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Occupational Employment
n Manufacturing Industries, 1977
).S. Department of Labor
lureau of Labor Statistics
/larch 1980
lulletin 2057
Occupational Employment
in Manufacturing Industries, 1977
U.S. Department of Labor
Ray Marshall, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
March 1980
Bulletin 2057
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office
Washington. D.C. 20402
Preface
This bulletin provides data on occupational employ
ment based on a 1977 survey o f manufacturing indus
tries. Earlier surveys were conducted in 1971 and 1974.
The periodic survey is part o f a Federal-State coop
erative program for occupational employment statistics
(OES). The OES program also includes preparation of
the National/State Industry-Occupational Matrix—a set
o f tables showing employment cross-classified by oc
cupation and industry for the Nation and each State.
In addition, the program includes Federal assistance to
State employment security agencies in developing an
nual projections o f occupational employment for States
and areas.
The OES program provides information for many
data users, including individuals and organizations en
gaged in planning vocational educational programs,
training programs supported by the Comprehensive
Employment and Training Act, and higher education.
OES data also are used to prepare information for ca
reer counseling, for job placement activities performed
at State employment security offices, and for personnel
planning and marketing research conducted by private
enterprises.
This bulletin was prepared in the Division of Occu
pational Outlook by Barbara L. Keitt under the direc
tion o f Brian MacDonald. Statistical and data process
ing support for this effort were provided by Warren
Macurdy.
Material in this publication is in the public domain
and may be reproduced without permission of the Fed
eral Government. Please credit the Bureau of Labor
Statistics and cite Occupational Employment in Manu
facturing Industries, 1977, Bulletin 2057.
Contents
Page
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................................
The manufacturing secto r............................................................................................................................................
1
3
Industry divisions
Food and kindred products..........................................................................................................................................
Tobacco products...........................................................................................................................................................
Textile mill products .......................................................................................................................................................
Apparel and other textile products.............................................................................................................................
Lumber and wood products, except furniture..........................................................................................................
Furniture and fix tu res...................................................................................................................................................
Paper and allied p ro d u cts............................................................................................................................................
Printing and publishing.................................................................................................................................................
Chemicals and allied products ....................................................................................................................................
Petroleum and coal products ......................................................................................................................................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products..............................................................................................................
Leather and leather products ......................................................................................................................................
Glass and glass p ro d u cts................................................................................................................................................
Stone, clay, and concrete products...............................................................................................................................
Primary m eta ls................................................................................................................................................................
Primary and secondary nonferrous m e ta ls...............................................................................................................
Fabricated metal products..............................................................................................................................................
Machinery, except electrical..........................................................................................................................................
Electrical and electronic equipm ent.............................................................................................................................
Transportation equipment ............................................................................................................................................
Instruments and related products..................................................................................................................................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.....................................................................................................................
5
8
11
15
18
22
26
30
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
64
68
72
76
80
84
Charts:
Distribution of employment by major occupational group, 1971 and 1977:
1. Food and kindred products.................................................................................................................
2. Tobacco products..................................................................................................................................
3. Textile mill products..............................................................................................................................
4. Apparel and other textile products....................................................................................................
5. Lumber and wood products, except furniture.................................................................................
6. Furniture and fixtures ...........................................................................................................................
7. Paper and allied products ...................................................................................................................
8. Chemicals and allied products...............................................................................................................
9. Petroleum and coal products.................................................................................................................
10. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products.....................................................................................
11. Leather and leather products ............................................................................................................
12. Glass and glass p ro d u cts.....................................................................................................................
13. Stone, clay, and concrete products....................................................................................................
14. Primary m e ta ls......................................................................................................................................
15. Primary and secondary nonferrous metals .......................................................................................
5
8
11
15
18
22
26
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
v
Contents—Continued
Page
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Fabricated metal products.........................................................................................................................64
Machinery, except electrical.....................................................................................................................68
Electrical and electronic equipm ent........................................................................................................ 72
Transportation equipm ent.......................................................................................................................76
Instruments and related products............................................................................................................ 80
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries............................................................................................... 84
Tables:
1. Employment in manufacturing industries, 1977 ................................................................................................ 4
2. Employment in manufacturing industries by major occupational group, 1977 ......................................... 4
Employment, relative standard error, and percentage of establishments reporting
selected occupations:
3. Food and kindred products, June 1977 .................................................................................................. 6
4. Tobacco products, April 1977 ................................................................................................................... 9
5. Textile mill products, April 1977............................................................................................................... 12
6. Apparel and other textile products, May 1977....................................................................................... 16
7. Lumber and wood products, except furniture, May 1977 .................................................................. 19
8. Furniture and fixtures, June 1977 ............................................................................................................. 23
9. Paper and allied products, April 1977 ...................................................................................................2 7
10. Printing and publishing, May 1977 ........................................................................................................... 31
11. Chemicals and allied products, June 1977 .............................................................................................. 34
12. Petroleum and coal products, May 1977 ................................................................................................ 38
13. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products, June 1977...................................................................... 42
14. Leather and leather products, May 1977 ................................................................................................ 46
15. Glass and glass products, May 1977 ........................................................................................................ 50
16. Stone, clay, and concrete products, May 1977 ..................................................................................... 54
17. Primary metals, April 1977 ....................................................................................................................... 58
18. Primary and secondary nonferrous metals, April 1977 ...................................................................... 62
19. Fabricated metal products, June 1977 .................................................................................................... 65
20. Machinery, except electrical, June 1977 ................................................................................................ 69
21. Electrical and electronic equipment, June 1977..................................................................................... 73
22. Transportation equipment, June 1977 .................................................................................................... 77
23. Instruments and related products, June 1977 ........................................................................................ 81
24. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries, May 1977 ............................................................................. 85
Appendixes:
A. Survey methods and reliability of estim ates................................................................................................ 88
B. OES survey data available from State a gen cies............................................................................................91
VI
Introduction
the system used for the 1970 Census of Population. Oc
cupational titles and descriptions in the survey are based
primarily on the Dictionary o f Occupational Titles' The
DO T was used to develop the definitions o f detailed
occupations because it is the most detailed classification
available. Summary categories and residual groups gen
erally follow the categories used in the 1970 Census
and the Current Population Survey. “Crosswalks” have
been developed between the two systems so that users
may integrate OES data with data from sources using
the Census classification.
The OES classification is organized to allow for the
changes that are necessary to keep pace with changes
in the economy. It also allows for integration o f infor
mation learned from each successive round o f OES
surveys.
The industrial classification system is that described
in the 1972 Standard Industrial Classification Manual,2
whereby reporting establishments are classified into in
dustries on the basis of major product or activity.
The Occupational Employment Statistics (OES) sur
vey is designed to collect data on occupational employ
ment of wage and salary workers by industry in non
farm establishments. The Bureau o f Labor Statistics
(BLS) provides the procedures and technical assistance
for the survey, the State employment security agencies
collect the data, and the Employment and Training Ad
ministration provides administrative support. In 1977,
43 States (including the District of Columbia) partici
pated in the survey compared with 29 States in 1974
and 16 in 1971. BLS conducted a supplemental survey
in 1977, with the financial aid of the National Science
Foundation, to develop data for the nonparticipating
States.
This bulletin presents national data only. Data on
employment in each o f the participating States are avail
able from the State employment security agencies (See
inside back cover).
Survey procedures
The survey is conducted over a 3-year cycle; manu
facturing industries are surveyed in one year and non
manufacturing industries in the other two years. Data
are collected from a sample o f establishments primari
ly by mail; telephone followups and personal visits are
made when an establishment response is critical to the
survey. The survey is based on a probability sample,
stratified by industry and size of employment, designed
to represent the total or “universe” of establishments
covered by the survey. Data are requested for the pay
period including the 12th o f the reference month, which
is standard for all Federal agencies collecting employ
ment data.
For the 1977 survey o f manufacturing industries, 22
separate questionnaires were developed, each having
detailed occupations related specifically to a particular
industry’s activity. For example, “patternmaker” was
surveyed in only three industries—apparel, furniture,
and leather. Cross-industry estimates, therefore, cannot
be developed for most detailed occupations because not
all detailed occupations were included on every survey
questionnaire.
This bulletin presents cross-industry data for major
occupational groups. Later, BLS will develop an in
dustry-occupation maxtrix giving detailed occupations
for all sectors based on OES surveys.
Concepts
An establishment is an economic unit, such as a fac
tory, which processes goods. Generally, it is at a single
physical location and is engaged predominantly in one
type o f economic activity. Where a single physical lo
cation encompasses two or more distinct activities, these
are treated as separate establishments if separate pay
roll records are available and certain other criteria are
met.
Employment includes full- and part-time workers;
workers on paid vacations or other types of leave; work
ers on unpaid short-term absences (i.e., illness, bad
weather, temporary layoff, jury duty); salaried officers,
executives, and staff of incorporated firms; employees
temporarily assigned to other units; and employees for
whom this unit is their permanent (home) duty station,
regardless o f whether this unit prepares their paycheck.
Excluded from coverage are proprietors (owners and
partners of unincorporated firms), unpaid family work
ers, and workers on extended leave (i.e., pensioners and
members o f the Armed Forces).
Occupation refers to the occupation in which employ
ees are working rather than the occupation for which
1Dictionary of Occupational Titles, third edition (U.S. Employment
Service, U.S. Department of Labor, 1965).
2Standard Industrial Classification Manual (Office of Management
and Budget, Executive Office of the President, 1972).
Occupational and industrial classification
The OES survey combines two widely used sys
tems—the Dictionary o f Occupational Titles (DOT) and
1
they may have been trained. For example, an employ
ee trained as an engineer but working as a drafter is
reported as a drafter.
Working supervisors (those spending 20 percent or
more of their time at work similar to that done by
workers under their supervision) are reported in the
occupations most closely related to their work.
Part-time workers, learners, and apprentices are report
ed in the occupation in which they ordinarily work.
A more detailed statement describing the survey is
presented in appendix A.
Employment is based upon survey results adjusted to
reflect total industry employment. The percent o f total
employment refers to total employment in the industry.
The relative error is a measure of the level of confi
dence to be placed on each estimate. The percent of
establishments reporting a particular occupation indi
cates the frequency o f occurrence of the occupation.
