................................................................. Stock clerks, sales flo o r..................................................................... C ashiers................................................................................................... S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. 60 (3) 51 Table 17. General merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 53) Occupation News and street vendors, telephone solicitors, door-to-door sales workers, and other related w o rk e rs ............................................. Demonstrators, promoters, and m odels........................................ All other sales and related workers ............................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations......................................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .............................. Credit authorizers................................................................................. Credit checkers .................................................................................... Adjustment cle rk s................................................................................. Bill and account collectors ............................................................... S e creta rie s............................................................................................. Sten og rap hers...................................................................................... Receptionists and information c le rk s ............................................. Typists ..................................................................................................... Typists, word processing eq u ip m e n t.............................................. Personnel clerks, except payroll and tim ekeeping......................................................................................... Correspondence clerks ...................................................................... File c le rk s ............................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service.................................................................................................. Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing c le rk s ............................. Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........................................................ Billing, cost and rate c le rk s .............................................................. General office clerks .......................................................................... Electronic data processing and other office machine o p erato rs.............................................................. Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators........................................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral eq uip m ent......................................................................................... Peripheral EDP equipment o p erato rs.......................................... Data entry keyers, except com posing......................................... All other office machine operators .............................................. Switchboard operators ....................................................................... Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal se rv ic e ..................................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing w o rk e rs ......................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and a m b u la n c e ........................................................................................ Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ................................................................................. Marking cle rk s .................................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard .................................................................................... Order fillers, wholesale and retail tr a d e .......................................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving c le rk s ................................................................................................. All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers ....................................................................... All other clerical and administrative support w o rk e rs ................................................................................................ Service occupations ............................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ....................................................... Detectives and investigators, except p u b lic ................................. Guards and watch gu ards.................................................................. Food and beverage preparation and service w o rk e rs ................................................................................................ Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge or coffee shop ..................................................................................... B arten ders........................................................................................... Employment' Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 18,200 5,160 25,680 0.80 .23 1.13 6 13 4 7 5 15 375,390 16.50 n.a. n.a. 22,090 7,200 3,050 40,760 9,390 11,490 360 2,000 2,380 300 .97 .32 .13 1.79 .41 .50 .02 .09 .10 .01 3 10 9 3 9 6 19 15 19 14 34 5 3 23 5 20 1 4 3 1 4,450 870 2,470 .20 .04 .11 5 10 14 13 2 3 20,630 29,480 3,500 3,280 43,230 .91 1.30 .15 .14 1.90 4 3 4 7 4 15 37 10 5 34 13,850 .61 n.a. n.a. 1,270 .06 11 2 2,160 1,400 8,190 830 13,080 .09 .06 .36 .04 .57 9 12 7 19 3 4 2 10 1 18 1,400 .06 8 4 132,050 5.80 n.a. n.a. 10,130 .45 7 6 1,130 38,020 .05 1.67 17 4 1 26 49,580 2.18 3 32 4,180 .18 15 2 25,210 1.11 3 28 3,800 .17 19 2 8,080 .36 7 8 129,770 5.70 n.a. n.a. 4,410 13,020 12,540 .19 .57 .55 5 4 3 11 16 15 45,100 1.98 n.a. n.a. 1,430 230 .06 .01 7 19 3 1 S e e fo o tn o tes at en d of table. Percent of total employment 61 Table 17. General merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 53) Occupation Waiters and waitresses ................................................ Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and bartender helpers ........................................................ Counter attendants, lunchroom, coffee shop, or c a fe te ria ........................................... Bakers, bread and p a s try ............................................. Butchers and meat cu tters........................................... Cooks, resta urant........................................................... Cooks, institution or c a fe te ria ..................................... Cooks, specialty fast fo o d ............................................ Cooks, short o r d e r ......................................................... Food preparation w o rk e rs ............................................ Combined food preparation and service workers .. All other food service workers ................................... Pharmacy assistants......................................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households......................................................... Maids and housekeeping c le a n e rs ............................ Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping c le a n e rs ..................................... All other cleaning and building service workers, except private households ...................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .......... All other service w o rk e rs ................................................ Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations...................................................................... Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations...................................................................... First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ........................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers .............................................. All other first-line supervisors and m anager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and re la te d ........................................... Inspectors and related w orkers..................................... Mechanics, installers, and repairers............................. Machinery maintenance m echanics.......................... Maintenance repairers, general utility....................... Automotive mechanics ................................................. Electronic home entertainment equipment repa ire rs.......................................................................... Electric home appliance and power tool repairers.......................................................................... Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers........................................... Bicycle repa ire rs............................................................. Tire repairers and ch ang ers......................................... All other mechanics, installers, and re p a ire rs ........ Construction trades workers, except material m o v in g .............................................................................. Carpenters ....................................................................... E lectricians....................................................................... Painters and paperhangers, construction and m ain ten a n ce......................................................... All other construction trades w orkers....................... Jewelers and silversm iths............................................... Furniture finishers ............................................................ Custom tailors and s e w e rs ............................................ Precision workers, n.e.c................................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic............................................ Sewing machine operators, g a rm e n t....................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 11,480 0.50 6 7 1,880 .08 10 3 10,870 550 890 2,610 900 1,850 2,690 4,690 4,020 1,010 960 .48 .02 .04 .11 .04 .08 .12 .21 .18 .04 .04 5 14 17 7 20 12 9 7 8 11 12 9 1 2 5 1 1 4 5 4 2 2 31,810 1,460 1.40 .06 n.a. 14 n.a. 2 29,440 1.29 2 38 910 20,700 1,230 .04 .91 .05 14 6 12 1 7 2 220 .01 n.a. n.a. 135,110 5.94 n.a. n.a. 4,650 .20 n.a. n.a. 3,030 .13 5 9 1,620 760 67,760 600 9,110 16,540 .07 .03 2.98 .03 .40 .73 11 n.a. n.a. 13 5 4 4 n.a. n.a. 1 13 12 660 .03 29 22,260 .98 7 6 400 620 7,380 10,190 .02 .03 .32 .45 32 7 7 n.a. 1 3 6 n.a. 2,110 770 500 .09 .03 .02 n.a. 15 13 n.a. 2 1 350 490 250 410 6,890 1,400 .02 .02 .01 .02 .30 .06 17 42 26 12 4 n.a. (3) (3) 2 13 n.a. 3,690 770 .16 .03 n.a. 15 n.a. 1 S e e fo o tn o tes a t en d of table. Percent of total employment 62 O 1 Table 17. General merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 53) Occupation Employment' Sewing machine operators, nongarment ................................... All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.......................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and p la s tic ............................................................. Hand workers, n.e.c.............................................................................. Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision........................................... All other hand workers, n.e.c.......................................................... Plant and system w o rk e rs ................................................................. Motor vehicle o p e ra to rs ..................................................................... Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tr a ile r ................................................................................................. Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ......................................................................... Service station atte n d a n ts ................................................................. All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ............................................................................................. Material moving equipment o p erato rs............................................ Industrial truck and tractor op erato rs............................................. Conveyor operators and te n d e rs .................................................... Helpers - mechanics and repairers ................................................ Freight, stock, and material movers, h a n d ................................... Hand packers and packagers .......................................................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d ..................................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling w o rk e rs ................................................................................................ 820 0.04 100 (3) Relative error (in percentage)2 33 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 18 1 n.a. 1 n.a. 2,000 1,410 .09 .06 320 1,090 620 5,570 .01 .05 .03 .24 2,680 .12 g 4 2,890 840 .13 .04 g 28 6 1 380 2,640 2,200 440 1,930 19,160 6,030 .02 .12 .10 .02 .08 .84 .27 8,060 .35 n.a. n.a. 550 .02 n.a. n.a. 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment n.a. 15 n.a. 19 n.a. 15 45 10 6 7 0 n.a. 1 <3) 3 11 4 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 10. 63 T a b le 18. June 1985 F o o d s to re s : E m p lo y m e n t , r e la t iv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s , (SIC 54) Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. 9 n.a. 3 T o ta l................................................................................ 2,785,160 Managerial and administrative occupations................................ Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. Food service and lodging managers........................................ General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 188,310 1,740 6.76 .06 1,720 25,380 .06 .91 11 2,030 1,390 .07 .05 15 31 2 1,160 14 1 135,030 18,760 .04 .04 4.85 .67 41,940 32,060 1.51 1.15 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7,390 .27 n.a. n.a. 17,080 .61 7 9 4,480 .16 15 3 790 2,320 .03 .08 13 n.a. n.a. 1,810 .06 n.a. n.a. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers................................................... Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........................................................... Purchasing agents and buyers, farm products........................................................................ Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides.................................................. Health practitioners, technologists, technicians, and related health workers........................................................................ Designers, except interior designers........................................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers................................ Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, retail ................................................................... Counter and rental clerks ......................................................... Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................ Cashiers...................................................................................... Demonstrators, promoters, and models................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support w orkers.......................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Bill and account collectors....................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ........................................................................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. File clerks................................................................................... 1 ,1 0 0 540 910 360 6 3 14 1 20 1 2 59 7 6 1 .0 2 21 1 .03 9 15 1 .0 1 1 6,050 440 .0 2 n.a. 25 n.a. (3) 1,180 .04 n.a. n.a. 1,690,850 60.71 n.a. n.a. 72,320 2.60 4 16 1,900 257,170 13,550 534,840 776,790 45 3 17 34 20 1 33,280 .07 9.23 .49 19.20 27.89 .04 1.19 n.a. n.a. 165,140 5.93 n.a. n.a. 4,240 1,040 350 12,780 880 670 .15 .04 1 ,0 0 0 900 670 S e e fo o tn o tes a t en d of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 64 .2 2 .0 1 1 1 1 1 41 56 12 4 31 18 1 1 .46 .03 8 10 12 2 .0 2 15 1 .03 12 1 .0 2 12 1 T a b le June 18. F o o d s to re s : E m p lo y m e n t, r e la t iv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s , 1 9 8 5 — C o n t in u e d (SIC 54) Occupation Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service..................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................ Billing, cost and rate clerks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................ Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service.......................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ...................................................................... Marking clerks......................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Order fillers, wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................. Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks.................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... Service occupations .................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Detectives and investigators, except public............................. Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers.................................................................................... Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge or coffee s h o p .......................................................................... Waiters and waitresses .......................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and bartender helpers ................................................................. Counter attendants, lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria..................................................... Bakers, bread and pastry....................................................... Butchers and meat cutters..................................................... Cooks, restaurant................................................................... Cooks, institution or cafeteria................................................ Cooks, specialty fast fo o d ...................................................... Cooks, short order .................................................................. Food preparation workers...................................................... Combined food preparation and service workers................. All other food service workers ............................................... Pharmacy assistants.................................................................. Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists ......................... All other service workers .......................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Employment1 1,490 43,930 1,690 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 19 4 26,830 0.05 1.58 .06 .08 .96 3,550 .13 n.a. n.a. 32 (3) 2 ,2 2 0 480 850 1,610 610 360 .0 2 .03 .06 1 10 28 3 13 5 11 10 2 1 n.a. .0 1 13 n.a. 17 420 .0 2 14 1 59,820 2.15 .0 2 2 1 n.a. n.a. .0 1 12 1 1,990 1,820 .07 .07 40 19 43,200 1.55 8 7 5,320 .19 14 1 5,960 .2 1 8 4 1,150 .04 3,300 380 (3) 1 38 (3) .1 2 n.a. n.a. 456,420 16.39 n.a. n.a. 9,180 1,430 2,470 .33 .05 .09 9 14 15 5 409,190 14.69 n.a. n.a. 620 13,880 .0 2 27 .50 11 (3) 4 2 ,1 2 0 .08 19 1 37,510 66,620 142,230 1,550 680 460 9,620 74,620 43,140 16,140 1,550 1.35 2.39 5.11 .06 6 9 31 36 30,090 400 1.08 .0 2 .0 2 .35 2 .6 8 1.55 .58 .06 3 2 22 1 n.a. n.a. .08 1,050 .04 n.a. 65 1 (3) (3) 4 16 9 n.a. 2 ,1 1 0 .0 1 1 27 36 14 5 7 n.a. 13 n.a. 16 n.a. S e e fo o tn o tes at end of table. Percent of total employment 1 1 n.a. T a b le June 18. F o o d s to re s : E m p lo y m e n t, r e la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s , 1 9 8 5 — C o n t in u e d (SIC 54) Occupation Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Carpenters.................................................................................. Precision production workers ................................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.......................................................................... All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and plastic ..................................................... Hand workers, including assemblers and fabricators........................................................................ Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer ..