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O ccu p a tio n a l EmpSoyment
9

nance, and S®rwD©©s
DOCUMENT COLLECTION
U.S. Department of Labor
Bureau of Labor Statistics
February 1984
Bulletin 2186




FEB 2 8 1984
Dayton & Monigu»<»ery Co.
Public Library

Occupational Empiofmsont
ddh Miowgjs, 0®nitry©ti(Q)Big
Fidaon®®, loud S©rwo©(§§
U.S. Department of Labor
Raymond J. Donovan, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
February 1984
Bulletin 2186

F o r sale by th e S u p erin ten d en t of D ocum ents, U.S. G overnm ent P rin tin g Office, W ashington, D.C. 20402







F r © fa @ @

This bulletin provides data from a 1981 survey o f oc­
cupational employment in mining; construction;
finance, insurance, and real estate; and selected services
industries. (Occupational employment data from a 1980
survey of hospitals are also included; see appendix B.)
Earlier surveys of selected nonmanufacturing industries
were conducted in 1973, 1975, and 1978. Results of the
1978 survey were published in Bulletin 2088, Occupa­
tional Employment in Selected Nonmanufacturing In­
dustries. Remaining nonmanufacturing industries were
surveyed in 1979 and results were published in Bulletin
2116, Occupational Employment in Transportation,
Communications, Utilities, and Trade.
Surveys o f the manufacturing sector were conducted
in 1971, 1974, 1977, and 1980. Results of the 1977 and
1980 surveys were published in Bulletins 2057 and 2133,
respectively, Occupational Employment in Manufactur­
ing Industries.
These periodic surveys are part of a Federal-State
cooperative program of occupational employment




statistics ( o e s ). The o e s program provides information
for many data users, including individuals and
organizations engaged in planning vocational education
programs, training programs supported by the Job
Training Partnership Act, and higher education, o e s
data also are used to prepare information for career
counseling, for job placement activities performed at
State employment security offices, and for personnel
planning and market research conducted by private
enterprises.
This bulletin was prepared in the Office of Employ­
ment and Unemployment Statistics, Division o f Oc­
cupational and Administrative Statistics, by Wanda L.
Bland under the direction of Linda P. Hardy. John
Shew and Barbara L. Keitt provided data processing
support. Typing assistance was provided by Minnie L.
Dickerson. Material in the publication is in the public
domain and, with appropriate credit, may be reproduc­
ed without permission.




■

Page

Introduction.......................................................................................................................................

1

Sum m ary...........................................................................................................................................

3

M in in g ...............................................................................................................................................
Mining, except oil and gas extraction.....................................................................................
Oil and gas extraction...............................................................................................................

6
6
6

C onstruction.....................................................................................................................................
General building contractors...................................................................................................
Heavy construction contractors...............................................................................................
Special trade co n tracto rs.........................................................................................................

21
21
21
22

Finance, insurance, and real e sta te .................................................................................................
Banks and credit agencies.........................................................................................................
Security and commodity brokers’and investment services....................................................
Insurance and real e s ta te .........................................................................................................

35
35
35
36

Services................................................. . . . . .......................................................................................
Hotels and other lodging places...............................................................................................
Personal services.......................................................................................................................
Business services.......................................................................................................................
Automotive repair, services, and garages...............................................................................
Miscellaneous repair services...................................................................................................
Motion pictures.........................................................................................................................
Amusement and recreation services, except motion pictures................................................
Health services, except hospitals.............................................................................................
Legal services.............................................................................................................................
Social services.......... ......................................................................................................
Museums and bdtanical and zoological g ard en s...................................................................
Membership organizations, except religious organizations..................................................
Miscellaneous services.............................................................................................................

53
53
53
53
54
54
54
54
55
55
55
56
56
56

Tables:
1. Employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries, 1981........................................
2. Employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries by major occupational
group, 1981.......................................................................................................................
3. Percent distribution of employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries by
major occupational group, 1981 ........................... .......................................................

5

Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations:
4. Mining, except oil and gas extraction, May 1981...........................................................
5. Metal mining, May 1981-...................................................................................................
6. Bituminous coal and lignite mining, June 1981 ..............................................................
7. Mining and quarrying of nonmetallic minerals except fuels, May 1981........................
8. Oil and gas extraction, May 1981.....................................................................................

7
10
12
15
18




v

4
5

C @ in iit< § iiits — C @ in t l n u ® d l

Page

9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.

Construction, May 1 9 8 1 ........................................................................................................
General building contractors, May 1981..............................................................................
Heavy construction contractors, May 1981 ........................................................................
Special trade contractors, May 1 9 8 1 ....................................................................................
Banking, May 1 9 8 1 ..................................................................................................................
Credit agencies, except banks, May 1981 ............................................................................
Security and commodity brokers and services, June 1981.................................................
Holding and other investment offices, June 1981 .............................................................
Insurance carriers, May 1 9 8 1 .................................................................................................
Insurance agents, brokers, and services, May 1 9 8 1 ...........................................................
Real estate, May 1 9 8 1 .............................................................................................................
Combined real estate, insurance, loan, and law offices, May 1 9 8 1 ................................
Hotels and other lodging places, May 1981.........................................................................
Personal services, May 1981...................................................................................................
Business services, June 1981...................................................................................................
Automotive repair, services, and garages, May 1981.........................................................
Miscellaneous repair services, June 1981..............................................................................
Motion pictures, April 1 9 8 1 ...................................................................................................
Amusement and recreation services, except motion pictures, April 1981.....................
Health services, except hospitals, May 1981........................................................................
Legal services, June 1981 .......................................................................................................
Social services, May 1 9 8 1 ........................................................................................................
Museums and botanical and zoological gardens, April 1981 .........................................
Membership organizations, except religious organizations, April 1981 .......................
Miscellaneous services, June 1 9 8 1 .........................................................................................

23
26
29
32
37
39
41
43
45
48
50
52
57
59
62
65
67
69
71
74
76
77
80
81
84

Appendixes:
A. Survey methods and reliability of estimates..........................................................................
B. Occupational employment in hospitals, April 1980.............................................................
C. OES survey data available from State agencies....................................................................

87
90
94




vi

n tr o d u c tio n

The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) sur­
vey is designed to collect data on occupational employ­
ment of wage and salary workers by industry in nonagricultural establishments. The Bureau of Labor Sta­
tistics provides the procedures and technical assistance
for the survey, State employment security agencies col­
lect the data, and the Employment and Training Ad­
ministration provides administrative support. In 1981,
48 States and the District of Columbia participated in
the survey compared with 43 States in 1978, 29 States in
1975, and 22 in 1973. BLS conducted a supplemental
survey in 1981, with the financial aid of the National
Science Foundation, to collect data in the nonpar­
ticipating States and to develop national estimates.
This bulletin presents national data only. Data on oc­
cupational employment in each participating State are
available from the State employment security agencies
(appendix B).

©©©ypgifcngil aodl industrial classification
The OES classification system combines two widely
used systems—the Dictionary o f Occupational Titles
(DOT) and the system used for the 1970 Census of
Population. Occupational titles and descriptions in the
survey are based primarily on the Dictionary o f Occu­
pational Titles.' The DO T was used to develop the defi­
nitions of occupations because it is the most detailed
classification available. Summary categories and re­
sidual groups generally follow the categories used in
the 1970 Census. ‘Crosswalks’ have been developed be­
tween the two systems so that users may integrate OES
data with data from sources using the Census
classification.
The industrial classification system is that described
in the 1972 edition of the Standard Industrial Classifi­
cation Manual,1 whereby reporting establishments are
classified into industries on the basis of major product
or activity.

S tu r w e y p r® (g (§ d ]y r(is

An establishment is an economic unit which produces
goods or services. Generally, it is at a single physical
location and is engaged predominantly in one type of
economic activity. Where a single physical location en­
compasses two or more distinct activities, these are
treated as separate establishments if separate payroll
records are available and certain other criteria are met.
Employment includes full- and part-time workers;
workers on paid vacations or other types of leave;
workers on unpaid short-term absences (i.e., illness, bad
weather, temporary layoff, jury duty); salaried officers,
executives, and staff of incorporated firms; employees
temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for
whom that unit is their permanent (home) duty station,
regardless of whether the unit prepares their paycheck.
Excluded from coverage are proprietors (owners and
partners of unincorporated firms), self-employed, un­
paid family workers, and workers on extended leave
(i.e., pensioners and members of the Armed Forces).
Occupation refers to the occupation in which employ­
ees are working rather than the occupation for which

The survey is conducted over a 3-year cycle; manu­
facturing industries are surveyed in one year and non­
manufacturing industries in the other two years. Data
are collected from a sample of establishments primarily
by mail; telephone followups and personal visits are
made when an establishment response is critical to the
survey. The survey is based on a probability sample,
stratified by industry and size of employment, designed
to represent the total or “universe” of establishments
covered by the survey. Data are requested for the pay
period including the 12th of the reference month, which
is standard for all Federal agencies collecting employ­
ment data. The reference month for the 1981 survey
was April, May, or June (appendix A).
For the 1981 survey, 19 separate questionnaires were
used, each having detailed occupations related
specifically to a particular industry’s activity. For
example, “ claims clerk” was surveyed in only one
industry—insurance. Cross-industry estimates, there­
fore, cannot be developed for most detailed oc­
cupations because not all detailed occupations were
included on every survey questionnaire. This bulletin
presents cross-industry data for major occupational
groups.




1Dictionary o f Occupational Titles, fourth edition (U.S. Employment
Service, U.S. Department o f Labor, 1977.)
2Standard Industrial Classification Manual (Office o f Management
and Budget, Executive Office o f the President, 1972), as amended in
Supplement, 1977.

1

organizations (sic 866).3 Data are presented for each in­
dustry under the following headings: Employment^
percent o f total employment, relative error, and percent
of establishments reporting the occupation.
Employment is based upon survey results adjusted to
reflect total industry employment. The percent o f total
employment refers to total employment in the industry.
Relative error measures the level of confidence to be
placed on each estimate. The percent of establishments
reporting a particular occupation indicates the fre­
quency o f occurrence of the occupation.
Occupations with fewer than 50 workers, or with less
then 0.01 percent of industry employment, or with a
relative error greater than 50 are not shown separately
but are included in the appropriate residual categories.
Employment is rounded to the nearest ten. The
relative error and the percent of respondents reporting
the occupation are rounded to the nearest whole per­
cent. The percent of total employment was computed
from rounded employment data.

they may have been trained. For example, an employee
trained as an engineer but working as a drafter is
reported as a drafter.
Working supervisors (those spending 20 percent or
more of their time at work similar to that done by
workers under their supervision) are reported in the oc­
cupation most closely related to their work.
Part-time workers, learners, and apprentices are
reported in the occupation in which they ordinarily
work.
Multiple jobholders (employees who perform the
duties o f two or more occupations in an establishment)
are reported in the occupation that requires the highest
level of skill or in the occupation where the most time is
spent if there is no measurable difference in skill
requirements.
A more detailed statement describing the survey is
presented in appendix A.

Data presented
This bulletin presents occupational employment for
2-digit sic industries. However, health services (sic 80)
excludes data for hospitals (sic 806), and membership
organizations (Sic 86) excludes data for religious




3 1980 data for hospitals are presented in appendix B. Additional occupational
- employment data at the more detailed 3-digit SIC level are available upon re­
quest from the Office o f Employment and Unemployment Statistics. Definitions
for all occupations surveyed are also available upon request.

2

S u m m a ry

million, accounting for nearly 13 percent o f the employ­
ment covered by this survey. The largest concentrations
o f professional workers were found in health services
(except hospitals), miscellaneous services, and business
services.

In 1981, employment in the selected nonmanufactur­
ing industries covered by this survey was approximately
23.8 million, or more than one-fourth of all
nonagricultural wage and salary employment in the
Nation.
As shown in table 1, 55 percent of the workers were
employed in service industries, such as business services
and health services. Finance, insurance, and real estate
employed 5.3 million workers or 22 percent. Construc­
tion and mining, with 4.2 million and 1.1 million
workers, respectively, accounted for the remaining
employment.
For the survey, workers were classified into seven ma­
jor occupational groups: Managers and officers; profes­
sional workers; technical workers; service workers;
maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant workers; clerical workers; and sales
workers. Employment in these occupational groups is
summarized below. Tables 2 and 3 present the distribu­
tion among the various industries surveyed. Occupa­
tional employment in each major industry group is
discussed in subsequent sections, which also present
data by industry segment (two-digit sic).

Technical workers
Technical workers utilize knowledge o f fundamental
scientific, engineering, mathematical, computer pro­
gramming, or drafting principles. This knowledge is ac­
quired through study at technical schools and junior
colleges, through other formal post-high school training
less extensive than a 4-year college course, or through
equivalent on-the-job training or experience.
More than 1 million technical workers were employed
in the surveyed industries in 1981 or 4 percent of all
workers employed in these industries. Forty-six percent
o f the technical workers surveyed were in health services
(ex clu d in g h o sp ita ls); b u sin ess services and
miscellaneous services each accounted for 18 percent.

Service workers
Persons employed in this occupational group perform
services for individuals or establishments. Service
workers protect individuals and property, prepare and
serve food and beverages, and clean interiors and equip­
ment of buildings, offices, stores, and similar places.
Service workers ranked third among the seven major
occupational groups, with 4.1 million workers or 17 per­
cent of the employment covered by the survey. Nearly
three-fifths o f these workers were employed in health
services (except hospitals), business services, and hotels
and other lodging places.

fianagers and officers
Persons holding positions as managers and officers
are primarily concerned with the policymaking, plan­
ning, organizing, staffing, directing, and controlling ac­
tivities common to many types o f organizations. Also
included are persons responsible for the operation of an
enterprise or establishment (usually small scale) in
which they may engage, in part, in the same activities as
the workers they supervise.
In the nonmanufacturing industries surveyed in 1981,
managers and officers numbered 2.7 million, represent­
ing 11 percent of employment. The following industries,
in order of predominance, were the largest employers of
managers and officers: Construction; insurance and real
estate; and banks and credit agencies.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers
This occupational group includes all skilled,
semiskilled, and unskilled workers performing machine
and manual tasks.
Ranking second of the seven major groups, this oc­
cupational group included 5.9 million workers or onefourth o f surveyed employment in 1981. More than half
of these workers were employed in the construction
industry.

Professional workers
Persons employed in professional positions usually
deal with the theoretical or practical aspects of fields
such as science, engineering, technical work, art, educa­
tion, medicine, law, and business relations. Most of
these occupations require substantial educational
preparation, usually at the university level.
In 1981, professional workers numbered just over 3



Clerical workers
Persons in this occupational group are either office
clerical workers or plant clerical workers. Office clerical
3

Salas w®rSt@rs

workers prepare, transcribe, transfer, systematize, and
preserve written communications and records, as well as
collect accounts and distribute information. Plant
clerical workers plan, coordinate, or expedite produc­
tion and the flow o f work. These workers are also in­
volved in the clerical aspects o f receiving, storing, issu­
ing, or shipping o f materials, merchandise, supplies, or
equipment.
The largest of the seven major occupational groups in
the industries surveyed, clerical workers numbered over
6.2 million in 1981 or 26 percent of total employment.
Banks and credit agencies employed one-fourth of these
workers; large concentrations o f clerical workers were
also found in insurance and real estate, and in the
business services industry.




Sales workers include sales representatives and sales
clerks. Sales representatives (also called sales agents or
sales associates) utilize specific knowledge of the com­
modity or service being sold. Sales clerks sell any o f a
large variety of goods or services, and usually only re­
quire familiarity with the pricing o f those goods and
services.
In 1981, sales workers numbered approximately
800,000, representing only 3 percent of the employment
covered by this survey. Insurance and real estate
employed by far the largest number of sales workers, 48
percent. Business services employed 15 percent, and
security and commodity brokers and investment services
employed 9 percent.

Table 1. Employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries, 1981
Employment

Percent of total
nonmanufacturing
employment

Total.............................................................

23,833,590

100.0

Mining, total ...........................................................
Mining, except oil and gas extraction ................
Oil and gas extraction.........................................

1,129,710
461,960
667,750

4.7
1.9
2.8

Construction, to ta l..................................................
General building contractors ..............................
Heavy construction contractors ..........................
Special trade contractors....................................

4,235,230
1,098,640
934,770
2,201,820

17.8
4.6
3.9
9.2

Finance, insurance, and real estate, total ............
Banks and credit agencies.................................
Security and commodity brokers and
investment services.......................................
Insurance and real estate...................................

5,301,890
2,203,560

22.2
9.2

381,710
2,716,620

1.6
11.4

Services, to ta l.........................................................
Hotels and other lodging places.........................
Personal services................................................
Business services ...............................................
Auto repair, services, and garages.....................
Miscellaneous repair services............................
Motion pictures....................................................
Amusement and recreation services, except
motion pictures..............................................
Health services, except hospitals.......................
Legal services .....................................................
Social services....................................................
Museums and botanical and zoological gardens
Membership organizations, except religious
organizations .................................................
Miscellaneous services.......................................

13,166,760
1,129,770
905,430
3,263,280
571,160
248,760
213,050

55.2
4.7
3.8
13.7
2.4
1.0
.9

769,770
2,631,910
542,980
1,163,850
33,760

3.2
11.0
2.3
4.9
.1

643,390
1,049,650

2.7
4.4

Industry

4

Table 2. Employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries by major occupational group, 1981

Industry

Managers and
officers

Professional
workers

Maintenance,
construction,
repair, material
handling, and
powerplant
workers

Service
workers

Technical
workers

Clerical
workers

Sales workers

Total ...........................................

2,712,320

3,009,690

1,022,630

4,128,900

5,910,390

6,249,190

800,600

Mining, except oil and gas extraction
Oil and gas extraction........................
Construction .......................................
Banks and credit agencies................
Security and commodity brokers and
investment services......................
Insurance and real estate..................
Hotels and other lodging places .......
Personal services ..............................
Business services..............................
Auto repair, services, and garages ....
Miscellaneous repair services...........
Motion pictures ..................................
Amusement and recreation services,
except motion pictures ................
Health services, except hospitals......
Legal services....................................
Social services...................................
Museums and botanical and
zoological gardens .......................
Membership organizations, except
religious organizations..................
Miscellaneous services......................

25,000
54,150
447,000
418,420

20,250
91,130
171,230
135,240

7,870
27,660
43,350
16,410

6,060
7,580
36,610
49,420

1 369,970
2 390,490
3,135,510
11,590

31,150
91,660
350,520
1,546,320

1,660
5,080
51,110
26,190

65,770
421,350
76,720
105,200
293,160
85,220
34,300
27,710

54,180
278,790
23,070
46,580
406,530
5,000
5,620
39,630

5,660
33,390
2,520
2,570
187,390
850
15,300
3,310

9,350
258,880
738,310
325,260
856,190
8,330
3,340
56,670

5,040
232,090
90,370
253,110
460,250
370,470
143,600
26,350

169,170
1,110,070
185,690
144,150
936,460
88,720
34,320
45,760

72,590
382,000
13,090
28,560
123,300
12,570
12,280
13,620

64,540
154,420
36,320
120,870

114,270
549,510
206,080
313,170

2,600
466,860
1,430
15,030

339,370
858,460
8,360
381,870

118,070
111,170
320
110,740

104,520
488,060
290,380
211,560

26,400
3,430
90
10,610

3,660

5,420

1,540

10,810

4,390

6,000

1,940

158,690
119,820

122,430
421,560

3,220
185,670

160,840
13,190

23,910
52,950

164,060
250,620

10,240
5,840

1 Includes mining and processing occupations.

2 Includes petroleum and gas production workers.

Table 3. Percent distribution of employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries by major occupational group,
1981

Service
workers

Maintenance,
construction,
repair,
material
handling, and
powerplant
workers

Clerical
workers

4.3

17.3

24.8

26.2

3.4

1.7
4.1
1.0
.7

1.3
1.1
.9
2.2

1 80.1
2 58.5
74.0
.5

6.7
13.7
8.3
70.2

.4
.8
1.2
1.2

All
occupations

Managers
and officers

Professional
workers

Total ...........................................

100.0

11.4

12.6

Mining, except oil and gas extraction
Oil and gas extraction........................
Construction .......................................
Banks and credit agencies................
Security and commodity brokers and
investment services......................
Insurance and real estate..................
Hotels and other lodging places .......
Personal services ..............................
Business services..............................
Auto repair, services, and garages ....
Miscellaneous repair services...........
Motion pictures ..................................
Amusement and recreation services,
except motion pictures ................
Health services, except hospitals......
Legal services....................................
Social services...................................
Museums and botanical and
zoological gardens .......................
Membership organizations, except
religious organizations..................
Miscellaneous services......................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

5.4
8.1
10.6
19.0

4.4
13.6
4.0
6.1

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

17.2
15.5
6.8
11.6
9.0
14.9
13.8
13.0

14.2
10.3
2.0
5.1
12.5
.9
2.3
18.6

1.5
1.2
.2
.3
5.7
.1
6.2
1.6

2.4
9.5
65.4
35.9
26.2
1.5
1.3
26.6

1.3
8.5
8.0
28.0
14.1
64.9
57.7
12.4

44.3
40.9
16.4
15.9
28.7
15.5
13.8
21.5

19.0
14.1
1.2
3.2
3.8
2.2
4.9
6.4

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

8.4
5.9
6.7
10.4

14.8
20.9
38.0
26.9

.3
17.7
.3
1.3

44.1
32.6
1.5
32.8

15.3
4.2
.1
9.5

13.6
18.5
53.5
18.2

3.4
.1
0
.9

100.0

10.8

16.1

4.6

32.0

13.0

17.8

5.7

100.0
100.0

24.7
11.4

19.0
40.2

.5
17.7

25.0
1.3

3.7
5.0

25.5
23.9

1.6
.6

Industry

1 Includes mining and processing occupations.
2 Includes petroleum and gas production workers.




Technical
workers

i

3 Less than 0.5. percent.

5

Sales
workers

[Miming

service workers, 1 percent; and sales workers, only 0.4
percent.
The tabulation below lists the five most populous oc­
cupations in the industry group:

This industry division comprises establishments
engaged in the extraction o f minerals, liquids, and
gases, such as coal, ores, crude petroleum, and natural
gas. Mining also includes the exploration and develop­
ment o f mineral properties; and other preparations
customarily done at the mine site, or as part of mining
activity.
In 1981, mining employed approximately 1.1 million
workers or 5 percent o f all workers in the surveyed in­
dustries. Mining was classified into two major industry
groups: Mining, except oil and gas extraction; and oil
and gas extraction. Nearly three-fifths o f these workers
were employed in oil and gas extraction.

Heavy equipment operator
Nonworking supervisor ..
Truck driver........................
Mine machinery mechanic
Welders and flamecutters.

Percent o f
industry
employment

46,570
28,650
25,120
13,900
11,370

10.1
6.2
5.4
3.0
2.5

Oil and gas extraction
This industry (sic 13) consists o f establishments
engaged in the production o f crude petroleum, natural
gas, and cycle condensate, and also includes the
recovery o f oil from oil sands and oil shale.
In 1981, oil and gas extraction employed 667,750
workers or 59 percent of all workers employed in the
mining industry. Most of these workers, 62 percent,
were engaged in providing oil and gas field services,
such as exploration or drilling.
As shown in table 8, the largest occupational group in
this industry consisted o f over 390,490 petroleum and
gas production, maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant workers or 58 per­
cent of total employment in oil and gas extraction.
Clerical workers, totaling 91,660 or 14 percent o f in­
dustry employment, ranked second of the seven major
groups. Also with 14 percent, professional workers
numbered 91,130. Managers and officers, totaling
54,150, accounted for 8 percent of employment in oil
and gas extraction. The remaining industry employment
was distributed as follows: Technical workers, 4 per­
cent; service workers, 1 percent; and sales workers, 1
percent.
The five most populous occupations in oil and gas ex­
traction are listed in the tabulation below:

Mining, except oil and gas extraction
Establishments in this industry group (sic’s 10,11,12,
and 14) are primarily engaged in metal mining; an­
thracite mining; bituminous coal and lignite mining;
and mining and quarrying o f nonmetallic minerals, ex­
cept fuels.
Of the 461,960 workers employed in this group o f in­
dustries in 1981, half were engaged in mining
bituminous coal and lignite. Twenty-seven percent
worked in mining and quarrying o f nonmetallic
minerals, except fuels; 23 percent in mining metal; and
only 1 percent in mining anthracite (tables 4 through 7).
The largest occupational group in mining, except oil
and gas extraction, consisted o f mining, processing,
maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant workers, numbering 369,970 or fourfifths o f total employment in this industry group.
Bituminous coal and lignite mining employed the largest
number of these workers, with 193,000 or 52 percent.
Clerical workers, the second largest occupational group,
numbered 31,150, accounting for 7 percent of employ­
ment in this industry group. Seventy-four percent of
these clerical workers were in office occupations.
Managers and officers, numbering 25,000, were the
third largest occupational group, with 5 percent of
employment in mining, except oil and gas extraction.
Bituminous coal and lignite mining employed the largest
number of these workers— 10,360 or 41 percent of all
managers and officers in this industry group. The re­
maining employment was distributed as follows: Profes­
sional workers, 4 percent; technical workers, 2 percent;




Employment

Roustabout ..................................
Rotary drill operator h elper___
Nonworking supervisor.............
Secretary.........................................
Rotary drill operator...................

6

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

90,980
32,950
24,070
22,520
22,490

13.6
4.9
3.6
3.4
3.4

Table 4. Mining, except oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981
(SIC 10, 11, 12, 14)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

461,960

100.00

--

-

Managers and officers..............................................

25,000

5.41

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Civil engineer .....................................................
Industrial engineer.............................................
Mechanical engineer.........................................
Metallurgists and metallurgical engineers.........
Mining engineer.................................................
Safety engineer..................................................
All other engineers............................................
Chemist ..................................................................
Geologists and geophysicists................................
All other natural and mathematical scientists.......
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

20,250
7,570
210
460
510
520
680
2,870
1,240
1,080
1,030
2,700
220
580
1,670
3,090
420
1,710
1,260

4.38
1.64
.05
.10
.11
.11
.15
.62
.27
.23
.22
.58
.05
.13
.36
.67
.09
.37
.27

n.a.
n.a.
9
8
8
8
6
5
5
n.a.
7
5
18
10
5
5
15
4
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
2
5
5
4
5
18
12
n.a.
7
12
2
3
17
21
2
13
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Surveyor.............................................................
Mechanical engineering technician...................
Industrial engineering technician.......................
Civil engineering technician ..............................
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
All other technicians..............................................

7,870
640
4,160
1,370
1,210
120
180
120
1,160
2,300
770

1.70
.14
.90
.30
.26
.03
.04
.03
.25
.50
.17

n.a.
11
n.a.
5
5
16
25
15
n.a.
6
n.a.

n.a.
4
n.a.
12
10
1
2
1
n.a.
8
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

6,060
1,970
2,970
180
420
520

1.31
.43
.64
.04
.09
.11

n.a.
5
6
13
16
n.a.

n.a.
13
14
1
2
n.a.

Mining, processing, maintenance, construction,
repair, material handling, and powerplant
occupations..........................................................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mine machinery mechanic ................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Auger machine operator ........................................
Blaster, mining and quarrying................................
Bonder and/or w ire r..............................................
Header, bottomer, car dropper and/or eager.......
Braker, tra in ...........................................................
Brattice builder.......................................................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Cement mason.......................................................
Coal washer...........................................................
Continuous mining machine operator....................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators.......................
Cutting machine operator ......................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Dispatcher, mine car .............................................
Dredge operator.....................................................
Drier operator, coal or o re .....................................

369,970
37,960
4,800
4,660
5,160
13,900
7,280
2,160
25,120
260
5,480
380
1,130
1,320
2,180
1,420
680
2,000
7,740
3,620
1,870
1,840
650
1,070
1,630

80.09
8.22
1.04
1.01
1.12
3.01
1.58
.47
5.44
.06
1.19
.08
.24
.29
.47
.31
.15
.43
1.68
.78
.40
.40
.14
.23
.35

n.a.
n.a.
6
5
7
6
7
n.a.
3
33
5
16
10
14
7
7
11
12
6
5
13
6
11
7
8

n.a.
n.a.
21
18
15
14
14
n.a.
53
1
17
2
3
2
4
7
2
5
6
19
3
7
2
7
6

See footnotes at end of table.