Occupations with less than .05 percent of industry
employment or with a relative error greater than 50
are not shown separately but are included in the appro
priate residual categories.
Employment is rounded to the nearest ten. The rel
ative standard error and the percent o f respondents re
porting the occupation are rounded to the nearest whole
percent. The percent of total employment was comput
ed from rounded employment data.
Data presented
This bulletin presents occupational employment for
all manufacturing industries combined and for all ma
jor industry groups (2-digit SIC level) within manufac
turing (except SIC’s 32 and 33, which are at the 3-digit
SIC level’. Data are presented for each industry under
the following headings: Employment, percent o f total
employment, relative error, and percent of establish
ments reporting the occupation.
3Other data at the 3-digit SIC level are available upon request from
the Office of Employment Structure and Trends. Definitions for all
occupations surveyed are also available from this Office upon request.
2
The Manufacturing Sector
Professional workers, totaling 1.2 million, were the
third largest group employed in manufacturing. Profes
sional occupations are categorized as either scientific
or nonscientific. Most professional workers in manufac
turing, 97 percent in 1977, are employed in scientific
occupations. O f these, the largest number, 506,700 in
1977, are engineers.
Managers and officers accounted for 6 percent of
manufacturing employment. Occupations in this group
include plant, office, and sales managers; and corporate
officers such as president, secretary, and treasurer. In
1977, employment o f managers and officers registered
a modest increase in 18 industry divisions.
Technical occupations, accounting for 2 percent of
manufacturing employment in 1977, ranked fifth. Work
ers in this group assist in scientific and engineering re
search, development, testing, and related activities; and
in operating and programming technical equipment and
systems.
Sales employment, also accounting for 2 percent of
manufacturing employment, includes two broadly de
fined occupations—sales clerk, and sales representativeagent-associate. The latter accounted for 376,000 work
ers in 1977.
Service worker employment in manufacturing com
prises several occupations-cleaning, property protec
tion, and food preparation and serving. The occupa
tional group accounted for 2 percent of manufacturing
employment.
In 1977, about 19.7 million wage and salary workers
were employed in the manufacturing sector, account
ing for about one-fourth of the Nation’s employment.
Over half of the workers in manufacturing employment
were concentrated in 6 o f the 22 major industry groups.
As shown in table 1, durable goods industries accounted
for over half of all manufacturing employment. Among
these, the largest were the machinery (other than elec
trical), transportation equipment, and electrical and
electronic equipment industries, which each employed
about one-tenth of the workers in manufacturing.
Characteristically, employment in manufacturing is
heavily concentrated in production, maintenance, and
repair occupations. These occupations and construc
tion, material handling, and powerplant occupations in
clude all skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled workers per
forming machine and manual work. As shown in table
2, 14.0 million workers or 70 percent of the wage and
salary workers in manufacturing in 1977 were employed
in these occupations.
Clerical occupations, accounting for 2.2 million work
ers or 11 percent of manufacturing employment, make
up the second largest occupational group in all manu
facturing industries combined and in each industry di
vision within manufacturing, except for transportation.
Clerical occupations are classified into two subgroups—
office clerical workers and plant clerical workers. Of
fice clerical occupations accounted for 1.5 million
workers.
3
Table 1. Employment in manufacturing industries, 1977
Industry
Percent of total manu
facturing employment
Employment
TOTAL......................................................
19,721,350
100.0
DURABLE GOODS INDUSTRIES, TOTAL ..
11,621,780
58.9
Lumber and wood products, except furniture ....
Furniture and fixtures products...........................
Glass and glass products...................................
Stone, clay, and concrete products ...................
Primary metals.....................................................
Primary and secondary nonferrous metals.........
Fabricated metal products..................................
Machinery, except electrical...............................
Electric and electronic equipment ......................
Transportation equipment...................................
Instruments and related products.......................
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries ............
714,360
462,660
199,060
471,830
1,094,610
86,330
1,588,640
2,174,070
1,882,730
1,889,390
618,870
439,230
3.6
2.3
1.0
2.4
5.6
.4
8.1
11.0
9.5
9.6
3.1
2.2
NONDURABLE GOODS INDUSTRIES,
TOTAL ..................................................
8,099,570
41.1
Food and kindred products ................................
Tobacco products................................................
Textile mill products.............................................
Apparel and other textile products.....................
Paper and allied products...................................
Printing and publishing ........................................
Chemicals and allied products............................
Petroleum and coal products..............................
Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products ....
Leather and leather products..............................
1,710,910
70,940
913,700
1,318,700
686,140
1,132,880
1,081,980
202,830
721,530
259,960
8.7
.4
4.6
6.7
3.5
5.7
5.5
1.0
3.7
1.3
Table 2. Employment in manufacturing industries by major occupational group, 1977
Technical work Service work
ers
ers
Production,
maintenance,
construction,
repair, material
handling, and
powerplant
workers
Clerical work
ers
Sales workers
Industry
Managers and
officers
Professional
workers
All manufacturing...............................
1,126,980
1,163,730
497,790
390,000
13,963,950
2,159,500
419,400
Food and kindred products.........
Tobacco products.........................
Textile mill products.....................
Apparel and other textile products
Lumber and wood products,
except furniture.......................
Furniture and fixtures products....
Paper and allied products ...........
Printing and publishing.................
Chemicals and allied products.....
Petroleum and coal products.......
Rubber and miscellaneous
plastics products.....................
Leather and leather products ......
Glass and glass products............
Stone, clay, and concrete
products..................................
Primary metals .............................
Primary and secondary
nonferrous metals...................
Fabricated metal products...........
Machinery, except electrical.........
Electric and electronic equipment
Transportation equipment............
Instruments and related products
Miscellaneous manufacturing
industries ................................
108,480
3,360
28,340
45,010
29,570
2,880
14,880
13,670
12,380
1,800
7,800
1,860
67,880
3,410
17,660
17,070
1,259,250
52,450
764,090
1,105,630
170,470
6,550
73,380
116,890
62,880
490
7,550
18,570
34,630
19,500
33,000
97,070
96,960
13,580
11,050
8,980
23,050
116,150
124,540
25,090
6,010
3,220
5,610
5,280
54,750
8,200
13,270
7,930
11,630
19,250
25,740
3,600
597,170
369,780
531,640
582,510
564,030
120,130
42,560
43,190
65,730
239,570
160,600
29,510
9,670
10,060
15,480
73,050
55,360
2,720
37,090
7,540
8,130
21,780
3,100
5,710
11,550
420
2,570
11,150
3,710
3,840
568,200
219,150
161,640
60,890
22,260
14,760
10,870
3,780
2,410
33,840
39,620
12,420
36,990
6,460
17,640
6,520
21,890
358,350
877,100
43,870
93,130
10,370
8,240
3,840
90,880
156,480
105,240
86,900
47,680
4,670
65,850
176,570
202,780
194,140
56,680
2,090
33,350
116,110
102,310
56,780
37,200
1,990
27,290
36,770
28,500
44,280
9,950
67,910
1,191,810
1,368,450
1,201,160
1,330,380
361,170
5,530
150,040
279,890
222,600
165,870
92,410
300
29,420
39,800
20,140
11,040
13,780
29,810
13,180
4,400
6,670
311,950
59,800
13,420
4
Food and Kindred Products
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing or processing foods, beverages, and related
products such as ice, chewing gum, and vegetable and
animal fats and oils.
In 1977, the industry employed 1.7 million workers
or 9 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry de
clined 2 percent.
The most populous occupations in the food industry,
as shown in table 3, were: Production packagers (hand
or machine), with 231,600 workers or 14 percent of to
tal industry employment; delivery and route workers,
133,600 or 8 percent; and cannery workers, 79,300 or
5 percent.
The occupational distribution o f employment is
shown in chart 1.
Chart 1. Food and kindred products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
40
Managers and officers
Professional and technical workers
Sales workers
Clerical workers
Production, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers
Service workers
5
Percent
50
90
100
Table 3. Food and kindred products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,' June 1977
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
TOTAL............................................................
1,710,910
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
108,480
6.34
2
72
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
All other engineers....................................................
Mathematical scientist...............................................
Chemist ......................................................................
All other physical scientists......................................
Life scientist...............................................................
Purchasing agent and/or b uyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
All other professional workers..................................
29,570
3,470
60
4,660
170
590
3,810
12,690
4,120
1.70
.20
.00
.27
.00
.03
.22
.74
.24
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
9
n.a.
n.a.
5
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5
n.a.
n.a.
7
20
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Engineering technician ..............................................
Biological science technician ...................................
All other science technicians ...................................
All other technicians..................................................
12,380
1,130
8,000
1,060
2,190
.70
.06
.46
.06
.12
n.a.
n.a.
7
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
7
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
All other service workers ..........................................
67,880
60,320
2,970
3,670
920
3.95
3.52
.17
.21
.05
n.a.
2
7
16
n.a.
n.a.
40
3
2
n.a.
1,259,250
13,880
31,280
73.24
.81
1.82
n.a.
3
3
n.a.
16
19
5,610
540
46,260
12,190
133,640
1,520
5,560
61,400
40,780
13,660
6,480
48,040
9,280
35,410
27,890
6,340
231,570
1,360
1,080
5,380
8,010
16,340
16,230
9,890
21,510
2,430
6,440
6,840
2,640
6,100
13,150
8,520
11,040
.32
.03
2.70
.71
7.81
.08
.32
3.58
2.38
.79
.37
2.80
.54
2.06
1.63
.37
13.53
.07
.06
.31
.46
.95
.94
.57
1.25
.14
.37
.39
.15
.35
.76
.49
.64
4
n.a.
2
4
2
13
6
2
3
5
8
2
11
3
3
4
2
11
11
7
6
5
10
18
8
17
12
11
8
10
17
9
5
6
n.a.
35
11
35
1
5
36
25
10
5
34
5
31
18
5
46
1
1
4
5
5
5
1
7
1
3
4
3
3
1
4
8
4,830
2,610
3,070
1,990
.28
.15
.17
.11
6
8
9
7
4
3
3
3
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
Coin-machine servicer and/or vending machine repairer.................................................................
All other mechanics and repairers...........................
Truck driver................................................................
Cook and/or cooker..................................................
Delivery and/or route worker ...................................
