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3 L
. 3
1 tie-
Q~-
Occupational Em ploym ent
in Selected Nonm anufacturing Industries
Transportation, Communications, Utilities,
Trade, Educational Services, State and Local Government
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
December 1987
Bulletin 2284
U .S .
D E P O c *sT O I i t
JuN
0 1988
Occupational Em ploym ent
^
in Selected Nonm anufacturing Industries ^
Transportation, Communications, Utilities,
Trade, Educational Services, State and Local Government
U.S. Department of Labor
Ann McLaughlin, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
December 1987
Bulletin 2284
For sale by the Superintendent o f D ocum ents, U .S . G overnm ent Printing O ffice W ashington, D .C . 2 0 402
4
Preface
This bulletin provides data from a 1985 survey of occu
pational employment in transportation, communications,
utilities, wholesale and retail trade, educational services, and
State and local government. Earlier surveys of transporta
tion, communications, utilities, and trade were conducted in
1976, 1979, and 1982. Results of the 1982 survey were
published in Bulletin 2220, Occupational Employment in
Transportation, Communications, Utilities, and Trade. State
and local government services were included in the 1979 and
1982 surveys. Educational services were surveyed for the
first time in 1985.
Other nonmanufacturing industries were surveyed in 1984
and results were published in Bulletin 2264, Occupational
Employment in Mining, Construction, Finance, and Services.
Surveys of the manufacturing sector have been conducted
at 3-year intervals since 1971. Results of the most recent sur
vey, 1983, were published in Bulletin 2248, Occupational
Employment in Manufacturing Industries.
These periodic surveys are part of a Federal-State cooper
ative program of occupational employment statistics (O E S ).
The OES program provides information for many data users,
including individuals and organizations engaged in planning
vocational education programs, training programs supported
by the Job Training Partnership Act, and higher education.
O ES data are also used to prepare information for career
counseling, for job placement activities performed at State
employment security offices, and for personnel planning and
market research conducted by private enterprises.
This bulletin was prepared in the Office of Employment
and Unemployment Statistics, Division of Occupational and
Administrative Statistics, by Janet Owens and Barbara Keitt
under the direction of Glyn Finley. Minnie Dickerson and
Florence Moore provided word processing assistance.
Material in this publication is in the public domain and,
with appropriate credit, may be reproduced without
permission.
Contents
Page
Introduction........................................................................................................................................
1
Summary............................................................................................................................................
2
Transportation....................................................................................................................................
Railroad transportation ...................................................................................................................
Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation...............................
Motor freight transportation and warehousing ..............................................................................
Water transportation .....................
Air transportation..................................
Pipelines, except natural gas...........................................................................................................
Transportation services...................................................................................................................
7
7
7
8
9
9
10
11
Communications ................................................................................................................................
32
Utilities................................................................................................................................................
37
Wholesale trade..................................................................................................................................
Durable goods................................................................................................................................
Nondurable goods..........................................................................................................................
42
42
43
Retail trade..........................................................................................................................................
Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers ...........................
General merchandise stores.............................................................................................................
Food stores......................................................................................................................................
Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations..........................................................................
Apparel and accessory stores.........................................................................................................
Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores.......................................................................
Eating and drinking places.............................................................................................................
Miscellaneous retail stores .............................................................................................................
52
52
53
53
53
53
54
54
54
Educational services...........................................................................................................................
83
State and local government.................................................................................................................
88
Tables:
1. Employment in transportation, communications, utilities, trade,
educational services, and State and local government, 1985 ..................................................
2. Employment in transportation, communications, utilities, trade,
educational services, and State and local government by major
occupational group, 1985 .......................................................................................................
3. Percent distribution of employment in transportation, communications,
utilities, trade, educational services, and State and local government
by major occupational group, 1985 ........................................................................................
v
4
5
6
Contents—Continued
Page
Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, 1985:
4. Railroad transportation, M ay..................................................................................................
5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger
transportation, M ay................................................................................................................
6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing,M ay................................................................
7. Water transportation, A p ril....................................................................................................
8. Air transportation, Ju n e..........................................................................................................
9. Pipelines, except natural gas, Ju n e.........................................................................................
10. Transportation services, A pril................................................................................................
11. Communications, M ay ............................................................................................................
12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitaryservices,A pril..........................................................
13. Wholesale trade—durable goods, Ju n e ...................................................................................
14. Wholesale trade—nondurable goods, Ju n e .............................................................................
15. Retail trade: Percent distribution of employment in major
occupational groups by industry............................................................................................
16. Building materials , hardware, garden supply stores, and
mobile home dealers, Ju n e....................................................................................................
17. General merchandise stores, Ju n e..........................................................................................
18. Food stores, Ju n e....................................................................................................................
19. Automotive dealers and gasoline servicestations,June ...........................................................
20. Apparel and accessory stores, June.........................................................................................
21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipmentstores, June........................................................
22. Eating and drinking places, June............................................................................................
23. Miscellaneous retail stores, June............................................................................................
24. Educational services, April ....................................................................................................
25. State government, May ..........................................................................................................
26. Local government, M ay..........................................................................................................
56
60
64
67
70
73
77
79
84
89
94
Appendixes:
A. Survey methods and reliability of estimates ...........................................................................
B. The O ES classification system ..................................................................................................
C. OES survey data available from State agencies .......................................................................
99
103
105
vi
11
15
18
21
24
27
29
33
38
44
48
55
Introduction
Employment is based upon survey results adjusted to
reflect total industry employment. The percent of total
employment refers to total employment in the industry. Rela
tive error measures the level of confidence to be placed on
each estimate. The percent of establishments reporting a
particular occupation indicates the frequency of occurrence
of the occupation.
Occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less than
0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but are
included in the appropriate residual categories.
Employment is rounded to the nearest ten. The relative
error and the percent of respondents reporting the occupa
tion are rounded to the nearest whole percent. The percent
of total employment was computed from rounded data.
The Occupational Employment Statistics ( o e s ) Survey is
designed to collect data on occupational employment of wage
and salary workers by industry in nonagricultural establish
ments. The Bureau of Labor Statistics provides the proce
dures and technical assistance for the survey, State
employment security agencies collect the data, and the
Employment and Training Administration provides adminis
trative support. Supplemental funding is provided by the
National Science Foundation.
In 1985, 50 States and the District of Columbia partici
pated in the survey, compared with 48 States in 1982.
This bulletin presents national data only. Data on occupa
tional employment in each participating State are available
from the State employment security agencies listed on the
last page of this bulletin.
This bulletin presents national data on occupa
tional employment for 2-digit SIC industries.1 Data are
presented for each industry under the following headings:
Employment, percent of total employment, relative error,
and percent of establishments reporting the occupation.
1
Occupational employment data at the more detailed 3-digit level are avail
able upon request from the O ffice o f Em ploym ent and U nem ploym ent
Statistics, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. D efinitions for all occupations
surveyed are also available upon request.
1
Summary
In 1985, 42.7 million, or 44 percent of all nonagricultural
wage and salary workers in the Nation were employed in
the transportation, communications, utilities, trade, and
educational services industries and in State and local govern
ment. Wholesale and retail trade industries employed more
than half; educational services employed one-fifth. The third
largest industry group in the survey, transportation, employed
7 percent, with the motor freight and warehousing compo
nent accounting for almost one-half of this share. (See
table 1.)
For comparative purposes, data from the 1982 and 1985
surveys of occupational employment in these industries
appear in the following tabulation. In the industries surveyed
in both years, employment increased by a total of 12 per
cent. The tabulation excludes employment in railroads and
educational services since they were surveyed for the first
time in 1985.
Employment
1982
Transportation,
excluding railroads . . . . .
C o m m u n ic a tio n s............
U tilitie s ................................
W h olesale and retail . . . . .
2 ,3 6 8 ,2 4 0
1 ,4 2 1 ,1 2 0
8 6 6 ,7 7 0
2 0 ,5 7 1 ,8 6 0
1985
2 ,6 3 0 ,7 4 0
1 ,3 2 2 ,0 7 0
9 0 4 ,3 9 0
2 3 ,2 9 1 ,6 5 0
classification schemes. A detailed explanation of the OES
classification system is given in appendix B.
Under this system, workers are classified into seven major
occupational groups: Managerial and administrative workers;
professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers; sales
and related workers; clerical and administrative support
workers; service workers; agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
related workers; and production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling workers. Tables 2 and
3 present the distribution of employment of these seven major
occupational groups in the various industries surveyed.
The following sections provide analyses of the distribu
tion of occupational employment among the 2-digit SIC in
dustries surveyed. Throughout, changes in occupational
employment between survey years that may be due to changes
in the classification system, as opposed to changes in the
actual occupational mix of the establishments, are noted.
These sections also present detailed occupational employ
ment data by industry.
Percent
change,
1982-85
Managerial and administrative workers. Persons holding
positions as managerial and administrative workers are
primarily concerned with policymaking, planning, organiz
ing, staffing, directing, and controlling activities common
to many types of organizations. Occupations included in this
group are plant, office, and sales managers and corporate
officers such as president and treasurer. First-line supervi
sors, such as production and clerical supervisors, however,
are included in the same occupational division as the workers
they supervise. The new classification system contains a new
occupation: First-line supervisor—sales. These supervisory
workers are now included in the sales category rather than
in the managers/administrators group (appendix B).
In 1985, managerial and administrative workers numbered
2.8 million, or 7 percent of total employment in the indus
tries surveyed. The highest concentrations of these workers
were in retail trade, specifically in the home furnishing and
building materials industries. In these industries 12 and 11
percent, respectively, of the work force were in managerial
positions. This high proportion of managers may be explained
by the fact that approximately 50 percent of the units in these
groups are small establishments that employed fewer than
50 workers.
11.1
- 7 .0
4 .3
13.2
Of the major industry groups surveyed, only communi
cations experienced a decline in employment, with 7 percent
fewer workers than in 1982. Divestiture of the telephone
industry was implemented during January 1984, which may
explain much of the employment change that has occurred
in the industry.
Employment increases in transportation, utilities, and
wholesale and retail trade reflect a period of general sustained
economic growth which began at the end of 1982. Between
1982 and 1985, employment in the nonagricultural sector
of the economy increased by 9 percent. The employment
gains in transportation and wholesale and retail trade were
higher than average, with increases of 11 percent and 13
percent, respectively.
Major occupational groups
This is the first survey of these industries to use the OES
occupational classification system, introduced in 1983. The
O ES classification emphasizes occupations of special interest
to many data users, such as technology-related occupations
and those which require substantial training. In addition, this
system is both more concise and more compatible with the
Standard Occupational Classification System than were older
Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers.
Persons employed in professional positions usually deal with
theoretical or practical aspects of such fields as science,
engineering, art, education, medicine, law, and business
2
and material recording, scheduling, dispatching, and
distributing occupations. The last group consists of plant
clerical workers who plan, coordinate, or expedite produc
tion and the flow of work. They are also involved in the
clerical aspects of receiving, storing, issuing, or shipping
of materials, merchandise, supplies, or equipment. The other
nonsupervisory groups are primarily office clerical workers
who prepare, systematize, transcribe, transfer, or preserve
written communication and records, as well as collect
accounts and distribute information.
There were 6.9 million clerical and administrative sup
port workers employed in the surveyed industries in 1985.
The greatest number were employed in educational services.
relations. Most of these occupations require substantial
educational preparation, usually at the university level.
Paraprofessionals work under the direction of professionals.
These occupations usually require some postsecondary
education or, in some instances, a baccalaureate degree.
Technical occupations require knowledge of fundamental
scientific, engineering, mathematical, computer program
ming, or draft design principles. This knowledge is acquired
through study at technical schools and junior colleges,
through other formal postsecondary training less extensive
then a 4-year college education, or through equivalent onthe-job training or experience.
In 1985, professional, paraprofessional, and technical
workers numbered 7.9 million, or 19 percent of employment
in the surveyed industries. Approximately 66 percent of this
occupational group were employed in educational services.
Service workers. Persons in this occupational group perform
services for individuals or establishments. Service workers
protect individuals and property, prepare and serve food and
beverages, and clean interiors and equipment of buildings,
offices, stores, vehicles, etc.
In 1985, service workers numbered 8.6 million, or 20 per
cent of surveyed employment. Service workers constituted
the largest occupational group in the industries surveyed.
Eating and drinking establishments accounted for more than
half of total employment in this category.
Sales and related workers. Sales and related workers in these
industries primarily include persons who are required to have
specific knowledge of the commodity or service being sold.
Sales representatives include those who sell commodities on
a wholesale basis to wholesale, retail, industrial, professional,
or other establishments. They solicit orders from established
clientele and attempt to secure new customers; show sam
ples or catalog illustrations of products or services to prospec
tive buyers and explain their merit; quote prices and credit
and discount terms; arrange delivery schedules; process
orders; resolve customer complaints; and keep informed of
the latest market conditions, product innovations, and price
changes. Sales engineers include workers primarily con
cerned with selling to businesses goods and services where
a technical background equivalent to a degree in engineer
ing is required.
In 1985, the number of sales workers was 8.4 million, or
20 percent of surveyed employment. The highest proportions
of sales workers were employed in food stores (20 percent)
and general merchandise stores (17 percent).
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers. Agricul
tural workers include persons in occupations such as graders
and sorters of agricultural products; gardeners and grounds
keepers, except farm; and farm equipment operators. The
occupational group also includes forestry workers such as
choke setters, log-handling equipment operators, nursery
workers, and conservation workers.
In 1985, the surveyed industries employed only 209,380
workers in this occupational group, less than 1 percent of
total employment.
Production, construction, operating, maintenance, and
material handling occupations. This occupational group,
referred to hereafter in the text as production and related
workers, includes all skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled
workers performing machine and manual tasks. In 1985, this
group numbered 7.8 million, or 18 percent of the work force
surveyed. The largest concentration of production workers
was employed in motor freight transportation.
Clerical and administrative support workers. Persons
employed in this occupational group are concentrated in five
categories: First-line supervisors—clerical; selected
secretarial and general office occupations; electronic data
processing and other office machine occupations; selected
communication, mail, and message distributing occupations;
3
Table 1. Employment in transporation, communications, utilities, trade, educational
services, and State and local government, 1985
Employment
Percent distribution
T otal.............................................................
42,689,560
100.0
Transportation, total................................................
Railroad transportation........................................
Local and suburban transit and interurban
highway ..........................................................
Motor freight transportation and warehousing ....
Water transportation............................................
Air transportation.................................................
Pipelines, except natural g a s .............................
Transportation services.......................................
2,997,840
367,110
7.0
.9
291,460
1,347,920
180,940
520,480
19,190
270,750
.7
3.2
.4
1.2
.0
.6
Communications.....................................................
1,322,070
3.1
Utilities.....................................................................
904,390
2.1
Wholesale and retail trade.....................................
Wholesale trade ................................................
Durable goods ................................................
Nondurable goods..........................................
Retail tr a d e .............................................
Building materials, hardware, garden supply,
and mobile home d e a le rs......................
General mechandise s to re s ........................
Food sto re s...................................................
Automotive dealers and gasoline
service sta tio n s.........................................
Apparel and accessory s to re s ....................
Furniture, home furnishings, and
equipment stores.......................................
Eating and drinking places..........................
Miscellaneous retail.......................................
23,291,650
5,767,230
3,428,870
2,338,360
17,524,420
54.6
13.5
8.0
5.5
41.1
710,950
2,275,450
2,785,160
1.7
5.3
6.5
1,915,410
1,030,940
4.5
2.4
726,440
5,923,060
2,157,010
1.7
5.1
5.1
Educational services.............................................
8,569,280
20.1
State government.................................................
1,843,480
4.3
Local government.................................................
3,760,850
8.8
Industry
4
Table 2. Employment in transportation, communications, utilities, trade, educational services, and State and local government
by major occupational group, 1985
Industry
T o ta l........................................
Railroad transportation.......................
Local and suburban transit and
interurban highway .......................
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing .................................
Water transportation..........................
Air transportation ...............................
Pipelines, except natural g a s...........
Transportation services......................
Communications ................................
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services..........................
Wholesale trade-durable goods.......
Wholesale trade-nondurable goods ..
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers .
General merchandise stores.............
Food stores........................................
Automotive dealers and gasoline
service stations............................
Apparel and accessory stores..........
Furniture, home furnishings, and
equipment stores.........................
Eating and drinking places................
Miscellaneous retail...........................
Educational services.........................
State government..............................
Local government..............................
Managerial and
administrative
workers
Professional,
paraprofessional, and
technical
workers
Clerical and
Sales and
administrative
related workers
workers
Production,
construction,
Agriculture,
operating,
forestry,
maintenance,
fishing, and
and material
related workers
handling
workers
Service
workers
2,815,930
7,939,900
8,352,870
6,928,770
209,380
7,819,160
8,623,550
17,950
13,860
4,400
52,860
100
267,690
10,240
10,830
26,580
1,900
34,270
0
205,910
11,970
67,040
10,180
20,430
1,580
19,090
115,180
13,050
6,750
27,700
3,190
7,500
255,950
30,580
4,950
13,430
40
111,740
71,250
220,930
24,100
162,460
2,350
93,790
496,830
1,700
120
30
0
150
90
1,003,970
126,800
202,630
11,960
33,420
370,770
10,650
8,040
93,800
70
5,060
12,000
57,120
321,870
186,020
153,770
259,590
102,760
12,860
904,390
609,510
223,320
983,580
620,200
2,080
1,230
33,980
439,650
933,260
733,620
15,590
24,950
52,270
80,040
124,760
188,310
24,370
68,660
41,940
301,780
1,441,540
1,690,850
120,790
375,390
165,140
18,600
220
1,050
158,080
135,110
241,450
7,290
129,770
456,420
161,680
97,490
15,880
27,920
575,850
764,190
244,660
83,720
280
120
870,970
44,600
46,090
12,900
85,820
338,350
178,110
431,120
106,870
196,090
37,620
37,630
196,160
5,243,390
668,720
706,910
296,370
306,670
1,134,580
23,970
23,060
28,960
133,420
105,600
280,680
1,249,180
469,470
786,030
50
790
7,630
48,560
21,710
70,890
164,370
70,010
262,730
499,520
203,530
839,110
8,790
5,064,010
97,120
1,073,540
350,120
1,132,860
5
Table 3. Percent distribution of employment in transportation, communications, utilities, trade, educational services, and State
and local government by major occupational group, 1985
Industry
All
occupations
Managerial
and
administrative
workers
Professional,
paraprofessional, and
technical
workers
Sales and
related
workers
Clerical and
administrative
support
workers
Agriculture,
forestry,
fishing, and
related
workers
Production,
construction,
operating,
maintenance,
and material
handling
workers
Service
workers
T o ta l........................................
100.0
6.6
18.6
19.6
16.2
0.5
18.3
20.2
Railroad transportation.......................
Local and suburban transit and
interurban highway .......................
Motor freight transportation and
warehousing .................................
Water transportation...........................
Air transportation ...............................
Pipelines, except natural g a s...........
Transportation services......................
Communications ................................
Electric, gas, steam, water, and
sanitary services...........................
Wholesale trade-durable goods........
Wholesale trade-nondurable goods ..
Building materials, hardware, garden
supply, and mobile home dealers
General merchandise stores.............
Food sto re s........................................
Automotive dealers and gasoline
service stations............................
Apparel and accessory stores..........
Furniture, home furnishings, and
equipment stores..........................
Eating and drinking places................
Miscellaneous retail............................
Educational services..........................
State government..............................
Local government..............................
100.0
4.9
3.8
1.2
14.4
.0
72.9
2.8
100.0
3.7
9.1
.7
11.8
.0
70.6
4.1
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
5.0
5.6
3.9
8.2
7.1
8.7
1.0
3.7
5.3
16.6
2.8
19.4
2.3
2.7
2.6
.2
41.3
5.4
16.4
13.3
31.2
12.2
34.6
37.6
.1
.1
.0
.0
.1
.0
74.5
70.1
38.9
62.3
12.3
28.0
.8
4.4
18.0
.4
1.9
.9
100.0
100.0
100.0
6.3
9.4
8.0
17.0
7.6
4.4
1.4
26.4
26.1
24.7
28.7
26.5
.2
.0
1.5
48.6
27.2
31.4
1.7
.7
2.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.3
5.5
6.8
3.4
3.0
1.5
42.4
63.4
60.7
17.0
16.5
5.9
2.6
.0
.0
22.2
5.9
8.7
1.0
5.7
16.4
100.0
100.0
8.4
9.5
.8
2.7
30.1
74.1
12.8
8.1
.0
.0
45.5
4.3
2.4
1.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.8
5.7
8.3
5.0
5.8
5.2
5.2
.6
9.1
61.2
36.3
18.8
40.8
5.2
52.6
.3
1.3
.8
18.4
1.8
13.0
14.6
25.5
20.9
.0
.0
.4
.6
1.2
1.9
22.6
1.2
12.2
5.8
11.0
22.3
1.2
85.5
4.5
12.5
19.0
30.1
6
Transportation
In 1985, there were 3.0 million workers employed in trans
portation industries, accounting for 7 percent of total surveyed
employment. The motor freight transportation and warehous
ing component was the largest employer, with approximately
45 percent of all transportation workers. Air transportation
ranked second with 17 percent. Railroad transportation, which
was included for the first time in the 1985 survey, employed
12 percent. Local and suburban transit and interurban high
way passenger transportation and transportation services em
ployed 10 and 9 percent, respectively. Water transportation
employed 6 percent, and pipeline transportation (except natural
gas) employed less than one-half of 1 percent.
Combined employment in transportation, excluding rail
road transportation, increased by 11 percent from 1982. The
following tabulation shows the change in employment for
the transportation industries since 1982.
Employment
1982
Total .............................................
L ocal and suburban transit
and interurban highw ay
passenger transportation . . . .
M otor freight transportation and w a reh o u sin g ..........
W ater transportation....................
A ir transportation.........................
P ipelines, except
natural g a s ...................................
Transportation s e r v i c e s .............
. . . . 2 ,3 6 8 ,2 4 0
1985
Percent
change,
1982-85
2 ,6 3 0 ,7 4 0
11.1
2 6 8 ,8 9 0
2 9 1 ,4 6 0
8 .4
. . . . 1 ,2 0 7 ,8 4 0
.. . .
2 1 2 ,6 0 0
....
4 4 0 ,5 9 0
1 ,3 4 7 ,9 2 0
1 8 0 ,9 4 0
5 2 0 ,4 8 0
11.6
- 1 4 .9
18.1
2 2 ,6 5 0
2 1 5 ,6 7 0
19 ,1 9 0
2 7 0 ,7 5 0
- 1 5 .3
2 5 .5
....
.. . .
other), and terminal and switching establishments. This
includes line-haul operating railroads and interurban rail
ways, whether diesel, electric, or steam.
In 1985, 367,110 persons were employed in the railroad in
dustry. Most of these workers (93 percent) were employed by
Class 1 railroads. Total national employment in the railroad
industry declined steadily from 445,400 in 1982 to 384,000
in 1983, 381,600 in 1984, to the 1985 level of 367,110.
A universe of establishments was collected for the 1985
OES survey of the railroad industry. This represents the first
year in which occupational employment estimates have been
published for this industry.
Workers employed in production and related occupations
accounted for 73 percent of railroad employment. Clerical
and administrative support workers ranked second with 14
percent. The remaining employment was distributed through
out the other major groups as follows: Managerial and
administrative workers, 5 percent; professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers, 4 percent; service occupations,
3 percent; sales and related occupations, 1 percent; and
agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations, less
than 1 percent. (See table 4.)
The five most populous occupations in the railroad indus
try, all of which are found in the production and related
workers group, are listed in the following tabulation.
Together they constituted approximately 40 percent of total
employment in the industry.
Since 1982, the only transportation industries to experience
declines in employment have been water transportation and pipe
lines, which each employed about 15 percent fewer workers.
However, these large decreases did not significantly influence
overall employment because these industries account for only
a small percentage of total employment in transportation.
The high rates of employment growth that occurred
throughout most of the other transportation industries
stemmed from regulatory changes that were implemented in
the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. Deregulation contributed
to an increase in industrywide competition and cost efficien
cy. Concurrently, conditions of general economic prosperi
ty increased the demand for travel, transportation, and related
services.
Railroad brake, signal, and
sw itch o p e r a to r s ...............................................
Railroad conductors and yard masters . . . .
Rail-track laying and m aintenance
equipment o p e r a to r s........................................
Railcar rep a irers....................................................
L ocom otive engineers ........................................
Percent o f
industry
employment
4 3 ,9 8 0
3 2 ,3 4 0
12.0
8.8
3 1 ,7 9 0
19,680
18,7 8 0
8 .7
5 .4
5.1
Local and suburban transit and interurban highway
passenger transportation
Establishments in this industry include firms which pro
vide transportation of passengers by automobile, bus, taxi,
rail, or subway within a single municipality, between neigh
boring municipalities, or between a municipality and its
surrounding locale. Also included are establishments which
supply sightseeing transportation. (Interurban rail service is
not included.) Terminal and maintenance services are also
part of this industry.
Local and suburban transit and interurban highway
Railroad transportation
The railroad industry includes establishments furnishing
transportation by line-haul railroad, (Class 1, Class 2, and
Employment,
1985
7
passenger transportation employed 291,460 workers in 1985,
or 10 percent of all workers employed in transportation.
Production and related occupations accounted for 71
percent of all workers employed in this industry. Clerical
and administrative support workers ranked second with 12
percent. The third largest group was professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers with 9 percent. Service
workers and managerial and administrative workers ranked
fourth and fifth, respectively. Sales and related workers con
stituted less than 1 percent of the industry’s employment.
(See table 5.)
Employment in all major occupational groups, except
managers and administrators, increased between 1982 and
1985. The decline in employment among managers resulted
from changes in the OES classification structure. First-line
sales supervisors were reclassified to the sales and related
workers group from managers and administrators. Cashiers
were shifted to sales from the clerical and administrative
workers group, which caused about a 20-percent increase
in sales employment. The change, however, had little effect
on the overall employment figure for clerical and adminis
trative workers.
The five largest occupations are listed below:
Busdrivers, s c h o o l .......................
B u sd r iv e r s........................................
T axi drivers and
c h a u ff e u r s ...................................
Em ergency m edical
te c h n ic ia n s...................................
D ispatchers, except p olice,
fire, and a m b u la n c e ...............
1985
1982-85
. . . . 5 2 ,8 1 0
8 0 ,8 1 0
6 0 ,2 4 0
16.7
14.1
. . . . 3 5 ,4 9 0
3 3 ,2 7 0
- 6 .3
. . . . 14,740
2 4 ,0 8 0
6 3 .4
8 ,8 4 0
- 2 .4
. . . . 6 9 ,2 6 0
....
9 ,0 6 0
Employment
Industry
Total .......................................
Local and surburban
transportation ......................
Taxicabs .............................
Intercity and rural highway
passenger transportation . . .
Passenger transportation
charter service ....................
School buses .........................
Terminal and service
facilities for motor vehicle
passenger transportation . . .
1982
1985
Percent
change,
1982-85
268,890
291,4601
8.4
411
412
85,520
42,250
92,210
38,690
7.8
-8.4
413
38,680
36,290
- 6 .2
414
415
16,890
82,720
20,980
100,790
2 1 .8
417
2,850
2,490i
24.2
- 1 2 .6
Motor freight transportation and warehousing
This industry consists of establishments which furnish
local or long-distance trucking, or those engaged in the
storage of farm products, furniture or other household goods,
or commercial goods of any nature. The operation of termi
nal facilities for handling freight, with or without main
tenance facilities, is also included. (Establishments engaged
in field warehousing or storing natural gas are excluded.)
The motor freight industry employed 1.3 million workers
in 1985, with local and long-distance trucking establishments
accounting for 93 percent. Public warehousing establishments
employed 7 percent and terminal and maintenance facilities,
less than 1 percent. There were no changes in these employ
ment distributions from 1982.
Production and related workers accounted for the largest
occupational group in the motor freight industry, with 75
percent of total industry employment (table 6). Ranking
second, clerical and administrative workers comprised 16
percent. The remaining employment was distributed among
the occupational groups as follows: Managerial and adminis
trative workers, 5 percent; sales and related workers, 2 per
cent; professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers,
1 percent; service workers, 0.8 percent; and agriculture,
forestry, fishing, and related workers, 0.1 percent.
Between 1982 and 1985, employment in the motor freight
and warehousing industry grew by 12 percent. Four occu
pations that experienced substantial increases in employment
are shown in the following tabulation:
School busdrivers, busdrivers, and taxi drivers and
chauffeurs were also the three most populous occupations
in the industry in 1982. The number of taxi drivers and
chauffeurs declined by 6 percent between 1982 and 1985.
Employment of school busdrivers and busdrivers rose dur
ing that same period.
Between 1982 and 1985, the number of emergency medical
technicians employed in local and suburban transit and
interurban highway passenger transportation increased by 63
percent, outpacing the employment growth of all other
occupations in the industry. Ambulance drivers declined by
49 percent during this period. One reason for the opposing
trends in employment may be that ambulance drivers were
trained and moved into the more skilled occupation.
Of all workers in local and suburban transit and interurban
highway passenger transportation in 1985, the school bus
industry employed 35 percent. Ranking second was local
and suburban passenger transportation, with 32 percent.
Employment in each of the remaining four industry segments
did not exceed 15 percent of the total.
Between 1982 and 1985, employment in local and subur
ban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation
increased by 8 percent (text table 1). The expansion of the
SIC
Code
charter service industry was due in part to the favorable con
ditions created by the Bus Reform Act of 1982, which
allowed carriers to enter into charter service without provid
ing a regular route service. The industry has benefited from
the expansion of domestic leisure and vacation travel.
Percent
change,
Employment
1982
Text table 1. Employment in local and surburban transit
and interurban highway passenger transportation by
industry, 1982 and 1985, and percent change
Percent
Employment
1982
H eavy and tractor-trailer
truck d r iv e r s ............................
Bus and truck m echanics . . . .
D isp a tc h e r s...................................
Sales agents .................................
8
..........4 4 1 ,0 9 0
.......... 4 1 ,4 1 0
.......... 2 5 ,6 9 0
.......... 16,6 0 0
1985
change,
1982-85
5 0 9 ,5 7 0
5 1 ,2 2 0
3 0 ,8 1 0
2 3 ,2 0 0
15.5
2 3 .7
19.9
3 9 .8
and flying fields, and provide terminal services.
The air transportation industry employed 520,480 workers
in 1985. Certificated carriers who are licensed to transport
revenue passengers, cargo, or freight accounted for 82 per
cent of the industry’s employment. Establishments that oper
ate and maintain airports, flying fields, hangars, and aircraft
ranked second with 12 percent. Noncertificated carriers
employed the remaining 6 percent.
Employment in the airline industry increased by 11 per
cent from 1982 to 1985. Over the period, airline deregula
tion stimulated growth and activity within the industry. The
change in industry structure provided airline establishments
with greater pricing flexibility, freedom to enter and aban
don markets, and incentives for creating new marketing
strategies. As a result, fare discounts, route concentrations,
mergers and acquisitions, and the development of commuter
and feeder networks shaped the business environment.
Regional airlines increased air traffic through their agree
ments with the major airlines to route passengers from out
lying areas into central networks; major airlines pursued
international opportunities. Additionally, the high value of
the dollar, in comparison with other currencies, encouraged
U.S. residents to travel abroad. The combination of these
factors provide, at least in part, an explanation for the
increase in employment levels.
Production and related workers accounted for 39 percent
of all workers employed in the airline transportation industry.
Ranking second, clerical and administrative support workers
made up 31 percent. The third largest group was service
workers, with 18 percent. Remaining employment was dis
tributed as follows: Professional, paraprofessional, and tech
nical workers, 5 percent; managerial and administrative
workers, 4 percent; and sales and related workers, 3 percent.
(See table 8.)