7

Table 4. Mining, except oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 10, 11, 12, 14)

Occupation

Mining, processing, maintenance, construction,
repair, material handling, and powerplant
occupations—Continued
Driller, hand ...........................................................
Driller, machine ......................................................
Dump operator .......................................................
Electrician...............................................................
Fire boss ................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Heavy equipment operator ....................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Hydraulic operator..................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Lamp keeper and/or repairer................................
Loading-machine operator, underground.............
Long-wall miner operator ......................................
Long-wall miner operator helper..........................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Millwright ................................................................
Dinkey operator......................................................
Oiler ........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Panelboard operator and/or grinding mill
panelboard operator.........................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Rock splitter, quarry ..............................................
Reagent tender ......................................................
Rock-dust sprayer.................................................
Roof bolter.............................................................
Shaker tender.........................................................
Sheet metal worker ...............................................
Shuttle-car operator..............................................
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Tipple operator.......................................................
Track layer.............................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
Belt repairer...........................................................
Sampler and/or test preparer ...............................
Sawyer, stone.........................................................
Separator tender....................................................
Conveyor operator or tender.................................
Yard engineer.........................................................
Mill and/or grinder operator, minerals ..................
Pump operator........................................................
Mixer and/or blender, chemicals and chemical
products ...........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, total ..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand .............................................
Cashier...............................................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

2,260
8,660
1,040
10,860
1,620
28,650
46,570
380
100
1,640
590
570
7,680
400
990
2,460
7,860
8,070
1,050
1,860
6,220
460

0.49
1.87
.23
2.35
.35
6.20
10.08
.08
.02
.36
.13
.12
1.66
.09
.21
.53
1.70
1.75
.23
.40
1.35
.10

7
8
10
5
8
3
3
18
26
8
15
8
7
17
18
6
6
5
17
10
5
9

9
22
4
17
5
43
67
1
(3)
8
3
4
18
1
1
8
23
18
1
4
21
3

2,560
750
1,350
770
380
1,260
10,950
830
140
11,240
140
660
2,580
1,990
11,370
970
3,760
1,450
350
500
5,160
870
5,800
1,400

.55
.16
.29
.17
.08
.27
2.37
.18
.03
2.43
.03
.14
.56
.43
2.46
.21
.81
.31
.08
.11
1.12
.19
1.26
.30

5
8
9
9
10
12
5
9
28
5
15
12
9
9
4
7
8
9
12
12
5
10
3
8

12
2
2
3
2
2
7
3
1
7
1
2
8
4
32
7
5
7
2
2
20
2
21
5

370
6,310
17,050
42,670

.08
1.37
3.69
9.24

12
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

31,150
23,070
300
620
580
70
480
2,200
1,290
70
530
4,370
160

6.74
4.99
.06
.13
.13
.02
.10
.48
.28
.02
.11
.95
.03

n.a.
n.a.
14
7
9
n.a.
13
5
7
13
12
4
15

n.a.
n.a.
2
6
4
n.a.
2
18
15
1
2
33
2

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

8

Table 4. Mining, except oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 10, 11, 12, 14)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Office clerical workers,—Continued
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping packer.................................................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk .......................
Weigher, recordkeeping.....................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

320
1,780
610
350
5,470
260
510
1,180
1,160
760
8,080
630
210
420
2,530

0.07
.39
.13
.08
1.18
.06
.11
.26
.25
.16
1.75
.14
.05
.09
.55

7
5
6
10
5
11
5
8
9
n.a.
n.a.
6
15
9
4

4
19
7
4
32
2
9
8
8
n.a.
n.a.
5
1
4
25

3,430
440
420

.74
.10
.09

4
7
n.a.

15
4
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................

1,660
1,550
110

.36
.34
.02

n.a.
5
29

n.a.
13
1

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5. percent,
n.a. = not available.

9

Tab!® 5. Metal mining: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1981
(SIC 10)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

105,330

100.00

-

--

Managers and officers..............................................

4,460

4.23

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Civil engineer .....................................................
Industrial engineer.............................................
Mechanical engineer.........................................
Metallurgists and metallurgical engineers........
Mining engineer.................................................
Safety engineer..................................................
All other engineers............................................
Chemist..................................................................
Geologists and geophysicists................................
All other natural and mathematical scientists.......
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

8,810
3,060
80
120
190
250
560
1,030
290
540
520
2,110
100
250
360
920
60
650
780

8.36
2.91
.08
.11
.18
.24
.53
.98
.28
.51
.49
2.00
.09
.24
.34
.87
.06
.62
.74

n.a.
n.a.
13
9
9
11
6
4
5
n.a.
11
5
12
9
6
5
20
5
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
5
8
9
11
23
38
21
n.a.
20
51
6
10
26
33
3
25
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Surveyor............................ ................................
Mechanical engineering technician...................
All other engineering technicians.....................
Science technicians...............................................
All other technicians..............................................

3,440
230
1,780
560
440
70
710
990
440

3.27
.22
1.69
.53
.42
.07
.67
.94
.42

n.a.
6
n.a.
5
6
24
n.a.
7
n.a.

n.a.
12
n.a.
32
21
3
n.a.
21
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

1,690
610
790
90
90
110

1.60
.58
.75
.09
.09
.10

n.a.
9
7
18
11
n.a.

n.a.
20
19
2
6
n.a.

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling and powerplant
occupations..........................................................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mine machinery mechanic ................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Blaster, mining and quarrying................................
Header, bottomer, car dropper and/or eager......
Braker, tra in ...........................................................
Brattice builder.......................................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Cement mason.......................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators......................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Dispatcher, mine c a r .............................................
Drier operator, coal or o re .....................................
Driller, hand ...........................................................
Driller, machine .....................................................
Dump operator.......................................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Rigger.....................................................................

79,650
10,950
1,490
1,330
1,040
3,230
3,060
800
4,340
2,280
260
650
70
630
310
1,170
90
90
570
690
2,680
180
3,110
7,520
4,820
60

75.62
10.40
1.41
1.26
.99
3.07
2.91
.76
4.12
2.16
.25
.62
.07
.60
.29
1.11
.09
.09
.54
.66
2.54
.17
2.95
7.14
4.58
.06

n.a.
n.a.
13
10
9
13
12
n.a.
6
9
9
22
26
5
12
9
27
14
18
12
8
20
6
6
6
13

n.a.
n.a.
22
14
13
21
21
n.a.
26
16
5
3
1
16
4
19
3
2
8
8
33
5
26
43
33
1

See footnotes at end of table.




10

Table 5. Metal mining: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1981—Continued
(SIC 10)

Occupation

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling and powerplant
occupations—Continued
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Lamp keeper and/or repairer................................
Loading-machine operator, underground.............
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Millwright ................................................................
Dinkey operator......................................................
Oiler ........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Panelboard operator and/or grinding mill
panelboard operator.........................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Reagent te n de r......................................................
Roof bolter.............................................................
Shaker tender.........................................................
Shuttle-car operator..............................................
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Track layer.............................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
Belt repairer...........................................................
Sampler and/or test preparer...............................
Separator tender....................................................
Conveyor operator or tender.................................
Yard engineer.........................................................
Mill and/or grinder operator, minerals ..................
Pump operator........................................................
Mixer and/or blender, chemicals and chemical
products ............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

380
350
60
1,370
1,400
1,190
2,990
510
520
900
210

0.36
.33
.06
1.30
1.33
1.13
2.84
.48
.49
.85
.20

20
24
11
10
8
7
4
31
14
7
10

9
3
4
11
15
18
27
3
4
15
7

640
500
310
130
200
360
60
180
480
2,990
210
130
660
120
660
370
2,360
290

.61
.47
.29
.12
.19
.34
.06
.17
.46
2.84
.20
.12
.63
.11
.63
.35
2.24
.28

11
9
12
13
17
9
18
21
19
8
8
17
12
19
9
10
5
24

8
7
8
4
2
5
3
3
4
23
13
3
12
3
8
2
23
6

80
3,380
5,510
9,680

.08
3.21
5.23
9.19

17
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d .............................................
File c le rk.............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ............................................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supefvisor, office or plant ....................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk ........................
Weigher, recordkeeping.....................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w ork.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

7,210
5,650
170
170
130
580
100
170
720
90
290
180
60
1,880
110
400
240
360
1,560
230
130
80

6.85
5.36
.16
.16
.12
.55
.09
.16
.68
.09
.28
.17
.06
1.78
.10
.38
.23
.34
1.48
.22
.12
.08

n.a.
n.a.
9
8
22
5
13
10
6
8
7
5
11
9
7
8
9
n.a.
n.a.
6
13
27

n.a.
n.a.
11
9
5
30
9
5
25
6
22
13
7
51
14
17
13
n.a.
n.a.
11
7
4

930
60
130

.88
.06
.12

6
19
n.a.

22
2
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
All other sales workers .........................................

70
60
10

.07
.06
.01

n.a.
21
n.a.

n.a.
4
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3.
For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
n.a. = not available.

11

Table 6. Bituminous coal and lignite mining: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981
(SIC 12)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

230,080

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

10,360

4.50

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Civil engineer .....................................................
Industrial engineer.............................................
Mechanical engineer..........................................
Mining engineer.................................................
Safety engineer..................................................
All other engineers............................................
Chemist..................................................................
Geologists and geophysicists................................
All other natural and mathematical scientists.......
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Lawyer
...............................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

7,620
3,170
210
190
90
1,440
790
450
230
220
100
260
970
1,250
310
780
330

3.31
1.38
.09
.08
.04
.63
.34
.20
.10
.10
.04
.11
.42
.54
.13
.34
.14

n.a.
n.a.
15
19
24
10
7
n.a.
20
26
38
20
7
10
19
8
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
10
9
5
41
31
n.a.
10
10
4
5
39
35
7
29
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Computer programmer.......................................
Drafter................................................................
Surveyor.............................................................
Industrial engineering technician.......................
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
All other technicians..............................................

2,810
320
1,880
320
620
670
120
470
420
190

1.22
.14
.82
.14
.27
.29
.05
.20
.18
.08

n.a.
21
n.a.
21
10
8
36
n.a.
20
n.a.

n.a.
6
n.a.
6
26
29
5
n.a.
11
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

3,030
790
1,630
220
390

1.32
.34
.71
.10
.17

n.a.
9
10
27
n.a.

n.a.
29
29
4
n.a.

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling and powerplant
occupations..........................................................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mine machinery mechanic ................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Auger machine operator........................................
Blaster, mining and quarrying............ ^.................
Bonder and/or w irer..............................................
Header, bottomer, car dropper and/or eager.......
Braker, tra in ...........................................................
Brattice builder.......................................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Cement mason.......................................................
Coal washer...........................................................
Continuous mining machine operator....................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators.......................
Cutting machine operator ......................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Dispatcher, mine car .............................................
Drier operator, coal or o re .....................................
Driller, hand ...........................................................
Driller, machine ......................................................
Dump operator .......................................................
Electrician...............................................................

193,290
17,770
1,330
1,740
2,600
9,320
1,940
840
7,500
230
2,210
370
810
450
2,070
530
330
1,780
7,450
760
1,520
110
540
170
820
4,010
600
6,540

84.01
7.72
.58
.76
1.13
4.05
.84
.37
3.26
.10
.96
.16
.35
.20
.90
.23
.14

.77

n.a.
n.a.
13
10
12
8
16
n.a.
7
37
8
17
14
22
8
18
20
13

3.24
.33
.66
.05
.23
.07
.36
1.74
.26
2.84

15
15
23
13
20
16
17
16
8

n.a.
n.a.
18
24
21
31
15
n.a.
50
3
35
8
13
5
22
13
5
22
30
17
12
4
10
6
12
30
12
43

See footnotes at end of table.




12

7

Table 6. Bituminous coal and lignite mining: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 12)
Occupation

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling and powerplant
occupations—Continued
Fire b o s s ................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector................................................................
Lamp keeper and/or repairer................................
Loading-machine operator, underground.............
Long-wall miner operator......................................
Long-wall miner operator helper..........................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Dinkey operator......................................................
O ile r........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Panelboard operator and/or grinding mill
panelboard operator.........................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Rock-dust sprayer.................................................
Roof bolter.............................................................
Shaker tender.........................................................
Shuttle-car operator..............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Tipple operator.......................................................
Track layer.............................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
Belt repairer............................................................
Sampler and/or test preparer...............................
Separator tender....................................................
Conveyor operator or tender.................................
Yard engineer.........................................................
Mill and/or grinder operator, minerals..................
Pump operator........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d .............................................
File cle rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Receptionist .......... ;...........................................
Secretary...........................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk .......................
Weigher, recordkeeping.....................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

1

1,500
15,880
27,510
150
300
120
490
4,000
390
980
580
2,970
3,350
1,220
3,660
110

0.65
6.90
11.96
.07
.13
.05
.21
1.74
.17
.43
.25
1.29
1.46
.53
1.59
.05

9
5
6
40
30
22
10
13
17
19
12
15
10
14
8
32

23
59
73
2
5
5
15
26
5
4
17
19
21
12
38
2

400
150
1,250
10,630
350
10,410
180
2,410
1,380
5,320
690
3,420
560
170
2,400
340
210
860
1,640
7,570
23,170

.17
.07
.54
4.62
.15
4.52
.08
1.05
.60
2.31
.30
1.49
.24
.07
1.04
.15
.09
.37
.71
3.29
10.07

17
27
12
6
16
5
26
9
10
8
10
8
19
21
10
22
23
9
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

9
4
12
34
8
32
3
39
17
47
22
22
16
5
17
4
4
19
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

12,640
9,330
200
300
250
220
760
430
310
1,310
110
880
300
220
2,020
160
250
450
690
470
3,310
250
110
670

5.49
4.06
.09
.13
.11
.10
.33
.19
.13
.57
.05
.38
.13
.10
.88
.07
.11
.20
.30
.20
1.44
.11
.05
.29

n.a.
n.a.
22
13
19
21
12
19
20
11
15
9
11
14
10
17
9
18
14
n.a.
n.a.
14
13
13

n.a.
n.a.
4
12
8
4
27
11
5
26
6
35
17
11
40
5
18
10
20
n.a.
n.a.
8
7
22

1,990

.86

7

36

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

13

labile 6. Bituminous coal and lignite mining: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981= Continued
(SIC 12)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Plant clerical workers,—Continued
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers..........................

110
180

0.05
.08

18
n.a.

5
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
All other sales workers ..........................................

330
300
30

.14
.13
.01

n.a.
18
n.a.

n.a.
6
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
n.a. = not available.

14

Table 7. Mining and quarrying of nonmetailic minerals, excepf fuels: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1981
(SIC 14)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

122,920

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

9,900

8.05

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Civil engineer.....................................................
Industrial engineer.............................................
Mechanical engineer.........................................
Metallurgists and metallurgical engineers........
Mining engineer.................................................
Safety engineer..................................................
All other engineers............................................
Chemist ..................................................................
Geologists and geophysicists................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

3,710
1,300
110
130
120
180
80
380
160
140
280
370
70
320
900
280
190

3.02
1.06
.09
.11
.10
.15
.07
.31
.13
.11
.23
.30
.06
.26
.73
.23
.15

n.a.
n.a.
12
9
11
11
11
6
6
n.a.
9
13
22
5
6
5
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
3
2
3
1
7
4
n.a.
3
4
1
8
14
6
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians, to ta l...............................
Drafter................................................................
Surveyor.............................................................
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
All other technicians..............................................

1,610
90
490
180
90
220
890
140

1.31
.07
.40
.15
.07
.18
.72
.11

n.a.
16
n.a.
7
8
n.a.
7
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.
3
2
n.a.
4
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

1,300
550
540
50
100
60

1.06
.45
.44
.04
.08
.05

n.a.
7
6
22
19
n.a.

n.a.
7
8
1
1
n.a.

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling and powerplant
occupations..........................................................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mine machinery mechanic ................................
Mechanic, maintenance........................:............
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Blaster, mining and quarrying................................
Header, bottomer, car dropper and/or eager.......
Braker, tra in ............................................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Coal washer............................................................
Continuous mining machine operator....................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators.......................
Cutting machine operator ......................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Dredge operator.....................................................
Drier operator, coal or o re .....................................
Driller, hand ............................................................
Driller, machine ......................................................
Dump operator.......................................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector................................................................

94,070
8,990
1,920
1,480
1,490
1,310
2,280
510
12,820
950
60
220
240
120
270
1,650
180
1,640
1,000
890
700
1,900
250
1,150
5,150
13,770
150
960
120

76.53
7.31
1.56
1.20
1.21
1.07
1.85
.41
10.43
.77
.05
.18
.20
.10
.22
1.34
.15
1.33
.81
.72
.57
1.55
.20
.94
4.19
11.20
.12
.78
.10

n.a.
n.a.
4
5
5
8
7
n.a.
2
6
21
16
10
25
24
4
16
7
6
7
9
5
13
5
3
2
16
7
10

n.a.
n.a.
22
17
14
8
13
n.a.
61
13
(3)
1
3
(3)
(3)
19
1
9
11
6
8
17
2
7
38
74
1
8
3

See footnotes at end of table.




15

Table 7. Mining and quarrying of nonmetailic minerals, except fuels: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 14)
Occupation

Mining, processing, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling and powerplant
occupations—Continued
Loading-machine operator, underground.............
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Millwright ................................................................
Dinkey operator......................................................
O ile r........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Panelboard operator and/or grinding mill
panelboard operator.........................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Rock splitter, quarry ..............................................
Reagent tender ......................................................
Roof bolter.............................................................
Shaker tender.........................................................
Shuttle-car operator..............................................
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Tipple operator.......................................................
Track layer.............................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
Belt repairer............................................................
Sampler and/or test preparer...............................
Sawyer, stone.........................................................
Separator tender....................................................
Conveyor operator or tender.................................
Yard engineer.........................................................
Mill and/or grinder operator, minerals..................
Pump operator........................................................
Mixer and/or blender, chemicals and chemical
products...........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, total ..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .............................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping packer.................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk .......................
Weigher, recordkeeping.....................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w ork.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

2,300
450
3,600
1,680
510
120
1,480
130

1,87
.37
2.93
1.37
.41
.10
1.20
.11

4
9
5
5
15
12
4
10

17
4
25
14
1
1
17
2

1,520
100
1,260
720
50
190
240
470
50
310
110
120
2,830
70
200
230
340
190
2,090
160
3,230
250

1.24
.08
1.03
.59
.04
.15
.20
.38
.04
.25
.09
.10
2.30
.06
.16
.19
.28
.15
1.70
.13
2.63
.20

5
18
9
9
16
19
11
13
24
18
17
21
4
12
14
9
12
23
4
13
4
12

14
1
3
5
1
1
2
1
f)
1
1
(3)
29
1
1
3
2
1
23
1
25
2

230
1,570
4,670
9,420

.19
1.28
3.80
7.66

16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

11,080
7,910
100
140
150
120
860
740
50
2,310
50
120
580
130
60
1,560
150
320
220
250
3,170
140
160
170
1,770

9.01
6.44
.08
.11
.12
.10
.70
.60
.04
1.88
.04
.10
.47
.11
.05
1.27
.12
.26
.18
.20
2.58
.11
.13
.14
1.44

n.a.
n.a.
10
10
9
22
5
5
14
3
26
8
4
13
9
4
5
11
9
n.a.
n.a.
8
20
18
3

n.a.
n.a.
2
3
2
1
13
17
1
37
1
3
14
3
2
25
5
5
4
n.a.
n.a.
3
1
2
31

500
270
160

.41
.22
.13

6
8
n.a.

7
4
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

16

Tab!© 7. Mining and quarrying of nonmefallic minerals, except fuels: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 14)

Occupation

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk ..............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

1.02
.96
.06

1,250
1,180
70

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

n.a.
5
16

n.a.
17
1

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

17

Table 8. Oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981
(SIC 13)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

667,750

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

54,150

8.11

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Civil engineer .....................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
Mechanical engineer.........................................
Petroleum engineer...........................................
Safety engineer..................................................
All other engineers............................................
Mathematical scientists..........................................
Chemist ..................................................................
Geologists and geophysicists................................
All other physical scientists...................................
Life scientist............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer........... ...............
Accountants and auditors......................................
Law clerk................................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Lease buyer ...........................................................
Paralegal personnel...............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Title clerk ...............................................................
All other professional workers...............................

91,130
27,490
700
740
2,940
1,370
18,430
680
2,630
540
1,250
21,360
370
360
4,250
2,150
14,100
160
1,080
8,960
120
2,680
1,890
4,370

13.65
4.12
.10
.11
.44
.21
2.76
.10
.39
.08
.19
3.20
.06
.05
.64
.32
2.11
.02
.16
1.34
.02
.40
.28
.65

n.a.
n.a.
26
27
22
19
10
27
n.a.
48
37
10
n.a.
48
20
12
11
45
14
12
23
16
23
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
2
2
2
3
21
6
n.a.
1
1
16
n.a.
(3)
4
10
24
(3)
4
15
1
9
3
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Computer, prospecting and/or computer,
seismograph.................................................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians ................
Observer, electrical prospecting and/or gravity
prospecting...................................................
S cout..................................................................
Surveyor.............................................................
Mechanical engineering technician.......... ........
Civil engineering technician ..............................
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
Airplane p ilo t...........................................................
All other technicians..............................................

27,660
2,590
17,890

4.14
.39
2.68

n.a.
17
n.a.

n.a.
5
n.a.

770
5,490
2,570

.12
.82
.38

27
10
19

1
13
4

1,280
610
1,620
810
370
4,370
3,270
1,070
2,840

.19
.09
.24
.12
.06
.65
.49
.16
.43

26
23
24
34
35
n.a.
25
32
n.a.

2
2
4
1
1
n.a.
3
5
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
All other service workers.......................................

7,580
3,380
730
1,560
1,110
800

1.14
.51
.11
.23
.17
.12

n.a.
14
19
22
27
n.a.

n.a.
12
2
2
2
n.a.

Petroleum and gas production, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling and
powerplant occupations......................................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic ................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers...................
Truck driver............................................................
Blueprinting machine operator..............................
Cable driller............................................................
Caser ......... ...........................................................
Cementer, oil well .................................................
Clean-out d rille r....................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators......................

390,490
14,350
4,240
3,210
1,710
4,100
1,090
17,190
160
5,020
1,810
4,380
1,940
2,470

58.48
2.15
.63
.48
.26
.61
.16
2.57
.02
.75
.27
.66
.29
.37

n.a.
n.a.
10
13
19
15
n.a.
12
28
22
46
33
34
19

n.a.
n.a.
15
9
2
10
n.a.
25
1
7
1
2
4
3

See footnotes at end of table.




18

Table 8. Oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 13)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Petroleum and gas production, maintenance,
construction, repair, material handling and
powerplant occupations—Continued
Delivery and/or route worker................................
Derrick operator, petroleum and gas extraction ....
Electrician...............................................................
Fitter, pipelaying.....................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Formation testing operator....................................
Gager......................................................................
Natural gas treating unit operator.........................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Industrial truck operator........................................
Inspector................................................................
Instrument repairer.................................................
Liquefication-and-regasification-plant operator ....
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Mud-plant operator................................................
Oil pumper.............................................................
Oiler ........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Pumper, head .........................................................
Rig-builder.............................................................
Rotary drill operator...............................................
Rotary drill operator helper....................................
Roustabout.............................................................
Service unit operator, oil w e ll................................
Sheet metal w orker...............................................
Shooter and/or seismograph shooter...................
Stationary engineer................................................
Technical operator, oil and g a s ............................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Well puller..............................................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
Sampler and/or test preparer...............................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

160
16,760
2,220
2,490
24,070
1,080
2,170
2,380
10,580
950
860
840
680
630
1,260
8,170
5,000
760
16,090
380
1,460
610
9,430
1,530
22,490
32,950
90,980
12,240
110
1,880
1,560
4,180
11,180
6,360
1,800
80
7,030
19,400
20,370

0.02
2.51
.33
.37
3.60
.16
.32
'36
1.58
.14
.13
.13
.10
.09
.19
1.22
.75
.11
2.41
.06
.22
.09
1.41
.23
3.37
4.93
13.62
1.83
.02
.28
.23
.63
1.67
.95
.27
.01
1.05
2.91
3.05

49
9
17
34
6
33
35
26
12
38
38
38
37
38
29
15
27
46
14
41
35
42
19
37
8
10
6
14
46
28
34
27
13
21
27
47
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
14
6
(3)
41
2
2
3
15
1
2
1
2
1
2
15
4
1
19
1
2
1
12
1
22
14
42
11
(3)
2
2
3
16
7
2
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer.....................................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
File c le rk ............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel c le rk..................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ........................... ................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers........................

91,660
86,240
4,170
2,130
360
660
740
1,190
10,320
3,570
90
3,410
14,510
910
330
3,290
2,160
3,450
22,520
730
720
800
4,310
2,550
3,320

13.73
12.92
.62
.32
.05
.10
.11
.18
1.55
.53
.01
.51
2.17
.14
.05
.49
.32
.52
3.37
.11
.11
.12
.65
.38
.50

n.a.
n.a.
20
15
42
23
n.a.
20
10
11
50
19
7
17
27
15
19
9
6
44
17
15
13
13
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
7
4
1
2
n.a.
4
20
16
1
6
33
4
2
16
7
19
40
1
4
7
12
8
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




19

Table 8. Oil and gas extraction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 13)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

5,420
1,380
470

0.81
.21
.07

n.a.
24
19

n.a.
4
2

1,350
1,700
520

.20
.25
.08

14
14
n.a.

6
6
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
All other sales workers ..........................................

5,080
5,040
40

.76
.75
.01

n.a.
11
n.a.

n.a.
12
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5. percent,
n.a. = not available.

20

©©rsstryig'tfcira

group was clerical workers with 10 percent. The remain­
ing 8 percent was distributed as follows: Professional
workers, 4 percent; sales and service workers, each 2
percent; and technical workers, 1 percent.
The five most populous occupations, in order of
predominance, are listed below:

This industry division (sic ’s 15-17) includes new con­
struction, additions, alterations, and repair work. Three
broad types of activities are covered: Building construc­
tion by general contractors or operative builders; other
construction by general contractors; and special trade
contractors.
In 1981, the construction industry employed approx­
imately 4.2 million workers or 18 percent o f the workers
in the surveyed industries. More than half of these con­
struction workers were engaged in special trade contrac­
ting, such as electrical work, masonry, and plumbing.
As shown in table 9, the largest occupational group in
the construction industry consisted of 3.1 million
maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant workers, accounting for nearly threefourths of industry employment. Special trade contrac­
ting employed 53 percent o f the workers in this major
group. Managers and officers, ranking second of the
seven major groups, made up 11 percent of total
employment in the construction industry. The third
largest occupational group in construction was clerical
workers, numbering 350,520 or 8 percent of total in­
dustry employment. Office clerical workers accounted
for 96 percent of all clerical workers. The remaining 7
percent of occupational employment was distributed as
follows: Professional workers, 4 percent; sales,
technical, and service workers, each about 1 percent of
total employment in construction.

Employment
Carpenter....................................
Carpenter h elp er........................
Secretary.......................................
Nonworking supervisor...........
Heavy equipment operator____

26.9
7.1
3.0

2.2
2.1

H<sawy construction contractors
Establishments in this industry (sic 16) are primarily
engaged in heavy construction such as highways and
streets, bridges, sewers, railroads, irrigation projects,
flood control projects and marine construction, and
miscellaneous types of construction work other than
buildings.
In 1981, these establishments employed 934,770
workers or 22 percent o f the total employed in construc­
tion. Most o f these workers, 71 percent, were involved
in heavy construction, other than highways and streets.
As shown in table 11, heavy construction contractors
employed 709,630 maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant workers, accounting
for over three-fourths of total industry employment.
Managers and officers, numbering 80,070, ranked
second with 9 percent. The third largest occupational
group consisted of 62,810 clerical workers with 7 per­
cent of total employment. Professional workers made
up 6 percent; technical workers, 2 percent; service
workers, about 1 percent; and sales workers, only 0.3
percent.
The five largest occupations in this industry are listed
in the tabulation below:

©@n@r©I building ®®imtraet®r§
This industry includes establishments primarily
engaged in the construction o f residential, farm, in­
dustrial, commercial, or other buildings (sic 15).
The industry employed nearly 1.1 million workers in
1981, or 26 percent o f all workers employed in construc­
tion. Employing 48 percent of these workers were
establishments engaged in the construction of single­
family homes and other residential buildings; employing
46 percent were establishments constructing nonresidential buildings; and employing the remainder were
operative builders.
As shown in table 10, the 751,660 maintenance, con­
struction, repair, material handling, and powerplant
workers in this industry accounted for more than twothirds o f total industry employment. Managers and o f­
ficers ranked second with 14 percent. The third largest




295,550
78,000
32,940
23,660
22,800

Percent o f
industry
employment

Heavy equipment operator____
Truck driver................................
Carpenter......................................
Pipelaying fitter............................
Pipelayer ......................................

21

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

119,900
57,630
38,400
29,160
28,310

12.8
6.2
4.1
3.1
3.0

Special trad© ©@sitra©t©ra
This industry (sic 17) includes establishments engaged
in specialized activities such as electrical work, plumb­
ings and ’ painting. Establishments engaged in
miscellaneous specialized activities such as industrial
machinery and equipment installation, gas leakage
detection, and water well drilling are also included.
In 1981, this industry employed more than 2.2 million
workers, constituting 52 percent of employment in the
construction industry. Of these workers, plumbing,
heating (other than electric), and air-conditioning
employed 23 percent; electrical work, 19 percent; and
miscellaneous special trade contractors, 18 percent.
As shown in table 12, over three-fourths of the in­
dustry’s workers, approximately 1.7 million, were
maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant workers. Ranking second of the seven
major occupational groups, managers and officers




made up 10 percent of total employment in special trade
contracting. Clerical workers, the third largest group,
accounted for 8 percent of industry employment.
Ninety-two percent of these worked in office occupa­
tions. The remaining occupational employment was
distributed as follows: Professional workers, 3 percent;
sales workers, more than 1 percent; and technical and
service workers, about 1 percent each.
The five most populous jobs in special trade contrac­
ting are listed in the tabulation below:

E lectrician..............................
Plumber or p ip efitter...........
Maintenance painter.............
Carpenter................................
Sheet metal w ork er...............