Extractor operator and/or extractor plant operator..
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
M achinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
M ixer..........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Oven operator ...........................................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Stationary boiler fire r.................................................
Stationary engineer...................................................
Drier operator ............................................................
Baker .........................................................................
Baker helper ..............................................................
Boner, m e a t...............................................................
Boner,poultry..............................................................
Candy maker .............................................................
Carcass splitter..........................................................
Casing finisher and/or stuffer ..................................
Cheesemaker.............................................................
Cheesemaker helper .................................................
Chicken cutter ...........................................................
Cooler room worker, m eat........................................
Dairy processing equipment operator......................
Dividing-machine operator and/or dough-brake
machine operator.................................................
Feed pellet mill operator...........................................
Flavor-room worker and/or freezer operator..........
Ingredient scaler........................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
6
Table 3. Food and kindred products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Meat grinder ..............................................................
Miller ...........................................................................
Novelty worker ..........................................................
Poultry dresser and/or eviscerator...........................
Pumper .......................................................................
Raw cheese worker...................................................
Retort operator..........................................................
Shellfish-processing-machine tender........................
Shellfish shucker.......................................................
Skin peeling machine operator ................................
Skinner, animal..........................................................
Smoker .......................................................................
Stunner.......................................................................
Sugar boiler................................................................
Tester .........................................................................
Cutting machine operator,food.................................
Farm equipment operator .........................................
Fish cleaner, hand and/or butcher, fish ..................
Fermentation operator...............................................
Cannery w orker.........................................................
Food shaper, hand ....................................................
Depositor, fo o d ..........................................................
Pickier, fo o d ...............................................................
Washer and/or separator, food ...............................
Grader food and/or skin s.........................................
Equipment cleaner, h a n d ..........................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
3,500
6,140
3,860
56,540
1,650
1,730
1,560
1,120
4,960
1,290
5,460
2,130
1,380
1,500
8,970
11,770
3,540
8,800
1,570
79,330
4,490
5,090
1,760
13,530
6,510
5,080
6,820
38,720
89,660
0.20
.35
.22
3.30
.09
.10
.09
.06
.28
.07
.31
.12
.08
.08
.52
.68
.20
.51
.09
4.63
.26
.29
.10
.79
.38
.29
.39
2.26
5.24
7
7
13
8
10
24
10
46
19
11
9
7
8
23
4
5
15
14
14
2
10
9
11
9
7
12
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5
5
1
2
2
1
2
0
1
2
4
3
4
1
12
9
1
1
1
4
3
4
2
6
5
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators ...........................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Typist ..........................................................................
All other office clerical workers................................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk...............................
Weigher, record-keeping...........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
170,470
1,240
2,040
980
22,070
8,930
47,220
3,300
22,820
1,460
4,940
25,490
17,330
2,020
9,210
1,420
9.87
.07
.11
.05
1.28
.52
2.75
.19
1.33
.08
.28
1.48
1.01
.11
.53
.08
n.a.
11
7
n.a.
2
3
3
7
5
10
n.a.
3
3
9
5
n.a.
n.a.
2
2
n.a.
27
25
41
5
34
3
n.a.
16
27
3
10
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
62,880
3.66
8
41
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales clerk .................................................................
42,760
20,120
2.49
1.17
3
6
30
11
’ Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
Tobacco Products
This industry group includes establishments engaged
in manufacturing cigarettes, cigars, smoking and chew
ing tobacco, and snuff, and in stemming and redrying
tobacco.
In 1977, the industry employed 71,000 workers or 0.4
percent of all workers employed in manufacturing. Em
ployment declined less than a percentage point between
1971 and 1977.
The most populous occupatons in the tobacco indus
try, as shown in table 4, were: Production packagers
(hand or machine), with 6,200 workers or 9 percent of
total industry employment; cigarette-making machine
operators, 4,100 or 6 percent; and machine adjusters,
3,800 or 5 percent.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 2.
Chart 2. Tobacco products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
8
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 4. Tobacco products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,' April 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
70,940
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
3,360
4.73
12
92
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Chemist ......................................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Nurse,professional ....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
All other professional workers..................................
2,880
120
110
320
800
140
450
390
180
230
140
4.00
.16
.15
.45
1.12
.19
.63
.54
.25
.32
.19
n.a.
12
11
n.a.
29
30
27
24
18
39
n.a.
n.a.
17
22
n.a.
8
13
31
34
21
17
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Drafter........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
All other engineering technicians..............................
Science technicians...................................................
All other technicians..................................................
1,800
190
80
70
220
1,000
240
2.49
.26
.11
.09
.30
1.40
.33
n.a.
29
16
19
n.a.
28
n.a.
n.a.
14
10
12
n.a.
7
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
3,410
2,550
530
50
70
210
4.78
3.59
.74
.07
.09
n.a.
28
13
31
13
n.a.
n.a.
51
29
12
12
n.a.
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning mechanic..............................................................
Machine adjuster.......................................................
Cooper,hogshead......................................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Cook and/or cooker..................................................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Leaf conditioner and/or caser .................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Mixer ...........................................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Stem-roller-or-crusher operator................................
Sheet metal worker ..................................................
Stationary boiler fire r.................................................
Stationary engineer....................................................
Sorter, selector and/or grader, tobacco..................
Welder and/or flamecutter .......................................
Drier operator ............................................................
Bunch maker,machine...............................................
Casing machine operator..........................................
Cigarette filter making machine operator ................
Cigarette making machine operator.........................
#
52,450
60
520
73.65
.08
.73
n.a.
19
22
n.a.
13
23
110
3,800
240
100
340
110
180
610
3,190
1,080
1,300
180
700
230
100
240
310
520
150
50
230
6,250
70
130
160
120
220
70
240
680
90
1,480
4,070
.15
5.35
.33
.14
.47
.15
.25
.85
4.49
1.52
1.83
.25
.98
.32
.14
.33
.43
.73
.21
.07
.32
8.80
.09
.18
.22
.16
.30
.09
.33
.95
.12
2.08
5.73
38
10
16
n.a.
11
35
14
10
14
10
9
12
15
12
19
14
22
25
40
19
22
15
20
15
10
18
22
22
12
12
10
11
8
7
32
12
n.a.
30
19
16
32
55
33
21
26
24
31
12
23
10
25
13
7
13
54
9
7
17
11
23
14
31
16
14
6
5
See footnotes at end of table.
29
9
Table 4. Tobacco products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,' April 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Making machine catcher...........................................
Ordering machine operator.......................................
Picker.........................................................................
Shaker .......................................................................
Stemmer, hand..........................................................
Stemmer, machine....................................................
Tester ........................................................................
Thresher.....................................................................
Wrapper la ye r............................................................
Cutter and/or grinder operator.................................
Feeder-catcher, tobacco...........................................
Cigar maker, hand ....................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
2,670
80
2,070
300
230
450
230
60
1,750
250
300
170
270
2,720
12,970
3.76
.11
2.91
.42
.32
.63
.32
.08
2.46
.35
.42
.23
.38
3.83
18.26
20
31
30
26
17
8
37
17
4
16
24
18
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
6
12
25
16
8
22
17
12
25
22
12
12
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
6,550
170
180
100
90
540
120
130
710
310
100
50
60
740
70
370
400
780
130
90
320
140
330
320
9.13
.23
.25
.14
.12
.76
.16
.18
1.00
.43
.42
.14
.07
.08
1.04
.09
.52
.56
1.09
.18
.12
.45
.19
.46
.45
n.a.
31
16
n.a.
12
18
26
31
28
33
13
15
25
33
26
13
25
24
n.a.
33
9
22
19
12
n.a.
n.a.
16
21
n.a.
17
40
20
12
42
13
45
21
16
9
44
35
24
26
n.a.
12
23
36
17
31
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
490
.69
n.a.
n.a.
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
490
.69
21
21
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators ...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement cle rk.....................................................
Receptionist...............................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist...........................
Typist .........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Weigher, record-keeping...........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
■fcoo
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
10
Textile Mill Products
This industry group includes establishments perform
ing any o f the following operations: (1) Preparing fiber
and subsequent manufacturing o f yarn, thread, braids,
twine, and cordage; (2) manufacturing woven fabric,
knit fabric, and carpet and rugs from yarn; (3) dyeing
and finishing fiber, yarn, fabric, and knit apparel; (4)
coating, waterproofing, or otherwise treating fabric; (5)
the integrated manufacture of knit apparel and other
finished articles from yarn; and (6) the manufacture of
felt goods, lace goods, nonwoven fabrics, and miscel
laneous textiles.
In 1977, the industry employed 914,000 workers or
5 percent o f all workers employed in manufacturing.
Employment declined 4 percent between 1971 and 1977.
The most populous occupations in the textile mill
products industry, as shown in table 5, were: Sewing
machine operators, regular equipment—garment, with
38,700 workers; weavers, 36,700; and nonworking su
pervisors for production and other blue-collar occupa
tions, 32,900.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 3.
Chart 3. Textile mill products; Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
10
20
30
11
40
Percent
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 5. Textile mill products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,' April 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
913,700
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
28,340
3.10
3
88
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Industrial engineer......................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Mathematical scientist...............................................
Chemist ......................................................................
All other physical scientists......................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
14,880
2,100
1,070
1,070
40
1,010
40
730
1,240
2,500
1,890
1,380
1,810
1.56
.22
.11
.11
.00
.11
.00
.07
.13
.27
.20
.15
.19
n.a.
3
5
n.a.
n.a.
8
n.a.
13
4
4
3
7
n.a.
n.a.
20
13
n.a.
n.a.
9
n.a.
6
19
25
25
11
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Engineering technician ..............................................
Colorist ......................................................................
All other science technicians ...................................
All other technicians.................................................
7,800
740
1,110
1,620
2,550
1,780
.83
.08
.12
.17
.27
.19
n.a.
6
7
5
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
8
9
13
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
17,660
10,660
3,810
460
1,070
1,660
1.91
1.16
.41
.05
.11
.18
n.a.
3
3
n.a.
9
n.a.
n.a.
49
20
n.a.
6
n.a.
