View original document

The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.

Occupational Employment
in Selected Nonmanufacturing
Industries
AJ i: ^
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
March 1981
Bulletin 2088




A

Occupational Employment
in Selected Nonmanufacturing
Industries
U.S. Department of Labor
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
March 1981
Bulletin 2088







Preface

This bulletin provides data from a 1978 survey of
occupational employment in mining; construction; fi­
nance, insurance, and real estate; and selected services
industries. Wholesale and retail trade; transportation;
communications; and electric, gas, and sanitary services
were surveyed in 1979, and results will be published later
this year. Results of the 1977 survey of manufacturing
industries were published in Occupational Employment
in Manufacturing Industries, 1977 Bulletin 2057.
This periodic survey is part of a Federal-State coop­
erative program of occupational employment statistics
(OES). The OES program also includes preparation of
the National/State Industry-Occupational Matrix—a set
of tables showing employment cross-classified by oc­
cupation and industry for the Nation and each State.
In addition, the program includes Federal assistance to
State employment security agencies in developing pro­
jections of occupational employment for States and
areas.




Hi

The OES program provides information for many
data users, including individuals and organizations en­
gaged in planning vocational educational programs,
training programs supported by the Comprehensive
Employment and Training Act, and higher education.
OES data also are used to prepare information for ca­
reer counseling, for job placement activities performed
at State employment security offices, and for personnel
planning and market research conducted by private
enterprises.
This bulletin was prepared in the Office of Employ­
ment Structure and Trends, Division of Occupational
and Administrative Statistics, by Barbara L. Keitt un­
der the direction of Thomas C. Shirk. John Shew and
Warren Macurdy provided statistical and data process­
ing support.
Unless specifically identified as copyright, material
in this publication is in the public domain and may, with
appropriate credit, be reproduced without permission.




Contents

Page
Introduction...................................................................................................................................
1
Summary......................................................................................................................................

3

Industry divisions
M ining..........................................................................................................................................
Mining, except oil and gas extraction.................................................................................
Oil and gas extraction.......................................................................... ..............................
Construction......................................................................................................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate.......................................
Banks and credit agencies....................................................................................................
Security and commodity brokers and investment services..................................................
Insurance and real estate......................................................................................................
Services..............................................................................
Hotels and other lodging places..........................................................................................
Personal services...................................................................................................................
Business services...................................................................................................................
Automotive repair, services, and garages.............................................................................
Miscellaneous repair services................................................................................................
Motion pictures........................
Amusement and recreation services.....................................................................................
Health services, except hospitals......................
Legal services..........................
Museums and botanical and zoological gardens........................
Social services..............................
Membership organizations....................................................................................................
Miscellaneous services...........................................
Tables:
1. Employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries, 1978........................
2. Employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries by major occupational
group, 1978.......................
Employment, relative error, and percentage of establishments reporting
selected occupations:
3. Mining industry, except oil and gas extraction, May1978 ........................................
4. Metal mining, May 1978 . . .......................................................
5. Bituminous coal and lignite mining, May 1978.........................................................
6. Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals,exceptfuels, May 1 9 7 8 ..................
7. Oil and gas extraction, May 1978...............
8. Construction, June 1978..............................................................................................
9. General building contractors, June 1978 .............................................................
10. Heavy construction contractors, June 1978 ...............................................................
11. Special trade contractors, June 1978......................................................



v

6
6
6
18
30
30
30
30
47
47
47
47
47
47
47
48
48
48
48
48
48
48

4
5

7
10
12
14
16
19
22
25
28

Contents— Continued

Banking, May 1978.................................................................................
Credit agencies, except banks, May 1978...................................................................
Security, and commodity brokers and services, June 1978........................................
Holding and other investment offices, June 1978 ......................................................
Insurance carriers, May 1978 ....................................................................................
Insurance agents, brokers, and service, May 1978 ...................................................
Real estate, May 1978 ................................................................................................
Combined real estate, insurance, loans, and law offices, May 1978 .........................
Hotels and other lodging places, May 1978...............................................................
Personal services, May 1978........................................................................................
Business services, June 1978........................................................................................
Automotive repair, services, and garages, May 1978 ................................................
Miscellaneous repair services, June 1978 ...................................................................
Motion pictures, April 1978..........................................................................
Amusements and recreation services, April 1978 ......................................................
Health services, except hospitals, May 1978 ..............................................................
Legal services, June 1978............................................................................................
Social services, May 1978............................................................................................
Museums, botanical and zoological gardens, April1978 ............................................
Membership organizations, April 1978........................................................................
Miscellaneous services, June 1978..............................................................................

Page
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
49
51
53
56
58
60
62
64
66
67
69
70
72

Appendixes:
A. Survey methods and reliability of estimates...............................................................
B. OES survey data available from State agencies..........................................................

75
78

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.




vi

Introduction

(DOT) and the system used for the 1970 Census of
Population. Occupational titles and descriptions in the
survey are based primarily on the Dictionary o f Occu­
pational Titles. 1The DOT was used to develop the def­
initions of detailed classification available. Summary
categories and residual groups generally follow the cate­
gories used in the 1970 census. “Crosswalks” have been
developed between the two systems so that users may
integrate OES data with data from sources using the
Census classification.
The industrial classification system is that described
in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classifi­
cation Manual,2 whereby reporting establishments are
classified into industries on the basis of major product
or activity.

The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) sur­
vey is designed to collect data on occupational employ­
ment of wage and salary workers by industry in nonagricultural establishments. The Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics provides the procedures and technical assistance
for the survey, State employment security agencies col­
lect the data, and the Employment and Training Ad­
ministration provides administrative support. In 1978,
43 States (including the District of Columbia) partici­
pated in the survey compared with 29 States in 1975
and 22 in 1973. BLS conducted a supplemental survey
in 1978, with the financial aid of the National Science
Foundation, to collect data in nonparticipating States
and to develop national estimates.
This bulletin presents national data only. Data on oc­
cupational employment in each of the participating
States are available from the State employment securi­
ty agencies (appendix B).

Concepts

An establishment is an economic unit which produces
goods or services. Generally, it is at a single physical
location and is engaged predominantly in one type of
economic activity. Where a single physical location en­
compasses two or more distinct activities, these are
treated as separate establishments if separate payroll
records are available and certain other criteria are met.
Employment includes full- and part-time workers;
workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; work­
ers on unpaid short-term absences (i.e., illness, bad
weather, temporary layoff, jury duty); salaried officers,
executives, and staff of incorporated firms; employees
temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for
whom a unit is their permanent (home) duty station,
regardless of whether the unit prepares their paycheck.
Excluded from coverage are proprietors (owners and
partners of unincorporated firms), self-employed, un­
paid family workers, and workers on extended leave
(i.e., pensioners and members of the Armed Forces).
Occupation refers to the occupation in which employ­
ees are working rather than the occupation for which
they may have been trained. For example, an employ­
ee trained as an engineer but working as a drafter is
reported as a drafter.

Survey procedures

The survey is conducted over a 3-year cycle; manu­
facturing industries are surveyed in one year and non­
manufacturing industries in the other two years. Data
are collected from a sample of establishments primari­
ly by mail; telephone followups and personal visits are
made when an establishment response is critical to the
survey. The survey is based on a probability sample,
stratified by industry and size of employment, designed
to represent the total or “universe” of establishments
covered by the survey. Data are requested for the pay
period including the 12th of the reference month, which
is standard for all Federal agencies collecting employ­
ment data. For the 1978 survey, the reference month
was April, May, or June (appendix A).
For the 1978 survey, 38 separate questionnaires were
used, each having detailed occupations related specifi­
cally to a particular industry’s activity. For example,
“credit analyst” was surveyed in only two industries—
banking and insurance. Cross-industry estimates, there-fore, cannot be developed for most detailed occupations
because not all detailed occupations were included on
every survey questionnaire. This bulletin presents cross­
industry data for major occupational groups.

1Dictionary o f Occupational Titles, fourth edition (U.S. Employment
Service, U.S. Department of Labor, 1977.)
1Standard Industrial Classification Manual (Office of Management
and Budget, Executive Office of the President, 1972), as amended in
Supplement, 1977.

Occupational and industrial classification

The OES classification system combines two widely
used systems—the Dictionary o f Occupational Titles



1

Working supervisors (those spending 20 percent or
more of their time at work similar to that done by
workers under their supervision) are reported in the
occupation most closely related to their work.
Part-time workers, learners, and apprentices are report­
ed in the occupation in which they ordinarily work.
Multiple jobholders (employees who work in two or
more occupations) are reported in the occupation that
requires the highest level of skill or in the occupation
where the most time is spent if there is no measurable
difference in skill requirements.
A more detailed statement describing the survey is
presented in appendix A.

Employment is based upon survey results adjusted to
reflect total industry employment. The percent of total
employment refers to total employment in the industry.
Relative error measures the level of confidence placed
on each estimate. The percent of establishments report­
ing a particular occupation indicates the frequency of
occurrence of the occupation.
Occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less
than 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a
relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately
but are included in the appropriate residual categories.
Employment is rounded to the nearest ten. The rel­
ative error and the percent of respondents reporting the
occupation are rounded to the nearest whole percent.
The percent of total employment was computed from
rounded employment data.

Data presented

This bulletin presents occupational employment for
2-digit SIC industries. Health services (SIC 80), how­
ever, excludes data for SIC 806.3 Data are presented
for each industry under the following headings: Em­
ployment, percent of total employment, relative error,
and percent of establishments reporting the occupation.




3Additional occupational employment data at the more detailed
3-digit SIC level are available upon request from the Office of Em­
ployment Structure and Trends. Definitions for all occupations sur­
veyed are also available upon request.

2

Summary

and serve food and beverages. Over 60 percent of serv­
ice workers covered by the survey were in cleaning
occupations or in personal services. Food preparation
and food serving workers accounted for 20 percent of
service employment; protective service workers, 10
percent.
Professional occupations, accounting for 2.8 million
workers, ranked fourth in employment in 1978. This
group include occupations concerned with the theoret­
ical and practical aspects of human endeavor in such
fields as art, science, engineering, medicine, law and
business relations. The survey categorized professional
occupations as either scientific or nonscientific. Nonscientific occupations accounted for 86 percent of these
workers. Five occupations with significant employment
were: Accountants and auditors, 314,700; professional
nurses, 181,800; physicians and surgeons, 144,300; pre­
school teachers, 143,600; and lawyers, 118,600.
Managers and officers include persons concerned
with policymaking, planning, and staffing, directly or
through subordinates, the activities of an establishment
or enterprise. Occupations in this group include office,
sales, and plant managers; and corporate officers.
Managers and officers were the fifth largest group in
nonmanufacturing. Significant numbers of these work­
ers were employed in four industries: Construction,
banks and credit agencies, insurance and real estate, and
business services.
Technical occupations accounted for about 4 percept
of the employment covered by this survey. This group
includes workers who assist in health care; in engineer­
ing and scientific research, development, and testing;
and in operating and programming technical equipment
and systems. Forty-six percent of technical employees
were in health services (excluding hospitals).
About 708,000 workers were in sales occupations. Of
these, insurance sales agents, associates, and represent­
atives constituted the largest group, 225,000 or 32
percent. Sales agents, associates, and representatives
(other than insurance and real estate) made up the
second largest group, 201,200, followed by real
estate sales agents, associates, and representatives,
95,000.

In 1978, employment in the selected nonmanufactur­
ing industries covered by this survey was 22.3 million
or a little over 25 percent of all wage and salary em­
ployment in the Nation. As shown in table 1, 55 per­
cent of surveyed employment was in service industries.
Finance, insurance, and real estate industries and con­
struction accounted for most of the rest; mining ac­
counted for less than 5 percent.
For the survey, workers were classified into seven
major occupational groups: Managers and officers; pro­
fessional workers; technical workers; service workers;
maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant workers; clerical workers; and sales
workers.
The maintenance, construction, repair, material han­
dling, and powerplant occupational group includes all
skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers performing
machine and manual work. In 1978, this group was the
largest surveyed (table 2). One out of every three sur­
veyed workers was engaged in an occupation associ­
ated with construction, whether in the construction in­
dustry itself or in other industries. The survey showed
that 89 percent of carpenters, plumbers, and pipefitters,
and 80 percent of all electricians worked in construction.
Clerical occupations, the second largest group, are
concerned with preparing, transcribing, systematizing,
and preserving written communications and records;
distributing information; collecting accounts; allocating;
expediting; and computing materials and production
costs. Clerical occupations are classified into two sub­
groups—office clerical and plant clerical.
The majority of clerical occupations are office ori­
ented. In 1978, the largest single occupation in all non­
manufacturing industries surveyed was secretary, with
969,000 workers. Other clerical occupations with sig­
nificant employment for the group and sector as a whole
were: General office clerks, with 781,300; tellers,
387,800; and hand bookkeepers, 319,600.
Service workers constituted the third largest group
of workers in 1978. The service group includes work­
ers who provide personal and protective services to in­
dividuals in institutions and commercial establishments;
maintain and clean interiors of buildings; and prepare




3




Table 1. Employment In selected nonmanufacturing industries, 1978
industry

Employment

Percent distribution

T o tal.................................................................

22,345,860

100.0

Mining, total ................................................................
Mining, except oil and gas extraction.................
Oil and gas extraction...........................................

882,200
460,930
421,270

3.9
2.1
1.9

Construction, to tal.....................................................

*4,506,610

20.2

Finance, insurance, and real estate, to ta l.............
Banks and credit agencies........................... ........
Security, commodity brokers and investment
services..............................................................
Insurance and real es tate.....................................

4,697,910
1,918,390

21.0
8.6

293,280
2,486,240

1.3
11.1

Services, to ta l.............................................................
Hotels and other lodging places..........................
Personal services............... ....................................
Business services................. ....................... .......
Auto repair, services, and garages......................
Miscellaneous repair services..............................
Motion pictures........................................................
Amusement and recreation services...................
Health services, except hospitals........................
Legal services.........................................................
Social services........................................................
Museums, botanical and zoological gardens.....
Membership organizations....................................
Miscellaneous services.........................................

12,259,140
980,770
910,400
2,609,890
543,560
262,530
206,360
693,860
2,236,280
437,400
971,770
29,470
1,504,260
872,590

54.9
4.4
4.1
11.7
2.4
1.2
.9
3.1
10.0
2.0
4.3
.1
6.7
3.9

4

Table 2. Employment In selected nonmanufacturing industries by major occupational group, 1978

Industry

Total .............................................
Mining, except oil and gas extraction
Oil and gas extraction.........................
Construction.........................................
Banks and credit agencies.................
Security, commodity brokers and
investment services..................... .
Insurance and real estate...................
Hotels and other lodging p la c e s .......
Personal services................................
Business services................................
Auto repair, services, and garages ....
Miscellaneous repair services............
Motion pictures....................................
Amusement and recreation services .
Health services, except hospitals......
Legal services......................................
Social services.....................................
Museums, botanical and zoological
gardens...........................................
Membership organizations..................
Miscellaneous services.......................

Managers and
officers

Professional
workers

Technical work­ Service work­
ers
ers

Clerical work­
ers

Sales workers

2,385,420
23,670
38,450
425,820
369,720

2,830,170
16,850
52,430
160,940
122,200

847,050
6,610
15,750
44,390
13,870

3,969,890
5,370
4,830
44,560
50,100

5,991,860
1 379,680
2 244,510
3,459,290
12,490

5,613,700
27,380
62,620
323,330
1,335,070

707,770
1,370
2,680
48,280
14,940

52,670
373,490
61,850
94,530
218,540
73,070
34,350
26,440
52,480
119,630
23,760
99,040

39,970
250,600
20,910
48,770
295,300
5,850
2,440
27,890
97,090
448,830
152,230
249,900

3,260
25,330
1,600
630
137,830
330
17,430
5,670
890
387,530
120
13,900

5,710
236,810
663,820
330,730
764,850
6,870
3,030
52,470
317,460
748,740
6,580
344,740

6,260
216,790
75,110
267,210
346,370
368,810
156,580
31,420
108,050
109,200
300
90,540

129,920
1,033,530
148,260
141,320
749,230
75,740
34,090
45,070
98,650
419,900
254,310
163,760

55,490
349,690
9,220
27,210
97,770
12,890
14,610
17,400
19,240
2,450
100
9,890

3,170
201,470
93,270

5,090
499,030
333,850

1,330
9,730
160,850

8,740
362,070
12,410

4,390
58,540
56,320

5,170
354,680
211,670

1,580
18,740
4,220

2 Includes petroleum and gas production workers.

1 Includes mining and processing occupations.




Maintenance,
construction,
repair, material
handling, and
powerplant
workers

5

Mining

construction, and related occupations, 28,000 or 6 per­
cent; managers and officers, 23,700 or 5 percent; and
mine machinery mechanics, 16,800 or 4 percent.
Tables 4 through 6 show occupational employment
for the mining of metals, bituminous coal and lignite,
and nonmetallic minerals.

In 1978, mining employed 882,200 workers or 4 per­
cent of all workers in the surveyed industries. Mining,
which includes exploration for and production of liq­
uid and solid raw materials, was classified into two ma­
jor industry groups: Mining, except oil and gas extrac­
tion; and oil and gas extraction. Employment was di­
vided almost equally between the two.

Oil and gas extraction
Mining, except oil and gas extraction

This industry (SIC 13) includes establishments pri­
marily engaged in producing crude petroleum, natural
gas and gasoline, cycle condensate; and in the recovery
of oil sands and shale.
As shown in table 7, the five most populous occupa­
tions in oil and gas extraction were: Roustabouts, with
59,100 or 14 percent of total industry employment; man­
agers and officers, 38,400 or 9 percent; rotary drill op­
erator helpers, 26,900 or 6 percent; rotary drill opera­
tors, 14,900 or 4 percent; and secretaries, 14,400 or 3
percent.

This group of industries (SIC’s 10, 11, 12, and 14)
includes establishments primarily engaged in metal min­
ing, anthracite mining, bituminous coal and lignite min­
ing and mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals,
except fuels.
As shown in table 3, the five most populous occupa­
tions in mining, except oil and gas extraction, were:
Heavy equipment operators, with 47,500 or 10 percent
of total industry employment; truck drivers, 30,700 or
7 percent; nonworking supervisors for maintenance,




6

Table 3. Mining industry, except oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, May 1978
(SIC 10,11, 12, 14)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ................................. ........................

460,930

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

23,670

5.14

n.a.

82

Professional occupations ..............................
Chemical engineer......................................
Civil engineer...............................................
Industrial engineer.......................................
Mechanical engineer....... ............................
Metallurgist and/or metallurgical engineer
Mining engineer...........................................
Safety engineer......................... ..................
All other engineers................................. .
Mathematical scientist................................
Chemist.........................................................
Geologist and/or geophysicist ..................
All other physical scientists.......................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing..............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Lawyer ...........................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
All other professional workers...................

16,850
180
410
460
490
460
2,740
1,270
900
100
910
1,960
190

3.66
.04
.09
.10
.11
.10
.59
.28
.20
.02
.20
.43
.04

n.a.
17
9
8
10
6
8
7
n.a.
37
6
8
n.a.

n.a.
2
5
4
5
4
17
12
n.a.
1
7
11
n.a.

350
1,500
2,780
180
910
1,060

.08
.33
.60
.04
.20
.23

15
5
7
23
7
n.a.

3
18
20
1
9
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Drafter............................................................
Surveyor .......................................................
All other engineering technicians..............
Science technicians....................................
All other technicians...................................

6,610
470
1,430
1,170
1,210
1,610
720

1.43
.10
.31
.25
.26
.35
.16

n.a.
12
10
6
n.a.
6
n.a.

n.a.
4
10
10
n.a.
7
n.a.

Service occupations.............................. .........
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service workers.................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........
All other service workers ...........................

5,370
2,200
2,570
120
230
250

1.17
.48
.56
.03
.05
.05

n.a.
5
6
18
26
n.a.

n.a.
18
13
1
2
n.a.

379,680
5,690
2,940
3,070
16,830
7,550
2,690
30,690
490
5,220
490

82.37
1.23
.64
.67
3.65
1.64
.58
6.66
.11
1.13
.11

n.a.
8
9
12
7
8
n.a.
3
42
6
17

n.a.
27
9
7
23
16
n.a.
59
1
20
2

1,040
1,680
3,180
1,750
560
2,110
7,900
4,500
2,110
1,450
630
1,290
1,500
2,420
9,370
880
9,410

.23
.36
.69
.38
.12
.46
1.71
.98
.46
.31
.14
.28
.33
.53
2.03
.19
2.04

15
34
12
13
21
25
10
9
13
12
16
9

3
2
5
8
1
3
5
20
3.
6
2
8

7

7
7

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations.................
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Diesel m echanic..........................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.............
Mine machinery m echanic.........................
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver...................................................
Auger machine operator.................. ...........
Blaster, mining and quarrying....................
Bonder and/or w ire r...................................
Header, bottomer, car dropper and/or
ea g er........................................................
Braker, train ..................................................
Brattice builder.............................................
Carpenter.......................................................
Cement m aso n............................................
Coal w asher.......................................... .......
Continuous mining machine operator.......
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator.......
Cutting machine operator...........................
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Dispatcher, mine c a r ....................................
Dredge operator...........................................
Drier operator, coal or o r e .........................
Driller, hand...................................................
Driller, machine.............................................
Dump operator..............................................
Electrician......... ............................................

See footnotes at end of table.




7

11
5
13
6

28
3
20

Table 3. Mining industry, except oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 10,11, 12, 14)

Occupation

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations
Fire boss.....................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Heavy equipment operator.........................
R igg er...........................................................
Industrial truck operator.............................
Inspector.......................................................
Lamp keeper and/or repairer....................
Loading machine operator, underground .
Long wall miner operator...........................
Long wall miner operator helper...............
Machinist......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Dinkey operator...........................................
O iler...............................................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Panelboard operator and/or grinding mill
panelboard operator.............................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Rock splitter, quarry....................................
Reagent tender............................................
Rock dust sprayer.......................................
Roof bolter...................................................
Shaker tender..............................................
Shutt'e car operator....................................
Stationary boiler fire r..................................
Stationary engineer.....................................
Tipple operator............................................
Track la y e r...................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Surveyor h elper...........................................
Belt repairer.................................................
Sawyer, sto n e..............................................
Separator te n d e r.........................................
Conveyor operator or tender.....................
Yard engineer..............................................
Mill and/or grinder operator,minerals.......
Pump operator.............................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer................................. ..............
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h and.......................................
Cashier............... ...........................................
File clerk.......................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...................................
Order c le rk ...................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............. ...............................
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary............. .........................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
T ypist.............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

1,890
28,010
47,500
220
1,500
460
830
6,700
350
1,450
2,910
8,070
8,870
2,380
7,540
360

0.41
6.08
10.31
.05
.33
.10
.18
1.45
.08
.31
.63
1.75
1.92
.52
1.64
.08

11
4
4
16
8
12
11
6
20
23
6
14
5
13
6
8

5
39
67
1
8
3
4
20
1
1
9
24
18
3
24
3

2,380
890
790
280
940
12,030
910
12,320
200
800
3,430
2,420
11,480
1,030
3,220
260
650
4,200
990
5,320
1,600
5,680

.52
.19
.17
.06
.20
2.61
.20
2.67
.04
.17
.74
.53
2,49
.22
.70
.06
.14
.91
.21
1.15
.35
1.23

7
10
13
14
16
8
12
8
11
17
10
8
5
12
11
17
12
7
12
4
8
n.a.

10
3
4
2
2
6
3
6
1
3
4
32
7
4
1
2
19
2
24
6
n.a.

20,260
41,120

4.40
8.92

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

27,380

5.94

n.a.

n.a.

200
320
490
90
410
1,670
1,180
80
270
4,850
290
1,640
490
260
4,550
120
410
820
840
600
560
470

.04
.07
.11
.02
.09
.36
.26
.02
.06
1.05
.06
.36
.11
.06

15
10

.99
.03
.09
.18'
.18
.13
.12
.10

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

8

9
n.a.
17
8
7
24
23
5
12
5
7
14
7
12
6
10

9
n.a.
12
10

9

2
4
4
n.a.
3
15
14
1
2
36
4
20
7
4
30
2
8
6
7
n.a.
4
4

Table 3. Mining industry, except oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 10,11, 12, 14)

Occupation

Clerical occupations—Continued
Weigher, recordkeeping..............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd .......
..............................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w ork.........
All other plant clerical workers..................
Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales c le rk ....................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

2,790

0.61

5

26

3,160
530
290

.69
.11
.06

5
8
n.a.