22

.........
.........
.........
.........
.........

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

223,650
168,180
91,810
88,520
83,750

10.2
7.6
4.2
4.0
3.8

Table 9. Construction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981
(SIC 15, 16, 17)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

4,235,330

100.00

--

-

Managers and officers..............................................

447,000

10.55

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Civil engineer .....................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
Mechanical engineer..........................................
Safety engineer..................................................
All other engineers............................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Cost estimator, engineering...................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

171,230
50,360
17,430
6,300
9,960
1,320
15,350
1,030
9,260
26,100
74,060
1,660
8,760

4.04
1.19
.41
.15
.24
.03
.36
.02
.22
.62
1.75
.04
.21

n.a.
n.a.
5
9
7
9
n.a.
10
4
2
2
6
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
3
1
2
1
n.a.
(3)
5
10
24
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians................
Surveyor..............................................................
Mechanical engineering technician...................
Civil engineering technician ..............................
All other engineering technicians......................
All other technicians..............................................

43,350
1,510
39,180
20,190
10,440
3,850
940
1,260
2,500
2,660

1.02
.04
.93
.48
.25
.09
.02
.03
.06
.06

n.a.
8
n.a.
6
10
8
21
15
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.
5
1
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers.............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

36,610
28,420
3,740
1,260
740
2,450

.86
.67
.09
.03
.02
.06

n.a.
5
12
31
32
n.a.

n.a.
8
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.

3,135,510
116,750
16,770
8,540
12,410
20,330

74.03
2.76
.40
.20
.29
.48

n.a.
n.a.
3
5
5
6

n.a.
n.a.
6
3
3
4

52,120
6,580
115,520
11,010
38,310
570
910
15,830
69,790
9,380
14,400
422,480
80,180
3,240
890
3,010
2,140
23,160
1,600
2,020
640
2,220
42,250
244,710
14,840
1,470

1.23
.16
2.73
.26
.90
.01
.02
.37
1.65
.22
.34
9.98
1.89
.08
.02
.07
.05
.55
.04
.05
.02
.05
1.00
5.78
.35
.03

3
n.a.
2
7
6
13
17
8
3
9
9
1
3
11
22
13
25
4
13
23
23
15
5
2
10
12

5
n.a.
22
2
2
(3)
(3)
1
6
1
1
26
11
1
(3)
1
(3)
4
1
(3)
(3)
(3)
3
9
1
(3)

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ...............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Air hammer operator.............................................
Asbestos and insulation workers..........................
Asphalt heater tender.............................................
Blaster, construction..............................................
Boilermaker.............................................................
Bricklayer................................................................
Cabinetmaker..........................................................
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.........................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Cement mason.......................................................
Concrete mixer operator........................................
Concrete wall grinder operator.............................
Concrete rubber.....................................................
Conduit mechanic..................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators.......................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Dredge operator.....................................................
Driller, hand ............................................................
Driller, machine ......................................................
Dry-wall applicator.................................................
Electrician...............................................................
Fence erector.........................................................
Fine grader .............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




23

Table 9. Construction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981—Continued
(SIC 15, 16, 17)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of totai
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
Fitter, pipelaying.....................................................
Floor sanding machine operator...........................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Form setter, metal road-form ...............................
Form tamper operator and/or tamping-machine
operator.............................................................
Furnace installer and repairer, hot a ir...................
Glazier ....................................................................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Lather .....................................................................
Line installer-repairer.............................................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Metal fabricator......................................................
Millwright ................................................................
Oil burner installer and servicer............................
O ile r........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Paperhanger...........................................................
Pipelayer.................................................................
Plasterer.................................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Reinforcing iron worker..........................................
Roofer.....................................................................
Trench sewer shaper.............................................
Sewer tapper..........................................................
Sheet metal worker ...............................................
Stone mason ..........................................................
Layout worker, structural ste e l..............................
Structural steel w orker...........................................
Taper ......................................................................
Tile setter...............................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
Asphalt mixing machine tender.............................
Asphalt plant drier operator...................................
Asphalt-plant operator...........................................
Tester .....................................................................
Asphalt raker ..........................................................
Mixer, stone, clay, glass and related products.....
Ceiling tile installer and/or floor layer...................
Terrazzo w orker.................................................... ’
Asbestos and insulation worker helper.................
Bricklayer helper ....................................................
Carpenter helper....................................................
Cement mason helper...........................................
Electrician helper ...................................................
Painter helper.........................................................
Plasterer helper......................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter helper...........................
Roofer helper..........................................................
Stone mason helper..............................................
Tile setter helper....................................................
Cabinetmaker helper .............................................
Terrazzo worker helper.........................................
All other helpers, skilled trades ............................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

7,040
1,490
80,490
5,610

0.17
.04
1.90
.13

18
25
2
8

(3)
(3)
15
1

680
13,160
17,760
194,450
6,700
3,700
2,950
9,260
29,680
1,680
6,030
18,450
18,350
2,980
5,720
109,060
6,440
30,800
14,410
205,670
34,990
64,380
880
610
90,520
3,000
6,050
44,710
21,050
13,080
44,020
2,120
1,260
670
2,690
790
17,400
1,200
15,830
1,200
4,870
41,570
102,680
36,910
41,590
12,660
6,180
43,650
19,900
1,920
7,410
2,040
870
25,320
28,450
50,140
313,020

.02
.31
.42
4.59
.16
.09
.07
.22
.70
.04
.14
.44
.43
.07
.14
2.58
.15
.73
.34
4.86
.83
1.52
.02
.01
2.14
.07
.14
1.06
.50
.31
1.04
.05
.03
.02
.06
.02
.41
.03
.37
.03
.11
.98
2.42
.87
.98
.30
.15
1.03
.47
.05
.17
.05
.02
.60
.67
1.18
7.39

15
7
8
2
11
13
14
9
8
23
12
7
6
14
5
2
9
5
8
2
6
2
24
48
3
17
11
5
5
8
5
7
10
14
7
25
5
31
8
25
12
4
3
4
4
6
10
5
5
19
10
17
29
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

(3)
2
1
19
1
1
(3)
1
1
(3)
1
2
1
(3)
2
9
1
3
1
11
3
5
(3)
(3)
7
(3)
1
3
3
1
5
1
1
(3)
1
(3)
3
(3)
1
(3)
1
4
11
5
3
2
1
5
3
(3)
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, total ..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................

350,520
328,570
2,360
2,150

8.28
7.76
.06
.05

n.a.
n.a.
6
5

n.a.
n.a.
1
1

See footnotes at end of table.




24

Table 9. Corasfiruction: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981—Continued
(SIC 15, 16, 17)

Occupation
Office clerical workers,—Continued
Keypunch operator.............................................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d .............................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Procurement c le rk .............................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or sales
representative, real estate...............................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

1,330
630
770
17,730
55,060
2,680
84,610
620
520
30,310
970
710
2,270
97,710
870
1,830
18,020
2,350
5,070
21,950
1,330
1,110

0.03
.01
.02
.42
1.30
.06
2.00
.01
.01
.72
.02
.02
.05
2.31
.02
.04
.43
.06
.12
.52
.03
.03

7
n.a.
13
3
2
12
2
11
16
2
8
16
7
1
12
5
3
10
n.a.
n.a.
12
10

1
n.a.
(3)
7
23
1
25
0
0
15
1
(3)
1
32
(3)
2
7
1
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
(3)

17,070
1,420
1,020

.40
.03
.02

3
9
n.a.

7
1
n.a.

51,110

1.21

n.a.

n.a.

19,050

.45

6

3

30,180
1,880

.71
.04

n.a.
20

n.a.
(3)

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

25

Tabl® 10. General building contraetors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 10S1
(SIC 15)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

1,098,640

100.00

-

--

Managers and officers..............................................

154,140

14.03

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Civil engineer............ ........................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
Mechanical engineer..........................................
Safety engineer..................................................
All other engineers............................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Cost estimator, engineering...................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

45,390
11,010
5,860
740
2,020
310
2,080
360
1,630
8,460
21,080
560
2,290

4.13
1.00
.53
.07
.18
.03
.19
.03
.15
.77
1.92
.05
.21

n.a.
n.a.
7
17
14
11
n.a.
12
8
5
4
9
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
5
1
1
1
n.a.
1
4
13
26
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Surveyor.............................................................
Mechanical engineering technician...................
Civil engineering technician ..............................
All other engineering technicians......................
All other technicians.................................. ............

8,550
590
7,640
5,800
670
220
420
530
320

.78
.05
.70
.53
.06
.02
.04
.05
.03

n.a.
10
n.a.
7
15
30
-18
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.
7
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

16,860
12,970
1,300
740
140
1,710

1.53
1.18
.12
.07
.01
.16

n.a.
9
20
37
31
n.a.

n.a.
10
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.

751,660
4,290
1,420
290
610
840

68.42
.39
.13
.03
.06
.08

n.a.
n.a.
10
35
16
21

n.a.
n.a.
3
1
1
1

620
510
14,490
840
1,580
2,800
16,530
110
6,010
295,550
25,410
190
410
3,020
290
4,500
7,270
170
2,370
23,660
220
22,800
340
680
900

.06
.05
1.32
.08
.14
.25
1.50
.01
.55
26.90
2.31
.02
.04
.27
.03
.41
.66
.02
.22
2.15
.02
2.08
.03
.06
.08

33
n.a.
5
21
23
18
7
18
12
2
5
36
26
9
35
13
9
37
29
4
32
6
23
13
24

1
n.a.
17
1
1
1
9
(3)
4
75
17
(3)
1
4
1
2
4
(3)
(3)
17
(3)
16
(3)
1
1

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive.......................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Air hammer operator.............................................
Asbestos and insulation workers..........................
Boilermaker.............................................................
Bricklayer................................................................
Blueprinting machine operator..............................
Cabinetmaker..........................................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Cement m ason.......................................................
Concrete mixer operator........................................
Concrete rubber.....................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators.......................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Dry-wall applicator.................................................
Electrician...............................................................
Fine grader ............................................................
Fitter, pipelaying.....................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Form setter, metal road-form ...............................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




26

Tabu© 10. G®im®ra] building ©©ntiraetors: Emptoymsmti, relative ®rr®rs amid peresmifi of ©sftaMslhmenifts reporting selected
©ecypatfemis, [May 1981—-Continued
(SIC 15)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
Lather.....................................................................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Metal fabricator......................................................
Millwright................................................................
O ile r........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Pipelayer.....:...........................................................
Plasterer.................................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Reinforcing iron worker..........................................
Roofer.....................................................................
Sheet metal w o rker...............................................
Stone m ason..........................................................
Layout worker, structural ste e l..............................
Structural steel w orker...........................................
Taper ......................................................................
Tile setter...............................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
Ceiling tile installer and/or floor layer...................
Asbestos and insulation worker helper.................
Bricklayer helper....................................................
Carpenter helper....................................................
Cement mason helper...........................................
Electrician helper...................................................
Painter helper.........................................................
Plasterer helper......................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter helper...........................
Roofer helper..........................................................
Cabinetmaker helper.............................................
All other helpers, skilled trad e s............................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator.............................................
Keypunch operator.............................................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer.....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand .............................................
File c le rk.............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ............................................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Procurement c le rk .............................................
Receptionist.......................................................
Secretary ............................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

320
160
3,100.
7,680
6,210
550
14,610
1,330
560
10,960
10,000
3,120
6,140
290
1,270
9,580
1,360
180
6,340
420
320
350
7,280
78,000
9,860
1,540
2,520
200
2,090
950
1,120
5,600
6,040
8,860
108,320

0.03
.01
.28
.70
.57
.05
1.33
.12
.05
1.00
.91
.28
.56
.03
.12
.87
.12
.02
.58
.04
.03
.03
.66
7.10
.90
.14
.23
.02
.19
.09
.10
.51
.55
.81
9.86

49
30
18
11
10
13
7
24
32
9
7
19
15
37
21
10
18
43
9
14
36
28
10
3
9
15
17
47
15
44
22
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

(3)
(3)
2
2
2
1
10
(3)
(3)
4
6
2
2
(3)
1
3
2
(3)
3
1
(3)
(3)
5
35
6
1
2
f)
1
1
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

104,600
102,700
310
800
430
170
470
6,110
18,840
720
21,960
330
160
8,340
360
220
1,320
32,940
400
960
4,990
1,060
1,810
1,900
390
140

9.52
9.35
.03
.07
.04
.02
.04
.56
1.71
.07
2.00
.03
.01
.76
.03
.02
.12
3.00
.04
.09
.45
.10
.16
.17
.04
.01

n.a.
n.a.
17
8
8
n.a.
17
6
4
9
4
15
21
5
11
13
10
3
19
8
11
n.a.
n.a.
26
28

n.a.
n.a.
1
3
1
n.a.
1
10
26
2
23
1
(3)
15
1
1
3
35
1
4
7
2
n.a.
n.a.
1
1

1,120
140
110

.10
.01
.01

12
22
n.a.

2
1
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

27

8

Tab!® 10= Gsneral building contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 19®1==Continued
(SIC 15)

Occupation

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or sales
representative, real estate...............................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

17,440

1.59

n.a.

n.a.

14,160

1.29

7

8

2,460
820

.22
.07

n.a.
31

n.a.
0

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Percent of total
employment

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

28

Table 11. Heavy construction contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981
(SIC 16)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

934,770

100.00

-

--

Managers and officers..............................................

80,070

8.57

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Civil engineer.....................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
Mechanical engineer.........................................
Safety engineer..................................................
Nuclear engineer...............................................
All other engineers............................................
Natural and mathematical scientists.....................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Cost estimator, engineering...................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

58,330
28,910
9,760
2,150
3,240
930
400
12,430
200
620
3,210
6,300
12,320
1,040
5,730

6.24
3.09
1.04
.23
.35
.10
.04
1.33
.02
.07
.34
.67
1.32
.11
.61

n.a.
n.a.
8
18
15
7
46
n.a.
48
14
8
5
4
8
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
15
2
2
5
(3)
n.a.
(3)
2
10
19
33
4
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians, to ta l...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians................
Surveyor.............................................................
Mechanical engineering technician...................
Civil engineering technician ..............................
All other engineering technicians......................
All other technicians..............................................

15,590
780
13,230
6,730
770
2,820
670
830
1,410
1,580

1.67
.08
1.42
.72
.08
.30
.07
.09
.15
.17

n.a.
12
n.a.
17
28
9
26
21
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
3
n.a.
4
1
7
1
2
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

5,740
2,800
1,410
490
560
480

.61
.30
.15
.05
.06
.05

n.a.
7
14
n.a.
41
n.a.

n.a.
10
3
n.a.
1
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver.............................................................
Air hammer operator.............................................
Asbestos and insulation workers..........................
Asphalt heater tender............................................
Blaster, construction..............................................
Boilermaker.............................................................
Bricklayer................................................................
Blueprinting machine operator..............................
Carpenter...............................................................
Cement mason.......................................................
Concrete mixer operator........................................
Concrete wall grinder operator .............................
Concrete rubber.....................................................
Conduit mechanic..................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators.......................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Dredge operator.....................................................
Driller, hand ...........................................................
Driller, machine ......................................................
Electrician...............................................................
Fence erector.........................................................
Fine grader ............................................................

709,630
32,410
10,670
6,740
8,860
4,900
1,240
57,630
8,410
1,390
490
670
5,010
1,100
210
38,400
16,360
910
320
900
2,110
12,970
580
2,000
470
550
13,790
460
1,210

75.91
3.47
1.14
.72
.95
.52
.13
6.17
.90
.15
.05
.07
.54
.12
.02
4.11
1.75
.10
.03
.10
.23
1.39
.06
.21
.05
.06
1.48
.05
.13

n.a.
n.a.
4
5
5
11
n.a.
2
9
18
13
20
15
17
15
5
4
17
21
16
25
6
14
23
28
33
18
38
12

n.a.
n.a.
26
16
19
9
n.a.
58
10
1
2
2
2
2
1
23
22
2
1
1
1
19
1
1
1
1
4
1
3

See footnotes at end of table.




29

Table 11. Heavy construction contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 16)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
Fitter, pipelaying.....................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Form setter, metal road-form ...............................
Form tamper operator and/or tamping-machine
operator............................................................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector................................................................
Line installer-repairer............................................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Metal fabricator......................................................
Millwright................................................................
O ile r........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Pipelayer.................................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Reinforcing iron worker..........................................
Trench sewer shaper.............................................
Sheet metal w o rker...............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Layout worker, structural ste e l..............................
Structural steel w orker...........................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
Asphalt mixing machine tender.............................
Asphalt plant drier operator...................................
Asphalt-plant operator...........................................
Tester .....................................................................
Asphalt rake r..........................................................
Mixer, stone, clay, glass and related products.....
Asbestos and insulation worker helper.................
Bricklayer helper....................................................
Carpenter helper....................................................
Cement mason helper...........................................
Electrician helper ...................................................
Painter helper.........................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter helper...........................
All other helpers, skilled trad e s............................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

4,360
29,160
1,730

0.47
3.12
.19

24
4
11

1
32
3

590
119,900
3,010
2,620
1,510
18,670
1,000
1,820
1,000
3,680
4,810
2,640
28,310
26,530
9,420
820
620
120
1,380
6,800
20,350
1,660
1,150
580
2,470
540
13,120
120
260
300
6,900
6,490
3,100
590
6,100
9,760
10,220
19,560
137,510

.06
12.83
.32
.28
.16
2.00
.11
.19
.11
.39
.51
.28
3.03
2.84
1.01
.09
.07
.01
.15
.73
2.18
.18
.12
.06
.26
.06
1.40
.01
.03
.03
.74
.69
.33
.06
.65
1.04
1.09
2.09
14.71

16
2
16
17
20
12
34
14
24
11
6
14
6
11
12
25
26
45
29
12
8
9
10
14
7
26
5
28
37
34
8
8
17
19
29
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
72
2
3
1
4
1
4
1
3
11
3
22
5
5
1
1
(3)
1
2
15
4
4
2
9
1
16
0
(3)
1
7
8
1
1
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
Stenographer.....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
File c le rk ............................................................
General office clerk............................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel clerk..................................................
Procurement c le rk .............................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ............................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................

62,810
57,870
340
1,110
770
120
230
290
3,930
5,730
1,920
13,220
260
200
7,330
580
460
760
13,260
370
790

6.72
6.19
.04
.12
.08
.01
.02
.03
.42
.61
.21
1.41
.03
.02
.78
.06
.05
.08
1.42
.04
.08

n.a.
n.a.
13
7
10
32
16
20
6
4
17
8
14
23
4
11
24
7
4
11
7

n.a.
n.a.
2
6
3
(3)
1
1
12
22
3
28
1
1
29
3
2
5
35
2
6

See footnotes at end of table.




30

Tattoo® 11. Hssivy construction contractors: Empfoymcmfi, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981—Continued!
(SIC 16)

Occupation
Office clerical workers,— Continued
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk .......................
Weigher, recordkeeping.....................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
y a rd ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or sales
representative, real estate...............................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
All other sales workers.........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

3,410
1,190
1,600
4,940
690
640
370

0.36
.13
.17
.53
.07
.07
.04

7
17
n.a.
n.a.
16
13
11

8
4
n.a.
n.a.
2
2
2

2,240
720
280

.24
.08
.03

9
8
n.a.

5
4
n.a.

2,600

.28

n.a.

n.a.

610

.07

21

2

1,900
90

.20
.01

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate "All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

31

Table 12. Special trade contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, ftflay 1@81
(SIC 17)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

2,201,820

100.00

-

--

Managers and officers..............................................

212,800

9.66

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Civil engineer.....................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
Mechanical engineer..........................................
All other engineers.............................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Cost estimator, engineering...................................
All other professional workers...............................

67,490
10,430
1,810
3,420
4,690
510
4,420
11,340
40,660
640

3.07
.47
.08
.16
.21
.02
.20
.52
1.85
.03

n.a.
n.a.
10
13
7
n.a.
5
4
2
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
1
2
n.a.
4
8
22
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Engineering technicians, to ta l...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians................
Surveyor.............................................................
All other engineering technicians......................
All other technicians..............................................

19,200
18,310
7,660
9,590
360
700
890

.87
.83
.35
.44
.02
.03
.04

n.a.
n.a.
5
11
44
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
4
1
(3)
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
All other service workers.......................................

14,010
12,660
1,030
320

.64
.57
.05
.01

n.a.
5
29
n.a.

n.a.
7
(3)
n.a.

1,674,100
80,040
4,680
1,510
2,940
14,590

76.03
3.64
.21
.07
.13
.66

n.a.
n.a.
6
11
15
7

n.a.
n.a.
3
1
1
5

51,420
4,900
43,400
1,760
35,340
8,020
52,160
3,360
14,220
88,520
38,400
2,150
510
1,700
7,170
730
1,630
37,720
223,650
14,380
300
1,450
27,670
3,660
13,090
17,180
51,750
3,350
410
540
8,860
10,950

2.34
.22
1.97
.08
1.61
.36
2.37
.15
.65
4.02
1.74
.10
.02
.08
.33
.03
.07
1.71
10.16
.65
.01
.07
1.26
.17
.59
.78
2.35
.15
.02
.02
.40
.50

3
n.a.
3
20
6
10
4
15
9
3
4
15
36
20
7
21
17
5
1
10
46
25
3
11
7
8
3
17
29
27
10
10

7
n.a.
18
(3)
3
1
6
(3)
2
11
8
1
0
(3)
2
(3)

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Engineering equipment mechanic.....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Air hammer operator.............................................
Asbestos and insulation workers..........................
Boilermaker.............................................................
Bricklayer................................................................
Cabinetmaker..........................................................
Carpet cutter and/or carpet layer.........................
Carpenter...............................................................
Cement mason.......................................................
Concrete mixer operator........................................
Concrete wall grinder operator.............................
Concrete rubber.....................................................
Crane, derrick, and hoist operators.......................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Driller, machine ......................................................
Dry-wall applicator.................................................
Electrician...............................................................
Fence erector.........................................................
Fitter, pipelaying.....................................................
Floor sanding machine operator...........................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Form setter, metal road-form ...............................
Furnace installer and repairer, hot a ir...................
G lazier....................................................................
Heavy equipment operator....................................
Rigger.....................................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector................................................................
L a the r.....................................................................
Line installer-repairer............................................
See footnotes at end of table.




32

ft

3
12
1

ft
ft
12
1
3
2
11
1
ft

ft

1
1

Table 12. Special trade contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 17)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Metal fabricator......................................................
Millwright................................................................
Oil burner installer and servicer............................
O ile r........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Paperhanger...........................................................
P ip e la y e r .............................................................
Plasterer.................................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Reinforcing iron worker.........................................
Roofer.....................................................................
Sheet metal worker ...............................................
Stone mason ..........................................................
Layout worker, structural ste e l..............................
Structural steel w orker..........................................
Taper ......................................................................
Tile setter...............................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Asphalt ra k e r.........................................................
Mixer, stone, clay, glass and related products.....
Ceiling tile installer and/or floor layer...................
Terrazzo worker .....................................................
Asbestos and insulation worker helper.................
Bricklayer helper ....................................................
Carpenter helper....................................................
Cement mason helper...........................................
Electrician helper...................................................
Painter helper.........................................................
Paperhanger helper...............................................
Plasterer helper......................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter helper...........................
Roofer helper..........................................................
Stone mason helper..............................................
Tile setter helper....................................................
Cabinetmaker helper.............................................
Terrazzo worker helper..........................................
All other helpers, skilled trades .............................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

520
1,110
9,770
8,460
2,970
370
91,810
6,360
1,160
13,800
168,180
15,570
61,100
83,750
2,640
3,400
28,330
19,690
12,890
17,330
4,090
1,070
15,490
1,180
4,270
33,990
17,780
20,560
36,940
9,550
320
5,980
35,460
18,910
1,890
7,370
910
870
9,740
13,620
23,320
67,510

0.02
.05
.44
.38
.13
.02
4.17
.29
.05
.63
7.64
.71
2.77
3.80
.12
.15
1.29
.89
.59
.79
.19
.05
.70
.05
.19
1.54
.81
.93
1.68
.43
.01
.27
1.61
.86
.09
.33
.04
.04
.44
.62
1.06
3.07

34
28
9
11
14
24
2
9
27
8
2
9
2
3
19
14
6
6
8
6
11
35
8
25
13
5
6
6
4
7
34
10
4
4
19
10
25
29
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

(3)
(3)
2
1
1
(3)
10
2
(3)
2
14
1
7
10
1
1
2
3
2
4
1
(3)
2
(3)
1
5
4
4
4
3
(3)
1
6
4
(3)
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier................................................ ...............
General office clerk...........................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Secretary ...........................................................
Typist..................................................................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

183,140
168,030
1,710
240
7,690
30,490
280
49,430
14,640
51,510
9,620
2,420
15,110
260
330

8.32
7.63
.08
.01
.35
1.38
.01
2.24
.66
2.34
.44
.11
.69
.01
.01

n.a.
n.a.
8
19
4
2
39
2
3
2
4
n.a.
n.a.
27
20

n.a.
n.a.
1
(3)
5
22
(3)
25
13
31
7
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
0

13,710
550
260

.62
.02
.01

4
19
n.a.

8
(3)
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................

31,080

1.41

n.a.

n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




33

Table 12. Special trade contractors: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
©eeypattoms, May 1081—Comtanuedl
(SIC 17)

Occupation

Sales occupations—Continued
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or sales
representative, real estate...............................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

4,280

0.19

9

1

25,830
970

1.17
.04

n.a.
27

n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

a

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

34

Finance, lougwsiini©®, loud]

iitili©

follows: Managers and officers, 21 percent; profes­
sionals, 8 percent; sales and service workers, each 2 per­
cent; and technical workers and maintenance, construc­
tion, repair, material handling, and powerplant
workers, 1 percent each.
The tabulation below lists the five most populous oc­
cupations in credit agencies, excluding banks:

In 1981, finance, insurance, and real estate employed
approximately 5.3 million workers or 22 percent of all
workers in the industries surveyed. The insurance and
real estate industry, with 2.7 million workers, accounted
for more than half of total employment in this industry
division. Banking institutions and credit agencies ac­
counted for 42 percent; security and commodity brok­
ers and investment services made up the remaining 7
percent.
Occupational employment for these industries is
shown in tables 13 through 20.

T eller..................................................
General office clerk..........................
Credit clerk .......................................
Collector.............................................
Secretary.............................................

iamks m d ©rodit ©geneses
This industry group (SIC’s 60 and 61) includes
establishments engaging in deposit banking and other
closely related functions or extending credit in the form
o f loans.
In 1981, these establishments employed 2.2 million
workers, accounting for 9 percent o f surveyed employ­
ment. Banking institutions made up 73 percent of
employment in this industry group. Most of these
workers were employed in commercial and stock savings
banks. Credit agencies other than banks employed the
remaining 27 percent.
As shown in table 13, banking institutions employed
nearly 1.2 million clerical workers in 1981, or 72 percent
o f the workers in this industry group. Managers and of­
ficers ranked second with 18 percent. The remaining oc­
cupational employment in banking institutions was
distributed as follows: Professional workers, 6 percent;
service workers, 2 percent; and sales workers, technical
workers, and maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and power plant workers, about 1
percent each.
The five largest occupations in banks are listed in the
tabulation below:

Teller...........................................
General office clerk.................
Secretary....................................
Clerical supervisor...................
Proof machine operator.........

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

364,870
120,060
77,740
63,900
46,030

22.6
7.4
4.8
4.0
2.9

Percent o f
industry
employment

98,420
35,600
30,010
26,870
23,020

16.8
6.1
5.1
4.6
3.9

S@©urity and©©mmodity brokers and investment
s®rvi©®s

Establishments in this industry group (sic ’s 62 and
67) engage in the underwriting, purchase, sale, or
brokerage of securities; exchange o f securities and com­
modities; and investment trusts, including investment,
holding, and commodity trading companies.
In 1981, security and commodity brokers and services
employed 261,350 or 69 percent o f the workers in this
industry group. Holding and other investment offices
accounted for the remaining employment, with 120,360
workers.
Clerical workers, the largest occupational group in
this industry, accounted for 48 percent o f total employ­
ment in security and commodity brokers and 36 percent
o f employment in holding and other investment offices.
Other occupational groups with large numbers of
workers in these industries were sales workers (26 per­
cent) and managers and officers (13 percent) in security
and commodity brokers and services; and managers and
officers (28 percent) and professionals (19 percent) in
holding and other investment offices.
As shown in table 15, the five most populous occupa­
tions in security and commodity brokers and services
are listed below:

Securities sales agent........................
Secretary.............................................
Brokerage c lerk ................................
General office clerk..........................
Broker’s floor representative,
securities trader, or securities
specialist.........................................