Between 1982 and 1985, employment of production and
related workers increased by 14 percent; clerical and ad
ministrative workers, 22 percent. The number of manageri
al and administrative workers and professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers declined by 19 and
62 percent, respectively. These apparent declines resulted
from the change in the classification system. The new cod
ing structure reclassified first-line supervisors from the
managerial occupational group to their respective occupa
tions. Flight engineers and airline pilots, who accounted for
69 percent of professional workers in 1982, were reclassi
fied to the production and related occupational group. (In
order to achieve comparability between 1982 and 1985
employment estimates for production and related workers,
flight engineers and airline pilots were excluded from the
1985 estimates prior to calculation of percentage changes.)
Economic conditions and regulatory reform of the indus
try, implemented through the Motor Carrier Act of 1980,
have both contributed to fluctuations in the levels of motor
carrier tonnage and revenue but it is difficult to separate the
impact of each. During the previous survey in 1982, motor
freight transportation employment had decreased by 11 per
cent from 1979. These reductions occurred at the same time
that industrial production was declining. Since 1982, eco
nomic activity has increased, which has spurred the demand
for motor freight transportation services.
Water transportation
Included in this industry are establishments that transport
freight and passengers on the open seas or inland waterways,
and those which furnish incidental services such as lighter
age, canal operation, and towing. Also included are excur
sion boats, sightseeing boats, and water taxis. Charter and
party fishing boats are excluded.
In 1985, water transportation establishments employed
180,940 workers, accounting for 6 percent of all workers
employed in transportation-related industries. Fifty-three per
cent of the workers were employed in services incidental to
water transportation. Deep sea foreign transportation and
local water transportation establishments each employed 15
percent. The remaining industry employment was distributed
as follows: Transportation on rivers and canals, 9 percent;
deep sea domestic transportation, 7 percent; and transporta
tion services on the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway,
1 percent.
The 126,800 production and related workers accounted for
70 percent of total industry employment. Clerical and
administrative support workers ranked second with 13 per
cent. The third largest group was managerial and adminis
trative workers, with 6 percent. Service workers ranked
fourth with 4 percent, followed by professional and sales
workers, with 4 and 3 percent, respectively. (See table 7.)
From 1982 to 1985, employment in water transportation
declined by 15 percent. The greatest decline, 18 percent, was
in deep sea foreign transportation establishments. Thirty-nine
percent of all able seamen were employed in this indus
try; their employment increased by 3 percent despite the
sharp decline in deep sea transportation employment as a
whole. Substantial declines did occur in employment of or
dinary seamen and marine oilers, and water vessel captains,
as shown in the following tabulation:
Employment
1982
1985
Ordinary seam en and
m arine o i l e r s ................................ . . . .
Captains, water v e s s e l s ................ . . .
A ble s e a m e n ..................................... . . . .
1 8,980
1 3,780
8 ,7 8 0
12 ,5 4 0
10 ,4 9 0
9 ,0 6 0
Percent
change
1982-85
- 3 3 .9
- 2 3 .9
3.2
Pipelines, except natural gas
Air transportation
This industry is made up of firms that move petroleum and
other products (except natural gas) through pipelines. Pipe
lines operated by petroleum producing or refining companies
Included in this industry are establishments that provide
domestic and international air transportation, operate airports
9
the clerical to the sales and related workers group, and travel
agents, formerly included among professional workers, also
have been reclassified as sales workers. The reclassification
of travel agents had a large impact on total employment for
the sales and professional groups. The estimates for sales
and related workers were also affected by the addition of
3,000 first-line supervisory workers, who were formerly
classified as managerial and administrative workers.
Travel agents continued to be the leading occupation in
terms of employment. This occupation accounted for 36 per
cent of total industry employment in 1985 and increased by
73 percent since 1982. Up to 1982, travel agents and travel
accommodations appraisers were surveyed together as a
single occupation.
In 1985, establishments arranging transportation employed
193,400, or 71 percent of all workers in transportation serv
ices. The travel industry has benefitted from the increase in
leisure-time activities and the expansion of business-related
travel. Almost all of the travel agents employed in 1985 were
in arrangement-of-transportation industries, as were most
bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks; first-line
supervisors; clerical and administrative support workers; and
sales agents in selected business services. These workers con
stituted 78, 70, and 62 percent, respectively, of total
employment in transportation services.
Freight forwarding establishments employed the second
largest number of transportation service workers in 1985,
or 22 percent. The occupation with the largest proportion
of workers in the industry was truckdrivers, light (includ
ing delivery and route workers), 65 percent. General office
clerks accounted for 45 percent. Communications, transpor
tation, and utilities operations managers made up 42 percent.
Establishments engaged in the rental of railroad cars and
miscellaneous services incidental to transportation made up
the balance o f transportation services em ploym ent, 6
percent in 1985.
and separately reported are also included.
There were 19,190 workers in this industry in 1985, a decline
of 15 percent from 1982. This reflected a general slowdown
in oil and gas activity due to an oversupply which led to price
declines. Over 60 percent of the workers in the industry were
employed in production and related occupations. (See table 9.)
The next largest group was professional, paraprofessional, and
technical workers with 17 percent. Over half of these workers
were engineers or engineering technicians. Clerical and ad
ministrative support occupations accounted for 12 percent.
Transportation services
This industry comprises firms that provide services incidental
to transportation such as the arrangement of passenger and
freight transportation, and forwarding and packing services.
In 1985, these firms employed 270,750 workers or 9
percent of the total employed in transportation. This was a
25-percent increase from 1982. The following tabulation
shows employment changes within the industry:
Employment
1982
Freight fo r w a r d in g ............................ . . 5 2 ,9 8 0
A rrangem ent o f transportation . . . . 1 4 0 ,5 7 0
4 ,3 0 0
Rental o f railroad c a r s ....................
M iscellaneous services
incidental to transportation. . . .
7 ,8 3 0
Percent
change,
1985
1982-85
5 9 ,8 9 0
1 9 3 ,4 0 0
3 ,0 9 0
13.1
3 7 .6
-2 8 .1
14 ,3 8 0
- 1 9 .3
Sales and related workers accounted for 41 percent of all
workers employed in transportation services. Clerical and
administrative support workers made up 35 percent. The re
maining employment was distributed as follows: Production
and related workers, 12 percent; managerial and adminis
trative workers, 7 percent; professional, paraprofessional,
and technical workers, 3 percent; and service workers, 2 per
cent. (See table 10.)
Since the last survey, cashiers have been reclassified from
10
Table 4. Railroad transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985
(SIC 40)
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
T o ta l................................................................................
367,110
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers.................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers.................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Construction managers .............................................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers ..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
17,950
1,090
4.89
.30
670
.18
.06
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts ...................................................................
All other financial specialists...............................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products ....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
Construction and building inspectors.....................................
Compliance officers and enforcement
inspectors, except construction...........................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers.................................................... ..............................
Civil engineers, including traffic..............................................
All other engineers..................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists..................................................................
Physical scientists.....................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts, except computer.....................................................
Health practitioners, technologists,
technicians, and related
health workers ........................................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales representatives and salespersons,
services....................................................................................
Appraisers, real estate ...........................................................
Sales agents, selected business services............................
Cashiers......................................................................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers .........................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
210
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
1 0 0 .0 0
n.a.
11
n.a.
28
10
17
10
11
.46
.25
.24
7,870
1,580
3,010
2.14
.43
.82
10
14
13
53
54
25
13,870
6,670
3.78
1.82
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
9
13
n.a.
28
210
.54
.38
.06
400
.1 1
12
7
320
.09
11
13
560
240
.15
.07
11
170
3,380
2,350
1,390
960
.05
.92
.64
.38
.26
17
17
n.a.
9
14
650
140
.18
.04
10
12
15
7
1,660
.45
n.a.
n.a.
650
.18
.28
13
15
8
450
.1 2
13
5
100
.03
7
7
1,850
.50
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2 ,0 0 0
1,390
1 ,0 1 0
4,400
1 .2 0
9
30
15
14
1,700
930
890
11
11
9
6
14
8
8
17
n.a.
22
11
8
620
.17
7
16
2,990
130
2,860
n.a.
17
n.a.
3
31
580
.81
.04
.78
.06
.16
9
n.a.
n.a.
52,860
14.40
n.a.
n.a.
5,960
850
1.62
.23
10
210
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
11
12
9
10
46
18
Table 4. Railroad transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
(SIC 40)
Occupation
Reservation and transportation ticket agents..........................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists ........................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Correspondence clerks .............................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Statistical clerks ........................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .................................................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Telegraph and teletype operators.............................................
All other communications equipment operators......................
Messengers................................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Production, planning, and expediting
clerks.....................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers ....................................................................................
Service occupations .....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Railroad and transit police and special agents........................
Crossing guards ........................................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers ....................................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Baggage porters and bellhops..................................................
Transportation attendants, except flight
attendants and baggage porters............................................
All other service w orkers..........................................................
Employment1
1,730
3,190
1,310
120
11
10
40
7
20
10
120
.03
15
2 ,0 0 0
.54
80
380
690
2,350
620
5,260
11,380
.0 2
.19
.64
.17
1.43
3.10
14
16
14
19
2,590
.1 0
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
14
.1 2
22
4
14
3
15
4
8
11
6
26
19
36
49
.71
n.a.
n.a.
260
.07
11
6
500
.14
.03
.33
.14
.08
.28
13
8
120
1 ,2 0 0
510
290
1,030
770
1,290
10
9
9
20
10
3
20
21
8
10
9
14
9
12
6
.35
8
17
9,220
2.51
n.a.
n.a.
3,430
.93
6
28
280
.08
13
2,570
.70
11
27
2,270
.62
13
18
670
.18
17
9
1,190
.32
9
16
10,240
2.79
n.a.
n.a.
700
2,700
230
390
.19
.74
.06
12
14
26
2,260
.62
n.a.
n.a.
1,990
360
.54
.1 0
n.a.
14
n.a.
7
1,040
570
.28
.16
15
n.a.
n.a.
100
.03
n.a.
n.a.
267,690
72.92
n.a.
n.a.
20,580
5.61
n.a.
n.a.
See footnotes at end of table.
0.47
.87
.36
.03
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
440
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
Percent of total
employment
12
.2 1
.1 1
7
14
18
9
6
6
6
Table 4. Railroad transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
(SIC 40)
Occupation
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - construction trades
and extractive workers.........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/superv-transp and
material moving machine and
vehicle workers....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - helpers, laborers,
and material movers, hand .................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Transportation inspectors .........................................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Rail car repairers....................................................................
Signal or track switch maintainers.........................................
Radio mechanics....................................................................
Electrical installers and repairers,
transportation equipment.....................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
moving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and maintenance..................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters...........................................................................
Rail-track laying and maintenance equipment
operators...............................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Precision metal workers............................................................
Machinists...............................................................................
Sheet-metal workers...............................................................
Precision workers, n.e.c.............................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Painters, transportation equipment........................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and plastic .....................................................
Hand workers, including assemblers
and fabricators........................................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Motor vehicle operators ............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer .....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Railroad conductors and yardmasters .....................................
Locomotive engineers ...............................................................
Rail yard engineers, dinkey operators, and
hostlers....................................................................................
Locomotive firers.......................................................................
Railroad brake, signal, and switch operators...........................
All other rail vehicle operatives and
controllers................................................................................
Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders........................................
Employment'
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
6,940
1.89
8
41
7,250
1.97
11
33
4,140
1.13
8
26
1 ,2 0 0
.33
8
15
1,050
3,220
.29
8
.8 8
6
14
26
720
43,250
1,040
70
11.78
.28
.0 2
19
3
7,230
19,680
8,510
140
1.97
5.36
2.32
.04
10
8
26
42
38
14
6
4,730
1,850
1.29
.50
10
8
16
44,580
3,780
4,880
12.14
1.03
1.33
n.a.
6
n.a.
30
7
22
630
.17
12
1,650
.45
.2 0
12
n.a.
8
2
9
11
n.a.
21
20
12
14
31,790
1,850
7,400
4,500
2,900
800
8 .6 6
.2 2
7
n.a.
64
19
n.a.
18
19
n.a.
1,500
60
.41
n.a.
n.a.
.0 2
22
2
n.a.
n.a.
11
7
10
.50
2 .0 2
1.23
.79
(3)
(3)
8
n.a.
10
1,430
.39
2 ,2 0 0
2,580
.60
.06
.70
190
.05
2,390
32,340
18,780
.65
8.81
5.12
9,180
6,370
43,980
2.50
1.74
11.98
3,890
410
1.06
9
17
.11
11
10
220
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
13
n.a.
9
n.a.
n.a.
9
n.a.
12
8
9
(3)
5
15
70
70
8
8
(3)
31
27
61
Table 4. Railroad transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
(SIC 40)
Occupation
Employment'
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Hoist and winch operators.....................................................
Crane and tower operators....................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
Operating engineers................................................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Helpers - mechanics and repairers ..........................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners...............................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, ha n d ..........................................................................
1,480
3,320
890
390
920
910
0.40
.90
.24
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
11
n.a.
13
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
12
n.a.
5
.1 1
12
11
.25
.25
12
10
15
5
2,860
1,830
.06
.78
.50
14
15
14
5
18
9
16,200
4.41
9
32
210
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
Percent of total
employment
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
14
Table 5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation: Employment, relative error, and
percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985
(SIC 41)
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
Total ................................................................................
291,460
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
10,830
580
3.72
490
160
.17
.05
280
330
.1 0
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides.................................................
Emergency medical technicians................................................
All other health professionals,
paraprofessional and technicians...........................................
Public relations specialists
and publicity writers ................................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales agents, selected business services...............................
Cashiers......................................................................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Reservation and transportation ticket agents .........................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers...........................................................................
Receptionists and information clerks .......................................
Typists .......................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
File clerks..................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
1 0 0 .0 0
.2 0
.1 1
5,990
2,380
620
2.06
.82
26,580
1,490
n.a.
4
n.a.
8
6
6
9
2
7
4
3
12
4
3
7
38
19
4
9.12
.51
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
930
.32
n.a.
n.a.
90
.03
9
1
280
190
.1 0
6
3
.07
7
1
.06
.03
.03
8.26
n.a.
7
13
n.a.
170
80
90
24,080
.2 1
2
1
1
18
280
.1 0
16
1
140
.05
30
1
420
.14
n.a.
n.a.
1,900
.65
n.a.
n.a.
340
910
370
280
.1 2
8
2
.31
.13
8
6
8
2
.1 0
11
1
34,270
11.76
n.a.
n.a.
900
5,250
3,200
50
.31
1.80
6
12
3
15
5
16
9
28
(3)
7
2
1 ,2 2 0
220
60
1 .1 0
.0 2
.42
.08
.0 2
3,100
460
1,310
4,420
.04
.04
1.06
.16
.45
1.52
560
190
120
120
200
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
15
5
11
9
10
1
1
1
3
4
5
3
28
.19
n.a.
n.a.
.07
.07
10
2
7
6
9
24
2
Table 5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation: Employment, relative error, and
percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 41)
Occupation
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers ....................................................................................
Service occupations .....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers ....................................................................................
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except
emergency medical technicians.............................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Guides ........................................................................................
Baggage porters and bellhops..................................................
Transportation attendants, except flight
attendants and baggage porters............................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/superv-transp and
material moving machine and
vehicle workers.....................................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Inspectors and related workers................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Automotive body and related repairers.................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers .......................
Machine setters, set-up operators, operators
and tenders.............................................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer .....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Bus drivers..............................................................................
Bus drivers, school..................................................................
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs ...................................................
Service station attendants........................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
170
900
0.06
.31
n.a.
10
n.a.
3
11,970
4.11
n.a.
n.a.
2,190
.75
4
10
8,840
3.03
3
30
440
.15
8
3
360
.1 2
14
1
140
.05
15
1
410
.14
n.a.
n.a.
11,970
4.11
n.a.
n.a.
410
260
.14
.09
7
24
2
80
.03
38
(3)
5,090
1.75
6
7
1 ,2 1 0
.42
.28
.29
5
14
9
810
840
10
2
410
2,860
.14
.98
18
n.a.
n.a.
205,910
70.65
n.a.
n.a.
3,690
1.27
n.a.
n.a.
770
.26
3
6
2,820
.97
4
17
100
.03
.03
6.41
.34
1.07
.32
n.a.
n.a.
7
4
4.26
.41
3
n.a.
30
n.a.
160
175,800
.05
60.32
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
770
.26
20
1
710
60,240
80,810
33,270
540
.24
20.67
27.73
11.41
.19
100
18,690
990
3,130
940
12,430
1 ,2 0 0
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
16
8
6
1
1
1
1
n.a.
n.a.
7
15
4
16
2
2
2
28
24
2
21
8
2
Table 5. Local and suburban transit and interurban highway passenger transportation: Employment, relative error, and
percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 41)
Occupation
Employment'
All other transportation and material moving
equipment operators...............................................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners...............................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers....................................................................................
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
910
4,310
0.31
1.48
14
3
18
1 ,0 2 0
.35
9
3
690
.24
n.a.
n.a.
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
Percent of total
employment
2
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
17
Table 6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishment
reporting selected occupations, May 1985
(SIC 42)
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
n.a.
6
8
T o ta l................................................................
1,347,920
Managerial and administrative occupations...............
Financial managers...................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers.................................................
Purchasing managers...............................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers.................................................
Administrative services managers...........................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................
General managers and top executives....................
All other managers and administrators....................
67,040
2,380
4.97
.18
1,640
480
.1 2
6
6
.04
10
2
2,060
930
.15
.07
8
6
9
3
40,940
14,210
4,400
3.04
1.05
.33
3
4
9
48
13,050
9,020
.97
.67
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
6,050
5,670
.45
.42
n.a.
n.a.
6
12
(3)
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................
Management support workers..................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists..............................................
Accountants and auditors....................................
Budget analysts...................................................
All other financial specialists...............................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists.............................................
Compliance officers and enforcement
inspectors, except construction..........................
All other management support workers................
Engineers ..................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists..................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers ................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ...................................................
Computer programmers.........................................
Computer programmer aides................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers..............
Sales and related occupations ..................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers...............................................
Sales agents, selected business services..............
Cashiers.....................................................................
All other sales and related workers ........................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations............................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ........
Credit checkers ........................................................
Adjustment clerks.....................................................
Secretaries................................................................
Stenographers..........................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks......................
Typists ......................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment.......................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping............................................................
Correspondence clerks ............................................
File clerks.................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.......
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ..............................
21
4
200
.0 1
180
.0 1
18
18
310
.0 2
15
1
1,360
.1 0
8
3
1
530
770
700
.04
.06
.05
14
1
20
1
18
1
390
.03
15
(3)
2 ,1 2 0
.16
n.a.
n.a.
660
1,080
380
.05
.08
.03
12
2
820
30,580
8
3
11
1
.06
n.a.
n.a.
2.27
n.a.
n.a.
.2 0
8
1.72
4
24
.24
4
13
14
220,930
16.39
n.a.
7,110
540
4,330
23,910
.53
.04
.32
1.77
220
.0 2
20
.1 2
11
.1 1
12
2
.03
11
1
.08
.05
7
14
4
.1 1
8
1.90
3
5
3
35
7
2,680
23,200
1,530
3,170
1,680
1,480
450
1,140
720
1,430
25,580
2,670
See footnotes at end of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
18
.1 1
.2 0
5
12
7
4
2
3
n.a.
12
1
5
33
(3)
5
1
Table 6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishment
reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued
(SIC 42)
Occupation
Employment’
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
Billing, cost and rate clerks......................................................
General office clerks ................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Messengers................................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Production, planning, and expediting
clerks....................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers...................................................................................
20,810
42,920
1.54
3.18
4
3
26
39
10,820
.80
n.a.
n.a.
5,470
.41
7
7
1,310
310
3,560
170
1,740
1,750
.1 0
3
Service occupations ....................................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers....................................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
10,650
1.580
.1 2
11
n.a.
3
180
.0 1
39
(3)
6,960
1,930
.52
.14
7
35
13
1,700
.13
n.a.
n.a.
1,003,970
74.48
n.a.
n.a.
44,740
3.32
n.a.
n.a.
3,470
.26
5
8
25,170
1.87
4
23
15,070
1 .1 2
5
16
2
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/superv-transp and
material moving machine and
vehicle workers....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - helpers, laborers,
and material movers, hand .................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Transportation inspectors .........................................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Machinery maintenance workers............................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Automotive body and related repairers.................................
.0 1
7
15
7
19
.13
.13
26
68,380
5.07
n.a.
n.a.
30,810
2.29
3
36
1,320
.1 0
10
1
17,720
1.31
6
12
16,310
1 .2 1
7
11
.26
12
1
4
(3)
5
2
2 ,2 2 0
.16
16
1
3,250
.24
13
2
.79
n.a.
1,030
490
.08
.04
14
15
390
81,230
1,470
370
13,560
8,270
2,460
.03
6.03
17
n.a.
14
See footnotes at end of table.
.0 2
19
.1 1
.03
1 .0 1
.61
.18
21
7
8
9
1
1
1
n.a.
1
1
15
7
3
Table 6. Motor freight transportation and warehousing: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishment
reporting selected occupations, May 1985—Continued
(SIC 42)
Occupation
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
Tire repairers and changers...................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Precision production workers ...................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Painters, transportation equipment........................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and plastic .....................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Welders and cutters................................................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer .....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Service station attendants........................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Hoist and winch operators.....................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
Conveyor operators and tenders...........................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Refuse collectors......................................................................
Hand packers and packagers ..................................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners...............................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers ....................................................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
51,220
3.80
3
330
2,140
1,410
.0 2
15
1
.16
8
5
n.a.
1,230
260
170
800
360
1,340
34
.1 0
n.a.
.09
.06
.03
n.a.
26
25
36
n.a.
(3)
(3)
n.a.
.0 2
.0 1
n.a.
1
.1 0
n.a.
n.a.
200
.0 1
22
1
240
.0 2
n.a.
n.a.
900
1,800
760
1,040
670
653,090
.07
.13
.06
.08
.05
48.45
23
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
509,570
37.80
1
70
143,520
990
10.65
.07
3
22
10,980
54,910
620
39,100
7,040
.81
4.07
.05
2.90
.52
.60
8,150
22,410
24,230
3,320
1.80
.25
101,630
7.54
160
1 .6 6
.0 1
22
n.a.
17
21
20
13
n.a.
31
1
n.a.
1
1
1
2
6
n.a.
(3)
16
29
1
12
2
10
4
8
8
13
4
3
15
n.a.
n.a.
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 .0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
Percent of total
employment
20
Table 7. Water transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1985
(SIC 44)
Occupation
Employment’
Percent of total
employment
Total ................................................................................
180,940
1 0 0 .0 0
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers.................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers.................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
10,180
750
5.63
.41
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts ...................................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products ....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ...................................................................................
Mechanical engineers.............................................................
Marine engineers....................................................................
All other engineers.................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists..................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ...................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides.................................................
Radio operators.........................................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales agents, selected business services...............................
Cashiers.....................................................................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Reservation and transportation ticket agents..........................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers ...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists .......................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
n.a.
8
11
380
.2 1
7
8
200
.1 1
6
5
680
350
.38
.19
10
9
7
5
3,330
2,800
1,690
1.84
1.55
.93
5
5
36
27
8
10
6,750
3,220
3.73
1.78
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
1,810
1,400
180
230
1 .0 0
n.a.
5
16
18
n.a.
17
560
.31
280
570
1,250
140
900
.15
.32
.69
.08
.50
.77
.1 0
.13
8
7
15
n.a.
15
2
2
10
5
3
n.a.
2
10
8
210
.1 2
27
1
190
.1 1
16
2
870
.48
n.a.
n.a.
430
340
20
3
4
480
.24
.19
.06
.27
740
4,950
100
400
2 ,0 0 0
11
21
1
11
3
.41
n.a.
n.a.
2.74
n.a.
n.a.
.2 2
11
1 .1 1
8
5
13
13
1,780
770
.98
.43
11
6
24,100
13.32
n.a.
n.a.
6
12
1,230
1,400
4,260
.6 8
240
320
130
.77
2.35
.06
.13
.18
.07
180
130
3,710
540
.07
2.05
.30
110
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
21
.1 0
9
20
4
17
4
40
1
8
6
9
18
4
14
15
4
5
3
2
2
41
10
Table 7. Water transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1985—Continued
(SIC 44)
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Production, planning, and expediting
clerks.....................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
1,780
3,500
0.98
1.93
7
5
16
29
970
.54
n.a.
n.a.
140
.08
15
2
310
60
350
11
3
270
.17
.03
.19
.06
.15
4,240
2.34
n.a.
n.a.
460
.25
11
4
660
.36
13
5
2,540
1.40
580
.32
14
3
1,090
.60
n.a.
n.a.
Service occupations .....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers ....................................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Guides ........................................................................................
Baggage porters and bellhops..................................................
Transportation attendants, except flight
attendants and baggage porters............................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
8,040
4.44
n.a.
n.a.
300
750
.17
.41
12
3
5
4,510
2.49
7
1,330
160
160
.74
.09
.09
10
11
37
38
(3)
230
600
.13
.33
28
1
20
2
120
.07
n.a.
n.a.
126,800
70.08
n.a.
n.a.
5,770
3.19
n.a.
n.a.
1,760
.97
110
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/superv-transp and
material moving machine and
vehicle workers.....................................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Transportation inspectors .........................................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics, marine
equipment..........................................................................
All other machinery maintenance mechanics.....................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
1
13
24
7
3
11
12
1
6
11
13
1
5
23
15
19
3,610
2 .0 0
400
.2 2
10
4
210
.1 2
26
1
110
12,140
3,390
.06
6.71
1.87
28
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3,120
270
3,670
130
1.72
.15
2.03
.07
7
18
17
11
21
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
21
22
19
1
2
1
Table 7. Water transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1985—Continued
(SIC 44)
Occupation
Employment1
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except
engines..................................................................................
Small engine specialists.........................................................
Radio mechanics....................................................................
Riggers....................................................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
moving.................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and maintenance.................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters...........................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Precision production workers ...................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Boiler operators and tenders,
low pressure.........................................................................
Painters, transportation equipment........................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and plastic .....................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Welders and cutters................................................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r.....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Captains, water vessel..............................................................
Mates, ship, boat, and barge....................................................
Pilots, sh ip ..................................................................................
Motorboat operators..................................................................
Able seamen..............................................................................
Ordinary seamen and marine oilers .........................................
Ship engineers...........................................................................
Service station attendants........................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Longshore equipment operators ............................................
Hoist and winch operators.....................................................
Crane and tower operators....................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Stevedores, except equipment operators................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
Relative error (in
percentage) 12
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
750
0.41
16
410
1,900
80
1,080
730
.23
1.05
.04
.60
.40
24
2
8
13
28
18
15
6
3
2,740
n.a.
n.a.
10
10
300
1.51
.67
.17
13
3
770
.43
12
7
290
160
50
.16
.09
.03
22
1
49
42
1
580
.32
n.a.
130
250
.07
.14
25
25
1 ,2 2 0
10
6
1
0
n.a.
1
1
.0 1
n.a.
n.a.
.1 1
190
1,710
1,650
60
70
2,350
.95
.91
.03
.04
1.30
27
n.a.
9
43
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
9
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
1,970
1.09
14
5
380
10,490
5,510
1,800
500
9,060
12,540
6,470
1,060
.2 1
5.80
3.05
.99
.28
5.01
6.93
3.58
.59
18
4
5
9
4
33
18
22
3
13
14,210
8,500
610
1,880
2,790
1.17
7.85
4.70
.34
1.04
1.54
430
29,050
8,260
2 ,1 2 0
10
1
8
6
20
5
13
15
7
14
5
n.a.
9
4
9
8
10
.24
16.06
29
4
14
4.57
7
14
11
n.a.
8
11
2
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
23
Table 8. Air transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1985
(SIC 45)
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
T o ta l................................................................................
520,480
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
20,430
960
3.93
.18
n.a.
n.a.
6
10
790
530
.15
7
9
1,700
750
.33
.14
8,600
3,780
3,320
1.65
.73
.64
10
8
27,700
9,240
5.32
1.78
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3,460
2,370
370
720
.6 6
n.a.
14
n.a.
13
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts....................................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ...................................................................................
Aeronautical and astronautical
engineers ...............................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers........................................
Industrial engineers, except sa fe ty........................................
All other engineers..................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians and technologists..............................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Physical scientists......................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides..................................................
Operations and systems researchers and
analysts, except computer.....................................................
Teachers and instructors, vocational
education and training............................................................
Health practitioners, technologists,
technicians, and related
health workers........................................................................
Public relations specialists
and publicity writers ................................................................
Airplane dispatchers and air traffic
controllers................................................................................
Radio operators.........................................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales agents, selected business services...............................
.1 0
.46
.07
.14
6
10
4
5
6
6
11
5
53
22
11
2
16
2
.18
8
6
.23
.70
.33
11
3,620
1,710
520
450
380
360
.1 0
17
2
.09
.07
.07
20
1
20
1
19
1
1,820
.35
n.a.
n.a.
920
.18
11
3
900
80
.0 2
16
n.a.
n.a.
4,240
.81
n.a.
n.a.
2,340
1,740
160
.45
.33
.03
17
15
14
3
670
.13
17
1
3,330
.64
7
13
220
.04
17
1
1,880
.36
32
3
2 ,2 2 0
.43
.08
7
13
8
420
1,870
.36
n.a.
n.a.
13,430
2.58
n.a.
n.a.
2,180
5,530
.42
1.06
6
11
7
19
960
1 ,2 0 0
S e e fo o tn o tes at e n d of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
24
.17
14
n.a.
5
3
n.a.
2
2
1
3
Table 8. Air transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1985—Continued
(SIC 45)
Occupation
Travel agents.............................................................................
Cashiers.....................................................................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Reservation and transportation ticket agents..........................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists .......................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Correspondence clerks .............................................................
File clerks..................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................
Billing, cost and rate clerks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Production, planning, and expediting
clerks....................................................................................
Transportation agents.............................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers ....................................................................................
Service occupations ....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ...............................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers....................................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households.................................................................
Baggage porters and bellhops.................................................
Flight attendants .......................................................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
.58
16
13
9
5
3
9
162,460
31.21
n.a.
n.a.
5,200
1,340
81,640
8,140
260
860
990
520
1 .0 0
4
17
5
35
47
2,030
650
3,040
0.39
.1 2
.26
15.69
1.56
.05
.17
.19
10
1
4
14
1
12
6
15
18
3
.1 2
10
4
.06
.05
1.37
24
1
12
2
6
31
.1 0
6
.36
1.26
7
5
29
3,630
.70
n.a.
n.a.
260
.05
22
1
.2 1
17
2
.1 0
12
1
.32
11
4
610
300
270
7,110
500
1,880
6,580
1,090
500
1,660
.1 0
2
6
11
120
.0 2
240
.05
19
9
4
38,470
7.39
n.a.
n.a.
2,340
.45
17
8
1,920
25,840
.37
4.96
8
5
5
15
1 .0 0
7
12
5,230
1
1,810
.35
12
4
1,330
.26
29
2
3,920
.75
14
4
93,800
18.02
n.a.
n.a.
3,030
1,160
.58
6
9
.2 2
13
2
3,710
.71
12
3
.60
6
3,140
5,840
72,440
4,480
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
30
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
202,630
S e e fo o tn o tes at e n d of table.
Percent of total
employment
25
.8 6
10
14
7
7
5
.0 1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
1 .1 2
13.92
38.93
8
(3)
Table 8. Air transportation: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1985—Continued
(SIC 45)
Occupation
Employment1
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/superv-transp and
material moving machine and
vehicle workers....................................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Transportation inspectors .........................................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except
engines..................................................................................
Aircraft mechanics...................................................................
Aircraft engine specialists......................................................
Radio mechanics.....................................................................
Electronics repairers, commercial and
industrial equipment.............................................................
Electrical installers and repairers,
transportation equipment.....................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Machinists..................................................................................