15
4
n.a.

1,370

.30

n.a.

n.a.

1,290
80

.28
.02

9
16

12
1

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

9

Table 4. Metal mining: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1978
(SIC 10)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation
100

T o ta l........................ .............................

92,540

100.00

Managers and officers...................................

2,800

3.03

n.a.

80

Professional occupations..............................
Chemical engineer......................................
Civil engineer.................................... ...........
Industrial engineer.......................................
Mechanical engineer...................................
Metallurgist and/or metallurgical engineer
Mining engineer...........................................
Safety engineer.............. .............................
All other engineers......................................
Chemist.........................................................
Geologist and/or geophysicist..................
All other physical scientists.......................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing................................. .............
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
All other professional workers...................

6,250
50
100
160
240
360
810
230
270
430
1,550
50

6.75
.05
.11
.17
.26
.39
.88
.25
.29
.46
1.67
.05

n.a.
18
6
7
5
3
4
3
n.a.
6
9
n.a.

n.a.
5
9
8
16
22
38
24
n.a.
19
50
n.a.

150
360
700
280
510

.16
.39
.76
.30
.55

7
7
5
4
n.a.

10
28
35
24
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Drafter...........................................................
Surveyor............................. ..........................
All other engineering technicians..............
Science technicians.................... ................
All other technicians...................................

2,360
180
410
380
450
650
290

2.55
.19
.44
.41
.49
.70
.31

n.a.
13
7
5
n.a.
7
n.a.

n.a.
12
32
28
n.a.
21
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........
All other service workers...........................

1,570
710
610
80
170

1.70
.77
.66
.09
.18

n.a.
4
4
16
n.a.

n.a.
28
20
6
n.a.

74,310
1,890
920
810
2,640
2,960
740
5,090
820

80.30
2.04
.99
.88
2.85
3.20
.80
5.50
.89

n.a.
11
11
17
11
9
n.a.
5
11

n.a.
25
15
8
25
23
n.a.
32
17

220
350
60
640
950
60
140
60
480
930
2,820
180
2,920
6,170
3,820
50
240
120
60
1,160
1,560

.24
.38
.06
.69
1.03
.06
.15
.06
.52
1.00
3.05
.19
3.16
6.67
4.13
.05
.26
.13
.06
1.25
1.69

12
15
22
5
8
13
20
22
12
17
6
13
4
5
5
8
15
22
11
9
4

6
5
2
19
20
5
3
3
10
8
45
4
34
39
35
2
7

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations...................
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic..........................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.............
Mine machinery mechanic.........................
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Blaster, mining and quarrying........ ............
Header, bottomer, car dropper and/or
eager .......................................................
Braker, tra in .................................................
Brattice builder..............................................
Carpenter.......................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator.......
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Dispatcher, mine c a r...................................
Dredge operator.................. ........................
Drier operator, coal or o r e .....................
Driller, hand..................................................
Driller, machine............................................
Dump operator.............................................
Electrician........................ .............................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Heavy equipment operator.........................
R ig g er............................................................
Industrial truck operator.............................
Inspector...................... .................................
Lamp keeper and/or repairer....................
Loading machine operator, underground.
Machinist.......................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




10

-

3

7
17
21

Table 4. Metal mining: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1978—Continued
(SIC 10)

Occupation

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es...............................................
Dinkey operator...........................................
O iler................................................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Panelboard operator and/or grinding mill
panelboard operator................... ..........
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Reagent tender..... .......................................
Roof bolter....................................................
Shaker tender..............................................
Shuttle car operator....................................
Stationary boiler fir e r ..................................
Stationary engineer.....................................
Track la y e r......................... :.........................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Surveyor helper............................................
Belt repairer................ .................................
Separator te n d e r........
Conveyor operator or te nder.....................
Yard engineer..............................................
Mill and/or grinder operator,minerals.......
Pump operator..............................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers....................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

760
2,800
430
860
190

0.82
3.03
.46
.93
.21

8
4
12
4
9

13
28
7
19
10

730
510
170
520
150
320
110
180
980
2,740
220
100
320
350
530
1,810
180
3,790

.79
.55
.18
.56
.16
.35
.12
.19
1.06
2.96
.24
.11
.35
.38
.57
1.96
.19
4.10

12
3
16
47
9
17
8
3
7
6
8
19
16
9
13
4
14
n.a.

10
10
9
4
3
5
4
6
8
24
16
3
-6
9
4
25
6
n.a.

7,400
9,300

8.00
10.05

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer................................................
Accounting clerk............................... ...........
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...................................
Order c le rk ...................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Receptionist..................................................
Secretary.......................................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
T y p is t............ ................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ............................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w ork.........
All other plant clerical workers..................

5,190
140
170
70
140
380
110
560
50
. 280
120
70
990
100
270
190
200
180
180

5.61
.15
.18
.08
.15
.41
.12
.61
.05
.30
.13
.08
1.07
.11
.29
.21
.22
.19
.19

n.a.
9
9
n.a.
9
7
13
6
9
6
5
11
6
5
6
10
n.a.
10
14

n.a.
13
12
n.a.
10
27
10
28
6
26
13
9
52
17
14
12
n.a.
10
8

790
50
150

.85
.05
.16

5
22
n.a.

26
2
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................

60

.06

n.a.

n.a.

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available,

11

Table 5. Bituminous coal and lignite mining: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978
(SIC 12)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o tal......................................................

244,650

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

10,610

* 4.34

n.a.

100

Professional occupations..............................
Civil engineer................................................
Industrial engineer.......................................
Mechanical engineer...................................
Mining engineer...... ..................................
Safety engineer...........................................
All other engineers......................................
Mathematical scientist................................
Chemist.........................................................
Geologist and/or geophysicist..................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing..............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Law yer........ ..................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
All other professional workers...................

7,150
190
190
110
1,530
930
540
70
230
160

2.92
.08
.08
.04
.63
.38
.22
.03
.09
.07

n.a.
17
18
39
13
9
n.a.
n.a.
19
34

n.a.
13
10
8
42
38
n.a.
n.a.
13
6

180
620
1,240
120
490
550

.07
.25
.51
.05
.20
.22

28
11
15
34
13
n.a.

5
34
40
5
20
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Drafter............................................................
Surveyor............................................ ...........
All other engineering technicians..............
Science technicians......... ...........................
All other technicians...................................

2,710
190
800
690
560
240
230

1.11
.08
.33
.28
.23
.10
.09

n.a.
26
18
10
n.a.
22
n.a.

n.a.
7
22
30
n.a.
8
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
All other service workers ...........................

2,230
670
1,380
180

.91
.27
.56
.07

n.a.
14
11
n.a.

n.a.
29
32
n.a.

210,100
1,640
1,190
1,580
12,580
2,400
1,460
8,860
480
3,350
460

85.88
.67
.49
.65
5.14
.98
.60
3.62
.20
1.37
.19

n.a.
24
19
22
9
20
n.a.
8
43
8
18

n.a.
23
19
16
59
14
n.a.
60
3
50
10

780
1,190
3,100
840
420
2,000
7,740
1,700
1,830
60
420
130
700
4,300
470
5,210
1,840
17,750
30,030
380
140

.32
.49
1.27
.34
.17
.82
3.16
.69
.75
.02
.17
.05
.29
1.76
.19
2.13
.75
7.26
12.27
.16
.06

19
48
12
27
27
26
10
23
15
26
22
27
25
10
22
10
11
6
7
19
24

11
8
29
19
4
19
31
22
16
3
8
5
8
49
10
50
27
74
88
8
5

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations...................
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic..........................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.............
Mine machinery mechanic.........................
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Auger machine operator.............................
Blaster, mining and quarrying....................
Bonder and/or w ire r...................................
Header, bottomer, car dropper and/or
eager........................................................
Braker, train .................................................
Brattice builder.............................................
Carpenter.......................................................
Cement m ason............................................
Coal w asher..................................................
Continuous mining machine operator.......
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator.......
Cutting machine operator...........................
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Dispatcher, mine c a r...................................
Drier operator, coal or o r e .........................
Driller, hand...................................................
Driller, machine.............................................
Dump operator..............................................
Electrician......................................................
Fire boss........................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Heavy equipment operator.........................
Industrial truck operator.............................
Inspector........................................... .............

See footnotes at end of table.




12

Table 5. Bituminous coal and lignite mining: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 12)

Occupation

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations
Lamp keeper and/or repairer....................
Loading machine operator, underground .
Long wall miner operator...........................
Long wall miner operator helper...............
Machinist......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Dinkey operator...........................................
O iler........................................ .......................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Panelboard operator and/or grinding mill
panelboard operator........... ..................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Rock dust sprayer.......................................
Roof bolter...................................................
Shaker tender..............................................
Shuttle car operator....................................
Stationary engineer.....................................
Tipple operator............................................
Track la y e r....................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Surveyor h elper...........................................
Belt repairer.................................................
Separator te n d e r.........................................
Conveyor operator or tender.....................
Yard engineer..............................................
Pump operator.............................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Percent of total employ­
ment

Employment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

760
3,310
330
1,400
790
3,770
4,290
1,860
5,100
50

0.31
1.35
.13
.57
.32
1.54
1.75
.76
2.08
.02

12
11
21
23
17
29
9
17
9
37

17
32
5
6
20
19
36
11
57
3

400
200
940
11,460
390
11,750
300
3,230
1,380
5,940
740
3,050
190
1,570
260
1,130
660

.16
.08
.38
4.68
.16
4.80
.12
1.32
.56
2.43
.30
1.25
.08
.64

22
38
16
9
25
9
39
11
12
10
16
12
30
18
33
11
n.a.

10
4
13
35
8
34
7
50
19
61
23
22
4
16
4
23
n.a.

7,250
22,550

2.96
9.22

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
Computer operator......... .............................
Keypunch operator......................................
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h and.......................................
File clerk........................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Order c le rk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk ..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Receptionist..................................................
Secretary.......................................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Weigher, recordkeeping..............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w ork.........
All other plant clerical workers..................

11,630

4.75

n.a.

n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................

:n
.46
.28

.04
.04
.08
.08
.24
.07
.08
.88
.05
.26
.10
.06 .
.83
.07
.18
.20
.16
.10
.07
.33

32
23
19
34
18
34
33
10
23
10
13
25
15
15
19
16
n.a.
27
21
14

16
8
42
15
11
20
n.a.
9
8
27

1,880
120
90

.77
.05
.04

9
21
n.a.

44
6
n.a.

220

.09

n.a.

n.a.

220

.09

35

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




4
6
8
6
22
8
6
51
7

90
110
190
200
580
180
190
2,160
130
640
240
140
2,020
160
430
480
400
240
160
800

13

33

7

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available,

Table 6. Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1978
(SIC 14)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l.....................................................

120,740

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

10,110

8.37

n.a.

358

Professional occupations............ ..................
Chemical engineer......................................
Civil engineer...............................................
Industrial engineer.......................................
Mechanical engineer...................................
Metallurgist and/or metallurgical engineer
Mining engineer...........................................
Safety engineer...........................................
All other engineers......................................
Chemist.........................................................
Geologist and/or geophysicist ..................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
All other professional workers...................

3,380
130
120
100
140
60
380
100
130
240
250
520
800
140
270

2.80
.11
.10
.08
.12
.05
.31
.08
.11
.20
.21
.43
.66
.12
.22

n.a.
23
14
11
13
15
12
11
n.a.
10
26
8
8
10
n.a.

n.a.
7
11
10
11
6
30
14
n.a.
15
18
53
56
14
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Drafter...........................................................
Surveyor .......................................................
All other engineering technicians..............
Science technicians....................................
All other technicians...................................

1,530
100
210
100
200
720
200

1.27
.08
.17
.08
.17
.60
.17

n.a.
18
12
11
n.a.
11
n.a.

n.a.
9
13
10
n.a.
18
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service workers.................................
All other service workers ...........................

1,510
790
550
50
120

1.25
.65
.46
.04
.10

n.a.
6
11
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
59
34
n.a.
n.a.

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations...................
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic..........................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.............
Mine machinery mechanic.........................
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Blaster, mining and quarrying....................
Braker, train .................................................
Carpenter......................................................
Coal w asher.................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator.......
Cutting machine operator...........................
Delivery and/or route worker .......... ..........
Dispatcher, mine c a r...................................
Dredge operator..........................................
Drier operator, coal or o r e .........................
Driller, hand..................................................
Driller, machine............................................
Dump operator.............................................
Electrician.....................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Heavy equipment operator.........................
R igg er...........................................................
Industrial truck operator.............................
Inspector.......................................................
Loading machine operator, underground .
Machinist ................................. .....................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Dinkey operator.... ........ ..............................
O iler................................................................
Painter, maintenance..............................

92,710
2,120
780
640
1,580
2,180
470
16,300
1,020
130
230
70
1,830
120
1,330
60
1,190
890
760
2,190
220
1,240
3,970
13,240
130
880
190
2,210
530
3,480
1,720
90
1,420
120

76.78
1.76
.65
.53
1.31
1.81
.39
13.50
.84
.11
.19
.06
1.52
.10
1.10
.05

n.a.
6
9
13
8
8
n.a.
4
7
28
11
38
7
20
13
29

n.a.
125
26
21
69
67
n.a.
298
64
3
13
2
87
4
31
2
50
29
32
92
8
47
144
317
3
35
11
86
18
125
57
4
78
7

See footnotes at end of table.




14

.99

9

.74
.63
1.81
.18
1.03
3.29
10.97
.11
.73
.16
1.83
.44
2.88
1.42
.07
1.18
.10

10
16
6
17
7
4
3
21
10
18
7
16
7

9
22
8
13

Table 6. Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals, except fuels: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 14)

Occupation

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations
Panelboard operator and/or grinding mill
panelboard operator.............................
Plumber and/or pipefitter................. ..........
Rock splitter, quarry.............................. ......
Reagent tender............................................
Roof bolter...................................................
Shaker tender..............................................
Shuttle car operator....................................
Stationary boiler firer ..................................
Stationary engineer.....................................
Tipple operator............................................
Track la y e r....................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Surveyor helper...........................................
Belt repairer.................................................
Sawyer, stone..............................................
Separator te n d e r.........................................
Conveyor operator or tender.....................
Yard engineer..............................................
Mill and/or grinder operator,minerals.......
Pump operator..............................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

1,240
180
770
80
50
340
240
60
310
130
70
2,620
70
60
230
100
2,280
200
3,440
280
1,420

1.03
.15
.64
.07
.04
.28
.20
.05
.26
.11
.06
2.17
.06
.05
.19
.08
1.89
.17
2.85
.23
1.18

10
22
13
24
29
17
23
21
22
18
35
6
14
34
16
25
6
19
5
19
n.a.

47
5
23
4
2
10
3
2
4
6
3
123
6
2
5
3
104
7
131
7
n.a.

6,230
8,980

5.16
7.44

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Stenographer................................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d .......................................
File clerk.......................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Order c le rk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk ..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Ty p is t.............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Weigher, recordkeeping..............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work.........
All other plant clerical workers..................

10,430

8.64

n.a.

n.a.

100
70
130
70
700
890
50
2,100
120
700
130
50
1,520
140
120
170
260
140
120
1,940

.08
.06
.11
.06
.58
.74
.04
1.74
.10
.58
.11
.04
1.26
.12
.10
.14
.22
.12
.10
1.61

13
15
16
24
9
7
20
5
13
6
8
15
9
7
16
11
n.a.
10
18
4

11
9
9
4
51
75
5
157
12
71
17
8
103
21
11
15
n.a.
11
11
140

470
360
80

.39
.30
.07

10
9
n.a.

28
18
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
All other sales workers...............................

1,070

.89

n.a.

n.a.

1,030
40

.85
.03

8
n.a.

66
n.a.

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

15

Table 7. Oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1978
(SIC 13)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l..........................................................

421,270

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

38,450

9.13

n.a.

73

Professional occupations..............................
Chemical engineer......................................
Civil engineer...............................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......
Mechanical engineer...................................
Petroleum engineer.....................................
Safety engineer...........................................
All other engineers......................................
Mathematical scientist................................
Chemist.........................................................
Geologist and/or geophysicist..................
All other physical scientists.......................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing..............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Lawyer ...........................................................
Lease bu yer.................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Title clerk......................................................
Claim ag en t..................................................
All other professional workers...................

52,430
650
700
1,290
680
9,810
390
1,850
540
570
12,000
170

12.45
.15
.17
.31
.16
2.33
.09
.44
.13
.14
2.85
.04

n.a.
26
17
43
27
8
14
n.a.
40
47
9
n.a.

n.a.
2
2
3
3
22

2,200
2,070
9,910
980
3,260
1,520
900
140
2,800

.52
.49
2.35
.23
.77
.36
.21
.03
.66

28
14
8
14
11
10
14
43
n.a.

4
12
24
5
13
8
3
1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Computer, prospecting and/or computer,
seismograph...........................................
Core analyst.................................................
Drafter...........................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
Observer, electrical prospecting, and/or
gravity prospecting..............................
Scout.............................................................
Surveyor .......................................................
All other engineering technicians..............
Science technicians....................................
Airplane pilot................................................
All other technicians...................................

15,750
1,460

3.74
.35

n.a.
18

n.a.
5

830
130
4,170
1,060

.20
.03
.99
.25

28
49
9
35

2
1
14
4

490
200
490
3,4i n
' 1,610
800
1,100

.12
.05
.12
.81
.38
.19
.26

35
32
31
n.a.
21
17
n.a.

2
2
3
n.a.
3
5
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service workers ..................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........
All other service workers...........................

4,830
2,220
340
1,030
750
490

T.15
.53
.08
.24
.18
.12

na.
17
25
34
29
n.a.

n.a.
11
2
2
3
n.a.

244,510
2,310
1,440
4,200
880
12,240
140
3,850
190
2,690

58.04
.55
.34
1.00
.21
2.91
.03
.91
.05
.64

n.a.
13
18
13
n.a.
12
44
30
35
34

n.a.
13
6
13
n.a.
22
1
5
2
3

12,120
1,020
13,790
430
2,690
1,890
5,790

2.88
.24
3.27
.10
.64
.45
1.37

9
15
7
33
27
22
17

12
5
35
1
2
4
13

Petroleum and gas production,
maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling and powerplant
occupations........................ .......................
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic..........................................
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Bulk station operator ...................................
Cable driller..................................................
Carpenter.......................................................
Clean out driller.... .......................................
Derrick operator, petroleum and gas
extraction................................................
Electrician......................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Formation testing operator.................... .
G a g e r........... .................................................
Natural gastreating unit operator..............
Heavy equipment operator..........................
See footnotes at end of table.




16

6
n.a.
1
1
18
n.a.

Table 7. OH and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 13)

Occupation

Petroleum and gas production,
maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling and powerplant
occupations—Continued
Instrument repairer......................................
Liquefication and regasification plant
operator...................................................
Machinist.......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Mud plant operator.....................................
Oil pumper....................................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Pumper, h e a d ..............................................
Rotary drill operator...................... ..............
Rotary drill operator helper........................
Roustabout...................................................
Service unit operator, oil w e ll....................
Stationary engineer.....................................
Technical operator, oil and g a s .................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Well pu ller.....................................................
Surveyor h elper...........................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

1,000

0.24

21

3

540
780
4,420
2,260
1,240
12,040
360
6,810
14,910
26,920
59,080
8,750
1,390
1,650
4,560
4,850
350
4,160

.13
.19
1.05
.54
.29
2.86
.09
1.62
3.54
6.39
14.02
2.08
.33
.39
1.08
1.15
.08
.99

30
33
16
34
30
12
47
13
9
11
7
1S
23
37
18
25
35
n.a.

1
2
14
4
1
18
2
12
20
13
40
8
3
3
14
5
2
n.a.

12,100
10,670

2.87
2.53

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator............................................ ......
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk ...........................................
Bookkeeper, h and.......................................
Cashier..........................................................
File clerk.......................................................
General clerk, office ............................ .......
Mail cle rk.......................................................
Order c le rk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Receptionist........................................... ......
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist ......................................... ...................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ..........................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w ork.........
All other plant clerical workers..................

62,620

14.86

n.a.

n.a.

200
1,750
1,480
720
1,730
5,400
3,840
160
1,040
13,510
760
240
1,060
790
1,840
14,370
310
1,600
2,620
3,060
3,170
1,170
210

.05
.42
.35
.17
.41
1.28
.91
.04
.25
3.21
.18
.06
.25
.19
.44
3.41
.07
.38
.62
.73
.75
.28
.05

43
16
14
n.a.
16
11
11
36
13
8
13
30
12
12
12
8
15
13
13
11
n.a.
19
33

1
6
6
n.a.
5
12
21
1
6
36
5
2
11
7
15
38
4
13
12
14
n.a.
4
2

860
600
130

.20
.14
.03

16
20
n.a.

6
5
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate................. .....................
All other sales workers...............................

2,680

.64

n.a.

n.a.

2,670
10

.63
.00

17
n.a.

11
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate "All other” categories.




2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

17

Construction

This industry division includes new construction, ad­
ditions, alterations, and repair work.
In 1978, the construction industry employed 4.5 mil­
lion workers or 20 percent of all workers covered by
the survey. Over 75 percent of these workers were in
maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations. As shown in table 8, the
five most populous occupations in the construction in­
dustry were: Carpenters, with 527,600 or 12 percent of




total industry employment; managers and officers,
425,800 or 9 percent; heavy equipment operators,
239,200 or 5 percent; electricians, 234,000 or 5 percent;
and plumbers and pipefitters, 197,000 or 4 percent.
Construction workers are employed in one of three
industry segments—general building contractors (SIC
15), heavy construction contractors (SIC 16), or special
trade contractors (SIC 17). See tables 9, 10, and 11.

18

Table 8. Construction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June
1978
(SIC 15, 16, 17)
Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Total .........................................................

4,506,610

100.00

--

100

Managers and officers......................... ..........

425,820

9.45

n.a.

68

Professional occupations..............................
Civil engineer ................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......
Mechanical engineer...................................
Safety engineer...........................................
All other engineers......................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing..............................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer ................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Cost estimator, engineering.......................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
All other professional workers............ .......

160,940
18,780
7,640
13,360
1,580
8,660

3.57
.42
.17
.30
.04
.19

n.a.
7
19
13
12
n.a.

n.a.
4
1
2
1
n.a.

1,470
8,760
25,890
67,890
1,620
5,290

.03
.19
.57
1.51
.04
.12

18
4
2
1
13
n.a.

0
5
11
24
1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer............. ...................
Drafter.... .......................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
Surveyor ......................... ..............................
All other engineering technicians..............
All other technicians...................................

44,390
1,430
21,780
12,380
3,630
2,830
2,340

.98
.03
.48
.27
.08
.06
.05

n.a.
16
11
8
7
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
1
4
1
1
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations ........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper............... ...........
Food service workers.................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........
All other service workers ...........................

44,560
33,450
3,210
1,980
2,290
3,630

.99
.74
.07
.04
.05
.08

n.a.
4
11
26
16
n.a.

n.a.
9
1
0
0
n.a.

3,459,290
15,220
10,380
11,080
18,620

76.76
.34
.23
.25
.41

n.a.
4
5
6
6

n.a.
5
3
3
4

53,330
8,570
119,020
12,510
32,010
450
1,360
17,660
94,090
6,240
15,620
527,590
100,560
3,370
820
2,650
1,680
25,150
2,100
750
2,670
1,580
37,030
234,010
6,710
1,770
8,320
2,050
69,000

1.18
.19
2.64
.28
.71
.01
.03
.39
2.09
.14
.35
11.71
2.23
.07
.02
.06
.04
.56
.05
.02
.06
.04
.82
5.19
.15
.04
.18
.05
1.53

3
n.a.
2
8
5
27
29
8
2
8
5
1
2
8
16
11
39
4
10
45
42
25
4
1
13
13
20
13
2

5
n.a.
19
2
2
0
0
1
8
1
1
30
12
1
0
1
0
4
1
0
0
0
3
10
0
0
0
0
13

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive................. ................
Diesel mechanic..........................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.............
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air
conditioning mechanic..........................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Air hammer operator...................................
Asbestos and insulation w orker................
Asphalt heater tender.................................
Blaster, construction...................................
Boilermaker..................................................
Bricklayer.......................................................
Cabinetmaker...............................................
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.............
Carpenter......................................................
Cement m ason............................................
Concrete mixer operator............................
Concrete wall grinder operator..................
Concrete rubber ....... ...................................
Conduit mechanic........................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator.......
Delivery and/or route worker ....................
Dredge pipe installer...................................
Dredge operator..........................................
Driller, machine............................................
Dry wall applicator........................ ...............
Electrician......................................................
Fence erector..............................................
Fine grader....................................................
Fitter, pipelaying..........................................
Floor sanding machine operator...............
Supervisor, nonworking ..............................