Clerical workers also were predominant in credit
agencies other than banks, accounting for two-thirds of
total employment in this industry (table 14). The re­
maining occupational employment was distributed as



Employment

35

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

56,020
26,340
14,860
13,680

21.4
10.1
5.7
5.2

9,460

3.6

counted for 20 percent. The remaining employment was
distributed as follows: Sales workers, 13 percent; pro­
fessionals, 12 percent; service workers, about 1 percent;
and technical workers and maintenance, construction,
repair, material handling, and powerplant workers, less
than 1 percent.
The five largest occupations in insurance agents,
brokers, and services are listed below:

As shown in table 16, the five largest occupations in
holding and other investment offices are listed below:

Employment

Secretary.............................................
Accountant or a u d ito r ...................
General office clerk................................
Accounting clerk..............................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners___

14,070
8,130
7,070
3,900
2,500

Percent o f
industry
employment
11.7

6.8
5.9
3.2

2.1

Insurance and real estate
This industry group (sic’s 63-66) includes insurance
carriers of all types; agents and brokers dealing in in­
surance and organizations offering services to insurance
companies and policyholders; real estate operators,
owners and lessors o f real property, developers, agents,
and brokers; and establishments regularly engaged in
any combination o f insurance, real estate, loans, and
law where no one of these activities dominates the
business.
In 1981, these establishments employed 2.7 million
workers or 11 percent o f the workers covered by the
survey. Insurance carriers accounted for 45 percent of
the employment in this industry group. Forty-four per­
cent of these workers were employed in establishments
underwriting life insurance. The real estate industry
employed 37 percent of the workers in this industry
group. The remaining employment was distributed as
follows: Insurance agents, brokers, and services, 17
percent; and combined real estate, insurance, loan, and
law offices, 1 percent.
As shown in table 17, clerical workers, numbering
665,520, accounted for 54 percent o f total employment
in insurance carriers. Other occupational groups with
large numbers of these workers were sales workers and
professionals, each with 15 percent of insurance carrier
employment.
The five most populous occupations in insurance car­
riers, together accounting for about one-third of total
industry employment, are listed in the tabulation below:

Insurance sales agent, associate,
or representative..........................
General office clerk..........................
Secretary.............................................
T y p ist.................................................
Claim examiner—life, accident,
and health insurance...................

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

176,270
92,520
54,450
51,880

14.3
7.5
4.4
4.2

41,440

3.4

Insurance sales agent, associate,
or representative..........................
General office clerk..........................
Secretary.............................................
Underwriter.......................................
R ater...................................................

Percent o f
industry
employment

58,780
42,620
34,250
24,060
19,180

12.7
9.2
7.4
5.2
4.1

The largest occupational group in real estate was serv­
ice workers with 239,540 or 24 percent of total industry
employment (table 19). Large numbers of real estate
workers were also found in maintenance, construction,
repair, material handling, and powerplant occupations,
22 percent; and in clerical occupations, 19 percent.
The five most populous occupations in real estate, ac­
counting for one-third of employment, are listed in the
tabulation below:

Real estate sales agent, associate,
or representative..........................
Maintenance repairer, general
u tility .............................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers . . .
Secretary.............................................
Guards and doorkeepers.................

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

90,490

9.1

86,450
64,950
46,990
41,940

8.7
6.5
4.7
4.2

In combined real estate, insurance, loan, and law of­
fices, clerical workers made up the largest occupational
group, with 38 percent of industry employment (table
20). Sales workers and managers and officers each ac­
counted for 23 percent.
The five largest occupations in combined real estate,
insurance, loan, and law offices are listed below:

General office clerk..........................
Secretary.............................................
Real estate sales agent, associate,
or representative..........................
Insurance sales agent, associate,
or representative..........................
Underwriter.......................................

Clerical workers also accounted for more than
half—53 percent—o f total employment in insurance
agents, brokers, and services (table 18). Managers and
officers, the second largest occupational group, ac­




Employment

36

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

2,060
1,810

10.7
9.4

1,740

9.0

1,360
1,010

7.0
5.2

Table 13. Banking: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
occupations, May 1981
(SIC 60)

Occupation

Total...............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

100.00

1,617,870

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

--

-

Managers and officers..............................................

297,230

18.37

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers...............................................................
Financial analyst....................................................
Economist..............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Budget analyst........................................................
Credit analyst, ch ie f...............................................
Credit analyst..........................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Public relations practitioner...................................
Appraiser, real estate............................................
Travel agent and/or travel accommodations
appraiser...........................................................
All other professional workers...............................

89,250
380
3,370
670
9,380
1,720
18,380
1,630
3,910
8,590
1,260
5,510
3,770
2,840

5.52
.02
.21
.04
.58
.11
1.14
.10
.24
.53
.08
.34
.23
.18

n.a.
38
10
11
16
6
6
10
9
8
12
7
8
10

n.a.
2
9
2
13
16
40
9
17
23
6
23
19
10

370
27,470

.02
1.70

40
n.a.

1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians.........................................
Mathematical technician ........................................
All other technicians..............................................

12,240
9,940
450
230
1,620

.76
.61
.03
.01
.10

n.a.
9
32
37
n.a.

n.a.
17
1
1
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

39,650
23,920
10,750
3,090
1,010
880

2.45
1.48
.66
.19
.06
.05

n.a.
4
6
10
9
n.a.

n.a.
46
17
8
6
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Carpenter...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Parking-lot attendant.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Chauffeur................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

8,670
1,190
280
910
190
600
190
720
1,860
200
220
1,080
360
610
400
530
520

.54
.07
.02
.06
.01
.04
.01
.04
.11
.01
.01
.07
.02
.04
.02
.03
.03

n.a.
n.a.
17
n.a.
13
18
14
12
8
15
11
13
14
27
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
n.a.
2
2
1
6
8
1
2
5
1
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Addressing machine operator...........................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Proof machine operator.....................................
Inserting and/or labeling machine operator.....
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer.....................................................
Accounting c le rk ................................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d .............................................

1,157,520
1,148,490
630
9,390
15,520
14,740
6,960
46,030
310
1,110
5,970
6,010
29,940
14,990

71.55
70.99
.04
.58
.96
.91
.43
2.85
.02
.07
.37
.37
1.85
.93

n.a.
n.a.
13
9
5
10
13
4
19
8
n.a.
13
5
7

n.a.
n.a.
4
16
29
20
9
62
2
7
n.a.
13
42
24

See footnotes at end of table.




37

Tab!© 13. Banking: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981-—Continued
(SIC 60)

Occupation
Office clerical workers,— Continued
Adjustment clerk................................................
Cashier...............................................................
Checking clerk, bank records...........................
Collector............................................................
Credit reporter....................................................
File c le rk ............................................................
Insurance c le rk ..................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Messenger, bank...............................................
New-accounts te lle r...........................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Procurement c le rk.............................................
Receptionist.......................................................
Safe-deposit clerk.............................................
Secretary............................................................
Statement clerk .................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Messenger..........................................................
T e lle r..................................................................
Transit clerk .......................................................
Travel clerk ........................................................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
Credit c le rk .........................................................
Mortgage closing c le rk ......................................
Sorting clerk, b a n k ............................................
Loan clo se r........................................................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, financial service/bank......................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

7,040
3,720
15,430
17,410
4,170
19,440
2,500
120,060
9,900
3,830
45,620
820
3,520
3,270
580
6,500
12,140
77,740
29,440
1,600
6,530
5,630
10,730
364,870
6,920
350
23,160
63,900
19,600
6,410
6,850
20,150
77,060
4,100
1,150
500

0.44
.23
.95
1.08
.26
1.20
.15
7.42
.61
.24
2.82
.05
.22
.20
.04
.40
.75
4.81
1.82
.10
.40
.35
.66
22.55
.43
.02
1.43
3.95
1.21
.40
.42
1.25
4.76
.25
.07
.03

9
17
7
5
8
6
8
2
5
10
3
15
7
4
11
8
5
3
5
11
4
6
5
1
9
33
9
4
4
6
8
5
n.a.
n.a.
21
14

12
7
19
36
13
31
13
45
31
12
62
4
20
22
4
22
40
73
40
6
31
26
29
91
15
1
27
61
38
23
14
37
n.a.
n.a.
2
2

2,230
220

.14
.01

7
n.a.

14
n.a.

13,310
10,540

.82
.65

n.a.
11

n.a.
12

2,530
240

.16
.01

n.a.
48

n.a.
0

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

38

Table 14. Credit agencies, except banks: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981
(SIC 61)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

585,690

100.00

--

--

Managers and officers..............................................

121,190

20.69

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers...............................................................
Financial analyst ....................................................
Economist..............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Budget analyst........................................................
Credit analyst, ch ie f...............................................
Credit analyst..........................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Public relations practitioner...................................
Appraiser, real estate............................................
All other professional workers...............................

46,010
80
1,040
80
2,360
690
9,760
370
4,260
11,360
840
1,770
2,340
5,150
5,910

7.86
.01
.18
.01
.40
.12
1.67
.06
.73
1.94
.14
.30
.40
.88
1.01

n.a.
24
10
15
6
6
3
10
6
4
6
4
5
4
n.a.

n.a.
0
3
(3)
5
4
22
2
10
18
3
7
8
12
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians.........................................
All other technicians..............................................

4,160
3,070
70
1,020

.71
.52
.01
.17

n.a.
5
23
n.a.

n.a.
6
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

9,780
7,350
1,300
530
220
380

1.67
1.25
.22
.09
.04
.06

n.a.
4
11
8
21
n.a.

n.a.
18
2
1
1
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers........................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Parking-lot attendant.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Chauffeur................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

2,910
370
140
110
280
120
590
250
60
90
350
270
280

.50
.06
.02
.02
.05
.02
.10
.04
.01
.02
.06
.05
.05

n.a.
n.a.
43
16
15
39
9
13
24
34
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
2
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Addressing machine operator...........................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator.............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Proof machine operator.............................. ......
Inserting and/or labeling machine operator.....
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer.....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d .............................................
Adjustment cle rk................................................
Cashier...............................................................
Checking clerk, bank records...........................
C ollector.............................................................
Credit reporter....................................................
File c le rk............................................................
Insurance c le rk ................................ .................

388,760
387,810
80
1,550
4,610
2,350
980
420
90
500
940
1,460
15,370
8,050
1,230
8,090
2,180
26,870
1,180
5,790
3,560

66.38
66.21
.01
.26
.79
.40
.17
.07
.02
.09
.16
.25
2.62
1.37
.21
1.38
.37
4.59
.20
.99
.61

n.a.
n.a.
23
9

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
5
11
6
2
1
(3)
2
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




39

4

6
14
13
19
9
n.a.
7
3
4

8
6
7
3
16
4
5

4

27
21
2
10
4
36
2
12
9

Table 14. Credit agencies, except banks: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 61)

Occupation

Office clerical workers,—Continued
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Messenger, b a n k...............................................
New-accounts teller..........................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel clerk..................................................
Procurement cle rk.............................................
Receptionist.......................................................
Safe-deposit clerk.............................................
Secretary...........................................................
Statement clerk .................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Messenger.........................................................
T eller..................................................................
Transit c le rk .......................................................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
Credit c le rk.........................................................
Mortgage closing c le rk ......................................
Sorting clerk, b a n k ............................................
Loan c lo se r........................................................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................
Sales occupations........... .........................................
Sales agent, financial service/bank......................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

3
3
17
2
17
5
3
15
4
9
2
7
10
4
3
5
1
24
4
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

31
9
1
22
1
7
5
1
13
4
37
7
1
7
15
7
41
1
16
34
38
16
1
36
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
1

35,600
2,970
460
20,350
440
1,620
1,090
210
3,850
1,460
23,020
3,520
450
1,720
3,420
1,960
98,420
200
10,270
22,750
30,010
8,650
440
20,370
9,260
950
150
140

6.08
.51
.08
3.47
.08
.28
.19
.04
.66
.25
3.93
.60
.08.29
.58
.33
16.80
.03
1.75
3.88
5.12
1.48
.08
3.48
1.58
.16
.03
.02

n.a.
n.a.
15
13

600
60

.10
.01

6

3

n.a.

n.a.

12,880
10,980

2.20
1.87

n.a.
5

n.a.
12

1,630
270

.28
.05

n.a.
28

n.a.
0

3
3
11

3

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

40

Table 15. Security and commodity brokers and services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, June 1981
(SIC 62)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

261,350

100.00

-

--

Managers and officers..............................................

32,600

12.47

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers...............................................................
Financial analyst....................................................
Statistician..............................................................
Economist..............................................................
Market research analyst........................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Budget analyst........................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Broker’s floor representative, securities trader
and/or securities specialist..............................
All other professional workers...............................

31,350
110
6,190
580
220
780
1,830
280
4,050
260
730
600

12.00
.04
2.37
.22
.08
.30
.70
.11
1.55
.10
.28
.23

n.a.
27
12
22
16
19
17
12
9
15
14
16

n.a.
1
16
3
2
3
6
4
18
2
5
5

9,460
6,260

3.62
2.40

9
n.a.

19
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians.........................................
All other technicians..............................................

2,720
2,170
90
460

1.04
.83
.03
.18

n.a.
18
33
n.a.

n.a.
7
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
All other service workers.......................................

1,520
460
780
130
150

.58
.18
.30
.05
.06

n.a.
17
28
28
n.a.

n.a.
4
2
1
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

740
80
190
310
160

.28
.03
.07
.12
.06

n.a.
42
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

125,390
124,690
390
2,640
3,770
1,230
520
1,890
750
3,880
1,800
2,200
14,860
300
1,860
1,280
13,680
2,170
3,000
2,090
2,540
2,120
570
560

47.98
47.71
.15
1.01
1.44
.47
.20
.72
.29
1.48
.69
.84
5.69
.11
.71
.49
5.23
.83
1.15
.80
.97
.81
.22
.21

n.a.
n.a.
22
13
14
15
13
n.a.
18
15
7
19
6
21
10
7
7
9
9
7
7
17
8
14

n.a.
n.a.
2
13
10
7
4
n.a.
5
16
9
14
37
2
17
8
33
15
9
11
11
4
8
6

4,720
1,520
26,340
820
670

1.81
.58
10.08
.31
.26

7
9
5
12
14

16
16
69
5
3

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Dividend c le rk ....................................................
Bookkeeper, h a n d.............................................
Brokerage clerk .................................................
Capital analyst ...................................................
Cashier...............................................................
File c le rk.............................................................
General office clerk............................................
Securities cashier, exchange............................
Trade recorder...................................................
Mail c le rk ............................................................
Margin clerk .......................................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Purchase and sales clerk and/or securities
order c le rk ....................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
< Secretary ............................................................
Security description c le rk ..................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




41

Table 15. Security and eommodilty brokers and services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, June 1981—Continued
(SIC 62)

Occupation
Office clerical workers,— Continued
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Messenger..........................................................
Transfer clerk.....................................................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
y a rd ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, securities...........................................
Broker and market operator, commodities...........
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

1,140
1,850
5,840
1,940
4,440
4,680
6,630
700
170
220

0.44
.71
2.23
.74
1.70
1.79
2.54
.27
.07
.08

9
6
6
10
8
7
n.a.
n.a.
34
26

12
29
17
10
18
24
n.a.
n.a.
1
1

230
80

.09
.03

24
n.a.

2
n.a.

67,030
56,020
3,700

25.65
21.43
1.42

n.a.
3
15

n.a.
57
11

6,650
660

2.54
.25

n.a.
25

n.a.
1

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

42

Table 16. Holding and other investment offices: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June t981
(SIC 67)

Occupation

Employment'

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

120,360

100.00

-

--

Managers and officers..............................................

33,160

27.55

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers...............................................................
Financial analyst....................................................
All other mathematical scientists..........................
Physical scientists..................................................
Economist..............................................................
Market research analyst.........................................
All other social scientists.......................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Budget analyst........................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Broker’s floor representative, securities trader
and/or securities specialist..............................
All other professional workers...............................

22,820
660
1,260
60
170
90
240
150
1,080
300
8,130
210
680
720

18.96
.55
1.05
.05
.14
.07
.20
.12
.90
.25
6.75
.17
.56
.60

n.a.
38
15
n.a.
n.a.
19
35
n.a.
14
20
7
17
14
12

n.a.
3
9
n.a.
n.a.
1
3
n.a.
9
4
38
3
7
8

310
8,760

.26
7.28

30
n.a.

3
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians.........................................
All other technicians..............................................

2,930
1,790
400
740

2.43
1.49
.33
.61

n.a.
12
34
n.a.

n.a.
11
2
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
All other service workers.......................................

7,830
2,500
630
2,610
170
1,920

6.51
2.08
.52
2.17
.14
1.60

n.a.
31
n.a.
35
29
n.a.

n.a.
15
n.a.
3
1
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations..............................
Mechanics and repairers........................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Chauffeur................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

4,280
160
120
130
290
2,010
370
1,200

3.56
.13
.10
.11
.24
1.67
.31
1.00

n.a.
n.a.
40
34
32
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
2
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

43,770
43,300
220
1,390
880
200
160
530
640
3,900
2,300
550
7,070
360
680
210

36.37
35.98
.18
1.15
.73
.17
.13
.44
.53
3.24
1.91
.46
5.87
.30
.56
.17

n.a.
n.a.
35
14
18
25
28
n.a.
27
22
18
23
25
14
21
24

n.a.
n.a.
2
12
9
2
2
n.a.
5
27
22
4
28
5
12
4

130
730
14,070
100
940
580
2,430

.11
.61
11.69
.08
.78
.48
2.02

37
22
8
41
24
23
19

2
12
65
2
16
7
15

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, total ..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator.............................................
Keypunch operator.............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d.............................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel clerk..................................................
Purchase and sales clerk and/or securities
order c le rk ....................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary...........................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Messenger.........................................................
Typist..................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




43

Table 16. Holding and other investment offices: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, June 1981—Continued
(SIC 67)

Occupation
Office clerical workers,—Continued
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
y a rd ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, financial service/bank......................
Sales agent, securities...........................................
Broker and market operator, commodities...........
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

1,750
3,480
470

1.45
2.89
.39

26
n.a.
n.a.

17
n.a.
n.a.

250
220

.21
.18

25
n.a.

2
n.a.

5,570
180
1,500
460

4.63
.15
1.25
.38

n.a.
45
40
34

n.a.
1
2
1

2,990
440

2.48
.37

n.a.
47

n.a.
1

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

44

Table 17. Insurance carriers: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981
(SIC 63)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

1,234,950

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

150,900

12.22

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers...............................................................
Actuary...................................................................
Financial analyst ....................................................
Statistician..............................................................
All other mathematical scientists..........................
Economist..............................................................
All other social scientists.......................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Appraiser, general merchandise and related........
Budget analyst........................................................
Credit analyst..........................................................
Hospital insurance representative .........................
Investigator, insurance ..........................................
Law clerk................................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Librarian, professional...........................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Paralegal personnel...............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Physician and/or surgeon......................................
Public relations practitioner...................................
Safety inspector.....................................................
Title examiner and/or abstractor..........................
Appraiser, real estate............................................
Special agent, insurance........................................
Claim examiner, property and/or casualty
insurance...........................................................
Building inspector, fire insurance..........................
Underwriter.............................................................
All other professional workers...............................

183,890
2,080
4,550
1,930
1,380
570
190
170
15,350
1,000
15,660
880
1,220
370
570
6,500
240
5,120
360
1,460
670
4,950
510
1,110
6,060
6,130
400
23,500

14.89
.17
.37
.16
.11
.05
.02
.01
1.24
.08
1.27
.07
.10
.03
.05
.53
.02
.41
.03
.12
.05
.40
.04
.09
.49
.50
.03
1.90

n.a.
12
7
12
20
n.a.
20
n.a.
6
5
4
16
8
21
11
11
14
5
11
6
12
6
18
8
7
7
13
6

n.a.
3
6
3
3
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
10
6
23
2
4
1
1
5
1
10
2
6
2
12
2
4
11
8
1
25

15,630
720
45,280
19,330

1.27
.06
3.67
1.57

6
22
3
n.a.

13
1
29
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Drafter.....................................................................
Licensed practical nurse........................................
Mathematical technician ........................................
All other technicians..............................................

25,990
20,590
430
130
380
4,460

2.10
1.67
.03
.01
.03
.36

n.a.
6
29
29
14
n.a.

n.a.
11
1
(3)
1
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Maid ........................................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers....................,.................

14,190
1,070
6,160
2,150
2,540
310
1,960

1.15
.09
.50
.17
.21
.03
.16

n.a.
11
n.a.
9
11
22
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.
3
3
1
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Compositor and/or typesetter...............................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Press operator and/or plate printer......................

9,000
620
300
320
180
230
550
170
320
650
1,330
180
180
1,900

.73
.05
.02
.03
.01
.02
.04
.01
.03
.05
.11
.01
.01
.15

n.a.
n.a.
15
n.a.
22
14
8
22
14
11
6
19
13
9

n.a.
n.a.
1
n.a.
1
1
2
1
1
3
4
1
1
4

See footnotes at end of table.




45

Tabi@ 17. insurance carriers: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981—Continued
(SIC 63)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
Stationary engineer................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers...........................
Chauffeur................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

400
400
150
540
630
570

0.03
.03
.01
.04
.05
.05

14
11
12
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
2
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer.....................................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Actuarial c le rk ....................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cancellation clerk ...*...........................................
Cashier...............................................................
Claim adjuster....................................................
Claims clerk........................................................
Collector............................................................
Correspondence clerk........................................
Credit reporter....................................................
File c le rk............................................................
Insurance c le rk ..................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Library assistant.................................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Policy change c le rk...........................................
R a te r..................................................................
Real estate c le rk ...............................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Messenger.........................................................
Title searcher.....................................................
Typist..................................................................
Worksheet clerk.................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
Insurance checker.............................................
Credit c le rk.........................................................
Claim examiner, life, accident and health
insurance......................................................
Loan c lo se r........................................................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

665,520
660,910
2,400
11,240
19,310
3,910
2,330
7,240
9,300
26,680
1,820
5,850
2,190
7,060
33,920
32,440
2,850
14,210
150
35,020
3,880
92,520
140
12,650
1,470
2,720
2,480
16,020
32,520
2,410
3,280
54,450
3,880
2,070
4,220
2,310
2,690
51,880
9,930
38,630
12,310
280

53.89
53.52
.19
.91
1.56
.32
.19
.59
.75
2.16
.15
.47
.18
.57
2.75
2.63
.23
1.15
.01
2.84
.31
7.49
.01
1.02
.12
.22
.20
1.30
2.63
.20
.27
4.41
.31
.17
.34
.19
.22
4.20
.80
3.13
1.00
.02

n.a.
n.a.
11
6
5
9
9
n.a.
6
3
9
6
8
5
5
5
9
7
24
3
26
3
14
3
13
6
4
5
3
25
6
3
9
5
4
7
11
3
6
3
4
22

n.a.
n.a.
5
15
15
5
6
n.a.
16
26
4
16
5
18
20
25
4
8
1
32
2
46
1
21
3
9
11
15
20
2
12
56
5
10
24
7
5
40
9
35
15
1

41,440
2,130
46,680
4,610
1,130
560

3.36
.17
3.78
.37
.09
.05

5
12
n.a.
n.a.
17
9

19
5
n.a.
n.a.
1
2

2,260
660

.18
.05

6
n.a.

7
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Business broker .................................. ..................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or sales
representative, real estate...............................

185,460
710

15.02
.06

n.a.
41

n.a.
f)

4,590

.37

21

See footnotes at end of table.




46

1

Table 17. Insurance carriers: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981—Continued
(SIC 63)

Occupation

Sales occupations—Continued
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative,
insurance...........................................................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

176,270

14.27

2

46

3,270
620

.26
.05

n.a.
28

n.a.
1

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

47

Table 18. Insurance agents, brokers, and services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981
(SIC 64)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

463,480

100.00

-

--

Managers and officers..............................................

92,560

19.97

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers...............................................................
Actuary ...................................................................
Financial analyst ....................................................
Statistician..............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Appraiser, general merchandise and related........
Budget analyst........................................................
Credit analyst..........................................................
Hospital insurance representative ........................
Investigator, insurance ..........................................
Law clerk................................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Librarian, professional...........................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Paralegal personnel...............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Public relations practitioner...................................
Safety inspector.....................................................
Title examiner and/or abstractor..........................
Appraiser, real estate............................................
Special agent, insurance........................................
Claim examiner, property and/or casualty
insurance..........................................................
Building inspector, fire insurance..........................
Underwriter.............................................................
All other professional workers...............................

57,260
790
970
150
220
970
220
4,780
420
60
50
60
2,710
70
440
50
810
90
390
120
1,850
920
200
9,480

12.35
.17
.21
.03
.05
.21
.05
1.03
.09
.01
.01
.01
.58
.02
.09
.01
.17
.02
.08
.03
.40
.20
.04
2.05

n.a.
26
15
23
21
10
12
5
19
22
32
33
12
27
12
19
22
18
7
32
13
17
38
6

n.a.
1
1
(3)
(3)
1
1
9
1
(3)
0
(3)
2
(3)
1
(3)
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
3
1
(3)
10

4,290
900
24,060
2,190

.93
.19
5.19
.47

6
19
3
n.a.

5
1
19
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Drafter.....................................................................
All other technicians..............................................

2,780
2,120
280
380

.60
.46
.06
.08

n.a.
14
38
n.a.

n.a.
2
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
M aid........................................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
All other service workers.......................................

4,130
740
2,470
350
190
380

.89
.16
.53
.08
.04
.08

n.a.
13
n.a.
50
37
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.
O
(3)
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations..............................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Press operator and/or plate printer ......................
Chauffeur................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

710
60
80
80
60
140
180
110

.15
.01
.02
.02
.01
.03
.04
.02

n.a.
31

n.a.
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators...................
Stenographer ....................................................
Accounting cle rk...............................................
Actuarial c le rk ...................................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d............................................

244,600
244,250
2,790
1,410
2,040
540
230
720
4,160
8,750
500
10,710

52.77
52.70
.60
.30

n.a.
n.a.
6
6

n.a.
n.a.
7

.44

7

2

.12
.05
.16
.90
1.89
.11
2.31

13
15
n.a.
6

See footnotes at end of table.




48

33
20
35
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

3
1

3

(3)
n.a.
7
16

14

O

3

21

Table 18. insurance agents, brokers, and services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 64)

Occupation
Office clerical workers,— Continued
Cancellation cle rk..............................................
Cashier...............................................................
Claim adjuster....................................................
Claims clerk........................................................
Collector............................................................
Correspondence clerk........................................
Credit reporter....................................................
File c le rk............................................................
Insurance c le rk ..................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order c le rk ........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Policy change c le rk...........................................
R a te r..................................................................
Real estate c le rk...............................................
Receptionist.......................................................
Secretary...........................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Messenger.........................................................
Title searcher.....................................................
Typist..................................................................
Worksheet clerk.................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
Insurance checker.............................................
Credit c le rk.........................................................
Claim examiner, life, accident and health
insurance......................................................
Loan c lo s e r........................................................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ......... ....................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Placer......................................................................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or sales
representative, real estate...............................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative,
insurance...........................................................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
All other sales workers ..........................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

760
1,650
14,920
12,720
290
950
320
10,720
570
42,620
1,580
180
1,090
430
8,030
19,180
460
3,730
34,250
530
890
4,590
360
400
16,350
1,800
12,450
10,040
50

0.16
.36
3.22
2.74
.06
.20
.07
2.31
.12
9.20
.34
.04
.24
.09
1.73
4.14
.10
.80
7.39
.11
.19
.99
.08
.09
3.53
.39
2.69
2.17
.01

9
7
5
3
14
12
39
3
21
2
4
31
8
7
5
3
18
5
2
16
8
3
10
26
3
8
3
4
32

2
4
9
22
1
1
(3)
17
(3)
34
4
(3)
3
1
9
18
1
9
40
1
3
15
1
(3)
19
2
18
10
(3)

6,300
490
3,700
350
70
100

1.36
.11
.80
.08
.02
.02

6
19
n.a.
n.a.
33
22

5
1
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
(3)

140
40

.03
.01

16
n.a.

(3)
n.a.

61,440
1,220

13.26
.26

n.a.
12

n.a.
1

300

.06

27

58,780

12.68

2

47

1,100
40

.24
.01

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

(3)

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

49

Table 19. Real estate: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1981
(SIC 65)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

998,870

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

173,470

17.37

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers...............................................................
Financial analyst ....................................................
All other mathematical scientists..........................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Landscape architect..............................................
Architect.................................................................
Budget analyst........................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Paralegal personnel...............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Public relations practitioner...................................
Title examiner and/or abstractor..........................
Appraiser, real estate............................................
All other professional workers...............................

36,050
1,420
200
130
340
560
12,450
140
250
220
720
700
160
320
700
4,740
7,560
5,440

3.61
.14
.02
.01
.03
.06
1.25
.01
.03
.02
.07
.07
.02
.03
.07
.47
.76
.54

n.a.
15
27
n.a.
18
14
5
27
21
14
16
17
25
12
12
4
10
n.a.

n.a.
1
0
n.a.
(3)
1
12
(3)
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
(3)
1
1
4
4
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Surveyor.............................................................
All other engineering technicians......................
Licensed practical nurse.......................................
All other technicians..............................................

4,620
750
2,070
1,670
140
260
500
1,300

.46
.08
.21
.17
.01
.03
.05
.13

n.a.
24
n.a.
13
36
n.a.
20
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.
2
(3)
n.a.
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
M aid ........................................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
Elevator operator................................................ „.
Lifeguard ........................................... .-...................
All other service workers .......................................