764,090
550
8,440
10,820
19,140
14,250
1,700
4,060
1,000
1,170
3,670
1,500
1,680
4,250
32,880
9,840
25,490
1,810
4,010
6,840
3,640
1,100
3,040
4,440
620
770
14,230
83.03
.06
.92
1.18
2.09
1.55
.18
.44
.10
.12
.40
.16
.18
.46
3.59
1.07
2.78
.19
.43
.74
.39
.12
.33
.48
.06
.08
1.55
n.a.
8
4
3
3
4
6
n.a.
11
9
5
8
7
3
2
3
3
6
4
3
7
10
3
6
8
8
5
n.a.
5
25
20
16
15
12
n.a.
3
4
25
15
8
28
56
27
38
9
22
35
13
5
18
16
7
8
28
38,680
4.23
3
11
7,200
.78
9
8
16,200
1.77
5
16
4,190
.45
19
5
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
Knitting-machine fix e r................................................
Loom fix e r..................................................................
Section repairer and setter.......................................
Mechanic,sewing machine........................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Presser, hand ............................................................
Presser, machine ......................................................
Truck driver................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Drawer-in, ha n d .........................................................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instructor, apparel and textile machines..................
Machinist ....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentgarment ................................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment and/
or automatic equipment-garment.......................
Sewing-machine operator, regular equipment- non
garment ................................................................
Sewing-machine operator, special equipment and/orautomatic equipment-nongarment.................
See footnotes at end of table.
12
Table 5. Textile mill products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1April 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Spooler operator, automatic.....................................
Stationary boiler fire r.................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter .......................................
Weaver .......................................................................
Ager operator ............................................................
Backtender, cloth printing.........................................
Battery loader............................................................
Beam-dyer operator and/or package-dyeingmachine operator.................................................
Beam-warper tender,automatic and/or beamer.......
Bleach-range operators and/or knit-goods
bleachers..............................................................
Blending-machine operator.......................................
Boarding-machine operator, hosiery.........................
Bobbin so rte r.............................................................
Bobbin winder, machine or sewing machine...........
Boil-off machine operator, clo th ................................
Braiding machine operator........................................
Burler ..........................................................................
Calender operator, cloth pressing ............................
Calendering-machine operator,knit goods tubing ....
Card grinder...............................................................
Card tender, comber tender, and/or card stripper ..
Drawing-frame tenders and/or gill-box tenders.......
Cloth feeder and/or back tender..............................
Cloth-finishing-range tender, m iddle.........................
Cloth-finishing-range operator, chief.........................
Cloth printer...............................................................
Cloth-shrinking-machine operator............................
Cloth trimmer, machine and/or shearing-machine operator................................................................
Cloth or carpet winder...............................................
Coating machine operator ........................................
Creeler, yarn ..............................................................
Cutter, portable machine...........................................
Doffer.........................................................................
Drawing-in-machine tender.......................................
Dresser tender...........................................................
Dye-range operator and spiral-dye-beck tenders ....
Dye-reel operator, jigger, and/or padding-machine operator................................................................
Dye-tank tender, nets; warp-dyeing-vat tender;
and/or knit-goods-yarn dyer, vat ........................
Dye-tub operator, random dyer, and/or spotdyeing-and-winding machine operator ...............
Fuller,textile................................................................
Hand sewer................................................................
Harness builder,loom changer and/or loom starter .
Harness p la ce r..........................................................
Knitter,full-fashioned garment...................................
Knitting-machine operator.........................................
Laminating-machine operator and/or spreader
machine tender ....................................................
Loom-winder tender...................................................
Looper, hosiery...........................................................
Mender, clo th .............................................................
Mercerizer operator and/or mangle tender.............
Napper tender ...........................................................
Needle-felt-making-machine operator and/or needle loom operator..........................................
Opener tender and/or waste-machine tender .........
Picker tender .............................................................
Quilling-machine operator, automatic or non
automatic ..............................................................
Rope laying machine operator..................................
Rubber-covering-machine operator..........................
Seamless-hosiery knitter...........................................
8,130
1,240
680
36,680
660
2,550
8,920
0.88
.13
.07
4.01
.07
.27
.97
7
5
6
4
12
13
6
7
8
8
19
3
3
7
2,220
7,690
.24
.84
8
6
5
18
1,730
2,350
5,080
1,190
3,020
600
2,480
3,820
1,400
1,000
1,460
10,440
8,080
4,950
2,440
2,460
2,570
1,040
.18
.25
.55
.13
.33
.06
.27
.41
.15
.10
.15
1.14
.88
.54
.26
.26
.28
.11
11
7
7
9
9
13
10
8
8
9
6
4
4
4
8
4
5
7 .
2
4
6
6
4
8
17
13
9
9
10
8
6
6
5
3
2,340
2,660
3,080
15,670
3,000
23,090
1,230
570
3,870
.25
.29
.33
1.71
.32
2.52
.13
.06
.42
7
6
10
4
7
3
10
13
9
7
21
12
21
5
2
7
3,210
.35
8
6
780
.08
16
2
3,290
580
830
1,590
2,510
1,340
20,840
.36
.06
.09
.17
.27
.14
2.28
6
13
14
7
7
18
4
9
2
3
7
5
1
18
1,260
3,930
1,330
4,170
690
1,710
.13
.43
.14
.45
.07
.18
16
12
14
7
14
14
2
3
2
10
2
5
1,030
3,350
3,120
.11
.36
.34
12
5
6
2
11
9
2,670
630
1,330
5,310
.29
.06
.14
.58
9
30
14
7
7
1
2
4
See footnotes at end of table.
13
9
9
9
9
Table 5. Textile mill products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1April 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Skein-yarn dyer .........................................................
Slasher tender...........................................................
Slubber tender...........................................................
Smash hand...............................................................
Speeder tender .........................................................
Spinner, fram e...........................................................
Staple cutters and/or staple-processing-machine operators..............................................................
Tenter-frame operator...............................................
Tester ........................................................................
Threader, knit goods .................................................
Twister tender............................................................
Warp-knitting-machine operator...............................
Warp-tying-machine tender.......................................
Winder operator, automatic ......................................
Texturizer and/or crimp setter .................................
Yarn winder................................................................
Cloth grader...............................................................
Folder, hand ..............................................................
Folding machine operator.........................................
Cutter machine..........................................................
Autoclave operator ...................................................
Drier operator, textiles and ru g s ..............................
Screen or stencil printer and/or se tte r....................
Mixer and/or blender,chemicals and chemical products ...............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
1,010
3,570
5,820
3,690
2,050
30,820
0.11
.39
.63
.40
.22
3.37
12
5
5
4
10
3
3
7
8
9
3
16
780
4,020
4,360
630
13,000
2,530
4,010
13,940
4,650
19,120
8,890
10,320
2,090
3,930
740
3,090
2,180
.08
.43
.47
.06
1.42
.27
.43
1.52
.50
2.09
.97
1.12
.22
.43
.08
.33
.23
16
6
5
12
5
13
5
4
12
5
5
5
10
7
11
6
10
2
10
18
2
14
2
11
16
2
17
12
12
7
11
4
10
4
4,900
7,170
45,120
68,560
.53
.78
4.93
7.50
5
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
17
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators...........................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk....................................................................
General clerk, office .................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement clerk.....................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical c le rk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
T ypist.........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Weigher, record-keeping...........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
73,380
990
1,100
2,070
690
2,610
1,120
920
10,690
2,930
3,930
1,290
890
5,600
760
1,370
1,750
2,520
3,290
4,490
9,470
6,300
920
4,590
3,090
7.93
.10
.12
.22
.07
.28
.12
.10
1.16
.32
.43
.14
.09
.61
.08
.14
.19
.27
.36
.49
1.03
.68
.10
n.a.
5
6
4
n.a.
4
5
6
4
11
3
3
4
3
6
.33
n.a.
4
3
3
8
4
n.a.
n.a.
11
11
14
n.a.
21
15
9
46
15
41
20
13
42
7
26
13
19
n.a.
26
43
51
6
26
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
7,550
.81
22
27
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales c le rk .................................................................
6,640
910
.72
.09
8
14
22
5
.50
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
2
5
5
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
14
Apparel and Other Textile
Products
The most populous occupations in the apparel indus
try, as shown in table 6, were: Regular and automatic
sewing machine operators for garment and nongarment
items, 697,000 workers or 53 percent o f total industry
employment. Among these, regular sewing machine op
erators working on garments were the most numerous.
The occupational distribution o f employment is
shown in chart 4.
This industry group includes establishments pro
ducing clothing and fabricating products by cutting and
sewing purchased woven or knit textile fabrics and re
lated materials such as leather, rubberized fabrics, plas
tics, and furs.
In 1977, the industry employed 1.3 million workers
or 7 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
Employment declined 2 percent between 1971 and 1977.
Chart 4. Apparel and other textile products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
15
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 6. Apparel and other textile products:
selected occupations,’ May 1977
Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
TOTAL............................................................
1,318,700
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
45,010
3.41
1
80
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
13,670
2,070
690
1,780
2,040
850
4,840
1,400
1.00
.15
.05
.13
.15
.06
.36
.10
n.a.
3
n.a.
4
5
5
5
n.a.
n.a.
9
n.a.
9
8
5
12
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer..............................................
Engineering technician ..............................................
Science technicians...................................................
All other technicians..................................................
1,860
830
420
230
380
.12
.06
.03
.01
.02
n.a.
8
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
17,070
13,110
1,580
150
1,390
840
1.27
.99
.11
.01
.10
.06
n.a.
2
5
n.a.
8
n.a.
n.a.
40
4
n.a.
3
n.a.
1,105,630
1,090
10,690
500
23,120
23,450
2,460
28,730
1,610
35,030
3,180
990
1,940
8,490
15,380
83.61
.08
.81
.03
1.75
1.77
.18
2.17
.12
2.65
.24
.07
.14
.64
1.16
n.a.
9
1
n.a.
2
3
4
2
10
2
4
10
4
4
4
n.a.
3
34
n.a.