Precision workers, n.e.c..............................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Painters, transportation equipment........................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and plastic .....................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Welders and cutters................................................................
All other hand workers, n e.c..................................................
Motor vehicle operators ............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r.....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Aircraft pilots and flight engineers............................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners...............................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
w orkers....................................................................................
9,690
1 .8 6
5,710
1 .1 0
2 ,2 2 0
.43
1,760
2,390
.34
.46
730
71,880
510
3,840
1,430
.14
13.81
1,040
.1 0
Relative error (in
percentage) 12
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
n.a.
5
26
5
14
13
4
5
19
n.a.
n.a.
12
2
12
2
.74
.27
8
12
8
5
.2 0
13
3
2
(3)
51
11
10
150
54,230
6,480
950
.03
10.42
1.25
.18
26
14
3
850
.16
10
4
1,730
670
.33
.13
10
6
14
2
350
160
.07
.03
n.a.
100
.0 2
90
900
330
.0 2
.17
.06
22
1
n.a.
n.a.
780
480
.15
.09
n.a.
13
n.a.
150
.03
25
(3)
150
880
370
510
8,520
.03
.17
.07
24
n.a.
19
(3)
n.a.
.1 0
22
1
1.64
n.a.
n.a.
1,960
.38
12
4
6,560
58,620
1.26
11.26
10
9
38
2,130
1,380
700
.41
.27
.13
680
6,580
.13
1.26
26
1
6
13
37,340
7.17
4
23
130
.0 2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
21
1
26
39
1
1
(3)
2
1
n.a.
5
n.a.
20
1
11
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
Percent of total
employment
26
Table 9. Pipelines, except natural gas: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985
(SIC 46)
Occupation
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
8.23
.57
n.a.
16
n.a.
9
70
60
.36
.31
17
14
7
7
460
540
340
2.40
2.81
1.77
7
7
n.a.
34
36
n.a.
3,180
690
16.57
3.60
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
330
1.72
n.a.
n.a.
70
.36
14
8
80
.42
1.09
4.95
11
8
Employment1
T o ta l................................................................................
19,190
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers.................................................................
Administrative services managers............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
1,580
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products ....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ...................................................................................
Civil engineers, including traffic..............................................
Electrical and electronic engineers........................................
Mechanical engineers.............................................................
All other engineers..................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists..................................................................
Civil engineering technicians and
technologists........................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians and technologists..............................................
Mechanical engineering technicians
and technologists .................................................................
Drafters....................................................................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ...................................................................
All other computer systems analysts,
programmers, and programmer aides ................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
110
210
950
230
150
340
230
1 .2 0
.78
1.77
1 .2 0
15
n.a.
13
13
10
9
n.a.
14
13
16
16
10
5.89
n.a.
n.a.
60
.31
16
4
440
2.29
9
25
210
1.09
.99
12
190
8
13
14
230
1 .2 0
12
14
210
1.09
n.a.
n.a.
160
.83
22
6
50
.26
n.a.
n.a.
1.04
n.a.
n.a.
.2 1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
200
40
2,350
12.25
n.a.
190
460
60
300
440
.99
2.40
.31
1.56
2.29
11
20
7
18
7
26
5
13
35
120
.63
n.a.
n.a.
490
2.55
n.a.
n.a.
310
1.62
14
9
180
.94
n.a.
n.a.
290
1.51
n.a.
n.a.
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
1,130
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
Percent of total
employment
27
11
Table 9. Pipelines, except natural gas: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 46)
Occupation
Employment'
Service occupations .....................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - construction trades
and extractive workers.........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/superv-transp and
material moving machine and
vehicle workers.....................................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Inspectors and related workers.................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Precision instrument repairers................................................
Mechanical control and valve installers and
repairers................................................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters...........................................................................
Pipelayers................................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, operators
and tenders.............................................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Welders and cutters................................................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Gaugers...................................................................................
All other plant and system operators....................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer .....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Main line station engineers....................................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Helpers - plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters..............................................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
w orkers....................................................................................
Relative error (in
percentage) 12
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
80
0.42
n.a.
n.a.
11,960
62.32
n.a.
n.a.
1,400
7.30
n.a.
n.a.
410
2.14
8
33
290
1.51
10
20
240
1.25
10
17
460
160
1,650
500
540
2.40
.83
8.60
2.61
2.81
8
n.a.
n.a.
9
29
n.a.
n.a.
27
23
.26
39
50
360
1 .8 8
12
11
1
18
90
.57
.47
17
n.a.
7
n.a.
1,550
280
8.08
1.46
n.a.
n.a.
16
160
720
390
.83
3.75
2.03
23
110
720
.57
2.87
1.77
1.09
11.78
10.73
1.04
3.75
620
110
11
11
5
16
14
11
20
n.a.
7
18
n.a.
5
n.a.
n.a.
4
n.a.
30
4
n.a.
46
n.a.
n.a.
3.23
14
15
100
.52
16
9
100
2,460
2,320
.52
12.82
12.09
26
n.a.
4
n.a.
43
140
.73
23
6
240
1.25
18
7
700
3.65
11
60
.31
n.a.
550
340
210
2,260
2,060
200
10
20
n.a.
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent.
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
Percent of total
employment
28
T a b le 10. T r a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v ic e s :
o c c u p a t i o n s , A p ril 1 9 8 5
E m p lo y m e n t, r e la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e le c te d
(SIC 47)
Occupation
Employment1
T o ta l................................................................................
270,750
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers.................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers.................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
19,090
700
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts...................................................................
All other financial specialists...............................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ..................................................................................
Physical and life science technicians
and technologists..................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ...................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides.................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales agents, selected business services...............................
Travel agents.............................................................................
Cashiers.....................................................................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers .........................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Travel cle rks..............................................................................
Reservation and transportation ticket agents..........................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists .......................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service......................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
5
n.a.
4
1 0 0 .0 0
7.05
.26
320
.1 2
6
2
200
.07
18
1
1,620
480
.60
.18
12
10,480
3,990
1,300
3.87
1.47
.48
3
4
7
27
7,500
4,980
2.77
1.84
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4,230
3,930
60
240
1.56
1.45
.09
n.a.
4
15
24
n.a.
14
(3)
(3)
110
.04
19
1
170
470
260
.06
.17
1
.1 0
17
14
17
(3)
.0 2
42
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
60
1,160
260
600
300
.0 2
.43
6
5
2
12
3
1
.1 0
10
1
.2 2
9
16
2
.1 1
1
1,040
.38
n.a.
n.a.
111,740
41.27
n.a.
n.a.
3,260
10,860
96,150
460
1 .2 0
5
4
20
1
64
16
13
2
8
1 ,0 1 0
4.01
35.51
.17
.37
93,790
34.64
n.a.
n.a.
15,470
1,700
1,800
2,800
8,140
80
3,730
2,580
5.71
.63
2
41
1 ,1 2 0
.6 6
1.03
3.01
.03
1.38
.95
.41
9
13
10
3
19
5
7
9
1
2
2
2
26
(3)
16
7
4
.04
.13
10
1
360
10
2
2,890
13,970
1.07
5.16
2
120
S e e fo o tn o tes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
29
8
5
43
T a b le 10. T r a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v ic e s : E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e l e c t e d
o c c u p a t i o n s , A p ril 1 9 8 5 — C o n t i n u e d
(SIC 47)
Occupation
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks.........................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks..............................
General office clerks .........................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators..............................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators.......................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.....................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators............
Data entry keyers, except composing...........
All other office machine operators ................
Switchboard operators ......................................
Messengers........................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...........
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance....................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ..................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.............................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ......................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers............................................................
Service occupations .............................................
Guards and watch guards.................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers............................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..........................................
Guides ................................................................
All other service workers ..................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.....................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.....................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/superv-transp and
material moving machine and
vehicle workers.............................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - helpers, laborers,
and material movers, hand .........................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related............................
Transportation inspectors ................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations....................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers................
Maintenance repairers, general utility...........
Automotive mechanics ..................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists....................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
230
6,510
12,530
0.08
2.40
4.63
7
5
4
5,010
1.85
n.a.
n.a.
1 ,2 0 0
.44
9
3
1,610
140
1,830
230
960
2,070
.59
.05
7
25
2
11
20
6
(3)
3
(3)
.6 8
10
.08
.35
.76
42
5
7
3.79
n.a.
2 ,2 0 0
.81
7
6
1,660
.61
9
4
5,730
2 .1 2
6
8
10,260
6
5
n.a.
670
.25
19
1
1,460
.54
11
2
5,060
380
1.87
.14
n.a.
27
n.a.
(3)
130
.05
36
(3)
970
3,300
280
1 .2 2
10
4
4
.1 0
26
1
.36
8
150
.06
n.a.
n.a.
33,420
12.34
n.a.
n.a.
980
.36
n.a.
n.a.
210
.08
15
1
340
.13
13
1
280
.1 0
11
1
150
940
.06
.35
20
(3)
240
1,960
920
220
.09
.72
.34
.08
440
380
.16
.14
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
Percent of total
employment
30
13
2
28
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
11
2
16
1
12
2
24
(3)
T a b le 10. T r a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v ic e s : E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts re p o r tin g s e le c te d
o c c u p a t i o n s , A p ril 1 9 8 5 — C o n t i n u e d
(SIC 47)
Occupation
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
0.14
.04
n.a.
39
n.a.
(3)
140
140
.05
.05
25
42
(3)
(3)
70
1,750
1,430
320
12,950
.03
.65
.53
31
n.a.
15
(3)
n.a.
.1 2
22
4.78
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
6,070
2.24
7
5
6,590
290
2.43
2 ,1 0 0
3,380
80
1,810
Employment1
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and maintenance..................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, operators
and tenders.............................................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Welders and cutters................................................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r.....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route w orkers................................................................
Taxi drivers and chauffeurs...................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators.................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Longshore equipment operators............................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Stevedores, except equipment operators................................
Hand packers and packagers..................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, ha n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers....................................................................................
380
100
1
31
7
(3)
.78
1.25
.03
.67
14
n.a.
39
n.a.
(3)
10
2
1,490
500
3,320
.55
.18
1.23
37
36
9
4,640
1.71
8
3
210
.08
n.a.
n.a.
.1 1
6
1
(3)
(3)
2
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate "All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
Percent of total
employment
31
Communications
The communications industry includes establishments that
furnish communication services between two or more
parties, whether by wire or radio, and whether intended to
be received visually or aurally. These services can be
domestic, international, marine, or aeronautical. Radio and
television broadcasting is a small group of the industry. The
industry also includes the rapidly expanding cable
television service, transradio press service, operation of
radio stations, and services for the exchange or recording
of messages.
In 1985, 1.3 million persons were employed in the
communications industry. Telephone communications
employed 69 percent of the total. Radio and television broad
casting employed 18 percent; communications services 11
percent; and telegraph communication 1 percent.
Between 1982 and 1985, total employment in communi
cations declined 7 percent. Employment changes in the com
ponent industry groups are shown in the following tabulation:
Employment
1982
T e le p h o n e ................................
R adio and te le v is io n ..........
1 ,0 7 7 ,4 6 0
C om m unication services . .
2 1 8 ,9 7 0
105 ,12 0
T e le g ra p h ...............................
19,5 10
1985
9 2 0 ,2 9 0
2 3 9 ,7 1 0
Percent
change,
1982-85
- 1 4 .6
1 46,690
9 .5
3 9 .5
1 5,400
- 2 1 .1
32
Employment in the telephone and telegraph components
declined sharply as deregulation and divestiture took place
in the telephone industry. The communication services com
ponent grew dramatically. This was due, in large part, to
the continued expansion of the cable television industry.
Clerical and administrative support workers constituted the
largest occupational group in communications, with 38 per
cent (table 11). Ranking second, production and related
workers accounted for 28 percent. The remaining occupa
tional employment was distributed as follows: Professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers, 19 percent;
managerial and administrative workers, 9 percent; sales and
related workers, 5 percent; and service workers, 1 percent.
Some of the apparent changes in occupational employment
are the result of changes in classification. First-line super
visors were reclassified from managerial and administrative
occupations to their respective occupations, affecting
pimarily sales supervisors; cashiers were shifted from clerical
and administrative support occupations to sales occupations.
Much of the change, however, is explained by industry
changes that occurred as the result of deregulation and divesti
ture. The 12-percent increase of professional, paraprofessional,
and technical workers may have been caused by an increase in
financial and market planning in the industry, and by the tech
nological advances that have been made in telecommunications.
T a b le 11. C o m m u n ic a tio n s :
J u n e 1985
E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s ,
(SIC 48)
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
T o ta l................................................................................
1,322,070
1 0 0 .0 0
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers............................................
Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences
managers.................................................................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
115,180
9,450
8.71
.71
n.a.
4
n.a.
34
2,390
.18
.08
5
7
4
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts....................................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers...................................................................................
Civil engineers, including traffic..............................................
Electrical and electronic engineers........................................
Industrial engineers, except sa fe ty........................................
Mechanical engineers.............................................................
All other engineers..................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Civil engineering technicians and
technologists........................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians and technologists..............................................
Mechanical engineering technicians
and technologists .................................................................
Drafters....................................................................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Physical scientists.....................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ...................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
All other computer systems analysts,
programmers, and programmer aides ................................
Social scientists, including urban and regional
planners...................................................................................
Lawyers......................................................................................
Teachers and instructors, vocational
education and training............................................................
Health practitioners, technologists,
technicians, and related
health workers........................................................................
Writers and editors....................................................................
Public relations specialists
and publicity w riters................................................................
Reporters and correspondents ................................................
1 ,0 0 0
18,320
3,200
1.39
.24
5,650
7
50
7
.43
4
17
24,470
23,120
27,580
1.85
1.75
2.09
4
6
44
35
13
255,950
34,090
19.36
2.58
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
.92
.62
n.a.
5
7
1 2 ,2 1 0
8,240
1,380
2,590
1,390
5,060
15,430
32,900
2,070
20,360
1,540
710
2
2
.2 0
10
n.a.
17
3
3
.1 1
11
4
.1 0
.38
1.17
2.49
.16
1.54
.1 2
9
9
n.a.
6
7
n.a.
10
2
5
15
19
1
.05
.62
12
1
16
4
33,110
2.50
n.a.
n.a.
590
.04
15
1
6
15
8 ,2 2 0
15,800
490
6,080
1 .2 0
.04
.46
27
7
1
7
10,150
160
.77
12
.0 1
37
4
(3)
19,350
1.46
n.a.
n.a.
7,040
10,380
.53
.79
6
5
9
6
1,930
.15
n.a.
810
1,150
.06
.09
20
9
2
1 ,0 1 0
.08
19
1
400
7,750
.03
.59
12
5
22
2,990
10,140
.23
.77
6
9
17
S e e fo o tn o tes a t en d of table.
8
33
3
n.a.
1
1
T a b le 11. C o m m u n ic a tio n s :
J u n e 1 9 8 5 — C o n tin u e d
E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s ,
(SIC 48)
Occupation
Employment'
Broadcast news analysts..........................................................
Announcers, radio and television..............................................
Photographers...........................................................................
Camera operators, television and motion picture....................
Broadcast technicians...............................................................
Film editors................................................................................
Artists and related workers.......................................................
Designers, except interior designers........................................
Producers, directors, actors, and other
entertainers .............................................................................
Radio operators.........................................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
7,300
44,910
3,800
6,560
26,960
1,350
1,540
610
Sales and related occupations ....................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales agents, selected business services...............................
Sales agents, advertising..........................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Credit authorizers.......................................................................
Credit checkers ..........................................................................
Adjustment clerks.......................................................................
Bill and account collectors .......................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers ...........................................................................
Receptionists and information clerks .......................................
Typists ........................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Correspondence clerks .............................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service......................................................................................
Statistical clerks ........................................................................
Customer service representatives, utilities...............................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks .................................................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Directory assistance operators.................................................
Central office operators ............................................................
Telegraph and teletype operators.............................................
All other communications equipment operators......................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal service..........................................................................
Messengers................................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
0.55
3.40
.29
.50
2.04
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
3
2
5
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
18
40
6
6
10
5
.1 0
6
28
5
.1 2
6
6
.05
8
2
.62
7
15
8,230
1,620
.1 2
9,210
.70
n.a.
n.a.
71,250
5.39
n.a.
n.a.
7,380
24,360
19,740
5,000
14,770
.56
1.84
1.49
.38
5
5
3
6
10
1 .1 2
5
12
496,830
37.58
38,590
190
470
22,960
4,550
28,830
3,480
5,540
8,240
2,380
2.92
2,680
520
4,830
.0 1
.04
1.74
.34
2.18
.26
.42
.62
.18
.2 0
.04
.37
10
2
14
20
25
n.a.
n.a.
1
22
15
16
1
2
7
12
5
9
3
10
1
6
50
3
26
8
8
5
14
14
15
5
1
3
6
3
11,040
4,340
68,920
20,400
1,540
5,230
70,660
.84
.33
5.21
1.54
10
.1 2
6
6
.40
5.34
8
11
1
35
18,640
1.41
n.a.
n.a.
2,850
.2 2
8
7
7,920
1,510
4,980
1,380
9,860
33,710
43,840
3,250
2,900
.60
.11
.38
.10
.75
2.55
3.32
.25
.22
2,170
1,300
.1 0
.16
8
1
22
4
42
6
12
7
11
15
2
3
24
28
15
1
7
1
10
3
7
2
2
9
9
5
4
53,770
4.07
n.a.
n.a.
12,710
.96
8
13
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
Percent of total
employment
34
T a b le 11. C o m m u n ic a tio n s :
J u n e 1 9 8 5 — C o n tin u e d
E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e r r o r , a n d p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g s e l e c t e d o c c u p a tio n s ,
(SIC 48)
Occupation
Production, planning, and expediting
clerks....................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
w orkers....................................................................................
Service occupations ....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ...............................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers....................................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
Employment’
26,740
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
1
8
.57
5
12
2,260
.17
6
6
4,570
.35
17
2
2 2 ,0 0 0
1 .6 6
1 2 ,0 0 0
.91
1,550
800
7
9
n.a.
n.a.
8
4
.06
23
2
220
.0 2
16
(3)
8 ,0 0 0
.61
6
21
1,430
.1 1
36
1
90
.0 1
.1 2
n.a.
n.a.
370,770
28.04
n.a.
n.a.
53,210
4.02
n.a.
n.a.
47,280
3.58
1
34
5,930
6,630
.45
.50
13
13
5
4
630
298,120
.05
22.55
.46
14
n.a.
n.a.
6 ,0 2 0
6
1
11
2,920
.2 2
8
5
270
.0 2
11
1
75,830
13,360
5.74
1
21
1 .0 1
9
1 ,1 1 0
.08
.17
15
1
2,250
12
2
4,660
.35
10
4
94,280
7.13
1
36
5,200
16,980
57,550
.39
1.28
4.35
9
5
8
6
1
15
12,350
5,340
.93
.40
10
2
n.a.
n.a.
1,670
380
350
.13
.03
.03
n.a.
26
24
n.a.
.0 1
35
(3)
.06
12
1
180
760
S e e fo o tn o tes at e n d of table.
2 .0 2
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
7,490
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Precision inspectors, testers, and graders ..............................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Central office and PBX installers and
repairers................................................................................
Frame wirers, central o ffice ...................................................
Telegraph and teletype installers and
maintainers...........................................................................
Radio mechanics....................................................................
All other communications equipment mechanics,
installers, and repairers .......................................................
Telephone and cable TV line installers and
repairers................................................................................
Electronics repairers, commercial and
industrial equipment .............................................................
Electrical powerline installers and repairers..........................
Station installers and repairers, telephone...........................
All other electrical and electronic equipment
mechanics, installers, and repairers....................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and maintenance..................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Percent of total
employment
35
9
1
1
Table 11. Communications: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1985—Continued
(SIC 48)
Occupation
Employment1
Precision production w orkers...................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, operators
and tenders.............................................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer .....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
All other transportation and material moving
equipment operators...............................................................
Helpers - mechanics and repairers ..........................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers ....................................................................................
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
1,440
0.11
n.a.
n.a.
340
660
1,520
.03
.05
.11
19
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
570
.04
25
1
950
.07
12
2
650
1,420
.05
.11
13
15
1
2
3,930
.30
10
3
550
.04
n.a.
n.a.
1
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 10.
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
Percent of total
employment
36
Utilities
professional category was electrical and electronic engineer,
which accounted for nearly three-fourths of the employment
in electric services. Managers and administrators ranked
fourth among the occupational groups; nearly one-half were
employed in electric services. Service workers accounted for
2 percent of the industry employment—more than half of
these workers were cleaners and building service workers.
The smallest occupational group, sales workers, accounted
for less than 2 percent of utilities employment.
The following tabulation compares employment in the util
ities components between 1982 and 1985:
The utilities industry includes establishments which gener
ate, transmit, or distribute electricity, gas, or steam and may
also provide related transportation, communication, and
refrigeration services. Other types of services include water
supply and irrigation systems, and sanitation systems which
collect and dispose of garbage, sewage, and other wastes.
In 1985, employment in utilities totaled 904,390, an in
crease of 4 percent from 1982. Forty-nine percent of the job
holders worked in electric services. Establishments providing
combination electric, gas, and other utility services, and firms
that produce and distribute gas accounted for 22 percent.
The balance was in gas production/distribution (19 percent),
sanitary services (7 percent), water supply and irrigation sys
tems (3 percent), and the steam supply industry (less than
1 percent).
About one-half of the workers in the utilities industry held
production and related jobs. (See table 12.) Clerical occu
pations, primarily general office clerks and meter readers,
accounted for about one-fourth of industry employment.
Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations
accounted for 17 percent. The largest occupation in the
Percent
change,
Employment
1982
Electric s e r v ic e s ........................... . .
Com bined electric, gas,
and other u t ilit ie s .................... .
Gas production/distribution . . . .
Sanitary s e r v ic e s ...........................
W ater supply ................................
Irrigation s y s te m s .........................
Steam supply ..............................
1 L ess than 0 .5 percent.
37
1985
1982-85
4 1 7 ,2 0 0
4 4 5 ,7 0 0
6 .8
199,890
1 74,860
5 0 ,2 9 0
2 0 ,7 0 0
2 ,5 6 0
1,240
199,800
171,500
6 2 ,0 0 0
2 1 ,8 0 0
2 ,4 0 0
1,200
(')
- 1 .9
2 3 .3
5.3
- 6 .3
- 3 .2
Table 12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, April 1985
(SIC 49)
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
T o ta l................................................................................
904,390
100.00
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences
managers.................................................................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
57,120
3,340
6.32
.37
n.a.
4
n.a.
13
2,450
980
.27
4
5
11
.11
4,050
2,080
.45
.23
4
5
21
6,630
.73
6
17
13,980
11,580
12,030
1.55
1.28
1.33
3
4
5
47
34
18
153,770
34,020
17.00
3.76
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
15,550
11,090
2,040
2,420
1.72
1.23
.23
.27
n.a.
4
n.a.
24
6
6
7
4
2,550
.28
5
9
.65
11
11
.28
.46
1.97
.31
5
5
n.a.
9
9
7
5
9
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts....................................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ...................................................................................
Chemical engineers.................................................................
Nuclear engineers...................................................................
Civil engineers, including traffic..............................................
Electrical and electronic engineers........................................
Industrial engineers, except safety ........................................
Safety engineers, except mining............................................
Mechanical engineers.............................................................
All other engineers..................................................................
Surveying and mapping scientists ............................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Civil engineering technicians and
technologists........................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians and technologists..............................................
Mechanical engineering technicians
and technologists .................................................................
Drafters....................................................................................
Estimators and drafters, utilities.............................................
Surveying and mapping technicians and
technologists........................................................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Physical scientists.....................................................................
Geologists, geophysicists, and
oceanographers ....................................................................
All other physical scientists...................................................
Life scientists.............................................................................
Physical and life science technicians
and technologists..................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides.................................................
5,880
10,040
39,300
930
2,530
4,200
17,860
2,760
4.35
.10
7
n.a.
3
2
11
18
5
5
7
1,110
.12
10
4,810
5,100
720
.53
.56
.08
11
6
6
39,910
4.41
n.a.
n.a.
1,490
.16
7
6
11,880
1.31
5
15
1,540
8
3
7
4
11
5,690
.17
.69
.63
2,350
.26
9
6
10,760
1,640
1.19
.18
6
11
n.a.
n.a.
260
1,380
740
.03
.15
.08
8
1
7
15
5
2
2,090
.23
9
4
12,720
1.41
n.a.
n.a.
6,320
5,050
.70
.56
.13
6
6
7
8
3
6,200
1,210
See footnotes at end of table.
1.11
7
38
5
10
4
13
Table 12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued
(SIC 49)
Occupation
Programmers - numerical, tool, and process
c o n tro l..................................................................................
Mathematical scientists.............................................................
Social scientists, including urban and regional
planners...................................................................................
Lawyers......................................................................................
Farm and home management advisors...................................
Health practitioners, technologists,
technicians, and related
health workers........................................................................
Writers and editors....................................................................
Public relations specialists
and publicity writers ................................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales agents, selected business services...............................
Salespersons, retail ..................................................................
Cashiers.....................................................................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Bill and account collectors .......................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists .......................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Correspondence clerks .............................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service......................................................................................
Customer service representatives, utilities ..............................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Meter readers, utilities............................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
Employment'
Relative error (in
percentage)2
0.02
680
1,260
1,510
.08
.14
.17
27
7
4
6
6
730
560
.08
.06
13
6
3
3
1,990
.22
5
8
14,180
1.57
10
9
12,860
1.42
n.a.
n.a.
1,130
3,120
760
6,030
1,820
.12
6
6
8
6
.20
6
9
3
25
5
223,320
24.69
n.a.
n.a.
16,220
3,710
6,560
18,730
6,090
1,270
4,360
1,930
1.79
.41
.73
2.07
.67
.14
.48
4
29
.21
7
5
2,880
440
2,360
.32
.05
.26
7
10
6
8
2
2,650
27,900
14,960
1,940
3,890
37,100
.29
3.08
1.65
.19
.34
.08
.67
19
33
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
140
1,720
3
O
2
1
6
8
4
3
7
23
48
9
9
6
8
8
7
7
31
39
.43
4.10
16
4
4
5
5
5
10,200
1.13
n.a.
n.a.
1,820
.20
6
10
2,560
700
3,630
1,490
1,510
.28
.08
.40
.16
.17
5
8
2
51,260
5.67
5,980
29,300
3
3
22
3.24
12,210
1.35
4
34
930
.10
2,840
.31
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
39
.21
.6 6
12
5
11
15
51
3
9
3
13
n.a.
n.a.
8
11
9
43
3
5
Table 12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued
(SIC 49)
Occupation
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
Service occupations .....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Detectives and investigators, except public.............................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers ....................................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - construction trades
and extractive workers.........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Precision inspectors, testers, and graders ..............................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or
power generation pla n t.....................................................
All other machinery maintenance mechanics.....................
Machinery maintenance workers............................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except
engines..................................................................................
Electric motor, transformer, and related
repairers................................................................................
Powerhouse, substation, and relay
electricians............................................................................
Electrical powerline installers and repairers..........................
All other electrical and electronic equipment
mechanics, installers, and repairers....................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
Precision instrument repairers................................................
Electric meter installers and repairers...................................
Mechanical control and valve installers and
repairers................................................................................
Riggers.....................................................................................
Gas appliance repairers .........................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
7,360
0.81
6
10
15,590
1.72
n.a.
n.a.
2,470
500
3,120
.27
.06
.34
6
17
8
1
8
5
230
.03
12
1
7,840
1,430
.87
.16
4
9
26
3
2,080
.23
n.a.
n.a.
439,650
48.61
n.a.
n.a.
49,350
5.46
n.a.
n.a.
27,290
3.02
4
49
8,280
.92
5
22
13,780
5,070
1.52
.56
6
8
16
3,170
198,790
28,170
.35
21.98
3.11
7
n.a.
n.a.
25,960
2,210
2.87
.24
1,090
15,910
7,290
4
8
6
n.a.
n.a.
.12
10
11
20
2
2
1.76
.81
4
4
27
19
3,300
.36
5
9
1,400
.15
15
3
1,990
.22
11
3
14,580
70,530
1.61
7.80
6
12
3
31
4,460
.49
9
5
1,350
6,650
14,420
.15
.74
1.59
11
3
4
12
6
17
9,890
320
10,790
6,650
1.09
.04
1.19
.74
5
14
16
28,150
760
3.11
.08
.90
8,110
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
40
12
1
10
15
5
n.a.
n.a.
11
6
2
10
•
Table 12. Electric, gas, steam, water, and sanitary services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, April 1985—Continued
(SIC 49)
Occupation
Employment1
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and maintenance.................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters...........................................................................
Pipelaying fitters .....................................................................
Pipelayers................................................................................
Insulation workers ..................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Extractive and related workers, including
blasters....................................................................................
Machinists..................................................................................
Precision workers, n.e.c.............................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Boiler operators and tenders,
low pressure.........................................................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and plastic .....................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Welders and cutters................................................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and
system operators..................................................................
Gas plant operators................................................................
Power generating plant operators, except
auxiliary equipment operators..............................................
Auxiliary equipment operators, power ...................................
Power reactor operators.........................................................
Power distributors and dispatchers........................................
Stationary engineers...............................................................
All other plant and system operators....................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer ....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Gas pumping station operators..............................................
Gas compressor operators....................................................
Hoist and winch operators.....................................................
Crane and tower operators....................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
Operating engineers................................................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Helpers - mechanics and repairers ..........................................
Helpers - electricians and powerline
transmission installers ............................................................
Helpers - all other construction trades ....................................
Refuse collectors ......................................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, hand ..........................................................................
Relative error (in
percentage)1
2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
1,380
0.15
12
3
10,080
350
3,840
1.11
5
16
12
1
8
3
220
.02
23
1
3,410
.38
10
4
1,540
2,500
1,030
.17
.28
18
1
8
.11
n.a.
4
n.a.
2,880
.32
n.a.
n.a.
1,200
.13
10
1
340
.04
19
(3)
1,340
7,420
6,500
920
50,210
.15
.82
.72
13
n.a.
5
n.a.
.10
21
20
1
5.55
n.a.
n.a.
4,390
5,210
.49
.58
6
9
7
6
15,720
8,380
2,550
8,750
1,780
3,430
14,490
1.74
.93
.28
.97
6
9
7
.38
1.60
n.a.
3
n.a.
10,770
1.19
5
17
3,720
.41
12
9
1,100
.12
1.88
12
n.a.
3
n.a.
11
2
7
14
5
16,960
1,240
3,060
570
670
.04
.42
.20
5,880
.14
.34
.06
.07
.23
.65
3,420
5,600
.38
.62
10,780
4,600
22,790
13,220
2,120
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
Percent of total
employment
5
10
4
20
11
8
10
5
2
1
8
2
1
2
4
14
6
5
5
8
1.19
.51
2.52
5
14
6
3
6
12
1.46
7
14
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
41
Wholesale Trade
The wholesale trade industry group is primarily engaged
in selling large quantities of goods to retailers; to industrial,
commercial, institutional, farm, or professional business
users; and to other wholesalers. The industry group also
includes agents or brokers who buy and sell merchandise to
other wholesalers or agents. In addition to selling, whole
sale establishments are involved in maintaining inventories
of goods; extending credit; physically assembling, sorting,
and grading goods in large lots; delivery; refrigeration; and
various types of promotion.
The durable goods sector of wholesale trade includes
establishments primarily engaged in the wholesale distribu
tion of the following kinds of merchandise: Motor vehicles
and automotive parts and supplies; furniture and home fur
nishings; lumber and other construction materials; sporting,
recreational, photographic, hobby goods, and toys and
supplies; metals and minerals except petroleum; electrical
goods; hardware, plumbing, and heating equipment and
supplies; machinery, equipment, and supplies; and miscel
laneous durable goods.