See footnotes at end of table.




19

Table 8. Construction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June
1978—Continued
(SIC 15, 16, 17)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations
Form setter, metal road fo rm ....................
Form tamper operator and/or tamping
machine operator..................................
Furnace installer and repairer, hot a ir ......
Glazier...........................................................
Heavy equipment operator.........................
R igger...........................................................
Industrial truck operator.............................
Inspector.......................................................
Lather............................................................
Line installer repairer..................................
Machinist......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Metal fabricator............................................
Millwright................................................... .
Oil burner installer and servicer..............
Oiler...............................................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Paperhanger.................................................
Pipelayer.......................................................
Plasterer.......................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter............. ..............
Reinforcing iron w orker..............................
Roofer...........................................................
Trench sewer shaper..................................
Sewer ta p p e r...............................................
Sheet metal worker.....................................
Stationary engineer.....................................
Stone mason................................................
Layout worker, structural s te e l..................
Structural steel worker................................
Taper.............................................................
Tile se tter.....................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Surveyor helper...........................................
Asphalt mixing machine tender.................
Asphalt plant operator................................
Asphalt raker................................................
Installer and/or floor la y e r.........................
Terrazzo worker...........................................
Asbestos and insulation worker helper....
Bricklayer helper..........................................
Carpenter he lp e r.........................................
Cement mason helper................................
Electrician helper.........................................
Painter help e r..............................................
Plasterer helper.............................. .............
Plumber and/or pipefitter helper...............
Roofer helper...............................................
Stone mason help e r...................................
Tile setter helper.........................................
Cabinetmaker helper...................................
Terrazzo worker h e lp e r..............................
All other helpers, skilled trades.................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer................................. ..............

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

3,110

0.07

14

1

610
14,270
11,830
239,190
6,410
2,640
2,900
10,830
20,920
980
6,850
20,090
17,530
2,430
6,080
127,070
4,670
32,240
15,640
197,020
32,800
75,120
890
800
97,460
590
4,170
4,650
50,790
28,360
13,300
36,380
2,390
510
1,880
8,140
16,940
1,940
5,160
64,420
158,100
50,940
41,160
12,660
8,060
48,120
25,570
2,060
8,120
1,280
1,630
22,890
22,860

.01
.32
.26
5.31
.14
.06
.06
.24
.46
.02
.15
.45
.39
.05
.13
2.82
.10
.72
.35
4.37
.73
1.67
.02
.02
2.16
.01
.09
.10
1.13
.63
.30
.81
.05
.01
.04
.18
.38
.04
.11
1.43
3.51
1.13
.91
.28
.18
1.07
.57
.05
.18
.03
.04
.51
.51

20
6
8
2
11
10
24
6
11
22
10
7
6
11
7
1
6
6
5
2
6
2
34
39
2
40
9
13
5
4
6
5
9
23
12
9
5
13
12
3
2
3
3
5
6
3
3
12
7
16
15
n.a.
n.a.

0
1
1
19
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
2
1
0
2
11
1
3
2
11
3
5
0
0
7
0
1
1
2
3
1
5
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
6
15
6
4
3
1
5
3
0
1
0
0
n.a.
n.a.

43,620
378,250

.97
8.39

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

323,330

7.17

n.a.

n.a.

2,440
1,640
1,560
1,160
790

.05
.04
.03
.03
.02

6
7
8
n.a.
12

1
1
1
n.a.
0

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

20

Table 8. Construction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, June
1978—Continued
(SIC 15, 16, 17)

Occupation

Clerical occupations—Continued
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, han d .......................................
File clerk.......................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Order c le rk ...................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Procurement cle rk.......................................
Receptionist...... ...........................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist ............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
All other plant clerical workers..................
Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales clerk ...................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

5,610
64,990
1,720
101,510
580
21,500
850
1,020
1,870
89,880
850
1,960
5,750
2,200
4,600
1,430
1,500

0.12
1.44
.04
2.25
.01
.48
.02
.02
.04
1.99
.02
.04
.13
.05
.10
.03
.03

6
1
11
2
23
2
9
19
7
2
11
5
7
8
n.a.
10
8

2
26
1
30
0
12
1
0
1
31
0
2
2
1
n.a.
1
1

6,590
1,330

.15
.03

5
n.a.

3
n.a.

48,280

1.07

n.a.

n.a.

46,560
1,720

1.03
.04

2
14

10
0

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

21

Table 9. General building contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978
(SIC 15)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation
100

T o ta l.....................................................

1,302,060

100.00

Managers and officers...................................

153,010

11.75

n.a.

71

Professional occupations..............................
Civil engineer................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......
Mechanical engineer.......................... .........
Safety engineer...........................................
All other engineers......................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing...............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Cost estimator, engineering.......................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
All other professional workers...................

44,340
5,330
600
2,040
460
2,030

3.41
.41
.05
.16
.04
.16

n.a.
7
18
16
12
n.a.

n.a.
5
1
1
1
n.a.

310
1,820
8,760
20,910
490
1,590

.02
.14
.67
1.61
.04
.12

16
6
4
2
8
n.a.

1
4
13
25
1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Drafter...........................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
Surveyor.......................................................
All other engineering technicians..............
All other technicians...................................

11,130
470
7,840
470
920
640
790

.85
,04
.60
.04
.07
.05
.06

n.a.
12
7
43
11
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
1
8
0
2
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service workers.................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........
All other service workers ...........................

23,380
16,980
1,420
1,460
930
2,590

1.80
1.30
.11
.11
.07
.20

n.a.
6
13
31
16
n.a.

n.a.
11
1
0
1
n.a.

947,240
1,360
290
740
660

72.75
.10
.02
.06
.05

n.a.
8
20
15
14

n.a.
3
1
1
1

2,600
560
16,370
820
3,560
2,170
23,750
2,180
380
382,550
29,730
380
660
3,050
530
4,060
10,020
160
340
1,930
22,140
650
24,300
410
1,170
660
340
4,140

.20
.04
1.26
.06
.27
.17
1.82
.17
.03
29.38
2.28
.03
.05
.23
.04
.31

11
n.a.
4
13
13
16
4
14
27
1
3
23
15

1
n.a.
17
1
1
1
11
2
0
80
17
0
1
4
1
2
5
0
0
0
15
0
17
0
2
1

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic..........................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.............
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air
conditioning mechanic..........................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Air hammer operator...................................
Asbestos and insulation w orker................
Boilermaker..................................................
Bricklayer............................. .........................
Cabinetmaker................................................
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.............
Carpenter......................................................
Cement m aso n.............................................
Concrete mixer operator............................
Concrete rubber..........................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator.......
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Dry wall applicator.......................................
Electrician.................................. ...................
Fence erector..............................................
Fine grader...................................................
Fitter, pipelaying..........................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................
Form setter, metal road fo rm ....................
Heavy equipment operator.........................
R igg er............................................................
Industrial truck operator........................
Inspector..................... ..................................
Lather..................................... .......................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........

.77
.01
.03
.15
1.70
.05
1.87
.03
.09
.05
.03
.32

See footnotes at end of table.




22

7
20
11
6
44
25
19
4
31
4
21
11
16
29
14

0
3

Table 9. General building contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978—Continued
(SIC 15)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations
Metal fabricator....................... .....................
Millwright.......................................................
O iler................................................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Pipelayer........................................................
Plasterer........................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Reinforcing iron w o rker..............................
R oofer............................................................
Sheet metal worker.....................................
Stone mason................................................
Layout worker, structural s te e l..................
Structural steel worker................................
Taper.............................................................
Tile s e tte r......................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Surveyor h elper...........................................
Asphalt raker................................................
Installer and/or floor la y e r.........................
Asbestos and insulation worker helper....
Bricklayer helper..........................................
Carpenter help e r..........................................
Cement mason helper................................
Electrician helper..........................................
Painter h e lp e r..............................................
Plasterer helper............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter helper...............
Roofer helper................................................
Stone mason h e lp e r...................................
Cabinetmaker helper...................................
All other helpers, skilled trades.................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers....................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
Computer operator..... .................................
Keypunch operator.......................................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer................................................
Accounting cle rk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
Cashier...........................................................
File clerk........................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Order c le rk ........................ ...........................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Procurement cle rk ........................................
Receptionist..................................................
Secretary.......................................................
Switchboard operator...................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Ty p is t.............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ............................................
All other plant clerical workers..................

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

8,500
5,450
620
17,450
1,650
640
13,620
11,260
4,490
6,770
280
370
10,300
4,140
140
7,040
590
150
400
1,250
13,460
126,120
13,880
2,780
2,800
180
3,810
1,320
160
450
7,380
4,230

0.65
.42
.05
1.34
.13
.05
1.05
.86
.34
.52
.02
.03
.79
.32
.01
.54
.05
.01
.03
.10
1.03
9.69
1.07
.21
.22
.01
.29
.10
.01
.03
.57
.32

10
10
11
5
23
21
7
6
11
11
24
33
8
10
46
8
11
47
40
18
5
2
5
10
9
28
10
16
36
28
n.a.
n.a.

2
2
1
11
0
1
5
6
2
2
0
0
3
2
0
4
1
0
0
0
7
45
8
2
3
0
2
1
0
0
n.a.
n.a.

6,300
126,600

.48
9.72

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

104,050

7.99

n.a.

n.a.

320
670
470
330
340
2,470
28,390
180
580
26,660
300
2,530
300
220
1,090
32,010
370
990
1,030
900
1,620
480
340

.02
.05
.04
.03
.03
.19
2.18
.01
.04
2.05
.02
.19
.02
.02
.08
2.46
.03
.08
.08
.07
.12
.04
.03

13
7
8
n.a.
13
7
2
32
15
3
37
4
9
13
9
2
13
5
9
11
n.a.
12
13

1
2
1
n.a.
1
4
35
0
1
28
0
7
1
1
3
37
1
4
2
2
n.a.
1
1

1,320
140

.10
.01

9
n.a.

2
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)1

23

Table 9. General building contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978—Continued
(SIC 15)

Occupation

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales c le rk ...................................................

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

18,910

1.45

n.a.

n.a.

18,250
660

1.40
.05

5
27

11
0

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




Relative error (in
percentage)1

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available,

24

Table 10. Heavy construction contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1978
(SIC 16)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l......................................................

937,710

100.00

--

100

Managers and officers....................................

72,760

7.76

n.a.

36

Professional occupations..............................
Civil engineer................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......
Mechanical engineer...................................
Safety engineer............................................
All other engineers......................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing...............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Cost estimator, engineering.......................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
All other professional workers...................

51,390
9,090
4,400
6,700
1,100
6,180

5.48
.97
.47
.71
.12
.66

n.a.
13
33
26
17
n.a.

n.a.
7
1
1
3
n.a.

1,110
2,700
4,910
11,000
1,070
3,130

.12
.29
.52
1.17
.11
.33

24
10
8
6
19
n.a.

1
5
8
14
2
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Drafter............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
Surveyor ........................................................
All other engineering technicians..............
All other technicians...................................

15,080
840
8,080
350
2,670
2,000
1,140

1.61
.09
.86
.04
.28
.21
.12

n.a.
26
27
24
9
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
1
2
0
3
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service workers.................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........
All other service workers ...........................

6,630
3,250
1,320
460
1,300
300

.71
.35
.14
.05
.14
.03

n.a.
12
15
50
25
n.a.

n.a.
5
1
0
1
n.a.

731,270
10,840
7,560
7,980
2,480

77.98
1.16
.81
.85
.26

n.a.
6
7
8
13

n.a.
12
9
8
2

220
1,410
62,140
9,870
950
390
1,260
5,580
1,500
40,570
17,400
440
150
520
1,430
13,100
460
710
2,620
1,410
12,010
910
1,260
6,210
23,700
1,610

.02
.15
6.63
1.05
.10
.04
.13
.60
.16
4.33
1.86
.05
.02
.06
.15
1.40
.05
.08
.28
.15
1.28
.10
.13
.66
2.53
.17

37
n.a.
3
10
26
30
31
17
32
6
6
21
41
30
45
7
31
47
43
28
15
45
16
26
6
18

0
n.a.
26
5
0
1
1
1
1
10
10
1
0
0
0
7
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
11
2

420

.04

27

1

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic...........................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.............
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air
conditioning mechanic..........................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver...................................................
Air hammer operator...................................
Asbestos and insulation w orker................
Asphalt heater tender.................................
Blaster, construction...................................
Boilermaker...................................................
Bricklayer.......................................................
Carpenter.......................................................
Cement m ason.............................................
Concrete mixer operator............................
Concrete wall grinder operator..................
Concrete rubber ...........................................
Conduit mechanic........................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator.......
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Dredge pipe installer....................................
Dredge operator...........................................
Driller, machine.............................................
Electrician......................................................
Fence erector...............................................
Fine grader....................................................
Fitter, pipelaying...........................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Form setter, metal road fo rm ....................
Form tamper operator and/or tamping
machine operator..................................

See footnotes at end of table.




25

Table 10. Heavy construction contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1978—Continued
(SIC 16)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations
Heavy equipment operator.........................
Rigger ...........................................................
Industrial truck operator.............................
Inspector.......................................................
Line installer repairer..................................
Machinist............ ..........................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Metal fabricator............................................
Millwright.......................................................
O iler................................................ ...............
Painter, maintenance..................................
Pipelayer........................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Reinforcing iron w orker..............................
Trench sewer shaper..................................
Sewer tapper ...............................................
Sheet metal worker.....................................
Layout worker, structural s te e l..................
Structural steel worker................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Surveyor he lp e r...........................................
Asphalt mixing machine tender.................
Asphalt plant drier operator.......................
Asphalt plant operator................................
Asphalt raker................................................
Asbestos and insulation worker helper....
Carpenter helper .........................................
Cement mason helper................................
Electrician helper.........................................
Painter helper ..............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter helper...............
All other helper;, skilled trades.................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.........
All other office machine operators ...........
Stenographer ...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
File clerk.......................................................
General clerk, office ................... ................
Order c le rk ...................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Procurement cle rk.......................................
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage ya rd ............................................
All other plant clerical workers..................

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

150,140
2,490
1,030
1,880
12,680
350
1,970
550
3,220
5,070
1,570
29,530
20,540
6,110
680
620
480
1,560
6,620
15,500
1,800
440
320
1,770
6,990
630
9,790
7,450
1,890
340
4,220
8,960
11,600

16.01
.27
.11
.20
1.35
.04
.21
.06
.34
.54
.17
3.15
2.19
.65
.07
.07
.05
.17
.71
1.65
.19
.05
.03
.19
.75
.07
1.04
.79
.20
.04
.45
.96
1.24

2
20
23
36
17
37
14
47
16
8
14
7
11
12
41
49
36
32
14
9
11
24
24
12
10
36
9
14
21
26
18
n.a.
n.a.

33
1
1
1
1
0
2
0
1
6
1
10
2
2
1
0
0
0
1
7
2
1
1
3
5
0
4
4
0
0
1
n.a.
n.a.

12,090
163,280

1.29
17.41

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

59,190

6.31

n.a.

n.a.

300
860
970
120
690
440
2,890
6,210
1,110
13,450
110
7,100
550
760
600
12,970
380
860
2,050
1,260
1,730
720
600

.03
.09
.10
.01
.07
.05
.31
.66
.12
1.43
.01
.76
.06
.08
.06
1.38
.04
.09
.22
.13
.18
.08
.06

20
11
11
44
n.a.
19
10
5
16
10
30
4
12
26
13
9
17
9
17
12
n.a.
17
15

1
2
2
0
n.a.
1
4
12
1
13
0
14
1
1
2
14
1
3
2
2
n.a.
1
1

1,790
670

.19
.07

12
n.a.

2
n.a.

Employment

See footnotes at end of table.




26

Table 10. Heavy construction contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1978—Continued
(SIC 16)

Occupation

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales clerk ....................................................

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

n.a.

1,390

0.15

n.a.

1,210
180

.13
.02

14
49

2
0

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




Relative error (in
percentage)1

27

Table 11. Special trade contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978
(SIC 17)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l......................................................

2,266,850

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

200,060

8.83

n.a.

183

Professional occupations..............................
Civil engineer................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......
Mechanical engineer....................................
All other engineers.......................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Cost estimator, engineering.......................
All other professional workers...................

65,220
4,360
2,640
4,620
480
4,240
12,230
35,980
670

2.88
.19
.12
.20
.02
.19
.54
1.59
.03

n.a.
7
10
6
n.a.
4
2
1
n.a.

n.a.
4
3
6
n.a.
11
25
61
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
D rafter............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
All other engineering technicians..............
All other technicians...................................

18,170
5,850
11,560
240
520

.80
.26
.51
.01
.02

n.a.
7
9
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
8
3
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
All other service workers ...........................

14,560
13,220
470
870

.64
.58
.02
.04

n.a.
4
47
n.a.

n.a.
22
0
n.a.

1,780,800
3,020
2,520
2,360
15,480

78.56
.13
.11
.10
.68

n.a.
6
7
14
7

n.a.
5
4
2
15

50,500
6,600
40,520
1,820
27,500
9,910
68,830
3,860
15,200
104,470
53,430
2,550
560
1,470
9,000
1,110
32,960
211,980
5,640
2,010
23,170
850
14,210
11,770
64,750
3,510
440
360
10,440
8,160
530
740
11,030
8,860
2,430
380

2.23
.29
1.79
.08
1.21
.44
3.04
.17
.67
4.61
2.36
.11
.02
.06
.40
.05
1.45
9.35
.25
.09
1.02
.04
.63
.52
2.86
.15
.02
.02
.46
.36
.02
.03
.49
.39
.11
.02

3
n.a.
3
12
6
10
2
10
5
2
3
10
18
15
6
10
4
1
14
13
3
26
6
8
3
15
18
21
7
10
33
24
9
9
11
29

19
n.a.
38
2
7
2
20
2
5
37
23
2
1
1
6
2
9
37
2
1
28
0
6
3
32
1
1
0
4
2
0
1
4
3
2
0

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic...........................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.............
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air
conditioning mechanic..........................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Air hammer operator...................................
Asbestos and insulation w orker................
Boilermaker...................................................
Bricklayer.......................................................
Cabinetmaker................................................
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.............
Carpenter.......................................................
Cement mason ............................................
Concrete mixer operator............................
Concrete wall grinder operator..................
Concrete rubber...........................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator.......
Delivery and/or route worker ....................
Dry wall applicator.......................................
Electrician......................................................
Fence erector..............................................
Floor sanding machine operator...............
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Form setter, metal road fo rm ....................
Furnace installer and repairer, hot a ir ......
Glazier............................................................
Heavy equipment operator.........................
R igg er...................................... .....................
Industrial truck operator.............................
Inspector........................................................
Lather.............................................................
Line installer repairer..................................
Machinist......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Metal fabricator..........................................
Millwright........................................................
Oil burnerinstaller andservicer...................
O iler................................................................

See footnotes at end of table.




28

Table 11. Special trade contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978—Continued
(SIC 17)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations
Painter, maintenance..................................
Paperhanger..................................................
Pipelayer........................................................
Plasterer........................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Reinforcing iron w orker..............................
R oofer............................................................
Sheet metal worker.....................................
Stone mason................................................
Layout worker, structural s te e l..................
Structural steel worker................................
Taper..............................................................
Tile s e tte r.....................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Asphalt raker................................................
Installer and/or floor la y e r.........................
Terrazzo worker...........................................
Asbestos and insulation worker helper....
Bricklayer helper..........................................
Carpenter h e lp e r.........................................
Cement mason helper................................
Electrician helper.........................................
Painter h e lp e r..............................................
Paperhanger h e lp e r....................................
Plasterer helper...........................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter helper...............
Roofer helper............ ...................................
Stone mason h e lp e r...................................
Tile setter helper.........................................
Cabinetmaker helper...................................
Terrazzo worker h e lp e r...... ........................
All other helpers, skilled trades.................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers....................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

108,040
4,580
1,060
14,750
162,860
15,440
70,600
90,210
3,780
2,720
33,870
24,220
13,150
13,840
990
16,540
1,910
3,280
50,350
22,190
29,610
36,500
9,520
290
7,840
40,100
24,260
1,900
8,090
830
1,630
6,970
9,140

4.77
.20
.05
.65
7.18
.68
3.11
3.98
.17
.12
1.49
1.07
.58
.61
.04
.73
.08
.14
2.22
.98
1.31
1.61
.42
.01
.35
1.77
1.07
.08
.36
.04
.07
.31
.40

1
6
22
5
2
10
2
2
10
11
7
4
6
7
17
5
13
17
3
3
4
3
5
16
7
3
3
13
7
19
15
n.a.
n.a.

32
5
1
6
38
3
21
27
2
2
6
9
6
9
1
6
1
1
17
14
13
17
8
0
4
19
12
1
4
1
1
n.a.
n.a.

25,950
88,860

1.14
3.92

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
All other office machine operators...........
Accounting clerk...........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d ........................................
General clerk, office ....................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk ..............
Secretary.......................................................
Typist .................. ..........................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ............................................
AH other plant clerical workers..................

160,070

7.06

n.a.

n.a.

1,820
240
240
30,390
61,400
11,870
44,900
2,670
1,750
230
560

.08
.01
.01
1.34
2.71
.52
1.98
.12
.08
.01
.02

6
n.a.
20
2
1
2
1
5
n.a.
28
12

4
n.a.
1
64
86
29
81
5
n.a.
1
1

3,480
520

.15
.02

6
n.a.

6
n.a.

Sales occupations...........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate.......................................
Sales c le rk ............................ .......................

27,970

1.23

n.a.

n.a.

27,090
880

1.20
.04

3
17

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




30
1

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available,

29

Finance, Insurance,
and Real Estate

In 1978, finance, insurance, and real estate establish­
ments employed 4.7 million workers or 21 percent of
all workers covered by the survey. Banks and credit
agencies employed 1.9 million workers; security and
commodity brokers and investment services, 0.3 million
workers; and insurance and real estate, 2.5 million.
Fifty percent of all workers in this industry division
were in clerical occupations.

In 1978, 46 percent of employees in holding and oth­
er investment offices were in clerical occupations. As
shown in table 15, the five most populous occupations
were: Managers and officers, with 27,500 or 27 percent
of total'industry employment; secretaries, 12,600 or 12
percent; general clerks (office), 6,900 or 7 percent; ac­
countants and auditors, 6,800 or 6 percent, and account­
ing clerks, 3,100 or 3 percent.
Insurance and real estate

Banks and credit agencies

This industry group (SIC’s and 60 and 61) includes
establishments primarily engaged in deposit banking and
closely related functions, and in extending credit and
other forms of loans.
As shown in table 12, clerical occupations accounted
for over 70 percent of the employment in banking. The
five most populous occupations in banking were: Tel­
lers, with 313,800 or 22 percent of total industry em­
ployment; managers and officers, 257,600 or 18 percent;
general clerks (office), 106,100 or 8 percent; secretaries,
67,300 or 5 percent; and clerical supervisors (office or
plant), 52,200 or 4 percent.
Two-thirds of the workers in credit agencies were in
clerical occupations. As shown in table 13, the five most
populous occupations were: Managers and officers, with
112,700 or 22 percent of total industry employment;
tellers, 74,000 or 14 percent; general clerks (office),
35,500 or 7 percent; credit clerks, 31,000 or 6 percent;
and collectors, 25,700 or 5 percent.
Security and commodity brokers and investment
services

This industry (SIC’s 62 and 67) includes establish­
ments engaged in underwriting, purchase, sale, or bro­
kerage of securities and other financial contracts; ex­
changes; and holding and other investment institutions.
About 65 percent of the employees in this group were
in security and commodity brokers and services. As
shown in table 14, the five most populous occupations
in security and commodity brokers and services were:
Securities sales agents, with 43,300 or 23 percent of to­
tal industry employment; managers and officers, 25,200
of 13 percent; secretaries, 18,200 or 10 percent; broker­
age clerks, 11,200 or 6 percent; and general clerks (of­
fice), 9,000 or 5 percent.