27
22
10
44
3
34
8
4
8
12
19
552,580
41.90
1
60
78,110
5.92
3
40
51,420
3.89
6
13
14,800
3,320
19,300
3,330
13,860
2,250
870
3,200
4,900
11,930
1,400
1,890
1,530
4,200
1,720
8,150
6,100
1,100
1,180
1,460
1.12
.25
1.46
.25
1.05
.17
.06
.24
.37
.90
.10
.14
.11
.31
.13
.61
.46
.08
.08
.11
7
19
4
12
3
6
9
6
4
6
17
15
7
4
16
5
5
20
9
4
7
2
33
1
28
6
2
6
13
11
1
2
5
13
1
15
9
1
4
6
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
Mechanic,sewing machine........................................
All other mechanics and repairers...........................
Presser, hand ............................................................
Presser, machine ......................................................
Truck driver................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instructor, apparel and textile machines..................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Order fille r..................................................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentgarment ................................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment and/or automatic equipment-garment.......................
Sewing-machine operator, regular equipment- nongarment ................................................................
Sewing-machine operator, special equipment and/orautomatic equipment-nongarment.................
All-around ta ilo r.........................................................
Bundler.......................................................................
Cap maker .................................................................
Cutter, portable machine...........................................
Die cutter and/or clicking-machine operator...........
Draper.........................................................................
Fusing machine operator..........................................
Garment repairer.......................................................
Hand sewer................................................................
Knitting-machine operator.........................................
Belt maker, apparel ..................................................
Pattern cu tte r............................................................
Patternmaker ............................................................
Pleating machine operator.......................................
Sample maker ..........................................................
Shaper and presser..................................................
Shuttler, embroidery..................................................
Slitting-machine operator.........................................
Spot cleaner .............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
16
'
Table 6. Apparel and other textile products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Spreader.....................................................................
Tester .........................................................................
Thread trimmer..........................................................
Work distributor.........................................................
Marker ........................................................................
Cutter, ha n d ...............................................................
T urner........................................................................
Folder, hand ..............................................................
Folding machine operator.........................................
Soabar operator........................................................
Gluer and/or cementer, hand ..................................
Cutter machine..........................................................
Screen or stencil printer and/or se tte r....................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers...........
All other laborers and unskilled w orkers.................
14,410
820
21,770
17,150
5,130
8,160
10,540
16,440
2,390
3,370
1,220
7,840
1,070
4,330
18,490
27,240
1.09
.06
1.65
1.30
.38
.61
.79
1.24
.18
.25
.09
.59
.08
.32
1.40
2.06
2
14
2
3
3
5
3
3
10
3
13
4
16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
30
2
28
25
16
14
22
16
3
12
1
14
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.........
Computer operator.....................................................
Keypunch operator ....................................................
All other office machine operators...........................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk..............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement cle rk......................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist ..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
Shade-ticket marker...................................................
All other plant clerical workers..................................
116,890
1,650
1,190
2,280
860
3,950
7,080
1,310
14,600
3,500
8,380
1,280
930
6,180
1,510
1,580
4,480
3,920
4,100
21,700
14,360
7,370
3,300
1,380
8.73
.12
.09
.17
.06
.29
.53
.09
1.10
.26
.63
.09
.07
.46
.11
.11
.33
.29
.31
1.64
1.08
.55
.25
.10
n.a.
5
5
5
n.a.
5
3
5
4
5
2
3
6
3
3
5
5
n.a.
4
3
6
4
3
n.a.
n.a.
6
5
5
n.a.
11
27
5
29
8
35
8
4
22
10
6
12
n.a.
11
35
34
16
10
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..............................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales clerk .................................................................
18,570
1.39
14
23
15,670
2,900
1.18
.21
4
10
18
4
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
17
Lumber and Wood Products,
Except Furniture
This industry group includes logging camps engaged
in cutting timber and pulpwood, merchant sawmills,
lath mills, shingle mills, cooperage stock mills, planing
mills, plywood mills, and veneer mills which produce
lumber and wood basic materials, and establishments
which manufacture finished articles from wood or wood
substitutes.
In 1977, the industry employed 714,000 workers or
4 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
creased 20 percent.
The most populous occupations in the lumber and
wood products industry, as shown in table 7, were:
Class C assemblers, with 37,000 workers or 5 percent
o f total industry employment; truck drivers, 31,400 or
4 percent; and fallers and/or buckers, 22,600 or 3
percent.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 5.
Chart 5. Lumber and wood products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
0
10
20
30
18
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 7. Lumber and wood products, except furniture: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,’ May 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
714,360
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
34,630
4.84
1
65
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Physical scientists.....................................................
Agricultural scientist..................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
All other professional workers..................................
11,050
520
980
50
870
2,280
4,180
830
1,340
1.50
.07
.13
.00
.12
.31
.58
.11
.18
n.a.
6
n.a.
n.a.
10
3
3
5
n.a.
n.a.
2
n.a.
n.a.
2
10
16
4
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Drafter........................................................................
All other engineering technicians........ ...................
Timber cruiser............................................................
All other science technicians ...................................
All other technicians..................................................
6,010
1,980
350
2,650
480
550
.81
.27
.04
.37
.06
.07
n.a.
4
n.a.
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5
n.a.
6
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
All other service workers ..........................................
13,270
8,090
3,640
440
1,100
1.84
1.13
.50
.06
.15
n.a.
2
3
15
n.a.
n.a.
20
8
1
n.a.
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Engineering-equipment mechanic.............................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Cabinetmaker.............................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator......................
Delivery and/or route w o rker...................................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Glazier ........................................................................
Heavy equipment operator .......................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order filler ..................................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Stationary boiler fire r.................................................
Logging tractor operator...........................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.......................................
Power-barker operator...............................................
Band-scroll saw operator..........................................
Boring-machine operator, w o o d ...............................
Carrier driver..............................................................
Chain offbearer, lumber ............................................
Chaser ........................................................................
Chipper............... .......................................................
Choker setter, lum ber................................................
Automatic clipper, veneer.........................................
Cut-off-saw operator, lumber....................................
Cut-off sawyer, lo g .....................................................
Dado operator...........................................................
Bull chain operator.....................................................
Dowel machine operator...........................................
597,170
5,380
1,320
6,660
1,130
31,400
13,290
15,530
1,050
1,480
4,500
22,140
540
5,140
18,330
3,180
1,850
6,460
9,050
3,770
1,090
1,010
1,640
5,780
2,840
13,510
2,380
4,620
820
1,290
1,960
22,210
2,490
3,740
5,580
2,100
11,180
1,730
670
490
490
83.09
.75
.18
.93
.15
4.39
1.86
2.17
.14
.20
.62
3.09
.07
.71
2.56
.44
.25
.90
1.26
.52
.15
.14
.22
.80
.39
1.89
.33
.64
.11
.18
.27
3.10
.34
.52
.78
.29
1.56
.24
.09
.06
.06
n.a.
3
8
3
n.a.
1
4
5
6
7
3
1
24
5
2
5
5
3
4
7
4
7
5
5
3
2
5
2
7
6
5
2
4
2
5
6
3
5
9
7
11
n.a.
12
3
12
n.a.
52
11
10
2
3
8
34
1
7
31
7
5
18
12
4
4
2
3
7
5
24
5
16
2
3
4
17
4
13
5
3
20
4
2
1
1
See footnotes at end of table.
19
Table 7. Lumber and wood products, except furniture: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Edge gluer..................................................................
Edger, automatic and/or p o n y .................................
Falter and/or bucker..................................................
Gang sawyer..............................................................
Gluing-machine operator...........................................
Head loader...............................................................
Head sawyer..............................................................
Hook tender...............................................................
Hot-plate-plywood-press operator............................
Hydraulic press operator,veneer..............................
Lay-out marker, w ood...............................................
Kiln operator..............................................................
Kiln transfer operator.................................................
Lathe operator,wood.................................................
Loader,car and truck ................................................
Loader engineer........................................................
Log handling equipment operator............................
Log inspector, grader, and/or scaler .......................
Lumber grader...........................................................
Lumber straightener..................................................
Machine setter,woodworking....................................
Wood machinist.........................................................
Nailing-machine operator..........................................
Off-bearer..................................................................
Pond worker, lumber ................................................
Power-screwdriver operator......................................
Resawyer ..................................................................
Rigging slinger...........................................................
Ripsaw operator........................................................
Rubber .......................................................................
Sander, wood ............................................................
Saw filer ....................................................................
Second loader...........................................................
Shaper and/or router operator.................................
Kiln stacker operator.................................................
Tenoner operator......................................................
Tester ........................................................................
Transfer controller, sawmill.......................................
Treating engineer......................................................
Trim saw operator.....................................................
Variety saw operator.................................................
Veneer d rie r...............................................................
Veneer grader............................................................
Veneer-lathe operator ...............................................
Veneer repairer, machine..........................................
Veneer sander...........................................................
Woodworking-machine operator ..............................
Yarder engineer.........................................................
Painter,production .....................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Veneer drier feeder...................................................
Veneer jointer operator.............................................
Veneer repairer, hand................................................
Core feeder................................................................
Core layer and/or sheet turner................................
Planer operator..........................................................
Sorter operator, green lumber..................................
Sawyer, tail ................................................................
Gluer and/or cementer, hand ..................................
Assembler, class A ...................................................
Assembler, class B ...................................................
Assembler, class C ....................................................
Mixer and/or blender,chemicals and chemical products ...............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
1,390
5,980
22,570
1,160
1,220
900
6,460
1,650
1,710
580
580
1,120
590
1,080
6,200
3,800
7,710
3,960
5,930
3,300
2,780
8,310
8,510
17,290
1,200
1,040
3,860
1,620
6,460
1,090
6,130
4,430
610
1,780
1,520
1,190
500
580
670
6,450
4,230
2,420
5,180
1,240
1,800
790
10,010
1,860
6,440
780
3,240
640
2,010
1,630
3,420
4,080
1,150
840
1,230
4,900
18,790
36,910
0.19
.83
3.15
.16
.17
.12
.90
.23
.23
.08
.08
.15
.08
.15
.86
.53
1.07
.55
.83
.46
.38
1.16
1.19
2.42
.16
.14
.54
.22
.90
.15
.85
.62
.08
.24
.21
.16
.06
.08
.09
.90
.59
.33
.72
.17
.25
.11
1.40
.26
.90
.10
.45
.08
.28
.22
.47
.57
.16
.11
.17
.68
2.63
5.16
8
2
2
7
7
7
2
5
6
15
9
5
8
10
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
4
3
6
11
3
6
3
12
4
2
10
6
4
7
8
6
9
2
4
7
6
6
10
8
4
6
4
9
6
8
8
8
6
3
7
9
9
7
11
4
2
20
25
3
2
3
23
2
2
1
1
4
2
1
12
8
19
13
13
7
6
11
10
19
2
1
11
2
15
1
9
14
1
3
4
3
1
2
1
18
9
2
3
2
1
2
12
3
10
2
2
1
1
2
2
13
3
2
2
5
9
14
690
5,790
19,870
63,500
.09
.81
2.78
8.88
7
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
See footnotes at end of table.