239,540
38,310
115,570
41,940
15,100
4,940
5,940
2,530
15,210

23.98
3.84
11.57
4.20
1.51
.49
.59
.25
1.52

n.a.
4
n.a.
4
7
9
12
14
n.a.

n.a.
15
n.a.
11
2
4
1
1
n.a.

221,940
2,920
510
760

22.22
.29
.05
.08

n.a.
n.a.
20
20

n.a.
n.a.
1
1

990
660
480
11,970
350
900
10,270
86,450
10,160
12,010
760
130
460
1,970
64,950
930
2,180
4,330
10,720

.10
.07
.05
1.20
.04
.09
1.03
8.65
1.02
1.20
.08
.01
.05
.20
6.50
.09
.22
.43
1.07

19
n.a.
25
7
29
12
5
3
7
6
19
31
28
14
3
23
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
n.a.
(3)
6
(3)
1
10
33
5
8
1
(3)
(3)
1
25
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Press operator and/or plate printer ......................
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Stationary engineer...............................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers ..........................
Chauffeur...............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers.............
See footnotes at end of table.




50

Table 19. Real estate: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations, May
1981—Continued
(SIC 65)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
Collector ............................................................
Correspondence clerk.......................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Real estate c le rk ...............................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary...........................................................
Switchboard operator........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Messenger.........................................................
Title searcher.....................................................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
Credit c le rk.........................................................
Loan closer ........................................................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

192,580
191,470
350
900
1,970
180
150
160
1,840
12,460
21,970
2,300
470
120
910
38,520
390
320
780
250
10,330
10,770
46,990
3,190
8,010
760
2,840
8,260
8,950
180
2,500
4,650
1,110
180
160

19.28
19.17
.04
.09
.20
.02
.02
.02
.18
1.25
2.20
.23
.05
.01
.09
3.86
.04
.03
.08
.03
1.03
1.08
4.70
.32
.80
.08
.28
.83
.90
.02
.25
.47
.11
.02
.02

n.a.
n.a.
15
11
11
37
15
n.a.
12
5
3
14
18
21
10
3
10
25
7
10
7
6
3
13
7
11
6
5
6
32
10
n.a.
n.a.
27
23

n.a.
n.a.
1
2
2
O
(3)
n.a.
2
12
24
1
1
(3)
1
26
1
(3)
2
1
7
11
35
3
9
1
2
8
9
(3)
2
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
(3)

410
360

.04
.04

18
n.a.

1
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Business broker .....................................................
Real estate broker.................................................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or sales
representative, real estate...............................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative,
insurance...........................................................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

130,670
790
16,550

13.08
.08
1.66

n.a.
20
7

n.a.
1
10

90,490

9.06

4

15

2,840

.28

18

1

18,770
1,230

1.88
.12

n.a.
19

n.a.
1

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




51

Table 20. Combined real estate, insurance, loan, and law offices: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, May 1981
(SIC 66)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

19,320

100.00

--

-

Managers and officers..............................................

4,420

22.88

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Investigator, insurance ..........................................
Title examiner and/or abstractor..........................
Appraiser, real estate............................................
Underwriter.............................................................
All other professional workers...............................

1,550
110
70
70
180
1,010
110

8.02
.57
.36
.36
.93
5.23
.57

n.a.
18
21
41
18
10
n.a.

n.a.
5
4
1
7
19
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................

10

.05

n.a.

n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
M aid........................................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
All other service workers.......................................

1,030
120
870
40

5.33
.62
4.50
.21

n.a.
26
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
3
n.a.
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations..............................
Carpenter...............................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

470
60
230
80
50
50

2.43
.31
1.19
.41
.26
.26

n.a.
26
16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
2
4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
Claims clerk........................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Real estate c le rk ...............................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
All other office clerical workers........................

7,390
7,390
180
210
230
790
120
80
2,060
430
320
1,810
140
470
290
260

38.25
38.25
.93
1.09
1.19
4.09
.62
.41
10.66
2.23
1.66
9.37
.72
2.43
1.50
1.35

n.a.
n.a.
15
19
13
7
20
25
7
13
13
6
17
13
15
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
7
4
9
28
4
1
38
12
9
44
7
12
9
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Placer......................................................................
Real estate broker.................................................
Sales agent, sales associate, and/or sales
representative, real estate...............................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative,
insurance..........................................................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................

4,450
220
760

23.03
1.14
3.93

n.a.
19
9

n.a.
5
18

1,740

9.01

7

21

1,360

7.04

7

30

370

1.92

n.a.

n.a.

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




52

SdreBesi

These establishments employed 905,430 work­
ers in 1981, or 3 percent o f all workers in the industries
surveyed and 7 percent o f the workers employed in serv­
ices. The two largest employers of these workers were
laundry, cleaning, and garment services, with 39 per­
cent, and barber shops, with 31 percent.
As shown in table 22, the personal services industry
employed 325,260 service workers, who accounted for
36 percent o f total industry employment. Other occupa­
tional groups with large numbers of personal service
workers include maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant workers, with 28
percent of employment, and clerical workers, with 16
percent.
The tabulation below lists the five most populous oc­
cupations in the industry:

This industry division includes establishments which
provide a wide variety of services for individuals,
businesses, government, and other organizations.
In 1981, services employed approximately 13.2
million workers or 55 percent of the workers covered by
the survey. The largest industry segment in services was
business services, with 25 percent o f employment.
Tables 21 through 33 present occupational employment
for each o f the industry segments in services.

Hotels send ® fe r lodging plai©<is
This industry (sic 70) includes commercial and in­
dustrial establishments furnishing lodging, lodging and
meals, and camping space and facilities on a fee basis.
In 1981, these establishments employed approximate­
ly 1.1 million workers, constituting 5 percent of all
workers covered by the survey and nearly 9 percent of
the workers employed in services. Hotels, motels, and
tourist courts employed 97 percent of these workers.
The largest occupational group in hotels and other
lodging places consisted of 738,310 service workers, ac­
counting for 65 percent of total employment (table 21).
Clerical workers ranked second with 16 percent. The
third largest occupational group was maintenance, con­
struction, repair, material handling, and powerplant
workers, with 8 percent of total employment. The re­
maining occupational employment was distributed as
follows: Managers and officers, 7 percent; professional
workers, 2 percent; sales workers, 1 percent; and
technical workers, only 0.2 percent of total employ­
ment.
The five most populous occupations in hotels and
other lodging places, together accounting for half of
total employment, are listed in the tabulation below:

M a id ...................
W aiter/waitress.
Desk clerk...........
Kitchen helper ..
Cook, restaurant

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

239,160
150,230
87,920
49,620
42,760

21.2
13.3
7.8
4.4
3.8

Employment
Cosmetologist or hairstylist
Counter clerk........................
Delivery or route worker ..
Reducing instructor.............
Barber....................................

21.8
6.3
3.3
3.3
3.1

Business services
Establishments in this industry (sic 73) render serv­
ices to business establishments on a fee or contract
basis. These services include advertising; mailing ser­
vices; building maintenance services; employment and
personnel supply services; management and consulting
services; protective services; equipment rental and leas­
ing; and commercial research, development, and
testing.
Business services employed approximately 3.2 million
workers in 1981, or 14 percent of all workers covered by
the survey and 25 percent of the workers in services
industries.
As shown in table 23, the largest occupational group
in business services consisted of 936,460 clerical
workers, who accounted for 29 percent of industry
employment. Service workers constituted 26 percent.
The third largest occupational group was made up of
460,250 maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers, with 14 percent of
total employment. Professional workers ranked fourth
with about 13 percent. The remaining employment was
distributed as follows: Managers and officers, with 9
percent; technical workers, 6 percent; and sales
workers, 4 percent.

Personal sendees
Establishments in this industry (SIC 72) provide serv­
ices generally involving care o f the person or o f apparel,
including laundries, dry cleaning plants, portrait
photographic studios, and beauty and barber shops.



197,340
56.560
29.560
29,550
28,230

Percent o f
industry
employment

53

The five most populous occupations in business ser­
vices are listed below:

Employment

Guards and doorkeepers...........
Secretary......................................
General office clerk...................
Sales agent, associate, or
representative..........................
House cleaner ............................

Percent o f
industry
employment

306,970
125,830
114,270

9.4
3.9
3.5

102,450
91,520

3.1
2.8

Welders and flamecutters...............
Electrical and electronic
technicians.....................................
Electric motor repairer...................
Television servicer and repairer,
and radio or tape recorder
repairer...........................................
General office clerk..........................

Automotive mechanic...............
Automotive body repairer----Vehicle cleaner............................
Parking lot attendant...............
Automotive painter...................

103,150
54,120
37,890
23,060
20,490

18.1
9.5
6.6
4.0
3.6

Usher, lobby attendant, ticket
taker, or drive-in theater
atten d an t....................................
Actor or actress..............................
C ashier.............................................
Motion picture projectionist . . . .
Janitors, porters, and cleaners. . .

iViise©llain©©ys repair serviees

7.1

13,830
11,450

5.6
4.6

11,280
9,180

4.5
3.7

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

27,860
21,620
20,180
16,210
11,050

13.1
10.2
9.5
7.6
5.2

Amusement and recreation services, except
motion pictures

Establishments in this industry (sic 76) are engaged in
electrical repair; watch, clock, and jewelry repair;
reupholstery and furniture repair; and other
miscellaneous repair and services.
These establishments employed 248,760 workers in
1981, accounting for only 1 percent of surveyed employ­
ment and just 2 percent of services employment.
Maintenance, construction, repair, material handl­
ing, and powerplant workers, numbering 143,600, con­
stituted the largest occupational group in the industry,
with 58 percent of total employment (table 25). Clerical
workers, with 34,320, and managers and officers, with
34,300, each made up 14 percent o f employment in
miscellaneous repair services.
The five largest occupations in miscellaneous repair
services, together accounting for one-fourth of
total employment, are as follows:




17,550

This industry (sic 78) includes establishments produc­
ing and distributing motion pictures, exhibiting motion
pictures in commercially operated theaters, and fur­
nishing services to the motion picture industry.
In 1981, motion pictures employed 213,050 or about 1
percent o f all workers covered by the survey and 2 per­
cent of the workers employed in services. Fifty-seven
percent of these workers were employed by motion pic­
ture theaters.
As shown in table 26, service workers, totaling
56,670, made up the largest occupational group, with 27
percent of industry employment. Other occupational
groups with large numbers of workers in this industry
were clerical workers, with 22 percent of total employ­
ment, and professional workers, with 19 percent.
The five most populous occupations in the motion
picture industry are listed in the tabulation below:

This industry (sic 75) includes establishments fur­
nishing automotive repair, rental, leasing, and parking
services to the general public.
In 1981, automotive repair, services, and garages
employed 571,160 workers, constituting only 2 percent
of surveyed employment and 4 percent of services
employment. Sixty-two percent o f these workers were
employed in automotive repair shops.
The largest occupational group, accounting for
almost two-thirds of total employment in this industry,
consisted of 370,470 maintenance, construction, repair,
material handling, and powerplant workers (table 24).
Clerical workers, numbering 88,720, ranked second
with about 16 percent. Managers and officers made up
15 percent.
The five largest occupations in automotive repair, serv­
ices, and garages are listed below:

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

SV3©ti©o pictures

Automotive repair, semees, and garages

Percent o f
industry
employment

Employment

Establishments in this industry (sic 79) provide
amusement or entertainment for a fee or admission
charge. Such establishments include dance halls,
theatrical producers, bowling alleys, and golf courses.
Amusement and recreation services employed 769,770
persons in 1981, accounting for 3 percent of surveyed
employment and 6 percent of services employment.
As shown in table 27, the largest occupational group
in amusement and recreation services consisted of
339,370 service workers or 44 percent of total industry
employment. Other occupational groups with large
numbers of these workers were maintenance, construc­
tion, repair, material handling, and powerplant workers
and professional workers, each with 15 percent of
employment.
54

the survey and 4 percent of the workers employed in
services.
Ninety-eight percent o f the total employment in legal
services was accounted for by three major occupational
groups. Clerical workers, the largest major group, made
up nearly 54 percent (table 29). Professionals, number­
ing 206,080, ranked second with 38 percent of legal serv­
ices employment. Managers and officers accounted for
7 percent.
The five largest occupations in this industry, together
accounting for nearly three-fourths of total employ­
ment, are listed in the tabulation below:

The five most populous occupations in amusement
and recreation services, in order o f predominance, are
listed below:

W aiter/waitress..............................
Gardeners and groundskeepers ..
Game operator, ride operator,
and concession.worker.............
Cashier.............................................
Instrumental m u sician .................

Health sereiees,

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

61,070
43,650

7.9
5.7

42,220
39,150
31,580

5.5
5.1
4.1

hospitals

This industry (sic 80, except 806) includes licensed
practitioners who provide health care in their offices,
nursing and personal care fa c ilities, m edical
laboratories, outpatient care facilities, and other allied
services.1
These health services employed 2.6 million workers in
1981, accounting^for 11 percent o f surveyed employ­
ment and 20 percent of services employment. Of these
workers, nursing and personal care facilities employed
39 percent; physicians9 offices, 30 percent; and dentists’
offices, 14 percent.
Service workers, numbering 858,460, constituted the
largest occupational group in health services, with onethird of industry employment (table 28). Ranking sec­
ond with 21 percent, professional workers totaled
549,510. The third largest occupational group consisted
of 488,060 clerical workers, with 19 percent o f industry
employment. Technicians, numbering 466,860, made up
18 percent. The remaining occupational employment
was distributed as follows: Managers and officers, 6
percent; maintenance, construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers, 4 percent; and sales
workers, only 0.1 percent.
The five most populous occupations in health serv­
ices, except hospitals, are listed in the tabulation below:

Nurse aide or o r d e rly .............
Professional nurse...................
Physician or surgeon...............
Dental assistant.......................
Licensed practical nu rse.........

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

488,020
184,300
171,940
136,380
135,150

18.5
7.0
6.5
5.2
5.1

Secretary.............................................
L aw yer...............................................
Paralegal personnel............. ...........
Law c le rk .............................. ...........
Bookkeeper, hand...........................

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

190,210
140,800
30,900
26,100
12,760

35.0
25.9
5.7
4.8
2.4

Social services
This industry (sic 83) consists of establishments pro­
viding social and rehabilitation services to persons with
social or personal problems, the handicapped, or the
disadvantaged. Organizations soliciting funds to be us­
ed directly for these and related services are included.
Social services employed nearly 1.2 million persons in
1981, accounting for 5 percent of surveyed employment
and 9 percent of services employment. One-fourth of
these workers were engaged in providing child day care
services.
As shown in table 30, the largest occupational group
was made up of 381,870 service workers or one-third of
all workers employed in social services. Professional
workers, totaling 313,170, constituted 27 percent of in­
dustry employment. The third largest occupational
group consisted of 211,560 clerical workers, with 18 per­
cent of total employment. Managers and officers ac­
counted for 10 percent; maintenance, construction,
repair, material handling, and powerplant workers, 10
percent; and technical and sales workers together, 2 per­
cent o f employment.
The five most populous occupations in social services
are listed in the tabulation below:

Legal services
Establishments in this industry (sic 81) are headed by
members o f the bar and offer legal advice and service.
These establishments employed 542,980 persons,
in 1981, or only 2 percent of all workers covered by
1 A separate survey o f private and State and local government
hospitals (sic 806) was conducted in April 1980, and occupational
employment data from the survey can be found in appendix B.




55

Child care w ork er............................
Elementary or preschool teacher ..
Teacher aide or educational
assistant........................................
C asew orker......................................
Nurse aide or o r d e rly .....................

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

122,980
84,380

10.6
7.3

67,630
57,230
53,980

5.8
4.9
4.6

iiuseums and botanical and zoological gardens

counted for 25 percent of the industry’s workers, with
160,840 and 158,690, respectively.
The five most populous occupations in membership
organizations, other than religious organizations, are
listed in the tabulation below:

This industry (sic 84) includes museums, art galleries,
and botanical and zoological gardens which are not
operated commercially.
In 1981, these establishments employed 33,760
workers, accounting for the smallest proportion of
employment among the surveyed industries. More than
four-fifths of these workers were employed in museums
and art galleries.
As shown in table 31, service workers constituted the
largest occupational group, with 10,810 or 32 percent of
total industry employment. Clerical workers, totaling
6,000, ranked second with 18 percent. Professional
workers made up 16 percent.
The five largest occupations in museums and
botanical and zoological gardens are listed below:

Sightseeing or establishment
g u id e ...........................................
Guards and doorkeepers.............
Sales clerk......................................
Secretary........................................
Nonvocational education
teacher or instructor...............

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

3,850
3,410
1,570
1,540

11.4
10.1
4.7
4.6

1,500

4.4

Secretary......................................
Bartender....................................
General office clerk...................
W aiter/waitress..........................
Group recreation w o rk er........

Percent o f
industry
employment

44,210
33,840
28,950
26,190
25,460

6.9
5.3
4.5
4.1
4.0

Mis©©llan@©us i®rwie©s
Establishments in this industry (sic 89) perform serv­
ices such as those rendered by engineers, architects, ac­
countants, artists, lecturers, and writers.
These establishments employed more than 1 million
workers in 1981, accounting for 4 percent of surveyed
employment and 8 percent of services employment.
Establishments rendering engineering, architectural,
and surveying services employed 55 percent of the in­
dustry’s workers.
As shown in table 33, the largest occupational group
consisted of professional workers, numbering 421,560
or 40 percent of the workers employed in miscellaneous
services. Clerical workers, totaling 250,620, ranked sec­
ond with 24 percent. The third largest occupational
group was technical workers, with 185,670 or 18 per­
cent. Managers and officers made up 11 percent of
employment in miscellaneous services. The remaining
occupational employment was distributed as follows:
Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant workers, 5 percent; service workers, 1
percent; and sales workers, about 1 percent.
The five most populous occupations in miscellaneous
services are listed below:

H/3©mb©rsh!p organizations, except religious
©irgamizatioinis
This industry (sic 86, except 866) includes organiza­
tions operating on a membership basis to promote the
interests of its members. Such organizations include
trade associations; professional membership organiza­
tions; labor unions and similar labor organizations;
civic, social, and fraternal associations; and political
organizations.
In 1981, membership organizations employed 643,390
workers or 3 percent of all workers covered by the
survey and 5 percent of the workers employed in ser­
vices. Civic, social, and fraternal associations were the
largest group of employers o f these workers, with 48
percent of industry employment.
Clerical workers, numbering 164,060, made up the
largest occupational group, with more than one-fourth
of total employment in membership organizations (table
32). Service workers and managers and officers each ac­




Employment

Accountants and auditors . . . .
D rafter........................................
Secretary......................................
Architect......................................
Mechanical engineer.................

56

Employment

Percent o f
industry
employment

144,800
99,660
67,180
36,480
30,310

13.8
9.5
6.4
3.5
2.9

Table 21. Hotels and other lodging places: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981
(SIC 70)

Occupation

Employment'

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

1,129,770

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

76,720

6.79

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers ...............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Dancer....................................................................
Musician, instrumental...........................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Public relations practitioner .......................... ........
Sports instructor.....................................................
Group recreation worker........................................
All other professional workers...............................

23,070
1,090
230
1,470
7,250
390
1,380
410
1,180
1,080
870
5,650
2,070

2.04
.10
.02
.13
.64
.03
.12
.04
.10
.10
.08
.50
.18

n.a.
10
23
5
5
26
10
18
6
7
18
6
n.a.

n.a.
4
1
10
21
(3)
3
2
7
5
2
7
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians.........................................
Licensed practical nurse........................................
All other technicians..............................................

2,520
370
970
360
820

.22
.03
.09
.03
.07

n.a.
22
12
23
n.a.

n.a.
2
2
1
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
M aid........................................................................
House cleaner........................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers, total ...................................
Baker, bread and/or pastry ..............................
Bartender............................................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant.......................................
Butcher and/or meat cu tte r..............................
Host/hostess, restaurant, lounge or coffee
shop .............................................................
Kitchen helper....................................................
Waiter/waitress..................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria........................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods ..
Cook, restaurant........................... ....................
Food preparation and service worker, fast food
restaurant .....................................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee m aker............
Cook, institution or cafeteria.............................
All other food service workers...........................
Bellhop, baggage porter, doorkeeper, and/or
room service attendant....................................
Cosmetologist and/or hairstylist............................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
Housekeeper ..........................................................
Recreation facility attendant..................................
Elevator operator ...................................................
Lifeguard ...........................................................
Checkroom and locker-room attendants..............
All other service workers.......................................

738,310
239,160
28,020
15,230
14,310
363,100
1,430
32,910

65.35
21.17
2.48
1.35
1.27
32.14
.13
2.91

n.a.
1
3
n.a.
5
n.a.
6
2

n.a.
81
30
n.a.
18
n.a.
8
41

38,840
630

3.44
.06

3
7

28
4

15,660
49,620
150,230

1.39
4.39
13.30

3
2
2

30
44
48

3,570
7,230
42,760

.32
.64
3.78

9
7
2

6
11
45

2,310
10,350
3,370
4,190

.20
.92
.30
.37

12
3
9
n.a.

3
18
9
n.a.

20,820
230
14,780
21,790
2,620
460
4,300
810
12,680

1.84
.02
1.31
1.93
.23
.04
.38
.07
1.12

3
25

n.a.

23
1
20
49
4
1
10
2
n.a.

90,370
3,130
360
660

8.00
.28
.03
.06

n.a.
n.a.
17
12

n.a.
n.a.
2
2

530
1,580

.05
.14

9

n.a.

3
n.a.

680
6,510

.06
.58

13
5

2
12

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Marker, classifier, wet wash assembler, detacher,
and/or checker ................................................
Washer, machine and/or starcher.........................
See footnotes at end of table.




57

9

4
11
16
7
9

Table 21. Hotels and other lodging places: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 70)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
Dry cleaning machine operator.............................
Laundry operator, small establishment.................
Presser, machine ...................................................
Laundry presser, machine .....................................
Truck driver............................................................
Bus driver...............................................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Parking-lot attendant.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Baker helper...........................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers ...........................
Chauffeur................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

170
12,470
350
3,310
200
1,370
1,400
170
960
2,740
210
26,100
1,790
3,490
2,410
540
220
890
570
10,360
1,730
740
1,770
6,090

0.02
1.10
.03
.29
.02
.12
.12
.02
.08
.24
.02
2.31
.16
.31
.21
.05
.02
.08
.05
.92
.15
.07
.16
.54

17
5
15
6
18
11
9
21
7
10
35
3
8
7
7
8
15
10
11
6
14
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
File cle rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Desk clerk .........................................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Travel clerk ........................................................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

185,690
181,430
830
460
270
620
280
7,030
14,500
23,490
730
5,900
87,920
380
3,630
1,130
1,870
11,560
8,980
1,700
1,180
2,040
4,830
2,100
4,260
140
880

16.44
16.06
.07
.04
.02
.05
.02
.62
1.28
2.08
.06
.52
7.78
.03
.32
.10
.17
1.02
.79
.15
.10
.18
.43
.19
.38
.01
.08

n.a.
n.a.
8
11
15
n.a.
17

3,120
120

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................

13,090
7,650
5,440

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




5

3
5
9
9
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

1
21
1
5
1
2
6
1
5
12
1

47
5
10
3
3
1
2
3
23
4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
2

1
n.a.
1
19
39
27
4
13
68

11

2

6
5
9

6
n.a.
n.a.
14
6

17
8
7
30
15
4
3
7
14
n.a.
n.a.
1
5

.28
.01

5
n.a.

10
n.a.

1.16
.68
.48

n.a.
9

n.a.
19

8

9

4
3
12
21
9

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5. percent,
n.a. = not available.

58

Table 2 2 . Personal services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981
(SIC 72)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

905,430

100.00

-

--

Managers and officers..............................................

105,200

11.62

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers............................... ................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Photographer, portrait and/or commercial...........
All other photographers .........................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Dietitian and/or nutritionist....................................
Embalmer...............................................................
Musician, instrumental...........................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Public relations practitioner...................................
Tax preparer..........................................................
All other professional workers...............................

46,580
200
90
7,410
3,750
320
6,350
1,180
10,460
1,310
1,740
160
170
10,300
3,140

5.14
.02
.01
.82
.41
.04
.70
.13
1.16
.14
.19
.02
.02
1.14
.35

n.a.
13
19
7
n.a.
10
6
25
3
14
24
28
35
11
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
(3)
3
n.a.
1
6
(3)
9
2
(3)
(3)
(3)
2
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Licensed practical nurse........................................
All other technicians..............................................

2,570
180
500
1,890

.28
.02
.06
.21

n.a.
17
39
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
M aid........................................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Child care attendant..............................................
Barber.....................................................................
Cosmetologist and/or hairstylist...........................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
Funeral attendant...................................................
Manicurist...............................................................
Masseur or masseuse...........................................
Scalp treatment operator.......................................
Wig dresser.............................................................
Bootblack...............................................................
Shampooer ............................................................
Instructor, reducing................................................
Child-care w orker..................................................
Lifeguard ................................................................
Checkroom and locker-room attendants..............
Mortuary beautician...............................................
All other service workers .......................................

325,260
6,970
15,400
740
900
690
28,230
197,340
480
12,220
7,450
2,410
890
540
530
10,150
29,550
200
390
1,460
1,320
7,400

35.92
.77
1.70
.08
.10
.08
3.12
21.80
.05
1.35
.82
.27
.10
.06
.06
1.12
3.26
.02
.04
.16
.15
.82

n.a.
6
n.a.
25
31
22
5
1
16
3
6
21
26
27
42
5
6
50
33
29
8
n.a.

n.a.
7
n.a.
1
(3)
(3)
7
42
(3)
8
5
(3)
0
(3)
(3)
6
4
(3)
(3)
(3)
2
n.a.

253,110
6,370
920
4,880
180
390
1,450
540
820
530
1,600
620
460

27.95
.70
.10
.54
.02
.04
.16
.06
.09
.06
.18
.07
.05

n.a.
n.a.
7
8
24
n.a.
14
16
17
19
13
21
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
4
(3)
n.a.
1
(3)
1
(3)
1
1
n.a.

13,620
4,620
2,410
11,230
3,240

1.50
.51
.27
1.24
.36

4
7
9
5
6

7
4
2
8
4

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Laundry machine mechanic..............................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Developer and/or projection printer......................
Negative cutter and/or sp o tter.............................
Multiple photographic printer operator..................
Print developer, machine.......................................
Photo checker and assembler..............................
Photographer helper..............................................
All other darkroom workers...................................
Marker, classifier, wet wash assembler, detacher,
and/or checker ................................................
Spotter, dry cleaning .............................................
Spotter, washable materials..................................
Washer, machine and/or starcher........................
Tumbler operator...................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




59

Table 22. Personal services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981—Continued
(SIC 72)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
Dry cleaning machine operator.............................
Dry cleaner, hand ..................................................
Laundry operator, small establishment.................
Presser, hand .........................................................
Presser, machine...................................................
Laundry presser, machine .....................................
Rug cleaner, hand .................................................
Rug cleaner, machine ...........................................
Shoe dyer...............................................................
Shoe repairer..........................................................
Truck driver............................................................
Delivery and/or route worker................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Folder, laundry........................................................
Inspector ................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
M ender...................................................................
Order fille r..............................................................
Photograph retoucher, airbrush artist, and/or
photograph colorist...........................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Custom sewer.........................................................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentgarment ............................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment
and/or automatic equipment-garment............
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Alteration ta ilo r.......................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers ...........................
Chauffeur................................................................
Ambulance driver and/or attendant......................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
All other office machine operators....................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
Counter clerk......................................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk......................
Receptionist.......................................................
Secretary...........................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l...................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator................
Shipping packer................................................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard .............................................................

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

12,330
1,120
6,660
5,020
27,380
35,160
2,910
4,140
380
4,430
1,020
29,560
3,820
13,870
4,840
2,610
200
6,630
1,560

1.36
.12
.74
.55
3.02
3.88
.32
.46
.04
.49
.11
3.26
.42
1.53
.53
.29
.02
.73
.17

5
15
12
8
3
3
19
15
39
9
9
3
5
5
7
8
25
6
11

9
1
2
3
12
10
1
1
(3)
1
1
11
3
6
3
3
(3)
6
1

1,170
100
3,990
1,190

.13
.01
.44
.13

15
36
7
22

1
(3)
3
0

2,150

.24

18

1

560
180
170
10,540
2,080
3,390
230
560
3,240
12,410

.06
.02
.02
1.16
.23
.37
.03
.06
.36
1.37

26
11
13
6
9
8
44
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
f)
(3)
6
2
2
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

144,150
136,680
290
620
600
190
3,020
7,950
6,120
56,560
380
14,660
1,360
3,340
23,140
8,880
500
880
2,050
840
5,300
7,470
1,440
2,230
560

15.92
15.10
.03
.07
.07
.02
.33
.88
.68
6.25
.04
1.62
.15
.37
2.56
.98
.06
.10
.23
.09
.59
.83
.16
.25
.06

n.a.
n.a.
11
9
10
n.a.
9
5
10
3
25
5
16
7
3
5
13
10
11
16
n.a.
n.a.
13
10
14

n.a.
n.a.
1
1
1
n.a.
3
10
3
14
(3)
11
1
5
19
10
1
1
2
1
n.a.
n.a.
1
1
1

2,180

.24

10

2

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

60

Tutelo 2 2 . !P®r@©inial s®m/i©®@: Employment, relative error, and p®r©®mt ©fi establishments p®porting @®l©@t®d ©©eypatioms,
RSay t©©H=C©nliiny©d
(SIC 72)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Plant clerical workers,— Continued
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

230
830

0.03
.09

14
n.a.