Firms in the nondurable goods sector are primarily engaged
in the wholesale distribution of the following kinds of
merchandise: Paper and paper products; drugs, drug
proprietaries, and druggists’ sundries; apparel, piece goods,
and notions; groceries and related products; farm-product
raw materials; chemicals and allied products; petroleum and
petroleum products; beer, wine, and distilled alcoholic bever
ages; and miscellaneous nondurable goods.
There were approximately 5.8 million persons employed
in wholesale trade in 1985. As shown in text table 2, the
durable goods sector, with 3.4 million workers, accounted
for 59 percent of the employment in the industry. Nondurable
goods establishments employed 2.3 million workers.
Employment in wholesale trade increased by 8 percent
between 1982 and 1985; the durable goods and nondurable
goods sectors increased by 10 and 6 percent, respectively.
Industries which declined in employment were metals and
minerals except petroleum, 1 percent; farm-product raw
materials, 4 percent; and petroleum and petroleum products,
9 percent. Contributing to these declines were the lingering
effects of the 1981-82 recession on the agricultural, mining,
and manufacturing industries.
Between 1982 and 1985, there were relatively strong em
ployment gains in the following industries: Lumber and other
construction materials, 21 percent; paper and paper products,
17 percent; electrical goods, 16 percent; and furniture and
home furnishings, 15 percent. The employment increase in
lumber and other construction materials corresponded to the
recovery in housing starts. Employment increases in the other
three industries may have been influenced by the relatively
large increase in the rate of growth of consumer installment
credit between 1982 and 1985, which itself was partially due
to deregulation (for example, the Depository Institutions
Deregulation and Monetary Control Act of 1980).
Durable goods
There were 3.4 million persons employed in the whole
sale durable goods sector in 1985. The three largest indus
tries, accounting for 70 percent of durable goods employment
were: Machinery, equipment, and supplies, with 1.5
million workers; electrical goods, with over 500,000; and
Text table 2. Employment in wholesale trade by industry,
1982 and 1985, and percent change
Percent
change,
1982-85
SIC
Code
1982
Wholesale trade, to ta l........
50,51
5,325,230
5,767,230
8.3
50
3,117,870
3,428,870
10.0
501
407,710
435,300
6.8
502
113,180
130,290
15.1
503
179,540
217,800
21.3
504
72,750
80,800
11.1
505
506
142,190
432,300
141,100
501,900
16.1
507
236,340
256,400
8.5
508
1,351,400
1,466,700
8.5
509
182,400
198,620
8.9
2,208,000
2,338,360
5.9
511
157,070
184,410
17.4
512
154,710
166,390
7.5
513
171,320
187,390
9.4
514
685,800
738,900
7.7
515
136,080
130,290
-4.2
516
134,990
134,990
0.0
517
518
227,510
146,920
207,900
153,600
-8.6
4.5
519
393,590
434,500
10.4
Durable g o o d s ......................
Motor vehicles and automotive parts and supplies .
Furniture and home
furnishings........................
Lumber and other construction materials............
Sporting and other
recreational goods............
Metals and minerals
except petroleum..............
Electrical goods..................
Hardware, plumbing, and
heating equipment
and supplies....................
Machinery, equipment,
and supplies....................
Miscellaneous durable
goods ...............................
Nondurable g o o d s ................
Paper and paper
products ..........................
Drugs, drug proprietaries,
etc.......................................
Apparel, piece goods,
etc....................................
Groceries and related
products ...........................
Farm-product raw
materials ...........................
Chemicals and allied
products ...........................
Petroleum and petroleum
products ...........................
Beer, wine, etc.....................
Miscellaneous nondurable
goods ...............................
42
Employment
Industry
51
1985
- .8
motor vehicles and automotive parts and supplies, with 435,000.
Among the occupational groups, clerical occupations ranked
highest, with 29 percent of wholesale durable goods employ
ment. (See table 13.) Production and related workers accounted
for 29 percent. The next largest group, sales workers, accounted
for 26 percent. Managerial and administrative workers con
stituted 9 percent; professional, paraprofessional, and techni
cal workers, 8 percent; and service workers, less than 1 percent.
The five occupations with the highest concentrations of work
ers in the wholesale trade durable goods sector, accounting for
29 percent of employment, are given in the tabulation below:
Sales representatives, except scientific
and related products or services
and retail ............................................................
General managers and top e x e c u tiv e s..........
Sales representatives, scientific and related
products or services, except r e ta il............
S ecreta ries..............................................................
General office c le r k s ..........................................
Employment,
1985
Percent o f
industry
employment,
1985
333,100
227,710
9.7
6 .6
182,640
136,640
130,190
5.3
4 .0
3.8
tries, which accounted for 59 percent of total employment in
this sector were: Groceries and related products, with 738,900
workers; miscellaneous nondurable goods, with 434,500
workers; and petroleum and petroleum products, with 207,900
workers.
Among the occupational groups, the largest number of
workers were in production and related occupations, with 31
percent of employment (table 14). Clerical and administrative
support occupations ranked second with 27 percent. Sales oc
cupations accounted for 26 percent. Managerial and adminis
trative workers accounted for 8 percent, and professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers made up 4 percent.
The highest concentrations of workers in the wholesale trade
nondurable goods industry were in the following occupations:
Employment,
1985
Sales representatives, except
scientific and related products or
services and r e ta il.....................................
Truckdrivers, l i g h t ........................................
Truckdrivers, h e a v y .....................................
General m anagers and top e x e c u tiv e s. .
Freight, stock, and material
m overs, hand .............................................
Nondurable goods
In 1985, 2.3 million persons were employed in the whole
sale trade nondurable goods sector. The three largest indus
43
. . . 3 0 0 ,3 6 0
Percent o f
industry
employment,
1985
...
...
...
151,570
131,810
127,650
12.8
6 .5
5 .6
5 .4
...
9 7 ,1 7 0
4.1
Table 13. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1985
(SIC 50)
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
4
T o ta l................................................................................
3,428,870
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
321,870
6,510
9.39
.19
n.a.
5
2,660
38,980
.08
1.14
3
12,750
4,240
.37
6
4
.1 2
8
2
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts....................................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products...........................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers,
farm products........................................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
Cost estimators........................................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ...................................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers........................................
Mechanical engineers.............................................................
All other engineers..................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians and technologists..............................................
Mechanical engineering technicians
and technologists .................................................................
Drafters....................................................................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides..................................................
Health practitioners, technologists,
technicians, and related
health workers........................................................................
Writers and editors.....................................................................
Artists and related workers.......................................................
Designers, except interior designers........................................
Interior designers .......................................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers................................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales engineers..........................................................................
6
2
20
6,350
227,710
22,670
.19
6.64
6
.6 6
n.a.
3
69
n.a.
259,590
95,450
7.57
2.78
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
36,720
33,540
800
2,380
1.07
.98
n.a.
18
.07
n.a.
3
13
14
40,730
1.19
3
16
.0 2
1
1
1
3,920
.1 1
10
2
2 ,2 0 0
.06
11
1
3,120
1,370
7,390
21,460
12,330
5,040
4,090
.09
.04
15
1
11
1
.2 2
20
1
n.a.
n.a.
12
1
.1 2
16
16
1
69,740
2.03
n.a.
n.a.
58,420
1.70
6
6
1,980
3,980
.06
26
(3)
.1 2
10
2
5,360
.16
16
1
47,910
1.40
n.a.
n.a.
20,940
25,360
1,610
.61
.74
.05
12
2
3,090
700
1,450
1,070
1,230
.09
.63
.36
.15
1
8
7
9
1
n.a.
(3)
.04
.03
.04
n.a.
16
19
15
14
17,490
.51
n.a.
n.a.
904,390
26.38
n.a.
n.a.
100,400
11,500
2.93
.34
2
35
13
1
See footnotes at end of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
44
.0 2
1
(3)
(3)
Table 13. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 50)
Occupation
Sales representatives, scientific and related
products and services, except retail......................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, retail ..................................................................
Salespersons, p a rts..................................................................
Counter and rental clerks .........................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................
Cashiers.....................................................................................
News and street vendors, telephone solicitors,
door-to-door sales
workers, and other related workers.......................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models...................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Credit authorizers......................................................................
Credit checkers .........................................................................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Bill and account collectors .......................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers ...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists .......................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Correspondence clerks .............................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service......................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................
Billing, cost and rate clerks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal service..........................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,
recordkeeping ......................................................................
Marking clerks.........................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd .........................................................................
Order fillers, wholesale and
retail trad e ..............................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
Service occupations....................................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
182,640
5.33
3
16
333,100
85,300
129,210
2,600
40,240
9,100
9.71
2.49
3.77
.08
1.17
.27
2
2
46
16
25
17
4
11
2,320
900
7,080
.07
.03
27
26
.2 1
22
1
4
8
1
4
(3)
(3)
983,580
28.69
n.a.
n.a.
72,760
1,810
1,840
9,200
4,100
136,640
2 .1 2
2
31
1 ,1 0 0
27,910
17,150
6,880
1,340
980
2,730
.05
.05
.27
.1 2
3.98
.03
.81
.50
.2 0
.04
.03
.08
8
1
11
1
10
7
2
13
3
4
6
7
20
2
2
40
(3)
16
6
3
1
(3)
9
2
18
45
2 .0 0
3
2
25,660
130,190
3.75
.06
.75
3.80
5
4
3
33
62,380
1.82
n.a.
n.a.
16,020
.47
5
7
19,090
2,790
23,430
1,050
12,260
.56
.08
4
29
4
30
5
1,920
.06
6
1
261,050
7.61
n.a.
n.a.
3,350
.1 0
10
2
2,630
630
.08
16
.0 2
20
91,250
2 .6 6
3
20
76,420
2.23
3
15
82,930
2.42
3
25
3,840
.11
14
1
6,280
.18
12
1
24,950
.73
n.a.
n.a.
68,460
128,730
2 ,2 1 0
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
45
.6 8
.03
.36
2
12
10
(3)
10
(3)
9
1
(3)
Table 13. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 50)
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
1,820
1,770
0.05
.05
12
1
16
1
18,930
2,430
.55
.07
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
1,230
.04
n.a.
n.a.
933,260
27.22
n.a.
n.a.
54,480
1.59
n.a.
n.a.
43,900
1.28
3
18
10,580
.31
5
4
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Production inspectors, testers, graders,
sorters, samplers, and weighers............................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Automotive body and related repairers.................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except
engines..................................................................................
Farm equipment mechanics...................................................
Aircraft mechanics...................................................................
Small engine specialists.........................................................
Data processing equipment repairers....................................
Electronic home entertainment equipment
repairers................................................................................
Electric home appliance and power tool
repairers................................................................................
Electrical installers and repairers,
transportation equipment.....................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
Camera and photographic equipment repairers....................
Watchmakers..........................................................................
Office machine and cash register servicers..........................
Tire repairers and changers...................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and maintenance..................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters...........................................................................
Carpet installers......................................................................
Glaziers....................................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Precision metal workers............................................................
Machinists...............................................................................
Jewelers and silversmiths......................................................
Sheet-metal workers...............................................................
Precision woodworkers..............................................................
7,170
10
1
21
(3)
n.a.
4,020
352,050
8,160
51,390
21,710
3,200
10.27
.24
1.50
.63
.09
n.a.
6
5
16
1
42,440
1.24
6
5
.90
8
.1 2
20
5
1
11
30,700
37,880
1,330
1,470
35,580
.04
.04
1.04
43
30
3
4
(3)
(3)
10
1
1,980
.06
27
(3)
1,850
.05
28
0
2 ,1 0 0
.06
27
(3)
14,650
790
.43
9
44
35
7
(3)
(3)
3
1 ,1 0 0
42,210
7,350
46,160
1 .1 0
.0 2
.03
1.23
8
2
10
1
1.35
n.a.
n.a.
17,990
2,410
1,530
.52
.07
.04
n.a.
16
33
n.a.
(3)
(3)
620
.0 2
22
(3)
2 ,2 0 0
.06
640
4,400
6,190
38,690
33,930
1,870
2,890
4,140
.0 2
23
31
(3)
(3)
See footnotes at end of table.
.2 1
46
.2 1
.13
.18
1.13
12
1
20
1
n.a.
n.a.
.99
6
.05
.08
26
21
6
(3)
(3)
.1 2
n.a.
n.a.
Table 13. Wholesale trade-durable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 50)
Occupation
Wood machinists....................................................................
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ..................................
Furniture finishers ...................................................................
Upholsterers...............................................................................
Precision workers, n.e.c.............................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Sewing machine operators, garment.....................................
Sewing machine operators, nongarment ..............................
Painters, transportation equipment........................................
Packaging and filling machine operators
and tenders..........................................................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and plastic .....................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Welders and cutters................................................................
Assemblers and fabricators, except machine,
electrical, electronic, and precision.....................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Driver/sales workers...............................................................
Service station attendants........................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Hoist and winch operators.....................................................
Crane and tower operators....................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
Conveyor operators and tenders...........................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Helpers - mechanics and repairers ..........................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand..............................
Hand packers and packagers ..................................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners...............................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers....................................................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
0.05
.05
.26
n.a.
n.a.
24,050
670
1,080
350
.70
n.a.
33
23
.0 1
20
n.a.
(3)
(3)
(3)
1,680
.05
16
(3)
5,710
.17
13
1
14,560
61,070
24,880
.42
1.78
.73
9
n.a.
5
n.a.
24,430
11,760
400
156,150
.71
.34
4.55
7
n.a.
34
n.a.
n.a
(3)
n.a.
58,610
1.71
3
17
94,080
3,460
1,350
2.74
2
26
5,560
41,380
1,350
7,960
24,670
4,060
.0 2
.0 1
.0 2
.03
.0 1
.1 0
.04
.16
22
16
23
(3)
(3)
(3)
0
2
6
2
1
(3)
13
n.a.
18
n.a.
6
5
3
7
.1 2
10
1
.1 0
24
17
3
1 .2 1
.04
.23
.72
3,340
2,510
79,460
30,640
1,610
.07
2.32
.89
.05
40,840
1.19
370
15
23
38
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
1,840
1,780
520
470
8,860
' Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate "All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
.0 1
1
1
(3)
1
16
13
4
(3)
5
5
n.a.
n.a.
5
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
47
Table 14. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1985
(SIC 51)
Occupation
Employment’
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
T o ta l................................................................................
2,338,360
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
Food service and lodging managers........................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
186,020
4,300
7.96
.18
n.a.
4
n.a.
5
1,840
25,330
.08
1.08
4
3
3
18
7,560
.32
.09
5
7
2
5,300
870
127,650
11,170
.23
.04
5.46
.48
4
43
5
5
(3)
63
4
102,760
65,110
4.39
2.78
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
23,820
22,470
530
820
1 .0 2
n.a.
17
.04
n.a.
3
9
9
25,280
1.08
3
14
11,420
.49
5
6
620
.03
10
.05
7
13
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts....................................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products...........................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers,
farm products........................................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products ....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
Cost estimators........................................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ...................................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers........................................
Mechanical engineers.............................................................
All other engineers..................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians and technologists..............................................
Drafters....................................................................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Physical scientists......................................................................
Life scientists.............................................................................
Physical and life science technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aid e s.................................................
Pharmacists ...............................................................................
All other health professionals,
paraprofessional and technicians...........................................
Writers and editors....................................................................
Artists and related workers.......................................................
Designers, except interior designers........................................
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ........................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
2 ,0 0 0
.96
.0 2
1
5
1
1
1
1,140
340
2,490
.0 1
2 ,2 2 0
.09
300
670
1,250
.0 1
.03
.05
2,800
.1 2
n.a.
1,410
410
.06
13
1
.0 2
12
(3)
980
1,840
1,700
.04
.08
.07
2,520
.1 1
.1 1
1
(3)
10
1
n.a.
21
n.a.
(3)
10
1
14
1
n.a.
11
19
n.a.
n.a.
1
(3)
12
1
n.a.
n.a.
11,380
.49
2,340
7,860
1,180
610
.1 0
1,720
620
2,030
4,110
1,240
.07
.03
.09
.18
.05
n.a.
37
4,860
.2 1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
609,510
See footnotes at end of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
48
.34
.05
.03
26.07
7
4
2
7
6
1
22
(3)
11
n.a.
(3)
1
12
1
14
1
Table 14. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 51)
Occupation
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales engineers.........................................................................
Sales representatives, scientific and related
products and services, except retail......................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, retail ...................................................................
Salespersons, p a rts..................................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
News and street vendors, telephone solicitors,
door-to-door sales
workers, and other related workers.......................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models...................................
All other sales and related w orkers.........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Credit authorizers......................................................................
Credit checkers.........................................................................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Bill and account collectors .......................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
T ypists.......................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Correspondence cle rks.............................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service.....................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office c le rks.................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators..............................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal service..........................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,
recordkeeping ......................................................................
Marking clerks.........................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd .........................................................................
Order fillers, wholesale and
retail trade..............................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
78,250
760
3.35
.03
27
35
(3)
70,170
3.00
3
10
300,360
65,860
3,540
45,240
38,050
12.84
2.82
.15
1.93
1.63
1
42
13
2,310
940
4,030
.1 0
.04
.17
24
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
620,200
26.52
n.a.
n.a.
44,720
1,080
1.91
.05
.04
.17
.08
3.00
2
30
10
1
1 ,0 0 0
3,970
1,880
70,120
480
14,070
7,050
3,130
1 ,1 2 0
580
2 ,0 2 0
.0 2
.60
.30
.13
.05
.0 2
.09
2
4
11
2
9
9
4
4
21
0
7
1
6
2
6
2
13
3
5
6
5
2
35
(3)
13
5
3
2
12
(3)
6
2
3
2
14
44
3
9
33
n.a.
34,750
82,280
1,980
14,000
80,150
1.49
3.52
.08
.60
3.43
41,020
1.75
n.a.
10,140
.43
4
6
12,880
700
16,520
780
5,190
.55
.03
.71
.03
3
11
.2 2
3
15
3
1,390
.06
10
203,730
8.71
n.a.
1,900
.08
6
1,910
1,550
.08
.07
10
55,170
1
4
4
8
1
10
(3)
7
2
2
1
17
(3)
2.36
3
15
81,520
3.49
3
16
56,740
2.43
3
20
4,940
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
49
.2 1
10
1
Table 14. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 51)
Occupation
All other clerical and administrative support
w orkers....................................................................................
Service occupations.....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers....................................................................................
Waiters and waitresses..........................................................
Counter attendants, lunchroom,
coffee shop, or cafeteria.....................................................
Bakers, bread and pastry.......................................................
Butchers and meat cutters.....................................................
Cooks, restaurant....................................................................
Food preparation workers......................................................
Combined food preparation and service workers.................
All other food service workers ...............................................
Pharmacy assistants..................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Maids and housekeeping cleaners........................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping cleaners.................................................
All other cleaning and building service
workers, except private households ...................................
All other service w orkers..........................................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Nursery w orkers........................................................................
Graders and sorters, agricultural products..............................
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm ..........................
All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
related workers........................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Production inspectors, testers, graders,
sorters, samplers, and weighers............................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Automotive body and related repairers.................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except
engines..................................................................................
Farm equipment mechanics...................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
Office machine and cash register servicers..........................
Coin and vending machine servicers and
repairers................................................................................
Tire repairers and changers...................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
4,490
0.19
9
52,270
2.24
n.a.
n.a.
1,700
1,780
.07
.08
8
1
8
1
31,950
1,150
1.37
.05
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
700
1,810
.03
.08
33
23
7
28
2 0 ,0 0 0
300
2,980
1,230
3,780
240
.8 6
.0 1
.13
.05
.16
.0 1
21
1
(3)
(3)
2
29
n.a.
48
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.
(3)
20
16,090
280
.69
.0 1
n.a.
29
n.a.
(3)
15,420
.6 6
3
12
390
510
.0 2
.0 2
19
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
1.45
.18
.28
.05
n.a.
19
13
28
n.a.
(3)
22,240
.95
7
3
733,620
31.37
n.a.
n.a.
23,150
.99
n.a.
n.a.
11,640
.50
4
9
11,510
.49
4
6
3,900
.17
13
1
1,080
48,840
1,840
22,070
5,130
250
.05
2.09
.08
.94
14
n.a.
9
3
5
16
(3)
n.a.
8,090
.35
4
5
360
1,280
.0 2
.05
35
16
3,160
670
.14
.03
10
2
21
(3)
760
2,600
.03
24
9
(3)
33,980
4,130
6,500
1 ,1 1 0
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
50
.2 2
.0 1
.1 1
1
(3)
1
14
4
(3)
(3)
1
2
Table 14. Wholesale trade-nondurable goods: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 51)
Occupation
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Carpenters.................................................................................
Machinists.................................................................................
Custom tailors and sewers.......................................................
Precision workers, n.e.c.............................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Sewing machine operators, garment.....................................
Sewing machine operators, nongarment..............................
Packaging and filling machine operators
and tenders..........................................................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and plastic .....................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Welders and cutters................................................................
Assemblers and fabricators, except machine,
electrical, electronic, and precision.....................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer ....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Driver/sales workers...............................................................
Service station attendants........................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Hoist and winch operators.....................................................
Crane and tower operators....................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
Conveyor operators and tenders...........................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Helpers - mechanics and repairers ..........................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand..............................
Hand packers and packagers ..................................................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners...............................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers...................................................................................
Employment'
2,630
490
3,150
640
4,050
Relative error (in
percentage) 12
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
0 .1 1
n.a.
.0 2
21
n.a.
(3)
.13
.03
.17
16
35
n.a.
l3)
n.a.
27,530
3,030
730
1.18
.13
.03
n.a.
33
n.a.
C3)
(3)
7,600
.33
9
1
3,310
.14
14
1
12,860
11,440
1,090
.55
.49
.05
n.a.
n.a.
15
n.a.
n.a.
4,010
6,340
1,600
325,260
.17
.27
.07
13.91
15
n.a.
16
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
131,810
5.64
2
30
151,570
41,880
23,570
6.48
1.79
2
6
1 .0 1
6
34
4
5
2,440
40,580
330
320
29,390
7,620
.1 0
1.74
.0 1
.0 1
1.26
.33
20
14
n.a.
36
27
3
8
1
1
1
n.a.
(3)
(3)
8
2
.1 2
15
1
1,170
97,170
70,660
940
.05
4.16
3.02
.04
11
1
44,860
1.92
5
5
1 ,1 0 0
.05
n.a.
n.a.
2,920
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
2
17
4
16
8
1
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
51
Retail Trade
Retail trade industries include those establishments or
businesses which sell merchandise for personal or household
consumption and also render services incidental to the sale
of those goods.
In 1985, there were 17.5 million workers employed in re
tail trade, a 15-percent increase from 1982 (text table 3).
Factors which may have contributed to this employment
growth include the increase in both consumer installment debt
and housing starts; a stable economy that encouraged con
sumer expenditures; and an increase in two-income house
holds. The consequent strong demand for retail goods,
combined with consumer willingness to use debt as a means
to obtain these items, led to employment gains in all sectors
of the retail trade industry from 1982 to 1985.
With 5.9 million workers or one-third of industry employ
ment, eating and drinking places constituted the largest
employer in retail trade (table 15). Food stores were next
with 2.8 million workers or 16 percent. Ranking third were
general merchandise stores, with 2.3 million or 13 percent,
followed closely by miscellaneous retail stores, with 2.2
million or 12 percent, and automotive dealers and gasoline
service stations, employing 1.9 million or 11 percent.
Apparel and accessory stores employed 1 million or 6 per
cent, while furniture dealers (726,000) and building material
dealers (711,000) each accounted for 4 percent of industry
employment.
Sales and related workers constituted the largest occupa
tional group in retail trade, numbering 6.5 million or 37 per
cent of total industry employment. Nearly three-fourths of
these workers were employed as salespersons and cashiers.
General merchandise stores accounted for 22 percent of all
sales employment.
Service workers (5.8 million) accounted for 33 percent of
industry employment. Of these workers, 24 percent or 1.4
million were waiters and waitresses. Eating and drinking
establishments employed the largest number of service
workers in retail trade, with 5.1 million workers or 87
percent.
Production and related occupations ranked third with 1.9
million workers or 11 percent. The largest occupation in this
group was automotive mechanic; 45 percent of the auto
mechanics in retail trade were employed at automotive
dealerships and gasoline service stations.
Clerical occupations made up 1.5 million or 9 percent of
industry employment, ranking fourth among the occupational
groups. Approximately one-quarter of these workers were
employed in general merchandise stores. Bookkeeping,
accounting, and auditing clerks made up the largest occupa
tion in this group, with 338,000 workers or 22 percent.
Managerial and administrative occupations accounted for
1.3 million workers or 7 percent of retail trade employment.
Of these, 27 percent were employed in eating and drinking
places. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occu
pations made up 3 percent of total employment in retail trade;
buyers and pharmacists were the two largest occupations in
this major group. The smallest major group was agriculture,
forestry, fishing, and related workers, which constituted less
than 1 percent of industry employment.
Text table 3. Employment in retail trade by industry, 1982
and 1985, and percent change
Employment
Industry
SIC
Code
1985
15,246,080
17,524,420
14.9
52
599,580
710,950
18.6
53
54
2,150,570
2,466,270
2,275,450
2,785,160
5.8
12.9
55
1,637,690
1,915,410
17.0
56
933,620
1,030,940
10.4
57
58
59
573,880
4,985,150
1,899,320
726,440
5,923,060
2,157,010
26.6
188
13.6
Retail trade, to ta l................ 52-59
Building materials, hardware,
garden supply stores,
and mobile home dealers . .
General merchandise
stores ...................................
Food stores............................
Automotive dealers and
gasoline service stations . . . .
Apparel and accessory
stores ...................................
Furniture, home furnishings,
and equipment stores..........
Eating and drinking places. . .
Miscellaneous retail................
1982
Percent
change,
1982-85
Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores,
and mobile home dealers
This industry consists of establishments that sell lumber
and other building materials; paint, glass, and wallpaper;
hardware; nursery stock; lawn and garden supplies; and
mobile homes.
Employment in this industry totaled 710,950 in 1985, a
19-percent increase from 1982. The largest industry within
this group was lumber and other building materials dealers,
with 373,000 workers or 52 percent. Hardware stores
employed 164,000 or 23 percent. Retail nurseries, lawn and
52
garden supply stores (74,000), and paint, glass, and wall
paper stores (68,000) each employed 10 percent of the in
dustry’s workers. The smallest group was mobile home
dealers, with 32,000 or 5 percent.
Sales workers made up the largest occupational group, with
43 percent (table 16). Production and related occupations
accounted for 22 percent. Ranking third were clerical and
administrative support workers, with 120,790 or 17 percent
of total employment. Managerial and administrative occu
pations accounted for 80,040 or 11 percent. Of the re
maining 7 percent of industry employment, professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers totaled 24,370;
agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related workers, 18,600;
and service workers, 7,290.
General merchandise stores
This industry includes establishments which sell several
lines of merchandise, such as dry goods, apparel and acces
sories, furniture and home furnishings, small wares, hard
ware, and food.
In 1985, employment in these stores totaled 2.3 million,
a 6-percent increase over 1982. Department stores, with 1.9
million workers or 84 percent of industry employment, were
the largest employer in this industry. Variety stores accounted
for 223,000 jobs or 10 percent. Miscellaneous general mer
chandise stores accounted for 142,000 or 6 percent.
The largest occupational group in this industry was sales
and related workers, with 1.4 million persons or 63 percent
of total industry employment (table 17). Almost two-thirds
of these workers were retail salespersons. Clerical and
administrative workers ranked second with 375,000 or 17
percent. The majority of these workers were employed in
office clerical positions. Production and related occupations
and service occupations each accounted for about 6 percent
of industry employment or 135,000 and 130,000, respec
tively. Managerial and administrative occupations numbered
125,000 or 5 percent, while professional, paraprofessional,
and technical workers numbered 69,000 or 3 percent.
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations
accounted for less than 1 percent of employment in these
stores.
Food stores
This industry consists of establishments selling food for
home preparation and consumption.
Employment in food stores in 1985 totaled 2.8 million,
a 13-percent increase from 1982. With 2.4 million workers
or 87 percent of food store employment, grocery stores were
the largest employer in this industry. Retail bakeries
accounted for 158,000 or 6 percent. Meat and seafood
markets, including freezer provisioners (60,000) and stores
selling dairy products (40,000), each made up 2 percent of
industry employment. The remaining 3 percent was dis
tributed among fruit stores and vegetable markets, 22,000;
candy, nut, and confectionery stores, 31,000; and miscel
laneous food stores (those engaged in the retail sale of special
ized foods such as coffee, tea, spices, etc.), 39,000.
Sales and related occupations accounted for 1.7 million
or 61 percent of employment in food store (table 18). Nearly
half of these workers were cashiers. Service workers con
stituted 456,000 or 16 percent, almost one-third of whom
were butchers or meat-cutters. With 241,000 or 9 percent
of industry employment, production and related workers
were the third largest occupational group. Managers and
administrative occupations constituted 188,000 or 7 percent
of industry employment, followed closely by clerical and
administrative support workers with 165,000 or 6 percent.
Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations em
ployed 42,000 or 1 percent, while agriculture, forestry, fish
ing, and related workers made up less than 1 percent of total
industry employment.
Automotive dealers and gasoline service stations
This industry comprises establishments engaged in the
retail sale of new and used automobiles, boats, recreational
and utility trailers, and motorcycles; other automotive
vehicles such as dune buggies, snowmobiles, and go-carts;
and new automobile parts and accessories. Gasoline service
stations are also included.
In 1985, this industry employed 1.9 million workers, a
17-percent increase from 1982. Persons working in dealer
ships selling new and used motor vehicles numbered 856,000
or 45 percent of industry employment. Gasoline service sta
tions accounted for 598,000 or 31 percent. Sixteen percent
held jobs in auto and home supply stores, selling products
such as tires, batteries, radios, and television sets. The
remaining 8 percent were in establishments selling used
motor vehicles, with 54,000 workers; boat dealers, 34,000
workers; motorcycle dealers, 33,000 workers; recreational
and utility trailer dealers, 21,000 workers; and miscellaneous
automotive dealers, 9,000 workers.
Unlike any other industry in retail trade, almost half of
the workers, or 871,000, were employed in production and
related occupations (table 19). One-third of these workers
were automotive mechanics. Sales and related workers
ranked second with 576,000 or 30 percent of total employ
ment. Clerical and administrative support occupations
accounted for 245,000 workers or 13 percent. Managerial
and administrative workers made up 162,000 or 8 percent
of total industry employment. The remaining 3 percent con
sisted primarily of 46,000 service workers and 16,000 profes
sional, paraprofessional, and technical workers.
Apparel and accessory stores
This industry includes establishments engaged in the
retail sale of new clothing, shoes, hats, underwear, and
53
related articles for personal wear and adornment. Furriers and
custom tailors carrying stocks of materials are also included.
Apparel and accessory stores employed 1 million workers
in 1985, a 10-percent increase from 1982. Women’s readyto-wear stores, with 374,000 employees, accounted for 36
percent of industry employment. Family clothing stores
ranked second with 217,000 or 21 percent, followed closely
by shoe stores, with 21,000 or 20 percent. Men’s and boys’
clothing and furnishings stores accounted for 110,000
workers or 11 percent. Establishments selling miscellaneous
apparel and accessories, such as bathing suits, sports apparel,
and uniforms, employed 54,000 or 5 percent. The remain
ing 7 percent consisted of 34,000 employed at children’s and
infants’ wear stores; 27,000 at women’s accessory and
specialty stores; and 6,900 at furriers and fur shops.
Sales and related workers, totaling 764,000, made up the
largest occupational group, with 74 percent of industry
employment (table 20). Managerial and administrative
workers accounted for 97,000 workers or 10 percent. Cler
ical and administrative support occupations made up 84,000
or 8 percent. Ranking fourth were production and related
workers with 45,000 or 4 percent. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers accounted for 28,000 or 3
percent of employment in this industry; service occupations,
13.000 or 1 percent; and agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
related workers, less than 1 percent.