30

This industry group (SIC’s 63-66) includes insurance
carriers of all types; agents and brokers dealing in in­
surance, and organizations offering services to insur­
ance companies and policyholders; real estate opera­
tors, owners and lessors of real property, developers,
agents, and brokers; and establishments regularly en­
gaged in any combination of insurance, real estate, loans,
and law where no one of these activities dominates the
business.
In 1978, insurance carriers employed over 45 percent
of all insurance and real estate workers. Fifty-five per­
cent of employees of insurance carriers were in clerical
occupations. As shown in table 16, the five most pop­
ulous occupations in insurance carriers were: Insurance
sales agents, associates, and representatives, with
166,600 or 14 percent of total industry employment;
managers and officers, 136,100 or 12 percent; general
clerks (office), 98,400 or 8 percent; typists, 53,400 or 5
percent; and secretaries, 51,100 or 4 percent.
The five most populous occupations for insurance
agents, brokers, and services, as shown in table 17, were:
Managers and officers, with 78,600 or 20 percent of to­
tal industry employment; insurance sales agents, asso­
ciates, and representatives, 54,700 or 14 percent; gen­
eral clerks (office), 37,200 or 9 percent; secretaries,
27,500 or 7 percent; and underwriters, 24,900 or 6
percent.
About one-fourth of real estate workers were em­
ployed in service occupations; another one-fourth were
in maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant occupations. As shown in table 18, the
five most populous occupations in real estate were:
Managers and officers, with 153,400 or 17 percent of
total industry employment; janitors, porters, and clean­
ers, excluding maids, 101,500 or 11 percent; real estate
sales agents, associates, and representatives, 86,600 or

10 percent; general utility maintenance repairers, 85,700
or 10 percent; and gardeners and groundskeepers, 65,100
or 7 percent.
About two-fifths of the workers in combined real es­
tate, insurance, loans, and law offices were in clerical
occupations. As shown in table 19, the five most pop­
ulous occupations were: Managers and officers, with




5,400 or 20 percent of total industry employment; real
estate sales agents, associates, and representatives, 4,900
or 18 percent; general clerks (office), 3,100 or 12 per­
cent; secretaries, 2,500 or 9 percent; and insurance sales
agents, associates, and representatives, 2,000 or 7
percent.

31

Table 12. Banking: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1978
(SIC 60)

Occupation

T o ta l......................................................

Managers and officers...............................

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

1,407,660

100.00

-

100

257,640

18.30

n.a.

99

82,260
440
2,840
170
740

5.84
.03
.20
.01
.05

n.a.
21
11
n.a.
13

n.a.
1
9
n.a.
2

Professional occupations..............................
Engineers.......................... ...........................
Financial analyst..........................................
All other mathematical scientists..............
Economist......................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing...............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Budget analyst.............................................
Credit analyst, c h ie f.....................................
Credit analyst................................................
Law yer...........................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Public relations practitioner........................
Appraiser, real e s ta te .................................
Travel agent and/or travel
accommodations appraiser..................
All other professional workers...................

7,250
1,480
15,840
1,260
3,460
7,860
1,130
3,940
3,770
2,700

.52
.11
1.13
.09
.25
.56
.08
.28
.27
.19

14
4
4
9
7
6
11
6
5
7

13
17
40
8
17
23
6
21
24
13

300
29,080

.02
2.07

17
n.a.

1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Engineering technician ...............................
All other technicians...................................

11,290
7,400
190
3,700

.80
.53
.01
.26

n.a.
7
23
n.a.

n.a.
17
1
n.a.

Service occupations........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service w orkers.................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........
All other service w orkers...........................

40,010
23,020
11,840
3,680
770
700

2.84
1.64
.84
.26
.05
.05

n.a.
3
5
11
14
n.a.

n.a.
51
19
10
4
n.a.

9,770
940
180
260
340
260
750
2,840
190
290
1,080
650
570
300

.69
.07
.01
.02
.02
.02
.05
.20
.01
.02
.08
.05
.04
.02

n.a.
n.a.
18
10
16
12
9
6
11
11
12
23
17
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
2
1
2
6
13
2
2
6
2
3
n.a.

820
300

.06
.02

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

1,000,400
830

71.07
.06

n.a.
11

n.a.
6

11,920
9,920
12,270
4,800
42,820

.85
.70
.87
.34
3.04

7
5
8
11
3

24
21
22
8
65

210

.01

10

2

3,900

.28

8

15

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanics and re p a ire rs..........................
Truck driver..................................................
Carpenter.......................................................
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Electrician......................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Parking lot attendant.................................
Stationary engineer.....................................
Chauffeur.......................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers....................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Addressing machine operator....................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
Computer operator.......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.........
Proof machine operator..............................
Inserting and/or labeling machine
operator...................................................
Coin machine operator and/or currency
sorter........................................................

See footnotes at end of table.




32

Table 12. Banking: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1978—Continued
(SIC 60)

Occupation

Clerical occupations— Continued
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk...................... ......
........
Bookkeeper, h and........................................
Adjustment clerk...........................................
Cashier...........................................................
Checking clerk, bank records....................
Collector........................................................
Credit reporter.............................................
File clerk........................................................
Insurance c le rk ............................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...................................
Mail cle rk .......................................................
Messenger, b a n k.........................................
New accounts te lle r....................................
Order c le rk ...................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Procurement cle rk........................................
Receptionist..................................................
Safe deposit c le rk ........................................
Secretary.......................................................
Statement c le rk ............................................
Statistical c le rk .............................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Messenger.....................................................
T e lle r..............................................................
Transit c le rk ..................................................
Travel c le rk ...................................................
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
Credit clerk....................................................
Mortgage closing c le rk ...............................
Sorting clerk, b a n k ......................................
Loan clo ser...................................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ............................................
All other plant clerical workers..................
Sales occupations...........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales c le rk ....................................................

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

8,600
7,140
27,040
14,180
7,820
3,110
12,200
15,530
4,980
20,560
2,600
106,140
8,050
3,730
34,610
840
2,300
2,930
460
6,630
8,700
67,280
27,650
2,990
6,010
4,740
9,220
313,780
8,580
400
26,900
52,210
14,910
5,880
4,440
9,190
57,670
750
400

0.61
.51
1.92
1.01
.56
.22
.87
1.10
.35
1.46
.18
7.54
.57
.26
2.46
.06
.16
.21
.03
.47
.62
4.78
1.96
.21
.43
.34
.65
22.29
.61
.03
1.91
3.71
1.06
.42
.32
.65
4.10
.05
.03

n.a.
6
6
6
7
21
6
4
8
4
5
1
4
10
3
12
8
5
8
6
4
2
4
31
5
5
4
1
6
16
6
4
4
6
7
6
n.a.
23
12

n.a.
19
45
27
16
5
20
41
16
37
16
50
34
13
61
5
18
23
5
28
37
76
45
6
39
25
32
92
20
1
.32
63
42
28
11
25
n.a.
1
3

1,910
670

.14
.05

5
n.a.

14
n.a.

6,290

.45

n.a.

n.a.

6,150
140

.44
.01

11
31

Employment

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




11
0

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

33

Table 13. Credit agencies, except banks: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1978
(SIC 61)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l...................... ...............................

510,720

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers ....................................

112,070

21.94

n.a.

213

Professional occupations ..............................
Financial analyst..........................................
Social scientist.............................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing....................................... .......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer ................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Budget analyst.............................................
Credit analyst, c h ie f....................................
Credit analyst................................................
Law yer..... .....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Public relations practitioner........................
Appraiser, real estate .................................
All other professional workers...................

39,940
360
90

7.82
.07
.02

n.a.
19
n.a.

n.a.
3
n.a.

1,390
600
7,320
260
3,050
12,610
700
980
2,180
6,140
4,260

.27
.12
1.43
.05
.60
2.47
.14
.19
.43
1.20
.83

7
11
3
24
7
4
9
5
6
3
n.a.

11
7
44
3
20
43
5
10
18
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
All other technicians...................................

2,580
2,060
520

.51
.40
.10

n.a.
7
n.a.

n.a.
11
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper...................... .
Food service w orkers.................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........
All other service workers ....................... .

10,090
8,060
980
660
90
300

1.98
1.58
.19
.13
.02
.06

n.a.
4
10
17
14
n.a.

n.a.
45
5
3
1
n.a.

2,730
80
80
230
100
1,290
50
160
380

.53
.02
.02
.05
.02
.25
.01
.03
.07

n.a.
n.a.
27
10
18
7
33
15
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
3
1
8
0
1
n.a.

140
220

.03
.04

n.a.
n.a.

rv.a.
n.a.

334,660

65.53

n.a.

n.a.

2,620
1,680
2,310
670
370

.51
.33
.45
.13
.07

6
6
6
15
21

19
10
12
3
2

120
1,200
2,560
13,030
8,490
1,170
14,750
1,610
25,700
930
5,240
2,910
35,500
2,400
340

.02
.23
.50
2.55
1.66
.23
2.89
.32
5.03
.18
1.03
.57
6.95
.47
.07

18
n.a.
7
3
3
12
4
13
3
13
4
4
3
4
25

1
n.a.
13
58
51
4
36
6
81
4
30
19
84
19

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic and/or repairer...... ....................
Delivery and/or route worker ....................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Inspector.......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Parking lot attendant.................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.........
Proof machine operator..............................
Inserting and/or labeling machine
operator..................................................
All other office machine operators ...........
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
Adjustment clerk...........................................
Cashier...........................................................
Checking clerk, bank records....................
Collector........................................................
Credit reporter .............................................
File clerk.......................................................
Insurance c le rk ............................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Mail cle rk ......................................................
Messenger, ba n k................... ......................

See footnotes at end of table.




34

32

3

Table 13. Credit agencies, except banks: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 61)

Occupation

Clerical occupations—Continued
New accounts te lle r....................................
Order c le rk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ..............
Personnel clerk.............................................
Procurement cle rk........................................
Receptionist..................................................
Safe deposit c le rk ........................... ............
Secretary............. .........................................
Statement clerk ............................................
Statistical c le rk .............................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Messenger.....................................................
T e lle r.............................................. ...............
Transit c le rk ..................................................
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
Credit clerk....................................................
Mortgage closing c le rk ...............................
Sorting clerk, b a n k ......................................
Loan clo ser..................................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ........................... ................
All other plant clerical workers..................
Sales occupations....................... .............
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
All other sales workers...............................

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

13,020
200
710
740
150
3,850
940
20,030
1,890
310
1,360
3,410
1,660
74,010
190
10,220
17,980
31,270
13,950
160
7,730
6,370
100
170

2.55
.04
.14
.14
.03
.75
.18
3.92
.37
.06
.27
.67
.33
14.49
.04
2.00
3.52
6.12
2.73
.03
1.51
1.25
.02
.03

3
20
6
5
12
4
8
2
10
16
6
3
5
1
31
4
2
3
3
16
4
n.a.
26
24

38
2
9
9
2
31
6
82
9
3
16
36
17
81
1
35
68
87
57
1
21
n.a.
0
1

460
180

.09
.04

9
n.a.

4
n.a.

8,650

1.69

n.a.

n.a.

8,530
120

1.67
.02

5
n.a.

28
n.a.

Employment

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




35

Table 14. Security, and commodity brokers and services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, June 1978
(SIC 62)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o tal.....................................................

189,610

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

25,150

13.26

n.a.

90

Professional occupations............. „...............
Financial analyst..........................................
Statistician.....................................................
Economist.......... ...........................................
Market research analyst.............................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing ...............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Budget analyst..............................................
Law yer...........................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Broker’s floor representative, securities
trader and/or securities, specialist.....
All other professional workers...................

19,580
3,980
770
120
760

10.33
2.10
.41
.06
.40

n.a.
9
20
22
16

n.a.
15
6
2
4

1,280
250
3,100
140
450
380

.68
.13
1.63
.07
.24
.20

21
12
9
21
16
15

5
4
19
2
6
4

5,110
3,240

2.70
1.71

11
n.a.

18
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
All other technicians....................................

1,620
1,160
460

.85
.61
.24

n.a.
13
n.a.

n.a.
7
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service workers.................................
All other service workers ...........................

1,080
480
340
170
90

.57
.25
.18
.09
.05

n.a.
18
19
25
n.a.

n.a.
5
2
1
n.a.

1,830
120
260

.97
.06
.14

n.a.
29
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.

120
1,330

.06
.70

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

87,990

46.41

n.a.

n.a.

350
1,250
2,120
440
1,440
1,030
2,970
1,220
2,540
11,190
190
1,020
1,080
9,000
1,680
2,490
1,690
1,890
940
490
410

.18
.66
1.12
.23
.76
.54
1.57
.64
1.34
5.90
.10
.54
.57
4.75
.89
1.31
.89
1.00
.50
.26
.22

18
14
11
14
n.a.
16
9
9
13
7
40
11
12
8
9
15
10
9
21
12
13

5
7
12
5
n.a.
7
18
9
18
36
1
18
8
36
17
8
13
13
4
7
5

2,210
860
18,180
880
660
790

1.17
.45
9.59
.46
.35
.42

9
9
4
15
21
10

8
15
72
6
3
11

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers....................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Duplicating machine operator....................
All other office machine operators ...........
Stenographer................................................
Accounting clerk...........................................
Dividend c le rk ..............................................
Bookkeeper, hand.......................................
Brokerage c le rk ............................................
Capital analyst.............................................
Cashier...........................................................
File clerk........................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Securities cashier, exchange.....................
Trade recorder.............................................
Mail cle rk.......................................................
Margin c le rk ..................................................
Order c le rk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk.............................................
Purchase and sales clerk and/or
securities order c le rk ............................
Receptionist..................................................
Secretary......................................................
Security description c le rk ...........................
Statistical c le rk .............................................
Switchboard operator..................................

See footnotes at end of table.




36

Table 14. Security, and commodity brokers and services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, June 1978~Continued
(SIC 62)

Occupation

Clerical occupations—Continued
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Messenger....................................................
Transfer clerk...............................................
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
All other plant clerical workers..................
Sales occupations..........................................
Sales agent, financial service/bank..........
Sales agent, securities...................... .........
Broker and market operator, commodities
Portfolio m anager........................................
All other sales agents, sales associates,
and/or sales representatives...............
Sales clerk ...................................................

Percent of total employ­
ment

Employment

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

1,720
4,140
1,660
3,780
3,490
3,720
120
80

0.91
2.18
.88
1.99
1.84
1.96
.06
.04

8
10
10
10
9
n.a.
46
35

30
18
12
19
21
n.a.
1
1

150
120

.08
.06

27
n.a.

1
n.a.

52,360
250
43,300
3,860
1,850

27.61
.13
22.84
2.04
.98

n.a.
32
4
19
10

n.a.
2
59
13
10

2,880
220

1.52
.12

n.a.
47

n.a.
1

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




Relative error (in
percentage)1

37

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

Table 15. Holding and other investment offices: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1978
(SIC 67)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l.....................................................

103,660

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

27,520

26.55

n.a.

70

Professional occupations..............................
Engineers ......................................................
Financial analyst..........................................
Statistician....................................................
Physical scientists ........................... ............
Economist.....................................................
Market research analyst.............................
All other social scientists...........................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing...............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Budget analyst..............................................
Law yer...........................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Broker’s floor representative, securities
trader and/or securities, specialist.....
All other professional workers...................

20,360
600
630
120
590
70
450
180

19.64
.58
.61
.12
.57
.07
.43
.17

n.a.
31
14
21
n.a.
45
24
n.a.

n.a.
2
5
2
n.a.
1
3
n.a.

720
400
6,780
200
1,280
670

.69
.39
6.54
.19
1.23
.65

14
22
5
16
14
19

6
4
32
2
9
5

220
7,450

.21
7.19

33
n.a.

1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer.............................
Engineering technician...............................
All other technicians...................................

1,630
830
340
460

1.57
.80
.33
.44

n.a.
15
30
n.a.

n.a.
6
2
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service w orkers.................................
All other service w orkers...........................

4,640
2,010
250
1,190
1,190

4.48
1.94
.24
1.15
1.15

n.a.
16
41
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
9
2
n.a.
n.a.

4,410
210
220
1,260
330

4.25
.20
.21
1.22
.32

n.a.
n.a.
43
15
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
7
n.a.

1,320
1,070

1.27
1.03

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

41,960

40.48

n.a.

n.a.

480
910
1,230
170
550
850
3,080
2,800
210
400
590
6,870
570
620
210

.46
.88
1.19
.16
.53
.82
2.97
2.70
.20
.39
.57
6.63
.55
.60
.20

21
15
13
29
n.a.
21
9
7
23
28
32
22
15
11
16

4
5
7
2
n.a.
5
19
20
2
3
4
21
7
9
3

190
850
12,600
80
300
230

.18
.82
12.16
.08
.29
.22

49
13
5
40
34
17

0
9
52
1
2
3

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
All other mechanics and repairers............
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Duplicating machine operator....................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h and.......................................
Brokerage c le rk ...........................................
Cashier...........................................................
File clerk........................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Mail cle rk.......................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Purchase and sales clerk and/or
securities order c le rk ............................
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary.......................................................
Security description cle rk ...........................
Statistical c le rk ............................................
Switchboard operator............ ......................

See footnotes at end of table.




38

Table 15. Holding and other Investment offices: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1978—Continued
(SIC 67)

Occupation

Clerical occupations—Continued
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Messenger..................... ...............................
Transfer clerk................................................
Ty p is t.............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage ya rd ............................................
All other plant clerical workers..................
Sales occupations............... ...........................
Sales agent, financial service/bank..........
Sales agent, securities...............................
Broker and market operator, commodities
Portfolio m anager..... ...................................
All other sales agents, sales associates,
and/or sales representatives...............
All other sales workers...............................

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

1,070
500
60
2,130
1,520
2,250
110
220

1.03
.48
.06
2.05
1.47
2.17
.11
.21

9
15
44
12
15
n.a.
38
37

13
5
1
13
10
n.a.
1
1

260
50

.25
.05

31
n.a.

1
n.a.

3,140
230
510
80
500

3.03
.22
.49
.08
.48

n.a.
34
25
43
27

n.a.
1
1
0
3

1,630
190

1.57
.18

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




Relative error (in
percentage)1

39

Table 16. Insurance carriers: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1978
(SIC 63)

Occupation.

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation
100

1,169,800

100.00

Managers and officers.................................

136,120

11.64

n.a.

94

Professional occupations..............................
Engineers .....................................................
Actuary..........................................................
Financial analyst..........................................
Statistician .....................................................
All other mathematical scientists..............
Economist.....................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing..............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Appraiser......................................................
Budget analyst.............................................
Credit analyst...............................................
Hospital insurance representative.............
Investigator, insurance................................
Law yer................................................. .........
Librarian, professional.................................
Nurse, professional ......................................
Paralegal personnel....................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Physician and/or surgeon..........................
Public relations practitioner........................
Safety inspector...........................................
Title examiner and/or abstractor..............
Special agent, insurance............................
Claim examiner, property and/or casualty
insurance................................................
Building inspector, fire insurance..............
Underwriter...................................................
All other professional workers...............

173,440
2,760
3,740
1,310
1,920
340
210

14.83
.24
.32
.11
.16
.03
.02

n.a.
15
11
16
33
n.a.
24

n.a.
5
6
3
3
n.a.
1

10,770
1,080
32,020
450
940
300
620
4,750
4,100
420
1,400
610
3,880
880
1,320
3,880
4,170
16,410

.92
.09
2.74
.04
.08
.03
.05
.41
.35
.04
.12
.05
.33
.08
.11
.33
.36
1.40

10
8
22
31
14
20
12
13
7
15
18
16
11
29
10
12
5
21

9
6
23
1
3
1
2
5
11
2
5
2
11
3
5
8
7
16

14,110
1,380
43,940
15,730

1.21
.12
3.76
1.34

7
20
4
n.a.

15
3
31
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
D rafter...... .....................................................
All other engineering technicians..............
Ail other technicians...................................

20,760
15,120
250
210
5,180

1.77
1.29
.02
.02
.44

n.a.
12
25
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
11
1
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Maid ...............................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service workers.................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ........
Elevator operator.........................................
All other service workers ...........................

13,800
1,060
6,520
1,950
2,500
880
200
690

1.18
09
.5t>
.17
.21
.08
.02
.06

n.a.
1R
n.a.
18
16
25
34
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.
3
3
2
0
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, maintenance.......... ....................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Carpenter..... .................................................
Compositor and/ or typesetter...................
Electrician......................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es.............. ................................
Painter, maintenance............ ......................
Press operator and/or plate printer..........
Stationary engineer...................... ...............
Gardener and/or groundskeeper..............
AH other skilled craft and kindred workers

8,410
220
230
250
330
510
320
500
1,420
230
210
1,950
460
520
300

.72
.02
.02
.02
.03
.04
.03
.04
.12
.02
.02
.17
.04
.04
.03

n.a.
31
n.a.
. 37
30
14
27
16
11
43
20
15
21
19
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.
1
1
2
1
3
5
1
1
5
1
2
n.a.

T o ta l.....................................................

See footnotes at end of table.




40

Table 16. Insurance carriers: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 63)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers ....................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

740
220

0.06
.02

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
Computer operator.......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Duplicating machine operator....................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer............................ ...................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Actuarial cle rk...............................................
Bookkeeper, h and.......................................
Cancellation clerk........................................
Cashier................................ ..........................
Claim adjuster...............................................
Claims c le rk ..................................................
Collector..................................... ..................
Correspondence c le rk ................................
Credit reporter..............................................
File clerk.......... .............................................
Insurance c le rk .............................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Mail cle rk .......................................................
Order c le rk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk.............. ..............................
Policy change clerk.....................................
R a te r..............................................................
Real estate cle rk ................ .........................
Receptionist..................................................
Secretary............................. .........................
Statistical c le rk .............................................
Switchboard operator.............. ....................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Messenger.....................................................
Title searcher..............................................
Typist .............................................................
Worksheet clerk ...........................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
Insurance checker........................................
Credit cle rk....................................................
Claim examiner, life, accident, and health
insurance.................................................
Loan clo ser...................................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ............................................
All other plant clerical workers..................

643,250

54.99

n.a.

n.a.

1,740
11,190
18,410
2,430
5,580
13,560
25,370
2,160
6,900
1,620
7,760
34,190
31,790
3,070
14,430
220
41,650
2,700
98,360
11,480
910
2,580
2,360
14,340
33,050
450
3,390
51,070
3,250
2,250
4,720
2,600
3,100
53,430
9,920
35,730
9,550
310

.15
.96
1.57
.21
.48
1.16
2.17
.18
.59
.14
.66
2.92
2.72
.26
1.23
.02
3.56
.23
8.41
.98
.08
.22
.20
1.23
2.83
.04
.29
4.37
.28
.19
.40
.22
.27
4.57
.85
3.05
.82
.03

11
12
5
, 9
n.a.
8
6
16
8
11
7
7
5
18
8
24
4
48
5
5
14
13
7
7
4
20
10
4
18
8
5
9
7
4
10
4
8
28

7
15
17
7
n.a.
21
29
5
19
5
21
21
28
4
11
1
36
2
50
22
3
10
11
17
22
1
14
58
5
11
27
8
5
44
9
39
'
11
1

32,660
2,520
35,610
1,130
730

2.79
.22
3.04
.10
.06

7
12
n.a.
21
15

20
3
n.a.
1
3

2,300
680

.20
.06

9
n.a.

7
n.a.

Sales occupations...........................................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or
sales representative, real es tate.........
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or
sales representative, insurance...........
All other sales agents, sales associates,
and/or sales representatives...............
Sales c le rk ....................................................

174,020

14.88

n.a.

n.a.

3,290

.28

45

1

166,640

14.25

4

49

3,890
200

.33
.02

n.a.
30

n.a.
1

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

41

Table 17. Insurance agents, brokers, and service: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978
(SIC 64)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l.....................................................