20
Table 7. Lumber and wood products, except furniture: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator........
Keypunch operator ....................................................
All other office machine operators...........................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand......................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Receptionist...............................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist .........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
Tally clerk, sawmill....................................................
All other plant clerical workers.................................
42,560
490
580
530
2,750
5,190
7,770
660
1,380
440
440
6,260
1,100
620
1,130
1,980
1,100
4,660
2,150
1,580
1,320
430
5.87
.06
.08
.07
.38
.72
1.08
.09
.19
.06
.06
.87
.15
.08
.15
.27
.15
.65
.30
.22
.18
.06
n.a.
6
7
n.a.
3
2
2
7
2
5
5
4
2
6
9
n.a.
5
4
3
5
5
n.a.
n.a.
2
2
n.a.
10
23
28
2
8
3
3
24
6
2
3
n.a.
4
12
9
5
4
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
9,670
1.35
13
21
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales c le rk .................................................................
8,880
790
1.24
.11
3
10
19
2
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
21
Furniture and Fixtures
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing household, office, public building, and restau
rant furniture, and office and store fixtures.
In 1977, the industry employed 462,700 workers or
2 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
creased 1 percent.
The most populous occupations in the furniture and
fixtures industry, as shown in table 8, were: Class C
assemblers, with 31,800 workers or 7 percent o f total
industry employment; upholsterers, 20,500; and sewing
machine operators, regular—nongarment, 19,900.
The occupational distribution o f employment is
shown in chart 6.
Chart 6. Furniture and fixtures: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
22
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 8. Furniture and fixtures :
occupations,' June 1977
Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
462,660
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
19,500
4.21
2
91
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Industrial engineer......................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer................................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
8,980
1,300
460
390
300
1,750
2,170
750
660
1,200
1.89
.28
.09
.08
.06
.37
.46
.16
.14
.25
n.a.
5
10
n.a.
9
2
4
4
7
n.a.
n.a.
12
5
n.a.
4
23
23
10
7
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Drafter.........................................................................
All other engineering technicians..............................
All other technicians..................................................
3,220
490
1,770
600
360
.67
.10
.38
.12
.07
n.a.
9
5
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5
12
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
7,930
5,140
1,360
120
1,000
310
1.69
1.11
.29
.02
.21
.06
n.a.
3
6
n.a.
11
n.a.
n.a.
38
7
n.a.
3
n.a.
369,780
490
1,350
530
7,850
9,520
1,930
630
860
79.53
.10
.29
.11
1.69
2.05
.41
.13
.18
n.a.
7
7
n.a.
3
5
11
11
6
n.a.
5
7
n.a.
45
24
8
4
8
1,700
16,340
4,940
5,900
1,700
1,310
3,060
2,740
7,230
400
1,590
290
7,640
.36
3.53
1.06
1.27
.36
.28
.66
.59
1.56
.08
.34
.06
1.65
12
2
4
4
8
10
8
4
5
14
7
16
5
4
51
22
22
9
8
10
19
23
2
7
2
22
19,870
4.29
4
32
3,240
840
670
1,180
5,730
1,700
2,590
610
4,990
530
430
790
1,200
1,190
.70
.18
.14
.25
1.23
.36
.55
.13
1.07
.11
.09
.17
.25
.25
8
18
8
8
9
4
5
12
3
12
8
11
7
11
13
2
4
6
12
13
14
3
30
4
4
4
8
4
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Cabinetmaker.............................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Delivery and/or route worker ...................................
Electrician...................................................................
Filer, grinder, buffer, chipper, cleaner, and/or polisher.................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Industrial truck operator ............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Laminating-machine operator,furniture.....................
Machinist....................................................................
Mattress maker .........................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sewing-machine operator, regular equipment- non
garment ................................................................
Sewing-machine operator, special equipment and/orautomatic equipment-nongarment.................
Sheet metal worker ..................................................
Stationary boiler fire r.................................................
Tool and die maker ...................................................
Furniture finisher .......................................................
Band-scroll saw operator..........................................
Boring-machine operator, w o o d ...............................
Wood-carving-machine operator...............................
Cut-off-saw operator, lum ber....................................
Dado operator ...........................................................
Dowel machine operator...........................................
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator............
Gluing-machine operator...........................................
Grinding and/or abrading machine operator, metal .
See footnotes at end of table.
23
Table 8. Furniture and fixtures : Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,' June 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Hot-plate-plywood-press operator.............................
Hydraulic press operator,veneer...............................
Lay-out marker, wood................................................
Lathe operator,wood.................................................
Machine setter,woodworking ....................................
Machine tool operator,combination ..........................
Machine tool operator,numerical-control .................
Machine tool setter, metalworking............................
Wood machinist.........................................................
Mortising-machine operator......................................
Nailing-machine operator..........................................
Off-bearer...................................................................
Patternmaker .............................................................
Plastic-top installer....................................................
Plater helper ..............................................................
Power-screwdriver operator......................................
Rip-and-groove-machine operator............................
Ripsaw operator........................................................
Rubber .......................................................................
Sander, wood ............................................................
Shaper, hand .............................................................
Shaper and/or router operator.................................
Sorter, upholstery parts.............................................
Spring-machine operator...........................................
Springer......................................................................
Stapler, mattress and bedspring..............................
Tenoner operator ......................................................
Tester .............................................:..........................
Upholstery trimmer ...................................................
Variety saw operator.................................................
Woodworking-machine operator ..............................
Painter,production .....................................................
Riveter, lig h t...............................................................
Punch-press operator, metal ....................................
Punch-press setter, m etal.........................................
Shear and/or slitter operator, m etal.........................
Upholsterer ................................................................
Upholstery cutter.......................................................
Power brake and/or bending machine operator,
m etal....................................................................
Gluer and/or cementer, hand ..................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - a ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - b ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - c ...................................
Cushion maker ..........................................................
Assembler, class A ...................................................
Assembler, class B ...................................................
Assembler, class C ...................................................
Decorator, hand ........................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators ..........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File cle rk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement c le rk......................................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
400
430
790
920
2,050
600
280
660
6,620
380
980
5,750
330
1,540
580
2,360
640
4,950
5,300
12,900
1,020
2,870
1,580
1,200
4,040
880
1,530
330
3,430
1,940
7,730
9,660
1,310
7,150
840
830
20,480
6,260
0.08
.09
.17
.19
.44
.12
.06
.14
1.43
.08
.21
1.24
.07
.33
.12
.51
.13
1.06
1.14
2.78
.22
.62
.34
.25
.87
.19
.33
.07
.74
.41
1.67
2.08
.28
1.54
.18
.17
4.42
1.35
13
13
10
7
9
15
39
14
5
8
9
8
11
8
15
11
9
4
7
5
9
5
8
15
4
16
6
15
7
5
7
4
16
7
11
10
4
4
3
3
6
6
8
2
1
3
27
4
5
9
3
9
2
5
4
27
11
26
6
14
8
2
19
3
10
2
11
13
24
35
3
14
4
5
27
25
3,370
2,440
1,900
3,490
3,110
3,710
6,220
14,990
31,760
630
5,270
16,030
31,760
.72
.52
.41
.75
.67
.80
1.34
3.23
6.86
.13
1.13
3.46
6.86
9
7
12
8
10
4
6
4
4
12
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
10
9
7
8
6
17
16
27
32
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
43,190
630
620
1,060
330
450
2,000
2,500
620
5,450
1,850
1,570
540
620
9.21
.13
.13
.22
.07
.09
.43
.54
.13
1.17
.39
.33
.11
.13
n.a.
5
6
5
n.a.
9
4
3
6
3
4
4
5
4
n.a.
8
7
7
n.a.
4
19
32
7
42
14
19
8
9
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error(in
percentage)2
24
Table 8. Furniture and fixtures : Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Secretary....................................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
T ypist..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers.................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers..................................
4,320
960
1,630
1,040
2,120
1,970
6,270
4,190
1,990
460
0.93
.20
.35
.22
.45
.42
1.35
.90
.43
.09
3
3
7
7
n.a.
5
4
3
6
n.a.
40
17
10
8
n.a.
15
33
40
14
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
10,060
2.16
17
39
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales c le rk .................................................................
9,620
440
2.07
.09
4
14
37
3
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method'’,
n.a. Not available.
25
Paper and Allied Products
This industry group includes establishments which
manufacture pulps from wood and other cellulose fi
bers, and from rags; manufacture paper and paperboard;
and manufacture converted products such as paper
coated off the paper machine, paper boxes, and
envelopes.
In 1977, the industry employed 686,100 workers or
4 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
creased 1 percent.
The most populous occupations in the paper indus
try, as shown in table 9, were: Nonworking supervisors
in production and related work, with 30,000 workers
or 4 percent of total industry employment; production
packagers (hand or machine), 26,700; and industrial
truck operators, 21,100.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 7.
Chart 7. Paper and allied products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
0
10
20
30
40
Percent
50
60
80
70
Managers and officers
m
Professional and technical workers . ..
Sales workers
Clerical w o rkers...................................
Service workers
____ I
j-
Production, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers . . .
• ••
.... -..i:-.- . I
-
26
1971
1977
90
100
Table 9. Paper and allied products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1April 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative errorfin
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
686,140
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
33,000
4.80
2
86
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Chemical engineer....................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer ................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Mathematical scientist...............................................
Chemist ......................................................................
All other physical scientists......................................
Life scientist...............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer ...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Commercial a rtis t......................................................
Nurse,professional ....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
23,050
1,330
680
1,300
2,460
900
60
1,440
170
240
720
2,650
4,360
990
660
1,960
1,040
2,090
3.26
.19
.09
.18
.35
.13
.00
.20
.02
.03
.10
.38
.63
.14
.09
.28
.15
.30
n.a.