Eating and drinking places
This industry includes firms engaged in the sale of prepared
foods and drinks for consumption on the premises, and lunch
counters and refreshment stands selling prepared foods and
drinks for immediate consumption. Restaurants and lunch coun
ters operated by hotels and department stores are excluded.
There were 5.9 million persons employed in eating and
drinking places in 1985, a 19-percent increase from 1982. This
industry, with over one-third of all workers, was the
largest employer in retail trade.
The majority, 5.1 million or 85 percent of workers in this
industry, were in service occupations (table 22). Almost all
of these, 94 percent, were food service workers. Managerial
and administrative occupations made up 338,000 or 6 per
cent of industry employment, followed closely by sales and
related occupations with 307,000 or 5 percent, most of whom
were cashiers. The remaining 4 percent consisted of 106,000
clerical and administrative support occupations; 70,000
production and related occupations; 38,000 professional,
paraprofessional, and technical occupations; and 1,000
agriculture, forestry, fishing and related workers.
Miscellaneous retail stores
This industry comprises establishments engaged in the
retail sale of miscellaneous goods, other than those previously
discussed. Among such firms are drug stores, liquor stores,
used merchandise stores, nonstore retailers, fuel and ice
dealers, miscellaneous shopping goods stores, and florists.
Employment in miscellaneous retail stores was 2.2 mil
lion in 1985, a 14-percent increase over 1982. Miscellaneous
shopping stores (book stores; jewelry stores; hobby, toy, and
game shops; sporting goods stores; etc.) accounted for
697.000 workers or 32 percent. Drug stores employed
541.000 or 25 percent. Other retail stores (florists, cosmetic
stores, cigar stores and stands, etc.) accounted for 355,000
workers or 16 percent of industry employment.
Nonstore retailers, such as mail-order houses and auto
matic merchandising machine operators, employed 258,000
or 12 percent. Liquor stores totaled 128,000 workers or 6
percent; fuel and ice dealers, 103,000 or 5 percent; and used
merchandise stores, 77,000 or 4 percent.
Sales workers constituted the largest occupational group in
this industry, with 1.1 million workers, or over one-half of
total industry employment ( table 23). Clerical and adminis
trative support occupations accounted for 281,000 or 13 per
cent, followed closely by production and related workers with
263.000 or 12 percent. Professional, paraprofessional, and tech
nical workers made up 196,000 or 9 percent, while managerial
and administrative workers totaled 178,000 or 8 percent. Serv
ice occupations accounted for 97,000 workers or 5 percent of
industry employment. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
workers made up the smallest occupational group.
Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores
Firms that sell furniture, floor coverings, draperies, housewares, stoves, refrigerators, and other household electrical
and gas appliances comprise the furniture, home furnishings,
and equipment industry.
In 1985, employment in this industry totaled 726,000, a
27-percent increase from 1982. Furniture, home furnishings,
and equipment stores (except appliances) accounted for
416.000 workers or 57 percent of industry employment. With
225.000 or 31 percent, radio, television, and music stores
were the second largest employer in this industry. House
hold appliance stores employed 85,000 workers or 12
percent.
Workers in sales and related occupations, numbering
296.000, constituted the largest occupational group, with 41
percent of industry employment (table 21). Over 75 percent
of these workers were salespersons. Production and related
workers ranked second in employment with 164,000 or 23
percent. Clerical and administrative workers, totaling
133.000, accounted for 18 percent. Managerial and adminis
trative workers, with 86,000 or 12 percent, ranked fourth.
Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupations
accounted for 38,000 or 5 percent, while service workers
accounted for 9,000 or 1 percent. Agriculture, forestry, fish
ing and related workers constituted less than 1 percent.
54
Table 15. Retail trade: Percent distribution of employment in major occupational groups by industry, 1985
Industry
Total ................................................
Percent.............................................
Building materials, hardware,
garden supply, and mobile
home dealers............................
General merchandise stores..........
Food sto re s.....................................
Automotive dealers and gasoline
service stations.........................
Apparel and accessory stores.......
Furniture, home furnishings, and
equipment stores.......................
Eating and drinking places.............
Miscellaneous retail.........................
Total
Professional,
Managers
paraproand
fessional, and
administrative
technical
workers
workers
17,524,420 1,254,560
1 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
Sales and
related
workers
450,180
6,511,830
1 0 0 .0 0
1 0 0 .0 0
Clerical and
administrative
workers
1,509,400
1 0 0 .0 0
Agricultural,
forestry,
fishing, and
related
workers
28,740
1 0 0 .0 0
Production,
construction,
operating,
maintenance,
and material
handling
workers
1,947,320
1 0 0 .0 0
4.06
12.98
15.89
6.38
9.94
15.01
5.41
15.25
9.32
4.63
22.14
25.97
24.87
10.94
64.72
.77
3.65
6.94
12.40
10.93
5.88
12.89
7.77
3.53
6 .2 0
8.84
11.74
16.21
5.55
.97
.42
44.73
2.29
4.15
33.80
12.31
6.84
26.97
14.20
8.36
8.36
43.57
4.55
4.71
17.42
8.84
7.00
18.60
.17
2.75
26.55
8.44
3.60
13.49
55
8 .0 0
8 .1 2
Service
workers
5,822,390
1 0 0 .0 0
.13
2.23
7.84
.79
.2 2
.15
86.97
1.67
Table 16. Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment, relative error,
and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985
(SIC 52)
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
T o ta l................................................................................
710,950
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
80,040
600
11.26
.08
n.a.
n.a.
6
2
210
.03
1.70
7
3
1,090
360
.15
.05
12
2
15
1
670
62,300
2,710
.09
8.76
.38
24,370
16,850
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products...........................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers,
farm products........................................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products ....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
Cost estimators.......................................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Drafters....................................................................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides.................................................
Artists and related workers.......................................................
Designers, except interior designers ........................................
Interior designers ......................................................................
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ........................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales engineers.........................................................................
Sales representatives, scientific and related
products and services, except retail......................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, retail ...................................................................
Salespersons, p a rts...................................................................
Counter and rental clerks .........................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
News and street vendors, telephone solicitors,
door-to-door sales
workers, and other related workers.......................................
1 2 ,1 0 0
1
20
7
1
1
n.a.
72
n.a.
3.43
2.37
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4,440
4,280
160
.62
.60
.0 2
n.a.
4
n.a.
n.a.
9
n.a.
11,060
1.56
4
15
.0 1
36
(3)
180
.03
19
(3)
140
530
410
.0 2
12
(3)
.07
.06
16
16
(3)
.28
.26
n.a.
9
n.a.
3
140
.0 2
n.a.
n.a.
570
.08
n.a.
n.a.
170
300
.0 2
(3)
.04
17
13
100
.0 1
12
170
1,530
2,690
.0 2
12
(3)
(3)
.2 2
8
2
.38
100
.0 1
9
14
3
(3)
440
.06
n.a.
n.a.
301,780
42.45
n.a.
n.a.
10,040
1.41
120
.0 2
4
35
(3)
150
.0 2
35
(3)
90
2 ,0 2 0
1,880
1
1
8
1 .0 2
7
1
37,390
46,790
26.60
.13
1.13
5.26
6.58
23
5
3
2
3
75
(3)
7
29
25
800
.11
32
(3)
7,270
189,110
940
8 ,0 2 0
See footnotes at end of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
56
Table 16. Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment, relative error,
and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 52)
Occupation
All other sales and related workers ...............................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.........................................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..............................
Credit authorizers.................................................................................
Credit checkers ....................................................................................
Adjustment cle rk s .................................................................................
Bill and account collectors ................................................................
S e creta rie s.............................................................................................
Receptionists and information c le rk s .............................................
Typists .....................................................................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
tim ekeeping.........................................................................................
File c le rk s ...............................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
se rvice..................................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing c le rk s .............................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........................................................
Billing, cost and rate c le rk s ..............................................................
General office cierks ..........................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine o p e ra to rs ..............................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
eq uip m ent.........................................................................................
Data entry keyers, except com posing.........................................
All other office machine operators ..............................................
Switchboard operators .......................................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal s e rvice.....................................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing w o rk e rs .........................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
a m b u la n c e .......................................................................................
Marking cle rk s....................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard ....................................................................................
Order fillers, wholesale and
retail tr a d e ..........................................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
c le rk s .................................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers .......................................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
w o rk e rs ................................................................................................
Service occupations ...............................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service .......................................................
Detectives and investigators, except p u b lic .................................
Guards and watch gu ards..................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households............................................................................
Maids and housekeeping cleaners ..............................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping cleaners ........................................................
All other cleaning and building service
workers, except private households .........................................
All other service workers ...................................................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.........................................................................................
Nursery workers ...................................................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except fa rm ..............................
All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
related w o rk e rs ..................................................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
1,150
0.16
n.a.
n.a.
120,790
16.99
n.a.
n.a.
1,870
240
120
610
220
13,730
350
100
.26
.03
.02
.09
.03
1.93
.05
.01
7
13
16
13
12
3
12
26
3
1
(3)
160
110
.02
.02
10
15
(3)
(3)
550
32,660
300
4,240
19,410
.08
4.59
.04
.60
2.73
16
2
9
5
3
1
49
1
8
24
3,220
.45
n.a.
n.a.
2,380
560
280
320
.33
.08
.04
.05
6
9
n.a.
10
5
1
n.a.
1
130
.02
16
41,830
5.88
n.a.
450
170
.06
.02
11
24
29,750
4.18
3
18
820
.12
15
1
10,170
1.43
4
13
470
.07
n.a.
n.a.
620
.09
n.a.
n.a.
7,290
1.03
n.a.
n.a.
200
140
1,500
.03
.02
.21
15
20
8
(3)
(3)
2
5,250
240
.74
.03
n.a.
18
n.a.
4,930
.69
4
10
80
200
.01
.03
41
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
18,600
9,650
8,410
2.62
1.36
1.18
n.a.
4
4
n.a.
6
6
540
.08
n.a.
n.a.
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
Percent of total
employment
57
(3)
1
1
22
1
(3)
n.a.
1
(3)
(3)
Table 16. Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment, relative error,
and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 52)
Occupation
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.........................................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .............................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers .................................................................
All other first-line supervisors and m anager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and re la te d ..............................................................
Inspectors and related w o rke rs........................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repa ire rs...............................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility..........................................
Automotive mechanics ....................................................................
Automotive body and related repa ire rs......................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
sp ecialists.........................................................................................
Farm equipment m echanics...........................................................
Small engine specialists..................................................................
Electric home appliance and power tool
repa ire rs............................................................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.............................................................
Installers and repairers, manufactured
buildings, mobile homes, and travel trailers ..........................
Tire repairers and changers...........................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and re p a ire rs ..........................
Construction trades workers, except material
m o v in g .................................................................................................
Carpenters ..........................................................................................
Electricians..........................................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and m aintena nce............................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steam fitters.......................................................................................
Carpet installers.................................................................................
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard
tile s .....................................................................................................
G la zie rs .................................................................................................
Fence erectors ..................................................................................
All other construction trades w o rkers..........................................
Precision production workers ...........................................................
Precision woodworkers.......................................................................
Wood m achinists...............................................................................
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters ........................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, operators
and te n d e rs .........................................................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c..............................................................................
Welders and cu tte rs.........................................................................
Carpet cutters, diagrammers, and
seamers ............................................................................................
Assemblers and fabricators, except machine,
electrical, electronic, and precision...........................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..........................................................
Motor vehicle o p e ra to rs .....................................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer ..................................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers .........................................................................
Driver/sales w o rk e rs ........................................................................
Material moving equipment operato rs.........................................
Industrial truck and tractor op erato rs..........................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...........................................................................................
Helpers - mechanics and repairers .................................................
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
158,080
22.24
n.a.
n.a.
7,360
1.04
n.a.
n.a.
5,600
.79
5
8
1,760
160
26,020
5,040
1,360
350
.25
.02
3.66
.71
.19
.05
8
n.a.
n.a.
7
11
31
3
n.a.
n.a.
6
2
890
80
6,360
.13
.01
.89
11
44
4
(3)
8
350
.05
22
1
230
.03
37
8,000
150
3,210
1.13
.02
.45
5
30
n.a.
23,170
7,150
80
3.26
1.01
.01
n.a.
8
50
n.a.
4
950
.13
19
1
420
140
.06
.02
25
30
230
11,970
880
1,350
500
8,640
7,840
800
.03
1.68
.12
.19
.07
1.22
1.10
.11
37
5
29
21
n.a.
n.a.
6
23
1,030
10,390
140
.14
1.46
.02
n.a.
n.a.
44
110
.02
47
9,600
540
51,790
1.35
.08
7.28
7
23
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
20,160
2.84
4
13
31,280
350
11,050
10,660
4.40
.05
1.55
1.50
3
31
n.a.
5
(3)
n.a.
8
390
110
.05
.02
26
34
Employment'
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
58
(3)
2
(3)
4
(3)
n.a.
0
(3)
(3)
(3)
5
(3)
1
n.a.
n.a.
5
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
(3)
5
24
(3)
(3)
Table 16. Building materials, hardware, garden supply stores, and mobile home dealers: Employment, relative error,
and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 52)
Occupation
Employment1
Freight, stock, and material movers, h a n d ...................................
Hand packers and p a c k a g e rs ..........................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d .....................................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
w o rk e rs ................................................................................................
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
6,860
350
0.96
.05
7
28
10,290
1.45
n.a.
n.a.
360
.05
n.a.
n.a.
' Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
3
(3)
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 10.
59
Table 17. General merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985
(SIC 53)
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
5.48
.14
n.a.
7
n.a.
8
4,180
12,440
.18
.55
6
5
13
17
15,340
1,070
.67
.05
4
8
15
3
3,930
1,450
62,420
20,800
.17
.06
2.74
.91
6
6
2
8
12
6
79
17
68,660
39,080
3.02
1.72
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4,810
3,170
1,000
640
.21
.14
.04
.03
n.a.
12
24
17
n.a.
6
2
1
22,930
1.01
6
13
590
.03
31
1,400
.06
24
1
7,130
2,220
670
.31
.10
.03
4
n.a.
n.a.
17
n.a.
n.a.
2,730
.12
n.a.
n.a.
930
1,400
400
370
3,100
.04
.06
.02
.02
.14
15
11
14
22
7
2
2
1
1
4
420
1,180
290
1,670
930
1,640
12,760
.02
.05
.01
.07
.04
.07
.56
n.a.
11
20
9
11
17
3
n.a.
3
1
3
3
3
24
3,820
.17
n.a.
n.a.
1,441,540
63.35
n.a.
n.a.
82,360
360
3.62
.02
3
25
(3)
310
.01
29
(3)
7,980
905,040
9,390
6,580
173,690
206,790
.35
39.77
.41
.29
7.63
9.09
15
(3)
13
14
3
2
2
77
4
4
52
57
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
T o t a l............................................................................................
2,275,450
100.00
Managerial and administrative occupations....................................
Financial m anagers..............................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations m anagers............................................................................
Purchasing m a n a g e rs .........................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations m anagers............................................................................
Administrative services m a n a g e rs ...................................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations m a n a g e rs .......................................................................
Food service and lodging m an a g ers..............................................
General managers and top execu tive s..........................................
All other managers and adm inistrators..........................................
124,760
3,130
Occupation
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations......................................................................
Management support w o rke rs..........................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists........................................................................
Accountants and auditors............................................................
Budget a n a ly s ts ..............................................................................
All other financial specialists.......................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm prod ucts....................................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers,
farm products..................................................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm p ro d u c ts..........................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations sp ecialists........................................................................
All other management support w o rk e rs .....................................
Engineers ................................................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .............................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ..............................................................................
Computer program m ers...................................................................
Computer programmer a id e s .........................................................
Opticians, dispensing and m easuring.............................................
Pharmacists ...........................................................................................
All other health professionals,
paraprofessional and technicians.................................................
Writers and editors...............................................................................
P hotographers.......................................................................................
Artists and related w o rke rs................................................................
Designers, except interior d e sig n ers..............................................
Interior designers .................................................................................
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ...........................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical w o rke rs....................................
Sales and related occupations ...........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related w o rk e rs ..........................................................................
Sales en gin eers....................................................................................
Sales representatives, scientific and related
products and services, except re ta il............................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and re ta il........................................
Salespersons, retail .............................................................................
Salespersons, p a r ts .............................................................................
Counter and rental clerks ..................................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r.....................................................................
C ashiers...................................................................................................
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
60
(3)
51
Table 17. General merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 53)
Occupation
News and street vendors, telephone solicitors,
door-to-door sales
workers, and other related w o rk e rs .............................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and m odels........................................
All other sales and related workers ...............................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.........................................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..............................
Credit authorizers.................................................................................
Credit checkers ....................................................................................
Adjustment cle rk s.................................................................................
Bill and account collectors ...............................................................
S e creta rie s.............................................................................................
Sten og rap hers......................................................................................
Receptionists and information c le rk s .............................................
Typists .....................................................................................................
Typists, word processing eq u ip m e n t..............................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
tim ekeeping.........................................................................................
Correspondence clerks ......................................................................
File c le rk s ...............................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service..................................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing c le rk s .............................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ........................................................
Billing, cost and rate c le rk s ..............................................................
General office clerks ..........................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine o p erato rs..............................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...........................................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
eq uip m ent.........................................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment o p erato rs..........................................
Data entry keyers, except com posing.........................................
All other office machine operators ..............................................
Switchboard operators .......................................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal se rv ic e .....................................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing w o rk e rs .........................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
a m b u la n c e ........................................................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,
recordkeeping .................................................................................
Marking cle rk s ....................................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard ....................................................................................
Order fillers, wholesale and
retail tr a d e ..........................................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
c le rk s .................................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers .......................................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
w o rk e rs ................................................................................................
Service occupations ...............................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service .......................................................
Detectives and investigators, except p u b lic .................................
Guards and watch gu ards..................................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
w o rk e rs ................................................................................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge or
coffee shop .....................................................................................
B arten ders...........................................................................................
Employment'
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
18,200
5,160
25,680
0.80
.23
1.13
6
13
4
7
5
15
375,390
16.50
n.a.
n.a.
22,090
7,200
3,050
40,760
9,390
11,490
360
2,000
2,380
300
.97
.32
.13
1.79
.41
.50
.02
.09
.10
.01
3
10
9
3
9
6
19
15
19
14
34
5
3
23
5
20
1
4
3
1
4,450
870
2,470
.20
.04
.11
5
10
14
13
2
3
20,630
29,480
3,500
3,280
43,230
.91
1.30
.15
.14
1.90
4
3
4
7
4
15
37
10
5
34
13,850
.61
n.a.
n.a.
1,270
.06
11
2
2,160
1,400
8,190
830
13,080
.09
.06
.36
.04
.57
9
12
7
19
3
4
2
10
1
18
1,400
.06
8
4
132,050
5.80
n.a.
n.a.
10,130
.45
7
6
1,130
38,020
.05
1.67
17
4
1
26
49,580
2.18
3
32
4,180
.18
15
2
25,210
1.11
3
28
3,800
.17
19
2
8,080
.36
7
8
129,770
5.70
n.a.
n.a.
4,410
13,020
12,540
.19
.57
.55
5
4
3
11
16
15
45,100
1.98
n.a.
n.a.
1,430
230
.06
.01
7
19
3
1
S e e fo o tn o tes at en d of table.
Percent of total
employment
61
Table 17. General merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 53)
Occupation
Waiters and waitresses ................................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and
bartender helpers ........................................................
Counter attendants, lunchroom,
coffee shop, or c a fe te ria ...........................................
Bakers, bread and p a s try .............................................
Butchers and meat cu tters...........................................
Cooks, resta urant...........................................................
Cooks, institution or c a fe te ria .....................................
Cooks, specialty fast fo o d ............................................
Cooks, short o r d e r .........................................................
Food preparation w o rk e rs ............................................
Combined food preparation and service workers ..
All other food service workers ...................................
Pharmacy assistants.........................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households.........................................................
Maids and housekeeping c le a n e rs ............................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping c le a n e rs .....................................
All other cleaning and building service
workers, except private households ......................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists ..........
All other service w o rk e rs ................................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations......................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations......................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers ...........................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ..............................................
All other first-line supervisors and m anager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and re la te d ...........................................
Inspectors and related w orkers.....................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.............................
Machinery maintenance m echanics..........................
Maintenance repairers, general utility.......................
Automotive mechanics .................................................
Electronic home entertainment equipment
repa ire rs..........................................................................
Electric home appliance and power tool
repairers..........................................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers...........................................
Bicycle repa ire rs.............................................................
Tire repairers and ch ang ers.........................................
All other mechanics, installers, and re p a ire rs ........
Construction trades workers, except material
m o v in g ..............................................................................
Carpenters .......................................................................
E lectricians.......................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and m ain ten a n ce.........................................................
All other construction trades w orkers.......................
Jewelers and silversm iths...............................................
Furniture finishers ............................................................
Custom tailors and s e w e rs ............................................
Precision workers, n.e.c...................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic............................................
Sewing machine operators, g a rm e n t.......................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
11,480
0.50
6
7
1,880
.08
10
3
10,870
550
890
2,610
900
1,850
2,690
4,690
4,020
1,010
960
.48
.02
.04
.11
.04
.08
.12
.21
.18
.04
.04
5
14
17
7
20
12
9
7
8
11
12
9
1
2
5
1
1
4
5
4
2
2
31,810
1,460
1.40
.06
n.a.
14
n.a.
2
29,440
1.29
2
38
910
20,700
1,230
.04
.91
.05
14
6
12
1
7
2
220
.01
n.a.
n.a.
135,110
5.94
n.a.
n.a.
4,650
.20
n.a.
n.a.
3,030
.13
5
9
1,620
760
67,760
600
9,110
16,540
.07
.03
2.98
.03
.40
.73
11
n.a.
n.a.
13
5
4
4
n.a.
n.a.
1
13
12
660
.03
29
22,260
.98
7
6
400
620
7,380
10,190
.02
.03
.32
.45
32
7
7
n.a.
1
3
6
n.a.
2,110
770
500
.09
.03
.02
n.a.
15
13
n.a.
2
1
350
490
250
410
6,890
1,400
.02
.02
.01
.02
.30
.06
17
42
26
12
4
n.a.
(3)
(3)
2
13
n.a.
3,690
770
.16
.03
n.a.
15
n.a.
1
S e e fo o tn o tes a t en d of table.
Percent of total
employment
62
O
1
Table 17. General merchandise stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 53)
Occupation
Employment'
Sewing machine operators, nongarment ...................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic..........................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and p la s tic .............................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c..............................................................................
Assemblers and fabricators, except machine,
electrical, electronic, and precision...........................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..........................................................
Plant and system w o rk e rs .................................................................
Motor vehicle o p e ra to rs .....................................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tr a ile r .................................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers .........................................................................
Service station atte n d a n ts .................................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .............................................................................................
Material moving equipment o p erato rs............................................
Industrial truck and tractor op erato rs.............................................
Conveyor operators and te n d e rs ....................................................
Helpers - mechanics and repairers ................................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, h a n d ...................................
Hand packers and packagers ..........................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d .....................................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
w o rk e rs ................................................................................................
820
0.04
100
(3)
Relative error (in
percentage)2
33
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
18
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
2,000
1,410
.09
.06
320
1,090
620
5,570
.01
.05
.03
.24
2,680
.12
g
4
2,890
840
.13
.04
g
28
6
1
380
2,640
2,200
440
1,930
19,160
6,030
.02
.12
.10
.02
.08
.84
.27
8,060
.35
n.a.
n.a.
550
.02
n.a.
n.a.
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
n.a.
15
n.a.
19
n.a.
15
45
10
6
7
0
n.a.
1
<3)
3
11
4
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 10.
63
T a b le
18.
June
1985
F o o d s to re s :
E m p lo y m e n t , r e la t iv e e r r o r , a n d
p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g
s e le c te d
o c c u p a tio n s ,
(SIC 54)
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
9
n.a.
3
T o ta l................................................................................
2,785,160
Managerial and administrative occupations................................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
Food service and lodging managers........................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
188,310
1,740
6.76
.06
1,720
25,380
.06
.91
11
2,030
1,390
.07
.05
15
31
2
1,160
14
1
135,030
18,760
.04
.04
4.85
.67
41,940
32,060
1.51
1.15
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
7,390
.27
n.a.
n.a.
17,080
.61
7
9
4,480
.16
15
3
790
2,320
.03
.08
13
n.a.
n.a.
1,810
.06
n.a.
n.a.
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers...................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products...........................................................
Purchasing agents and buyers,
farm products........................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides..................................................
Health practitioners, technologists,
technicians, and related
health workers........................................................................
Designers, except interior designers........................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers................................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, retail ...................................................................
Counter and rental clerks .........................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models...................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support w orkers..........................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Bill and account collectors.......................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists ........................................................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
1 ,1 0 0
540
910
360
6
3
14
1
20
1
2
59
7
6
1
.0 2
21
1
.03
9
15
1
.0 1
1
6,050
440
.0 2
n.a.
25
n.a.
(3)
1,180
.04
n.a.
n.a.
1,690,850
60.71
n.a.
n.a.
72,320
2.60
4
16
1,900
257,170
13,550
534,840
776,790
45
3
17
34
20
1
33,280
.07
9.23
.49
19.20
27.89
.04
1.19
n.a.
n.a.
165,140
5.93
n.a.
n.a.
4,240
1,040
350
12,780
880
670
.15
.04
1 ,0 0 0
900
670
S e e fo o tn o tes a t en d of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
64
.2 2
.0 1
1
1
1
1
41
56
12
4
31
18
1
1
.46
.03
8
10
12
2
.0 2
15
1
.03
12
1
.0 2
12
1
T a b le
June
18.
F o o d s to re s :
E m p lo y m e n t, r e la t iv e e r r o r , a n d
p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g
s e le c te d
o c c u p a tio n s ,
1 9 8 5 — C o n t in u e d
(SIC 54)
Occupation
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service.....................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................
Billing, cost and rate clerks......................................................
General office clerks ................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal service..........................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,
recordkeeping ......................................................................
Marking clerks.........................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Order fillers, wholesale and
retail trade..............................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
Service occupations ....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Detectives and investigators, except public.............................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers....................................................................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge or
coffee s h o p ..........................................................................
Waiters and waitresses ..........................................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and
bartender helpers .................................................................
Counter attendants, lunchroom,
coffee shop, or cafeteria.....................................................
Bakers, bread and pastry.......................................................
Butchers and meat cutters.....................................................
Cooks, restaurant...................................................................
Cooks, institution or cafeteria................................................
Cooks, specialty fast fo o d ......................................................
Cooks, short order ..................................................................
Food preparation workers......................................................
Combined food preparation and service workers.................
All other food service workers ...............................................
Pharmacy assistants..................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .........................
All other service workers ..........................................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Employment1
1,490
43,930
1,690
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
19
4
26,830
0.05
1.58
.06
.08
.96
3,550
.13
n.a.
n.a.
32
(3)
2 ,2 2 0
480
850
1,610
610
360
.0 2
.03
.06
1
10
28
3
13
5
11
10
2
1
n.a.
.0 1
13
n.a.
17
420
.0 2
14
1
59,820
2.15
.0 2
2
1
n.a.
n.a.
.0 1
12
1
1,990
1,820
.07
.07
40
19
43,200
1.55
8
7
5,320
.19
14
1
5,960
.2 1
8
4
1,150
.04
3,300
380
(3)
1
38
(3)
.1 2
n.a.
n.a.
456,420
16.39
n.a.
n.a.
9,180
1,430
2,470
.33
.05
.09
9
14
15
5
409,190
14.69
n.a.
n.a.
620
13,880
.0 2
27
.50
11
(3)
4
2 ,1 2 0
.08
19
1
37,510
66,620
142,230
1,550
680
460
9,620
74,620
43,140
16,140
1,550
1.35
2.39
5.11
.06
6
9
31
36
30,090
400
1.08
.0 2
.0 2
.35
2 .6 8
1.55
.58
.06
3
2
22
1
n.a.
n.a.
.08
1,050
.04
n.a.
65
1
(3)
(3)
4
16
9
n.a.
2 ,1 1 0
.0 1
1
27
36
14
5
7
n.a.
13
n.a.
16
n.a.
S e e fo o tn o tes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
1
1
n.a.
T a b le
June
18.
F o o d s to re s :
E m p lo y m e n t, r e la tiv e e r r o r , a n d
p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts r e p o r tin g
s e le c te d
o c c u p a tio n s ,
1 9 8 5 — C o n t in u e d
(SIC 54)
Occupation
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Carpenters..................................................................................
Precision production workers ...................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Packaging and filling machine operators
and tenders..........................................................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and plastic .....................................................
Hand workers, including assemblers
and fabricators........................................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer .....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Driver/sales workers...............................................................
Service station attendants........................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators.......................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand...............................
Hand packers and packagers ..................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers....................................................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 12
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
241,450
8.67
n.a.
n.a.
1,710
.06
n.a.
n.a.
460
.0 2
28
1
1,250
8,260
880
4,550
300
.04
.30
.03
.16
.0 1
48
n.a.
(3)
5
(3)
1,090
.04
15
(3)
.03
.1 1
15
n.a.
26
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
5,980
.2 1
n.a.
n.a.
4,930
.18
780
660
410
2,980
120
.0 2
.0 1
(3)
15
n.a.
20
10
13
1
1
1
n.a.
n.a.
930
.03
20
1
830
23,090
.03
.83
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
12,360
.44
10
3
.26
9
16
41
31
7
3
(3)
(3)
7,300
3,430
840
3,550
131,590
48,380
.03
.13
4.72
1.74
12,830
.46
n.a.
n.a.
1 ,0 0 0
.04
n.a.
n.a.
.1 2
3
7
10
10
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
Percent of total
employment
66
T a b le
19.
re p o r tin g
A u to m o tiv e d e a le r s a n d
s e le c te d
g a s o lin e s e r v ic e s ta tio n s :
o c c u p a tio n s , J u n e
E m p lo y m e n t , r e la t iv e e r r o r , a n d
p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts
1985
(SIC 55)
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
7
n.a.
3
T o ta l................................................................................
1,915,410
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers.................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
Food service and lodging managers........................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
161,680
2,160
8.44
630
710
.03
.04
19
17
1
36,740
920
1.92
.05
3
15
17
.03
17
.0 2
12
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products...........................................................
Cost estimators.......................................................................
All other management support workers................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales representatives, scientific and related
products and services, except retail......................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, retail ..................................................................
Salespersons, p a rts ..................................................................
Counter and rental clerks .........................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
News and street vendors, telephone solicitors,
door-to-door sales
workers, and other related workers.......................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers .........................
Credit authorizers......................................................................
Credit checkers .........................................................................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Bill and account collectors .......................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists .......................................................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service.....................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................
.1 1
1
1
500
320
114,360
5,340
5.97
.28
1
(3)
(3)
54
10
2
15,880
14,560
.83
.76
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
12,720
12,300
420
.6 6
n.a.
5
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
640
440
760
270
.03
.0 1
17
29
n.a.
31
(3)
n.a.
(3)
1,050
.05
n.a.
n.a.
575,850
30.06
n.a.
n.a.
20,230
1.06
4
8
490
.03
50
(3)
6,560
250,260
128,910
1,800
3,080
162,310
.34
13.07
6.73
.09
.16
8.47
17
1
1
38
34
.64
.0 2
.0 2
.04
2
10
1
15
13
1
2
30
44
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
1
270
1,940
.1 0
244,660
12.77
n.a.
n.a.