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Driver/sales workers............................................................... Service station attendants........................................................ Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................... Freight, stock, and material movers, hand............................... Hand packers and packagers .................................................. All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers.................................................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 12 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 241,450 8.67 n.a. n.a. 1,710 .06 n.a. n.a. 460 .0 2 28 1 1,250 8,260 880 4,550 300 .04 .30 .03 .16 .0 1 48 n.a. (3) 5 (3) 1,090 .04 15 (3) .03 .1 1 15 n.a. 26 n.a. n.a. (3) n.a. 5,980 .2 1 n.a. n.a. 4,930 .18 780 660 410 2,980 120 .0 2 .0 1 (3) 15 n.a. 20 10 13 1 1 1 n.a. n.a. 930 .03 20 1 830 23,090 .03 .83 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 12,360 .44 10 3 .26 9 16 41 31 7 3 (3) (3) 7,300 3,430 840 3,550 131,590 48,380 .03 .13 4.72 1.74 12,830 .46 n.a. n.a. 1 ,0 0 0 .04 n.a. n.a. .1 2 3 7 10 10 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 66 T a b le 19. re p o r tin g A u to m o tiv e d e a le r s a n d s e le c te d g a s o lin e s e r v ic e s ta tio n s : o c c u p a tio n s , J u n e E m p lo y m e n t , r e la t iv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts 1985 (SIC 55) Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. 7 n.a. 3 T o ta l................................................................................ 1,915,410 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. Food service and lodging managers........................................ General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 161,680 2,160 8.44 630 710 .03 .04 19 17 1 36,740 920 1.92 .05 3 15 17 .03 17 .0 2 12 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........................................................... Cost estimators....................................................................... All other management support workers................................ Computer programmers.......................................................... All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except retail...................................... Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, retail .................................................................. Salespersons, p a rts .................................................................. Counter and rental clerks ......................................................... Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................ Cashiers...................................................................................... News and street vendors, telephone solicitors, door-to-door sales workers, and other related workers....................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers ......................... Credit authorizers...................................................................... Credit checkers ......................................................................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Bill and account collectors ....................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ....................................................................................... Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service..................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................ .1 1 1 1 500 320 114,360 5,340 5.97 .28 1 (3) (3) 54 10 2 15,880 14,560 .83 .76 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 12,720 12,300 420 .6 6 n.a. 5 n.a. n.a. n.a. 640 440 760 270 .03 .0 1 17 29 n.a. 31 (3) n.a. (3) 1,050 .05 n.a. n.a. 575,850 30.06 n.a. n.a. 20,230 1.06 4 8 490 .03 50 (3) 6,560 250,260 128,910 1,800 3,080 162,310 .34 13.07 6.73 .09 .16 8.47 17 1 1 38 34 .64 .0 2 .0 2 .04 2 10 1 15 13 1 2 30 44 n.a. (3) n.a. 1 270 1,940 .1 0 244,660 12.77 n.a. n.a. 39,990 410 480 740 620 25,990 1,630 380 2.09 3 15 23 20 (3) (3) 370 950 1,170 77,620 1,140 S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 67 .0 1 .0 2 1 .03 .04 .03 1.36 .09 24 13 3 12 1 .0 2 21 (3) .0 2 20 (3) .05 10 1 .06 4.05 .06 1 18 15 1 2 42 7 2 T a b le 19. r e p o r tin g A u to m o tiv e d e a le r s a n d s e le c te d g a s o lin e s e r v ic e s ta tio n s : o c c u p a tio n s , J u n e E m p lo y m e n t , r e la t iv e e rro r, a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts 1 9 8 5 — C o n t in u e d (SIC 55) Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment Billing, cost and rate clerks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service.......................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Order fillers, wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................. Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... 14,440 43,050 0.75 2.25 2,350 .1 2 620 1,190 540 1,910 .03 .06 .03 Service occupations ..................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers .................................................................................... Waiters and waitresses .......................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and bartender helpers ................................................................. Cooks, restaurant.................................................................... Cooks, short o rd e r.................................................................. Food preparation workers...................................................... All other food service workers ............................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners................................................. All other cleaning and building service workers, except private households ................................... All other service workers .......................................................... 190 4 3 8 20 n.a. n.a. 14 1 11 1 n.a. 7 n.a. .1 0 .0 1 21 (3) 2 29,410 1.54 n.a. n.a. 8,080 .42 6 4 18,810 .98 4 10 670 .03 19 (3) 1,150 .06 15 700 .04 n.a. n.a. 1,820 .1 0 n.a. n.a. 46,090 2.41 n.a. n.a. 1,350 550 .07 .03 14 28 (3) 23,080 11,340 540 1,350 4,650 3,760 1,440 19,170 18,430 1 .2 0 .59 .03 .07 .24 .2 0 .08 1 .0 0 1 1 n.a. 7 n.a. 2 12 (3) (3) 10 2 22 9 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. .96 4 .04 2 11 740 1,940 .1 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 280 .0 1 n.a. n.a. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Production inspectors, testers, graders, sorters, samplers, and weighers............................................ All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Percent of establishments reporting the occupation Relative error (in percentage) 2 870,970 45.47 n.a. n.a. 56,430 2.95 n.a. n.a. 53,890 2.81 2 24 2,540 .13 11 1 .0 1 41 (3) 24 n.a. 47 (3) n.a. (3) 210 580 434,280 240 .03 22.67 .0 1 L S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. 68 T a b le 19. re p o r tin g A u t o m o tiv e d e a le r s a n d g a s o lin e s e r v ic e s ta tio n s : s e le c te d o c c u p a tio n s , J u n e E m p lo y m e n t, r e la t iv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts 1 9 8 5 — C o n t in u e d (SIC 55) Occupation Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Automotive body and related repairers................................. Motorcycle repairers ............................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Aircraft mechanics.................................................................. Aircraft engine specialists...................................................... Small engine specialists......................................................... Electrical installers and repairers, transportation equipment..................................................... Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... Installers and repairers, manufactured buildings, mobile homes, and travel trailers ....................... Tire repairers and changers................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Precision metal workers............................................................ Machinists............................................................................... Sheet-metal workers............................................................... Upholsterers............................................................................... Precision workers, n.e.c............................................................. Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Painters, transportation equipment........................................ All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and p lastic..................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Welders and cutters................................................................ Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision..................................... All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r.................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Driver/sales workers............................................................... Service station attendants........................................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Helpers - mechanics and repairers .......................................... Freight, stock, and material movers, hand.............................. Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners............................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, hand .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers .................................................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 11,870 282,140 52,040 9,470 0.62 14.73 2.72 .49 7,710 1,180 270 8,520 .40 .06 11 .0 1 .44 14 4 (3) 4 1,980 .1 0 17 1 330 .0 2 41 (3) .2 1 7 4 n.a. n.a. 13 n.a. n.a. 4,030 50,960 3,540 4,660 4,430 230 340 210 4,880 4,030 130 720 1,260 230 2 .6 6 .18 .24 .23 8 6 1 48 3 3 12 6 4 3 1 2 12 2 .0 1 42 33 n.a. (3) (3) n.a. .25 .0 1 .0 2 n.a. n.a. .2 1 8 2 .0 1 n.a. n.a. .04 .07 n.a. n.a. 40 n.a. n.a. (3) .0 1 460 570 29,790 .03 1.56 23 28 n.a. (3) (3) n.a. 7,050 .37 8 4 21,810 930 224,340 1.14 .05 11.71 22 1 2 34 4,770 410 .0 2 13 n.a. 25 n.a. (3) 210 200 .0 2 .25 .0 1 .0 1 41,750 1,780 58,050 2.18 .09 3.03 6,850 380 ' Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 5 45 4 18 10 1 (3) 16 1 2 18 .36 n.a. n.a. .0 2 n.a. n.a. information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 69 T a b le 20. A p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r y s to re s : o c c u p a tio n s , J u n e E m p lo y m e n t , r e la t iv e e rro r, a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e le c te d 1985 (SIC 56) Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 T o ta l................................................................................ 1,030,940 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 97,490 800 9.46 .08 n.a. 19 600 8,900 230 .06 19 5 36 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers................................................... Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........................................................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................................... All other management support workers................................ Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer a ides.................................................. Writers and editors..................................................................... Artists and related workers....................................................... Designers, except interior designers........................................ Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ........................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers ................................................................ Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, retail ................................................................... Salespersons, p a rts................................................................... Counter and rental clerks ......................................................... Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................ Cashiers...................................................................................... News and street vendors, telephone solicitors, door-to-door sales workers, and other related workers....................................... Demonstrators, promoters, and models................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Credit authorizers...................................................................... Credit checkers ......................................................................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Bill and account collectors....................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ........................................................................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Correspondence clerks ............................................................. 1 0 0 .0 0 .8 6 .0 2 370 83,320 3,270 .04 8.08 .32 27,920 20,460 n.a. 2 1 11 (3) 39 1 2 n.a. 59 n.a. 2.71 1.98 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4,240 .41 n.a. n.a. 15,170 1.47 6 13 110 .0 1 940 .09 30 n.a. (3) n.a. 940 .09 n.a. n.a. 210 .0 2 .05 34 26 (3) 550 180 .0 2 22 120 .0 1 .0 2 45 26 38 (3) (3) (3) 1 420 180 5,100 .04 .49 6 8 700 .07 n.a. n.a. 764,190 74.13 n.a. n.a. 57,380 5.57 5 34 1,320 600,570 1,300 3,650 48,160 46,880 .13 58.25 .13 .35 4.67 4.55 23 (3) 92 (3) 150 750 4,030 .07 .39 83,720 .0 1 8 .1 2 1 25 15 4 5 1 20 18 n.a. n.a. n.a. .84 .07 .03 .15 .16 .49 .16 28 31 16 17 7 31 .0 2 22 330 360 .03 .03 23 29 70 1 43 24 n.a. 8,620 750 330 1,590 1,600 5,060 1,610 190 S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 6 (3) 1 11 1 (3) 2 3 7 1 (3) 1 1 Table 20. Apparel and accessory stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 56) Occupation File clerks................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service..................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................ Billing, cost and rate clerks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks.................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers ................................................................................... Service occupations .................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Detectives and investigators, except public............................. Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers.................................................................................... Combined food preparation and service workers................. All other food service workers ............................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners................................................ All other cleaning and building service workers, except private households ................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists ......................... All other service workers .......................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Jewelers and silversmiths......................................................... Custom tailors and sewers....................................................... Precision workers, n.e.c............................................................. Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Sewing machine operators, garment..................................... Employment1 180 1,710 17,740 580 690 11,580 Relative error (in percentage) 2 0 .0 2 30 .17 1.72 .06 .07 22 1 .1 2 4 17 16 18 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation (3) 2 21 1 1 10 4,860 .47 n.a. n.a. 1,360 11 2 1,490 480 .13 .19 .14 .05 14 n.a. 15 3 n.a. 24,230 2.35 n.a. n.a. 9,640 .94 32 6 6,880 .67 13 7 7,710 .75 n.a. n.a. 1,230 .1 2 n.a. n.a. 12,900 1.25 n.a. n.a. 290 860 1,500 .03 .08 .15 27 14 (3) 1,370 830 540 .13 .08 .05 n.a. 24 n.a. n.a. (3) n.a. 7,390 .72 n.a. n.a. 6,880 .67 6 8 .05 n.a. (3) n.a. 2 ,0 1 0 11 1 1 1 370 .04 n.a. 28 n.a. 120 .0 1 n.a. n.a. 44,600 4.33 n.a. n.a. 400 .04 n.a. n.a. 110 .0 1 38 (3) 19 n.a. 18 n.a. 40 4 n.a. (3) n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 510 1 ,1 2 0 .1 1 290 1,480 1,350 130 140 25,220 1,330 2.45 .13 7,640 7,130 .74 .69 S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. Percent of total employment 71 .03 .14 .13 .0 1 .0 1 8 1 n.a. (3) 15 n.a. Table 20. Apparel and accessory stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 56) Occupation Employment1 All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and plastic ..................................................... Hand workers, including assemblers and fabricators........................................................................ Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Freight, stock, and material movers, hand.............................. Hand packers and packagers .................................................. All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, ha n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers.................................................................................... 120 0 .0 1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 32 (3) 390 .04 n.a. n.a. 880 1,910 .09 .19 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. .0 2 37 (3) 1,720 2,700 1,680 .17 .26 .16 25 34 45 (3) 600 .06 n.a. n.a. 620 .06 n.a. n.a. 190 3 2 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 72 Table 21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 57) Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation T o ta l................................................................................ 726,440 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 85,820 620 11.81 .09 n.a. n.a. 11 1 460 9,540 .06 1.31 14 4 15 1,570 280 .2 2 .04 9 19 3 (3) 560 69,910 2,880 .08 9.62 .40 37,620 14,820 5,230 5,020 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. Cost estimators....................................................................... All other management support workers................................ Engineers .................................................................................. Engineering and related technicians and technologists.................................................................. Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists.............................................. Drafters.................................................................................... All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing ................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides................................................. Health practitioners, technologists, technicians, and related health workers........................................................................ Writers and editors.................................................................... Artists and related workers....................................................... Designers, except interior designers........................................ Interior designers ...................................................................... Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ........................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales engineers......................................................................... Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except retail...................................... Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, retail .................................................................. Counter and rental clerks ......................................................... Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................ Cashiers...................................................................................... 210 8,140 300 180 970 560 1 11 1 2 n.a. 67 n.a. 5.18 2.04 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. .72 .69 .03 n.a. 5 n.a. n.a. 9 n.a. 1 .1 2 11 .13 .08 (3) n.a. n.a. .15 n.a. n.a. 570 140 .08 22 .0 2 28 (3) (3) 400 .06 n.a. n.a. 1,300 .18 n.a. n.a. 440 740 .06 120 .0 2 25 19 19 (3) .1 0 210 .03 n.a. 19 18 15 n.a. (3) 6 10 14 1 1 ,1 1 0 170 280 2,360 14,700 550 1,560 .04 5 17 32 n.a. n.a. .0 2 .0 2 .04 .32 2 .0 2 .08 .2 1 1 1 (3) 1 2 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 296,370 40.80 13,940 130 1.92 .0 2 5 42 9 (3) 2,060 .28 17 1 4,720 229,680 1,490 .65 31.62 12 1 1 79 42 5 5 15 2 1 ,0 0 0 18,860 S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 73 .2 1 2.89 2.60 1 12 Table 21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 57) Occupation News and street vendors, telephone solicitors, door-to-door sales workers, and other related workers....................................... Demonstrators, promoters, and models................