398,320

100.00

--

100

Managers and officers............................. ......

78,550

19.72

n.a.

122

Professional occupations............................ .
Engineers ......................................................
Actuary ...,.................. ..................................
Financial analyst........ ...............................
Statistician........... .........................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing......................... .....................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer ................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Appraiser................. .....................................
Credit analyst................................ ...............
Investigator, insurance................................
Law yer..........................................................
Nurse, professional.....................................
Paralegal personnel....................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Public relations practitioner........................
Safety inspector...........................................
Title examiner and/or abstractor..............
Special agent, insurance............. ...............
Claim examiner, property and/or casualty
insurance .................................................
Building inspector, fire insurance..............
Underwriter............................ .......................
All other professional workers............... .

46,300
650
870
160
310

11.62
.16
.22
.04
.08

n.a.
36
23
40
27

n.a.
2
1
0
1

530
130
4,230
510
50
2,450
370
1,280
120
240
120
1,050
230
1,290

.13
.03
1.06
.13
.01
.62
.09
.32
.03
.06
.03
.26
.06
.32

15
13
5
24
49
14
17
27
23
13
29
20
41
19

2
1
15
1
0
4
1
1
0
2
1
2
0
2

3,980
1,070
24,860
1,800

1.00
.27
6.24
.45

9
25
3
n.a.

10
1
37
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Drafter...........................................................
All other engineering technicians..............
All other technicians...................................

1,870
980
40
80
770

.47
.25
.01
.02
.19

n.a.
14
32
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
3
0
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Maid ..............................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper.................. ........
Food service w orkers.................................
All other service workers .........................

3,370
570
2,250
80
220
250

.85
.14
.56
.02
.06
.06

n.a.
15
n.a.
45
40
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.
0
0
n.a.

1,070
560
70
210

.27
.14
.02
.05

n.a.
26
28
n.a.

n.a.

120
110

.03
.03

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

210,420

52.83

n.a.

n.a.

3,230
900
1,880
140
440
4,980
8,470
170
9,840
210
1,790
13,620
12,020
250

.81
.23
.47
.04

.11

6
9
9
15
n.a.

1.25
2.13
.04
2.47
.05
.45
3.42
3.02
.06

3
25
3
17
7
6
3
19

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Press operator and/or plate printer..........
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
Ail other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations........ ...............................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator............................................. .
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Duplicating machine operator....................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk................. .........................
Actuarial cle rk..............................................
Bookkeeper, hand.......................................
Cancellation clerk......................... ...............
Cashier...........................................................
Claim adjuster..............................................
Claims clerk .................................................
Collector........................................................

See footnotes at end of table.




42

5

1
0
n.a.

12
4
4

1
n.a.
16
28

1
36

1
7
15
39
1

Table 17. Insurance agents, brokers, and service: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 64)

Occupation

Clerical occupations—Continued
Correspondence c le rk ........................ ........
Credit reporter..............................................
File clerk........ ...............................................
Insurance c le rk .............................................
General clerk, o ffic e .................................
Mail cle rk .......................................................
Order c le rk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Policy change clerk.....................................
R a te r..............................................................
Receptionist..................................................
Secretary.......................................................
Statistical c le rk ............... .............................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Messenger.....................................................
Ty p is t.............................................................
Worksheet c le rk ........................................ .
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
Insurance checker........................................
Claim examiner, life, accident, and health
insurance................................... .............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
All other plant clerical workers..................
Sales occupations...........................................
Placer.............................................................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or
sales representative, real estate.........
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or
sales representative, insurance...........
All other sales agents, sales associates,
and/or sales representatives...............
All other sales workers...............................

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

1,010
540
11,150
430
37,220
1,360
80
220
250
9,800
17,030
3,170
27,470
330
870
4,130
330
14,930
630
10,960
2,280

0.25
.14
2.80
.11
9.34
.34
.02
.06
.06
2.46
4.28
.80
6.90
.08
.22
1.04
.08
3.75
.16
2.75
.57

28
47
3
28
3
6
29
12
10
5
4
5
3
17
9
4
15
4
13
4
13

2
0
33
1
55
6
0
2
2
20
33
14
57
1
4
25
2
31
1
28
3

5,150
2,740
100
50

1.29
.69
.03
.01

9
n.a.
46
27

9
n.a.
0
0

210
40

.05
.01

13
n.a.

1
n.a.

56,740
1,060

14.24
.27

n.a.
18

n.a.
1

220

.06

40

0

54,720

13.74

3

66

710
30

.18
.01

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




Relative error (in
percentage)1

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

43

Table 18. Real estate: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1978
(SIC 65)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l.....................................................

891,170

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

153,430

17.22

n.a.

221

Professional occupations..............................
Engineers ......................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing.............. ................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Landscape architect....................................
Architect ........................................................
Budget analyst..............................................
Credit analyst................................................
Lawyer ...........................................................
Nurse, professional.....................................
Paralegal personnel....................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Public relations practitioner........................
Title examiner and/or abstractor..............
Appraiser, real e s ta te .................................
Special agent, insurance............................
All other professional workers................

29,870
1,040

3.35
.12

n.a.
13

n.a.
3

220
430
8,660
200
300
150
100
460
880
90
170
680
5,070
7,120
110
4,190

.02
.05
.97
.02
.03
.02
.01
.05
.10
.01
.02
.08
.57
.80
.01
.47

20
12
4
28
20
19
47
13
17
27
13
11
4
11
36
n.a.

1
3
32
1
2
1
0
3
1
1
2
3
12
10
0
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
D rafter................................................... ........
Surveyor.......................................................
All other engineering technicians..............
Licensed practical nu rse............................
All other technicians...................................

2,700
340
660
160
240
430
870

.30
.04
.07
.02
.03
.05
.10

n.a.
16
16
21
n.a.
23
n.a.

n.a.
2
3
1
n.a.
1
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Maid ...............................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service w orkers.................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........
Elevator operator.........................................
All other service workers ................. ..........

218,370
31,350
101,500
34,080
17,070
9,220
8,360
16,790

24.50
3.52
11.39
3.82
1.92
1.03
.94
1.88

n.a.
4
n.a.
4
7
5
9
n.a.

n.a.
42
n.a.
32
7
25
5
n.a.

206,420
440
470
840
730
11,270
260
860
2,480
150
85,660
8,310
12,160
550
150
400
2,280
190
65,130
2,460

23.16
.05
.05
.09
.08
1.26
.03
.10
.28
.02
9.61
.93
1.36
.06
.02
.04
.26
.02
7.31
.28

n.a.
13
30
n.a.
16
7
34
12
10
43
2
7
5
14
46
25
13
34
2
n.a.

n.a.
2
1
n.a.
2
20
1
3
8
0
110
15
26
2
0
1
3
1
75
n.a.

3,210
8,420

.36
.94

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

169,410

19.01

n.a.

n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver...................................................
Carpenter.......................................................
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Electrician......................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Inspector........................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Press operator and/or plate printer...........
Stationary boiler fir e r ..................................
Stationary engineer.....................................
Surveyor h elper............................................
Gardener and/or groundskeeper..............
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers....................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations..................... ..................

See footnotes at end of table.




44

Table 18. Real estate: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1978—Continued
(SIC 65)

Occupation

Clerical occupations—Continued
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Duplicating machine operator....................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer................................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, hand........................................
Cashier..........................................................
Collector........................................................
File clerk........................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...................................
Mail cle rk.......................................................
Order c le rk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk.............................................
Real estate cle rk.........................................
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Messenger....................................................
Title searcher...............................................
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
Loan clo ser...................................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
All other plant clerical workers..................
Sales occupations...........................................
Business broker...................................... .
Real estate broker......................................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or
sales representative, real estate.....
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or
sales representative, insurance...........
All other sales agents, sales associates,
and/or sales representatives...............
Sales clerk ....................................................

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

370
560
1,210
120
140
2,570
11,160
23,910
1,250
390
890
30,950
390
340
770
180
9,620
10,680
40,420
3,440
8,240
640
3,820
7,720
1,900
2,720
4,140
100
210

0.04
.06
.14
.01
.02
.29
1.25
2.68
.14
.04
.10
3.47
.04
.04
.09
.02
1.08
1.20
4.54
.39
.92
.07
.43
.87
.21
.31
.46
.01
.02

20
11
12
29
n.a.
8
4
3
14
16
10
3
11
24
7
12
6
4
2
12
5
11
6
5
22
8
n.a.
28
27

2
3
4
1
n.a.
8
35
79
3
2
4
69
3
1
6
2
21
34
102
7
26
4
9
21
5
8
n.a.
0
1

350
210

.04
.02

25
n.a.

2
n.a.

110,970
770
12,380

12.45
.09
1.39

n.a.
16
6

n.a.
2
25

86,580

9.72

4

45

1,370

.15

44

1

8,780
1,090

.99
.12

n.a.
19

n.a.
2

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




Relative error (in
percentage)1

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

45

Table 19. Combined real estate, insurance, loans, and law offices: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1978
(SIC 66)

Occupation

Employment

Percent of total employ­
ment

Relative error (in
percentage)1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

T o ta l.....................................................

27,000

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

5,390

19.96

n.a.

26

Professional occupations ..............................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Investigator, insurance................................
Law yer...........................................................
Title examiner and/or abstractor..............
Appraiser, real e s ta te ......... ........................
Underwriter.................................. .................
All other professional workers...................

1,010
170
90
60
100
360
100
130

3.74
.63
.33
.22
.37
1.33
.37
.48

n.a.
13
20
37
19
8
28
n.a.

n.a.
2
1
0
1
3
0
n.a.

Technical occupations............................. ......

10

.04

n.a.

n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Maid ..............................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
All other service workers ...........................

1,260
120
1,020
120

4.67
.44
3.78
.44

n.a.
20
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.
n.a.

940
130
350
40

3.48
.48
1.30
.15

n.a.
30
12
n.a.

n.a.
1
2
n.a.

170
250

.63
.93

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, han d .......................................
Cashier..........................................................
Insurance cle rk .............................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Real estate cle rk.........................................
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist .............................................................
All other office clerical workers.................

10,430

38.63

n.a.

n.a.

240
70
310
390
1,100
210
90
3,130
580
360
2,540
290
790
330

.89
.26
1.15
1.44
4.07
.78
.33
11.59
2.15
1.33
9.41
1.07
2.93
1.22

11
n.a.
11
7
3
11
34
4
7
7
4
7
8
n.a.

2
n.a.
2
4
11
2
0
14
4
4
15
3
5
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Placer.............................................................
Real estate broker................................. .
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or
sales representative, real estate.........
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or
sales representative, insurance...........
All other sales agents, sales associates,
and/or sales representatives...............

7,960
400
70

29.48
1.48
.26

n.a.
10
43

n.a.
2
0

4,910

18.19

5

11

2,000

7.41

4

13

580

2.15

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Carpenter......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

1 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information




n.a.

n.a.

on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

46

Services

This industry division includes establishments which
provide a wide variety of services for individuals, busi­
nesses, government, and other organizations.
In 1978, 12.3 million or 55 percent of all workers
covered by the survey were employed in services. Oc­
cupational employment for these industries is shown in
tables 20 through 32.

pations. As shown in table 22, the five most populous
occupations were: Guards and doorkeepers, with
304,700 or 12 percent of total industry employment;
managers and officers, 218,500 or 8 percent; general
clerks (office), 112,900 or 4 percent; secretaries, 96,000
or 4 percent; and typists, 79,500 or 3 percent.
Automotive repair, services, and garages

Hotels and other lodging places

Establishments in this industry (SIC 75) furnish au­
tomotive repair, rental, leasing, and parking services to
the general public.
In 1978, the industry employed 543,600 workers.
About two-thirds were in maintenance, construction,
and related occupations. As shown in table 23, the five
most populous occupations were: Auto mechanics, with
94,200 or 17 percent of total industry employment; man­
agers and officers, 73,100 or 13 percent; auto body re­
pairers, 53,700 or 10 percent; vehicle cleaners, 45,300
or 8 percent; and auto painters, 23,400 or 4 percent.

This industry (SIC 70) includes commercial and in­
stitutional establishments engaged in furnishing on a fee
basis lodging, or lodging and meals, and camping space
and facilities.
In 1978, hotels and other lodging places employed
980,800 workers. Over two-thirds of all lodging work­
ers were employed in service occupations. As shown
in table 20, the five most populous occupations were:
Maids, with 212,200 or 22 percent of total industry em­
ployment; waiters and waitresses, 141,500 or 14 per­
cent; desk clerks, 72,700 or 7 percent; managers and
officers, 61,800 or 6 percent; and kitchen helpers, 48,200
or 5 percent.

Miscellaneous repair services

Personal services

Establishments in this industry include beauty and
barber shops, portrait photographic studios, laundries,
dry cleaning plants, and other businesses providing per­
sonal services.
Personal services workers numbered 910,400 in 1978.
Over 35 percent of personal services workers were em­
ployed in service occupations. As shown in table 21,
the five most populous ooccupations were: Cosmetol­
ogists and hairstylists, with 204,500 or 22 percent of
total industry employment; managers and officers,
94,500 or 10 percent; counter clerks, 53,200 or 6 per­
cent; laundry pressers (machine), 40,100 or 4 percent;
and delivery and route workers, 36,700 or 4 percent.

Establishments in this industry (SIC 76) repair items
such as household electrical appliances; furniture;
watches, clocks, and jewelry; and bicycles, leather
goods, typewriters, and locks and guns.
In 1978, miscellaneous repair services employed
262,500 workers; 60 percent were in maintenance, con­
struction, repair, material handling, and powerplant oc­
cupations. As shown in table 24, the five most popu­
lous occupations were: Managers and officers, with
34,400 or 13 percent of total industry employment; wel­
ders and flamecutters, 22,900 or 9 percent; electrical
and electronics technicians, 15,900 or 6 percent; elec­
tric motor repairers, 13,700 or 5 percent; and television
servicers and repairers, and radio and tape recorder re­
pairers, 12,800 or 5 percent.
Motion pictures

This industry includes establishments producing and
distributing motion pictures, exhibiting motion pictures
in commercially operated theaters, and furnishing serv­
ices to the motion picture industry.
In 1978, the industry employed 206,400 workers; onefourth were in service occupations. As shown in table
25, the five most populous occupations were: Ushers,
lobby attendants, ticket takers, and drive-in theater at­
tendants, with 26,600 or 13 percent of total industry

Business services

Establishments in this industry (SIC 73) render serv­
ices on a fee or contract basis, such as management and
counsulting; advertising; mailing; employment and per­
sonal supply services; photofinishing; building mainte­
nance; protective services; equipment rental and leas­
ing; and commercial research, development, and testing.
In 1978, business services employed 2.6 million work­
ers; about 30 percent were employed in service occu­



47

employment; managers and officers, 26,400 or 13 per­
cent; cashiers, 21,300 or 10 percent; motion picture
projectionists, 18,100 or 9 percent; and sales clerks,
14.900 or 7 percent.
Amusement and recreation services

Establishments in this industry (SIC 79) provide
amusement or entertainment for a fee or admission
charge.
In 1978, amusement and recreation services employed
693.900 workers. About 45 percent were in service oc­
cupations. As shown in table 26, the five most popu­
lous occupations were: Waiters and waitresses, with
59,200 or 9 percent of total industry employment; man­
agers and officers, 52,500 or 8 percent; gardeners and
groundskeepers, 43,500 or 6 percent; cashiers, 41,400
or 6 percent; and instrumental musicians, 35,500 or 5
percent.
Health services, except hospitals

This industry (SIC 80, except 806) includes licensed,
practitioners who provide health care in their offices;
nursing and personal care facilities; medical laborato­
ries; outpatient care facilities; and other allied services.
In 1978, health services, excluding hospitals, em­
ployed 2.2 million workers. Over 30 percent were in
service occupations. As shown in table 27, the five most
populous occupations were: Nurse aides and orderlies,
with 423,200 or 19 percent of total industry employ­
ment; professional nurses, 160,200 or 7 percent; physi­
cians and surgeons, 142,600 or 6 percent; managers and
officers, 119,600 or 5 percent; and dental assistants,
114.600 or 5 percent.

Social services

Establishments in this industry (SIC 83) provide so­
cial or rehabilitation services to the handicapped, dis­
advantaged, and others with social and personal
problems.
In 1978, social services employed 971,800 workers;
35 percent were in service occupations. As shown in
table 29, the five most populous occupations were: Child
care workers, with 121,200 or 12 percent of total in­
dustry employment; managers and officers, 99,000 or
10 percent; preschool and kindergarden teachers, 79,600
or 8 percent; teacher aides and educational assistants,
49,900 or 5 percent; and caseworkers; 43,600 or 4
percent.
Membership organizations

This industry (SIC 86) includes organizations opera­
ting on a membership basis to promote the interests of
members. It includes, among others, trade associations,
labor organizations, and political and religious
organizations.
In 1978, membership organizations employed 1.5 mil­
lion workers. Service and clerical occupations each ac­
counted for 24 percent of industry employment. As
shown in table 31, the five most populous occupations
were: Managers and officers, with 201,500 or 13 per­
cent of total industry employment; secretaries, 131,700
or 9 percent; janitors, porters, and cleaners, 123,000 or
8 percent; clergy, 105,700 or 7 percent; and preschool
and kindergarten teachers, 63,300 or 4 percent.

Legal services

Establishments in this industry (SIC 81) are headed
by members of the bar and offer legal services and
advice.
In 1978, legal services employed 473,000 workers;
over half were in clerical occupations. As shown in ta­
ble 28, the five most populous occupations were: Sec­
retaries, with 170,900 or 39 percent of total industry
employment; lawyers, 105,600 or 24 percent; managers
and officers, 23,800 or 5 percent; paralegal personnel,
20.600 or 5 percent; and law clerks, 20,600 or 5 percent.

Miscellaneous services

Establishments in this industry (SIC 89) perform serv­
ices such as those rendered by engineers, architects, ac­
countants, artists, lecturers, and writers.
In 1978, miscellaneous services employed 872,600
workers. Professional occupations accounted for 38 per­
cent of employment in the industry. As shown in table
32, the five most populous occupations were: Account­
ants and auditors, with 121,000 or 14 percent of total
industry employment; managers and officers, 93,300 or
11 percent; drafters, 83,400 or 10 percent; secretaries,
55,600 or 6 percent; civil engineers, 42,800 or 5 percent;
and architects, 25,200 or 3 percent.

Museums and botanical and zoological gardens

This industry (SIC 84) includes museums, art galler­
ies, and botanical and zoological gardens which are not
operated commercially.
In 1978, the industry employed 29,500 workers; 30




percent were in service occupations. As shown in table
30, the five most populous occupations were: Guards
and doorkeepers, with 3,500 or 12 percent of total in­
dustry employment; managers and officers, 3,200 or 11
percent; guides, 2,400 or 8 percent; janitors, porters,
and cleaners, 1,630 or 6 percent; and teachers and instructors in nonvocational education, 1,600 or 5 percent.

48

Table 20. Hotels and other lodging places: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978
(SIC 70)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ................... ......................................

980,770

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

61,850

6.31

n.a.

82

Professional occupations..............................
Engineers ......................................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Director, c a m p ..............................................
Musician, instrumental................................
Nurse, professional......................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Public relations practitioner........................
Group recreation w o rker...... ......................
All other professional workers...................

20,910
680
1,230
5,910
110
1,820
780
580
930
7,650
1,220

2.13
.07
.13
.60
.01
.19
.08
.06
.09
.78
.12

n.a.
14
4
4
24
10
23
5
7
7
n.a.

n.a.
2
9
22
1
4
2
4
5
5
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Engineering technician ........................ .......
Licensed practical n u rse.................. ..........
All other technicians...................................

1,600
160
550
450
440

.16
.02
.06
.05
.04

n.a.
22
14
23
n.a.

n.a.
1
1
1
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Maid ...........................................................
House cle an e r...................... .......................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Baker, bread and/or pastry.......................
Bartender...... ................................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper,
or cafeteria attendant...........................
Butcher and/or meat cutter........................
Host/hostess,restaurant, lounge or coffee
sh o p ............... .........................................
Kitchen helper..............................................
Waiter/waitress............... .............................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee
shop, or cafeteria........... .......................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast
foods........................................................
Cook, restaurant..........................................
Food preparation and service worker, fast
food restaurant......................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee m aker....
All other food service w orkers..................
Bellhop, baggage porter, doorkeeper,
and/or room service attendant...........
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ........
Housekeeper.................................................
Recreation facility attendant.................
Elevator operator..........................................
Lifeguard........................................................
Checkroom and/or locker room attendant
All other service workers ...........................

663,820
212,180
24,700
13,320
8,080
1,830
28,660

67.68
21.63
2.52
1.36
.82
.19
2.92

n.a.
1
3
n.a.
5
6
3

n.a.
83
31
n.a.
15
7
40

36,590
640

3.73
.07

3
7

28
3

13,510
48,170
141,490

1.38
4.91
14.43

3
2
2

29
46
48

3,760

.38

9

6

12,280
35,820

1.25
3.65

4
2

19
45

1,760
9,670
4,080

.18
.99
.42

13
4
n.a.

2
18
n.a.

18,940
8,060
16,750
3,610
1,150
4,100
690
13,980

1.93
.82
1.71
.37
.12
.42
.07
1.43

3
5
3
11
17
9
10
n.a.

23
16
51
4
1
9
2
n.a.

75,110
280
610
850

7.66
.03
.06
.09

n.a.
27
15
n.a.

n.a.
1
2
n.a.

890
5,450
180
10,730
130
2,660
190
1,490

.09
.56
.02
1.09
.01
.27
.02
.15

13
4
26
4
18
7
20
12

2
11
1
21
1
4
1
2

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
All other mechanics and repairers...........
Marker, classifier,wet wash
assembler,detacher, and/or checker ..
Washer, machine and/or starcher............
Dry cleaning machine operator.................
Laundry operator,small establishment......
Presser, machine..........................................
Laundry presser, machine..........................
Truck driver...................................................
Bus driver......................................................

See footnotes at end of table.




49

Table 20. Hotels and other lodging places: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 70)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations
Carpenter......................................................
Delivery and/or route worker ....................
Electrician......................................................
Supervisor, nonworking ..............................
Inspector.......................................... .............
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es...............................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Parking lot attendant ..................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Stationary boiler firer ...................................
Stationary engineer............. ........................
Gardener and/or groundskeeper..............
Chauffeur......................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

8
28
8
5
20
2
9
5
10
8
18
11
5
13
n.a.

5
1
4
8
1
54
3
10
3
3
1
2
18
3
n.a.

1,300
130
1,020
1,350
190
25,840
880
2,790
2,710
480
120
850
7,680
940
620

0.13
.01
.10
.14
.02
2.63
.09
.28
.28
.05
.01
.09
.78
.10
.06

1,460
3,290

.15
.34

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer................................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d ....................... ................
Cashier...........................................................
File clerk........................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Desk c le rk .....................................................
Order c le rk ....................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk........... .
Personnel clerk............................................
Receptionist..................................... ............
Secretary.......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Travel c le rk ..................................................
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant .............
Ail other office clerical workers.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
All other plant clerical workers..................

148,260

15.12

n.a.

n.a.

740
210
170
290
270
6,650
8,370
19,400
640
5,320
72,700
280
2,060
710
1,280
8,770
9,090
1,450
820
1,330
2,970
1,540
660

.08
.02
.02
.03
.03
.68
.85
1.98
.07
.54
7.41
.03
.21
.07
.13
.89
.93
.15
.08
.14
.30
.16
.07

7
17
15
n.a.
13
4
3
3
12
8
2
16
4
5
9
3
4
12
16
7
6
n.a.
6

4
1
1
n.a.
1
20
31
26
3
16
69
1
12
5
5
28
15
4
2
5
11
n.a.
4

2,400
140

.24
.01

5
n.a.

8
n.a.

Sales occupations...........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales clerk ....................................................

9,220

.94

n.a.

n*a.

4,690
4,530

.48
.46

6
10

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




15
8

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

50

Table 21. Personal services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1978
(SIC 72)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ................................. ........................

910,400

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

94,530

10.38

n.a.

58

Professional occupations..............................
Engineers ......................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing...............................................
Photographer, portrait and/or commercial
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Dietitian and/or nutritionist.........................
Embalmer.......................... ...........................
Musician, instrumental............. ...................
Nurse, professional.....................................
Tax preparer................................................
All other professional workers...................