(3)
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................

28,560
21,380
7,180

3.15
2.36
.79

n.a.
5
10

n.a.
9
2

1
Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
3 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

61

Table 23. Business services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1981
(SIC 73)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

3,263,280

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

293,160

8.98

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Aeronautical engineer........................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Civil engineer .....................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
Industrial engineer.............................................
Mechanical engineer..........................................
Metallurgists and metallurgical engineers.........
Petroleum engineer...........................................
Safety engineer..................................................
All other engineers............................................
Financial analyst....................................................
Mathematician ........................................................
Statistician..............................................................
All other mathematical scientists..........................
Chemist..................................................................
Geologists and geophysicists................................
Physicist .................................................................
All other physical scientists...................................
Agricultural scientist...............................................
Biological scientist.................................................
All other life scientists...........................................
Economist ..............................................................
Market research analyst.........................................
Psychologist...........................................................
Sociologist..............................................................
Urban and regional planner...................................
All other social scientists.......................................
Systems analyst, business.....................................
Systems analyst, scientific and technical.............
Vocational and educational counselor..................
Photographer..........................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Appraiser, general merchandise and related........
Media buyer...........................................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Employment interviewer.........................................
Media analyst .........................................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Public relations practitioner ...................................
Reporters and correspondents.............................
Designer.................................................................
Tax preparer...........................................................
All other professional workers....... .......................

406,530
60,700
2,520
4,020
3,420
22,510
3,310
8,540
1,340
720
480
13,840
1,960
1,650
2,200
1,210
9,690
1,740
3,800
2,760
1,380
5,670
1,110
2,440
5,880
2,280
770
830
6,310
34,700
20,510
1,010
8,220
7,270
25,460
3,000
5,550
31,240
17,020
35,000
5,480
33,120
5,720
10,340
2,130
11,110
1,010
36,260

12.46
1.86
.08
.12
.10
.69
.10
.26
.04
.02
.01
.42
.06
.05
.07
.04
.30
.05
.12
.08
.04
.17
.03
.07
.18
.07
.02
.03
.19
1.06
.63
.03
.25
.22
.78
.09
.17
.96
.52
1.07
.17
1.01
.18
.32
.07
.34
.03
1.11

n.a.
n.a.
34
47
16
21
23
20
48
40
35
n.a.
19
39
18
n.a.
16
32
35
n.a.
34
21
n.a.
26
16
26
43
32
n.a.
6
16
32
9
7
6
30
9
5
6
7
11
10
12
15
16
14
25
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
1
1
3
1
1
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.
1
(3)
1
n.a.
2
1
(3)
n.a.
(3)
1
n.a.
(3)
2
(3)
(3)
O
n.a.
6
3
(3)
3
6
14
(3)
3
9
7
8
2
2
4
3
(3)
2
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer, business..........................
Computer programmer, scientific and technical ....
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians................
Surveyor.............................................................
Mechanical engineering technician...................
Industrial engineering technician.......................
Civil engineering technician ..............................
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
Licensed practical nurse........................................
Mathematical technician ........................................
All other technicians..............................................

187,390
42,590
17,730
70,130
19,000
26,280
340
4,190
870
4,430
15,020
7,640
30,490
850
17,960

5.74
1.31
.54
2.15
.58
.81
.01
.13
.03
.14
.46
.23
.93
.03
.55

n.a.
5
9
n.a.
11
11
48
26
35
21
n.a.
26
9
28
n.a.

n.a.
8
3
n.a.
3
3
(3)
1
(3)
1
n.a.
1
2
(3)
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




62

Table 23. Business services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1981—Continued
(SIC 73)

Occupation

Service occupations .................................................
M aid........................................................................
House cleaner........................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Detective................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
Protective-signal operator.....................................
All other service workers.......................................
Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Protective signal installer and/or repairer........
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Electrical instrument repairer............................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
Coin machine servicer and/or vending
machine repairer...........................................
Data processing machine repairer....................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Developer and/or projection printer......................
Negative cutter and/or spotter .............................
Multiple photographic printer operator..................
Print developer, machine.......................................
Photo checker and assembler..............................
Photographer helper..............................................
Copy camera operator ..........................................
All other darkroom workers...................................
Truck driver.............................................................
Billposter ................................................................
Blueprinting machine operator..............................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Compositor and/or typesetter...............................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Exterminator.................................................. .........
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Fumigator...............................................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Order fille r..............................................................
Photograph retoucher, airbrush artist, and/or
photograph colorist..........................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Press operator and/or plate printer ......................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Sign erector...........................................................
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Animal caretaker....................................................
Termite treater........................................................
Termite treater helper............................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Tester .....................................................................
M ailer......................................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers ...........................
Chauffeur................................................................
Bindery worker, assembly......................................

Employment'

Percent of total
employment

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

856,190
32,890
91,520
297,640
306,970
15,260
12,290
15,980
6,840
76,800

26.24
1.01
2.80
9.12
9.41
.47
.38
.49
.21
2.35

n.a.
7
4
n.a.
2
19
29
7
18
n.a.

n.a.
3
6
n.a.
8
1
2
6
1
n.a.

460,250
33,390
5,720
3,870
3,160
370
5,850

14.10
1.02
.18
.12
.10
.01
.18

n.a.
n.a.
17
18
16
32
14

n.a.
n.a.
1
2
1
(3)
2

1,280

.04

49

(3)

1,600
3,450
8,090
8,770
2,760
5,710
2,280
4,530
590
2,840
4,290
31,880
2,550
3,030
5,060
3,420
28,320
5,260
20,110
10,840
1,490
3,750
6,290
3,860
11,860
4,720
3,420

.05
.11
.25
.27
.08
.17
.07
.14
.02
.09
.13
.98
.08
.09
.16
.10
.87
.16
.62
.33
.05
.11
.19
.12
.36
.14
.10

34
21
n.a.
10
13
17
20
20
26
19
n.a.
11
30
14
24
13
9
29
7
8
21
19
20
19
15
15
22

(3)
1
n.a.
3
1
1
1
1
(3)
1
n.a.
5
1
1
1
2
7
1
3
6
0
1
1
1
4
2
1

1,890
4,320
3,040
9,180
16,490
2,940
330
560
1,140
5,720
1,280
3,850
4,070
4,070
9,530
4,080
6,580

.06
.13
.09
.28
.51
.09
.01
.02
.03
.18
.04
.12
.12
.12
.29
.13
.20

33
16
39
16
16
22
38
31
45
10
17
22
22
16
19
24
33

1
1
1
2
1
1
(3)
(3)
(3)
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

63

Table 23. Business services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1981—-Conftiiniuedl
(SIC 73)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

23,730
29,290
117,140

0.73
.90
3.59

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Addressing machine operator...........................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Inserting and/or labeling machine operator.....
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Call-out operator...............................................
Cashier...............................................................
Collector ............................................................
Credit reporter....................................................
Media clerk, estimator, and/or biller.................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk........... ................................
In-file operator...................................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Receptionist.......................................................
Secretary...........................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Survey worker....................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t.............. ,....
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping packer.................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
y a rd ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

936,460
884,390
1,850
4,120
34,830
67,320
10,790
8,490
8,630
7,040
16,420
33,340
28,190
2,850
8,450
21,650
8,520
3,370
30,820
114,270
5,040
13,500
8,730
11,980
4,020
23,170
125,830
15,160
41,220
40,750
18,140
84,610
25,710
55,580
52,070
13,440
6,100
6,950

28.70
27.10
.06
.13
1.07
2.06
.33
.26
.26
.22
.50
1.02
.86
.09
.26
.66
.26
.10
.94
3.50
.15
.41
.27
.37
.12
.71
3.86
.46
1.26
1.25
.56
2.59
.79
1.70
1.60
.41
.19
.21

n.a.
n.a.
16
12
4
5
11
10
9
n.a.
8
4
4
24
19
5
10
10
6
6
12
9
16
5
7
5
3
23
12
10
7
4
5
n.a.
n.a.
8
15
8

n.a.
n.a.
1
2
10
9
3
1
4
n.a.
4
15
19
1
2
6
2
1
8
22
2
5
4
11
4
11
38
2
1
5
12
17
13
n.a.
n.a.
5
2
4

16,740
5,140
3,700

.51
.16
.11

13
29
n.a.

5
3
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................
Demonstrator.........................................................

123,300
102,450
16,810
4,040

3.78
3.14
.52
.12

n.a.
3
15
22

n.a.
29
3
1

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




64

Table 24. Automotive repair, services, and garages: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, May 1981
(SIC 75)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

571,160

100.00

--

-

Managers and officers..............................................

85,220

14.92

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations............................ .........
Engineers...............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Instructor, automobile driving................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

5,000
70
160
320
3,380
90
320
660

.88
.01
.03
.06
.59
.02
.06
.12

n.a.
38
29
17
8
44
30
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
(3)
1
6
(3)
(3)
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
All other technicians..............................................

850
570
280

.15
.10
.05

n.a.
19
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
All other service workers.......................................

8,330
4,770
340
140
550
2,530

1.46
.84
.06
.02
.10
.44

n.a.
8
26
n.a.
12
n.a.

n.a.
8
f)
n.a.
(3)
n.a.

370,470
181,550
103,150
54,120
20,140
420
3,720
12,760
150
37,890
5,210
6,830
480
200
3,610
3,420
7,440
20,490
23,060
9,830
5,370
5,430

64.86
31.79
18.06
9.48
3.53
.07
.65
2.23
.03
6.63
.91
1.20
.08
.04
.63
.60
1.30
3.59
4.04
1.72
.94
.95

n.a.
n.a.
3
4
7
35
n.a.
9
36
4
9
5
39
24
17
15
8
6
3
11
10
11

n.a.
n.a.
41
25
9
(3)
n.a.
6
(3)
17
6
11
(3)
(3)
2
3
8
17
4
4
2
4

12,760
2,650

2.23
.46

7
16

8
2

4,520
5,340
7,730
1,920
1,970
4,310
5,550

.79
.93
1.35
.34
.34
.75
.97

17
14
11
16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

2
3
2
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

88,720
78,670
130
350
680
4,820
10,200
15,950
12,000

15.53
13.77
.02
.06
.12
.84
1.79
2.79
2.10

n.a.
n.a.
23
16
20
7
5
6
5

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
1
0
7
17
7
10

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Automotive body repairer..................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Automobile repair-service estimator.....................
Cleaner, vehicle......................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Industrial truck operator.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, automotive................................................
Parking-lot attendant...........................................
Tire fabricator and/or repairer ..............................
Trailer and/or van rental attendant.......................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Service station attendant, fuel pump attendant
and/or lubricator..............................................
Painter, production.................................................
Automobile seat cover, convertible or vinyl top
installer.............................................................
Glass installer, automotive.....................................
Rental car deliverer...............................................
Chauffeur................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Car rental clerk .’.................................................
Cashier...............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




65

TalbS© 24. Aut©m©Bive repair, services, and garages: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 75)

Occupation
Office clerical workers.— Continued
File c le rk .......... ..................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Order c le rk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel c le rk..................................................
Receptionist.......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist.................................. ................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

430
16,050
270
2,270
90
2,550
8,930
100
240
1,650
710
1,250
10,050
190
340

0.08
2.81
.05
.40
.02
.45
1.56
.02
.04
.29
.12
.22
1.76
.03
.06

19
4
31
10
18
10
5
31
12
12
12
n.a.
n.a.
21
20

1
22
(3)
5
(3)
5
14
(3)
1
3
1
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
1

7,420
1,480
620

1.30
.26
.11

9
17
n.a.

9
1
n.a.

12,570
11,700
870

2.20
2.05
.15

n.a.
5
43

n.a.
14
(3)

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Percent of total
employment

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

66

Table 25. Miscellaneous repair services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1981
(SIC 76)

Occupation
T otal...............................................................

Employment1

Percent of total
employment
100.00

248,760

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

--

-

Managers and officers..............................................

34,300

13.79

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
All other engineers............................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

5,620
2,720
2,480
240
170
280
1,800
110
540

2.26
1.09
1.00
.10
.07
.11
.72
.04
.22

n.a.
n.a.
19
n.a.
40
6
6
18
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
3
n.a.
O
2
7
(3)
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians................
All other engineering technicians......................
Taxidermist.............................................................
All other technicians..............................................

15,300
130
14,490
500
13,830
160
370
310

6.15
.05
5.82
.20
5.56
.06
.15
.12

n.a.
26
n.a.
13
4
n.a.
26
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
n.a.
2
12
n.a.
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
All other service workers.......................................

3,340
2,740
230
50
320

1.34
1.10
.09
.02
.13

n.a.
8
16
26
n.a.

n.a.
8
(3)
(3)
n.a.

143,600
57,290
4,800
160

57.73
23.03
1.93
.06

n.a.
n.a.
6
31

n.a.
n.a.
6
(3)

660
740
11,450
190
800
180
80
340
4,400
250
2,800

.27
.30
4.60
.08
.32
.07
.03
.14
1.77
.10
1.13

21
14
4
29
18
37
47
25
8
28
8

1
1
10
(3)
1
(3)
(3)
1
3
(3)
4

900

.36

16

1

8,710

3.50

6

7

11,280
400
5,470
3,680
3,140
2,080
960
450
2,040
3,300

4.53
.16
2.20
1.48
1.26
.84
.39
.18
.82
1.33

5
32
7
n.a.
5
10
14
20
8
12

8
(3)
5
n.a.
9
2
1
1
6
3

1,990
2,360
300
1,390
1,720
150

.80
.95
.12
.56
.69
.06

9
4
13
11
14
30

2
8
1
1
1
(3)

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Bicycle repairer..................................................
Camera repairer and/or motion picture camera
repairer..........................................................
Diesel mechanic................................................
Electric motor repairer.......................................
Electric tool repairer..........................................
Electrical instrument repairer............................
Electromedical equipment repairer...................
Farm equipment mechanic................................
Gasoline engine or mower repairer..................
Locksmith ...........................................................
Marine mechanic and/or repairer.....................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Office machine servicer and/or cash register
servicer.........................................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning
mechanic......................................................
Television servicer and repairer, radio repairer
and/or tape recorder repairer......................
Data processing machine repairer....................
Gas and electric appliance repairer..................
Ail other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Boilermaker............................................................
Cabinetmaker.........................................................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Filers, grinders, buffers, chippers, cleaners,
and/or polishers...............................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Inspector................................................................
Instrument repairer.................................................
Jeweler and/or silversmith ....................................
Lens grinder...........................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




67

Table 25. Miscellaneous repair services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1981—Continued
(SIC 76)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Musical instrument repairer...................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentnongarment.......................................................
Sewing machine operator, special and/or
automatic equipment-nongarment...................
Sheet metal w orker...............................................
Watchmaker...........................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter....................................
Furniture finisher....................................................
Furniture upholsterer.............................................
Septic tank servicer and/or sewer pipe cleaner ...
Saw filer .................................................................
T este r.....................................................................
Picture fram er.........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

11

7,480
2,430
7,010
460
340
1,430
180

3.01
.98
2.82
.18
.14
.57
.07

5
10
4
27
17
11
16

1,900

.76

8

4

460
430
1,460
17,550
2,850
8,090
3,650
240
120
300
1,290
4,600
4,160

.18
.17
.59
7.05
1.15
3.25
1.47
.10
.05
.12
.52
1.85
1.67

22
18
14
3
9
8
23
16
31
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
1
1
19
3
8
3

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d .............................................
Cashier...........................................................................
File c le rk ........................................................................
General office clerk ....................................................
Order clerk ...................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Receptionist .................................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping packer.................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

34,320
29,920
330
230
160
1,330
4,920
430
100
9,180
280
1,320
60
8,330
330
2,130
160
630
4,400
160
140
2,160

13.80
12.03
.13
.09
.06
.53
1.98
.17
.04
3.69
.11
.53
.02
3.35
.13
.86
.06
.25
1.77
.06
.06
.87

n.a.
n.a.
16
13
19
7
4
20
14
3
13
6
21
3
27
6
14
n.a.
n.a.
8
16
5

n.a.
n.a.
1
1

1,610
300
30

.65
.12
.01

6
15
n.a.

6
1
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................

12,280
8,690
3,590

4.94
3.49
1.44

n.a.
3
7

n.a.
20
6

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




4

4

13

ft

1
2

0

ft
ft

1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

ft

5
21
1
1
26
1
6

ft

28
1
7
1
n.a.
n.a.
1

ft

9

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

68

Table 26. Motion pictures: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
April 1981
(SIC 78)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total................................................................

213,050

100.00

--

-

Managers and officers..............................................

27,710

13.01

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Electrical and electronic engineers .......................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Photographer..........................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Actor or actress .....................................................
Budget analyst........................................................
Commercial a rtist...................................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Film editor..............................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Motion picture narrator..........................................
Music director.........................................................
Musician, instrumental...........................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Public relations practitioner...................................
Singer .....................................................................
Designer.................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

39,630
570
180
2,430
480
1,450
21,620
240
1,780
1,560
2,040
170
240
150
3,140
100
490
280
240
2,470

18.60
.27
.08
1.14
.23
.68
10.15
.11
.84
.73
.96
.08
.11
.07
1.47
.05
.23
.13
.11
1.16

n.a.
26
21
17
18
12
9
24
33
19
17
23
41
32
26
17
21
50
36
n.a.

n.a.
3
1
9
5
8
2
1
5
4
6
1
1
1
1
1
3
(3)
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Electrical and electronic technicians................
Sound recording and reproduction technician ...
All other engineering technicians......................
All other technicians..............................................

3,310
280
2,130
500
1,260
370
900

1.55
.13
1.00
.23
.59
.17
.42

n.a.
21
n.a.
40
16
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.
3
5
n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Kitchen helper........................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria ...........................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods......
Food preparation and service worker, fast food
restaurant..........................................................
All other food service workers..............................
Costumer................................................................
Costumer assistant................................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
Make-up a rtist........................................................
Usher, lobby attendant, ticket taker and/or
drive-in theater attendant................................
All other service workers.......................................

56,670
11,050
2,310
340

26.60
5.19
1.08
.16

n.a.
3
9
28

n.a.
50
8
1

6,190
880

2.91
.41

8
21

14
3

5,320
1,040
220
140
160
220

2.50
.49
.10
.07
.08
.10

9
n.a.
33
44
23
32

10
n.a.
(3)
(3)
1
1

27,860
940

13.08
.44

3
n.a.

47
n.a.

26,350
450

12.37
.21

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

180
270
860
600
680
460
970
320
530
220
150
490
960

.08
.13
.40
.28
.32
.22
.46
.15
.25
.10
.07
.23
.45

40
n.a.
29
34
30
n.a.
29
33
39
49
35
23
26

2
n.a.
1
1
1
n.a.
2
1
2
1
1
2
4

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Camera repairer and/or motion picture camera
repairer..........................................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Developing-machine operator, motion picture film
Negative cutter and/or sp o tter.............................
Film printer, motion picture film ............................
All other darkroom workers...................................
Truck driver............................................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Dubbing machine operator....................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Inspector................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.




69

Table 26. Motion pictures: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
April 1981—Continued
(SIC 78)

Occupation

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations—Continued
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Microphone-boom operator, motor-power
connector, and/or sound installation worker ...
Property handler.....................................................
Motion picture projectionist ...................................
Film viewer.............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

160
480
100

0.08
.23
.05

49
18
35

1
4
1

180
280
16,210
420
630
380
820

.08
.13
7.61
.20
.30
.18
.38

49
31
2
35
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
1
58
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier.....................'..........................................
Film booker........................................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Order clerk ........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk......................
Personnel clerk..................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary...........................................................
Switchboard operator........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Script c le rk .........................................................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping packer.................................................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

45,760
41,750
240
320
310
120
90
1,330
1,380
20,180
1,360
350
3,720
550
590
70
680
5,430
210
480
140
1,530
1,040
1,630
4,010
990
1,160
1,180

21.48
19.60
.11
.15
.15
.06
.04
.62
.65
9.47
.64
.16
1.75
.26
.28
.03
.32
2.55
.10
.23
.07
.72
.49
.77
1.88
.46
.54
.55

n.a.
n.a.
27
24
20
n.a.
32
12
11
3
15
15
13
22
13
22
17
9
23
18
23
13
16
n.a.
n.a.
19
23
20

n.a.
n.a.
2
2
2
n.a.
1
7
12
56
8
3
13
2
6
1
5
23
2
5
1
8
5
n.a.
n.a.
4
4
6

510
170

.24
.08

22
n.a.

3
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................

13,620
3,140
10,480

6.39
1.47
4.92

n.a.
11
6

n.a.
13
22

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




70

Table 27. Amusement and recreation services, except motion pictures: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1981
(SIC 79)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

769,770

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

64,540

8.38

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
All other engineers............................................
Painter, artistic........................................................
Teacher and/or instructor, nonvocational
education...........................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Actor or actress .....................................................
Announcer, radio and television ...........................
Athlete, professiona................................................
Coach, professional athletes.................................
Comedian...............................................................
Dance instructor.....................................................
Dancer ....................................................................
Music director.........................................................
Musician, instrumental...........................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Public relations practitioner ...................................
Sports instructor.....................................................
Singer .....................................................................
Umpire....................................................................
Designer.................................................................
Athletic trainer........................................................
Group recreation worker........................................
All other professional workers...............................

114,270
240
140
100
260

14.84
.03
.02
.01
.03

n.a.
n.a.
23
n.a.
21

n.a.
n.a.
1
n.a.
1

600
980
4,330
8,450
1,080
6,630
710
780
12,100
4,050
1,130
31,580
430
320
3,540
21,530
3,370
1,710
1,290
320
3,860
4,980

.08
.13
.56
1.10
.14
.86
.09
.10
1.57
.53
.15
4.10
.06
.04
.46
2.80
.44
.22
.17
.04
.50
.65

36
15
6
11
23
6
14
31
7
16
19
6
10
12
8
7
14
24
17
30
17
n.a.

1
3
13
2
3
3
1
(3)
7
1
3
8
1
1
9
23
2
1
2
1
4
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Electrical and electronic technicians ................
All other engineering technicians......................
Licensed practical nurse........................................
All other technicians..............................................

2,600
140
730
580
150
330
1,400

.34
.02
.09
.08
.02
.04
.18

n.a.
27
n.a.
21
n.a.
20
n.a.

n.a.
1
n.a.
1
n.a.
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Maid ........................................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers, to ta l...................................
Bartender............................................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant.......................................
Host/hostess, restaurant, lounge or coffee
shop .............................................................
Kitchen helper....................................................
Waiter/waitress..................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria........................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods ..
Cook, restaurant................................................
Food preparation and service worker, fast food
restaurant .....................................................
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee m aker............
Cook, institution or cafeteria.............................
All other food service workers..........................
Child care attendant..............................................
Cosmetologist and/or hairstylist...........................
Costumer................................................................
Costumer assistant................................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
Housekeeper ..........................................................
Make-up a rtist........................................................
Masseur or masseuse...........................................

339,370
6,550
25,380
12,230
166,260
27,890

44.09
.85
3.30
1.59
21.60
3.62

n.a.
9
n.a.
6
n.a.
3

n.a.
9
n.a.
9
n.a.
32

12,010

1.56

6

10

1,980
16,690
61,070

.26
2.17
'7.93

9
4
3

5
18
29

8,280
12,830
13,260

1.08
1.67
1.72

8
5
4

7
16
19

7,070
2,890
650
1,640
8,090
340
500
440
6,880
1,820
170
340

.92
.38
.08
.21
1.05
.04
.06
.06
.89
.24
.02
.04

14
10
20
n.a.
5
25
16
13
6
10
24
26

2
5
1
n.a.
13
(3)
1
1
13
5
(3)
1

See footnotes at end of table.




71

Table 27. Amusement and recreation services, except motion pictures: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1981—Continued
(SIC 79)

Occupation

Service occupations—Continued
Recreation facility attendant..................................
Game operators, ride operators and concession
workers.............................................................
Usher, lobby attendant, ticket taker and/or
drive-in theater attendant................................
Guide, sightseeing or establishment.....................
Lifeguard ................ ................................................
Checkroom and locker-room attendants..............
All other service workers .......................................
Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
Pinsetter mechanic, automatic .........................
Coin machine servicer and/or vending
machine repairer...........................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Order fille r..............................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Parking-lot attendant.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Custom sewer.........................................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Animal caretaker....................................................
Pin chaser..............................................................
Racker, poolroom ..................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers ...........................
Chauffeur................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, total ..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
Desk clerk, bowling flo o r...................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk ........................

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

25,380

3.30

6

16

42,220

5.48

6

5

11,340
2,500
15,930
6,480
6,520

1.47
.32
2.07
.84
.85

5
27
9
7
n.a.

4
1
11
9
n.a.

118,070
17,930
930
800
7,860

15.34
2.33
.12
.10
1.02

n.a.
n.a.
14
13
4

n.a.
n.a.
2
1
14

7,340
1,000
200
1,540
450
1,470
580
210
14,780
630
100
700
3,770
280
580
180
7,870
10,500
540
43,650
310
1,890
2,510
7,400

.95
.13
.03
.20
.06
.19
.08
.03
1.92
.08
.01
.09
.49
.04
.08
.02
1.02
1.36
.07
5.67
.04
.25
.33
.96

14
n.a.
29
14
42
15
11
29
6
15
41
17
7
15
19
20
7
3
23
4
30
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

3
n.a.
1
3
1
3
2
(3)
20
1
(3)
1
3
1
1
(3)
3
13
1
26
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

104,520
102,720
470
380
190
130
330
3,580
6,670
39,150
16,810
330
8,780
450
2,170
270
5,280
9,600
900
1,420
1,620
3,060
1,130
1,800
320

13.58
13.34
.06
.05
.02
.02
.04
.47
.87
5.09
2.18
.04
1.14
.06
.28
.04
.69
1.25
.12
.18
.21
.40
.15
.23
.04

n.a.
n.a.
15
17
16
n.a.
39
7
5
4
3
16
6
22
6
16
10
5
10
9
12
9
n.a.
n.a.
31

n.a.
n.a.
2
2
1
n.a.
(3)
10
21
20
16
1
18
1
8
1
10
21
2
4
4
7
n.a.
n.a.
1

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

72

Table 27. Amusement and recreation services, except motion pictures: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1981—Continued
(SIC 79)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Plant clerical workers,—Continued
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

1,330
150

0.17
.02

11
n.a.

2
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................
Vendor....................................................................

26,400
7,680
16,040
2,680

3.43
1.00
2.08
.35

n.a.
13
10
14

n.a.
8
10
2

' Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimatedat the level of 2 chances out of
3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5. percent.
n.a. = not available.

73

Table 28. Health services, except hospitals: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981
(SIC 80, except 806)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

2,631,910

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

154,420

5.87

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Biological scientist .................................................
Psychologist...........................................................
All other social scientists.......................................
Physical therapist...................................................
Respiratory therapist .............................................
Occupational therapist...........................................
Manual arts, music, and/or recreational therapist
All other therapists.................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Podiatrist ................................................................
Speech pathologist and/or audiologist.................
Audiometrist...........................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Caseworker............................................................
Chiropractor...........................................................
Dentist ....................................................................
Dietitian and/or nutritionist ....................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Optometrist ............................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Pharmacist .............................................................
Physician and/or surgeon......................................
Group recreation worker........................................
All other professional workers...............................

549,510
550
8,010
590
15,590
3,900
4,160
4,390
3,580
460
3,900
5,200
640
1,550
13,730
24,210
4,710
56,740
8,350
184,300
8,650
1,260
2,220
171,940
12,260
8,620

20.88
.02
.30
.02
.59
.15
.16
.17
.14
.02
.15
.20
.02
.06
.52
.92
.18
2.16
.32
7.00
.33
.05
.08
6.53
.47
.33

n.a.
26
11
n.a.
9
26
9
8
n.a.
21
13
11
26
7
5
6
11
2
4
2
8
8
8
2
4
n.a.

n.a.
(3)
3
n.a.
8
1
3
3
n.a.
(3)
2
3
(3)
3
8
9
2
19
8
33
5
2
2
31
7
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Biological science technician ................................
Dental assistant......................................................
Licensed practical nurse.......................................
Physician’s assistant..............................................
Surgical technician.................................................
Radiologic technician ............................................
Pharmacy helper....................................................
Medical record librarian.........................................
Dental hygienist......................................................
Medical laboratory technologist............................
Biochemistry technologist......................................
Microbiology technologist ......................................
Cytotechnologist.....................................................
Histologic technologist ..........................................
Medical laboratory technician................................
Electrocardiograph technician...............................
Electroencephalograph technician........................
Dietetic technician..................................................
Blood bank technology specialist.........................
Physical therapy assistant .....................................
Radiologic technologist and/or nuclear medical
technologist ......................................................
All other medical and dental technologists and
technicians........................................................
All other technicians..............................................