39,990
410
480
740
620
25,990
1,630
380
2.09
3
15
23
20
(3)
(3)
370
950
1,170
77,620
1,140
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
67
.0 1
.0 2
1
.03
.04
.03
1.36
.09
24
13
3
12
1
.0 2
21
(3)
.0 2
20
(3)
.05
10
1
.06
4.05
.06
1
18
15
1
2
42
7
2
T a b le
19.
r e p o r tin g
A u to m o tiv e d e a le r s a n d
s e le c te d
g a s o lin e s e r v ic e s ta tio n s :
o c c u p a tio n s , J u n e
E m p lo y m e n t , r e la t iv e
e rro r, a n d
p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts
1 9 8 5 — C o n t in u e d
(SIC 55)
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
Billing, cost and rate clerks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal service..........................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Order fillers, wholesale and
retail trade..............................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
14,440
43,050
0.75
2.25
2,350
.1 2
620
1,190
540
1,910
.03
.06
.03
Service occupations .....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers ....................................................................................
Waiters and waitresses ..........................................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and
bartender helpers .................................................................
Cooks, restaurant....................................................................
Cooks, short o rd e r..................................................................
Food preparation workers......................................................
All other food service workers ...............................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping cleaners.................................................
All other cleaning and building service
workers, except private households ...................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
190
4
3
8
20
n.a.
n.a.
14
1
11
1
n.a.
7
n.a.
.1 0
.0 1
21
(3)
2
29,410
1.54
n.a.
n.a.
8,080
.42
6
4
18,810
.98
4
10
670
.03
19
(3)
1,150
.06
15
700
.04
n.a.
n.a.
1,820
.1 0
n.a.
n.a.
46,090
2.41
n.a.
n.a.
1,350
550
.07
.03
14
28
(3)
23,080
11,340
540
1,350
4,650
3,760
1,440
19,170
18,430
1 .2 0
.59
.03
.07
.24
.2 0
.08
1 .0 0
1
1
n.a.
7
n.a.
2
12
(3)
(3)
10
2
22
9
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
.96
4
.04
2
11
740
1,940
.1 0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
280
.0 1
n.a.
n.a.
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Production inspectors, testers, graders,
sorters, samplers, and weighers............................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
870,970
45.47
n.a.
n.a.
56,430
2.95
n.a.
n.a.
53,890
2.81
2
24
2,540
.13
11
1
.0 1
41
(3)
24
n.a.
47
(3)
n.a.
(3)
210
580
434,280
240
.03
22.67
.0 1
L
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
68
T a b le
19.
re p o r tin g
A u t o m o tiv e d e a le r s a n d g a s o lin e s e r v ic e s ta tio n s :
s e le c te d
o c c u p a tio n s , J u n e
E m p lo y m e n t, r e la t iv e e r r o r , a n d
p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts
1 9 8 5 — C o n t in u e d
(SIC 55)
Occupation
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Automotive body and related repairers.................................
Motorcycle repairers ...............................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Aircraft mechanics..................................................................
Aircraft engine specialists......................................................
Small engine specialists.........................................................
Electrical installers and repairers,
transportation equipment.....................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
Installers and repairers, manufactured
buildings, mobile homes, and travel trailers .......................
Tire repairers and changers...................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Precision metal workers............................................................
Machinists...............................................................................
Sheet-metal workers...............................................................
Upholsterers...............................................................................
Precision workers, n.e.c.............................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Painters, transportation equipment........................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and p lastic.....................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Welders and cutters................................................................
Assemblers and fabricators, except machine,
electrical, electronic, and precision.....................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Driver/sales workers...............................................................
Service station attendants........................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Helpers - mechanics and repairers ..........................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand..............................
Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners...............................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, hand ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers ....................................................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
11,870
282,140
52,040
9,470
0.62
14.73
2.72
.49
7,710
1,180
270
8,520
.40
.06
11
.0 1
.44
14
4
(3)
4
1,980
.1 0
17
1
330
.0 2
41
(3)
.2 1
7
4
n.a.
n.a.
13
n.a.
n.a.
4,030
50,960
3,540
4,660
4,430
230
340
210
4,880
4,030
130
720
1,260
230
2 .6 6
.18
.24
.23
8
6
1
48
3
3
12
6
4
3
1
2
12
2
.0 1
42
33
n.a.
(3)
(3)
n.a.
.25
.0 1
.0 2
n.a.
n.a.
.2 1
8
2
.0 1
n.a.
n.a.
.04
.07
n.a.
n.a.
40
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
.0 1
460
570
29,790
.03
1.56
23
28
n.a.
(3)
(3)
n.a.
7,050
.37
8
4
21,810
930
224,340
1.14
.05
11.71
22
1
2
34
4,770
410
.0 2
13
n.a.
25
n.a.
(3)
210
200
.0 2
.25
.0 1
.0 1
41,750
1,780
58,050
2.18
.09
3.03
6,850
380
' Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
5
45
4
18
10
1
(3)
16
1
2
18
.36
n.a.
n.a.
.0 2
n.a.
n.a.
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
69
T a b le
20.
A p p a r e l a n d a c c e s s o r y s to re s :
o c c u p a tio n s , J u n e
E m p lo y m e n t , r e la t iv e
e rro r, a n d
p e r c e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts
r e p o r tin g
s e le c te d
1985
(SIC 56)
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
T o ta l................................................................................
1,030,940
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
97,490
800
9.46
.08
n.a.
19
600
8,900
230
.06
19
5
36
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers...................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products...........................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................................
All other management support workers................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer a ides..................................................
Writers and editors.....................................................................
Artists and related workers.......................................................
Designers, except interior designers........................................
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ........................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers ................................................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, retail ...................................................................
Salespersons, p a rts...................................................................
Counter and rental clerks .........................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
News and street vendors, telephone solicitors,
door-to-door sales
workers, and other related workers.......................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models...................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Credit authorizers......................................................................
Credit checkers .........................................................................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Bill and account collectors.......................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists ........................................................................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Correspondence clerks .............................................................
1 0 0 .0 0
.8 6
.0 2
370
83,320
3,270
.04
8.08
.32
27,920
20,460
n.a.
2
1
11
(3)
39
1
2
n.a.
59
n.a.
2.71
1.98
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4,240
.41
n.a.
n.a.
15,170
1.47
6
13
110
.0 1
940
.09
30
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
940
.09
n.a.
n.a.
210
.0 2
.05
34
26
(3)
550
180
.0 2
22
120
.0 1
.0 2
45
26
38
(3)
(3)
(3)
1
420
180
5,100
.04
.49
6
8
700
.07
n.a.
n.a.
764,190
74.13
n.a.
n.a.
57,380
5.57
5
34
1,320
600,570
1,300
3,650
48,160
46,880
.13
58.25
.13
.35
4.67
4.55
23
(3)
92
(3)
150
750
4,030
.07
.39
83,720
.0 1
8 .1 2
1
25
15
4
5
1
20
18
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
.84
.07
.03
.15
.16
.49
.16
28
31
16
17
7
31
.0 2
22
330
360
.03
.03
23
29
70
1
43
24
n.a.
8,620
750
330
1,590
1,600
5,060
1,610
190
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
6
(3)
1
11
1
(3)
2
3
7
1
(3)
1
1
Table 20. Apparel and accessory stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 56)
Occupation
File clerks...................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service.....................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................
Billing, cost and rate clerks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers ...................................................................................
Service occupations ....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Detectives and investigators, except public.............................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers....................................................................................
Combined food preparation and service workers.................
All other food service workers ...............................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping cleaners................................................
All other cleaning and building service
workers, except private households ...................................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists .........................
All other service workers ..........................................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Jewelers and silversmiths.........................................................
Custom tailors and sewers.......................................................
Precision workers, n.e.c.............................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Sewing machine operators, garment.....................................
Employment1
180
1,710
17,740
580
690
11,580
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
0 .0 2
30
.17
1.72
.06
.07
22
1 .1 2
4
17
16
18
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
(3)
2
21
1
1
10
4,860
.47
n.a.
n.a.
1,360
11
2
1,490
480
.13
.19
.14
.05
14
n.a.
15
3
n.a.
24,230
2.35
n.a.
n.a.
9,640
.94
32
6
6,880
.67
13
7
7,710
.75
n.a.
n.a.
1,230
.1 2
n.a.
n.a.
12,900
1.25
n.a.
n.a.
290
860
1,500
.03
.08
.15
27
14
(3)
1,370
830
540
.13
.08
.05
n.a.
24
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
7,390
.72
n.a.
n.a.
6,880
.67
6
8
.05
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
2 ,0 1 0
11
1
1
1
370
.04
n.a.
28
n.a.
120
.0 1
n.a.
n.a.
44,600
4.33
n.a.
n.a.
400
.04
n.a.
n.a.
110
.0 1
38
(3)
19
n.a.
18
n.a.
40
4
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
510
1 ,1 2 0
.1 1
290
1,480
1,350
130
140
25,220
1,330
2.45
.13
7,640
7,130
.74
.69
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
Percent of total
employment
71
.03
.14
.13
.0 1
.0 1
8
1
n.a.
(3)
15
n.a.
Table 20. Apparel and accessory stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 56)
Occupation
Employment1
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and plastic .....................................................
Hand workers, including assemblers
and fabricators........................................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r.....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand..............................
Hand packers and packagers ..................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, ha n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers....................................................................................
120
0 .0 1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
32
(3)
390
.04
n.a.
n.a.
880
1,910
.09
.19
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
.0 2
37
(3)
1,720
2,700
1,680
.17
.26
.16
25
34
45
(3)
600
.06
n.a.
n.a.
620
.06
n.a.
n.a.
190
3
2
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
Percent of total
employment
72
Table 21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985
(SIC 57)
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
T o ta l................................................................................
726,440
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers.................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers.................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
85,820
620
11.81
.09
n.a.
n.a.
11
1
460
9,540
.06
1.31
14
4
15
1,570
280
.2 2
.04
9
19
3
(3)
560
69,910
2,880
.08
9.62
.40
37,620
14,820
5,230
5,020
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products...........................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
Cost estimators.......................................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ..................................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists..................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians and technologists..............................................
Drafters....................................................................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ...................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides.................................................
Health practitioners, technologists,
technicians, and related
health workers........................................................................
Writers and editors....................................................................
Artists and related workers.......................................................
Designers, except interior designers........................................
Interior designers ......................................................................
Merchandise displayers and window trimmers ........................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales engineers.........................................................................
Sales representatives, scientific and related
products and services, except retail......................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, retail ..................................................................
Counter and rental clerks .........................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
210
8,140
300
180
970
560
1
11
1
2
n.a.
67
n.a.
5.18
2.04
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
.72
.69
.03
n.a.
5
n.a.
n.a.
9
n.a.
1 .1 2
11
.13
.08
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
.15
n.a.
n.a.
570
140
.08
22
.0 2
28
(3)
(3)
400
.06
n.a.
n.a.
1,300
.18
n.a.
n.a.
440
740
.06
120
.0 2
25
19
19
(3)
.1 0
210
.03
n.a.
19
18
15
n.a.
(3)
6
10
14
1
1 ,1 1 0
170
280
2,360
14,700
550
1,560
.04
5
17
32
n.a.
n.a.
.0 2
.0 2
.04
.32
2 .0 2
.08
.2 1
1
1
(3)
1
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
296,370
40.80
13,940
130
1.92
.0 2
5
42
9
(3)
2,060
.28
17
1
4,720
229,680
1,490
.65
31.62
12
1
1
79
42
5
5
15
2 1 ,0 0 0
18,860
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
73
.2 1
2.89
2.60
1
12
Table 21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 57)
Occupation
News and street vendors, telephone solicitors,
door-to-door sales
workers, and other related workers.......................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models...................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Credit authorizers......................................................................
Credit checkers.........................................................................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Bill and account collectors .......................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists ........................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment.......................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service......................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks.................................................
Billing, cost and rate clerks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal service..........................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Marking clerks.........................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Order fillers, wholesale and
retail trade..............................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
Service occupations ....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers....................................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Maids and housekeeping cleaners........................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping cleaners.................................................
All other cleaning and building service
workers, except private households ...................................
All other service w orkers..........................................................
Employment1
900
1,890
1,700
133,420
16,130
550
510
n.a.
18.37
n.a.
n.a.
4
17
17
13
(3)
2 .2 2
100
.0 1
6,030
13,860
4,240
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
18
14
n.a.
210
1 ,2 0 0
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
.26
.23
0 .1 2
.08
.07
.17
.83
1.91
.58
.03
6
(3)
1
22
1
1
9
3
20
6
7
(3)
(3)
24
30
220
.03
14
180
.0 2
21
1,340
28,270
680
1,940
24,060
.18
3.89
.09
.27
3.31
17
1
2
39
16
1
8
3
3
24
3,870
.53
n.a.
n.a.
1,760
.24
9
3
460
1,530
.06
14
1
.2 1
12
1
n.a.
3
1
(3)
120
.0 2
n.a.
1,530
.2 1
8
130
.0 2
22
27,790
3.83
n.a.
n.a.
310
.04
.03
17
20
(3)
(3)
210
(3)
17,180
2.36
4
700
.1 0
31
14
(3)
12
9,030
1.24
5
360
.05
n.a.
n.a.
580
.08
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
8,790
1 .2 1
490
.03
.07
160
23
(3)
(3)
.0 2
n.a.
n.a.
7,580
1,050
1.04
.14
n.a.
13
n.a.
6,160
.85
5
370
340
.05
.05
38
n.a.
220
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
Percent of total
employment
74
20
1
11
(3)
n.a.
Table 21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 57)
Occupation
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
0 .0 1
n.a.
n.a.
164,370
22.63
n.a.
n.a.
5,940
.82
n.a.
n.a.
5,210
.72
6
8
Employment1
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
w orkers.................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Inspectors and related workers.................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics...........................................................
Data processing equipment repairers....................................
Electronic home entertainment equipment
repairers................................................................................
Electric home appliance and power tool
repairers................................................................................
Electrical installers and repairers,
transportation equipment.....................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
Musical instrument repairers and tuners...............................
Gas appliance repairers.........................................................
Tire repairers and changers...................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters..............................................................................
Ceiling tile installers and acoustical
carpenters.............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Carpet installers......................................................................
Floor layers, except carpet, wood, and hard
tile s ........................................................................................
All other construction trades workers....................................
Precision woodworkers..............................................................
Cabinetmakers and bench carpenters..................................
Furniture finishers ...................................................................
Upholsterers...............................................................................
Precision workers, n.e.c..............................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Sewing machine operators, nongarment ..............................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and p la stic.....................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Carpet cutters, diagrammers, and
seamers................................................................................
Assemblers and fabricators, except machine,
electrical, electronic, and precision.....................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r.....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route w orkers................................................................
Driver/sales workers...............................................................
50
730
850
43,770
3,830
340
1,540
.1 0
.1 2
6.03
.53
.05
13
n.a.
n.a.
8
1
n.a.
n.a.
4
(3)
.2 1
41
14
16,090
2 .2 1
5
12
10,630
1.46
5
11
910
.13
23
2,440
3,060
450
90
4,390
.34
.42
.06
11
2
12
2
1
0
1
20
.60
45
n.a.
18,620
2,490
2.56
.34
n.a.
14
n.a.
270
320
11,680
.04
.04
1.61
40
42
7
(3)
(3)
2,920
940
18,040
13,830
4,210
1,910
610
.40
.13
2.48
1.90
.58
.26
.08
14
25
n.a.
9
2
8,080
7,660
1 .1 1
n.a.
80
.0 1
8
14
n.a.
0
n.a.
1
6
1
n.a.
4
6
2
n.a.
10
n.a.
3
.0 1
n.a.
n.a.
340
7,500
.05
1.03
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
1,140
.16
22
1
5,790
570
38,260
.80
.08
5.27
3,130
.43
34,720
410
4.78
.06
S e e fo o tn o tes a t en d of table.
Percent of total
employment
75
1.05
13
n.a.
n.a.
11
2
n.a.
n.a.
3
3
30
31
(3)
Table 21. Furniture, home furnishings, and equipment stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 57)
Occupation
Employment1
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators.................................................................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators.......................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand..............................
Hand packers and packagers..................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers....................................................................................
160
650
16,280
290
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
0 .0 2
48
.09
2.24
.04
20
5
31
(3)
(3)
13
(3)
2,910
.40
n.a.
n.a.
500
.07
n.a.
n.a.
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other" or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
Percent of total
employment
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
76
Table 22. Eating and drinking places: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985
(SIC 58)
Occupation
Employment’
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
T o ta l................................................................................
5,923,060
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers.................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Food service and lodging managers........................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
338,350
2,770
5.71
.05
n.a.
2,280
1,540
.04
.03
12
19
4
3
2,160
1,340
198,200
121,400
8,660
.04
22
3
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products...........................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Musicians, instrumental.............................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, retail ..................................................................
Cashiers.....................................................................................
News and street vendors, telephone solicitors,
door-to-door sales
workers, and other related workers.......................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
All other clerical and administrative support
w orkers....................................................................................
Service occupations.....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
w orkers....................................................................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge or
coffee shop ..........................................................................
11
n.a.
5
3.35
2.05
.15
14
3
4
n.a.
46
34
n.a.
37,630
22,940
.64
.39
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
18,110
.31
n.a.
n.a.
770
.0 2
2
.0 1
29
1
.0 2
16
n.a.
n.a.
1,300
2,760
7,580
.05
.13
7,110
2
20
2
.1 2
n.a.
n.a.
306,670
5.18
n.a.
n.a.
3,840
.06
28
.0 1
1
710
29,110
261,200
.49
4.41
33
23
5
7,840
3,970
.13
.07
23
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
105,600
1.78
n.a.
n.a.
18,130
13,660
2,360
40,400
2,150
5,210
13,850
.31
.23
.04
10
26
.6 8
6
.04
.09
.23
14
28
3
11
8
.03
n.a.
30
n.a.
.0 1
2,960
.05
n.a.
n.a.
4,120
.07
n.a.
n.a.
5,064,010
85.50
n.a.
n.a.
172,760
13,780
2.92
.23
3
19
34
4,781,750
80.73
n.a.
n.a.
144,280
2.44
4
29
2 ,0 2 0
740
S e e fo o tn o tes a t e n d of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
77
12
0
2
27
9
10
3
21
2
1
2
Table 22. Eating and drinking places: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 58)
Occupation
Bartenders...............................................................................
Waiters and waitresses..........................................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and
bartender helpers.................................................................
Counter attendants, lunchroom,
coffee shop, or cafeteria.....................................................
Bakers, bread and pastry.......................................................
Butchers and meat cutters.....................................................
Cooks, restaurant....................................................................
Cooks, institution or cafeteria.................................................
Cooks, specialty fast fo o d ......................................................
Cooks, short o rd e r..................................................................
Food preparation workers......................................................
Combined food preparation and service workers.................
All other food service w orkers.................................... ..........
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Maids and housekeeping cleaners........................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping cleaners.................................................
All other cleaning and building service
workers, except private households...................................
All other service w orkers..........................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 12
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
255,140
1,357,300
4.31
22.92
4
1
35
59
286,690
4.84
4
28
252,870
30,820
3,130
384,890
30,690
427,260
122,400
457,920
962,020
66,340
4.27
.52
.05
6.50
.52
7.21
2.07
7.73
16.24
6
11
92,900
19,860
1.57
.34
70,290
1.19
6
2,750
2,820
.05
.05
41
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
.0 1
n.a.
34
n.a.
.0 1
1.18
.26
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm ..........................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r.....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route w orkers................................................................
Driver/sales workers...............................................................
Service station attendants........................................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, ha n d ..............................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers....................................................................................
790
790
70,010
15,150
13,230
1,920
43,360
1 .1 2
10
9
17
3
13
4
7
3
2
2
8
n.a.
15
46
4
22
13
45
26
7
n.a.
4
22
1
.2 2
10
8
.03
.73
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
.0 2
49
(3)
15,830
26,430
2,320
1,430
.27
.45
.04
22
2,350
5,400
1 ,1 0 0
20
2
2
42
35
(3)
(3)
.04
n.a.
n.a.
.09
n.a.
n.a.
.0 2
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 10.
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
78
Table 23. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985
(SIC 59)
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
n.a.
6
2
T o ta l................................................................................
2,157,010
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers............................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
Food service and lodging managers........................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
178,110
1,430
8.26
.07
980
22,850
.05
1.06
2,810
1,150
.13
.05
1,780
1,520
138,760
6,830
.08
.07
6.43
.32
196,160
39,900
9.09
1.85
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
13,710
13,140
240
330
.64
.61
.0 2
n.a.
4
13
18
n.a.
7
(3)
(3)
24,180
1 .1 2
4
260
.0 1
21
(3)
680
1,070
460
.03
.05
.0 2
16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
880
.04
n.a.
n.a.
3,760
.17
n.a.
n.a.
1,500
1,890
370
230
17,090
84,550
.07
.09
17
(3)
10
1
.0 2
12
.0 1
36
(3)
(3)
.79
3.92
10
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists.................................. ............................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts...................................................................
All other financial specialists................... ............................
Buyers, wholesale and retail trade,
except farm products...........................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers...................................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists..................................................................
Computer scientists and related
w orkers.................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides.................................................
Registered nurses.....................................................................
Opticians, dispensing and measuring.......................................
Pharmacists ...............................................................................
All other health professionals,
paraprofessional and technicians...........................................
Writers and editors....................................................................
Photographers...........................................................................
Artists and related workers.......................................................
Designers, except interior designers........................................
Interior designers ......................................................................
Merchandise displayers and window trim m ers........................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Sales representatives, scientific and related
products and services, except retail......................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, re ta il...................................................................
Salespersons, p a rts...................................................................
Counter and rental cle rks.........................................................
Stock clerks, sales flo o r............................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
3,860
460
630
1,320
35,620
2,470
390
4,540
.0 1
.18
.0 2
.03
.06
1.65
.1 1
.0 2
.2 1
1
8
4
12
8
2
11
1
12
1
21
1
(3)
51
7
1
1
15
19
32
10
0
2
14
1
0
(3)
21
1
5
17
19
7
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
1
1,134,580
52.60
n.a.
n.a.
82,450
3.82
2
25
2,820
.13
21
5,910
625,190
1,450
970
149,260
232,990
.27
28.98
.07
.04
6.92
10.80
See footnotes at end of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
79
0
13
1
1
61
(3)
(3)
23
23
24
26
2
2
Table 23. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 59)
Occupation
News and street vendors, telephone solicitors,
door-to-door sales
workers, and other related workers.......................................
Demonstrators, promoters, and models...................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Credit authorizers......................................................................
Credit checkers .........................................................................
Adjustment clerks......................................................................
Bill and account collectors .......................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists ........................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Correspondence clerks .............................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Order clerks, materials, merchandise, and
service......................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks.................................................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal service..........................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance ............................................................................
Weighers, measurers, checkers, and samplers,
recordkeeping ......................................................................
Marking clerks.........................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Order fillers, wholesale and
retail trade..............................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
Service occupations ....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Detectives and investigators, except public.............................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers....................................................................................
Hosts and hostesses, restaurant, lounge or
coffee s h o p ..........................................................................
Bartenders...............................................................................
Waiters and waitresses ..........................................................
Employment'
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
27,220
590
5,730
1.26
.03
.27
7
39
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
280,680
13.01
n.a.
n.a.
5,770
580
490
5,820
.27
.03
6
3
(3)
(3)
2 ,2 1 0
.1 0
28,770
1,380
1,760
330
1.33
.06
.08
570
510
1,070
.03
2
18
19
15
15
3
13
9
16
(3)
.05
9
24
15
(3)
(3)
.0 2
.27
.0 2
.0 2
18,880
67,420
1,060
8,560
51,790
.8 8
6
3.13
.05
.40
2.40
2
8,830
610
1
1
14
1
1
1
5
31
6
1
6
3
4
17
.41
n.a.
n.a.
.03
14
(3)
2,130
460
5,170
460
740
.1 0
10
.0 2
.0 2
14
9
30
.03
10
1
1,580
.07
13
1
69,270
3.21
n.a.
1,060
.05
9
1
750
2,280
.03
.1 1
23
13
(3)
(3)
24,070
1 .1 2
4
8
24,060
1 .1 2
6
5
.24
1
(3)
1
(3)
n.a.
15,990
.74
5
6
1,060
.05
18
(3)
3,290
.15
n.a.
n.a.
97,120
4.50
n.a.
n.a.
2,460
390
.1 1
11
.0 2
18
(3)
2 ,0 2 0
.09
12
1
44,670
2.07
n.a.
n.a.
360
.0 2
31
16
16
(3)
2 ,2 2 0
.1 0
7,270
.34
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
80
1
1
1
Table 23. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 59)
Occupation
Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and
bartender helpers................................................................
Counter attendants, lunchroom,
coffee shop, or cafeteria.....................................................
Cooks, restaurant....................................................................
Cooks, institution or cafeteria................................................
Cooks, specialty fast fo o d ......................................................
Cooks, short o rd e r..................................................................
Food preparation workers......................................................
Combined food preparation and service workers.................
All other food service workers ...............................................
Pharmacy assistants..................................................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping cleaners.................................................
All other cleaning and building service
workers, except private households...................................
Hairdressers, hairstylists, and cosmetologists.........................
All other service w orkers..........................................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Nursery workers........................................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm ..........................
All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
related workers.......................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations................................................ ............................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
w orkers.................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Production inspectors, testers, graders,
sorters, samplers, and weighers............................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Automotive body and related repairers.................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Electronic home entertainment equipment
repairers................................................................................
Electric home appliance and power tool
repairers................................................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
Camera and photographic equipment repairers....................
Watchmakers..........................................................................
Office machine and cash register servicers..........................
Gas appliance repairers.........................................................
Coin and vending machine servicers and
repairers................................................................................
Bicycle repairers.....................................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Employment1
1,460
0.07
8,980
1,460
.42
.07
.06
1 ,2 0 0
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
20
9
28
16
45
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
(3)
1
0
(3)
(3)
230
3,600
13,670
1,770
2,450
28,790
1.33
n.a.
4
13,410
.62
n.a.
n.a.
12,580
.58
5
7
830
2,060
3,320
.04
.1 0
n.a.
19
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
(3)
.0 1
.17
.63
.08
.1 1
.15
12
1
7
20
2
(3)
n.a.
6
7,630
4,720
1,580
.35
.07
n.a.
15
30
1,330
.06
n.a.
n.a.
262,730
12.18
n.a.
n.a.
3,320
.15
n.a.
n.a.
1,870
.09
13
1
1,450
.07
12
1
930
.04
23
(3)
.0 2
21
3.55
n.a.
.0 2
20
(3)
n.a.
(3)
4
510
76,500
360
10,290
5,440
280
.2 2
.48
.25
7
8
.0 1
30
.09
11
360
.0 2
35
2,320
.1 1
12
.58
4
32
1,930
12,580
330
3,520
5,770
3,680
13,220
4,280
12,140
2 ,0 0 0
240
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
81
.0 2
.16
.27
.17
.61
.2 0
.56
.09
.0 1
11
2
0
1
(3)
1
3
(3)
2
13
1
6
2
7
17
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
16
n.a.
(3)
2
1
Table 23. Miscellaneous retail stores: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1985—Continued
(SIC 59)
Occupation
Employment1
All other construction trades workers....................................
Jewelers and silversmiths.........................................................
Furniture finishers ......................................................................
Custom tailors and sewers.......................................................
Upholsterers...............................................................................
Precision workers, n.e.c..............................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, and tenders,
except metal and plastic.......................................................
Sewing machine operators, garment.....................................
Sewing machine operators, nongarment...............................
Packaging and filling machine operators
and tenders..........................................................................
All other machine setters and set-up
operators, except metal and plastic....................................
All other machine operators and tenders,
except metal and pla stic.....................................................
Hand workers, n.e.c....................................................................
Assemblers and fabricators, except machine,
electrical, electronic, and precision.....................................
All other hand workers, n.e.c..................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r.....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route w orkers................................................................
Driver/sales workers...............................................................
Service station attendants........................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators.................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
Ail other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Helpers - mechanics and repairers..........................................
Freight, stock, and material movers, hand...............................
Hand packers and packagers..................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, ha n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
w orkers....................................................................................
1,760
9,350
340
700
240
5,830
0.08
.43
Relative error (in
percentage) 12
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
25
.27
32
39
46
n.a.
(3)
3
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.
5,420
820
840
.25
.04
.04
n.a.
35
42
n.a.
(3)
(3)
980
.05
25
(3)
770
.04
29
(3)
.09
.41
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
.18
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
2 ,0 1 0
8,790
.0 2
.03
.0 1
8
3,950
4,840
97,230
4.51
17
n.a.
n.a.
19,950
.92
3
5
44,010
33,270
5,640
2.04
1.54
.26
3
4
7
13
600
1,790
1,300
.03
.08
.06
27
n.a.
15
(3)
n.a.
(3)
.0 2
29
25
490
370
21,570
5,500
.2 2
6
1
1 .0 0
6
.25
11
(3)
(3)
4
(3)
15,080
.70
n.a.
n.a.
1 ,0 2 0
.05
n.a.
n.a.
.0 2
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE; Detail may not add to totals due to rounding.
employment is rounded to the nearest 10.
82
Estimated
Educational Services
This industry group includes establishments furnishing
formal academic or technical courses, correspondence
schools, commercial and trade schools, and libraries. In
cluded are elementary and secondary schools, colleges,
universities, and professional schools. Establishments
primarily engaged in providing job training are not included.
This is the first year that the Bureau of Labor Statistics has
compiled national occupational employment data from educa
tional establishments.
These establishments employed 8.6 million workers,
accounting for 20 percent of total surveyed employment
(table 24). Professional, paraprofessional, and technical
workers numbered 5,243,390, or 61 percent of employment
in educational services. Clerical and administrative support
workers accounted for 15 percent. Service workers accounted
for 13 percent. Production and related workers and manageri
al and administrative workers accounted for 6 and 5 percent,
respectively. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
workers made up less than 1 percent.
Elementary and secondary schools, colleges, universities, and
professional schools employed nearly 8 million workers,
representing 98 percent of total employment in the industry.
Education administrators held over 58 percent of all managerial
and administrative occupations, and over 70 percent of them
were employed in elementary and secondary schools.
Teachers and instructors made up 48 percent of employ
ment in educational services and 79 percent of total employ
ment in the professional, paraprofessional, and technical
occupations. Teachers represented 53 percent of total
employment in elementary and secondary schools and 39 per
cent in colleges and universities. Elementary and secondary
schools employed over 2.4 million elementary and secon
dary education teachers, representing almost all elementary
and secondary education teachers. Colleges, universities, and
professional schools employed 913,300 college-level teachers
and instructors, or almost all postsecondary school teachers
and instructors.
The six most populous teaching occupations, and their
respective percentages of all teaching occupations, are listed
in the following tabulation:
Teachers, elem entary
and se c o n d a r y .........................
Teachers, special
ed u c a tio n ...................................
Teachers, vocational
ed u c a tio n ...................................
Graduate a ss ista n ts.................
Teachers, preschool and
k in d e r g a r te n ...........................
T eachers, social science
(p o stsecon d ary)......................
83
Employment,
1985
Percent o f
industry employment,
1985
2 ,3 6 6 ,4 3 0
5 7 .0
2 6 3 ,8 4 0
6 .4
1 49,800
1 34,520
3 .6
3 .2
1 29,040
3.1
8 6 ,0 3 0
2.1
Table 24. Educational services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1985
(SIC 82)
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage)2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
T o ta l................................................................................
8,569,280
100.00
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers............................................
Engineering, mathematical, and natural sciences
managers.................................................................................
Education administrators...........................................................
Construction managers .............................................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
Food service and lodging managers........................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
431,120
13,400
5.03
.16
n.a.
3
n.a.
40
5,890
3,030
.07
.04
3
3
21
14
8,650
11,880
.10
.14
3
9
20
15
5,750
252,320
5,250
.07
2.94
.06
17
1
6
6
94
14
5,680
13,620
47,970
57,680
.07
.16
.56
.67
4
3
3
5
17
31
69
23
5,243,390
82,470
61.19
.96
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
27,770
16,820
4,830
6,120
.32
.20
.06
.07
n.a.
4
9
6
n.a.