48,770
100

5.36
.01

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

330
10,910
6,820
1,300
10,790
1,020
520
14,690
2,290

.04
1.20
.75
.14
1.19
.11
.06
1.61
.25

13
11
4
35
2
6
40
13
n.a.

0
3
8
0
10
2
0
1
n.a.

Technical occupations...... .............................

630

.07

n.a.

n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Maid .................... ..........................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service w orkers.................................
Child care attendant...................................
B arber............................................................
Cosmetologist and/or hairstylist................
Funeral attendant........................................
Manicurist.............................. .....................
Masseur or m asseuse................................
Scalp treatment operator................ ...........
Wig dresser...................................................
Bootblack ......................................................
Shampooer....................................................
Instructor, reducing .....................................
Lifeguard............................ ...........................
Checkroom and/or locker room attendant
Mortuary beautician.....................................
All other service workers ...........................

330,730
8,650
14,280
1,020
890
1,090
26,440
204,540
10,020
8,140
5,070
4,320
330
920
10,540
23,920
400
1,870
1,290
7,000

36.33
.95
1.57
.11
.10
.12
2.90
22.47
1.10
.89
.56
.47
.04
.10
1.16
2.63
.04
.21
.14
.77

n.a.
3
n.a.
22
26
20
3
1
3
4
13
9
21
14
3
8
28
18
6
n.a.

n.a.
10
n.a.
1
0
0
7
38
8
6
1
1
0
1
7
2
0
0
2
n.a.

267,210
1,640
5,350
210
1,370
710
1,670
950
2,000
970

29.35
.18
.59
.02
.15
.08
.18
.10
.22
.11

n.a.
5
4
n.a.
8
18
42
13
50
29

n.a.
2
6
n.a.
1
0
1
0
1
1

13,270
5,140
2,190
11,360
3,360
12,920
1,550
6,690
4,640
29,130
40,060
3,960
2,810
4,020
400
36,680

1.46
.56
.24
1.25
.37
1.42
.17
.73
.51
3.20
4.40
.43
.31

3

8
6
3
11
5
12
1
3

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Laundry machine mechanic.......................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Developer and/or projection printer.........
Negative cutter and/or spotter..................
Multiple-photographic printer operator.....
Print developer, machine ...........................
Photo checker and assembler...................
Photographer helper...................................
Marker, classifier,wet wash
assembler,detacher, and/or checker ..
Spotter, dry cleaning...................................
Spotter, washable materials ......................
Washer, machine and/or starcher............
Tumbler operator..........................................
Dry cleaning machine operator.................
Dry cleaner, hand........................................
Laundry operator,small establishment......
Presser, hand................................................
Presser, machine..........................................
Laundry presser, machine..........................
Rug cleaner, hand........................................
Rug cleaner, machine...............................
Shoe repairer................................................
Truck driver...................................................
Delivery and/or route worker ....................

.44
.04
4.03

See footnotes at end of table.




51

4
6
2

4
3
11
6
5
2
2
10
10
5
39
2

4
16
13
1
1
1
0
15

Table 21. Personal services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1978—Continued
(SIC 72)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Folder, laundry.............................................
Inspector.......... .............................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Mender..........................................................
Photograph retoucher, airbrush artist,
and/or photograph colorist..................
Production packager, hand or machine ....
Custom sew er..............................................
Sewing machine operator, regular
equipment-garment...............................
Sewing machine operator, special
equipment and/or automatic
equipment-garment...............................
Alteration ta ilo r...... ......................................
Gardener and/or groundskeeper..............
Chauffeur......................................................
Ambulance driver and/or attendant..........
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

4,960
16,020
6,380
2,820
9,090

0.54
1.76
.70
.31
1.00

3
3
4
7
3

5
8
6
3
9

1,270
6,740
920

.14
.74
.10

44
4
23

1
5
0

1,250

.14

24

0

950
8,380
2,130
3,920
330
510

.10
.92
.23
.43
.04
.06

32
4
5
4
20
n.a.

0
7
3
3
0
n.a.

2,620
5,870

.29
.64

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
All other office machine operators...........
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, han d .......................................
Cashier..........................................................
Counter clerk ...............................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist ............................................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping packer...........................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
All other plant clerical workers..................

141,320
150
170
140
2,420
3,360
7,060
53,230
25,360
2,770
22,150
5,400
640
500
7,380
2,200
3,820
280

15.52
.02
.02
.02
.27
.37
.78
5.85
2.79
.30
2.43
.59
.07
.05
.81
.24
.42
.03

n.a.
17
23
n.a.
9
6
17
2
4
4
3
6
10
13
n.a.
7
5
24

n.a.
0
0
n.a.
2
5
4
19
19
5
19
7
1
1
n.a.
3
3
0

4,200
90

.46
.01

7
n.a.

3
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales clerk ...................................................

27,210

2.99

n.a.

n.a.

19,180
8,030

2.11
.88

7
10

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




9
2

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

52

Table 22. Business services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978
(SIC 73)

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ..........................................................

2,609,890

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

218,540

8.37

n.a.

79

Professional occupations ..............................
Aeronautical engineer.................................
Chemical engineer......................................
Civil engineer...............................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......
Industrial engineer.......................................
Mechanical engineer...................................
Metallurgist and/or metallurgical engineer
Petroleum engineer.....................................
Safety engineer...........................................
All other engineers......................................
Financial analyst..........................................
Mathematician..............................................
Statistician....................................................
Chemist........................... ..............................
Geologist and/or geophysicist..................
Physicist.........................................................
All other physical scientists.......................
Agricultural scientist....................................
Biological scientist.......................................
All other life scientists................................
Economist......................................................
Market research analyst.............................
Psychologist.................................................
Urban and regional planner.......................
All other social scientists...........................
Systems analyst, business.........................
Systems analyst, scientific and technical .
Photographer................................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Media bu yer..................................................
Commercial artist ........................................
Writer and/or editor....................................
Employment interviewer.............................
Media analyst...................... .........................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Public relations practitioner........................
Reporter and/or correspondent................
Designer........................................................
All other professional workers...................

295,300
3,820
4,750
2,980
21,690
3,590
10,190
1,450
750
560
5,710
1,490
2,090
2,030
6,390
1,390
3,670
970
610
1,930
490
2,160
5,530
1,560
1,200
1,440
16,620
14,000
7,990
3,050
21,070
5,950
22,840
14,740
30,570
2,860
2,260
10,510
2,450
3,920
48,030

11.31
.15
.18
.11
.83
.14
.39
.06
.03
.02
.22
.06
.08
.08
.24
.05
.14
.04
.02
.07
.02
.08
.21
.06
.05
.06
.64
.54
.31
.12
.81
.23
.88
.56
1.17
.11
.09
.40
.09
.15
1.84

n.a.
31
18
23
15
26
15
29
28
46
n.a.
26
24
21
16
29
27
n.a.
49
28
n.a.
34
17
33
34
n.a.
7
10
12
15
7
8
3
6
6
12
25
12
30
22
n.a.

n.a.
0
0
1
2
1
1
0
0
0
n.a.
1
1
1
1
1
0
n.a.
0
0
n.a.
0
2
0
0
n.a.
6
3
4
2
14
3
9
7
5
2
1
3
0
1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer, business ...............
Computer programmer, scientific and
technical..................................................
D rafter............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
Mechanical engineering technician...........
Industrial engineering technician...............
All other engineering technicians..............
Science technicians....................................
Licensed practical nurse .............................
All other technicians...................................

137,830
27,990

5.28
1.07

n.a.
5

n.a.
8

12,580
18,300
22,770
4,420
1,150
6,990
12,420
23,170
8,040

.48
.70
.87
.17
.04
.27
.48
.89
.31

9
12
10
20
41
n.a.
17
13
n.a.

3
3
3
1
0
n.a.
1
1
n.a.

Service occupations.................................. .
Cleaner, heavy..............................................
Cleaner, light.................................................
Maid ...............................................................
Window w asher............................................
House c le an e r............................... ..............
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service workers......... .*.......................
D etective........................... .....................

764,850
60,110
93,270
12,120
10,540
11,530
191,130
304,690
14,220
11,320

29.31
2.30
3.57
.46
.40
.44
7.32
11.67
.54
.43

n.a.
4
4
11
10
13
n.a.
2
23
17

n.a.
7
8
1
3
2
n.a.
8
1

Occupation

See footnotes at end of table.




53

2

Table 22. Business services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978—Continued
(SIC 73)

Occupation

Service occupations— Continued
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........
Protective signal operator..........................
All other service workers ...........................
Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Protective signal installer and/or repairer.
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Diesel mechanic...........................................
Electrical instrument repairer.....................
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Developer and/or projection printer.........
Negative cutter and/or spotter..................
Multiple-photographic printer operator.....
Print developer, m achine...........................
Photo checker and assembler...................
All other darkroom workers.......................
Truck driver..................................................
Billposter........................................................
Blueprinting machine operator...................
Carpenter......................................................
Compositor and/ or typesetter..................
Delivery and/or route worker ....................
Electrician.....................................................
Exterminator..................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Fumigator ......................................................
Inspector.......................................................
Machinist......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Photograph retoucher, airbrush artist,
and/or photograph colorist..................
Painter, maintenance................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Press operator and/or plate printer..........
Sign erector...................................................
Stationary engineer......................................
Termite treater.............................................
Termite treater helper.................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.....................
M a iler.............................................................
Gardener and/or groundskeeper..............
Bindery worker, assembly..........................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers....................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Addressing machine operator....................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.........
Inserting and/or labeling machine
operator.............. ....................................
Duplicating machine operator....................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer................................................
Accounting clerk...........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
Call out operator.................... .....................
Cashier.........................................................
Collector........................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

9,840
2,410
43,670

0.38
.09
1.67

10
29
n.a.

4
1
n.a.

346,370
3,780
1,660
2,750
940
3,200
7,030
14,960
2,010
8,450
520
7,910
1,590
27,840
1,710
1,900
2,030
2,350
32,190
2,260
22,160
20,820
1,660
9,800
3,480
7,400
800

13.27
.14
.06
.11
.04
.12
.27
.57
.08
.32
.02
.30
.06
1.07
.07
.07
.08
.09
1.23
.09
.85
.80
.06
.38
.13
.28
.03

n.a.
25
29
26
36
19
n.a.
10
15
14
46
14
n.a.
12
18
10
20
11
8
20
6
5
19
20
21
15
32

n.a.
1
1
1
0
1
n.a.
4
1
2
0
1
n.a.
5
1
1
1
1
9
1
4
10
1
1
1
3
0

610
1,970
1,060
4,820
3,420
1,110
6,260
1,640
1,470
2,680
4,390
5,510
13,890

.02
.08
.04
.18
.13
.04
.24
.06
.06
.10
.17
.21
.53

49
16
30
9
14
25
8
15
26
13
17
16
n.a.

0
1
0
3
1
0
3
1
0
1
1
2
n.a.

30,420
76,020

1.17
2.91

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

749,230
1,410

28.71
.05

n.a.
10

n.a.
1

3,710
27,770
60,130
2,230

.14
1.06
2.30
;09

11
4
4
22

2
10
12
0

7,030
3,910
4,180
16,180
22,140
23,590
3,050
4,380
14,980

.27
.15
.16
.62
.85
.90
.12
.17
.57

9
8
n.a.
6
4
4
10
32
4

1
3
n.a.
5
14
21
2
1
6

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

54

Table 22. Business services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978—Continued
(SIC 73)

Occupation

Clerical occupations—Continued
Credit reporter.............................................
Media clerk, estimator, and/or b iller........
File clerk........................................................
Foreign credit reporter................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...................................
In file operator.............................................
Mail cle rk......................................................
Order c le rk ...................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk..................................... .......
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Statistical c le rk ............................................
Survey worker..............................................
Switchboard operator............................. .....
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist..................................... .......................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping packer...........................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage ya rd ...........................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work.........
All other plant clerical workers.................
Sales occupations.........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales c le rk ....................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

8,840
2,850
24,740
400
112,930
5,910
4,970
1,810
8,660
1,150
15,140
96,000
960
28,100
43,660
19,490
79,520
17,900
30,110
13,450
5,420
9,370

0.34
.11
.95
.02
4.33
.23
.19
.07
.33
.04
.58
3.68
.04
1.08
1.67
.75
3.05
.69
1.15
.52
.21
.36

9
7
7
15
4
8
12
14
4
18
4
3
47
14
10
11
4
6
n.a.
8
20
8

3
2
8
1
28
2
2
1
11
1
13
38
0
1
6
13
19
12
n.a.
6
1
5

20,650
1,110
1,400

.79
.04
.05

13
24
n.a.

6
1
n.a.

97,770

3.75

n.a.

n.a.

78,390
19,380

3.00
.74

4
13

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

55

29
4

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

Table 23. Automotive repair, services, and garages: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978
(SIC 75)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total .........................................................

543,560

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

73,070

13.44

n.a.

70

Professional occupations.......... ....................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Instructor, automobile driving.....................
All other professional workers...................

5,850
100
4,710
210
830

1.08
.02
.87
.04
.15

n.a.
28
4
29
n.a.

n.a.
0
8
0
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
All other technicians...................................

330
190
140

.06
.03
.03

n.a.
43
n.a.

n.a.
0
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
All other service workers ...........................

6,870
5,700
290
880

1.26
1.05
.05
.16

n.a.
4
21
n.a.

n.a.
10
0
n.a.

368,810
94,220
53,680
16,500
1,780
14,670
180
45,300
1,380
9,780
170
4,710
4,780
14,180
23,450
22,320
10,500
4,750
6,540
12,840
1,620

67.85
17.33
9.88
3.04
.33
2.70
.03
8.33
.25
1.80
.03
.87
.88
2.61
4.31
4.11
1.93
.87
1.20
2.36
.30

n.a.
2
2
5
n.a.
6
21
2
16
3
21
9
8
3
3
2
6
10
7
4
12

n.a.
39
26
7
n.a.
8
0
19
2
14
0
3
5
14
19
5
5
1
4
9
1

4,500
4,840
7,550
1,350

.83
.89
1.39
.25

10
9
13
n.a.

2
3
2
n.a.

5,400
1,820

.99
.33

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

75,740
120
490
5,200
11,610
13,200
13,100
19,200
590
1,860
7,660
850
60
150

13.93
.02
.09
.96
2.14
2.43
2.41
3.53

n.a.
32
48

n.a.
0
0
9
20

.34
1.41
.16
.01
.03

n.a.
30
20

1,230
280
140

.23
.05
.03

9
18
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Body repairer, automotive..........................
Diesel m echanic..........................................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Automobile repair service estim ator......
Cleaner, vehicle...........................................
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Inspector.......................................................
Machinist................ ......................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Painter, automotive.................................. .
Parking lot attendant.................................
Tire fabricator and/or repairer...................
Trailer and/or van rental attendant..........
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Fuel pump attendant and/or lubricator....
Painter, production......................................
Automobile seat cover, convertible or
vinyl top installer............................ .......
Glass installer, automotive.........................
Rental car deliverer.....................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers.... ...............................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d .......................................
Car rental clerk...... ......................................
Cashier...... ....................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk ..............
Receptionist ..................................................
Secretary......................................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ....... .........
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w ork.........
A ll other plan t c le r ic a l workers..................

.11

See footnotes at end of table.




56

4
2

4

5

7
11

3
8

25
2

6

4

4

13
n.a.
0
0
2

1
n.a.

Table 23. Automotive repair, services, and garages: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 75)

Occupation

Sales occupations....................... ...................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales clerk ................ ...................................

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

n.a.

12,890

2.37

n.a.

12,440
450

2.29
.08

4
28

14
0

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

57

Table 24. Miscellaneous repair services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978
(SIC 76)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total .........................................................

262,530

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

34,350

13.08

n.a.

69

Professional occupations..............................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......
All other engineers....................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer ................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
All other professional workers...................

2,440
170
130
140
1,720
280

.93
.06
.05
.05
.66
.11

n.a.
26
n.a.
13
5
n.a.

n.a.
0
n.a.
1
7
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
D rafter............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
All other engineering technicians..............
Taxidermist...................................................
All other technicians...................................

17,430
530
15,890
140
540
330

6.64
.20
6.05
.05
.21
.13

n.a.
9
3
n.a.
26
n.a.

n.a.
2
15
n.a.
0
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
All other service workers ...........................

3,030
2,780
40
210

1.15
1.06
.02
.08

n.a.
6
38
n.a.

n.a.
9
0
n.a.

156,580
4,880
240

59.64
1.86
.09

n.a.
7
28

n.a.
6
0

820
13,690
350
540
120
490
90
4,680
180
5,880

.31
5.21
.13
.21
.05
.19
.03
1.78
.07
2.24

18
4
19
19
43
19
42
7
35
6

1
10
1
1
0
0
0
3
0
6

1,180

.45

15

1

7,920

3.02

5

7

12,780
6,200
3,200
4,080
2,400
770
600
1,020
3,320

4.87
2.36
1.22
1.55
.91
.29
.23
.39
1.26

4
5
n.a.
5
11
12
18
9
8

11
6
n.a.
11
2
1
1
3
4

4,120
2,400
350
40
110
230
1,330
8,470
620
6,420
340
230
1,630

1.57
.91
.13
.02
.04
.09
.51
3.23
.24
2.45
.13
.09
.62

8
4
24
36
23
32
10
5
13
4
25
25
12

4
8
0
0
0
0
1
11
1
9
0
1
2

2,520

.96

5

6

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Bicycle repairer............................................
Camera repairer and/or motion picture
camera repairer.....................................
Electric motor repairer................................
Electric tool repairer....................................
Electrical instrument repairer.....................
Farm equipment mechanic ........................
Gasoline engine or mower repairer..........
Gunsmith .......................................................
Locksmith.....................................................
Marine mechanic and/or repairer.............
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
Office machine servicer and/or cash
register servicer.....................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air
conditioning mechanic.............. ............
Television servicer and repairer, radio
repairer and/or tape recorder repairer
Gas and electric appliance repairer..........
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Boilermaker..................................................
Cabinetmaker...............................................
Carpenter......................................................
Delivery and/or route worker ....................
Electrician.....................................................
Filer, grinder, buffer, chipper, cleaner,
and/or polisher......................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Furnace installer and repairer, hot a ir ......
Industrial truck operator............ .................
Inspector.......................................................
Instrument repairer......................................
Jeweler and/or silversmith.........................
Machinist......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Musical instrument repairer........................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Sewing m a c h in e operator, regular
equipment-nongarment........................

See footnotes at end of table.




58

Table 24. Miscellaneous repair services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1978—Continued
(SIC 76)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations
Sewing machine operator, special
equipment and/or automatic
equipment-nongarment........................
Sheet metal worker.....................................
Watchmaker..................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Furniture finisher...........................................
Furniture upholsterer...................................
Septic tank servicer and/or sewer pipe
cleaner........................................... .........
Saw filer.........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers....................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

390
400
1,280
22,920
3,140
8,880

0.15
.15
.49
8.73
1.20
3.38

16
20
10
3
6
3

1
0
1
18
4
10

4,910
100
2,090

1.87
.04
.80

8
46
n.a.

3
0
n.a.

3,720
4,510

1.42
1.72

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Accounting clerk.............................. ............
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
Cashier.............................. ............................
Counter c le rk ...............................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...................................
Receptionist..................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Ty p is t.............................................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping packer............................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage ya rd ............................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w ork.........
All other plant clerical workers..................

34,090

12.99

n.a.

n.a.

490
40
100
30
8,720
350
80
9,120
120
7,920
100
2,510
340
70
120
3,340

.19
.02
.04
.01
3.32
.13
.03
3.47
.05
3.02
.04
.96
.13
.03
.05
1.27

9
31
16
33
2
12
35
2
45
2
37
4
n.a.
25
28
4

2
0
0
0
32
1
0
24
0
28
0
9
n.a.
0
0
12

330
220
90

.13
.08
.03

12
19
n.a.

1
1
n.a.

Sales occupations...........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate.......................... ............
Sales c le rk ...................................................

14,610

5.57

n.a.

n.a.

8,320
6,290

3.17
2.40

3
7

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other" categories.




19
8

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

59

Table 25. Motion pictures: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
April 1978
(SIC 78)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total .........................................................

206,360

100.00

--

100

Managers and officers...................................

26,440

12.81

n.a.

88

Professional occupations..............................
Engineers ......................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing..............................................
Photographer...............................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u y e r................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Actor or actress...........................................
Commercial artis t........................................
Writer and/or editor....................................
Film ed ito r....................................................
Law yer...........................................................
Motion picture narrator...............................
Music director..............................................
Musician, instrumental................................
Painter, artistic.............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Public relations practitioner........................
Singer............................................................
Designer.......................................................
All other professional workers...................

27,890
250

13.52
.12

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

140
3,630
590
1,360
10,280
1,060
720
2,300
150
150
130
4,790
200
70
340
540
90
1,100

.07
1.76
.29
.66
4.98
.51
.35
1.11
.07
.07
.06
2.32
.10
.03
.16
.26
.04
.53

23
27
14
15
26
34
37
20
31
43
36
42
35
25
33
39
42
n.a.

1
6
5
9
1
5
3
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
0
1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
Sound recording and reproduction
technician......................... ......................
All other engineering technicians..............
All other technicians........................ ...........

5,670
170
710

2.75
.08
.34

n.a.
23
37

n.a.
1
2

2,650
470
1,670

1.28
.23
.81

31
n.a.
n.a.

5
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Kitchen helper..............................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast
foods ........................................................
Food preparation and service worker, fast
food restaurant......................................
All other food service workers ..................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ........
Makeup artist...............................................
Usher, lobby attendant, ticket taker,
and/or drive-in theater attendant........
All other service workers ...........................

52,470
12,170
1,720
250

25.43
5.90
.83
.12

n.a.
3
15
32

n.a.
57
7
1

2,520

1.22

14

7

4,540
3,390
440
250

2.20
1.64
.21
.12

8
n.a.
24
48

10
n.a.
1
1

26,610
580

12.89
.28

3
n.a.

55
n.a.

31,420

15.23

n.a.

n.a.

620
140
2,370
730
780
320
260
200
1,230
510
380
580
90
18,100
990

.30
.07
1.15
.35
.38
.16
.13
.10
.60
.25
.18
.28
.04
8.77
.48

26
n.a.
n.a.
34
44
35
42
50
23
25
41
40
33
2
n.a.

2
n.a.
n.a.
1
1
2
1
1
5
3
0
1
0
67
n.a.

2,010
2,110

.97
1.02

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Camera repairer and/or motion picture
camera repairer.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Darkroom workers.......................................
Truck driver...................................................
Carpenter.......................................................
Delivery and/or route w o rke r....................
Electrician.....................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Inspector.......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Painter, maintenance..................................
Property handler..........................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Motion picture projectionist........................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers........... ,.......................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

See footnotes at end of table.




60

Table 25. Motion pictures: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
April 1978—Continued
(SIC 78)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Clerical occupations.......................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
Cashier..........................................................
Film booker................................ ..................
File clerk.......................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ...................................
Order c le rk ...................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
T ypist............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator..........
Shipping packer............................. ..............
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
All other plant clerical workers..................

45,070
250
360
430
250
1,530
1,020
21,280
1,420
220
4,280
550
220
70
490
5,270
330
660
1,030
1,360
1,070
550
580
1,080

21.84
.12
.17
.21
.12
.74
.49
10.31
.69
.11
2.07
.27
.11
.03
.24
2.55
.16
.32
.50
.66
.52
.27
.28
.52

n.a.
45
35
n.a.
42
17
15
2
13
33
14
40
20
27
26
13
28
17
18
26
n.a.
33
31
22

n.a.
2
1
n.a.
1
6
9
65
9
3
17
2
3
1
4
22
1
5
7
4
n.a.
3
4
6

580
190

.28
.09

23
n.a.

3
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales c le rk ....................................................

17,400

8.43

n.a.

n.a.

2,460
14,940

1.19
7.24

20
4

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




10
32

61

Table 26. Amusements and recreation services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, April 1978
(SIC 79)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total .........................................................

693,860

10(7.00

--

100

Managers and officers...................................

52,480

7.56

n.a.