466,860
650
600
136,380
135,150
13,880
660
25,250
980
4,460
61,470
23,900
740
1,140
1,800
1,050
20,450
1,030
620
6,310
3,630
13,790

17.74
.02
.02
5.18
5.14
.53
.03
.96
.04
.17
2.34
.91
.03
.04
.07
.04
.78
.04
.02
.24
.14
.52

n.a.
12
40
1
2
7
23
5
14
5
2
5
17
14
13
15
5
15
27
6
13
10

n.a.
1
(3)
26
24
4
(3)
8
1
5
18
7
(3)
1
1
1
7
1
(3)
5
1
6

2,430

.09

13

1

7,900
2,590

.30
.10

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
M aid........................................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant...........................................
Kitchen helper........................................................
Waiter/waitress ......................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods......
Cook, institution or cafeteria .................................
All other food service workers..............................

858,460
71,300
36,770
2,720

32.62
2.71
1.40
.10

n.a.
2
n.a.
8

n.a.
17
n.a.
1

7,100
72,480
6,820
1,370
36,270
9,630

.27
2.75
.26
.05
1.38
.37

11
2
12
16
2
n.a.

1
10
1
1
10
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




74

Table 28. Health services, except hospitals: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations, May 1981—Continued
(SIC 80, except 806)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Service occupations—Continued
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
Housekeeper ..........................................................
Nurse aide and/or orderly .....................................
Psychiatric aid ........................................................
Child-care w orker..................................................
Social service aide.................................................
Medical assistant ...................................................
Occupational therapy assistant..........................
All other service workers .......................................

2,090
11,700 ,
488,020
2,610
1,490
10,220
86,280
1,950
9,640

0.08
.44
18.54
.10
.06
.39
3.28
.07
.37

7
5
1
21
36
7
3
10
n.a.

2
8
15
(3)
(3)
5
17
1
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Electromedical equipment repairer ...................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Washer, machine and/or starcher........................
Laundry presser, machine .....................................
Truck driver............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Dental-laboratory technician .................................
Custom sewer.........................................................
Optician, dispensing and/or optical mechanic......
Gardeners and groundskeepers ...........................
Chauffeur................................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

111,170
1,100
540
560
23,510
2,650
330
7,200
1,640
11,640
800
1,190
34,790
290
11,640
6,170
1,650
980
3,130
2,460

n.a.
n.a.
27
n.a.
3
10
20
7
9
4
13
9
6
28
8
9
13
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
6
9
7
21
n.a.
8
5
3
6
4
3
10
3
17
6
7
2
2
10
7
5
4
5
n.a.
n.a.
25
12

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
8
1
(3)
3
2
8
1
1
6
(3)
4
3
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5
2
2
(3)
n.a.
2
8
20
5
8
20
1
16
1
7
2
46
34
1
3
7
10
8
n.a.
n.a.
(3)
1

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, total ..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer ................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mai! clerk ............................................................
Insurance clerk, medical....................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk......................
Personnel c le rk..................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ............................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........:...............

488,060
484,560
9,560
2,180
2,310
300
470
2,590
11,530
30,350
6,900
21,040
56,020
630
38,870
480
6,740
1,250
124,220
107,120
1,050
4,260
11,890
24,660
11,440
8,700
3,500
290
1,540

4.22
.04
.02
.02
.89
.10
.01
.27
.06
.44
.03
.05
1.32
.01
.44
.23
.06
.04
.12
.09
18.54
18.41
.36
.08
.09
.01
.02
.10
.44
1.15
.26
.80
2.13
.02
1.48
.02
.26
.05
4.72
4.07
.04
.16
.45
.94
.43
.33
.13
.01
.06

1,360
310

.05
.01

9
n.a.

1
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
All other sales workers .........................................

3,430
3,170
260

.13
.12
.01

n.a.
10
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.
75

Table 20. Legal services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
June 1981
(SIC 81)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

542,980

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

36,320

6.69

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations..........................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Accountants and auditors......................................
Law clerk................................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Librarian, professional...........................................
Paralegal personnel...............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
All other professional workers...............................

206,080
650
2,750
26,100
140,800
2,310
30,900
180
2,390

37.95
.12
.51
4.81
25.93
.43
5.69
.03
.44

n.a.
25
12
5
2
8
4
40
n.a.

n.a.
2
8
34
76
10
36
1
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
All other technicians..............................................

1,430
1,080
350

.26
.20
.06

n.a.
24
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Detective................................................................
All other service workers.......................................

8,360
7,730
430
200

1.54
1.42
.08
.04

n.a.
10
33
n.a.

n.a.
16
1
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ....,.........................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

320
190
120
10

.06
.03
.02

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
8
1
1
2
n.a.
7
13
30
16
17
(3)
6
24
93
6
28
19
14

O

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Library assistant.................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Messenger.........................................................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

290,380
290,310
2,930
280
170
520
3,140
7,140
4,900
12,760
8,970
12,520
130
1,510
10,840
190,210
2,230
10,300
9,460
9,980
220
2,100
70

53.48
53.47
.54
.05
.03
.10
.58
1.31
.90
2.35
1.65
2.31
.02
.28
2.00
35.03
.41
1.90
1.74
1.84
.04
.39
.01

n.a.
n.a.
11
27
27
11
n.a.
12
8
5
7
10
25
15
6
2
12
6

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

60
10

.01
(3)

23
n.a.

(3)
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
All other sales workers .........................................

90
60
30

.02
.01
.01

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate "All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




6
8
22

76

Table 30. Social services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981
(SIC 83)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

1,163,850

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

120,870

10.39

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations........................................
Statistician..............................................................
Psychologist...........................................................
Sociologist..............................................................
Urban and regional planner...................................
All other social scientists.......................................
Physical therapist...................................................
Occupational therapist...........................................
Manual arts, music, and/or recreational therapist
All other therapists.................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing........
Teacher and/or instructor, vocational education
or training..........................................................
Teacher and/or instructor, nonvocational
education...........................................................
Vocational and educational counselor..................
Teacher, elementary and/or preschool ................
All other teachers ..................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Budget analyst........................................................
Director, cam p........................................................
Caseworker.............................................................
Clergy .....................................................................
Dentist ....................................................................
Dietitian and/or nutritionist ....................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Paralegal personnel...............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Physician and/or surgeon.......... '...........................
Public relations practitioner ...................................
Director of religious activities and/or religious
education...........................................................
Community organization worker............................
Welfare investigator...............................................
Group recreation worker........................................
All other professional workers...............................

313,170
630
6,170
160
190
530
1,770
1,790
1,290
2,880
200

26.91
.05
.53
.01
.02
.05
.15
.15
.11
.25
.02

n.a.
14
7
24
40
n.a.
11
13
18
n.a.
16

n.a.
2
8
(3)
1
n.a.
3
3
2
n.a.
1

12,240

1.05

9

7

12,090
25,920
84,380
11,920
1,020
8,940
2,110
310
57,230
580
290
5,750
440
19,010
280
2,920
2,050
4,420

1.04
2.23
7.25
1.02
.09
.77
.18
.03
4.92
.05
.02
.49
.04
1.63
.02
.25
.18
.38

7
4
3
n.a.
5
4
6
23
3
14
15
5
26
3
27
7
9
7

7
17
23
n.a.
4
19
6
1
31
2
1
14
1
19
(3)
7
4
9

210
16,750
180
15,500
13,020

.02
1.44
.02
1.33
1.12

37
5
38
5
n.a.

1
14
(3)
15
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer ..........................................
Engineering technicians .........................................
Licensed practical nurse........................................
Medical record librarian..........................................
Medical and dental technicians and technologists
All other technicians..............................................

15,030
360
150
10,500
650
2,040
1,330

1.29
.03
.01
.90
.06
.18
.11

n.a.
13
34
3
7
10
n.a.

n.a.
1
(3)
11
3
2
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Maid ........................................................................
House cleaner.......................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers, total ...................................
Baker, bread and/or pastry ..............................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant.......................................
Kitchen helper....................................................
Waiter/waitress..................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria........................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods ..
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee m aker............
Cook, institution or cafeteria.............................
All other food service workers..........................
Child care attendant..............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................

381,870
18,870
6,660
12,070
4,060
72,130
190

32.81
1.62
.57
1.04
.35
6.20
.02

n.a.
3
6
n.a.
7
n.a.
12

n.a.
19
7
n.a.
5
n.a.
1

5,570
17,340
7,240

.48
1.49
.62

6
3
6

3
16
2

1,530
1,260
500
33,680
4,820
13,140
3,440

.13
.11
.04
2.89
.41
1.13
.30

39
14
11
2
n.a.
9
8

1
2
1
38
n.a.
4
5

See footnotes at end of table.




77

Table 30. Social services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
May 1981—Continued
(SIC 83)

Occupation

Service occupations—Continued
Housekeeper .........................................................
Nurse aide and/or orderly.....................................
Psychiatric aid ........................................................
Recreation facility attendant..................................
Child-care w orker..................................................
Social service aide.................................................
Medical assistant ...................................................
Occupational therapy assistant.............................
All other service workers.......................................
Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Marker, classifier, wet wash assembler, detacher,
and/or checker ................................................
Washer, machine and/or starcher.........................
Laundry operator, small establishment.................
Laundry presser, machine .....................................
Truck driver............................................................
Bus driver...............................................................
Carpenter...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Inspector................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Order fille r..............................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Production packager, hand or machine................
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Stationary engineer................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers ...........................
Chauffeur................................................................
Bus driver, school ..................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............
Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, total ..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Procurement c le rk .............................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
Teacher aide and/or educational assistant......
All other office clerical workers........................

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

4,830
53,980
1,490
1,640
122,980
31,030
640
520
34,390

0.42
4.64
.13
.14
10.57
2.67
.05
.04
2.95

8
4
16
22
3
5
31
16
n.a.

9
11
(3)
1
27
19
1
1
n.a.

110,740
1,390
360
380
650

9.51
.12
.03
.03
.06

n.a.
n.a.
12
10
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
1
n.a.

700
1,350
1,370
480
3,720
7,800
5,890
2,320
480
7,880
450
10,700
2,030
200
1,270
220
2,890
150
140
5,000
2,100
9,500
1,560
10,030
31,120

.06
.12
.12
.04
.32
.67
.51
.20
.04
.68
.04
.92
.17
.02
.11
.02
.25
.01
.01
.43
.18
.82
.13
.86
2.67

16
6
7
10
7
6
9
10
20
6
22
4
13
19
12
19
19
14
14
13
11
5
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

1
3
3
1
5
8
5
3
1
9
1
17
2
(3)
3
1
1
(3)
(3)
6
3
8
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

211,560
206,050
3,190
660
620
600
1,580
5,800
14,160
1,240
2,130
20,300
680
460
3,190
1,430
550
8,500
41,140
1,620
5,630
11,980
5,120
67,630
7,840

18.18
17.70
.27
.06
.05
.05
.14
.50
1.22
.11
.18
1.74
.06
.04
.27
.12
.05
.73
3.53
.14
.48
1.03
.44
5.81
.67

n.a.
n.a.
6
9
12
n.a.
13
4
3
16
8
5
10
21
5
5
8
4
3
7
4
4
6
3
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
8
2
1
n.a.
2
13
30
2
4
21
2
1
10
5
2
16
47
3
14
17
10
22
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




Relative error (in
percentage)2

78

Tabl© 30. S o cial se rv ic e s :
M a y 1081— C o n tin u e d

E m p lo y m e n t, re la tiv e e rro r, a n d p e rc e n t o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts re p o rtin g s e le c te d o cc u p a tio n s ,

(SIC 83)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping packer.................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

4,910
1,530
660
730

0.42
.13
.06
.06

n.a.
14
41
16

n.a.
2
1
1

1,160
830

.10
.07

10
n.a.

3
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Contribution solicitor..............................................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c je rk .............................................................

10,610
3,690

.91
.32

n.a.
16

n.a.
4

2,180
4,740

.19
.41

n.a.
10

n.a.
2

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5. percent,
n.a. = not available.

79

Table 31. Museums and botanical and zoological gardens: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations, April 1981
(SIC 84)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

33,760

100.00

--

-

Managers and officers..............................................

3,660

10.84

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Biological scientist.................................................
All other natural and mathematical scientists.......
Teacher and/or instructor, nonvocational
education..........................................................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Archivist..................................................................
Librarian, professional ...........................................
Curator, museum....................................................
Designer.................................................................
All other professional workers...............................

5,420
100
70

16.05
.30
.21

n.a.
34
24

n.a.
2
2

1,500
240
310
460
1,400
380
960

4.44
.71
.92
1.36
4.15
1.13
2.84

8
6
9
5
4
6
n.a.

32
22
23
29
55
23
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Museum technician and/or restorer......................
Technical assistant, library ....................................
All other technicians..............................................

1,540
850
230
460

4.56
2.52
.68
1.36

n.a.
6
8
n.a.

n.a.
32
12
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
Guide, sightseeing or establishment.....................
All other service workers.......................................

10,810
1,920
3,410
1,120
100
3,850
410

32.02
5.69
10.10
3.32
.30
11.40
1.21

n.a.
4
9
6
40
7
n.a.

n.a.
60
38
11
2
34
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Carpenter...............................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Animal caretaker....................................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers ...........................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

4,390
310
1,210
260
140
800
1,340
180
100
50

13.00
.92
3.58
.77
.41
2.37
3.97
.53
.30
.15

n.a.
7
4
6
9
4
5
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
18
39
12
8
12
33
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, total ..................................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Library assistant.................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
All other office clerical workers........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk .......................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

6,000
5,900
120
240
390
800
970
200
80
410
1,540
100
230
320
500
100
60
40

17.77
17.48
.36
.71
1.16
2.37
2.87
.59
.24
1.21
4.56
.30
.68
.95
1.48
.30
.18
.12

n.a.
n.a.
10
9
5
11
7
10
7
7
4
15
6
6
n.a.
n.a.
11
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
5
17
38
19
33
11
9
26
58
8
20
17
n.a.
n.a.
2
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................

1,940
370
1,570

5.75
1.10
4.65

n.a.
8
4

n.a.
20
36

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




80

Table 32. Membership organizations, except religious organizations: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1981
(SIC 86, except 866)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment'

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

643,390

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

158,690

24.66

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
All other engineers............................................
Statistician..............................................................
All other natural and mathematical scientists.......
Economist ..............................................................
All other social scientists.......................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Teacher and/or instructor, vocational education
or training..........................................................
Teacher and/or instructor, nonvocational
education...........................................................
Teacher, elementary and/or preschool ................
All other teachers ..................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Director, cam p........................................................
Caseworker............................................................
Dietitian and/or nutritionist ....................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Law clerk................................................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Librarian, professional ...........................................
Curator, museum....................................................
Musician, instrumental...........................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Paralegal personnel...............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Physician and/or surgeon......................................
Public relations practitioner ...................................
Sports instructor.....................................................
Veterinarian............................................................
Community organization worker............................
Group recreation w orker.......................................
All other professional workers...............................

122,430
560,
160
400
480
200
230
260
440

19.03
.09
.02
.06
.07
.03
.04
.04
.07

n.a.
n.a.
26
n.a.
14
18
15
n.a.
9

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
n.a.
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.
1

3,450

.54

10

2

10,590
1,700
2,000
490
7,340
590
4,010
320
5,890
180
1,150
530
280
470
860
290
24,140
1,160
6,780
5,330
90
7,480
25,460
9,680

1.65
.26
.31
.08
1.14
.09
.62
.05
.92
.03
.18
.08
.04
.07
.13
.05
3.75
.18
1.05
.83
.01
1.16
3.96
1.50

6
8
n.a.
5
4
9
8
25
4
13
9
13
25
28
13
21
5
25
6
6
32
6
4
n.a.

4
1
n.a.
2
13
2
2
1
8
(3)
1
1
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
9
(3)
10
2
(3)
5
7
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer..........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians ................
All other engineering technicians......................
Science technicians...............................................
Licensed practical nurse........................................
Technical assistant, library ....................................
Medical and dental technicians and technologists
All other technicians..............................................

3,220
830
410
150
80
180
280
350
130
190
1,030

.50
.13
.06
.02
.01
.03
.04
.05
.02
.03
.16

n.a.
7
n.a.
32
19
n.a.
27
19
14
29
n.a.

n.a.
2
n.a.
(3)
(3)
n.a.
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
M aid........................................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers .......................................
Food service workers, to ta l...................................
Bartender............................................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant.......................................
Host/hostess, restaurant, lounge or coffee
shop .............................................................
Kitchen helper......... ..........................................
Waiter/waitress..................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods ..
Cook, restaurant................................................
Cook, institution or cafeteria.............................
All other food service workers..........................
Child care attendant..............................................

160,840
5,730
21,550
5,450
92,500
33,840

25.00
.89
3.35
.85
14.38
5.26

n.a.
5
n.a.
7
n.a.
3

n.a.
7
n.a.
5
n.a.
16

7,620

1.18

5

5

650
11,890
26,190
1,660
6,660
2,600
1,390
870

.10
1.85
4.07
.26
1.04
.40
.22
.14

6
5
3
9
4
7
n.a.
15

1
8
11
2
7
3
n.a.
1

See footnotes at end of table.




81

Table 32. Membership organizations, except religious organizations: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1981—Continued
(SIC 86, except 866)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Service occupations—Continued
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
Nurse aide and/or orderly.....................................
Recreation facility attendant..................................
Game operators, ride operators and concession
workers.............................................................
Child-care w orker..................................................
Lifeguard ................................................................
Checkroom and locker-room attendants..............
Social service aide.................................................
All other service workers.......................................

900
400
5,300

0.14
.06
.82

7
23
7

O

2,870
5,370
6,720
1,650
3,060
8,470

.45
.83
1.04
.26
.48
1.32

13
6
5
7
9
n.a.

1
3
3
1
2
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Bus driver...............................................................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Delivery and/or route w orker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Inspector ................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades........................................................
Order fille r..............................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Press operator and/or plate printer .....................
Stationary engineer................................................
Animal caretaker....................................................
Chauffeur................................................................
Bus driver, school..................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers ..............

23,910
670
240
310
120
620
460
500
320
230
740
370
6,110
630
100
560
80
820
230
3,940
290
500
1,090
1,920
3,730

3.72
.10
.04
.05
.02
.10
.07
.08
.05
.04
.12
.06
.95
.10
.02
.09
.01
.13
.04
.61
.05
.08
.17
.30
.58

n.a.
n.a.
19
39
n.a.
20
14
12
23
25
15
39
6
22
21
9
12
8
10
10
18
16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
(3)
0
n.a.
(3)
1
1
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
8
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
2
(3)
1
(3)
(3)
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .......... •..........................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
File c le rk............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Library assistant.................................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk .....................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ...........................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Travel counselor, auto club ..............................
Travel clerk ............... :.......................................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
Teacher aide and/or educational assistant......
All other office clerical workers........................

164,060
160,100
270
1,420
1,440
380
670
770
4,080
7,170
12,810
2,260
4,080
28,950
200
3,460
600
2,470
410
6,610
44,210
400
1,680
5,660
5,270
1,280
13,400
2,250
2,470
5,430

25.50
24.88
.04
.22
.22
.06
.10
.12
.63
1.11
1.99
.35
.63
4.50
.03
.54
.09
.38
.06
1.03
6.87
.06
.26
.88
.82
.20
2.08
.35
.38
.84

n.a.
n.a.
12
11
7
11
6
n.a.
6
4
3
7
6
3
15
4
18
6
7
4
2
16
9
4
7
13
4
7
8
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
3
2
1
2
n.a.
5
11
26
2
6
23
(3)
6
1
6
1
11
43
1
3
11
2
1
15
3
2
n.a.

See footnotes at end of table.




82

1
3

Table 32. Membership organizations, except religious organizations: Employment, relative error, and percent of
establishments reporting selected occupations, April 1981—Continued
(SIC 86, except 866)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping packer.................................................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk ........................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..................................................... .........
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or w o rk.................
All other plant clerical workers.........................

3,960
240
290
300

0.62
.04
.05
.05

n.a.
16
28
13

n.a.
(3)
(3)
1

740
1,680
710

.12
.26
.11

8
12
n.a.

1
1
n.a.

Sales occupations.....................................................
Contribution solicitor..............................................
All other sales agents, associates, and/or
representatives.................................................
Sales c le rk .............................................................

10,240
2,400

1.59
.37

n.a.
11

n.a.
2

6,890
950

1.07
.15

n.a.
11

n.a.
1

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5. percent,
n.a. = not available.

83

Table 33. Miscellaneous services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1981
(SIC 89)

Occupation

Employment1

Percent of total
employment

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Total...............................................................

1,049,650

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

119,820

11.42

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Aeronautical engineer.......................................
Agricultural engineer.........................................
Chemical engineer.............................................
Civil engineer .....................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers...................
Industrial engineer.............................................
Marine engineer.................................................
Mechanical engineer.........................................
Metallurgists and metallurgical engineers........
Mining engineer.................................................
Petroleum engineer...........................................
Safety engineer..................................................
Traffic engineer..................................................
Nuclear engineer...............................................
All other engineers............................................
Actuary ...................................................................
Mathematician .......................................................
Statistician..............................................................
All other mathematical scientists..........................
Chemist..................................................................
Geologists and geophysicists................................
Meteorologist.........................................................
Oceanographer.......................................................
Physicist.................................................................
All other physical scientists...................................
Biological scientist.................................................
Medical scientist.....................................................
All other life scientists...........................................
Economist ..............................................................
Market research analyst........................................
Psychologist...........................................................
Sociologist..............................................................
Urban and regional planner...................................
All other social scientists.......................................
Systems analyst, business.....................................
Systems analyst, scientific and technical .............
Teacher, elementary and/or preschool ................
All other teachers ..................................................
Photographer.........................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Landscape architect..............................................
Architect.................................................................
Budget analyst........................................................
Caseworker............................................................
Commercial a rtis t...................................................
Cost estimator, engineering...................................
Writer and/or editor...............................................
Lawyer....................................................................
Librarian, professional...........................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Designer.................................................................
Tax preparer..........................................................
All other professional workers...............................

421,560
131,490
1,780
380
5,240
49,310
25,890
2,580
1,490
30,310
750
440
1,010
830
640
1,740
9,100
1,740
1,000
550
370
2,310
2,380
1,070
110
2,620
1,480
3,540
1,080
950
1,060
980
1,200
650
1,060
1,010
5,040
4,450
320
3,360
560
2,590
144,800
2,440
36,480
1,500
690
3,210
4,620
5,030
910
1,360
750
2,450
10,360
16,080
17,910

40.16
12.53
.17
.04
.50
4.70
2.47
.25
.14
2.89
.07
.04
.10
.08
.06
.17
.87
.17
.10
.05
.04
.22
.23
.10
.01
.25
.14
.34
.10
.09
.10
.09
.11
.06
.10
.10
.48
.42
.03
.32
.05
.25
13.80
.23
3.48
.14
.07
.31
.44
.48
.09
.13
.07
.23
.99
1.53
1.71

n.a.
n.a.
25
25
12
4
6
19
32
6
20
30
29
36
28
27
n.a.
12
17
16
n.a.
13
15
24
41
23
n.a.
14
18
n.a.
13
26
25
27
15
n.a.
9
11
36
n.a.
14
7
2
13
5
13
25
11
9
8
16
8
24
6
10
6
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
(3)
3
21
12
2
(3)
12
(3)
(3)
(3)
1
1
1
n.a.
1
1
1
n.a.
2
2
1
(3)
1
n.a.
1
1
n.a.
1
1
1
(3)
2
n.a.
5
3
(3)
n.a.
2
4
45
3
14
2
1
4
6
5
2
4
1
5
5
12
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer, business..........................
Computer programmer, scientific and technical ....
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Drafter................................................................
Electrical and electronic technicians ................

185,670
4,020
4,370
163,460
99,660
7,910

17.69
.38
.42
15.57
9.49
.75

n.a.
8
10
n.a.
3
10

n.a.
6
4
n.a.
37
4

See footnotes at end of table.




84

Table 33. Miscellaneous services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1981—Continued
(SIC 89)

Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

Technical occupations—Continued
S u r v e y o r ..........................................................
Mechanical engineering technician...................
Specification writer, engineering.......................
Industrial engineering technician.......................
Civil engineering technician ..............................
All other engineering technicians......................
Physical science technician...................................
Biological science technician ................................
All other science technicians................................
Mathematical technician .......................................
Technical assistant, library....................................
All other technicians..............................................

18,680
4,690
1,240
170
20,250
10,860
2,180
2,700
1,980
480
580
5,900

1.78
.45
.12
.02
1.93
1.03
.21
.26
.19
.05
.06
.56

6
12
12
31
6
n.a.
14
14
n.a.
27
15
n.a.

16
2
2
(3)
14
n.a.
1
1
n.a.
(3)
1
n.a.

Service occupations .................................................
Janitors, porters, and cleaners..............................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers............................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service o n ly ....................
Social service aide.................................................
All other service workers.......................................

13,190
7,280
1,660
1,020
460
840
1,930

1.26
.69
.16
.10
.04
.08
.18

n.a.
7
18
20
24
45
n.a.

n.a.
10
1
1
1
(3)
n.a.

Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling
and powerplant occupations ..............................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Truck driver............................................................
Blueprinting machine operator..............................
Carpenter...............................................................
Delivery and/or route worker................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.........................................
Inspector................................................................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility.....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Press operator and/or plate printer......................
Stationary engineer................................................
Animal caretaker....................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter ....................................
Surveyor helper......................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers........
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

52,950
2,440
430
1,230
780
370
1,060
740
210
1,200
2,230
2,290
1,310
1,170
2,240
240
480
860
240
950
1,090
23,180
3,440
4,350
2,860

5.04
.23
.04
.12
.07
.04
.10
.07
.02
.11
.21
.22
.12
.11
.21
.02
.05
.08
.02
.09
.10
2.21
.33
.41
.27

n.a.
n.a.
24
26
n.a.
35
9
31
26
32
14
14
23
10
24
23
24
20
38
21
24
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
1
1
n.a.
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
1
(3)
(3)
1
(3)
(3)
1
14
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, to ta l..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
Duplicating machine operator...........................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer.....................................................
Accounting cle rk................................................
Actuarial c le rk ....................................................
Bookkeeper, ha n d .............................................
Cashier...............................................................
File c le rk ............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Library assistant.................................................
Mail c le rk ...........................................................
Order clerk .........................................................

250,620
247,420
3,220
12,450
7,740
1,050
1,800
2,020
4,700
20,670
1,040
20,680
380
3,620
29,940
760
2,760
970

23.88
23.57
.31
1.19
.74
.10
.17
.19
.45
1.97
.10
1.97
.04
.34
2.85
.07
.26
.09

n.a.
n.a.
13
5
8
12
6
n.a.
7
4
14
4
28
9
4
7
5
24

n.a.
n.a.
3
17
9
2
4
n.a.
4
23
1
26
1
6
27
2
7
1

See footnotes at end of table.




85

Table 33. Miscellaneous services: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations, June 1981 “ -Continued
(SIC 89)

Occupation
Office clerical workers,—Continued
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Procurement c le rk .............................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary............................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Messenger..........................................................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t....................
Proofreader, clerical...........................................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping packer.................................................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ..............................................................
All other plant clerical workers.........................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk .............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

3,560
1,190
510
10,580
67,180
1,730
1,700
7,930
2,040
23,700
4,300
1,280
7,920
3,200
980
270
420

0.34
.11
.05
1.01
6.40
.16
.16
.76
.19
2.26
.41
.12
.75
.30
.09
.03
.04

8
6
15
5
2
27
12
4
6
3
6
9
n.a.
n.a.
13
17
12

9
4
1
18
59
1
4
20
5
29
7
2
n.a.
n.a.
1
(3)
1

1,330
200

.13
.02

11
n.a.

2
n.a.

5,840
5,400
440

.56
.51
.04

n.a.
9
38

n.a.
6
0

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considered unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been
counted in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 Relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)2

86

Appendix A. Surw®^ Mtgfttods
and ln5@IS®biiDty ©f istimat®®

S©@p® ©tf survey
The survey covered selected private nonmanufactur­
ing establishments in Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) codes 10-17, 60-67, 70-81 (except 806), 83-86 (ex­
cept 866), and 89. The reference date of the survey was
the week that included April 12, May 12, or June 12,
1981, depending on the SIC of the sampled unit as
shown below:
SIC
1 0 ..............
11 and 12 .........
13 through 17
60 and 61 . . . .
6 2 ......................
63 through 66
6 7 ......................
7 0 ....................
7 2 ..................
7 3 ....................
7 5 ......................
1 6 . . . ................

78 and 79 . . . .
80 (except 806)
8 1 ...................
8 3 ....................
8 4 ...................
86 (except 866)
8 9 ......................