26
9
8
4,780
.06
4
11
8,520
1,160
40,240
8,190
.10
.01
.47
.10
4
7
7
17
13
3
12
3
12,220
11,110
21,150
.14
.13
.25
12
15
15
4
2
2
46,020
.54
3
4
33,530
.39
n.a.
n.a.
13,620
14,990
4,920
2,000
.16
.17
.06
.02
7
5
5
19
13
18
9
2
30,450
22,530
7,920
15,880
4,148,650
33,840
134,520
128,230
84,540
17,270
12,760
13,660
86,030
30,880
72,120
54,830
37,490
36,150
18,610
289,680
.36
.26
.09
.19
48.41
.39
1.57
1.50
.99
.20
.15
.16
1.00
.36
.84
.64
.44
.42
.22
3.38
n.a.
4
n.a.
7
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
27
n.a.
15
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
18
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts....................................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products ....................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
Construction and building inspectors.....................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ...................................................................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Physical scientists.....................................................................
Life scientists.............................................................................
Physical and life science technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides.................................................
Mathematical scientists.............................................................
Social scientists, including urban and regional
planners...................................................................................
Psychologists.............................................................................
All other social scientists..........................................................
Social workers, except medical and psychiatric......................
Teachers and instructors ..........................................................
Nursing instructors ..................................................................
Graduate assistants, teaching................................................
Physical sciences teachers....................................................
Life sciences teachers.........................................................
Chemistry teachers...............................................................
Physics teachers..................................................................
All other physical science teachers....................................
Social sciences teachers.......................................................
Health specialties teachers ...................................................
English and foreign language teachers ................................
Art, drama and music teachers..............................................
Engineering teachers..............................................................
Mathematical sciences teachers............................................
Computer science teachers...................................................
All other postsecondary teachers..........................................
See footnotes at end of table.
84
Table 24. Educational services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1985—Continued
(SIC 82)
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
n.a.
Teachers, preschool and kindergarten .................................
Teachers, elementary and secondary school.......................
Teachers, special education..................................................
Teachers and instructors, vocational
education and training.........................................................
Instructors, nonvocational education.....................................
Instructors and coaches, sports and
physical training...................................................................
Farm and home management advisors................................
All other teachers and instructors .........................................
Librarians, professional .............................................................
Technical assistants, library......................................................
Audio-visual specialists..............................................................
Vocational and educational counselors...................................
Instructional coordinators..........................................................
Teacher aides, paraprofessional..............................................
Health and related workers......................................................
Speech pathologists and audiologists...................................
Registered nurses..................................................................
Licensed practical nurses ......................................................
Dietitians and nutritionists......................................................
All other health professionals,
paraprofessional and technicians........................................
Writers and editors....................................................................
Athletes, coaches, umpires, and related workers ...................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
129,040
2,366,430
263,840
1.51
27.62
3.08
149,800
60,540
1.75
.71
51,280
11,320
194,020
85,260
32,530
9,140
80,600
26,820
325,070
127,920
26,830
44,810
6,080
2,890
.60
.13
2.26
.99
.38
47,310
6,190
19,150
.55
.07
119,060
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
Sales representatives, except scientific and
related products or services and retail..................................
Salespersons, retail ...................................................................
Cashiers.....................................................................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Library assistants and bookmobile drivers..............................
Teachers aides and educational assistants,
clerical.....................................................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers ...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists .......................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Correspondence clerks .............................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping clerks ................................................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office clerks ................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Duplicating machine operators...............................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators ..............................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal service..........................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
1
2
4
3
n.a.
n.a.
2
3
3
3
4
.1 1
.94
.31
3.79
1.49
.31
.52
.07
.03
1
33
3
7
55
n.a.
52
34
13
23
n.a.
n.a.
73
29
22
54
27
48
97
29
41
8
6
8
6
7
7
4
14
1.39
n.a.
n.a.
23,970
.28
n.a.
n.a.
3,040
3,840
12,940
4,150
.04
.04
.15
.05
8
2
19
4
7
4
13
4
1,249,180
14.58
n.a.
n.a.
39,920
48,080
.47
.56
5
4
25
25
203,690
341,440
22,300
22,920
70,950
14,110
2.38
3.98
.26
.27
.83
.16
1
30
90
.2 2
0
8
7
4
5
27
18
13
5
16
2
.1 0
1,790
.0 2
8 ,1 0 0
203,510
.09
.67
.13
.07
2.37
34,110
.40
1,900
7,370
.1 2
4
7
4
57,660
10,850
6 ,0 0 0
9,920
1,710
10,570
2,640
9,190
8
10
6
8 ,2 0 0
10
6
6
3
2
7
62
34
11
0
38
n.a.
n.a.
.0 2
8
.09
3
4
16
.1 1
2
16
3
13
3
24
7,000
.08
4
15
21,360
.25
n.a.
n.a.
See footnotes at end of table.
1
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
85
.0 2
.1 2
.03
11
Table 24. Educational services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1985—Continued
(SIC 82)
Occupation
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
Service occupations ....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Crossing guards ........................................................................
Guards and watch guards.........................................................
All other protective service workers.........................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers ....................................................................................
Dining room and cafeteria attendants, and
bartender helpers .................................................................
Counter attendants, lunchroom,
coffee shop, or cafeteria.....................................................
Cooks, institution or cafeteria................................................
Food preparation workers......................................................
All other food service workers ...............................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants.................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Maids and housekeeping cleaners ........................................
Janitors and cleaners, except maids
and housekeeping cleaners................................................
All other cleaning and building service
workers, except private households ...................................
Child care workers.....................................................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm ..........................
All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
related workers.......................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - construction trades
and extractive workers.........................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and maintenance..................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters...........................................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
13,880
0.16
5
16
3,520
.04
7
7
3,960
.05
9
4
118,000
1.38
1
15
1,073,540
12.53
n.a.
n.a.
38,490
7,290
27,630
55,090
.45
.09
.32
.64
3
5
3
4
29
423,100
4.94
n.a.
n.a.
30,380
.35
7
20,610
196,010
116,920
59,180
10,790
.24
2.29
1.36
.69
.13
5
8
1
1
53
28
3
12
464,320
2 1 ,1 0 0
5.42
.25
427,820
4.99
15,400
13,140
33,690
.18
.15
.39
7
16
9
6
48,560
37,220
.57
.43
n.a.
5
n.a.
25
11,340
.13
15
3
499,520
5.83
n.a.
n.a.
.2 1
n.a.
n.a.
4
15
17,940
6
17
11
8
12
4
n.a.
n.a.
6
8
81
0
6
4
7,160
.08
3,990
.05
6,790
98,060
68,490
6,640
.08
1.14
.80
.08
n.a.
3
6
11
12,140
10,790
.14
.13
3
7
21
43,590
12,670
11,580
.51
.15
.14
n.a.
3
3
n.a.
19
18
10,490
.1 2
3
15
.10
3
15
8,850
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
86
11
6
5
10
n.a.
48
7
Table 24. Educational services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1985—Continued
(SIC 82)
Occupation
All other construction and extractive workers,
except helpers........................................................................
Precision production workers...................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, operators
and tenders.............................................................................
Hand workers, including assemblers
and fabricators........................................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Bus drivers, school.................................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators ..............................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Helpers - laborers and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
12,530
4,910
0.15
.06
10
7
3
3,580
.04
8
4
.0 2
16
.1 1
6
3
5
n.a.
10
2,050
9,050
254,020
2.96
n.a.
6,880
247,140
.08
5
10
2 .8 8
1
44
9,300
2,370
1,130
.1 1
1,240
42,120
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
6
8
n.a.
n.a.
.0 1
8
2
.0 1
19
1
5
9
.03
.49
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
87
State and Local Government
State government employment includes establishments
engaged in providing police and fire protection, public safety,
human or social services, recreational facilities, public trans
portation, public housing, judiciary services, environmental
quality programs such as sanitation, waste management, and
water control, library facilities, and medical and health
services, except hospitals. Educational establishments are also
excluded.
In 1985, there were 1 million employees in State govern
ment, representing an increase of 5 percent from 1982.
Professional, paraprofessional, and technical workers
accounted for 36 percent of total employment in State govern
ment (table 25). Clerical and administrative support workers
ranked as the second largest occupational group, accounting
for 25 percent. Service occupations were the third group, with
19 percent; within this group, correction officers and jailers,
the occupation with the highest employment, accounted for 6
percent of total employment in State government.
The remaining employment was distributed among the oc
cupational groups as follows: Production and related workers,
11 percent; managerial and administrative occupations, 6 per
cent; sales and related occupations, 1 percent; and agricul
ture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations, 1 percent.
Local government includes government establishments
engaged in providing the same services as those listed
under State government.
Employment in local government totaled 3.7 million, a
4-percent increase from 1982. Service workers accounted
for approximately 30 percent of employment in local govern
ment in 1985 (table 26). The second largest occupational
group was production and related workers, 22 percent.
The five most populous occupations in State and local
government are shown in the tabulations below:
P ercen t o f
e m p lo y m e n t,
1985
State governm ent:
C orrection o fficers and j a ile r s ...........................................
General o ffic e clerks ............................................................
Social workers .........................................................................
T y p is ts ..........................................................................................
S e c r e ta r ie s...................................................................................
5 .6
4 .3
3 .2
3 .9
2 .4
Local governm ent:
P olice patrol o f f i c e r s ............................................................
F ir e fig h te r s ................................................................................
H ighw ay m ainten an ce............................................................
S e c r e ta r ie s...................................................................................
General o ffic e clerks ............................................................
8 .0
5 .5
3 .3
3 .3
3.1
Correction officers and jailers, a service occupation, in
creased dramatically in both State and local government
between 1982 and 1985: the number of correction officers
and jailers employed in State government rose by 34 per
cent (from 77,750 to 104,010); those employed in local
government rose by 40 percent (from 45,720 to 64,100).
88
Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985
Occupation
Employment'
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
5
n.a.
15
T o ta l................................................................................
1,843,480
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers...................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers ............................................
Education administrators...........................................................
Medicine and health services managers .................................
Construction managers .............................................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
Chief executives, legislators, and general
administrators, public administration......................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
106,870
3,570
5.80
.19
2,530
610
.14
.03
1,510
4,960
2,950
3,560
8
5
6
6
1 ,0 0 0
.08
.27
.16
.19
.05
7
3
1,560
.08
5
5
11,750
21,460
51,410
.64
1.16
2.79
3
(3)
13
42
43
668,720
192,870
36.27
10.46
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
47,130
34,840
4,490
7,800
2.56
1.89
.24
.42
n.a.
(3)
9
n.a.
28
7
2,620
14,910
.14
.81
5
5
21,930
1.19
11,630
10,950
4,760
.63
.59
.26
37,400
14,570
2,090
24,880
38,690
30,850
1,510
6,330
850
2.03
.79
2 .1 0
40,990
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers..................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts...................................................................
All other financial specialists...............................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products ....................................
Claims takers, unemployment benefits .................................
Employment interviewers, private or public
employment service .............................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
Management analysts.............................................................
Construction and building inspectors.....................................
Compliance officers and enforcement
inspectors, except construction...........................................
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents...................
Assessors................................................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers ...................................................................................
Civil engineers, including traffic..............................................
Electrical and electronic engineers........................................
All other engineers..................................................................
Surveying and mapping scientists ............................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists..................................................................
Civil engineering technicians and
technologists........................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians and technologists..............................................
Drafters....................................................................................
Surveying and mapping technicians and
technologists........................................................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Physical scientists.....................................................................
Chemists, except biochemists...............................................
All other physical scientists ...................................................
Life scientists.............................................................................
Foresters and conservation scientists...................................
Agricultural and food scientists..............................................
Biological scientists................................................................
All other life scientists ............................................................
Physical and life science technicians
and technologists..................................................................
.1 1
1.35
1.67
.08
.34
.05
6
6
9
9
6
11
11
5
4
12
6
8
7
9
O
4
7
16
9
4
3
23
5
6
0
8
(3)
n.a.
(3)
7
2
18
n.a.
9
3
6
6
8
3
2 .2 2
n.a.
n.a.
20,620
1 .1 2
(3)
7
1,950
3,930
.1 1
.2 1
9
7
3
4
2,840
.15
6
2
11,650
6,730
2,630
4,100
15,380
4,440
1,190
6,510
3,240
.63
.37
.14
.22
.83
.24
.06
.35
.18
(3)
n.a.
4
n.a.
4
5,370
.29
See footnotes at end of table.
1 0 0 .0 0
89
5
6
n.a.
5
n.a.
6
5
7
9
3
7
4
5
8
5
Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
Occupation
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing....................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides...............................................
Mathematical scientists.............................................................
Social scientists, including urban and regional
planners...................................................................................
Economists, including market research analysts..................
Urban and regional planners..................................................
Psychologists..........................................................................
All other social scientists.......................................................
Social workers, medical and psychiatric..................................
Social workers, except medical and psychiatric......................
Social service technicians.........................................................
Recreation workers....................................................................
Judges and magistrates............................................................
Adjudicators, hearings officers, and judicial
reviewers.................................................................................
Lawyers......................................................................................
Law clerks..................................................................................
Paralegal personnel...................................................................
All other legal assistants and technicians,
except clerical.........................................................................
Teachers and instructors, vocational
education and training............................................................
Farm and home management advisors...................................
Librarians, professional .............................................................
Technical assistants, library......................................................
Vocational and educational counselors...................................
Instructional coordinators..........................................................
Health workers ..........................................................................
Physicians and surgeons.......................................................
Therapists ...............................................................................
Registered nurses...................................................................
Licensed practical nurses......................................................
Emergency medical technicians.............................................
Dietitians and nutritionists......................................................
All other health professionals,
paraprofessional and technicians........................................
Public relations specialists
and publicity w rite rs................................................................
Traffic technicians......................................................................
Radio operators.........................................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers................................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Appraisers, real e sta te ..............................................................
Salespersons, retail ...................................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
All other sales and related w orkers.........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support w orkers..........................
Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers..............................
Court clerks................................................................................
License clerks............................................................................
Library assistants and bookmobile drivers..............................
Teachers aides and educational assistants,
clerical......................................................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists ........................................................................................
Employment1
21,900
1.19
9,760
10,740
1,400
2,520
.53
.58
.08
.14
15,200
2,690
3,170
5,160
4,180
15,770
59,760
13,580
3,100
.82
.15
.17
.28
.23
1 1 ,0 1 0
.8 6
3.24
.74
.17
.60
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
n.a.
5
11
6
10
14
5
4
5
n.a.
7
5
n.a.
4
4
7
3
5
17
6
12
2
(3)
3
8
6
6
5
4
7,340
18,060
2,870
1,640
.40
.98
.16
.09
6
6
4
3
5,850
32
11
3
12,740
2,420
2,160
710
11,170
6,160
66,790
4,630
5,620
24,600
10,620
360
1,980
.69
.13
6
6
9
5
5
6
6
8
6
5
43
.1 2
.04
.61
.33
3.62
.25
.30
1.33
.58
3
7
40
7
8
(3)
7
11
4
3
6
5
11
6
6
.0 2
10
1
.1 1
6
5
18,980
1.03
5
9
3,190
1,500
1,460
.17
.08
.08
6
2
6
2
80,940
4.39
n.a.
n.a.
23,060
1.25
n.a.
n.a.
2,910
1,070
6,080
10,700
2,300
.16
.06
.33
.58
7
7
9
7
8
.1 2
8
4
469,470
25.47
n.a.
n.a.
27,680
32,290
12,050
8,450
750
1.50
1.75
.65
.46
.04
(3)
(3)
7
29
9
4
4
6
2
2 ,1 0 0
.1 1
60,500
32,700
2,650
71,620
3.28
1.77
.14
3.89
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
90
5
1
8
(3)
(3)
5
(3)
__________________
10
8
2
3
2
54
15
12
37
Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
Occupation
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
File clerks...................................................................................
Statistical c le rks........................................................................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks................................................
Billing, cost and rate clerks......................................................
General office c le rks.................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators..............................................................
Messengers................................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
Service occupations....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Fire fighting and prevention supervisors...............................
Police and detective supervisors...........................................
All other service supervisors and
manager/supervisors...........................................................
Protective service workers........................................................
Fire inspectors........................................................................
Forest fire inspectors and prevention
specialists.............................................................................
Fire fighters.............................................................................
Police detectives.....................................................................
Police patrol officers...............................................................
Correction officers and ja ile rs................................................
Bailiffs......................................................................................
Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs...................................................
Railroad and transit police and special agents.....................
Fish and game wardens.........................................................
Guards and watch guards......................................................
All other protective service workers......................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
w orkers....................................................................................
Cooks, institution or cafeteria.................................................
Food preparation workers......................................................
All other food service workers ...............................................
Health service and related workers..........................................
Medical assistants...................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..............................
Home health aides..................................................................
All other health service workers............................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Amusement and recreation attendants....................................
Social welfare service aides.....................................................
Child care workers....................................................................
All other service w orkers..........................................................
Employment1
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
0.50
3,590
11,250
2,720
28,640
1,840
1,320
78,630
.19
.61
.15
1.55
.07
4.27
(3)
3
36
33,040
1.79
n.a.
n.a.
5,150
1,500
20,270
.28
.08
5
8
6
7
3
14
n.a.
9
4
.1 0
1 .1 0
5
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
9,190
15
5
12
6
11
7
5
26
7
6
0
11
(3)
n.a.
3,080
910
.33
.17
.05
12,840
.70
n.a.
n.a.
2,640
.14
5
4
770
.04
6
2
7,970
.43
5
15
400
.0 2
6
2
6 ,1 2 0
6
1,060
.06
n.a.
n.a.
31,630
1.72
n.a.
n.a.
350,120
18.99
n.a.
n.a.
23,450
950
8,790
1.27
.05
.48
n.a.
5
5
n.a.
13,710
178,990
680
.74
9.71
.04
5
n.a.
1,740
2,860
5,670
38,840
104,010
4,120
340
320
5,810
7,040
7,560
.09
.16
.31
2 .1 1
5.64
.2 2
.0 2
.0 2
.32
.38
.41
7
11
n.a.
2
10
1
6
2
7
(3)
(3)
17
14
16
4
8
5
1
(3)
(3)
6
6
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
5
14
n.a.
13
(3)
9
n.a.
n.a.
7
5
(3)
17
14
.50
6
2
.66
5
n.a.
n.a.
.93
.28
.40
.25
3.81
22,320
3,850
9,290
12,090
12,740
1 .2 1
91
6
2
6
17,170
5,140
7,370
4,660
70,220
1,770
32,380
1,670
34,400
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
.1 0
1.76
.09
1.87
.2 1
.69
2
n.a.
1
3
2
n.a.
1
2
Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
Occupation
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Forest and conservation workers.............................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm ..........................
Animal caretakers, except fa rm ................................................
All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
related workers........................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - construction trades
and extractive workers.........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/superv-transp and
material moving machine and
vehicle workers.....................................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Transportation inspectors .........................................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or
power generation p lant.....................................................
All other machinery maintenance mechanics.....................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except
engines..................................................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
Precision instrument repairers................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and maintenance..................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters...........................................................................
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment
operators...............................................................................
Highway maintenance workers...............................................
All other construction and extractive workers,
except helpers........................................................................
Precision production w orkers...................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, operators
and tenders.............................................................................
Hand workers, including assemblers
and fabricators........................................................................
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and
system operators..................................................................
Power generating plant operators, except
auxiliary equipment operators..............................................
Stationary engineers...............................................................
Employment'
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
21,710
7,580
6,590
630
1.18
.41
.36
.03
6,910
.37
6
8
203,530
11.04
n.a.
n.a.
20,250
1 .1 0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
7
5
9
n.a.
7
10
1
4,180
.23
8
8
6,760
.37
7
7
1,640
.09
8
3
7,670
1,480
.42
.08
6
3,570
29,820
3,000
.19
1.62
.16
1,390
1,610
9,150
7,040
.08
.09
.50
.38
11
4,150
.23
10
1,510
.08
940
310
3,720
.05
53,440
3,230
4,130
2.90
.18
10
7
2
5
n.a.
n.a.
4
n.a.
n.a.
10
2
2
5
16
6
10
3
7
2
5
3
.0 2
11
1
.2 0
n.a.
n.a.
.2 2
n.a.
5
5
n.a.
9
9
2,170
.1 2
5
6
1,670
.09
6
6
3,740
38,500
2.09
7,810
1,190
.42
.06
n.a.
7
n.a.
3
5,740
.31
13
3
1,760
5,660
.1 0
.31
7
n.a.
3
n.a.
800
.04
5
3
570
3,610
.2 0
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
92
9
.2 0
.03
2
9
O
11
9
1
4
Table 25. State government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
Occupation
Employment'
All other plant and system operators....................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
tra ile r....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route w orkers................................................................
Bus drivers..............................................................................
Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders........................................
Service station attendants ...'.....................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators.................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
Operating engineers................................................................
Helpers • laborers and material
movers, ha n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers....................................................................................
680
1 1 ,0 2 0
0.04
.60
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
1,920
.1 0
10
3
2,720
6,380
1,430
600
.15
.35
.08
.03
10
4
14
1
7,030
17,130
2,970
14,160
.38
.93
.16
.77
n.a.
13
4
31,900
1.73
n.a.
n.a.
3,700
.2 0
n.a.
n.a.
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
Percent of total
employment
12
7
8
1
2
4
n.a.
1
5
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
93
Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
T o ta l................................................................................
3,760,850
1 0 0 .0 0
Managerial and administrative occupations...............................
Financial managers....................................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations managers..................................................................
Purchasing managers................................................................
Marketing, advertising, and public
relations managers..................................................................
Administrative services managers............................................
Education administrators...........................................................
Medicine and health services managers.................................
Construction managers .............................................................
Communications, transportation, and utilities
operations managers..............................................................
Chief executives, legislators, and general
administrators, public administration......................................
General managers and top executives....................................
All other managers and administrators....................................
196,090
11,750
5.21
.31
n.a.
4
n.a.
37
4,860
2,140
.13
.06
7
9
19
13
1,050
26,710
1,810
6,290
6,040
.03
.71
.05
.17
.16
8
7
19
5
26
4
21
10
11,360
.30
11
52,700
37,620
33,760
1.40
6
1 .0 0
8
44
34
.90
4
21
706,910
159,730
18.80
4.25
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
32,540
25,570
3,560
3,410
.87
n.a.
19
18
14
n.a.
30
Professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations.............................................................
Management support workers...................................................
Accountants, auditors, and other
financial specialists...............................................................
Accountants and auditors....................................................
Budget analysts....................................................................
All other financial specialists................................................
Purchasing agents, except wholesale
and retail trade, and farm products....................................
Employment interviewers, private or public
employment service.............................................................
Personnel, training, and labor
relations specialists..............................................................
Management analysts.............................................................
Construction and building inspectors.....................................
Compliance officers and enforcement
inspectors, except construction...........................................
Tax examiners, collectors, and revenue agents...................
Assessors................................................................................
All other management support workers................................
Engineers...................................................................................
Civil engineers, including traffic..............................................
Electrical and electronic engineers........................................
All other engineers..................................................................
Surveying and mapping scientists ............................................
Engineering and related technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Civil engineering technicians and
technologists........................................................................
Electrical and electronic engineering
technicians and technologists..............................................
Drafters....................................................................................
Surveying and mapping technicians and
technologists........................................................................
All other engineering and related
technicians and technologists..............................................
Physical scientists......................................................................
Chemists, except biochemists................................................
All other physical scientists....................................................
Life scientists.............................................................................
Foresters and conservation scientists...................................
Agricultural and food scientists..............................................
Biological scientists.................................................................
All other life scientists............................................................
Physical and life science technicians
and technologists...................................................................
Computer scientists and related
workers .................................................................................
.09
.09
14
18
10
7
4,170
.1 1
15
14
1,500
.04
19
4
7,060
6,360
28,790
.19
.17
.77
17
33
9
12
24,300
14,960
.65
.40
.56
.50
.95
.70
.14
.08
26
9
9
n.a.
n.a.
13
36
36
13
25
n.a.
n.a.
26
4
5
9
34,210
.91
n.a.
n.a.
11,480
.31
15
13
3,320
7,150
.09
.19
20
10
4
15
5,280
.14
13
10
6,980
3,810
3,130
680
4,210
1,310
860
1,580
460
.19
18
n.a.
n.a.
4,190
2 1 ,2 2 0
18,830
35,750
26,390
4,220
5,140
3,190
17,320
See footnotes at end of table.
.6 8
9
94
.1 1
.1 0
.08
.0 2
.1 1
22
30
n.a.
6
33
22
20
6
6
1
n.a.
5
.03
11
.0 2
2
.0 1
28
27
37
.1 1
30
5
n.a.
n.a.
.04
.46
3
1
Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
Occupation
Systems analysts, electronic
data processing ...................................................................
Computer programmers..........................................................
Computer programmer aides.................................................
Mathematical scientists.............................................................
Social scientists, including urban and regional
planners...................................................................................
Economists, including market research analysts..................
Urban and regional planners.................................................
Psychologists..........................................................................
All other social scientists.......................................................
Social workers, medical and psychiatric..................................
Social workers, except medical and psychiatric......................
Social service technicians.........................................................
Recreation workers....................................................................
Judges and magistrates............................................................
Adjudicators, hearings officers, and judicial
reviewers.................................................................................
Lawyers......................................................................................
Law clerks..................................................................................
Paralegal personnel...................................................................
All other legal assistants and technicians,
except clerical.........................................................................
Teachers and instructors, vocational
education and training............................................................
Farm and home management advisors...................................
Librarians, professional .............................................................
Technical assistants, library......................................................
Vocational and educational counselors...................................
Instructional coordinators..........................................................
Health w orkers..........................................................................
Therapists ...............................................................................
Registered nurses...................................................................
Licensed practical nurses......................................................
Emergency medical technicians.............................................
Dietitians and nutritionists......................................................
All other health professionals,
paraprofessional and technicians........................................
Public relations specialists
and publicity w riters................................................................
Traffic technicians.....................................................................
Radio operators.........................................................................
All other professional,
paraprofessional, and technical workers...............................
Sales and related occupations ...................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, sales
and related workers................................................................
Appraisers, real estate ..............................................................
Cashiers......................................................................................
All other sales and related workers .........................................
Clerical and administrative support
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors and manager/supervisors,
clerical and administrative support workers ..........................
Welfare eligibility workers and interviewers.............................
Court clerks................................................................................
Municipal clerks.........................................................................
License clerks............................................................................
Library assistants and bookmobile drivers..............................
Teachers aides and educational assistants,
clerical......................................................................................
Secretaries.................................................................................
Stenographers...........................................................................
Receptionists and information cle rks.......................................
Typists .......................................................................................
Typists, word processing equipment........................................
Personnel clerks, except payroll and
timekeeping.............................................................................
Employment1
6,770
8,540
2 ,0 1 0
420
17,400
700
13,250
2,510
940
14,480
52,610
14,800
83,820
13,840
0.18
.23
.05
.0 1
.46
.0 2
.35
.07
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
18
33
15
49
12
n.a.
33
n.a.
11
20
14
8
1
2
18
3
29
13
2
2
30
3
14
9
27
8
22
.06
.90
.09
.08
47
7
3
35
20
6
34
5
4,360
.1 2
28
5
7,640
5,360
27,870
14,260
2,590
.2 0
24
3
.14
.74
.38
.07
.06
2.46
.08
10
6
8
24
10
12
2 ,2 0 0
33,890
3,240
2,860
2 ,2 2 0
92,700
2,960
32,160
12,420
23,790
3,280
.0 2
.39
1.40
.39
2.23
.37
.8 6
37
26
n.a.
27
15
8
2
3
n.a.
4
16
.33
.63
.09
11
8
15
8
18,090
.48
n.a.
n.a.
2,530
3,160
.07
.05
.08
16
18
17
7
5
4
40,240
1.07
n.a.
n.a.
28,960
.77
n.a.
n.a.
1,460
2,420
17,020
8,060
.04
.06
.45
28
25
19
n.a.
4
13
n.a.
786,030
20.90
n.a.
n.a.
43,220
48,370
27,410
17,750
10,340
45,400
1.15
1.29
.73
.47
.27
9
28
17
1 .2 1
8
.1 1
36
2
2
59
13
17
25
2 ,0 1 0
.2 1
12
2
14
6
8
2
11
24
34
15
18
4,320
90,030
16,380
12,990
77,420
9,430
2.39
.44
.35
2.06
.25
16
11
4,940
.13
15
13
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
95
17
18
1
Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
Occupation
Employment1
Percent of total
employment
File clerks...................................................................................
Statistical c le rks ........................................................................
Customer service representatives, utilities...............................
Bookkeeping, accounting, and auditing clerks.........................
Payroll and timekeeping cle rks.................................................
Billing, cost and rate cle rks......................................................
General office clerks .................................................................
Electronic data processing and other
office machine operators......................................................
Billing, posting, and calculating machine
operators...............................................................................
Computer operators, except peripheral
equipment.............................................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operators....................................
Data entry keyers, except composing...................................
All other office machine operators ........................................
Switchboard operators..............................................................
Mail clerks, except mail machine operators and
postal service..........................................................................
Messengers................................................................................
Material recording, scheduling,
dispatching, and distributing workers...................................
Dispatchers, police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Dispatchers, except police, fire, and
ambulance............................................................................
Meter readers, utilities............................................................
Stock clerks, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd .........................................................................
Traffic, shipping, and receiving
clerks.....................................................................................
All other material recording, scheduling, and
distributing workers ..............................................................
All other clerical and administrative support
workers....................................................................................
10,900
1,830
7,310
55,760
7,410
8,340
118,080
0.29
.05
.19
1.48
25,260
Service occupations ....................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors, service ................................................
Fire fighting and prevention supervisors...............................
Police and detective supervisors...........................................
All other service supervisors and
manager/supervisors...........................................................
Protective service workers........................................................
Fire inspectors........................................................................
Fire fighters.............................................................................
Police detectives.....................................................................
Police patrol officers...............................................................
Correction officers and jailers ................................................
Parking enforcement officers .................................................
Bailiffs......................................................................................
Sheriffs and deputy sheriffs...................................................
Crossing guards .....................................................................
Guards and watch guards......................................................
All other protective service workers......................................
Food and beverage preparation and service
workers....................................................................................
Cooks, institution or cafeteria.................................................
Food preparation workers......................................................
All other food service workers ...............................................
Health service and related workers..........................................
Medical assistants...................................................................
Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants..............................
Home health aides..................................................................
Psychiatric aides .....................................................................
Ambulance drivers and attendants, except
emergency medical technicians..........................................
All other health service workers............................................
Cleaning and building service workers, except
private households..................................................................
Amusement and recreation attendants....................................
15
19
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
10
4
8
21
.2 0
12
.2 2
28
3.14
2
55
23
14
43
.67
n.a.
n.a.
2,900
.08
19
5
7,430
.2 0
2 ,0 1 0
10,350
2,570
6,030
.05
.28
.07
.16
14
43
14
16
3
13
4
17
1,640
1,810
.04
.05
5
16
5
92,970
2.47
n.a.
n.a.
53,830
1.43
6
34
6,710
17,760
.18
.47
42
6
22
11,760
.31
18
15
1 ,0 0 0
.03
34
2
1,910
.05
30
3
40,690
1.08
5
1,132,860
30.12
n.a.
n.a.
124,650
41,500
67,950
3.31
n.a.
5
n.a.
1 .1 0
1.81
1
35
.40
28
n.a.
26
15,200
784,520
7,000
207,170
37,700
301,450
64,100
6,800
5,860
61,980
42,840
14,080
35,540
2 0 .8 6
.19
5.51
1 .0 0
5
22
10
2
12
8 .0 2
1
1.70
.18
.16
1.65
1.14
.37
.94
2
8
7
11
20
11
n.a.
13
23
23
39
15
15
13
11
2
10
16
16
32
n.a.
n.a.
8
8
n.a.