5
5
5
5
n.a.
n.a.
10
n.a.
n.a.
9
3
3
8
5
3
7
n.a.
n.a.
7
7
15
15
n.a.
n.a.
7
n.a.
n.a.
6
32
33
8
7
22
13
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Drafter.........................................................................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Science technicians...................................................
All other technicians..................................................
5,610
740
820
1,570
1,320
1,160
.78
.10
.11
.22
.19
.16
n.a.
6
7
n.a.
12
n.a.
n.a.
8
8
n.a.
3
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
11,630
7,390
2,230
160
1,200
650
1.67
1.07
.32
.02
.17
.09
n.a.
3
5
n.a.
13
n.a.
n.a.
43
10
n.a.
5
n.a.
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Compositor and/or typesetter..................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Delivery and/or route worker ...................................
Electrician..................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Heavy equipment operator .......................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instrument repairer....................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Press operator and/or plate printer .........................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Scrapper and/or stripper, hand or machine............
Sheet metal worker ...................................................
Stationary boiler firer .................................................
Stationary engineer....................................................
Tool and die maker ...................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter .......................................
531,640
1,620
11,330
1,530
9,440
1,350
640
1,670
570
7,230
30,040
1,390
21,110
6,500
2,410
5,280
7,460
3,230
8,970
2,810
3,030
1,450
4,790
13,680
26,750
4,400
450
3,080
2,000
430
2,670
76.88
.23
1.65
.22
1.37
.19
.09
.24
.08
1.05
4.37
.20
3.07
.94
.35
.76
1.08
.47
1.30
.40
.44
.21
.69
1.99
3.89
.64
.06
.44
.29
.06
.38
n.a.
6
5
n.a.
3
7
10
8
14
3
2
11
3
6
4
7
6
9
5
4
8
11
4
5
5
6
12
6
8
11
7
n.a.
12
27
n.a.
45
7
6
5
4
21
58
4
48
14
8
19
27
See footnotes at end of table.
27
9
10
15
11
7
7
24
32
13
2
11
7
3
8
Table 9. Paper and allied products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1April 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Automatic-assembly-machine attendant ..................
Back tender ...............................................................
Bag-machine operator...............................................
Bag sew er..................................................................
Power-barker operator...............................................
Beater engineer.........................................................
Beater........................................................................
Bleacher operator, pulp.............................................
Bottoming-machine operator, paper-bag-press
operator, and/or valving machine operator.......
Box maker,paperboard..............................................
Carton-forming-machine operator............................
Chemical operator A .................................................
Chemical operator B .................................................
Chemical operator helper .........................................
Chipper ......................................................................
Coater operator, off-machine ...................................
Coating mixer tender................................................
Combiner operator....................................................
Convolute-tube and/or spiral-tube winder...............
Corner cutter..............................................................
Corrugator-knife operator..........................................
Corrugator operator..................................................
Box cover stripper.....................................................
Cut-off-machine operator, tubing .............................
Cutting-and-creasing press operator ........................
Cylinder-machine tender ...........................................
Decker operator ........................................................
Die cutter and/or clicking-machine operator...........
Die m aker...................................................................
Die mounter ...............................................................
Digester operator ......................................................
Digester-operator helper ...........................................
Ending-machine operator..........................................
Envelope-machine operator......................................
Etcher and/or engraver ............................................
Evaporator operator, papermaking ...........................
Flexo-folder-gluer operator .......................................
Folding-machine feeder.............................................
Folding-machine operator, paper.............................
Four-corners-stayer-machine operator.....................
Fourdrinier-machine tender.......................................
Wood grinder operator..............................................
Layboy tender............................................................
Log inspector, grader, and/or scaler .......................
Envelope-finishing-machine operator .......................
Machine setter,paper goods.....................................
Panel-machine operators, patch-machine
operators, and/or sealing-machine operators....
Paper-cup-machine operator....................................
Paper-reel operator and/or rewinder operator........
Power-press tender...................................................
Printer-slotter operator ..............................................
Printer-slotter feeder.................................................
Process-machine operators, gummed tape and/or tightening-machine operators.............................
Pulp-refiner operator.................................................
Pulper ........................................................................
Recovery operator, papermaking.............................
Ruling-machine operator...........................................
S corer........................................................................
Slitter-creaser-slotter operator..................................
Slitter-scorer-cut-off operator ...................................
Slitting-machine operator..........................................
Slotter operator .........................................................
Stapling-machine operator........................................
Supercalender operator.............................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
1,530
5,820
7,390
1,350
560
2,490
2,820
1,200
0.22
.84
1.07
.19
.08
.36
.41
.17
17
4
10
15
9
4
5
9
2
12
7
2
3
9
8
3
1,510
2,760
3,760
860
730
630
1,060
2,980
1,280
1,510
2,000
750
1,440
3,540
450
1,080
4,350
1,060
650
5,900
1,460
1,380
1,240
1,300
700
6,820
700
660
2,660
950
3,810
690
4,520
920
1,000
880
900
9,710
.22
.40
.54
.12
.10
.09
.15
.43
.18
.22
.29
.10
.20
.51
.06
.15
.63
.15
.09
.85
.21
.20
.18
.18
.10
.99
.10
.09
.38
.13
.55
.10
.65
.13
.14
.12
.13
1.41
14
13
6
6
8
9
9
10
9
11
10
8
5
6
15
12
6
9
7
6
6
5
8
6
13
9
9
8
5
13
13
10
4
13
10
13
19
5
2
7
12
3
3
2
3
6
4
6
5
6
11
14
3
3
16
3
3
20
11
15
4
3
4
4
4
3
11
3
4
5
9
2
3
3
2
17
750
820
5,430
970
4,160
4,010
.10
.11
.79
.14
.60
.58
22
29
6
16
4
4
2
1
11
3
19
16
490
910
3,150
1,360
580
1,110
1,670
1,320
6,880
1,170
1,830
1,060
.07
.13
.45
.19
.08
.16
.24
.19
1.00
.17
.26
.15
38
8
5
8
18
6
6
7
8
7
9
11
1
3
8
3
1
9
12
9
21
10
10
3
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error(in
percentage)2
28
Table 9. Paper and allied products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1April 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Taping-machine operator..........................................
Tester .........................................................................
Tube-machine operator, bags ..................................
Waxing-machine operator.........................................
Wet-machine tender ..................................................
Winder, paper m achine.............................................
Wrapping-machine operator .....................................
Punch-press operator, metal ....................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Brown-stock washer and/or blow-pit operator ........
Fourth hand and/or fifth hand,paper machine.........
Stringing-machine operators and/or tape-fastenermachine operators...............................................
Stripping-machine operator.......................................
Baling-machine operator...........................................
Cutter machine..........................................................
Screen or stencil printer and/or s e tte r....................
Embossing, stamping, and/or marking machine operator................................................................
Bindery worker, assembly.........................................
All other bindery workers..........................................
Extruder operator, plastics or rubber .......................
Extruder operator helper,plastics or rubber.............
Assembler, class A ....................................................
Assembler, class B ....................................................
Assembler, class C ....................................................
Mixer and/or blender,chemicals and chemical products ...............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers...........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
3,330
6,220
1,290
1,410
970
5,650
2,260
860
2,220
880
7,380
0.48
.90
.18
.20
.14
.82
.32
.12
.32
.12
1.07
4
4
13
14
11
3
9
22
9
8
4
19
12
2
7
3
12
6
2
8
3
10
470
520
4,350
6,910
560
.06
.07
.63
1.00
.08
24
21
3
5
30
1
2
36
21
2
1,600
1,450
1,020
2,540
1,270
1,860
4,370
8,760
.23
.21
.14
.37
.18
.27
.63
1.27
15
22
n.a.
13
17
38
19
10
5
2
n.a.
4
2
1
3
8
1,780
9,510
49,270
76,190
.25
1.38
7.17
11.10
8
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
10
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.........
Computer operator.....................................................
Keypunch operator ....................................................
All other office machine operators...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand......................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement cle rk.....................................................
Receptionist...............................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical clerk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist ..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
Box estimator, paperboard products........................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................................
Weigher, record-keeping...........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
65,730
1,270
1,130
1,710
640
1,270
4,700
1,520
910
5,180
3,580
2,590
1,130
730
440
7,720
810
2,100
2,720
2,140
1,730
2,360
3,990
4,000
5,740
580
3,410
1,630
9.45
.18
.16
.24
.09
.18
.68
.22
.13
.75
.52
.37
.16
.10
.06
1.12
.11
.30
.39
.31
.25
.34
.58
.58
.83
.08
.49
.23
n.a.
5
4
4
n.a.
7
3
5
7
5
5
2
4
5
8
3
6
3
5
6
4
n.a.
3
6
3
12
5
n.a.
n.a.
15
14
13
n.a.
9
32
20
10
30
24
34
16
10
6
46
9
36
21
17
19
n.a.
33
19
47
3
22
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
15,480
2.25
13
57
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales c le rk .................................................................
14,970
510
2.18
.07
3
10
52
5
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment: relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
29
Printing and Publishing
This industry group includes establishments engaged
in letterpress, lithography, gravure, or screen printing;
and establishments which perform services for the print
ing trade, such as bookbinding, typesetting, engraving,
photoengraving, and electrotyping. This group also in
cludes establishments engaged in publishing newspa
pers, books, and periodicals, whether or not they do
their own printing.
In 1977, the industry employed 1.1 million workers
or 6 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
creased 1 percent.
The most populous occupations in the printing and
publishing industry, as shown in table 10, were: Sales
representatives-agents-associates, with 65,600 workers
or 6 percent of total industry employment; sheet, roll,
or web-fed offset lithographic press operators, 65,000;
and reporters and correspondents, 40,700.
Table 10. Printing and publishing: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1 May 1977
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
TOTAL............................................................
1,132,880
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
97,070
8.56
2
86
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Engineers ...................................................................
Mathematical scientist...............................................
Physical scientists.....................................................
Social scientist ..........................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Photographer.............................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer ...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Commercial a rtis t......................................................
Writer and/or editor..................................................
Librarian, professional ...............................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Reporter and/or correspondent...............................