78

Professional occupations..............................
Engineers .....................................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Actor or actress...........................................
Announcer, radio and television................
Athlete, professional...................................
Coach, professional athletes.....................
Com edian.....................................................
Dance instructor..........................................
Dancer ...........................................................
Music director..............................................
Musician, instrumental................................
Nurse, professional........................ .............
Painter, artistic.............................................
Public relations practitioner........................
Sports instructor..........................................
Singer.............................................................
Umpire ........................................ ..................
Designer.......................................................
Athletic trainer .............................................
Group recreation w o rker............................
All other professional workers...................

97,090
80
240
3,600
5,510
940
5,800
140
260
9,770
3,560
730
35,520
140
70
3,800
16,020
2,590
1,360
1,080
820
2,510
2,550

13.99
.01
.03
.52
.79
.14
.84
.02
.04
1.41
.51
.11
5.12
.02
.01
.55
2.31
.37
.20
.16
.12
.36
.37

n.a.
n.a.
14
4
11
12
7
42
29
4
12
18
4
14
39
4
5
15
17
12
19
14
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
13
1
2
2
0
0
6
1
2
10
0
0
10
25
2
1
2
2
2
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
All other engineering technicians..............
All other technicians...................................

890
400
180
310

.13
.06
.03
.04

n.a.
35
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
0
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
M a id ...............................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Bartender......................................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper,
or cafeteria attendant...........................
Host/hostess,restaurant, lounge or coffee
s h o p ........................................................
Kitchen helper..............................................
Waiter/waitress............................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee
shop, or cafeteria..................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast
foods .......................................................
Cook, restaurant..........................................
Food preparation and service worker, fast
food restaurant......................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee m aker....
All other food service workers..................
Child care attendant...................................
Costumer.......................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly .........
Housekeeper................................................
Masseur or m asseuse................................
Recreation facility attendant...... ................
Game operator, ride operator and/or
concession worker................................
Usher,1 lobby attendant, ticket taker,
and/or drive-in theater attendant........
Instructor, reducing.....................................
Guide, sightseeing or establishment.........
Lifeguard........................................................
Checkroom and/or locker room attendant
All other service workers ...........................

317,460
5,730
26,180
13,010
25,900

45.75
.83
3.77
1.88
3.73

n.a.
8
n.a.
4
2

n.a.
7
n.a.
10

13,750

1.98

4

13

4,910
18,230
59,250

.71
2.63
8.54

29
3
2

7
21
33

6,630

.96

4

9

15,160
12,140

2.18
1.75

4
3

20
19

630
220
300
7,470
150
6,810
1,420
320
17,210

.09
.03
.04
1.08
.02
.98
.20
.05
2.48

45
25
n.a.
3
42
4
7
16
5

0
0
n.a.
15
0
12
5
1
14

23,000

3.31

8

4

13,330
340
2,500
13,440
5,360
24,070

1.92
.05
.36
1.94
.77
3.47

7
38
16
6
4
n.a.

4
0
1
10
9
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




62

35

Table 26. Amusements and recreation services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, April 1978—Continued
(SIC 79)
Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

108,050
170
2,240
6,780

15.57
.02
.32
.98

n.a.
42
8
2

n.a.
0
4
18

5,300
470
330
1,040
400
1,600
1,970
16,680
70
5,020
440
5,750
9,620
720
43,540
400

.76
.07
.05
.15
.06
.23
.28
2.40
.01
.72
.06
.83
1.39
.10
6.28
.06

10
n.a.
33
13
31
8
10
3
23
10
14
8
2
16
2
n.a.

4
n.a.
1
1
0
3
3
26
0
3
1
3
17
1
27
n.a.

2,050
3,460

.30
.50

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Office machine operators..........................
Accounting clerk................................... .......
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
Cashier..........................................................
Desk clerk, bowling floor.......... ..................
General clerk, office ...................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist ............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage ya rd ............................................
All other plant clerical workers..................

98,650
190
3,410
6,720
41,440
15,960
10,260
1,840
3,170
7,930
1,050
1,880
70
2,370
1,880
90

14.22
.03
.49
.97
5.97
2.30
1.48
.27
.46
1.14
.15
.27
.01
.34
.27
.01

n.a.
n.a.
4
3
3
2
4
5
7
3
7
6
37
8
n.a.
34

n.a.
n.a.
11
24
19
20
22
8
8
21
2
5
0
5
n.a.
0

200
190

.03
.03

19
n.a.

1
n.a.

Sales occupations ...........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales c le rk ....................................................
Vendor ...........................................................

19,240

2.77

n.a.

n.a.

4,030
12,440
2,770

.58
1.79
.40

8
11
11

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Mechanic, maintenance..........................
Pinsetter mechanic,automatic....................
Coin machine servicer and/or vending
machine repairer...................................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Carpenter......................................................
Delivery and/or route worker ....................
Electrician.....................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Painter, maintenance..................................
Parking lot attendant.................................
Custom sew er..... .........................................
Animal caretaker.........................................
Pin ch aser.....................................................
Racker, poolroom........................................
Gardener and/or groundskeeper..............
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Employment1

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




6
9
2

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

63

Table 27. Health services, except hospitals: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978
(SIC 80 except 806)
Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Total ........ .................................................

2,236,280

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

119,630

5.35

n.a.

44

Professional occupations ..............................
Chemist.........................................................
Biological scientist.......................................
Psychologist.................................................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Caseworker..................................................
Chiropractor .................................................
Dentist...........................................................
Dietitian and/or nutritionist.........................
Nurse, professional.....................................
Occupational therapist................................
Optometrist...................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Pharmacist....................................................
Physical therapist....................................... .
Physician and/or surgeon..........................
Podiatrist.......................................................
All other therapists......................................
Manual arts, music, and/or recreational
therapist.............................. ....................
Speech pathologist and/or audiologist....
Corrective therapist.....................................
Inhalation therapist......................................
All other professional workers........... ........

448,830
260
440
6,360
8,220
14,680
3,050
48,030
8,280
160,220
4,110
8,850
310
820
11,000
142,560
3,330
550

20.07
.01
.02
.28
.37
.66
.14
2.15
.37
7.16
.18
.40
.01
.04
.49
6.37
.15
.02

n.a.
28
29
7
4
4
10
1
3
1
5
5
12
9
5
1
10
n.a.

n.a.
0
0
2
7
7
1
20
9
33
3
4
0
1
7
32
2
n.a.

11,400
4,790
410
3,430
7,730

.51
.21
.02
.15
.35

2
7
16
15
n.a.

8
3
0
1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Science technicians....................................
Dental assistant...........................................
Licensed practical nurse ............................
Physician’s assistant...................................
Surgical technician......................................
Radiologic technician....................... ...........
Medical record librarian..............................
Dental hygienist...........................................
Medical laboratory technologist...............
Biochemistry technologist ..........................
Microbiology technologist...........................
Cytotechnologist..........................................
Histologic technologist................................
Medical laboratory technician....................
Electrocardiograph technician..................
Electroencephalograph technician............
Dietetic technician.......................................
Blood bank technology specialist.............
Physical therapy assistant..........................
Radiologic technologist and/or nuclear
medical technologist.............................
All other medical and dental
technologists and technicians.............
All other technicians...................................

387,530
400
114,610
106,380
15,670
260
21,620
830
50,640
20,000
570
760
1,970
970
26,330
2,270
780
5,240
2,660
9,360

17.33
.02
5.13
4.76
.70
.01
.97
.04
2.26
.89
.03
.03
.09
.04
1.18
.10
.03
.23
.12
.42

n.a.
n.a.
1
1
5
26
4
10
1
3
16
8
8
13
3
10
21
4
10
5

n.a.
n.a.
29
23
5
0
8
1
20
6
0
1
1
1
9
1
0
5
1
5

1,040

.05

17

0

3,430
1,740

.15
.08

Service occupations....................... ................
Maid ..............................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper.................. ........
Dining room attendant, bartender helper,
or cafeteria attendant...........................
Kitchen helper...................................... ........
Waiter/waitress............................................
Cook, institution...........................................
All other food service workers ..................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ........
Housekeeper................................................
Nurse aide and/or orderly .........................
Psychiatric aid e............................................

748,740
52,710
40,770
2,010
260
72,260
10,450
37,670
390
460
18,330
423,170
630

Occupation

See footnotes at end of table.




64

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

33.48
2.36
1.82
.09

n.a.
2
n.a.
7

n.a.
17
n.a.
1

.01
3.23
.47
1.68
.02
.02
.82
18.92
.03

44
1
7
1
n.a.
12
3
1
26

0
11
1
12
n.a.
0
10
15
0

Table 27. Health services, except hospitals: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1978—Continued
(SIC 80 except 806)

Occupation

Service occupations—Continued
Social service a id e ......................................
Medical assistant.........................................
Occupational therapy assistant.................
All other service workers ...........................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

8,440
73,460
680
7,050

0.38
3.28
.03
.32

5
2
13
n.a.

5
18
0
n.a.

109,200
19,950
5,410
7,230
18,300
35,620

4.88
.89
.24
.32
.82
1.59

n.a.
2
4
4
2
3

n.a.
9
3
3
12
7

12,750
6,990
630

.57
.31
.03

5
5
n.a.

4
5
n.a.

1,420
900

.06
.04

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator........... ...........................
Keypunch operator...... ................................
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
Cashier.... ......................................................
File clerk....................................... ................
General clerk, office ....................................
Insurance clerk, medical ..;........... ..............
Receptionist.... .............................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist ................................. ...........................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
All other office clerical workers.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
All other plant clerical workers.......... :.......

419,900

18.78

n.a.

n.a.

8,700
600
1,410
1,870
5,800
37,630
5,950
17,520
47,880
35,240
114,530
90,470
3,820
10,570
20,310
12,130
3,580
1,050

.39
.03
.06
.08
.26
1.68
.27
.78
2.14
1.58
5.12
4.05
.17
.47
.91
.54
.16
.05

4
14
9
6
5
2
5
3
2
2
1
2
4
4
3
4
n.a.
9

5
0
1
2
3
24
4
8
19
16
47
35
3
7
11
8
n.a.
1

500
340

.02
.02

12
n.a.

0
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales clerk ....................................................

2,450

.11

n.a.

n.a.

2,210
240

.10
.01

7
35

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Washer, machine and/or starcher............
Laundry presser, machine..........................
Delivery and/or route worker ....................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Dental laboratory technician......................
Optician, dispensing and/or optical
mechanic................................................
Gardener and/or groundskeeper..............
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




1
0

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

65

Table 28. Legal services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1978
(SIC 81)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish- “
ments reporting
the occupation

Total .........................................................

437,400

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

23,760

5.43

n.a.

34

Professional occupations..............................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Law cle rk..................................................... .
Law yer................. .........................................
Librarian, professional.................................
Paralegal personnel.................................
Title examiner and/or abstractor..............
All other professional workers...................

152,230
3,010
20,560
105,630
830
20,630
420
1,150

34.80
.69
4.70
24.15
.19
4.72
.10
.26

n.a.
8
3
1
7
3
22
n.a.

n.a.
7
36
76
4
30
1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
D rafter...........................................................
All other technicians...................................

120
80
40

.03
.02
.01

n.a.
42
n.a.

n.a.
0
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Food service workers.................................
Detective ......................................................
AH other service workers ...........................

6,580
5,960
60
410
150

1.50
1.36
.01
.09
.03

n.a.
5
30
21
n.a.

n.a.
15
0
1
n.a.

300
180

.07
.04

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

10
110

.00
.03

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations............................ ...........
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator.....................................
Keypunch operator......................................
All other office machine operators ............
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk.............. ............................
Bookkeeper, hand.......................................
File clerk............................................ ...........
General clerk, office ...................... .............
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator...................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Messenger.............................. ....................
Title searcher...............................................
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
AH other office clerical workers.................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................

254,310

58.14

n.a.

n.a.

2,100
370
100
1,140
7,170
4,300
11,680
6,480
8,380
9,260
170,870
1,520
11,120
7,710
220
9,720
210
1,910

.48
.08
.02
.26
1.64
.98
2.67
1.48
1.92
2.12
39.06
.35
2.54
1.76
.05
2.22
.05
.44

6
12
19
n.a.
6
4
3
4
5
3
1
7
3
3
26
4
16
n.a.

7
1
0
n.a.
8
12
32
15
15
23
96
4
31
17
0
14
1
n.a.

50

.01

25

0

Sales occupations...........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
AH other sales workers...............................

100

.02

n.a.

n.a.

50
50

.01
.01

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers................................................ .
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

66

Table 29. Social services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1978
(SIC 83)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

100.00

-

100

99,040

10.19

n.a.

85

Professional occupations..............................
Statistician....................................................
Psychologist.................................................
Sociologist.....................................................
All other social scientists...........................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing ...............................................
Teacher, preschool or kindergarten.........
Teacher and/or instructor, vocational
education or training.............................
Teacher and/or instructor, nonvocational
education.......................................... ......
Vocational and educational counselor.....
All other teachers........................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Budget analyst.............................................
Director, c a m p .............................................
Caseworker..................................................
Clergy.............................................................
Dietitian and/or nutritionist.........................
Law yer...........................................................
Nurse, professional.....................................
Occupational therapist................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Physical therapist........................................
Public relations practitioner........................
Director of religious activities and/or
director, religious education.................
Community organization worker................
Welfare investigator....................................
All other therapists......................................
Group recreation w o rker............................
Manual arts, music, and/or recreational
therapist...................................................
All other professional workers...................

249,900
160
2,970
400
160

25.72
.02
.31
.04
.02

n.a.
34
12
35
n.a.

n.a.
0
6
1
n.a.

110
79,580

.01
8.19

33
5

0
30

9,420

.97

23

4

7,620
19,660
3,620
1,720
7,950
1,380
240
43,570
850
4,530
620
13,250
1,070
2,200
1,620
2,530

.78
2.02
.37
.18
.82
.14
.02
4.48
.09
.47
.06
1.36
.11
.23
.17
.26

22
10
n.a.
11
6
10
21
5
32
8
28
8
29
23
33
14

5
14
n.a.
5
19
4
1
29
3
12
1
16
2
4
3
7

260
16,070
190
1,440
15,670

.03
1.65
.02
.15
1.61

38
9
28
n.a.
12

1
12
0
n.a.
15

980
10,060

.10
1.04

32
n.a.

1
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer................................
Engineering technician...............................
Licensed practical nu rse.... ........................
Medical and dental technicians and
technologists..........................................
All other technicians...................................

13,900
420
120
8,280

1.43
.04
.01
.85

n.a.
24
n.a.
5

n.a.
1
n.a.
11

1,980
3,100

.20
.32

40
n.a.

1
n.a.

Service occupations........................................
M a id ...............................................................
House c le an e r.............................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Baker, bread and/or pastry.......................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper,
or cafeteria attendant...........................
Kitchen helper..............................................
Waiter/waitress.............................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee m aker....
Cook, institution............................................
All other food service w orkers..................
Child care attendant............... ....................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........
Nurse aide and/or orderly.........................
Psychiatric aid e.............................................
Child care worker............... .........................
Social service a id e ......................................
Medical assistant.........................................
All other service w o rkers...........................

344,740
6,860
12,110
25,200
4,100
160

35.48
.71
1.25
2.59
.42
.02

n.a.
8
18
n.a.
20
23

n.a.
7
13
n.a.
4
1

5,300
18,070
5,800
460
27,550
2,160
13,200
4,920
40,260
1,020
121,250
25,810
770
29,740

.55
1.86
.60
.05
2.84
.22
1.36
.51
4.14
.10
12.48
2.66
.08
3.06

9
20
9
19
4
n.a.
11
19
5
32
5
16
21
n.a.

4
16
3
1
40
n.a.
5
7
10
0
31
17
1
n.a.

Total ..........................................................

971,770

Managers and officers...................................

*

See footnotes at end of table.




67

Table 29. Social services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1978—Continued
(SIC 83)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic and/or repairer..........................
Marker, classifier,wet wash
assembler,detacher, and/or checker ..
Washer, machine and/or starcher............
Laundry presser, machine..........................
Truck driver...................................................
Bus driver .................................................... .
Carpenter.......................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Painter, maintenance..................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter...........................
Stationary boiler fir e r ..................................
Bus driver, school .......................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

90,540
600

9.32
.06

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

540
2,540
670
3,900
2,910
5,390
8,990
10,560
970
290
300
7,460
950

.06
.26
.07
.40
.30
.55
.93
1.09
.10
.03
.03
.77
.10

35
14
19
23
17
17
14
7
23
42
31
13
n.a.

1
5
2
4
3
4
9
16
2
0
1
8
n.a.

15,660
28,810

1.61
2.96

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator..................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
All other office machine operators...........
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, han d .......................................
File clerk.......................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Procurement cle rk.......................................
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
Teacher aide and/or educational
assistant...... ...........................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage yard...........................................
All other plant clerical workers..................

163,760

16.85

n.a.

n.a.

2,660
490
750
210
4,410
13,160
2,380
17,560
1,640
2,170
500
6,630
31,580
1,440
4,800
12,070
4,400

.27
.05
.08
.02
.45
1.35
.24
1.81
.17
.22
.05
.68
3.25
.15
.49
1.24
.45

9
25
24
n.a.
9
4
20
21
13
21
26
9
4
15
7
14
23

8
1
1
n.a.
11
30
5
20
5
7
2
14
45
3
14
19
9

49,870
5,270
380

5.13
.54
.04

8
n.a.
45

21
n.a.
1

600
790

.06
.08

47
n.a.

1
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Contribution solicitor...................................
All other sales agents, sales associates,
and/or sales representatives...............
Sales clerk ...................................................
All other sales workers...............................

9,890
3,020

1.02
.31

n.a.
23

n.a.
3

2,540
4,310
20

.26
.44
.00

n.a.
39
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

68

Table 30. Museums, botanical and zoological gardens: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, April 1978
(SIC 84)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total ..........................................................

29,470

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers...................................

3,170

10.76

n.a.

90

Professional occupations..............................
Life scientist.................................................
Teacher and/or instructor, nonvocational
education.................................................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Archivist.........................................................
Librarian, professional........ .........................
Curator, museum.........................................
Designer........................................................
All other professional workers...................

5,090
70

17.27
.24

n.a.
n.a.

1,600
220
250
430
1,250
360
910

5.43
.75
.85
1.46
4.24
1.22
3.09

8
7

5
8
n.a.

29
21
19
29
53
23
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Science technicians .....................................
Museum technician and/or restorer.........
Technical assistant, library.........................
All other technicians...................................

1,330
70
930
200
130

4.51
.24
3.16
.68
.44

n.a.
n.a.
7
9
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
36
14
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................
Guard and/or doorkeeper..........................
Food service w orkers.................................
Guide, sightseeing or establishment.........
All other service workers ...........................

8,740
1,630
3,500
1,100
2,400
110

29.66
5.53
11.88
3.73
8.14
.37

n.a.
4
9
11
8
n.a.

n.a.
63
41
12
33
n.a.

4,390
300
1,180
290
140
760
1,310
210

14.90
1.02
4.00
.98
.48
2.58
4.45
.71

n.a.
9
6
12
10
10
7
n.a.

n.a.
18
42
11
9
10
33
n.a.

100
100

.34
.34

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
Cashier...........................................................
General cterk, office ...................................
Library assistant ............................ ..............
Receptionist..................................................
Secretary.......................................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Typist .............................................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerical occupations.... .............

5,170
180
260
340
700
710
180
420
1,470
90
240
280
240
60

17.54
.61
.88
1.15
2.38
2.41
.61
1.43
4.99
.31
.81
.95
.81
.20

n.a.
12
10
5
12
8
11
7
4
18
8
7
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
7
19
38
19
31
12
25
60
6
21
18
n.a.
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales c le rk ....................................................

1,580

5.36

n.a.

n.a.

290
1,290

.98
4.38

9
9

16
36

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Carpenter................................... ...................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Animal caretaker.........................................
Gardener and/or groundskeeper..............
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers...................................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




8
7

n.a.
n.a.

T

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

Table 31. Membership organizations: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1978
(SIC 86)
Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Total .........................................................

1,504,260

100.00

--

100

Managers and officers...................................

201,470

13.39

n.a.

77

Professional occupations..............................
Engineers.....................................................
Statistician.....................................................
Economist................. ....................................
Sociologist.... ................................................
All other social scientists...... .....................
Systems analyst, electronic data
processing..............................................
Teacher, preschool or kindergarten .........
Teacher and/or instructor, vocational
education or training.............................
Teacher and/or instructor, nonvocational
education .................................................
All other teachers........................................
Purchasing agent and/or b u yer................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Director, camp ..'...........................................
Caseworker ...................................................
Choirmaster..................................................
Clergy............................................................
Dietitian and/or nutritionist.........................
Writer and/or editor....................................
Law cle rk......................................................
Lawyer ................................................... .......
Musician, instrumental................................
Nurse, professional............................... ......
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Public relations practitioner........................
Director of religious activities and/or
director, religious education.................
Community organization w orker................
Group recreation w o rker........... .................
All other professional workers...................

499,030
680
1,800
200
460
250

33.17
.05
.12
.01
.03
.02

n.a.
n.a.
9
31
23
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
2
0
0
n.a.

220
63,280

.01
4.21

42
3

0
2

12,460

.83

8

3

60,560
13,860
1,530
12,390
3,970
12,560
42,550
105,720
220
9,920
250
1,690
35,760
2,820
14,080
5,790

4.03
.92
.10
.82
.26
.83
2.83
7.03
.01
.66
.02
.11
2.38
.19
.94
.38

4
n.a.
10
4
4
10
1
1
18
5
18
9
7
11
10
6

2
n.a.
1
13
4
3
8
13
0
9
0
2
6
1
7
8

30,100
7,340
37,780
20,790

2.00
.49
2.51
1.38

2
6
4
n.a.

4
4
7
n.a.

Technical occupations.... ............................
Computer programmer................................
Engineering technician ...............................
Science technicians...................... ..............
Licensed practical nurse .............................
AH other medical and dental
technologists and technicians.............
All other technicians....................... ............

9,730
1,610
3,300
310
1,690

.65
.11
.22
.02
.11

n.a.
16
n.a.
n.a.
15

n.a.
1
n.a.
n.a.
0

420
2,400

.03
.16

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations.......................................
Maid .................... ..........................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners ....
Guard and/or doorkeeper...........................
Bartender......... .............................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper,
or cafeteria attendant...........................
Host/hostess,restaurant, lounge or coffee
s h o p ........................................................
Kitchen helper..............................................
Waiter/waitress............................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast
foods .......................................................
Cook, restaurant..........................................
Cook,'institution...........................................
All other food service workers ..................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........
Nurse aide and/or orderly.........................
Recreation facility attendant..... .................
Game operator, ride operator and/or
concession worker................................

362,070
20,320
123,050
7,580
34,810

24.07
1.35
8.18
.50
2.31

n.a.
3
n.a.
7
3

n.a.
8
n.a.
5
13

7,410

.49

7

4

180
23,970
29,540

.01
1.59
1.96

40
5
4

0
8
9

3,650
7,160
18,450
860
4,980
4,920
5,990

.24
.48
1.23
.06
.33
.33
.40

6
4
3
n.a.
5
21
9

3
6
5
n.a.
4
0
3

2,770

.18

17

1

Occupation

See footnotes at end of table.




70

Table 31. Membership organizations: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, April 1978—Continued
(SIC 86)

Occupation

Service occupations—Continued
Child care worker........................................
Social service a id e ......................................
All other service w orkers..... ......................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

41,610
6,640
18,180

2.77
.44
1.21

3
9
n.a.

5
2
n.a.

58,540
220
390
1,430
1,480
200
730
430
25,170 .
580
1,470
3,540
720
9,790

3.89
.01
.03
.10
.10
.01
.05
.03
1.67
.04
.10
.24
.05
.65

n.a.
23
25
11
11
30
20
28
2
27
9
12
17
n.a.

n.a.
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
12
0
1
1
1
n.a.

4,480
7,910

.30
.53

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations.......................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Duplicating machine operator....................
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .....................................
Cashier................................ ..........................
File clerk........................................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Mail cle rk.......................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk.............................................
Receptionist.................... .............................
Secretary.......................................................
Statistical c le rk .............................................
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Travel counselor, auto c lu b .......................
Travel c le rk ...................................................
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
Teacher aide and/or educational
assistant..................................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Shipping packer...........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ............................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w ork.........
All other plant clerical workers..................