39,260
7,280
1,560
.63
.27
.26
.09
1.48
.03
1.04
.19
.04
2,610
3,760
.07
.1 0
27
25
3
2 .1 1
2
48
.8 8
14
10
23,570
10,240
9,910
3,420
55,490
1 ,0 2 0
79,320
33,110
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
96
21
17
22
n.a.
36
n.a.
13
7
3
n.a.
2
12
6
17
37
5
1
2
Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
Occupation
Social welfare service aides.....................................................
Child care workers....................................................................
All other service workers ..........................................................
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related
occupations.............................................................................
Forest and conservation workers .............................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers, except farm ..........................
Animal caretakers, except fa rm ................................................
All other agriculture, forestry, fishing, and
related workers.......................................................................
Production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
occupations.............................................................................
First-line supervisors,
manager/supervisors - production,
construction, maintenance, and related
workers .................................................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - mechanics,
installers and repairers ........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/supervisors - construction trades
and extractive workers.........................................................
First-line supervisors and
manager/superv-transp and
material moving machine and
vehicle workers....................................................................
All other first-line supervisors and manager/
supervisors - production, construction,
maintenance and related.....................................................
Transportation inspectors .........................................................
All other inspectors, testers and related
occupations.............................................................................
Mechanics, installers, and repairers.........................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics.......................................
Machinery maintenance mechanics, water or
power generation p lant.....................................................
All other machinery maintenance mechanics.....................
Machinery maintenance workers............................................
Maintenance repairers, general utility....................................
Automotive mechanics ...........................................................
Bus and truck mechanics and diesel engine
specialists.............................................................................
Mobile heavy equipment mechanics, except
engines..................................................................................
Heating, air-conditioning, and refrigeration
mechanics and installers.....................................................
Precision instrument repairers...............................................
Electric meter installers and repairers...................................
Mechanical control and valve installers and
repairers................................................................................
All other mechanics, installers, and repairers.......................
Construction trades workers, except material
m oving....................................................................................
Carpenters ..............................................................................
Electricians..............................................................................
Painters and paperhangers, construction
and maintenance..................................................................
Plumbers, pipefitters, and
steamfitters...........................................................................
Pipelayers................................................................................
Paving, surfacing, and tamping equipment
operators...............................................................................
Highway maintenance workers..............................................
All other construction and extractive workers,
except helpers........................................................................
Precision production workers ...................................................
Machine setters, set-up operators, operators
and tenders.............................................................................
Employment'
6 ,1 1 0
0.16
4,350
21,740
.1 2
70,890
3,340
60,820
3,860
1 .8 8
.58
.09
1.62
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
33
30
n.a.
n.a.
32
8
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
4
2
n.a.
n.a.
4
30
.1 0
17
6
2,870
.08
25
4
839,110
22.31
n.a.
n.a.
60,010
1.60
n.a.
n.a.
21,070
.56
23
25
15,830
.42
17
18
8,330
.2 2
37
9
14,780
450
.39
15
33
13
.0 1
1
2,710
142,720
21,030
.07
3.79
.56
31
n.a.
n.a.
3
n.a.
n.a.
17,030
4,000
2,570
51,040
19,770
.45
12
.07
1.36
.53
16
23
23
16,640
8
4
3
32
15
22
.44
26
12
4,560
.1 2
16
7
2,570
2,230
2,830
.07
.06
.08
23
28
24
4
4,780
14,700
.13
.39
22
n.a.
5
n.a.
192,960
6,730
17,000
5.13
.18
.45
n.a.
19
29
n.a.
9
13
7,340
.2 0
17
8
6,930
9,290
.18
.25
20
18
7
5
20,340
125,330
.54
3.33
23
4
47
17,260
2,620
.46
.07
19
41
8
.1 1
41
3
4,090
See footnotes at end of table.
Percent of total
employment
97
.1 1
2
4
10
2
Table 26. Local government: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1985—Continued
Occupation
Plant and system workers ........................................................
Water and liquid waste treatment plant and
system operators..................................................................
Power generating plant operators, except
auxiliary equipment operators..............................................
Stationary engineers...............................................................
All other plant and system operators....................................
Motor vehicle operators............................................................
Truck drivers, heavy or tractor
trailer .....................................................................................
Truck drivers, light, include delivery
and route workers ................................................................
Bus drivers..............................................................................
Bus drivers, school..................................................................
Bridge, lock, and lighthouse tenders........................................
Service station attendants........................................................
All other transportation and motor vehicle
operators .................................................................................
Material moving equipment operators......................................
Industrial truck and tractor operators....................................
Operating engineers................................................................
All other material moving equipment
operators...............................................................................
Refuse collectors......................................................................
All other helpers, laborers, and material
movers, h a n d ..........................................................................
All other production, construction, operating,
maintenance, and material handling
workers ....................................................................................
Employment'
Relative error (in
percentage) 2
Percent of
establishments
reporting
the occupation
n.a.
n.a.
82,980
2 .2 1
60,610
1.61
5
32
5,460
4,630
12,280
102,910
.15
2
.33
2.74
34
38
n.a.
n.a.
24,110
.64
13
16,940
60,450
1,410
1,170
4,930
.45
1.61
.04
.03
.13
3
34
44
33
14,110
43,290
10,840
25,810
.38
1.15
.29
.69
3
n.a.
13
9
5
n.a.
6,640
61,930
.18
1.65
17
3
5
19
95,280
2.53
2
9,690
.26
n.a.
.1 2
22
3
n.a.
n.a.
12
9
7
1
1
4
8
13
21
n.a.
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
n.a. = not available.
NOTE: Detail may not add to totals due to rounding. Estimated
employment is rounded to the nearest 1 0 .
1 Estimates for specific occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or
with less than 0 . 0 1 percent of industry employment, or with a relative
error greater than 50 are not shown separately but have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” or summary level category.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
Percent of total
employment
98
Appendix A. Survey Methods
and Reliability of Estimates
of the OES survey. “ Crosswalks” have been developed
between the two systems so that users may integrate OES
data with data from sources using the Census classifica
tion. (See appendix B.)
The industrial classification system is that described
in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classifica
tion Manual,1 whereby reporting establishments are
classified into industries on the basis of major product
or activity.
Scope of the survey
The survey covered private manufacturing establishments
in Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) codes 40-59 (except
43) and State and local government activities. The reference
date of the survey was the week that included April 12, May
12, or June 12, 1985, depending on the SIC of the sampled
unit as shown below:
SIC code
4 0 ..............................................
4 1 ..............................................
4 2 ..............................................
4 4 ..............................................
4 5 ..............................................
4 6 ..............................................
4 7 ..............................................
4 8 ..............................................
4 9 ..............................................
5 0 ..............................................
5 1 ..............................................
5 2 ..............................................
5 3 ..............................................
5 4 ..............................................
5 5 ..............................................
5 6 ..............................................
5 7 ..............................................
5 8 ..............................................
5 9 ..............................................
8 2 ..............................................
State g o v e r n m e n t..............
Local govern m en t..............
Reference date
May
May
Mav
April
June
June
April
May
April
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
June
April
May
May
Concepts
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
An establishment is an economic unit which produces
goods or services. Generally, it is at a single physical
location and is engaged predominantly in one type of
economic activity. Where a single physical location en
compasses two or more distinct activities, these are
treated as separate establishments if separate payroll
records are available and certain other criteria are met.
Employment includes full- and part-time workers;
workers on paid vacations or other types of leave;
workers on unpaid short-term absences (i.e., illness, bad
weather, temporary layoff, jury duty); salaried officers,
executives, and staff of incorporated firms; employees
temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for
whom that unit is their permanent (home) duty station,
regardless of whether the unit prepares their paycheck.
Excluded from coverage are proprietors (owners and
partners of unincorporated firms), self-employed, un
paid family workers, and workers on extended leave
(i.e., pensioners and members of the Armed Forces).
Occupation refers to the occupation in which
employees are working rather than the occupation for
which they may have been trained. For example, an
employee trained as an engineer but working as a
drafter is reported as a drafter.
Working supervisors (those spending 20 percent or
more of their time at work similar to that done by
workers under their supervision) are reported in the oc
cupation most closely related to their work.
Part-time workers, learners, and apprentices are
reported in the occupation in which they ordinarily
work.
The survey covered all 50 States, the District of Co
lumbia, and Puerto Rico. (Puerto Rico data are not in
cluded in the national estimates in this publication.)
Occupational and industrial classification
The OES classification system is based primarily on
the Dictionary o f Occupational Titles (dot), fourth edi
tion, and is compatible with the 1980 Standard Occupa
tional Classification (soc) system. The dot was used to
develop the definitions of OES occupations because it is
the most comprehensive system for classifying occupa
tions. In addition, each OES occupation is directly
related to a 1980 census occupation, except in those
cases where a census occupation is not within the scope
1Standard Industrial Classification Manual (Office of Manage
ment and Budget, Executive Office of the President, 1972), as amend
ed in Supplement, 1977.
99
smaller size class, ui reporting units with 250 or more
employees were included in the sample with certainty.
Sample sizes intended to produce State estimates with
target relative errors of 10, 15, and 20 percent at one
standard deviation were developed for the noncertainty
size classes. This was done for groups of sic s based on
averages of occupational rates and coefficients of varia
tion (cv’s) from the previous survey of those sic’s for a
set of typical occupations. This sic sample size was
allocated to the size classes proportionally to size class
employment. The sample was selected systematically
with equal probability within each State/sic/area/size
class cell.
The States were given the option of three target
relative errors in designing their samples. Some States
varied the target relative error by sic. This was done to
decrease the cost by reducing the sample size. The above
allocations resulted in a total initial sample size of
307,386 ui reporting units.
Multiple jobholders (employees who perform the
duties of two or more occupations in an establishment)
are reported in the occupation that requires the highest
level of skill or in the occupation where the most time
is spent if there is no measurable difference in skill
requirements.
Survey procedures
The survey is conducted over a 3-year cycle; manufac
turing industries are surveyed in 1 year and nonmanu
facturing industries in the other 2 years. Data
are collected from a sample of establishments primarily
by mail; telephone followups and personal visits are
made when an establishment response is critical to the
survey. The survey is based on a probability sample,
stratified by industry and size of employment, designed
to represent the total or “ universe” of establishments
covered by the survey. Data are requested for the pay
period including the 12th of the reference month, which
is standard for all Federal agencies collecting employ
ment data.
Response
Of those selected, 291,464 were final eligible units
(i.e., excluding establishments that were out of business
or out of scope, etc.). Usable responses were obtained
from 221,103 units, producing a response rate of 75.9
percent based on units and 76.1 percent based on
weighted employment. Subsequent to the closeout date
for national estimates, additional data were received by
States and used in preparing State estimates. Response
rates in most States were much higher than the response
rate used to develop national estimates.
Method of collection
Survey schedules were mailed to most sample
establishments; personal visits were made to some larger
companies. Two additional mailings were sent to
nonrespondents at approximately 6-week intervals.
Nonrespondents considered critical to the survey (due to
size) were followed up by telephone or personal visit.
Sampling procedure
Estimation
The sampling frame for this survey was the list of
units in the specified SIC’s as reported to State
unemployment insurance (Ul) agencies. The reference
date of the sampling frame was the second quarter of
1984.
A weight was determined for each sample unit from
which a usable response was received. Each weight was
composed of two factors. The first factor was the in
verse of the probability of selection. The second was the
nonresponse adjustment factor, used to correct for
questionnaires that were not returned or not usable. For
each of the 3-digit sic/State/size class sampling cells,
a nonresponse factor was calculated that was equal to:
The universe was stratified into sic and size classes.
The size classes were determined by employment as
follows:
Size class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Employees
...............................
Weighted sample employment of all eligible units in sample
1-3
4-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 and over
Weighted sample employment of all responding eligible units
Sample employment was taken from the sampling
frame. If the factor in a cell was greater than a predeter
mined maximum factor, which increased as the number
of respondents in a cell increased, the cell was collapsed
with other homogeneous cells within the SIC until the
factor for the combined cells was not greater than the
appropriate maximum factor. If the collapsing pro
cedure terminated (i.e., no more cells were available for
collapse) before satisfying the above constraint, then the
Ui reporting units with 1-3 employees were not sampled
in all States, but units with 4-9 employees were given
larger weights to represent the employment in the
100
appropriate maximum factor was used. For size classes
1-6, homogeneous cells were determined to be other size
cells within the SIC and State. For size classes 7-9,
homogeneous cells were determined to be other State
cells within the sic and size class. The weight for each
establishment was the product of the two factors.
A combined ratio estimate of occupational employ
ment was used to develop the national estimates. The
auxiliary variable used was total employment. The
estimating formula is:
Ky
=
i-th industry and j-th size class
correlation coefficient between p
and e within the i-th industry and
j-th size class.
The variances for the occupational estimates were esti
mated from the following formula:
Var(j>) T„
-
? f T„ V,,1
[(M „-e„)/(M „)]-
2 2
w ijk
J_k_____
2 2 wljk ®ijk
Lj k
Where: p
=
i
=
j
=
k
W j*
P i*
ei*
Mi
[ M" / ( £ » * * * ) ] ’
2-digit industry occupational
employment estimate
3-digit industry within a 2-digit
industry
size class
V|(!
M;
= establishment
— weight after nonresponse
adjustment in i-th industry, j-th
size class, and k-th establishment
= occupational employment in i-th
industry, j-th size class, and k-th
establishment
— total employment in i-th industry,
j-th size class, and k-th estab
lishment
= population total employment in
i-th industry
V(f>)
—
=
No
=
=
u
—
" ij
=
j
=
=
2 ^ w,,ij p P,,. —R.e,„) - (P.j —R.e^)j
Where:
M (J
=
benchmark total employment in
the i-th industry
^ 2 WjJke ijkj j ^ ? 2 WjjkeiJkj
.
R,
cu
2eilk
All other terms are as defined above. This formula is
almost a computational form of the standard formula
given above. One simplifying assumption has been
made:
The population value of total employment (M;) was
obtained from the b l s Current Employment Statistics
program, a monthly employment survey of nonagricultural establishments.
The standard form for the sampling variance for a
combined ratio estimate is:
Where: V(f>)
i
=
w<* = Cjj for all k in a given ij cell
That is, the weights are equal to a constant C within a
given 3-digit industry/size class cell. At this time, the
total effect of this assumption on the variance estimates
has not been measured.
? ? Nlj2 (1-fj,)
1j L
n'>
[Si, + R,2S*ij - 2R, Ko SpiJ Seij]
variance of f)
3-digit industry within a 2-digit
industry
size class
total number of units in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
sampling fraction in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
number of sample units in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
standard deviation of p within the
i-th industry and j-th size class
standard deviation of e within the
Reliability of estimates
Estimates developed from the sample may differ from
the results of a complete survey of all the establishments
in the sampled lists. Two types of errors, sampling and
nonsampling, are possible in an estimate based on a
sample survey. Sampling error occurs because observa
tions are made only on a sample, not on the entire
population. Nonsampling error can be attributed to
many sources, e.g., inability to obtain information
about all cases in the sample; differences in the
respondents’ interpretation of questions; inability of
respondents to provide correct information; errors in
recording, coding, or processing the data; errors in
101
estimating values for missing data; and failure to repre
sent all units in the population.
The particular sample used in this survey is one of a
large number of all possible samples of the same size
that could have been selected using the same sample
design. Estimates derived from the different samples
would differ from each other; the difference between a
sample estimate and the average of all possible sample
estimates is called the sampling deviation. The standard
or sampling error of a survey estimate is a measure of
the variation among the estimates from all possible
samples. The relative standard error is defined as the
standard error of the estimate divided by the value being
estimated; the variance is defined as the standard error
squared.
The sample estimate and an estimate of its standard
error enable one to construct interval estimates with
prescribed confidence that the interval includes the
average result of all possible samples that could be ob
tained from the sample design for the survey.
To illustrate, if all possible samples were selected, and
if each of these were surveyed under essentially the same
conditions and an estimate and its estimated sample er
ror were calculated from each sample, then:
Approximately 90 percent of the intervals
from 1.6 standard errors below to 1.6 stand
ard errors above the derived estimate would
include the average of all possible
samples. This interval is called a 90-percent
confidence interval.
Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from
two standard errors below to two standard er
rors above the derived estimate would include
the average of all possible samples. This inter
val is called a 95-percent confidence interval.
4.
Almost all intervals from three standard errors
below to three standard errors above the deriv
ed estimate would include the average of all
possible samples.
An inference that the complete coverage value would
be within the indicated ranges would be correct in ap
proximately the relative frequencies shown.
For example, suppose an estimated total is shown as
5,000 with an associated relative error of 2 percent.
Then the standard error is 100 (2 percent of 5,000) and
there is a 68-percent chance that the average of all possi
ble sample totals would be between 4,900 and 5,100,
and it is almost certain that the average of all possible
sample totals would be between 4,700 and 5,300.
The relative errors provided primarily indicate the
magnitude of the sampling error, but do not measure
biases in the data due to nonsampling error. Efforts
were made to reduce the biases due to errors in record
ing, coding, and processing the data. The adjustment
made for nonrespondents assumed that the
characteristics of the nonrespondents were the same as
those of the respondents at a given level. To the extent
this is not true, bias is introduced in the data. The
magnitude of these biases is not known.
Particular care should be exercised in the interpreta
tion of small estimates, estimates based on a small
number of cases, or small differences between estimates
because the sampling errors are relatively large and the
magnitude of the biases is unknown.
1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from
one standard error below to one standard error
above the derived estimate would include the
average value of all possible samples. This in
terval is called a 68-percent confidence
interval.
2.
3.
102
Appendix B. The OES
Classification System
This is the first survey of the industries included in this
bulletin to use a new OES classification system. The new OES
system (with an entirely new 5-digit coding system) organizes
all occupations into four levels: Division, major group, minor
group, and detail. The following sections discuss the first
three levels, and also explain the new coding structure.
major and minor group structure of each division are
given below:
Managerial and administrative occupations. This divi
sion is organized into three major groups. The first con
tains specialized occupations by function, and the se
cond contains specialized occupations by industry. Both
of these categories are generally at the middle-manage
ment level. When function and industry overlap, func
tion takes precedence and is listed first. The third and
final group includes the division residual as well as
workers, usually in upper management, whose duties
are more general in nature.
Division level
There are seven divisions in the new oes system:
1. Managerial and administrative occupations
2. Professional, paraprofessional, and technical
occupations
3. Sales and related occupations
4. Clerical and administrative support occupations
5. Service occupations
6. Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related ococcupations
7. Production, construction, operating, main
tenance, and material handling occupations
Professional, paraprofessional, and technical occupa
tions. This division is organized into nine major groups
and a residual category. These major groups were created
by combining those professional, paraprofessional, and
technical occupations requiring common bodies of
knowledge and expertise. Unlike the Standard Occupa
tional Classification (soc) system, distinctions between
technical and professional workers, if made, are found
at the minor group level rather than at the major group
or division level.
The first major group is management support. This
group was placed in the professional division rather
than the managerial division, as in the soc, for it was
felt that respondents consider individual management
support occupations functionally closer to the profes
sional specialties of the division than to the upper and
middle management occupations of the first division.
The management support group also includes a residual
allowing the combination of this major group with the
management division, if soc compatibility is required.
The remaining major groups primarily follow soc
order: “ Hard” sciences, including engineering; the
social sciences and related disciplines, such as law and
teaching; health fields; and, writing, art, and related
fields. The two exceptions to the soc order, the techni
cian and computer groups, were moved so that these oc
cupations would appear in closer proximity to the oc
cupations they most commonly support.
Some of the more significant changes made at the
division level are:
• The exclusion of first-line managers/supervisors
from the managerial and administrative division. These
workers are classified in separate and specific categories
in the other divisions. For example, in the second divi
sion, first-line managers/supervisors are classified with
the workers they supervise.
• The combination of professional and technical
workers into a single integrated division in order to
lessen the growing ambiguity between the two
categories.
• The creation of a new agriculture division which
allows supplementation of data from non-OES survey
sources.
• The significant organizational and occupational
revision of the production division.
Major and minor group levels
A significant amount of change has taken place at the
major and minor group levels, particularly in restructur
ing. Since it would be impossible to describe every
change in this appendix, some of the highlights of the
Sales and related occupations. The soc arranges the
sales division into four segments:
Supervisory; sale of most services; sale of retail pro
103
ducts; and sales-related occupations. In both the new
oes system and the soc, retail sales is not an industry
designation but rather an occupational designation for
sales activities which are directed towards individuals
rather than organizations or businesses.
Unlike the soc, the new oes system includes all ser
vice sales occupations in the major groups as “ sales oc
cupations, service.”
In addition, a new major group was created by com
bining the last three soc categories because they involve
the sale of products rather than services. A few salesrelated occupations such as demonstrators have also
been included in this new group.
The new oes sales division is somewhat larger in
scope than the previous oes category because of the ad
dition of occupations such as sales engineers and
cashiers.
Production, construction, operating, maintenance,
and material handling occupations. As in the previous
oes system, this is the largest and most diverse of all the
oes divisions. The major groups are listed below:
Supervisory
Inspecting
Repair
Construction and extraction
Precision production
Machine setting and operating
Assembling and handworking
Plant and system operation
Transportation and material handling
Helpers and laborers
To understand the organization of this division, it is
important to be familiar with soc principles. The first
basic principle of organization is that occupations are
grouped by function (e.g., inspecting, repairing, produc
ing). An equally important principle is organization by
skill requirements (e.g., precision, setup, operating,
helping).
A third organizing principle in many of these groups
is the distinction made between machine and hand
operations. In this case, hand operations include the use
of hand-held power tools. The hand and machine
categories are not exhaustive, however, since both preci
sion hand work and precision machine work are placed
in the same category. For oes purposes, an exception to
the SOC placement was made, and precision assembling
occupations were placed in the hand working category,
allowing for proximity to the other assembling occupa
tions.
The soc and the new oes systems also distinguish be
tween “ manual” occupations, such as material hand
ling, and “ hand” occupations, such as grinding. Here,
the distinction is made according to whether or not the
worker is directly working on the manufacture of a pro
duct.
Within the large production and precision and
machine groups, distinctions are made on the basis of
materials worked (e.g., metal/plastic, wood, textile,
assorted/other). The assorted/other category includes
working with combined materials as well as working
with single materials, such as stone, which have not
previously been specified.
Clerical and administrative support occupations. This
division is organized into six major groups and a
residual category. As with the other divisions, the super
visory category is first. The next major group includes
industry-specific clerical occupations. This group is
placed near the top of the clerical division so that
respondents can more easily locate these occupations.
These two major groups are followed by the general
secretarial and related group, an office machine group,
a communications group, and a material recording
group.
Service occupations. The previous oes system included
protective services, food service, and cleaning service
occupations as summary occupational groups. The new
system includes these as major groups and adds health
and personal service occupations, while expanding the
cleaning group to encompass building service organiza
tions.
Agriculture, forestry, fishing, and related occupations.
Because many of the occupations related to this divi
sion are found in industries outside the scope of the oes
survey, the previous OES system coding structure had no
comparable category. At present, the division covers
only those occupations needed for the oes survey as
defined by its current nonagricultural scope.
104
Appendix C. OES Survey Data
Available From State Agencies
State data on occupational employment in the industries
covered in this bulletin are available as indicated in the following table. These data may be obtained from the State
employment security agencies listed on the inside back cover
of this publication,
Table C-1. OES survey data available by State and year
State
1973
1976
1979
1982
1985
State
Alabama.......................
Alaska..........................
Arizona.........................
Arkansas.......................
California.......................
Colorado.......................
Connecticut....................
Delaware........................
District of Columbia ..........
Florida...........................
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Montana.......................
Nebraska........................
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Georgia.........................
Hawaii...........................
Idaho ............................
Illinois ..........................
Indiana .........................
Iowa ............................
Kansas .........................
Kentucky........................
Louisiana.......................
Maine ..........................
Maryland........................
Massachusetts..................
Michigan........................
Minnesota......................
Mississippi......................
Missouri.........................
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1976
1979
1982
1985
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
New York ......................
North Carolina..................
North Dakota...................
Oklahoma......................
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Oregon.........................
X
X
X
X
X
X
x
X
X
X
X
X
Pennsylvania...................
Rhode Island...................
X
x
Tennessee ......................
Texas............................
Utah ............................
Vermont.........................
X
X
X
X
X
Virginia .........................
Washington.....................
X
X
X
X
x
x
x
x
x
X
Wyoming........................
1 Occupational employment data at the more detailed 3-digit level are available upon request from the Office of Employment and Unemployment
1973
Statistics, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Definitions for all occupations surveyed are
also available upon request.
105
W
h
e r e
I n f o r m
E
m
p
l o y m
e n
t
a n d
t o
F i n d
a t i o n
U
n
e
o n
m
p
l o
y m
e
n
t
E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s:
Monthly periodical containing labor force
and establishment data. National,
State, and area figures on
employment, unemployment, hours,
and earnings. Order
Employment and Earnings
from Superintendent of Documents, U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. 20402. Includes text,
statistical tables, and technical notes.
E le c tr o n ic N e w s R e le a se :
Quickest. Accessible electronically
immediately at release time through
BLS news release service. Write
the Office of Publications, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, Washington, D.C.
20212, or call (202) 523-1913.
E m p lo y m e n t S itu a tio n N e w s R elea se:
Copies of this national statistical
monthly release reach the public
about a week after^the release date.
Write: Inquiries and Correspondence,
Bureau of Labor Statistics,
Washington, D\C. 20212.
T e le p h o n e :
Q uick sum m ary on 24-hour recorded
m essage. Key num bers, plus other
BLS indicators and u p co m in g release
d ates. C all (202) 523-9658.
M a c h in e -R e a d a b le F o rm :
Labor force data from the household
survey and employment, hours, and
earnings data from the establishment
survey are available on both
computer tape and diskette. For
information, write the Office of
Publications, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, Washington, D.C. 20212 or
call (202) 523-1090.
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w :
E m p loym en t and u n em p lo y m en t statistics
included in m on th ly 47-page
sum m ary o f BLS data and in
analytical articles. A v a ila b le from
the Superintendent o f D o cu m en ts,
U .S . G overn m en t P rinting O ffic e
W a sh in g to n , D .C . 2 0 4 0 2 .
U.S. D ep artm en t of Labor
B ureau of Labor S ta tis tic s
REGION I -BOSTON
Suite 1603
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Federal Building
Government Center
Boston, MA. 02203
REGION V -CHICAGO
9th Floor
230 S. Dearborn Street
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REGION III -PHILADELPHIA
3535 Market Street
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REGION II -NEW YORK
Room 808
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REGION VI -DALLAS
Room 221
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REGIONS VII AND VIII -KANSAS CITY
15th Floor
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, MO. 64106
REGION IV -ATLANTA
Suite 540
1371 Peachtreet Street, NE.
Atlanta, GA. 30367
REGIONS IX and X - SAN FRANCISCO
71 Stevenson Street
P O Box 3766
San Francisco, CA 94119
COOPERATING STATE AGENCIES
Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) Program
BLS
Region
BLS
R egion
IV
X
ALABAM A
ALASKA
IX
ARIZONA
VI
ARKANSAS
IX
VIII
I
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
III
DELAWARE
III
DIST. OF COL.
IV
FLORIDA
IV
GEORGIA
IX
HAW AII
X
IDAHO
V
ILLINOIS
V
INDIANA
VII
IOWA
VII
KANSAS
IV
KENTUCKY
VI
LOUISIANA
I
III
I
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
V
MICHIGAN
V
MINNESOTA
- Department of Industrial Relations,
Industrial Relations Building, Room 427,
Montgomery 36130
- Employment Security Division, Department
of Labor, P.O. Box 1149, Juneau 99802
- Department of Economic Security, P.O. Box
6123, Phoenix 85005
- Employment Security Division, Departmenr
of Labor, State Capitol Mall. P.O. Box
2981, Little Rock 72203
- Employment Development Department, P.O.
Box 1679, Sacramento 95808
- Division of Employment and Training, 1330
Fox Street, Denver 80204
- Employment Security Division, Labor
Department, 200 Folly Brook Boulevard,
Wethersfield 06109
- Department of Labor, University Plaza
Office Complex, P.O. Box 9029, Newark
il 9711
- Division of Labor Market Information,
Research and Analysis, Department of
Employment Services, 500 C Street, N.W.,
Room 411, Washington 20001
- Department of Labor and Employment
Security, 2574 Seagate Drive, Room 201,
Tallahassee 32301
- Department of Labor, 254 Washington
Street, S.W , Atlanta 30334
- Department of Labor and Industrial Rela
tions, 830 Punchbowl Street, Room 304,
Honolulu 96813
- Department of Employment, 317 Main
Street, P.O. Box 35, Boise 83735
- Bureau of Employment Security, 910 South
Michigan Avenue, 12th Floor, Chicago
60605
- Employment Security Division, 10 North
Senate Avenue, Indianapolis 46204
- Department of Job Service, 1000 East Grand
Avenue, Des Moines 50319
- Department of Human Resources, 401
Topeka Avenue, Topeka 66603
- Division for Unemployment Insurance,
Cabinet for Human Resources, 275 East
Main Street, Frankfort 40621
- Department of Labor, P.O. Box 44094,
Capitol Station, 1001 North 23rd Street,
Baton Rouge 70804
- Bureau of Employment Security, Department
of Labor, 20 Union Street, Augusta 04330
- Department of Human Resources, Employ
ment Security Administration, 1100 North
Eutaw Street, Baltimore 21201
- Division of Employment Security, Charles F.
Hurley Building, Government Center,
Boston 02114
- Employment Security Commission, 7310
Woodward Avenue, Detroit 48202
- Department of Economic Security, 390
North Robert Street, St. Paul 55101
IV
MISSISSIPPI
VII
MISSOURI
VIII
MONTANA
VII
NEBRASKA
IX
I
11
VI
II
IV
VIII
V
VI
X
III
II
I
IV
VIII
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
PUERTO RICO
RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
IV
TENNESSEE
VI
TEXAS
VIII
I
III
X
III
V
VIII
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA
WASHINGTON
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
- Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box
1699, Jackson 39205
- Division of Employment Security, P.O. Box
59, Jefferson City 65104
- Department of Labor and Industry, P.O.
Box 1728, Helena 59601
- Division of Employment, Department of
Labor, P.O. Box 94600, Lincoln 68509
- Employment Security Department, 500 East
Third Street, Carson City 89713
- Department of Employment Security, 32
South Main Street, Concord 03301
- Department of Labor, P.O. Box 2765, Tren
ton 08625
- Employment Security Department, P.O. Box
1928, Albuquerque 87103
- Division of Research and Statistics, Depart
ment of Labor, State Campus, Building 12,
Albany 12240
- Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box
25903, Raleigh 27611
- Job Service, P.O. Box 1537, Bismarck 58502
- Bureau of Employment Services, P.O. Box
1618, Columbus 43216
- Employment Security Commission, 310 Will
Rogers Memorial Office Building,
Oklahoma City 73105
- Employment Division, Department of
Human Resources, 875 Uniort Street, N.E.,
Salem 97311
- Department of Labor and Industry, Seventh
and Forster Streets, Harrisburg 17121
- Bureau of Employment Security, 505 Munoz
Rivera Ave., 15th Floor, Hato Rey 00918
- Department of Employment Security, 24
Mason Street, Providence 02903
- Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box
995, Columbia 29202
- Department of Labor, P.O. Box 1730,
Aberdeen 57401
- Department of Employment Security, Cor
dell Hull Office Building, Room 519,
Nashville 37219
- Employment Commission, 15th and Congress
Avenue, Austin 78778
- Department of Employment Security, P.O.
Box 11249, Salt Lake City 84147
- Department of Employment and Training,
P.O Box 488. Montpelier 05602
- Employment Commission, P.O. Box 1358,
Richmond 23211
- Employment Security Department, 212
Maple Park, Olympia 98504
- Department of Employment Security, 112
California Avenue, Charleston 25305
- Department of Industry, Labor, and Human
Relations, P.O. Box 7944, Madison 53707
- Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box
2760, Casper 82602
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