Size class
1

2

Reference date

3

. . .May
. .June
...M a y
. . .May
. .June
.. .May
. .June
...M a y
.. .May
. .June
.. .May
. .June
. .April
.. .May
. .June
...M a y
. .April
. .April
. . June

4
5

12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12

6
7
8
9

Employees
1-3
4-9
10-19
20-49
50-99
100-249
250-499
500-999
1,000 and over

Reporting units with 1-3 employees were not sampled
in all States, but units with 4-9 employees were given
larger weights to represent the employment in the
smaller size class. Reporting units with 250 or more
employees were included in the sample with certainty.
Sample sizes intended to produce State estimates with
target relative errors of 10 to 15 percent at one standard
deviation were developed for the noncertainty size
classes. This was done for groups of SIC’s based on
averages of occupational rates and coefficients of varia­
tion (CV’s) from the previous survey for a set of typical
occupations. This SIC sample size was allocated to the
size classes in proportion to size class employment. The
sample was selected systematically with equal probabil­
ity within each State/SIC size class cell.
States were given the option o f two target relative er­
rors in designing their samples. Some States varied the
target relative error by SIC to allow reductions in sam­
ple size for cost reasons.
The sample size for the two supplemental States was
developed by first determining the sample size required
for national estimates in each two-digit SIC with a
target relative error of 10 percent at one standard devia­
tion. This was done by averaging CV’s and occupational
rates for a set of occupations from the previous survey.
Establishments with 1,000 or more employees were in­
cluded with certainty. This national SIC sample size was
then allocated to the size class cells o f the two non­
cooperating States in proportion to employment.
The above allocations resulted in a total initial sample
size o f 343,648 reporting units.

The survey covered all 50 States and the District of
Columbia.

©if ©®SI@©tS©BT)
Survey schedules were mailed to most sample
establishments; personal visits were made to some larger
companies. Two additional mailings were sent to
nonrespondents at approximately 6-week intervals.
Nonrespondents considered critical to the survey (due to
size) were followed up by telephone or personal visit.

Sampling pr©©®dyr®
The sampling frame for this survey was the list of
units (excluding government units) in the specified SIC’s
as reported to State unemployment insurance agencies.
Because each cooperating State selected its own sample,
the reference date o f the sampling frame varied depend­
ing on when the last updates to the frame were made
and when sampling took place. The reference date for



the frame used for sampling in the two supplemental
States was the first quarter o f 1980.
The universe was stratified into SIC and size classes.
The size classes were determined by employment as
follows:

87

3-digit industry within a 2-digit
industry
= size class
j
= establishment
k
weight after nonresponse
wijk
adjustment in i-th industry, j-th
size class and k-th establishment
occupational
employment in i-th
Pijk
industry, j-th size class and k-th
establishment
total employment in i-th industry,
®ijk
j-th size class and k-th estab­
lishment
Mi
= population total employment in
i-th industry
The population value of total employment (Mj) was
obtained from the BLS Current Employment Statistics
program, a monthly employment survey of nonagricultural establishments.
The standard form for the sampling variance for a
combined ratio estimate is:

R<SSp®8HS©

There were 328,989 final eligible units in the sample
(i.e., excluding establishments that were out of business,
out o f scope, etc.)- Usable responses were obtained
from 239,598 units, producing a response rate of 72.8
percent based on units and 72.6 percent based on
weighted employment. Subsequent to the national
estimates, States received additional data to prepare
State estimates.

Estimation]
A weight was determined for each sample unit from
which a usable response was received. Each weight was
composed of two factors. The first factor was the in­
verse of the probability o f selection. The second was the
nonresponse adjustment factor, used to correct for
questionnaires that were not returned or not usable. For
each of the three-digit SIC/State/size class sampling
cells, a nonresponse factor was calculated that was
equal to:

i

—

V (p )

=

Au
Where: V(p)
i

Weighted sample employment o f all eligible units in sample
Weighted sample employment o f all responding eligible units

Sample employment was taken from the sampling
frame. If the factor in a cell was greater than a predeter­
mined maximum factor, which increased as the number
o f respondents in a cell increased, the cell was collapsed
with other homogeneous cells within the SIC until the
factor for the combined cells was not greater than the
appropriate maximum factor. If the collapsing pro­
cedure terminated (i.e., no more cells were available for
collapse) before satisfying the above constraint, then the
appropriate maximum factor was used. For size classes
1-6, homogeneous cells were determined to be other size
cells within the SIC and State. For size classes 7-9,
homogeneous cells were determined to be other State
cells within the SIC and size class. The weight for each
establishment was the product of the two factors.
A combined ratio estimate of occupational employ­
ment was used to develop the national estimates. The
auxiliary variable used was total employment. The
estimating formula is:

Where: p




=

j

=

Nu

=

h

=

Oij

=

Spij

=

Seij

=

Kij

The variances for the occupational estimates were esti­
mated from the following formula:
Var(P) = ?i ?j jUj yVij2
Tij
By

=
=
=

( M y —ejj)/(Mij)

[Bo] • [Djj] • [Fjj]2

Go

(Gy)/(Hy)
f 2 w,U ( 2 W ^
== Ik " J U 'J

1 2 2 wijk eijk
Lj k

Ho

=

(M

2-digit industry occupational
employment estimate

Fo

=

(M,)/

Du
P

=
=

? ? N ‘i2 ( l - f a) . A ,
1J
ny
% + R?Srij - 2R, Kij Spij Seij
variance of p
3-digit industry within a 2-digit
industry
size class
total number of units in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
sampling fraction in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
number of sample units in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
standard deviation of p within the
i-th industry and j-th size class
standard deviation of e within the
i-th industry and j-th size class
correlation coefficient between p
and e within the i-th industry and
j-th size class.

?

? ? ^ ijk ^ijk
i ! ___________ M j

88

- il^ )

(f k

6,ik]

tained from the sample design for the survey.
To illustrate, if all possible samples were selected, and
if each of these were surveyed under essentially the same

V .2
v 'J

_

2 wjjk • L?jk

~

k

Ejjk

=

(Pijk- R ie ijk) - (P ij-R je ij)

My

=

benchmark total employment in
the i-th industry and j-th size
class

Where:

Ri
e,j

—

=

Wjjk Pjjkj

i

Wijk©ijkj

k

All other terms are as defined above. This formula is
almost a computational form of the standard formula
given above. One simplifying assumption has been
made:

conditions and an estimate and its estimated sample er­
ror were calculated from each sample, then:
1. Approximately 68 percent of the intervals from
one standard error below to one standard error
above the derived estimate would include the
average value of all possible samples. This in­
terval is called a 68-percent confidence
interval.
2.

Approximately 90 percent of the intervals
from 1.6 standard errors below to 1.6 stand­
ard errors above the derived estimate would
include the average o f all p ossib le
samples. This interval is called a 90-percent
confidence interval.

3.

Approximately 95 percent of the intervals from
two standard errors below to two standard er­
rors above the derived estimate would include
the average of all possible samples. This inter­
val is called a 95-percent confidence interval.

4.

Almost all intervals from three standard errors
below to three standard errors above the deriv­
ed estimate would include the average of all
possible samples.

Wijk = Cjj for all k in a given ij cell
That is, the weights are equal to a constant C within a
given three-digit industry/size class cell. At this time,
the total effect of this assumption on the variance
estimates has not been measured.

Reliability off estimates
Estimates developed from the sample may differ from
the results of a complete survey of all the establishments
in the sampled lists. Two types of errors, sampling and
nonsampling, are possible in an estimate based on a
sample survey. Sampling error occurs because observa­
tions are made only on a sample, not on the entire
population. Nonsampling error can be attributed to
many sources, e.g., inability to obtain information
about all cases in the sample; differences in the
respondents’ interpretation of questions; inability of
respondents to provide correct information; errors in
recording, coding, or processing the data; errors in '
estimating values for missing data; and failure to repre­
sent all units in the population.
The particular sample used in this survey is one of a
large number of all possible samples of the same size
that could have been selected using the same sample
design. Estimates derived from the different samples
would differ from each other; the difference between a
sample estimate and the average of all possible sample
estimates is called the sampling deviation. The standard
or sampling error of a survey estimate is a measure of
the variation among the estimates from all possible
samples. The relative standard error is defined as the
standard error of the estimate divided by the value being
estimated; the variance is defined as the standard error
squared.
The sample estimate and an estimate of its standard
error enable one to construct interval estimates with
prescribed confidence that the interval includes the
average result of all possible samples that could be ob­



89

An inference that the complete coverage value would
be within the indicated ranges would be correct in ap­
proximately the relative frequencies shown.
For example, suppose an estimated total is shown as
5,000 with an associated relative error of 2 percent.
Then the standard error is 100 (2 percent of 5,000) and
there is a 68-percent chance that the average of all possi­
ble sample totals would be between 4,900 and 5,100,
and it is almost certain that the average of all possible
sample totals would be between 4,700 and 5,300.
The relative errors provided primarily indicate the
magnitude of the sampling error, but do not measure
biases in the data due to nonsampling error. Efforts
were made to reduce the biases due to errors in recor­
ding, coding, and processing the data. The adjustment
made for nonrespondents assumed that the
characteristics of the nonrespondents were the same as
those of the respondents at a given level. To the extent
this is not true, bias is introduced in the data. The
magnitude of these biases is not known.
Particular care should be exercised in the interpreta­
tion of small estimates, estimates based on a small
number of cases, or small differences between estimates
because the sampling errors are relatively large and the
magnitude of the biases is unknown.

AppaBudfc !□ ©©©ypattomial Employment
in IHIoipitali, 1iS@

orderly was the most populous job in the service worker
occupational group, accounting for 40 percent of service
worker employment and 12 percent of total hospital
employment.
Technical workers, numbering 681,840 or 18 percent
o f hospital workers, were the third largest occupational
group. Licensed practical nurses accounted for 45 per­
cent o f these.
Clerical workers constituted 16 percent of hospital
employment, with 612,370 persons. The majority of
these worked in office occupations; the most populous
was secretary.
Maintenance, construction, repair, material handling,
and powerplant workers accounted for 4 percent of
employment in hospitals. The largest occupation in this
major group was maintenance repairer, general utility,
numbering 23,630.
The remaining occupational employment was
distributed as follows: Managers and officers, 129,660
or 3 percent; and sales workers, 2,150 or less than 1
percent.

Hospitals include establishments providing diagnostic
services, extensive medical treatment, and continuous
nursing services. These establishments contain an
organized medical staff, inpatient beds, and equipment
and facilities to provide either specialty or complete
health care. Establishments surveyed included private
and State and local government hospitals, but excluded
Federal Government hospitals.
As shown in table B -l, employment in private and
State and local government hospitals (sic 806) totaled
3.8 million in 1980, representing about 4 percent of all
nonagricultural wage and salary employment in the Na­
tion. (In April 1981, hospital employment was approx­
imately 4 million, an increase of 5 percent from April
1980.)
The two largest occupational groups in hospitals in
1980 were professional workers and service workers,
with about 1.1 million persons each, accounting for 58
percent o f total employment. Sixty-nine percent o f the
professional workers were nurses; they constituted 20
percent of total hospital employment. Nurse aide or




90

Table B-1. Hospitals: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
April 1980
Occupation

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

T otal...............................................................

3,831,740

100.00

-

-

Managers and officers..............................................

129,660

3.38

n.a.

n.a.

Professional occupations.........................................
Engineers, total ......................................................
Civil engineer ...,....................................................
Electrical and electronic engineers ....................
Industrial engineer ..............................................
Mechanical engineer ...........................................
All other engineers .............................................
Physical scientists, to ta l.........................................
Chemist ...............................................................
All other physical scientists................................
Life scientists, to ta l................................................
Biological scientist..............................................
Medical scientist..................................................
All other life scientists.........................................
Social scientists, to ta l............................................
Psychologist.........................................................
Sociologist............................................................
All other social scientists....................................
Therapists, to ta l......................................................
Physical therapist................................................
Respiratory therapist ...........................................
Occupational therapist ........................................
Manual arts, music, and/or recreational
therapist.........................................................
All other therapists..............................................
Statistician...............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing.......
Podiatrist ................................................................
Speech pathologist and/or audiologist.................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer............................
Accountants and auditors......................................
Caseworker.............................................................
Clergy .....................................................................
Dentist ....................................................................
Dietitian and/or nutritionist ....................................
Librarian, professional ...........................................
Nurse, professional................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists.............
Pharmacist..............................................................
Physician and/or surgeon......................................
All other professional workers...............................

1,127,430
4,440
500
910
840
1,190
1,000
1,160
600
560
7,000
3,580
3,030
390
11,650
8,660
970
2,020
82,520
17,040
38,080
9,510

29.42
.12
.01
.02
.02
.03
.03
.03
.02
.01
.18
.09
.08
.01
.30
.23
.03
.05
2.15
.44.
.99
.25

n.a.
n.a.
18
10
5
6
n.a.
n.a.
13
n.a.
n.a.
23
8
n.a.
n.a.
4
19
n.a.
n.a.
2
2
3

n.a.
n.a.
2
5
7
7
n.a.
n.a.
2
n.a.
n.a.
4
13
n.a.
n.a.
16
2
n.a.
n.a.
57
58
28

7,810
10,080
430
4,140
710
3,460
7,880
11,320
33,890
3,900
2,750
15,240
6,610
780,630
8,160
27,670
92,470
21,400

.20
.26
.01
.11
.02
.09
.21
.30
.88
.10
.07
.40
.17
20.37
.21
.72
2.41
.56

5
n.a.
11
5
10
3
2
2
3
3
6
3
2
(3)
3
2
(3)
n.a.

19
n.a.
2
16
3
15
67
54
56
21
9
69
40
98
45
73
36
n.a.

Technical occupations..............................................
Computer programmer ...........................................
Engineering technicians, total ...............................
Electrical and electronic technicians..................
All other engineering technicians .......................
Science technicians, to ta l......................................
Biological science technician .............................
All other science technicians .............................
Dental assistant......................................................
Licensed practical nurse........................................
Physician’s assistant..............................................
Surgical technician.................................................
Radiologic technician .............................................
Pharmacy helper....................................................
Medical record librarian..........................................
Dental hygienist......................................................
Medical laboratory technologist............................
Biochemistry technologist......................................
Microbiology technologist ......................................
Cytotechnologist.....................................................
Histologic technologist ..........................................
Medical laboratory technician................................
Electrocardiograph technician...............................
Electroencephalograph technician.........................
Dietetic technician..................................................
Blood bank technology specialist.........................

681,840
3,350
2,540
1,430
1,110
4,190
3,610
580
1,970
306,270
3,950
31,360
43,330
24,430
12,470
820
63,350
9,940
7,020
2,600
5,080
32,790
15,060
4,420
6,290
12,020

17.79
.09
.07
.04
.03
.11
.09
.02
.05
7.99
.10
.82
1.13
.64
.33
.02
1.65
.26
.18
.07
.13
.86
.39
.12
.16
.31

n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
7
n.a.
n.a.
15
n.a.
8
(3)
12
3
1
2
2
11
3
4
3
3
3
2
2
2
3
3

n.a.
15
n.a.
6
n.a.
n.a.
2
n.a.
7
94
9
62
74
57
82
5
74
17
22
16
27
65
49
28
31
27

See footnotes at end of table.




91

Table B-1. Hospitals: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
April 1980—Continued
Occupation

Technical occupations—Continued
Physical therapy assistant .....................................
Radiologic technologist and/or nuclear medical
technologist ......................................................
All other medical and dental technologists and
technicians........................................................
All other technicians..............................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment’

Relative error (in
percentage)2

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation

17,020

0.44

2

53

27,910

.73

4

52

30,910
12,750

.81
.33

n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.

1,112,410
144,570
53,300
28,150
229,370
2,410

29.03
3.77
1.39
.73
5.99
.06

n.a.
(3)
n.a.
2
n.a.
2

n.a.
82
n.a.
36
n.a.
19

19,700
390
74,050
6,960

.51
.01
1.93
.18

4
5
1
6

17
3
70
6

19,070
3,080
5,830
36,680
61,200
17,510
22,950
452,210
116,980
1,270
6,150
5,080
4,920
4,670
25,280

.50
.08
.15
.96
1.60
.46
.60
11.80
3.05
.03
.16
.13
.13
.12
.66

3
4
4
2
n.a.
2
3
(3)
(3)
5
12
5
6
4
n.a.

27
11
17
89
n.a.
49
70
91
16
7
5
18
12
16
n.a.

Production, maintenance, construction,
repair, material handling and
powerplant occupations ......................................
Mechanics and repairers, to ta l..............................
Mechanic, automotive........................................
Electromedical equipment repairer ...................
Mechanic, maintenance.....................................
All other mechanics and repairers....................
Washer, machine and/or starcher.........................
Presser, machine ...................................................
Laundry presser, machine .....................................
Truck driver.............................................................
Carpenter ...............................................................
Delivery and/or route worker ................................
Electrician...............................................................
Supervisor, nonworking..........................................
Machinist................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility .....................
Helper, trades.........................................................
Order fille r...............................................................
Painter, maintenance.............................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter.......................................
Custom sewer.........................................................
Stationary boiler fire r.............................................
Stationary engineer..........................,.....................
Welder and/or flamecutter ....................................
Gardeners and groundskeepers ...........................
Ambulance driver and/or attendant......................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers...........
All other operatives and semiskilled workers.......
All other laborers and unskilled workers..............

165,880
12,450
800
3,270
6,470
1,910
12,520
1,100
20,610
3,310
6,500
1,320
6,120
6,750
1,060
23,630
5,520
1,440
7,120
4,140
2,240
5,000
8,520
440
7,160
6,810
4,480
6,560
11,080

4.33
.32
.02
.09
.17
.05
.33
.03
.54
.09
.17
.03
.16
.18
.03
.62
.14
.04
.19
.11
.06
.13
.22
.01
.19
.18
.12
.17
.29

n.a.
n.a.
6
3
3
n.a.
3
7
2
4
2
7
3
4
6
3
3
8
2
3
3
2
3
10
3
11
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

n.a.
n.a.
5
16
16
n.a.
33
3
31
11
30
6
30
26
5
67
19
5
35
20
16
14
20
4
38
11
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.

Clerical occupations..................................................
Office clerical workers, total ..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator ..

612,370
578,130
5,050

15.98
15.09
.13

n.a.
n.a.
3

n.a.
n.a.
22

Service occupations .................................................
Maid ........................................................................
All other janitors, porters, and cleaners................
Guards and doorkeepers.......................................
Food service workers, to ta l...................................
Baker, bread and/or pastry................................
Dining room attendant, bartender helper, or
cafeteria attendant.........................................
Butcher and/or meat cutter................................
Kitchen helper.....................................................
Waiter/waitress ...................................................
Counter attendant, lunchroom, coffee shop, or
cafeteria .........................................................
Cook, short order and/or specialty fast foods ....
Pantry, sandwich and/or coffee maker .............
Cook, institution or cafeteria ..............................
All other food service workers...........................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ....................
Housekeeper ..........................................................
Nurse aide and/or orderly .....................................
Psychiatric aid ........................................................
Orthopedic-cast specialist.....................................
Child-care w orker..................................................
Social service aide.................................................
Medical assistant ...................................................
Occupational therapy assistant.............................
All other service workers.......................................

See footnotes at end of table.




92

Table B-1. Hospitals: Employment, relative error, and percent of establishments reporting selected occupations,
April 1980—-Continued
Occupation
Office clerical workers,—Continued
Computer operator............................................
Keypunch operator............................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.................
All other office machine operators....................
Stenographer .....................................................
Accounting c le rk................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.............................................
Cashier...............................................................
File c le rk.............................................................
General office clerk...........................................
Library assistant.................................................
Insurance clerk, medical....................................
Order clerk .........................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk ......................
Personnel cle rk..................................................
Procurement c le rk .............................................
Receptionist .......................................................
Secretary ............................................................
Statistical clerk...................................................
Switchboard operator.........................................
Switchboard operator/receptionist....................
Typist..................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or plant ....................
All other office clerical workers.........................
Plant clerical workers, to ta l....................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator.................
Shipping packer.................................................
Shipping and/or receiving clerk .......................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage
yard ...............................................................
Dispatcher, police, fire and ambulance............
All other plant clerical workers..........................
Sales occupations.....................................................
Sales agent, associate, and/or representative.....
Sales c le rk ..............................................................

Percent of total
employment

Employment1

7,160
11,810
1,430
2,470
25,410
17,500
5,210
17,560
35,880
59,420
2,590
41,190
4,170
8,310
6,950
5,110
35,600
84,060
10,930
25,130
12,900
50,140
20,450
81,700
34,240
1,340
1,230
4,400

0.19
.31
.04
.06
.66
.46
.14
.46
.94
1.55
.07
1.07
.11
.22
.18
.13
.93
2.19
.29
.66
.34

4
2
5
n.a.
3
2
3
2
4
3
4
2
4
2
2
2
3
3
3
1

1.31

.11

3
3
n.a.
n.a.
8
9
2

16,680
1,280
9,310

.44

3

.03
.24

8

.53
2.13
.89
.03
.03

2,150
430
1,720

.06

.01
.04

1 Estimates of fewer than 50 workers, or with less than 0.01
percent of industry employment, or with a relative error greater than
50 are generally not shown separately since such estimates are
considerd unreliable. Estimates that are not shown have been counted
in the appropriate “ All other” categories.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated




Relative error (in
percentage)1
2

4

n.a.
n.a.
24
6

Percent of
establishments reporting
the occupation
30
36
6
n.a.
41
53
37
56
53
46
14
82
16
58
47
38
47
76
26
49
40
47
42
n.a.
n.a.
4
4

23
45
3
n.a.
n.a.

1
5

employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
are estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further
information on sampling variability and other types of errors, see
appendix A.
3 Less than 0.5 percent,
n.a. = not available.

93

AppgmdTre C„ ©ES Survey Data
Awailafel® fr®m State Ag®n©i@©

State data on occupational employment in the industries covered in this bulletin are
available as indicated in the following table. These data may be obtained from the State
employment security agencies listed on the inside back cover of this publication.
Table G-1. QES survey data available by State and year
State
Alabam a................................
Alaska....................................
Arizona..................................
Arkansas................................
California
..........................
Colorado................................
Connecticut ..........................
Delaware ..............................
District of Columbia ..............
Florida....................................
Georgia..................................
Hawaii....................................
Idaho......................................
Illin o is....................................
Indiana..................................
Iowa ......................................
Kansas ..................................
Kentucky................................
Louisiana ..............................
M a in e ....................................
Maryland................................
Massachusetts......................
Michigan................................
Minnesota..............................
Mississippi ............................




1973

1975

1978

1981

State

1973

1975

1978

1981

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Missouri ................................
Montana................................
Nevada ..................................
New Ham pshire....................
New Jersey............................
New M e xico ..........................
New York ..............................
North Carolina........................
North Dakota ........................
Nebraska ..............................
Ohio ......................................

X

X

X

X

X

Oklahoma..............................
Oregon ..................................
Pennsylvania..........................
Rhode Island..........................
South Carolina ......................
South Dakota ........................
Tennessee ............................
Texas ....................................
Utah ......................................
Vermont ................................

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

V irginia..................................
Washington............................
West Virginia..........................
Wisconsin..............................
Wyoming................................

X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X

X

X

X

94

X
X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X
X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X

X

U.S. Departmamt ©f Labor
Bureau ©5 Labor S teisies
REGION I—BOSTON
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Federal Bldg.
Government Center—Room 1603 A
Boston, Mass. 02203
REGION V—CHICAGO
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, 111. 60604

REGION II—NEW YORK
1515 Broadway-Suite 3400
^ ew York jq y 10036

REGION VI—DALLAS
555 Griffin Sq., 2nd FI.
Dallas, Tex. 75202

REGION III—PHILADELPHIA
3535 Market Street
P.O. Box 13309
Philadelphia, Pa. 19101

REGIONS VII & VIII—KANSAS CITY
911 Walnut Street
Kansas City, Mo. 64106

REGION IV—ATLANTA
1371Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Ga. 30367

REGIONS IX & X —SAN FRANCISCO
450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017
San Francisco, Calif. 94102

Stat© ^g©Em©i@s C®®p©rati[iig Sim tilfo© ©ES P rogram
BLS
Region
IV
X
IX
VI
IX
VIII
I
III
III
IV
IV
IX
X
V

ALABAMA
ALASKA
ARIZONA
ARKANSAS
CALIFORNIA
COLORADO
CONNECTICUT
DELAWARE
DIST. OF COL.
FLORIDA
GEORGIA
HAWAII
IDAHO
ILLINOIS

V INDIANA
VIII IOWA
VII KANSAS
IV
VI
I
III
I
V
V

KENTUCKY
LOUISIANA
MAINE
MARYLAND
MASSACHUSETTS
MICHIGAN
MINNESOTA

IV MISSISSIPPI
VII MISSOURI
VII NEBRAKSA
IX NEVADA
I NEW HAMPSHIRE
II NEW JERSEY
VI NEW MEXICO
II NEW YORK
IV
VIII
V
VI

NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OHIO
OKLAHOMA

X OREGON
III PENNSYLVANIA
I
IV
VIII
IV
VI
VIII
I
III

RHODE ISLAND
SOUTH CAROLINA
SOUTH DAKOTA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VERMONT
VIRGINIA

X WASHINGTON
III WEST VIRGINIA
V WISCONSIN
VIII WYOMING

-Department of Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations Building, Room 427, Montgomery 36130
-Department of Labor, Employment Security Division, P.O. Box 1149, Juneau 99801
-Department of Economic Security, Labor Market Information, P.O. Box 6123, Phoenix 85005
-Department o f Labor, Employment Security Division, P.O. Box 2981, Little Rock 72203
-Employment Development Department, P.O. Box 1679, Sacramento 95808
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-Department o f Labor, Office o f Planning, Research and Evaluation, P.O. Box 9092, Newark 19711
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Street, N.W .—Room 201, Washington 20001
-Department o f Labor and Employment Security, Caldwell Bldg., Tallahassee 32302
-Department o f Labor, Labor Information Systems, 254 Washington Street, S.W ., Atlanta 30334
-Department o f Labor and Industrial Relations, P.O. Box 3680, Honolulu 96811
-Department of Employment, Research and Analysis Division, P.O. Box 35, Boise 83707
-Bureau o f Employment Security, Research and Analysis Division, 910 South Michigan Avenue, 12th Floor,
Chicago 60605
-Employment Security Division, 10 North Senate Avenue, Indianapolis 46204
-Department o f Job Service, Research and Analysis—LMI Unit, 1000 E. Grand Avenue, Des Moines 50319
-Department o f Human Resources, Research and Analysis Section, Division of Staff Services, 401 Topeka
Avenue, Topeka 66603
-Department o f Human Resources, 275 E. Main Street, 2nd Floor West, Frankfort 40621
-Department of Labor, P.O. Box 44094, Capitol Station, Baton Rouge 70804
-Department of Manpower Affairs, Employment Security Commission, 20 Union Street, Augusta 04330
-Department of Human Resources, 1100 North Eutaw Street, Baltimore 21201
-Division o f Employment Security, Research and Statistics Division, Charles F. Hurley Bldg., Boston 02114
-Employment Security Commission, Research and Statistics Division, 7310 Woodward Avenue, Detroit 48202
-Department o f Economic Secruity, Research and Statistical Services Office, 390 North Robert Street, St. Paul
55101
-Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 1699, Jackson 39295
-Department o f Labor and Industrial Relations, Division o f Employment Security, P.O. Box 59, Jefferson City
65101
-Department of Labor, Division of Employment, P.O. Box 94600, State House Station, Lincoln 68509
-Employment Security Department, Employment Security Research Division, 500 E. Third Street, Carson City
89713
-Department o f Employment Security, 32 South Main Street, Concord 03301
-D epartm ent o f L abor and Industry, D iv isio n o f P lannin g and R esearch,

oes

Survey, P .O . B ox 359,

Trenton 08625
-Department of Human Services, Employment Service Division, P.O. Box 1928, Albuquerque 87103
-N.Y. State Department or Labor, Division of Research and Statistics, State Campus—Building 12,
Albany 12201
-Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 25903, Raleigh 27611
-Job Service North Dakota, Research and Statistics— oes Unit, P.O. Box 1537, Bismarck 58502
-Bureau o f Employment Services, Research and Statistics Division, 145 S. Front Street, Columbus 43216
-Employment Security Commission, Research and Planning, Room 310, Will Rogers Memorial Office
Building, Oklahoma City 73105
-Department o f Human Resources, Employment Division, 875 Union Street N .E., Salem 97311
-Department o f Labor and Industry, Office o f Employment Security, Research and Statistics—Room 1225,
7th and Forster Streets, Harrisburg 17121
-Department of Employment Security, Research and Statistics, 24 Mason Street, Providence 02903
-Employment Security Commission, P. O. Box 995, Columbia 29202
-Department o f Labor, Research and Statistics— oes Unit, P.O. Box 1730, Aberdeen 57401
-Department o f Employment Security, Room 519, Cordell Hull Office Building, Nashville 37219
-Employment Commission, tec Building, 15th and Congress Avenue, Austin 78778
-Department of Employment Security, lmi Services Section, P.O. Box 11249, Salt Lake City 84147
-Department o f Employment and Training, Research and Statistics, P.O. Box 488, Montpelier 05602
-Employment Commission, Division of Research and Analysis—oes, 703 E. Main Street, P.O. Box 1358,
Richmond 23211
-State Employment Security Department, Research and Statistics, 212 Maple Park, Olympia 98504
-Department of Employment Security, Labor and Economic Research— oes, 112 California Avenue,
Charleston 25305
-Department o f Industry, Labor, and Human Relations, P.O. Box 7944, Madison 53707
-Employment Security Commission, Research and Analysis, P.O. Box 2760, Casper 82602


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