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Credit authorizers...................................................................... Credit checkers......................................................................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Bill and account collectors ....................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ........................................................................................ Typists, word processing equipment....................................... Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service...................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................. Billing, cost and rate clerks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service.......................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Marking clerks......................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Order fillers, wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................. Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... Service occupations .................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers.................................................................................... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Maids and housekeeping cleaners........................................ Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners................................................. All other cleaning and building service workers, except private households ................................... All other service w orkers.......................................................... Employment1 900 1,890 1,700 133,420 16,130 550 510 n.a. 18.37 n.a. n.a. 4 17 17 13 (3) 2 .2 2 100 .0 1 6,030 13,860 4,240 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 18 14 n.a. 210 1 ,2 0 0 Relative error (in percentage) 2 .26 .23 0 .1 2 .08 .07 .17 .83 1.91 .58 .03 6 (3) 1 22 1 1 9 3 20 6 7 (3) (3) 24 30 220 .03 14 180 .0 2 21 1,340 28,270 680 1,940 24,060 .18 3.89 .09 .27 3.31 17 1 2 39 16 1 8 3 3 24 3,870 .53 n.a. n.a. 1,760 .24 9 3 460 1,530 .06 14 1 .2 1 12 1 n.a. 3 1 (3) 120 .0 2 n.a. 1,530 .2 1 8 130 .0 2 22 27,790 3.83 n.a. n.a. 310 .04 .03 17 20 (3) (3) 210 (3) 17,180 2.36 4 700 .1 0 31 14 (3) 12 9,030 1.24 5 360 .05 n.a. n.a. 580 .08 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 8,790 1 .2 1 490 .03 .07 160 23 (3) (3) .0 2 n.a. n.a. 7,580 1,050 1.04 .14 n.a. 13 n.a. 6,160 .85 5 370 340 .05 .05 38 n.a. 220 S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. Percent of total employment 74 20 1 11 (3) n.a. Table 21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 57) Occupation Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 0 .0 1 n.a. n.a. 164,370 22.63 n.a. n.a. 5,940 .82 n.a. n.a. 5,210 .72 6 8 Employment1 Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related w orkers................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers........................................................ All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Inspectors and related workers................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics........................................................... Data processing equipment repairers.................................... Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers................................................................................ Electric home appliance and power tool repairers................................................................................ Electrical installers and repairers, transportation equipment..................................................... Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... Musical instrument repairers and tuners............................... Gas appliance repairers......................................................... Tire repairers and changers................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters.............................................................................. Ceiling tile installers and acoustical carpenters............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. Carpet installers...................................................................... Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard tile s ........................................................................................ All other construction trades workers.................................... Precision woodworkers.............................................................. Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters.................................. Furniture finishers ................................................................... Upholsterers............................................................................... Precision workers, n.e.c.............................................................. Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Sewing machine operators, nongarment .............................. All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and p la stic..................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Carpet cutters, diagrammers, and seamers................................................................................ Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision..................................... All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route w orkers................................................................ Driver/sales workers............................................................... 50 730 850 43,770 3,830 340 1,540 .1 0 .1 2 6.03 .53 .05 13 n.a. n.a. 8 1 n.a. n.a. 4 (3) .2 1 41 14 16,090 2 .2 1 5 12 10,630 1.46 5 11 910 .13 23 2,440 3,060 450 90 4,390 .34 .42 .06 11 2 12 2 1 0 1 20 .60 45 n.a. 18,620 2,490 2.56 .34 n.a. 14 n.a. 270 320 11,680 .04 .04 1.61 40 42 7 (3) (3) 2,920 940 18,040 13,830 4,210 1,910 610 .40 .13 2.48 1.90 .58 .26 .08 14 25 n.a. 9 2 8,080 7,660 1 .1 1 n.a. 80 .0 1 8 14 n.a. 0 n.a. 1 6 1 n.a. 4 6 2 n.a. 10 n.a. 3 .0 1 n.a. n.a. 340 7,500 .05 1.03 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1,140 .16 22 1 5,790 570 38,260 .80 .08 5.27 3,130 .43 34,720 410 4.78 .06 S e e fo o tn o tes a t en d of table. Percent of total employment 75 1.05 13 n.a. n.a. 11 2 n.a. n.a. 3 3 30 31 (3) Table 21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 57) Occupation Employment1 All other transportation and motor vehicle operators................................................................................. Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................... Freight, stock, and material movers, hand.............................. Hand packers and packagers.................................................. All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers.................................................................................... 160 650 16,280 290 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 0 .0 2 48 .09 2.24 .04 20 5 31 (3) (3) 13 (3) 2,910 .40 n.a. n.a. 500 .07 n.a. n.a. 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other" or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 76 Table 22. Eating and drinking places: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 58) Occupation Employment’ Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation T o ta l................................................................................ 5,923,060 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Food service and lodging managers........................................ General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 338,350 2,770 5.71 .05 n.a. 2,280 1,540 .04 .03 12 19 4 3 2,160 1,340 198,200 121,400 8,660 .04 22 3 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Musicians, instrumental............................................................. All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, retail .................................................................. Cashiers..................................................................................... News and street vendors, telephone solicitors, door-to-door sales workers, and other related workers....................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Secretaries................................................................................. Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................ Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Switchboard operators .............................................................. Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... All other clerical and administrative support w orkers.................................................................................... Service occupations..................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service w orkers.................................................................................... Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge or coffee shop .......................................................................... 11 n.a. 5 3.35 2.05 .15 14 3 4 n.a. 46 34 n.a. 37,630 22,940 .64 .39 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 18,110 .31 n.a. n.a. 770 .0 2 2 .0 1 29 1 .0 2 16 n.a. n.a. 1,300 2,760 7,580 .05 .13 7,110 2 20 2 .1 2 n.a. n.a. 306,670 5.18 n.a. n.a. 3,840 .06 28 .0 1 1 710 29,110 261,200 .49 4.41 33 23 5 7,840 3,970 .13 .07 23 n.a. (3) n.a. 105,600 1.78 n.a. n.a. 18,130 13,660 2,360 40,400 2,150 5,210 13,850 .31 .23 .04 10 26 .6 8 6 .04 .09 .23 14 28 3 11 8 .03 n.a. 30 n.a. .0 1 2,960 .05 n.a. n.a. 4,120 .07 n.a. n.a. 5,064,010 85.50 n.a. n.a. 172,760 13,780 2.92 .23 3 19 34 4,781,750 80.73 n.a. n.a. 144,280 2.44 4 29 2 ,0 2 0 740 S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 77 12 0 2 27 9 10 3 21 2 1 2 Table 22. Eating and drinking places: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 58) Occupation Bartenders............................................................................... Waiters and waitresses.......................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and bartender helpers................................................................. Counter attendants, lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria..................................................... Bakers, bread and pastry....................................................... Butchers and meat cutters..................................................... Cooks, restaurant.................................................................... Cooks, institution or cafeteria................................................. Cooks, specialty fast fo o d ...................................................... Cooks, short o rd e r.................................................................. Food preparation workers...................................................... Combined food preparation and service workers................. All other food service w orkers.................................... .......... Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Maids and housekeeping cleaners........................................ Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners................................................. All other cleaning and building service workers, except private households................................... All other service w orkers.......................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 12 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 255,140 1,357,300 4.31 22.92 4 1 35 59 286,690 4.84 4 28 252,870 30,820 3,130 384,890 30,690 427,260 122,400 457,920 962,020 66,340 4.27 .52 .05 6.50 .52 7.21 2.07 7.73 16.24 6 11 92,900 19,860 1.57 .34 70,290 1.19 6 2,750 2,820 .05 .05 41 n.a. (3) n.a. .0 1 n.a. 34 n.a. .0 1 1.18 .26 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm .......................... Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route w orkers................................................................ Driver/sales workers............................................................... Service station attendants........................................................ Freight, stock, and material movers, ha n d .............................. All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers.................................................................................... 790 790 70,010 15,150 13,230 1,920 43,360 1 .1 2 10 9 17 3 13 4 7 3 2 2 8 n.a. 15 46 4 22 13 45 26 7 n.a. 4 22 1 .2 2 10 8 .03 .73 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. .0 2 49 (3) 15,830 26,430 2,320 1,430 .27 .45 .04 22 2,350 5,400 1 ,1 0 0 20 2 2 42 35 (3) (3) .04 n.a. n.a. .09 n.a. n.a. .0 2 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 10. 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 78 Table 23. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985 (SIC 59) Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. n.a. 6 2 T o ta l................................................................................ 2,157,010 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers............................................ Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. Food service and lodging managers........................................ General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 178,110 1,430 8.26 .07 980 22,850 .05 1.06 2,810 1,150 .13 .05 1,780 1,520 138,760 6,830 .08 .07 6.43 .32 196,160 39,900 9.09 1.85 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 13,710 13,140 240 330 .64 .61 .0 2 n.a. 4 13 18 n.a. 7 (3) (3) 24,180 1 .1 2 4 260 .0 1 21 (3) 680 1,070 460 .03 .05 .0 2 16 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 880 .04 n.a. n.a. 3,760 .17 n.a. n.a. 1,500 1,890 370 230 17,090 84,550 .07 .09 17 (3) 10 1 .0 2 12 .0 1 36 (3) (3) .79 3.92 10 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists.................................. ............................ Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts................................................................... All other financial specialists................... ............................ Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products........................................................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. All other management support workers................................ Engineers................................................................................... Engineering and related technicians and technologists.................................................................. Computer scientists and related w orkers................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing.................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides................................................. Registered nurses..................................................................... Opticians, dispensing and measuring....................................... Pharmacists ............................................................................... All other health professionals, paraprofessional and technicians........................................... Writers and editors.................................................................... Photographers........................................................................... Artists and related workers....................................................... Designers, except interior designers........................................ Interior designers ...................................................................... Merchandise displayers and window trim m ers........................ All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Sales representatives, scientific and related products and services, except retail...................................... Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, re ta il................................................................... Salespersons, p a rts................................................................... Counter and rental cle rks......................................................... Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................ Cashiers...................................................................................... 3,860 460 630 1,320 35,620 2,470 390 4,540 .0 1 .18 .0 2 .03 .06 1.65 .1 1 .0 2 .2 1 1 8 4 12 8 2 11 1 12 1 21 1 (3) 51 7 1 1 15 19 32 10 0 2 14 1 0 (3) 21 1 5 17 19 7 (3) n.a. n.a. 1 1,134,580 52.60 n.a. n.a. 82,450 3.82 2 25 2,820 .13 21 5,910 625,190 1,450 970 149,260 232,990 .27 28.98 .07 .04 6.92 10.80 See footnotes at end of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 79 0 13 1 1 61 (3) (3) 23 23 24 26 2 2 Table 23. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 59) Occupation News and street vendors, telephone solicitors, door-to-door sales workers, and other related workers....................................... Demonstrators, promoters, and models................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Credit authorizers...................................................................... Credit checkers ......................................................................... Adjustment clerks...................................................................... Bill and account collectors ....................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ........................................................................................ Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Correspondence clerks ............................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and service...................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................. Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service.......................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance ............................................................................ Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers, recordkeeping ...................................................................... Marking clerks......................................................................... Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Order fillers, wholesale and retail trade.............................................................................. Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... Service occupations .................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Detectives and investigators, except public............................. Guards and watch guards......................................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers.................................................................................... Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge or coffee s h o p .......................................................................... Bartenders............................................................................... Waiters and waitresses .......................................................... Employment' Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 27,220 590 5,730 1.26 .03 .27 7 39 n.a. (3) n.a. 280,680 13.01 n.a. n.a. 5,770 580 490 5,820 .27 .03 6 3 (3) (3) 2 ,2 1 0 .1 0 28,770 1,380 1,760 330 1.33 .06 .08 570 510 1,070 .03 2 18 19 15 15 3 13 9 16 (3) .05 9 24 15 (3) (3) .0 2 .27 .0 2 .0 2 18,880 67,420 1,060 8,560 51,790 .8 8 6 3.13 .05 .40 2.40 2 8,830 610 1 1 14 1 1 1 5 31 6 1 6 3 4 17 .41 n.a. n.a. .03 14 (3) 2,130 460 5,170 460 740 .1 0 10 .0 2 .0 2 14 9 30 .03 10 1 1,580 .07 13 1 69,270 3.21 n.a. 1,060 .05 9 1 750 2,280 .03 .1 1 23 13 (3) (3) 24,070 1 .1 2 4 8 24,060 1 .1 2 6 5 .24 1 (3) 1 (3) n.a. 15,990 .74 5 6 1,060 .05 18 (3) 3,290 .15 n.a. n.a. 97,120 4.50 n.a. n.a. 2,460 390 .1 1 11 .0 2 18 (3) 2 ,0 2 0 .09 12 1 44,670 2.07 n.a. n.a. 360 .0 2 31 16 16 (3) 2 ,2 2 0 .1 0 7,270 .34 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 80 1 1 1 Table 23. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 59) Occupation Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and bartender helpers................................................................ Counter attendants, lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria..................................................... Cooks, restaurant.................................................................... Cooks, institution or cafeteria................................................ Cooks, specialty fast fo o d ...................................................... Cooks, short o rd e r.................................................................. Food preparation workers...................................................... Combined food preparation and service workers................. All other food service workers ............................................... Pharmacy assistants.................................................................. Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners................................................. All other cleaning and building service workers, except private households................................... Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists......................... All other service w orkers.......................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Nursery workers........................................................................ Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm .......................... All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers....................................................................... Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations................................................ ............................ First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related w orkers................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers........................................................ All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Production inspectors, testers, graders, sorters, samplers, and weighers............................................ All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Automotive body and related repairers................................. Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Electronic home entertainment equipment repairers................................................................................ Electric home appliance and power tool repairers................................................................................ Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... Camera and photographic equipment repairers.................... Watchmakers.......................................................................... Office machine and cash register servicers.......................... Gas appliance repairers......................................................... Coin and vending machine servicers and repairers................................................................................ Bicycle repairers..................................................................... All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Employment1 1,460 0.07 8,980 1,460 .42 .07 .06 1 ,2 0 0 Relative error (in percentage) 2 20 9 28 16 45 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation (3) 1 0 (3) (3) 230 3,600 13,670 1,770 2,450 28,790 1.33 n.a. 4 13,410 .62 n.a. n.a. 12,580 .58 5 7 830 2,060 3,320 .04 .1 0 n.a. 19 n.a. n.a. (3) n.a. n.a. (3) (3) .0 1 .17 .63 .08 .1 1 .15 12 1 7 20 2 (3) n.a. 6 7,630 4,720 1,580 .35 .07 n.a. 15 30 1,330 .06 n.a. n.a. 262,730 12.18 n.a. n.a. 3,320 .15 n.a. n.a. 1,870 .09 13 1 1,450 .07 12 1 930 .04 23 (3) .0 2 21 3.55 n.a. .0 2 20 (3) n.a. (3) 4 510 76,500 360 10,290 5,440 280 .2 2 .48 .25 7 8 .0 1 30 .09 11 360 .0 2 35 2,320 .1 1 12 .58 4 32 1,930 12,580 330 3,520 5,770 3,680 13,220 4,280 12,140 2 ,0 0 0 240 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 81 .0 2 .16 .27 .17 .61 .2 0 .56 .09 .0 1 11 2 0 1 (3) 1 3 (3) 2 13 1 6 2 7 17 n.a. n.a. n.a. 16 n.a. (3) 2 1 Table 23. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued (SIC 59) Occupation Employment1 All other construction trades workers.................................... Jewelers and silversmiths......................................................... Furniture finishers ...................................................................... Custom tailors and sewers....................................................... Upholsterers............................................................................... Precision workers, n.e.c.............................................................. Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders, except metal and plastic....................................................... Sewing machine operators, garment..................................... Sewing machine operators, nongarment............................... Packaging and filling machine operators and tenders.......................................................................... All other machine setters and set-up operators, except metal and plastic.................................... All other machine operators and tenders, except metal and pla stic..................................................... Hand workers, n.e.c.................................................................... Assemblers and fabricators, except machine, electrical, electronic, and precision..................................... All other hand workers, n.e.c.................................................. Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route w orkers................................................................ Driver/sales workers............................................................... Service station attendants........................................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... Ail other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Helpers - mechanics and repairers.......................................... Freight, stock, and material movers, hand............................... Hand packers and packagers.................................................. All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, ha n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling w orkers.................................................................................... 1,760 9,350 340 700 240 5,830 0.08 .43 Relative error (in percentage) 12 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 25 .27 32 39 46 n.a. (3) 3 (3) (3) (3) n.a. 5,420 820 840 .25 .04 .04 n.a. 35 42 n.a. (3) (3) 980 .05 25 (3) 770 .04 29 (3) .09 .41 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. .18 (3) n.a. n.a. 2 ,0 1 0 8,790 .0 2 .03 .0 1 8 3,950 4,840 97,230 4.51 17 n.a. n.a. 19,950 .92 3 5 44,010 33,270 5,640 2.04 1.54 .26 3 4 7 13 600 1,790 1,300 .03 .08 .06 27 n.a. 15 (3) n.a. (3) .0 2 29 25 490 370 21,570 5,500 .2 2 6 1 1 .0 0 6 .25 11 (3) (3) 4 (3) 15,080 .70 n.a. n.a. 1 ,0 2 0 .05 n.a. n.a. .0 2 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE; Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. employment is rounded to the nearest 10. 82 Estimated Educational Services This industry group includes establishments furnishing formal academic or technical courses, correspondence schools, commercial and trade schools, and libraries. In cluded are elementary and secondary schools, colleges, universities, and professional schools. Establishments primarily engaged in providing job training are not included. This is the first year that the Bureau of Labor Statistics has compiled national occupational employment data from educa tional establishments. These establishments employed 8.6 million workers, accounting for 20 percent of total surveyed employment (table 24). Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers numbered 5,243,390, or 61 percent of employment in educational services. Clerical and administrative support workers accounted for 15 percent. Service workers accounted for 13 percent. Production and related workers and manageri al and administrative workers accounted for 6 and 5 percent, respectively. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers made up less than 1 percent. Elementary and secondary schools, colleges, universities, and professional schools employed nearly 8 million workers, representing 98 percent of total employment in the industry. Education administrators held over 58 percent of all managerial and administrative occupations, and over 70 percent of them were employed in elementary and secondary schools. Teachers and instructors made up 48 percent of employ ment in educational services and 79 percent of total employ ment in the professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations. Teachers represented 53 percent of total employment in elementary and secondary schools and 39 per cent in colleges and universities. Elementary and secondary schools employed over 2.4 million elementary and secon dary education teachers, representing almost all elementary and secondary education teachers. Colleges, universities, and professional schools employed 913,300 college-level teachers and instructors, or almost all postsecondary school teachers and instructors. The six most populous teaching occupations, and their respective percentages of all teaching occupations, are listed in the following tabulation: Teachers, elem entary and se c o n d a r y ......................... Teachers, special ed u c a tio n ................................... Teachers, vocational ed u c a tio n ................................... Graduate a ss ista n ts................. Teachers, preschool and k in d e r g a r te n ........................... T eachers, social science (p o stsecon d ary)...................... 83 Employment, 1985 Percent o f industry employment, 1985 2 ,3 6 6 ,4 3 0 5 7 .0 2 6 3 ,8 4 0 6 .4 1 49,800 1 34,520 3 .6 3 .2 1 29,040 3.1 8 6 ,0 3 0 2.1 Table 24. Educational services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985 (SIC 82) Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage)2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation T o ta l................................................................................ 8,569,280 100.00 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers............................................ Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences managers................................................................................. Education administrators........................................................... Construction managers ............................................................. Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. Food service and lodging managers........................................ General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 431,120 13,400 5.03 .16 n.a. 3 n.a. 40 5,890 3,030 .07 .04 3 3 21 14 8,650 11,880 .10 .14 3 9 20 15 5,750 252,320 5,250 .07 2.94 .06 17 1 6 6 94 14 5,680 13,620 47,970 57,680 .07 .16 .56 .67 4 3 3 5 17 31 69 23 5,243,390 82,470 61.19 .96 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 27,770 16,820 4,830 6,120 .32 .20 .06 .07 n.a. 4 9 6 n.a. 26 9 8 4,780 .06 4 11 8,520 1,160 40,240 8,190 .10 .01 .47 .10 4 7 7 17 13 3 12 3 12,220 11,110 21,150 .14 .13 .25 12 15 15 4 2 2 46,020 .54 3 4 33,530 .39 n.a. n.a. 13,620 14,990 4,920 2,000 .16 .17 .06 .02 7 5 5 19 13 18 9 2 30,450 22,530 7,920 15,880 4,148,650 33,840 134,520 128,230 84,540 17,270 12,760 13,660 86,030 30,880 72,120 54,830 37,490 36,150 18,610 289,680 .36 .26 .09 .19 48.41 .39 1.57 1.50 .99 .20 .15 .16 1.00 .36 .84 .64 .44 .42 .22 3.38 n.a. 4 n.a. 7 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. (3) n.a. 27 n.a. 15 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 18 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts.................................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products .................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. Construction and building inspectors..................................... All other management support workers................................ Engineers ................................................................................... Engineering and related technicians and technologists................................................................... Physical scientists..................................................................... Life scientists............................................................................. Physical and life science technicians and technologists................................................................... Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing .................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides................................................. Mathematical scientists............................................................. Social scientists, including urban and regional planners................................................................................... Psychologists............................................................................. All other social scientists.......................................................... Social workers, except medical and psychiatric...................... Teachers and instructors .......................................................... Nursing instructors .................................................................. Graduate assistants, teaching................................................ Physical sciences teachers.................................................... Life sciences teachers......................................................... Chemistry teachers............................................................... Physics teachers.................................................................. All other physical science teachers.................................... Social sciences teachers....................................................... Health specialties teachers ................................................... English and foreign language teachers ................................ Art, drama and music teachers.............................................. Engineering teachers.............................................................. Mathematical sciences teachers............................................ Computer science teachers................................................... All other postsecondary teachers.......................................... See footnotes at end of table. 84 Table 24. Educational services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued (SIC 82) Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 n.a. Teachers, preschool and kindergarten ................................. Teachers, elementary and secondary school....................... Teachers, special education.................................................. Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training......................................................... Instructors, nonvocational education..................................... Instructors and coaches, sports and physical training................................................................... Farm and home management advisors................................ All other teachers and instructors ......................................... Librarians, professional ............................................................. Technical assistants, library...................................................... Audio-visual specialists.............................................................. Vocational and educational counselors................................... Instructional coordinators.......................................................... Teacher aides, paraprofessional.............................................. Health and related workers...................................................... Speech pathologists and audiologists................................... Registered nurses.................................................................. Licensed practical nurses ...................................................... Dietitians and nutritionists...................................................... All other health professionals, paraprofessional and technicians........................................ Writers and editors.................................................................... Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers ................... All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... 129,040 2,366,430 263,840 1.51 27.62 3.08 149,800 60,540 1.75 .71 51,280 11,320 194,020 85,260 32,530 9,140 80,600 26,820 325,070 127,920 26,830 44,810 6,080 2,890 .60 .13 2.26 .99 .38 47,310 6,190 19,150 .55 .07 119,060 Sales and related occupations ................................................... Sales representatives, except scientific and related products or services and retail.................................. Salespersons, retail ................................................................... Cashiers..................................................................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Library assistants and bookmobile drivers.............................. Teachers aides and educational assistants, clerical..................................................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers ........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ....................................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Correspondence clerks ............................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................ Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................ Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Duplicating machine operators............................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators .............................................................. Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service.......................................................................... Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... 1 2 4 3 n.a. n.a. 2 3 3 3 4 .1 1 .94 .31 3.79 1.49 .31 .52 .07 .03 1 33 3 7 55 n.a. 52 34 13 23 n.a. n.a. 73 29 22 54 27 48 97 29 41 8 6 8 6 7 7 4 14 1.39 n.a. n.a. 23,970 .28 n.a. n.a. 3,040 3,840 12,940 4,150 .04 .04 .15 .05 8 2 19 4 7 4 13 4 1,249,180 14.58 n.a. n.a. 39,920 48,080 .47 .56 5 4 25 25 203,690 341,440 22,300 22,920 70,950 14,110 2.38 3.98 .26 .27 .83 .16 1 30 90 .2 2 0 8 7 4 5 27 18 13 5 16 2 .1 0 1,790 .0 2 8 ,1 0 0 203,510 .09 .67 .13 .07 2.37 34,110 .40 1,900 7,370 .1 2 4 7 4 57,660 10,850 6 ,0 0 0 9,920 1,710 10,570 2,640 9,190 8 10 6 8 ,2 0 0 10 6 6 3 2 7 62 34 11 0 38 n.a. n.a. .0 2 8 .09 3 4 16 .1 1 2 16 3 13 3 24 7,000 .08 4 15 21,360 .25 n.a. n.a. See footnotes at end of table. 1 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 85 .0 2 .1 2 .03 11 Table 24. Educational services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued (SIC 82) Occupation Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... Service occupations .................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Crossing guards ........................................................................ Guards and watch guards......................................................... All other protective service workers......................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers .................................................................................... Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and bartender helpers ................................................................. Counter attendants, lunchroom, coffee shop, or cafeteria..................................................... Cooks, institution or cafeteria................................................ Food preparation workers...................................................... All other food service workers ............................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................. Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Maids and housekeeping cleaners ........................................ Janitors and cleaners, except maids and housekeeping cleaners................................................ All other cleaning and building service workers, except private households ................................... Child care workers..................................................................... All other service workers .......................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm .......................... All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers....................................................................... Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - construction trades and extractive workers......................................................... All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance.................................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters........................................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 13,880 0.16 5 16 3,520 .04 7 7 3,960 .05 9 4 118,000 1.38 1 15 1,073,540 12.53 n.a. n.a. 38,490 7,290 27,630 55,090 .45 .09 .32 .64 3 5 3 4 29 423,100 4.94 n.a. n.a. 30,380 .35 7 20,610 196,010 116,920 59,180 10,790 .24 2.29 1.36 .69 .13 5 8 1 1 53 28 3 12 464,320 2 1 ,1 0 0 5.42 .25 427,820 4.99 15,400 13,140 33,690 .18 .15 .39 7 16 9 6 48,560 37,220 .57 .43 n.a. 5 n.a. 25 11,340 .13 15 3 499,520 5.83 n.a. n.a. .2 1 n.a. n.a. 4 15 17,940 6 17 11 8 12 4 n.a. n.a. 6 8 81 0 6 4 7,160 .08 3,990 .05 6,790 98,060 68,490 6,640 .08 1.14 .80 .08 n.a. 3 6 11 12,140 10,790 .14 .13 3 7 21 43,590 12,670 11,580 .51 .15 .14 n.a. 3 3 n.a. 19 18 10,490 .1 2 3 15 .10 3 15 8,850 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 86 11 6 5 10 n.a. 48 7 Table 24. Educational services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued (SIC 82) Occupation All other construction and extractive workers, except helpers........................................................................ Precision production workers................................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, operators and tenders............................................................................. Hand workers, including assemblers and fabricators........................................................................ Plant and system workers ........................................................ Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Bus drivers, school................................................................. All other transportation and motor vehicle operators .............................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Helpers - laborers and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 12,530 4,910 0.15 .06 10 7 3 3,580 .04 8 4 .0 2 16 .1 1 6 3 5 n.a. 10 2,050 9,050 254,020 2.96 n.a. 6,880 247,140 .08 5 10 2 .8 8 1 44 9,300 2,370 1,130 .1 1 1,240 42,120 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 6 8 n.a. n.a. .0 1 8 2 .0 1 19 1 5 9 .03 .49 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 87 State and Local Government State government employment includes establishments engaged in providing police and fire protection, public safety, human or social services, recreational facilities, public trans portation, public housing, judiciary services, environmental quality programs such as sanitation, waste management, and water control, library facilities, and medical and health services, except hospitals. Educational establishments are also excluded. In 1985, there were 1 million employees in State govern ment, representing an increase of 5 percent from 1982. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers accounted for 36 percent of total employment in State govern ment (table 25). Clerical and administrative support workers ranked as the second largest occupational group, accounting for 25 percent. Service occupations were the third group, with 19 percent; within this group, correction officers and jailers, the occupation with the highest employment, accounted for 6 percent of total employment in State government. The remaining employment was distributed among the oc cupational groups as follows: Production and related workers, 11 percent; managerial and administrative occupations, 6 per cent; sales and related occupations, 1 percent; and agricul ture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations, 1 percent. Local government includes government establishments engaged in providing the same services as those listed under State government. Employment in local government totaled 3.7 million, a 4-percent increase from 1982. Service workers accounted for approximately 30 percent of employment in local govern ment in 1985 (table 26). The second largest occupational group was production and related workers, 22 percent. The five most populous occupations in State and local government are shown in the tabulations below: P ercen t o f e m p lo y m e n t, 1985 State governm ent: C orrection o fficers and j a ile r s ........................................... General o ffic e clerks ............................................................ Social workers ......................................................................... T y p is ts .......................................................................................... S e c r e ta r ie s................................................................................... 5 .6 4 .3 3 .2 3 .9 2 .4 Local governm ent: P olice patrol o f f i c e r s ............................................................ F ir e fig h te r s ................................................................................ H ighw ay m ainten an ce............................................................ S e c r e ta r ie s................................................................................... General o ffic e clerks ............................................................ 8 .0 5 .5 3 .3 3 .3 3.1 Correction officers and jailers, a service occupation, in creased dramatically in both State and local government between 1982 and 1985: the number of correction officers and jailers employed in State government rose by 34 per cent (from 77,750 to 104,010); those employed in local government rose by 40 percent (from 45,720 to 64,100). 88 Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985 Occupation Employment' Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. 5 n.a. 15 T o ta l................................................................................ 1,843,480 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers ............................................ Education administrators........................................................... Medicine and health services managers ................................. Construction managers ............................................................. Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. Chief executives, legislators, and general administrators, public administration...................................... General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 106,870 3,570 5.80 .19 2,530 610 .14 .03 1,510 4,960 2,950 3,560 8 5 6 6 1 ,0 0 0 .08 .27 .16 .19 .05 7 3 1,560 .08 5 5 11,750 21,460 51,410 .64 1.16 2.79 3 (3) 13 42 43 668,720 192,870 36.27 10.46 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 47,130 34,840 4,490 7,800 2.56 1.89 .24 .42 n.a. (3) 9 n.a. 28 7 2,620 14,910 .14 .81 5 5 21,930 1.19 11,630 10,950 4,760 .63 .59 .26 37,400 14,570 2,090 24,880 38,690 30,850 1,510 6,330 850 2.03 .79 2 .1 0 40,990 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers.................................................. Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts................................................................... All other financial specialists............................................... Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products .................................... Claims takers, unemployment benefits ................................. Employment interviewers, private or public employment service ............................................................. Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. Management analysts............................................................. Construction and building inspectors..................................... Compliance officers and enforcement inspectors, except construction........................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents................... Assessors................................................................................ All other management support workers................................ Engineers ................................................................................... Civil engineers, including traffic.............................................. Electrical and electronic engineers........................................ All other engineers.................................................................. Surveying and mapping scientists ............................................ Engineering and related technicians and technologists.................................................................. Civil engineering technicians and technologists........................................................................ Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists.............................................. Drafters.................................................................................... Surveying and mapping technicians and technologists........................................................................ All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Physical scientists..................................................................... Chemists, except biochemists............................................... All other physical scientists ................................................... Life scientists............................................................................. Foresters and conservation scientists................................... Agricultural and food scientists.............................................. Biological scientists................................................................ All other life scientists ............................................................ Physical and life science technicians and technologists.................................................................. .1 1 1.35 1.67 .08 .34 .05 6 6 9 9 6 11 11 5 4 12 6 8 7 9 O 4 7 16 9 4 3 23 5 6 0 8 (3) n.a. (3) 7 2 18 n.a. 9 3 6 6 8 3 2 .2 2 n.a. n.a. 20,620 1 .1 2 (3) 7 1,950 3,930 .1 1 .2 1 9 7 3 4 2,840 .15 6 2 11,650 6,730 2,630 4,100 15,380 4,440 1,190 6,510 3,240 .63 .37 .14 .22 .83 .24 .06 .35 .18 (3) n.a. 4 n.a. 4 5,370 .29 See footnotes at end of table. 1 0 0 .0 0 89 5 6 n.a. 5 n.a. 6 5 7 9 3 7 4 5 8 5 Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued Occupation Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. Systems analysts, electronic data processing.................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides............................................... Mathematical scientists............................................................. Social scientists, including urban and regional planners................................................................................... Economists, including market research analysts.................. Urban and regional planners.................................................. Psychologists.......................................................................... All other social scientists....................................................... Social workers, medical and psychiatric.................................. Social workers, except medical and psychiatric...................... Social service technicians......................................................... Recreation workers.................................................................... Judges and magistrates............................................................ Adjudicators, hearings officers, and judicial reviewers................................................................................. Lawyers...................................................................................... Law clerks.................................................................................. Paralegal personnel................................................................... All other legal assistants and technicians, except clerical......................................................................... Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training............................................................ Farm and home management advisors................................... Librarians, professional ............................................................. Technical assistants, library...................................................... Vocational and educational counselors................................... Instructional coordinators.......................................................... Health workers .......................................................................... Physicians and surgeons....................................................... Therapists ............................................................................... Registered nurses................................................................... Licensed practical nurses...................................................... Emergency medical technicians............................................. Dietitians and nutritionists...................................................... All other health professionals, paraprofessional and technicians........................................ Public relations specialists and publicity w rite rs................................................................ Traffic technicians...................................................................... Radio operators......................................................................... All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers................................ Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Appraisers, real e sta te .............................................................. Salespersons, retail ................................................................... Cashiers...................................................................................... All other sales and related w orkers......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support w orkers.......................... Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers.............................. Court clerks................................................................................ License clerks............................................................................ Library assistants and bookmobile drivers.............................. Teachers aides and educational assistants, clerical...................................................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ........................................................................................ Employment1 21,900 1.19 9,760 10,740 1,400 2,520 .53 .58 .08 .14 15,200 2,690 3,170 5,160 4,180 15,770 59,760 13,580 3,100 .82 .15 .17 .28 .23 1 1 ,0 1 0 .8 6 3.24 .74 .17 .60 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. n.a. 5 11 6 10 14 5 4 5 n.a. 7 5 n.a. 4 4 7 3 5 17 6 12 2 (3) 3 8 6 6 5 4 7,340 18,060 2,870 1,640 .40 .98 .16 .09 6 6 4 3 5,850 32 11 3 12,740 2,420 2,160 710 11,170 6,160 66,790 4,630 5,620 24,600 10,620 360 1,980 .69 .13 6 6 9 5 5 6 6 8 6 5 43 .1 2 .04 .61 .33 3.62 .25 .30 1.33 .58 3 7 40 7 8 (3) 7 11 4 3 6 5 11 6 6 .0 2 10 1 .1 1 6 5 18,980 1.03 5 9 3,190 1,500 1,460 .17 .08 .08 6 2 6 2 80,940 4.39 n.a. n.a. 23,060 1.25 n.a. n.a. 2,910 1,070 6,080 10,700 2,300 .16 .06 .33 .58 7 7 9 7 8 .1 2 8 4 469,470 25.47 n.a. n.a. 27,680 32,290 12,050 8,450 750 1.50 1.75 .65 .46 .04 (3) (3) 7 29 9 4 4 6 2 2 ,1 0 0 .1 1 60,500 32,700 2,650 71,620 3.28 1.77 .14 3.89 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 90 5 1 8 (3) (3) 5 (3) __________________ 10 8 2 3 2 54 15 12 37 Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued Occupation Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. File clerks................................................................................... Statistical c le rks........................................................................ Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................ Billing, cost and rate clerks...................................................... General office c le rks................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators.............................................................. Messengers................................................................................ Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage y a rd ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... Service occupations.................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Fire fighting and prevention supervisors............................... Police and detective supervisors........................................... All other service supervisors and manager/supervisors........................................................... Protective service workers........................................................ Fire inspectors........................................................................ Forest fire inspectors and prevention specialists............................................................................. Fire fighters............................................................................. Police detectives..................................................................... Police patrol officers............................................................... Correction officers and ja ile rs................................................ Bailiffs...................................................................................... Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs................................................... Railroad and transit police and special agents..................... Fish and game wardens......................................................... Guards and watch guards...................................................... All other protective service workers...................................... Food and beverage preparation and service w orkers.................................................................................... Cooks, institution or cafeteria................................................. Food preparation workers...................................................... All other food service workers ............................................... Health service and related workers.......................................... Medical assistants................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.............................. Home health aides.................................................................. All other health service workers............................................ Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Amusement and recreation attendants.................................... Social welfare service aides..................................................... Child care workers.................................................................... All other service w orkers.......................................................... Employment1 Relative error (in percentage) 2 0.50 3,590 11,250 2,720 28,640 1,840 1,320 78,630 .19 .61 .15 1.55 .07 4.27 (3) 3 36 33,040 1.79 n.a. n.a. 5,150 1,500 20,270 .28 .08 5 8 6 7 3 14 n.a. 9 4 .1 0 1 .1 0 5 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 9,190 15 5 12 6 11 7 5 26 7 6 0 11 (3) n.a. 3,080 910 .33 .17 .05 12,840 .70 n.a. n.a. 2,640 .14 5 4 770 .04 6 2 7,970 .43 5 15 400 .0 2 6 2 6 ,1 2 0 6 1,060 .06 n.a. n.a. 31,630 1.72 n.a. n.a. 350,120 18.99 n.a. n.a. 23,450 950 8,790 1.27 .05 .48 n.a. 5 5 n.a. 13,710 178,990 680 .74 9.71 .04 5 n.a. 1,740 2,860 5,670 38,840 104,010 4,120 340 320 5,810 7,040 7,560 .09 .16 .31 2 .1 1 5.64 .2 2 .0 2 .0 2 .32 .38 .41 7 11 n.a. 2 10 1 6 2 7 (3) (3) 17 14 16 4 8 5 1 (3) (3) 6 6 6 n.a. n.a. n.a. 4 5 14 n.a. 13 (3) 9 n.a. n.a. 7 5 (3) 17 14 .50 6 2 .66 5 n.a. n.a. .93 .28 .40 .25 3.81 22,320 3,850 9,290 12,090 12,740 1 .2 1 91 6 2 6 17,170 5,140 7,370 4,660 70,220 1,770 32,380 1,670 34,400 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment .1 0 1.76 .09 1.87 .2 1 .69 2 n.a. 1 3 2 n.a. 1 2 Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued Occupation Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Forest and conservation workers............................................. Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm .......................... Animal caretakers, except fa rm ................................................ All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers........................................................................ Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - construction trades and extractive workers......................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/superv-transp and material moving machine and vehicle workers..................................................................... All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Transportation inspectors ......................................................... All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or power generation p lant..................................................... All other machinery maintenance mechanics..................... Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines.................................................................................. Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... Precision instrument repairers................................................ All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance.................................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters........................................................................... Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators............................................................................... Highway maintenance workers............................................... All other construction and extractive workers, except helpers........................................................................ Precision production w orkers................................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, operators and tenders............................................................................. Hand workers, including assemblers and fabricators........................................................................ Plant and system workers ........................................................ Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators.................................................................. Power generating plant operators, except auxiliary equipment operators.............................................. Stationary engineers............................................................... Employment' Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 21,710 7,580 6,590 630 1.18 .41 .36 .03 6,910 .37 6 8 203,530 11.04 n.a. n.a. 20,250 1 .1 0 n.a. n.a. n.a. 7 5 9 n.a. 7 10 1 4,180 .23 8 8 6,760 .37 7 7 1,640 .09 8 3 7,670 1,480 .42 .08 6 3,570 29,820 3,000 .19 1.62 .16 1,390 1,610 9,150 7,040 .08 .09 .50 .38 11 4,150 .23 10 1,510 .08 940 310 3,720 .05 53,440 3,230 4,130 2.90 .18 10 7 2 5 n.a. n.a. 4 n.a. n.a. 10 2 2 5 16 6 10 3 7 2 5 3 .0 2 11 1 .2 0 n.a. n.a. .2 2 n.a. 5 5 n.a. 9 9 2,170 .1 2 5 6 1,670 .09 6 6 3,740 38,500 2.09 7,810 1,190 .42 .06 n.a. 7 n.a. 3 5,740 .31 13 3 1,760 5,660 .1 0 .31 7 n.a. 3 n.a. 800 .04 5 3 570 3,610 .2 0 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 92 9 .2 0 .03 2 9 O 11 9 1 4 Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued Occupation Employment' All other plant and system operators.................................... Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor tra ile r.................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route w orkers................................................................ Bus drivers.............................................................................. Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders........................................ Service station attendants ...'..................................................... All other transportation and motor vehicle operators................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... Operating engineers................................................................ Helpers • laborers and material movers, ha n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers.................................................................................... 680 1 1 ,0 2 0 0.04 .60 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1,920 .1 0 10 3 2,720 6,380 1,430 600 .15 .35 .08 .03 10 4 14 1 7,030 17,130 2,970 14,160 .38 .93 .16 .77 n.a. 13 4 31,900 1.73 n.a. n.a. 3,700 .2 0 n.a. n.a. 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further Percent of total employment 12 7 8 1 2 4 n.a. 1 5 information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. 3 Less than 0.5 percent, n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 93 Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985 Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation T o ta l................................................................................ 3,760,850 1 0 0 .0 0 Managerial and administrative occupations............................... Financial managers.................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations managers.................................................................. Purchasing managers................................................................ Marketing, advertising, and public relations managers.................................................................. Administrative services managers............................................ Education administrators........................................................... Medicine and health services managers................................. Construction managers ............................................................. Communications, transportation, and utilities operations managers.............................................................. Chief executives, legislators, and general administrators, public administration...................................... General managers and top executives.................................... All other managers and administrators.................................... 196,090 11,750 5.21 .31 n.a. 4 n.a. 37 4,860 2,140 .13 .06 7 9 19 13 1,050 26,710 1,810 6,290 6,040 .03 .71 .05 .17 .16 8 7 19 5 26 4 21 10 11,360 .30 11 52,700 37,620 33,760 1.40 6 1 .0 0 8 44 34 .90 4 21 706,910 159,730 18.80 4.25 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 32,540 25,570 3,560 3,410 .87 n.a. 19 18 14 n.a. 30 Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations............................................................. Management support workers................................................... Accountants, auditors, and other financial specialists............................................................... Accountants and auditors.................................................... Budget analysts.................................................................... All other financial specialists................................................ Purchasing agents, except wholesale and retail trade, and farm products.................................... Employment interviewers, private or public employment service............................................................. Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists.............................................................. Management analysts............................................................. Construction and building inspectors..................................... Compliance officers and enforcement inspectors, except construction........................................... Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents................... Assessors................................................................................ All other management support workers................................ Engineers................................................................................... Civil engineers, including traffic.............................................. Electrical and electronic engineers........................................ All other engineers.................................................................. Surveying and mapping scientists ............................................ Engineering and related technicians and technologists................................................................... Civil engineering technicians and technologists........................................................................ Electrical and electronic engineering technicians and technologists.............................................. Drafters.................................................................................... Surveying and mapping technicians and technologists........................................................................ All other engineering and related technicians and technologists.............................................. Physical scientists...................................................................... Chemists, except biochemists................................................ All other physical scientists.................................................... Life scientists............................................................................. Foresters and conservation scientists................................... Agricultural and food scientists.............................................. Biological scientists................................................................. All other life scientists............................................................ Physical and life science technicians and technologists................................................................... Computer scientists and related workers ................................................................................. .09 .09 14 18 10 7 4,170 .1 1 15 14 1,500 .04 19 4 7,060 6,360 28,790 .19 .17 .77 17 33 9 12 24,300 14,960 .65 .40 .56 .50 .95 .70 .14 .08 26 9 9 n.a. n.a. 13 36 36 13 25 n.a. n.a. 26 4 5 9 34,210 .91 n.a. n.a. 11,480 .31 15 13 3,320 7,150 .09 .19 20 10 4 15 5,280 .14 13 10 6,980 3,810 3,130 680 4,210 1,310 860 1,580 460 .19 18 n.a. n.a. 4,190 2 1 ,2 2 0 18,830 35,750 26,390 4,220 5,140 3,190 17,320 See footnotes at end of table. .6 8 9 94 .1 1 .1 0 .08 .0 2 .1 1 22 30 n.a. 6 33 22 20 6 6 1 n.a. 5 .03 11 .0 2 2 .0 1 28 27 37 .1 1 30 5 n.a. n.a. .04 .46 3 1 Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued Occupation Systems analysts, electronic data processing ................................................................... Computer programmers.......................................................... Computer programmer aides................................................. Mathematical scientists............................................................. Social scientists, including urban and regional planners................................................................................... Economists, including market research analysts.................. Urban and regional planners................................................. Psychologists.......................................................................... All other social scientists....................................................... Social workers, medical and psychiatric.................................. Social workers, except medical and psychiatric...................... Social service technicians......................................................... Recreation workers.................................................................... Judges and magistrates............................................................ Adjudicators, hearings officers, and judicial reviewers................................................................................. Lawyers...................................................................................... Law clerks.................................................................................. Paralegal personnel................................................................... All other legal assistants and technicians, except clerical......................................................................... Teachers and instructors, vocational education and training............................................................ Farm and home management advisors................................... Librarians, professional ............................................................. Technical assistants, library...................................................... Vocational and educational counselors................................... Instructional coordinators.......................................................... Health w orkers.......................................................................... Therapists ............................................................................... Registered nurses................................................................... Licensed practical nurses...................................................... Emergency medical technicians............................................. Dietitians and nutritionists...................................................... All other health professionals, paraprofessional and technicians........................................ Public relations specialists and publicity w riters................................................................ Traffic technicians..................................................................... Radio operators......................................................................... All other professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers............................... Sales and related occupations ................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, sales and related workers................................................................ Appraisers, real estate .............................................................. Cashiers...................................................................................... All other sales and related workers ......................................... Clerical and administrative support occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, clerical and administrative support workers .......................... Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers............................. Court clerks................................................................................ Municipal clerks......................................................................... License clerks............................................................................ Library assistants and bookmobile drivers.............................. Teachers aides and educational assistants, clerical...................................................................................... Secretaries................................................................................. Stenographers........................................................................... Receptionists and information cle rks....................................... Typists ....................................................................................... Typists, word processing equipment........................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping............................................................................. Employment1 6,770 8,540 2 ,0 1 0 420 17,400 700 13,250 2,510 940 14,480 52,610 14,800 83,820 13,840 0.18 .23 .05 .0 1 .46 .0 2 .35 .07 Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 18 33 15 49 12 n.a. 33 n.a. 11 20 14 8 1 2 18 3 29 13 2 2 30 3 14 9 27 8 22 .06 .90 .09 .08 47 7 3 35 20 6 34 5 4,360 .1 2 28 5 7,640 5,360 27,870 14,260 2,590 .2 0 24 3 .14 .74 .38 .07 .06 2.46 .08 10 6 8 24 10 12 2 ,2 0 0 33,890 3,240 2,860 2 ,2 2 0 92,700 2,960 32,160 12,420 23,790 3,280 .0 2 .39 1.40 .39 2.23 .37 .8 6 37 26 n.a. 27 15 8 2 3 n.a. 4 16 .33 .63 .09 11 8 15 8 18,090 .48 n.a. n.a. 2,530 3,160 .07 .05 .08 16 18 17 7 5 4 40,240 1.07 n.a. n.a. 28,960 .77 n.a. n.a. 1,460 2,420 17,020 8,060 .04 .06 .45 28 25 19 n.a. 4 13 n.a. 786,030 20.90 n.a. n.a. 43,220 48,370 27,410 17,750 10,340 45,400 1.15 1.29 .73 .47 .27 9 28 17 1 .2 1 8 .1 1 36 2 2 59 13 17 25 2 ,0 1 0 .2 1 12 2 14 6 8 2 11 24 34 15 18 4,320 90,030 16,380 12,990 77,420 9,430 2.39 .44 .35 2.06 .25 16 11 4,940 .13 15 13 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 95 17 18 1 Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued Occupation Employment1 Percent of total employment File clerks................................................................................... Statistical c le rks ........................................................................ Customer service representatives, utilities............................... Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks......................... Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................. Billing, cost and rate cle rks...................................................... General office clerks ................................................................. Electronic data processing and other office machine operators...................................................... Billing, posting, and calculating machine operators............................................................................... Computer operators, except peripheral equipment............................................................................. Peripheral EDP equipment operators.................................... Data entry keyers, except composing................................... All other office machine operators ........................................ Switchboard operators.............................................................. Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and postal service.......................................................................... Messengers................................................................................ Material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and distributing workers................................... Dispatchers, police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Dispatchers, except police, fire, and ambulance............................................................................ Meter readers, utilities............................................................ Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or storage y a rd ......................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks..................................................................................... All other material recording, scheduling, and distributing workers .............................................................. All other clerical and administrative support workers.................................................................................... 10,900 1,830 7,310 55,760 7,410 8,340 118,080 0.29 .05 .19 1.48 25,260 Service occupations .................................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors, service ................................................ Fire fighting and prevention supervisors............................... Police and detective supervisors........................................... All other service supervisors and manager/supervisors........................................................... Protective service workers........................................................ Fire inspectors........................................................................ Fire fighters............................................................................. Police detectives..................................................................... Police patrol officers............................................................... Correction officers and jailers ................................................ Parking enforcement officers ................................................. Bailiffs...................................................................................... Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs................................................... Crossing guards ..................................................................... Guards and watch guards...................................................... All other protective service workers...................................... Food and beverage preparation and service workers.................................................................................... Cooks, institution or cafeteria................................................. Food preparation workers...................................................... All other food service workers ............................................... Health service and related workers.......................................... Medical assistants................................................................... Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.............................. Home health aides.................................................................. Psychiatric aides ..................................................................... Ambulance drivers and attendants, except emergency medical technicians.......................................... All other health service workers............................................ Cleaning and building service workers, except private households.................................................................. Amusement and recreation attendants.................................... 15 19 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 10 4 8 21 .2 0 12 .2 2 28 3.14 2 55 23 14 43 .67 n.a. n.a. 2,900 .08 19 5 7,430 .2 0 2 ,0 1 0 10,350 2,570 6,030 .05 .28 .07 .16 14 43 14 16 3 13 4 17 1,640 1,810 .04 .05 5 16 5 92,970 2.47 n.a. n.a. 53,830 1.43 6 34 6,710 17,760 .18 .47 42 6 22 11,760 .31 18 15 1 ,0 0 0 .03 34 2 1,910 .05 30 3 40,690 1.08 5 1,132,860 30.12 n.a. n.a. 124,650 41,500 67,950 3.31 n.a. 5 n.a. 1 .1 0 1.81 1 35 .40 28 n.a. 26 15,200 784,520 7,000 207,170 37,700 301,450 64,100 6,800 5,860 61,980 42,840 14,080 35,540 2 0 .8 6 .19 5.51 1 .0 0 5 22 10 2 12 8 .0 2 1 1.70 .18 .16 1.65 1.14 .37 .94 2 8 7 11 20 11 n.a. 13 23 23 39 15 15 13 11 2 10 16 16 32 n.a. n.a. 8 8 n.a. 39,260 7,280 1,560 .63 .27 .26 .09 1.48 .03 1.04 .19 .04 2,610 3,760 .07 .1 0 27 25 3 2 .1 1 2 48 .8 8 14 10 23,570 10,240 9,910 3,420 55,490 1 ,0 2 0 79,320 33,110 See footnotes at end of table. Relative error (in percentage) 2 96 21 17 22 n.a. 36 n.a. 13 7 3 n.a. 2 12 6 17 37 5 1 2 Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued Occupation Social welfare service aides..................................................... Child care workers.................................................................... All other service workers .......................................................... Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations............................................................................. Forest and conservation workers ............................................. Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm .......................... Animal caretakers, except fa rm ................................................ All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers....................................................................... Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations............................................................................. First-line supervisors, manager/supervisors - production, construction, maintenance, and related workers ................................................................................. First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - mechanics, installers and repairers ........................................................ First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors - construction trades and extractive workers......................................................... First-line supervisors and manager/superv-transp and material moving machine and vehicle workers.................................................................... All other first-line supervisors and manager/ supervisors - production, construction, maintenance and related..................................................... Transportation inspectors ......................................................... All other inspectors, testers and related occupations............................................................................. Mechanics, installers, and repairers......................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics....................................... Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or power generation p lant..................................................... All other machinery maintenance mechanics..................... Machinery maintenance workers............................................ Maintenance repairers, general utility.................................... Automotive mechanics ........................................................... Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine specialists............................................................................. Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except engines.................................................................................. Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics and installers..................................................... Precision instrument repairers............................................... Electric meter installers and repairers................................... Mechanical control and valve installers and repairers................................................................................ All other mechanics, installers, and repairers....................... Construction trades workers, except material m oving.................................................................................... Carpenters .............................................................................. Electricians.............................................................................. Painters and paperhangers, construction and maintenance.................................................................. Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters........................................................................... Pipelayers................................................................................ Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment operators............................................................................... Highway maintenance workers.............................................. All other construction and extractive workers, except helpers........................................................................ Precision production workers ................................................... Machine setters, set-up operators, operators and tenders............................................................................. Employment' 6 ,1 1 0 0.16 4,350 21,740 .1 2 70,890 3,340 60,820 3,860 1 .8 8 .58 .09 1.62 Relative error (in percentage) 2 33 30 n.a. n.a. 32 8 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation 4 2 n.a. n.a. 4 30 .1 0 17 6 2,870 .08 25 4 839,110 22.31 n.a. n.a. 60,010 1.60 n.a. n.a. 21,070 .56 23 25 15,830 .42 17 18 8,330 .2 2 37 9 14,780 450 .39 15 33 13 .0 1 1 2,710 142,720 21,030 .07 3.79 .56 31 n.a. n.a. 3 n.a. n.a. 17,030 4,000 2,570 51,040 19,770 .45 12 .07 1.36 .53 16 23 23 16,640 8 4 3 32 15 22 .44 26 12 4,560 .1 2 16 7 2,570 2,230 2,830 .07 .06 .08 23 28 24 4 4,780 14,700 .13 .39 22 n.a. 5 n.a. 192,960 6,730 17,000 5.13 .18 .45 n.a. 19 29 n.a. 9 13 7,340 .2 0 17 8 6,930 9,290 .18 .25 20 18 7 5 20,340 125,330 .54 3.33 23 4 47 17,260 2,620 .46 .07 19 41 8 .1 1 41 3 4,090 See footnotes at end of table. Percent of total employment 97 .1 1 2 4 10 2 Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued Occupation Plant and system workers ........................................................ Water and liquid waste treatment plant and system operators.................................................................. Power generating plant operators, except auxiliary equipment operators.............................................. Stationary engineers............................................................... All other plant and system operators.................................... Motor vehicle operators............................................................ Truck drivers, heavy or tractor trailer ..................................................................................... Truck drivers, light, include delivery and route workers ................................................................ Bus drivers.............................................................................. Bus drivers, school.................................................................. Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders........................................ Service station attendants........................................................ All other transportation and motor vehicle operators ................................................................................. Material moving equipment operators...................................... Industrial truck and tractor operators.................................... Operating engineers................................................................ All other material moving equipment operators............................................................................... Refuse collectors...................................................................... All other helpers, laborers, and material movers, h a n d .......................................................................... All other production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling workers .................................................................................... Employment' Relative error (in percentage) 2 Percent of establishments reporting the occupation n.a. n.a. 82,980 2 .2 1 60,610 1.61 5 32 5,460 4,630 12,280 102,910 .15 2 .33 2.74 34 38 n.a. n.a. 24,110 .64 13 16,940 60,450 1,410 1,170 4,930 .45 1.61 .04 .03 .13 3 34 44 33 14,110 43,290 10,840 25,810 .38 1.15 .29 .69 3 n.a. 13 9 5 n.a. 6,640 61,930 .18 1.65 17 3 5 19 95,280 2.53 2 9,690 .26 n.a. .1 2 22 3 n.a. n.a. 12 9 7 1 1 4 8 13 21 n.a. are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A. n.a. = not available. NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 . 1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category. 2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors Percent of total employment 98 Appendix A. Survey Methods and Reliability of Estimates of the OES survey. “ Crosswalks” have been developed between the two systems so that users may integrate OES data with data from sources using the Census classifica tion. (See appendix B.) The industrial classification system is that described in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classifica tion Manual,1 whereby reporting establishments are classified into industries on the basis of major product or activity. Scope of the survey The survey covered private manufacturing establishments in Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes 40-59 (except 43) and State and local government activities. The reference date of the survey was the week that included April 12, May 12, or June 12, 1985, depending on the SIC of the sampled unit as shown below: SIC code 4 0 .............................................. 4 1 .............................................. 4 2 .............................................. 4 4 .............................................. 4 5 .............................................. 4 6 .............................................. 4 7 .............................................. 4 8 .............................................. 4 9 .............................................. 5 0 .............................................. 5 1 .............................................. 5 2 .............................................. 5 3 .............................................. 5 4 .............................................. 5 5 .............................................. 5 6 .............................................. 5 7 .............................................. 5 8 .............................................. 5 9 .............................................. 8 2 .............................................. State g o v e r n m e n t.............. Local govern m en t.............. Reference date May May Mav April June June April May April June June June June June June June June June June April May May Concepts 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 An establishment is an economic unit which produces goods or services. Generally, it is at a single physical location and is engaged predominantly in one type of economic activity. Where a single physical location en compasses two or more distinct activities, these are treated as separate establishments if separate payroll records are available and certain other criteria are met. Employment includes full- and part-time workers; workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; workers on unpaid short-term absences (i.e., illness, bad weather, temporary layoff, jury duty); salaried officers, executives, and staff of incorporated firms; employees temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for whom that unit is their permanent (home) duty station, regardless of whether the unit prepares their paycheck. Excluded from coverage are proprietors (owners and partners of unincorporated firms), self-employed, un paid family workers, and workers on extended leave (i.e., pensioners and members of the Armed Forces). Occupation refers to the occupation in which employees are working rather than the occupation for which they may have been trained. For example, an employee trained as an engineer but working as a drafter is reported as a drafter. Working supervisors (those spending 20 percent or more of their time at work similar to that done by workers under their supervision) are reported in the oc cupation most closely related to their work. Part-time workers, learners, and apprentices are reported in the occupation in which they ordinarily work. The survey covered all 50 States, the District of Co lumbia, and Puerto Rico. (Puerto Rico data are not in cluded in the national estimates in this publication.) Occupational and industrial classification The OES classification system is based primarily on the Dictionary o f Occupational Titles (dot), fourth edi tion, and is compatible with the 1980 Standard Occupa tional Classification (soc) system. The dot was used to develop the definitions of OES occupations because it is the most comprehensive system for classifying occupa tions. In addition, each OES occupation is directly related to a 1980 census occupation, except in those cases where a census occupation is not within the scope 1Standard Industrial Classification Manual (Office of Manage ment and Budget, Executive Office of the President, 1972), as amend ed in Supplement, 1977. 99 smaller size class, ui reporting units with 250 or more employees were included in the sample with certainty. Sample sizes intended to produce State estimates with target relative errors of 10, 15, and 20 percent at one standard deviation were developed for the noncertainty size classes. This was done for groups of sic s based on averages of occupational rates and coefficients of varia tion (cv’s) from the previous survey of those sic’s for a set of typical occupations. This sic sample size was allocated to the size classes proportionally to size class employment. The sample was selected systematically with equal probability within each State/sic/area/size class cell. The States were given the option of three target relative errors in designing their samples. Some States varied the target relative error by sic. This was done to decrease the cost by reducing the sample size. The above allocations resulted in a total initial sample size of 307,386 ui reporting units. Multiple jobholders (employees who perform the duties of two or more occupations in an establishment) are reported in the occupation that requires the highest level of skill or in the occupation where the most time is spent if there is no measurable difference in skill requirements. Survey procedures The survey is conducted over a 3-year cycle; manufac turing industries are surveyed in 1 year and nonmanu facturing industries in the other 2 years. Data are collected from a sample of establishments primarily by mail; telephone followups and personal visits are made when an establishment response is critical to the survey. The survey is based on a probability sample, stratified by industry and size of employment, designed to represent the total or “ universe” of establishments covered by the survey. Data are requested for the pay period including the 12th of the reference month, which is standard for all Federal agencies collecting employ ment data. Response Of those selected, 291,464 were final eligible units (i.e., excluding establishments that were out of business or out of scope, etc.). Usable responses were obtained from 221,103 units, producing a response rate of 75.9 percent based on units and 76.1 percent based on weighted employment. Subsequent to the closeout date for national estimates, additional data were received by States and used in preparing State estimates. Response rates in most States were much higher than the response rate used to develop national estimates. Method of collection Survey schedules were mailed to most sample establishments; personal visits were made to some larger companies. Two additional mailings were sent to nonrespondents at approximately 6-week intervals. Nonrespondents considered critical to the survey (due to size) were followed up by telephone or personal visit. Sampling procedure Estimation The sampling frame for this survey was the list of units in the specified SIC’s as reported to State unemployment insurance (Ul) agencies. The reference date of the sampling frame was the second quarter of 1984. A weight was determined for each sample unit from which a usable response was received. Each weight was composed of two factors. The first factor was the in verse of the probability of selection. The second was the nonresponse adjustment factor, used to correct for questionnaires that were not returned or not usable. For each of the 3-digit sic/State/size class sampling cells, a nonresponse factor was calculated that was equal to: The universe was stratified into sic and size classes. The size classes were determined by employment as follows: Size class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Employees ............................... Weighted sample employment of all eligible units in sample 1-3 4-9 10-19 20-49 50-99 100-249 250-499 500-999 1,000 and over Weighted sample employment of all responding eligible units Sample employment was taken from the sampling frame. If the factor in a cell was greater than a predeter mined maximum factor, which increased as the number of respondents in a cell increased, the cell was collapsed with other homogeneous cells within the SIC until the factor for the combined cells was not greater than the appropriate maximum factor. If the collapsing pro cedure terminated (i.e., no more cells were available for collapse) before satisfying the above constraint, then the Ui reporting units with 1-3 employees were not sampled in all States, but units with 4-9 employees were given larger weights to represent the employment in the 100 appropriate maximum factor was used. For size classes 1-6, homogeneous cells were determined to be other size cells within the SIC and State. For size classes 7-9, homogeneous cells were determined to be other State cells within the sic and size class. The weight for each establishment was the product of the two factors. A combined ratio estimate of occupational employ ment was used to develop the national estimates. The auxiliary variable used was total employment. The estimating formula is: Ky = i-th industry and j-th size class correlation coefficient between p and e within the i-th industry and j-th size class. The variances for the occupational estimates were esti mated from the following formula: Var(j>) T„ - ? f T„ V,,1 [(M „-e„)/(M „)]- 2 2 w ijk J_k_____ 2 2 wljk ®ijk Lj k Where: p = i = j = k W j* P i* ei* Mi [ M" / ( £ » * * * ) ] ’ 2-digit industry occupational employment estimate 3-digit industry within a 2-digit industry size class V|(! M; = establishment — weight after nonresponse adjustment in i-th industry, j-th size class, and k-th establishment = occupational employment in i-th industry, j-th size class, and k-th establishment — total employment in i-th industry, j-th size class, and k-th estab lishment = population total employment in i-th industry V(f>) — = No = = u — " ij = j = = 2 ^ w,,ij p P,,. —R.e,„) - (P.j —R.e^)j Where: M (J = benchmark total employment in the i-th industry ^ 2 WjJke ijkj j ^ ? 2 WjjkeiJkj . R, cu 2eilk All other terms are as defined above. This formula is almost a computational form of the standard formula given above. One simplifying assumption has been made: The population value of total employment (M;) was obtained from the b l s Current Employment Statistics program, a monthly employment survey of nonagricultural establishments. The standard form for the sampling variance for a combined ratio estimate is: Where: V(f>) i = w<* = Cjj for all k in a given ij cell That is, the weights are equal to a constant C within a given 3-digit industry/size class cell. At this time, the total effect of this assumption on the variance estimates has not been measured. ? ? Nlj2 (1-fj,) 1j L n'> [Si, + R,2S*ij - 2R, Ko SpiJ Seij] variance of f) 3-digit industry within a 2-digit industry size class total number of units in the i-th industry and j-th size class sampling fraction in the i-th industry and j-th size class number of sample units in the i-th industry and j-th size class standard deviation of p within the i-th industry and j-th size class standard deviation of e within the Reliability of estimates Estimates developed from the sample may differ from the results of a complete survey of all the establishments in the sampled lists. Two types of errors, sampling and nonsampling, are possible in an estimate based on a sample survey. Sampling error occurs because observa tions are made only on a sample, not on the entire population. Nonsampling error can be attributed to many sources, e.g., inability to obtain information about all cases in the sample; differences in the respondents’ interpretation of questions; inability of respondents to provide correct information; errors in recording, coding, or processing the data; errors in 101 estimating values for missing data; and failure to repre sent all units in the population. The particular sample used in this survey is one of a large number of all possible samples of the same size that could have been selected using the same sample design. Estimates derived from the different samples would differ from each other; the difference between a sample estimate and the average of all possible sample estimates is called the sampling deviation. The standard or sampling error of a survey estimate is a measure of the variation among the estimates from all possible samples. The relative standard error is defined as the standard error of the estimate divided by the value being estimated; the variance is defined as the standard error squared. The sample estimate and an estimate of its standard error enable one to construct interval estimates with prescribed confidence that the interval includes the average result of all possible samples that could be ob tained from the sample design for the survey. To illustrate, if all possible samples were selected, and if each of these were surveyed under essentially the same conditions and an estimate and its estimated sample er ror were calculated from each sample, then: Approximately 90 percent of the intervals from 1.6 standard errors below to 1.6 stand ard errors above the derived estimate would include the average of all possible samples. This interval is called a 90-percent confidence interval. Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from two standard errors below to two standard er rors above the derived estimate would include the average of all possible samples. This inter val is called a 95-percent confidence interval. 4. Almost all intervals from three standard errors below to three standard errors above the deriv ed estimate would include the average of all possible samples. An inference that the complete coverage value would be within the indicated ranges would be correct in ap proximately the relative frequencies shown. For example, suppose an estimated total is shown as 5,000 with an associated relative error of 2 percent. Then the standard error is 100 (2 percent of 5,000) and there is a 68-percent chance that the average of all possi ble sample totals would be between 4,900 and 5,100, and it is almost certain that the average of all possible sample totals would be between 4,700 and 5,300. The relative errors provided primarily indicate the magnitude of the sampling error, but do not measure biases in the data due to nonsampling error. Efforts were made to reduce the biases due to errors in record ing, coding, and processing the data. The adjustment made for nonrespondents assumed that the characteristics of the nonrespondents were the same as those of the respondents at a given level. To the extent this is not true, bias is introduced in the data. The magnitude of these biases is not known. Particular care should be exercised in the interpreta tion of small estimates, estimates based on a small number of cases, or small differences between estimates because the sampling errors are relatively large and the magnitude of the biases is unknown. 1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from one standard error below to one standard error above the derived estimate would include the average value of all possible samples. This in terval is called a 68-percent confidence interval. 2. 3. 102 Appendix B. The OES Classification System This is the first survey of the industries included in this bulletin to use a new OES classification system. The new OES system (with an entirely new 5-digit coding system) organizes all occupations into four levels: Division, major group, minor group, and detail. The following sections discuss the first three levels, and also explain the new coding structure. major and minor group structure of each division are given below: Managerial and administrative occupations. This divi sion is organized into three major groups. The first con tains specialized occupations by function, and the se cond contains specialized occupations by industry. Both of these categories are generally at the middle-manage ment level. When function and industry overlap, func tion takes precedence and is listed first. The third and final group includes the division residual as well as workers, usually in upper management, whose duties are more general in nature. Division level There are seven divisions in the new oes system: 1. Managerial and administrative occupations 2. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations 3. Sales and related occupations 4. Clerical and administrative support occupations 5. Service occupations 6. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related ococcupations 7. Production, construction, operating, main tenance, and material handling occupations Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupa tions. This division is organized into nine major groups and a residual category. These major groups were created by combining those professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations requiring common bodies of knowledge and expertise. Unlike the Standard Occupa tional Classification (soc) system, distinctions between technical and professional workers, if made, are found at the minor group level rather than at the major group or division level. The first major group is management support. This group was placed in the professional division rather than the managerial division, as in the soc, for it was felt that respondents consider individual management support occupations functionally closer to the profes sional specialties of the division than to the upper and middle management occupations of the first division. The management support group also includes a residual allowing the combination of this major group with the management division, if soc compatibility is required. The remaining major groups primarily follow soc order: “ Hard” sciences, including engineering; the social sciences and related disciplines, such as law and teaching; health fields; and, writing, art, and related fields. The two exceptions to the soc order, the techni cian and computer groups, were moved so that these oc cupations would appear in closer proximity to the oc cupations they most commonly support. Some of the more significant changes made at the division level are: • The exclusion of first-line managers/supervisors from the managerial and administrative division. These workers are classified in separate and specific categories in the other divisions. For example, in the second divi sion, first-line managers/supervisors are classified with the workers they supervise. • The combination of professional and technical workers into a single integrated division in order to lessen the growing ambiguity between the two categories. • The creation of a new agriculture division which allows supplementation of data from non-OES survey sources. • The significant organizational and occupational revision of the production division. Major and minor group levels A significant amount of change has taken place at the major and minor group levels, particularly in restructur ing. Since it would be impossible to describe every change in this appendix, some of the highlights of the Sales and related occupations. The soc arranges the sales division into four segments: Supervisory; sale of most services; sale of retail pro 103 ducts; and sales-related occupations. In both the new oes system and the soc, retail sales is not an industry designation but rather an occupational designation for sales activities which are directed towards individuals rather than organizations or businesses. Unlike the soc, the new oes system includes all ser vice sales occupations in the major groups as “ sales oc cupations, service.” In addition, a new major group was created by com bining the last three soc categories because they involve the sale of products rather than services. A few salesrelated occupations such as demonstrators have also been included in this new group. The new oes sales division is somewhat larger in scope than the previous oes category because of the ad dition of occupations such as sales engineers and cashiers. Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and material handling occupations. As in the previous oes system, this is the largest and most diverse of all the oes divisions. The major groups are listed below: Supervisory Inspecting Repair Construction and extraction Precision production Machine setting and operating Assembling and handworking Plant and system operation Transportation and material handling Helpers and laborers To understand the organization of this division, it is important to be familiar with soc principles. The first basic principle of organization is that occupations are grouped by function (e.g., inspecting, repairing, produc ing). An equally important principle is organization by skill requirements (e.g., precision, setup, operating, helping). A third organizing principle in many of these groups is the distinction made between machine and hand operations. In this case, hand operations include the use of hand-held power tools. The hand and machine categories are not exhaustive, however, since both preci sion hand work and precision machine work are placed in the same category. For oes purposes, an exception to the SOC placement was made, and precision assembling occupations were placed in the hand working category, allowing for proximity to the other assembling occupa tions. The soc and the new oes systems also distinguish be tween “ manual” occupations, such as material hand ling, and “ hand” occupations, such as grinding. Here, the distinction is made according to whether or not the worker is directly working on the manufacture of a pro duct. Within the large production and precision and machine groups, distinctions are made on the basis of materials worked (e.g., metal/plastic, wood, textile, assorted/other). The assorted/other category includes working with combined materials as well as working with single materials, such as stone, which have not previously been specified. Clerical and administrative support occupations. This division is organized into six major groups and a residual category. As with the other divisions, the super visory category is first. The next major group includes industry-specific clerical occupations. This group is placed near the top of the clerical division so that respondents can more easily locate these occupations. These two major groups are followed by the general secretarial and related group, an office machine group, a communications group, and a material recording group. Service occupations. The previous oes system included protective services, food service, and cleaning service occupations as summary occupational groups. The new system includes these as major groups and adds health and personal service occupations, while expanding the cleaning group to encompass building service organiza tions. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations. Because many of the occupations related to this divi sion are found in industries outside the scope of the oes survey, the previous OES system coding structure had no comparable category. At present, the division covers only those occupations needed for the oes survey as defined by its current nonagricultural scope. 104 Appendix C. OES Survey Data Available From State Agencies State data on occupational employment in the industries covered in this bulletin are available as indicated in the following table. These data may be obtained from the State employment security agencies listed on the inside back cover of this publication, Table C-1. OES survey data available by State and year State 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 State Alabama....................... Alaska.......................... Arizona......................... Arkansas....................... California....................... Colorado....................... Connecticut.................... Delaware........................ District of Columbia .......... Florida........................... X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Montana....................... Nebraska........................ X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Georgia......................... Hawaii........................... Idaho ............................ Illinois .......................... Indiana ......................... Iowa ............................ Kansas ......................... Kentucky........................ Louisiana....................... Maine .......................... Maryland........................ Massachusetts.................. Michigan........................ Minnesota...................... Mississippi...................... Missouri......................... X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 1976 1979 1982 1985 X X X x x X X X X X X X X X x x X X X X x X X x x X X X X X x X X X X X X X x x X X X x x X X X X X New York ...................... North Carolina.................. North Dakota................... Oklahoma...................... X X X X X X X X X X X X X Oregon......................... X X X X X X x X X X X X Pennsylvania................... Rhode Island................... X x Tennessee ...................... Texas............................ Utah ............................ Vermont......................... X X X X X Virginia ......................... Washington..................... X X X X x x x x x X Wyoming........................ 1 Occupational employment data at the more detailed 3-digit level are available upon request from the Office of Employment and Unemployment 1973 Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Definitions for all occupations surveyed are also available upon request. 105 W h e r e I n f o r m E m p l o y m e n t a n d t o F i n d a t i o n U n e o n m p l o y m e n t E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s: Monthly periodical containing labor force and establishment data. National, State, and area figures on employment, unemployment, hours, and earnings. Order Employment and Earnings from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. Includes text, statistical tables, and technical notes. E le c tr o n ic N e w s R e le a se : Quickest. Accessible electronically immediately at release time through BLS news release service. Write the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212, or call (202) 523-1913. E m p lo y m e n t S itu a tio n N e w s R elea se: Copies of this national statistical monthly release reach the public about a week after^the release date. Write: Inquiries and Correspondence, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D\C. 20212. T e le p h o n e : Q uick sum m ary on 24-hour recorded m essage. Key num bers, plus other BLS indicators and u p co m in g release d ates. C all (202) 523-9658. M a c h in e -R e a d a b le F o rm : Labor force data from the household survey and employment, hours, and earnings data from the establishment survey are available on both computer tape and diskette. For information, write the Office of Publications, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212 or call (202) 523-1090. M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w : E m p loym en t and u n em p lo y m en t statistics included in m on th ly 47-page sum m ary o f BLS data and in analytical articles. A v a ila b le from the Superintendent o f D o cu m en ts, U .S . G overn m en t P rinting O ffic e W a sh in g to n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 . U.S. D ep artm en t of Labor B ureau of Labor S ta tis tic s REGION I -BOSTON Suite 1603 John Fitzgerald Kennedy Federal Building Government Center Boston, MA. 02203 REGION V -CHICAGO 9th Floor 230 S. Dearborn Street Chicago. IL. 60604 REGION III -PHILADELPHIA 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309 Philadelphia, PA. 19101 REGION II -NEW YORK Room 808 201 Varick Street New York, NY. 10014 REGION VI -DALLAS Room 221 525 Griffin Street Dallas, TX. 75202 REGIONS VII AND VIII -KANSAS CITY 15th Floor 911 Walnut Street Kansas City, MO. 64106 REGION IV -ATLANTA Suite 540 1371 Peachtreet Street, NE. Atlanta, GA. 30367 REGIONS IX and X - SAN FRANCISCO 71 Stevenson Street P O Box 3766 San Francisco, CA 94119 COOPERATING STATE AGENCIES Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Program BLS Region BLS R egion IV X ALABAM A ALASKA IX ARIZONA VI ARKANSAS IX VIII I CALIFORNIA COLORADO CONNECTICUT III DELAWARE III DIST. OF COL. IV FLORIDA IV GEORGIA IX HAW AII X IDAHO V ILLINOIS V INDIANA VII IOWA VII KANSAS IV KENTUCKY VI LOUISIANA I III I MAINE MARYLAND MASSACHUSETTS V MICHIGAN V MINNESOTA - Department of Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations Building, Room 427, Montgomery 36130 - Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, P.O. Box 1149, Juneau 99802 - Department of Economic Security, P.O. Box 6123, Phoenix 85005 - Employment Security Division, Departmenr of Labor, State Capitol Mall. P.O. Box 2981, Little Rock 72203 - Employment Development Department, P.O. Box 1679, Sacramento 95808 - Division of Employment and Training, 1330 Fox Street, Denver 80204 - Employment Security Division, Labor Department, 200 Folly Brook Boulevard, Wethersfield 06109 - Department of Labor, University Plaza Office Complex, P.O. Box 9029, Newark il 9711 - Division of Labor Market Information, Research and Analysis, Department of Employment Services, 500 C Street, N.W., Room 411, Washington 20001 - Department of Labor and Employment Security, 2574 Seagate Drive, Room 201, Tallahassee 32301 - Department of Labor, 254 Washington Street, S.W , Atlanta 30334 - Department of Labor and Industrial Rela tions, 830 Punchbowl Street, Room 304, Honolulu 96813 - Department of Employment, 317 Main Street, P.O. Box 35, Boise 83735 - Bureau of Employment Security, 910 South Michigan Avenue, 12th Floor, Chicago 60605 - Employment Security Division, 10 North Senate Avenue, Indianapolis 46204 - Department of Job Service, 1000 East Grand Avenue, Des Moines 50319 - Department of Human Resources, 401 Topeka Avenue, Topeka 66603 - Division for Unemployment Insurance, Cabinet for Human Resources, 275 East Main Street, Frankfort 40621 - Department of Labor, P.O. Box 44094, Capitol Station, 1001 North 23rd Street, Baton Rouge 70804 - Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Labor, 20 Union Street, Augusta 04330 - Department of Human Resources, Employ ment Security Administration, 1100 North Eutaw Street, Baltimore 21201 - Division of Employment Security, Charles F. Hurley Building, Government Center, Boston 02114 - Employment Security Commission, 7310 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 48202 - Department of Economic Security, 390 North Robert Street, St. Paul 55101 IV MISSISSIPPI VII MISSOURI VIII MONTANA VII NEBRASKA IX I 11 VI II IV VIII V VI X III II I IV VIII NEVADA NEW HAMPSHIRE NEW JERSEY NEW MEXICO NEW YORK NORTH CAROLINA NORTH DAKOTA OHIO OKLAHOMA OREGON PENNSYLVANIA PUERTO RICO RHODE ISLAND SOUTH CAROLINA SOUTH DAKOTA IV TENNESSEE VI TEXAS VIII I III X III V VIII UTAH VERMONT VIRGINIA WASHINGTON WEST VIRGINIA WISCONSIN WYOMING - Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 1699, Jackson 39205 - Division of Employment Security, P.O. Box 59, Jefferson City 65104 - Department of Labor and Industry, P.O. Box 1728, Helena 59601 - Division of Employment, Department of Labor, P.O. Box 94600, Lincoln 68509 - Employment Security Department, 500 East Third Street, Carson City 89713 - Department of Employment Security, 32 South Main Street, Concord 03301 - Department of Labor, P.O. Box 2765, Tren ton 08625 - Employment Security Department, P.O. Box 1928, Albuquerque 87103 - Division of Research and Statistics, Depart ment of Labor, State Campus, Building 12, Albany 12240 - Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 25903, Raleigh 27611 - Job Service, P.O. Box 1537, Bismarck 58502 - Bureau of Employment Services, P.O. Box 1618, Columbus 43216 - Employment Security Commission, 310 Will Rogers Memorial Office Building, Oklahoma City 73105 - Employment Division, Department of Human Resources, 875 Uniort Street, N.E., Salem 97311 - Department of Labor and Industry, Seventh and Forster Streets, Harrisburg 17121 - Bureau of Employment Security, 505 Munoz Rivera Ave., 15th Floor, Hato Rey 00918 - Department of Employment Security, 24 Mason Street, Providence 02903 - Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 995, Columbia 29202 - Department of Labor, P.O. Box 1730, Aberdeen 57401 - Department of Employment Security, Cor dell Hull Office Building, Room 519, Nashville 37219 - Employment Commission, 15th and Congress Avenue, Austin 78778 - Department of Employment Security, P.O. Box 11249, Salt Lake City 84147 - Department of Employment and Training, P.O Box 488. Montpelier 05602 - Employment Commission, P.O. Box 1358, Richmond 23211 - Employment Security Department, 212 Maple Park, Olympia 98504 - Department of Employment Security, 112 California Avenue, Charleston 25305 - Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations, P.O. Box 7944, Madison 53707 - Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 2760, Casper 82602 Postage and Fees Paid U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics Washington, D.C. 20212 Third Class Mail Official Business Penalty for Private Use, $300 Lab-441 United States Departm ent of Labor Y e a rs o f W o r k in g f o r 75 A m e r ic a s F u tu re