354,680
3,200
2,420
470
1,870
8,310
14,080
33,2t>u
2,180
6,810
49,500
8,290
2,390
170
14,430
131,710
230
2,760
9,840
5,750
230
28,790
870

23.58
.21
.16
.03
.12
.55
.94
2.21
.14
.45
3.29
.55
.16
.01
.96
8.76
.02
.18
.65
.38
.02
1.91
.06

n.a.
10
12
17
n.a.
4
4
1
9
4
4
5
5
16
3
2
30
7
3
8
32
3
19

n.a.
4
1
1
n.a.
6
12
31
1
6
24
7
6
0
13
56
0
3
12
2
0
18
1

16,320
6,530
280

1.08
.43
.02

4
n.a.
35

2
n.a.
0

2,500
1,180
320

.17
.08
.02

7
20
n.a.

4
0
n.a.

Sales occupations..........................................
Contribution solicitor...................................
All other sales agents, sales associates,
and/or sales representatives...............
Sales c le rk ............. ......................................

18,740
3,010

1.25
.20

n.a.
14

n.a.
1

11,950
3,780

.79
.25

n.a.
12

n.a.
1

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Laundry operator,small establishment......
Truck driver...................................................
Bus driver......................................................
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Inspector.......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility......
Helper, trad es............................ ..................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Animal caretaker.... .....................................
Bus driver, school .......................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers................ ...................................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




71

Table 32. Miscellaneous services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1 June 1978
(SIC 89)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

Total .........................................................

872,590

100.00

-

100

Managers and officers.............. .....................

93,270

10.69

n.a.

62

Professional occupations ..............................
Aeronautical engineer............... ..................
Chemical engineer......................................
Civil engineer...............................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......
Industrial engineer.......................................
Mechanical engineer...................................
Metallurgist and/or metallurgical engineer
Mining engineer...........................................
Petroleum engineer.....................................
Safety engineer...........................................
All other engineers............................... .......
Actuary..........................................................
Mathematician..............................................
Statistician.....................................................
All other mathematical scientists..............
Chemist.........................................................
Geologist and/or geophysicist..................
Oceanographer............................................
Physicist........................................................
All other physical scientists.......................
Life scientist.................................................
Economist............. ........................................
Market research analyst.............................
Psychologist.................................................
All other social scientists...........................
Systems analyst, business.........................
Systems analyst, scientific and technical .
Teacher, preschool or kindergarten .........
Photographer...............................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer ................
Accountant and/or auditor.........................
Landscape architect.................. ..................
Architect .......................................................
Budget analyst.............................................
Caseworker...................................................
Commercial artis t........................................
Cost estimator, engineering.......................
Writer and/or editor....................................
Law yer...................... ....................................
Librarian, professional.................................
Nurse, professional.....................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists .
Designer ............................................. ..........
Tax preparer................................................
All other professional workers...................

333,850
1,300
3,880
42,790
18,860
2,960
20,960
760
250
700
450
7,690
1,760
950
590
220
1,900
2,720
300
970
1,400
5,660
810
500
1,020
2,020
3,810
2,550
690
590
2,300
121,000
2,540
25,240
500
1,550
3,720
4,780
4,310
750
1,280
1,140
1,520
9,070
11,260
13,830

38.26
.15
.44
4.90
2.16
.34
2.40
.09
.03
.08
.05
.88
.20
.11
.07
.03
.22
.31
.03
.11
.16
.65
.09
.06
.12
.23
.44
.29
.08
.07
.26
13.87
.29
2.89
.06
.18
.43
.55
.49
.09
.15
.13
.17
1.04
1.29
1.58

n.a.
25
11
3
6
14
5
24
34
25
32
n.a.
14
21
22
n.a.
14
12
28
18
n.a.
12
18
17
19
n.a.
9
13
28
12
7
1
10
5
13
20
12
8
8
14
7
17
6
8
5
n.a.

n.a.
0
2
21
10
2
10
0
0
1
1
n.a.
1
1
1
n.a.
2
2
0
1
n.a.
2
1
1
1
n.a.
4
2
0
2
4
46
3
13
1
1
3
6
5
1
4
1
4
5
12
n.a.

Technical occupations...................................
Computer programmer, business..............
Computer programmer, scientific and
technical..................................................
Core analyst..................................................
D rafter............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technicians ....
Surveyor................................................ .......
Specification writer, engineering ...............
Civil engineering technician.......................
All other engineering technicians..............
Physical science technician.......................
Biological science technician.....................
All other science technicians.....................
Licensed p r a c tic a l nu rse............................
All other technicians..... ..............................

160,850
3,450

18.43
.40

n.a.
8

n.a.
6

2,990
130
83,390
6,150
24,270
1,320
21,200
7,040
3,090
3,300
1,080
180
3,260

.34
.01
9.56
.70
2.78
.15
2.43
.81
.35
.38
.12
.02
.37

13
42
2
9
9
13
5
n.a.
14
15
n.a.
34
n.a.

3
0
36
3
16
2
13
n.a.
2
1
n.a.
0
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




72

Table 32. Miscellaneous services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1June 1978—Continued
(SIC 89)

Occupation

Service occupations.......................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner....... ...........
Guard and/or doorkeeper................ ..........
Food service w orkers.................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only .........
Social service aide .......................................
All other service workers ...........................
Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant occupations ...
Mechanic, automotive.................................
Mechanic, maintenance..............................
All other mechanics and repairers............
Truck driver..................................................
Blueprinting machine operator...................
Carpenter......................................................
Delivery and/or route w o rker....................
Electrician.....................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..............................
Industrial truck operator.............................
Inspector........................................ ...............
Machinist......................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility.........
Helper, trad es..............................................
Painter, maintenance..................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter............ ...............
Stationary engineer...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.........................
Surveyor h elper............................. ..............
AH other skilled craft and kindred workers
All other operatives and semiskilled
workers......................... ..........................
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..
Clerical occupations.......................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine
operator...................................................
Computer operator......................................
Keypunch operator......................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.........
All other office machine operators...........
Stenographer...............................................
Accounting clerk..........................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .......................................
Cashier...........................................................
File clerk.............. .........................................
General clerk, office ...................................
Mail cle rk .......................................................
Order c le rk ....................................... ............
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............
Personnel clerk............................................
Receptionist.................................................
Secretary.............................................. ........
Statistical c le rk ................................... .........
Switchboard operator..................................
Switchboard operator receptionist............
Messenger.....................................................
Typist .............................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............
Proofreader, clerical....................................
All other office clerical workers.................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.........
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or
storage y a rd ...........................................
All other plant clerical workers ...................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

12,410
6,880
1,120
740
240
1,320
2,110

1.42
.79
.13
.08
.03
.15
.24

n.a.
6
15
19
17
19
n.a.

n.a.
11
1
1
1
1
n.a.

56,320
170
1,050
350
240
1,180
910
400
460
1,230
100
2,510
1,360
1,950
380
180
820
260
650
31,200
3,610

6.45
.02
.12
.04
.03
.14
.10
.05
.05
.14
.01
.29
.16
.22
.04
.02
.09
.03
.07
3.58
.41

n.a.
44
16
n.a.
21
8
19
24
16
11
26
12
16
14
19
21
23
21
23
4
n.a.

n.a.
0
1
n.a.
0
3
1
0
1
2
0
2
1
3
1
0
0
0
0
15
n.a.

3,200
4,110

.37
.47

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

211,670

24.26

n.a.

n.a.

3,180
8,090
7,980
810
3,470
5,560
16,360
20,430
360
3,990
23,780
2,560
1,260
1,420
1,020
7,160
55,610
1,360
1,040
6,500
1,880
23,130
3,860
1,450
6,650
1,060
640

.36
.93
.91
.09
.40
.64
1.87
2.34
.04
.46
2.73
.29
.14
.16
.12
.82
6.37
.16
.12
.74
.22
2.65
.44
.17
.76
.12
.07

9
4
7
29
n.a.
6
.4
3
27
9
3
8
35
6
5
4
2
15
7
3
8
3
6
13
n.a.
12
10

4
14
9
1
n.k
8
21
33
1
6
28
6
1
5
4
16
61
2
3
19
4
29
6
2
n.a.
1
1

760
300

.09
.03

11
n.a.

2
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

73

Table 32. Miscellaneous services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1 June 1978—Continued
(SIC 89)

Occupation

Sales occupations..........................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or
sales associate......................................
Sales clerk ...................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of establish­
ments reporting
the occupation

n.a.

4,220

0.48

n.a.

3,940
280

.45
.03

8
25

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “All other” categories.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

5
0

2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information
on sampling variability and other types of errors, see appendix A.
n.a. Not available.

74

Appendix A. Survey Methods
and Reliability of Estimates

The universe was stratified into SIC and size classes.The size classes were determined by employment as
follows:

Scope of survey

The survey covered private nonmanufacturing estab­
lishments in Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
codes 10-17, 60-67, 70-79, 80 (except 806), 81, 83, 84,
86, and 89. Geographically, the survey covered all 50
States plus the District of Columbia.

Size class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Method of collection

Survey schedules were mailed to most sample estab­
lishments; personal visits were made to some larger com­
panies.
Two additional mailings were sent to nonrespondents
at approximately 6-week intervals. Nonrespondents con­
sidered critical to the survey (due to size) were called by
telephone or visited.

The sampling frame for this survey was the list of units
in the specified SIC’s as reported to the State employment
security agency. Because each State selected its own sam­
ple, dates of the sampling frame varied according to the
last updates to the frame and the time sampling took
place. The reference date for the frame used for sampling
in the 8 supplemental States was the first quarter of 1977.
The reporting week of the survey, depending on the SIC
of the sampled unit, was the week that included April 12,
May 12, or June 12, 1978, as shown in table A -l.

Survey
100
130
150
600
620
630
700
720
730

SIC coverage and reference dates of survey
SIC

10,
13
15,
60,
62,
63,
70
72
73

11, 12, 14
16, 17
61
67
64, 65, 66

Reference
date
May 12
May 12
June 12
May 12
June 12
May 12
May 12
May 12
June 12




Survey
750
760
780
790
801
810
830
840
860
890

SIC
75
76
78
79
80 (except 806)
81
83
84
86
89

.........................
.........................
........................
........................
........................
............... ..
...................
...................
...................

0-3
4-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 and over

Reporting units with 0-3 employees were not sampled
in all States, but units with 4-9 employees were sampled
more heavily to represent the employment in the smaller
size class. Reporting units with 250 or more employees
were included in the sample with certainty. Sample sizes
intended to produce State estimates with target relative
errors of 10, 15, 17.5, and 20 percent at one standard
deviation were developed for noncertainty size classes.
This was done for groups of SIC’s based on averages of
occupational rates and coefficients of variation (CV’s)
from the previous survey for a set of typical occupations.
This SIC sample size was allocated to the size classes
proportional to size class employment. The sample was
selected systematically with equal probability within each
State/SIC/size class cell.
The sample size for 8 supplemental States was devel­
oped by first determining the sample size required for
national estimates in each 2-digit SIC with a target rela­
tive error of 15 percent at one standard deviation. This
was done by averaging CV’s and occupational rates for a
set of scientific, technical, and engineering occupations
from the previous survey. Establishments with 1,000 or
more employees were included with certainty. This na­
tional SIC sample size was then allocated to the noncoop­
erating State/size class cells proportional to employment.
The above allocations resulted in a total initial sample
size for all States of 333,115 reporting units.

Sampling procedure

Table A-1.

Employees

Reference
date
May 12
June 12
April 12
April 12
May 12
June 12
May 12
April 12
April 12
June 12

75

Response

®ijk
Mi

The population value of total employment (Mj) was
obtained from the BLS monthly survey of employment,
hours, and earnings in nonagricultural establishments.
The standard form for the sampling variance for a
combined ratio estimate is:

Estimation

A weight was determined for each sample unit from
which a usable response was received. Each weight was
composed of two factors. The first factor is the inverse of
the probability of selection. For questionnaires that were
not returned or otherwise not usable, a nonresponse ad­
justment, the second factor, was made to correct for these
nonrespondents. For each of the 3-digit State/SIC/size
class sampling cells, a nonresponse factor was calculated
that was equal to:

V(p)
A ij

Where: V(p)
i
j
N ij

Weighted sample employment of all eligible units in sample
Weighted sample employment of all responding eligible units

fy

Sample employment was taken from the sampling frame.
If the factor in a cell was greater than a predetermined
maximum factor, which increased as the number of re­
spondents in a cell increased, the cell was collapsed with
other homogeneous cells within the SIC until the factor
for the combined cells was not greater than the appropri­
ate maximum factor. If the collapsing procedure termi­
nated (i.e. no more cells were available for collapse) be­
fore satisfying the above constraint, then the appropriate
maximum factor was used. For size classes 1-6, homogen­
eous cells were determined to be other size cells within the
SIC and State. For size classes 7-9, homogeneous cells
were determined to be other State cells within the SIC
and size. The weight for each establishment was the prod­
uct of the two factors.
A combined ratio estimate of occupational employ­
ment was used to develop national estimates. The auxil­
iary variable used was total employment. The estimating
formula is:

ny

Spij
Seij
Pij

S J_k_____
i SS wijk ejjk

i
J

k
wijk




S S N ij2

Dy

=
=
=

Gy

=

Hy

=

Fy

=

(Mi) / ( f f * * "*)

V..2
V*J

=

2
k

Fjjk

=

( P y k- R i e y k )

Tu
By

Mi

Jk

Where: p

(1 — fji) . A ij
1J
ny
= Spij + R? Seij - 2Ri Pij Spij Seij
= variance of p
== 3-digit industry within a 2-digit
industry
= size class
==: total number of units in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
sampling fraction in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
number of sample units in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
= standard deviation of p within the
i-th industry and j-th size class
= standard deviation of e within the
i-th industry and j-th size class
correlation coefficient between p
and e within the i-th industry and
j-th size class.
=

The variances for the occupational estimates were esti­
mated from the following formula:
Var(P) = ?i j? -r1 y vv y2

? 2 wijk Pijk

p

occupational employment in i-th
industry, j-th size class and k-th
establishment
total employment in i-th industry,
j-th size class and k-th estab­
lishment
benchmark total employment in
i-th industry

Pijk

There were 321,916 final eligible units in the sample
(i.e. excluding establishments that were out of business,
out of scope, etc.). Usable responses were obtained from
214,686 units, producing a response rate of 66.7 percent
based on units and 62.8 percent based on weighted
employment. Subsequent to preparation of national
estimates, States received additional data to prepare State
estimates. Response rates in most States *were
significantly higher than the response rate used to develop
national estimates.

2- digit industry occupational
employment estimate
3- digit industry within a 2-digit
industry
size class
Where:
establishment
weight after nonresponse
adjustment
76

My

[B y]

• [Dy] •

[F y]2

(M y -e y )/(M y )

(Gy)/(Hy)

W yk

• Lyk
“ (Py-Riey)

benchmark total employment in
the i-th industry and j-th size
class

?2 Wjjk Pijk"|
Jk

f f 2 2 wijkeijk

tained from the sample design for this survey. The com­
plete coverage value would be included in the range:

J/Uk

1. From one standard error below to one standard
error above the derived estimate for 68 percent of
all samples.
2. From 1.6 standard errors below to 1.6 standard
errors above the derived estimate for 90 percent
of all samples.
3. From two standard errors below to two standard
errors above the derived estimate for 95 percent
of all samples.
4. From three standard errors below to three stand­
ard errors above the derived estimate for nearly
all samples.

All other terms are defined earlier. This formula is almost
a computational form of the earlier standard formula.
One simplifying assumption has been made, as follows:
Wijk = Cy for all k in a given ij cell
That is, the weights are equal to a constant c within a
given 3-digit industry/size cell.
At this time, the total effect of this assumption on the
variance estimates has not been measured.
Reliability of estimates

An inference that the complete coverage value would
be within the indicated ranges would be correct in approx­
imately the relative frequencies shown.
For example, suppose an estimated total is shown as
5,000 with an associated relative error of 2 percent. Then
the standard error is 100 (2 percent of 5,000) and there
is a 68-percent chance that the complete coverage total
would be between 4,900 and 5,100 and it is almost certain
that the complete coverage total would be between 4,700
and 5,300.
Relative errors primarily indicate the magnitude of the
sampling error, but do not measure biases in the data due
to nonsampling error. Efforts were made to reduce the
biases due to errors in recording, coding, and processing
the data. The adjustment made for nonrespondents as­
sumed that the characteristics of the nonrespondents were
the same as those of the respondents. To the extent this is
not true, bias is introduced in the data. The magnitude of
these biases is not known.
Particular care should be exercised in interpreting
small estimates, estimates based on a small number of
cases, or small differences between estimates because the
sampling errors are relatively large and the magnitude of
the biases is unknown.

Estimates from the sample may differ from results of a
complete survey of all establishments in the sampled lists.
Two types of errors, sampling and nonsampling, are pos­
sible in an estimate based on a sample survey. Sampling
error occurs because observations are made only on a
sample, not on the entire population. Nonsampling error
can be attributed to many sources, e.g., inability to obtain
information about all cases in the sample; differences in
the respondents’ interpretation of questions; inability of
respondents to provide correct information; errors in re­
cording, coding, or processing; errors in estimating values
for missing data; and failure to represent all units in the
population.
Standard errors of estimates provide guides to the po­
tential size of sampling errors. Estimates of the standard
errors, computed from the sample data, are presented in
the form of variance and relative errors. The variance is
the standard error squared and the relative error is the
standard error divided by the estimated value to which it
refers.
The sample estimate and its standard error enable one
to construct confidence intervals or ranges that would
include the complete coverage survey value for specified
percentages of all the possible samples that could be ob­




77

Appendix B. OES Survey
Data Available from
State Agencies

State data on occupational employment in selected
nonmanufacturing industries are available as indicated in
the following table. These reports may be obtained from
the State employment security agencies listed on the in­
side back cover of this publication.

Table B-1.

OES survey data available by State and year
State

A lab am a.............................................
A laska................................................
Arizona................................................
Arkansas.............................................
California.............................................
Colorado.............................................
Connecticut.......................................
Delaware.............................................
District of Columbia.........................
Florida................................................
G eorgia..............................................
H aw a ii................................................
Id a h o ..................................................
Illinois..................................................
Indiana................................................
Kentucky.............................................
Louisiana.............................................
M aine..................................................
Maryland............................................
Massachusetts.....................................
Michigan..............................................
Minnesota...........................................

1973

1975

1978

X

X
X
X

X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X

X
X

X
X
X
(D
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(1)
X
X
X
X
X
X
(1)
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

X

State
Mississippi.........................................
M issouri.............................................
Nevada ...............................................
New Hampshire.................................
New Jersey.........................................
New M exico........................... ...........
New Y o r k ...........................................
North Carolina...................................
North Dakota.....................................
Oklahoma...........................................
Oregon ...............................................
Pennsylvania.....................................
Rhode Island.....................................
South Carolina...................................
South Dakota.....................................
Tennessee .........................................
Texas...................................................
Utah....................................................
Virginia.................................................
West Virginia.......................................
Wisconsin...........................................
Wyoming.............................................

(1) Report in progress.


http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/
☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE:
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

78
1981

7 2 0 -0 2 5 /4 9 0 2

1 -3

1973

1975

1978

X
X

X
X
X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X

X

X

X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
REGION I-BOSTON
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Federal Bldg.
Government Center—Room 1603A.
Boston, Mass. 02203
REGION V-CHICAGO
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, 111. 60604

REGION II-NEW YORK
1515 Broadway—Suite 3400
New York, N.Y. 10036

REGION VI-DALLAS
555 Griffin Sq., 2nd FI.
Dallas, Tex. 75202

REGION III-PHILADELPHIA
3535 Market Street
P.O. Box 13309
Philadelphia, Pa. 19101

REGION VII & VIII-KANSAS CITY
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Mo. 64106

REGION IV-ATLANTA
1371 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Ga. 30367

REGION IX & X-SAN FRANCISCO
450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017
San Francisco, Calif. 94102

State Agencies Cooperating in the O ES Program
BLS
Region
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III

ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE

III

DIST. OF COL.

IV
IV
IX
X
V

FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS

V
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V

INDIANA
KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA

IV
VII
IX
I
II
VI
II
IV
VIII
VI
X
III

MISSISSIPPI
MISSOURI
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OKLAHOMA
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA

I RHODE ISLAND
IV SOUTH CAROLINA
VIII SOUTH DAKOTA
IV TENNESSEE
VI TEXAS
VIII UTAH
III VIRGINIA
III WEST VIRGINIA
V WISCONSIN
VIII WYOMING




-Department of Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations Building, Montgomery 36130
-Department of Labor, Employment Security Division, P.O. Box 1149, Juneau 99802
-Department of Economic Security, Labor Market Information, P.O. Box 6123, Phoenix 85005
-Department of Labor, Employment Security Division, P.O. Box 2981, Little Rock 72203
-Employment Development Department, P.O. Box 1679, Sacramento 95808
-Department of Labor, Division of Employment and Training, 251 East 12th Avenue, Denver 80203
-Labor Department, Employment Security Division, 200 Folly Brook Boulevard, Wethersfield 06109
-Department of Labor, University Plaza Office Complex, Bldg. D, Chapman Rd., Route 273,
Newark .19713
-D.C. Department of Labor, Division of Labor Market Information, Research, and Analysis, 605 G Street,
N.W., Washington 20001
-Department of Labor and Employment Security, Caldwell Bldg., Tallahassee 32301
-Department of Labor, Labor Information Systems, 254 Washington Street, S.W., Atlanta 30334
-Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, P.O. Box 3680, Honolulu 96811
-Department of Employment, Research and Analysis Division, P.O. Box 35, Boise 83707
-Bureau of Employment Security, Research and Analysis Division, 910 South Michigan Avenue, 12th Floor,
Chicago 60605
-Employment Security Division, 10 North Senate Avenue, Indianapolis 46204
-Department of Human Resources, 275 E. Main Street, 2nd Floor West, Frankfort 40621
-Department of Labor, P.O. Box 44094, Capitol Station, Baton Rouge 70804
-Department of Manpower Affairs, Employment Security Commission, 20 Union Street, Augusta 04330
-Department of Human Resources, 1100 North Eutaw Street, Baltimore 21201
-Division of Employment Security, Research and Statistics Division, Charles F. Hurley Bldg., Boston 02114
-Employment Security Commission, Research and Statistics Division, 7310 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 48202
-Department of Economic Security, Research and Statistical Services Office, 390 North Robert Street,
St. Paul 55101
-Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 1699, Jackson 39205
-Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, Division of Employment Security, P.O. Box 59,
Jefferson City 65101
-Employment Security Department, Employment Security Research Division, 500 E. Third Street,
Carson City 89713
-Department of Employment Security, 32 South Main Street, Concord 03301
-Department of Labor and Industry, Division of Planning and Research, OES Survey, P.O. Box 359,
Trenton 08625
-Department of Human Services, Employment Service Division, P.O. Box 1928, Albuquerque 87103
-N.Y. State Department of Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, State Campus—Building 12,
Albany 12201
-Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 25903, Raleigh 27611
-Employment Security Bureau, P.O. Box 1537, Bismarck 58505
-Employment Security Commission, Research and Planning, Room 310, Will Rogers Memorial Office
Building, Oklahoma City 73105
-Department of Human Resources, Employment Division, 875 Union Street, N.E., Salem 97130
-Department of Labor and Industry, Research and Statistics Division, Seventh and Forster Streets,
Harrisburg 17120
-Department of Employment Security, 24 Mason Street, Providence 02903
-Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 995, Columbia 29202
-Department of Labor, Research and Statistics Division, 607 North Fourth Street, Aberdeen 57401
-Department of Employment Security, Room 519, Cordell Hull Office Building, Nashville 37219
-Employment Commission, TEC Building, 15th and Congress Avenue, Austin 78778
-Department of Employment Security, P.O. Box 11249, Salt Lake City 84147
-Employment Commission, Manpower Research Division, P.O. Box 1358, Richmond 23211
-Department of Employment Security, State Office Building, 112 California Avenue, Charleston 25305
-Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations, 201 East Washington Avenue, Madison 53707
-Employment Security Commission, Reports and Analysis Section, P.O. Box 2760, Casper 82601