Designer ....................................................................
Estimator, printing services.......................................
All other professional workers..................................
116,150
1,460
500
200
210
1,630
4,770
2,240
3,990
9,850
39,740
1,200
1,290
40,670
1,290
3,580
3,530
10.17
.12
.04
.01
.01
.14
.42
.19
.35
.86
3.50
.10
.11
3.59
.11
.31
.31
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
16
3
3
4
4
3
6
4
3
12
4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2
6
7
9
11
27
2
4
16
1
8
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Science technicians..................................................
All other technicians..................................................
5,280
2,550
860
930
80
860
.44
.22
.07
.08
.00
.07
n.a.
8
14
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
19,250
15,390
1,350
550
1,240
720
1.66
1.35
.11
.04
.10
.06
n.a.
3
9
n.a.
10
n.a.
n.a.
26
1
n.a.
2
n.a.
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Developer and/or projection printer.........................
Truck driver................................................................
Delivery and/or route worker ...................................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
582,510
2,810
1,120
1,450
9,680
24,800
1,560
20,930
51.11
.24
.09
.12
.85
2.18
.13
1.84
n.a.
6
n.a.
8
22
6
8
4
n.a.
4
n.a.
3
6
24
2
24
Occupation
See footnotes at end of table.
30
_____________
Table 10. Printing and publishing: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Offset lithographic press operator,sheet,roll or web
fe d ........................................................................
Platemaker.................................................................
Stripper......................................................................
Camera operator, printing.........................................
Strike-on-machine operator ......................................
Photolettering machine operator..............................
Etcher and/or engraver ............................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Copy m arker..............................................................
Copy cutter ................................................................
Hand compositor.......................................................
Imposer and makeup arranger.................................
Line casting machine operator.................................
Linecasting-machine keyboard operator..................
Linecasting-machine tender......................................
Monotype-keyboard operator ...................................
Pasteup man/woman ................................................
Phototypesetting-machine-keyboard operator.........
Phototypesetting-machine monitor ...........................
Phototypesetter operator..........................................
Proofreader, composed c o p y ...................................
Retoucher...................................................................
Photoengraver...........................................................
Stereotyper ................................................................
Flexographic press operator.....................................
Gravure press operator,rotagravure or sheet fe d ....
Ink worker ..................................................................
Letter press operator,sheet,roll or web fe d .............
Letterset press operator,sheet,roll or web fe d ........
Proof press operator..................................................
Steel die press operator ...........................................
Press assistants and feeders...................................
Setter, bindery machines ..........................................
M ailer..........................................................................
Cutter machine..........................................................
Screen or stencil printer and/or s e tte r....................
Bookbinder, hand......................................................
Bookbinder,machine .................................................
Bindery worker, assembly.........................................
Bindery worker, stitching...........................................
All other bindery workers..........................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Addressing machine operator ..................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.........................
Inserting and/or labeling machine operator............
All other office machine operators...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand......................................................
Cashier .......................................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
4,290
4,050
2,360
3,660
940
4,440
10,760
.37
.35
.20
.32
.08
.39
.94
8
8
9
4
11
11
7
3
3
2
6
1
2
4
65,010
11,580
19,100
18,440
1,990
1,750
1,300
680
3,730
890
12,050
9,000
9,560
8,950
1,940
900
21,540
9,810
2,190
3,960
15,860
3,040
8,100
1,200
1,990
2,190
900
32,440
1,120
1,160
1,500
24,100
5,700
22,070
5,820
3,120
5,300
14,530
31,420
9,080
26,080
9,630
21,490
37,450
5.73
1.02
1.68
1.62
.17
.15
.11
.06
.32
.07
1.06
.79
.84
.79
.17
.07
1.90
.86
.19
.34
1.40
.26
.71
.10
.17
.19
.07
2.86
.09
.10
.13
2.12
.50
1.94
.51
.27
.46
1.28
2.77
.80
2.30
.85
1.89
3.30
1
2
2
2
9
10
11
31
6
9
6
5
4
9
7
14
3
5
7
6
3
7
7
15
11
16
11
4
12
10
12
3
6
5
4
11
8
5
4
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
52
23
24
41
3
3
1
1
5
1
15
12
14
8
4
1
14
9
4
6
23
4
8
1
1
1
2
28
1
2
1
17
7
13
8
2
5
13
21
10
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
239,570
1,300
2,230
3,270
4,890
1,130
1,790
1,960
2,060
12,210
13,070
1,110
3,800
39,150
8,400
20.98
.11
.19
.28
.43
.09
.15
.17
.18
1.07
1.15
.09
.33
3.45
.74
n.a.
10
5
6
6
22
18
n.a.
10
3
2
8
6
5
7
n.a.
2
5
5
5
1
1
n.a.
2
21
37
2
5
39
5
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error(in
percentage)2
31
Table 10. Printing and publishing: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
C L E R IC A L O CCUPATIO NS— C ontinued
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Receptionist...............................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical c le rk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Messenger .................................................................
T ypist..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
Circulation clerk.........................................................
Classified-ad clerk, newspaper ................................
Customer service representative, printing and publishing .............................................................
Telephone ad-taker, newspaper...............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..............................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales c le rk .................................................................
All other sales workers .............................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
2,740
1,040
1,540
27,730
1,210
2,040
3,240
8,040
18,730
6,210
9,360
3,010
.24
.09
.13
2.44
.10
.18
.28
.70
1.65
.54
.82
.26
3
5
6
3
9
5
2
17
3
7
7
5
8
4
4
40
2
3
11
6
24
5
7
4
5,940
8,440
12,370
5,330
6,820
12,950
3,370
3,090
.52
.74
1.09
.47
.60
1.14
.29
.27
5
5
n.a.
5
6
3
7
n.a.
6
5
n.a.
7
6
26
6
n.a.
73,050
6.43
n.a.
n.a.
65,640
1,530
5,880
5.79
.13
.51
2
9
n.a.
49
2
n.a.
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
’ Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
Relative error(in
percentage)2
32
Chemicals and Allied
Products
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing basic chemicals and products by predominant
ly chemical processes.
In 1977, the industry employed 1.1 million workers
or 6 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
creased 6 percent.
The most populous occupations in the chemical in
dustry, as shown in table 11, were: Sales representatives-agents-associates, with 53,700 workers or 5 per
cent of total industry employment; nonworking super
visors for production and other blue-collar occupations,
49,700; production packagers (hand or machine), 47,600;
and chemical operators, A, 45,600.
The occupational distribution o f employment is
shown in chart 8.
Chart 8. Chemicals and allied products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
0
10
20
30
40
Percent
50
60
70
80
1971
1977
B
33
90
100
Table 11. Chemicals and allied products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,' June 1977
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
TOTAL............................................................
1,081,980
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
96,960
8.96
4
55
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Chemical engineer....................................................
Civil engineer.............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer ................................................
Safety engineer.........................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Statistician..................................................................
All other mathematical scientists..............................
Chemist ......................................................................
All other physical scientists......................................
Agricultural scientist...................................................
Biological scientist ....................................................
Medical scientist........................................................
All other life scientists...............................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Writer and/or e ditor..................................................
Lawyer.......................................................................
Nurse,professional ....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
124,540
18,100
1,210
2,830
2,480
7,540
1,300
3,920
870
580
31,970
1,450
690
6,170
1,170
2,760
4,750
5,190
11,330
920
1,760
1,380
3,940
790
11,440
11.40
1.67
.11
.26
.22
.69
.12
.36
.08
.05
2.95
.13
.06
.57
.10
.25
.43
.47
1.04
.08
.16
.12
.36
.07
1.05
n.a.
9
22
12
8
10
5
n.a.
15
n.a.
5
n.a.
26
12
15
n.a.
12
4
7
10
23
5
5
10
n.a.
n.a.
13
2
5
5
9
6
n.a.
2
n.a.
30
n.a.
1
3
1
n.a.
5
15
18
2
2
5
10
2
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Drafter........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Physical science technician......................................
Biological science technician ...................................
All other science technicians ...................................
All other technicians..................................................
54,750
3,510
3,480
1,530
7,730
14,860
7,490
11,050
5,100
5.04
.32
.32
.14
.71
1.37
.69
1.02
.47
n.a.
11
17
13
n.a.
10
10
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
6
6
2
n.a.
5
4
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
25,740
13,920
5,870
1,460
1,560
2,930
2.36
1.28
.54
.13
.14
.27
n.a.
5
8
16
13
n.a.
n.a.
20
5
1
3
n.a.
564,030
2,380
25,630
51.76
.21
2.36
n.a.
8
5
n.a.
4
13
1,050
4,010
11,790
960
810
2,930
1,390
1,240
1,040
10,950
49,700
1,100
14,400
9,540
6,420
3,760
7,510
.09
.37
1.08
.08
.07
.27
.12
.11
.09
1.01
4.59
.10
1.33
.88
.59
.34
.69
12
n.a.
4
21
24
7
14
17
20
5
3
15
4
9
6
8
7
2
n.a.
21
1
1
5
2
2
1
10
30
1
17
6
6
5
8
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning mechanic..............................................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Asbestos and insulation w orker...............................
Boilermaker................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Delivery and/or route w orker...................................
Extractor operator and/or extractor plant operator..
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
R igger.........................................................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instrument repairer............................................. .......
Loader,tank cars and/or trucks ................................
Machinist....................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
34
Table 11. Chemicals and allied products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Maintenance repairer, general u tility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Press operator and/or plate printer .........................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sheet metal worker ..................................................
Stationary boiler fire r.................................................
Stationary engineer....................................................
Animal caretaker........................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.......................................
Ampule filling,sealing and/or washing operators.....
Beam-warper tender,automatic and/or beamer.......
Bobbin so rte r.............................................................
Carbon black m aker..................................................
Chemical operator A ..................................................
Chemical operator B ..................................................
Chemical operator helper .........................................
Coater, p ill..................................................................
Compressor, tablet.....................................................
Creeler, y a rn ..............................................................
Doffer..........................................................................
Draw machine operator.............................................
Evaporator operator, chemical..................................
Furnace and/or burner te n d e r..................................
Granulator machine operator ...................................
Kettle operator,adhesive...........................................
Sampler and/or test preparer..................................
Spinner, synthetic filaments......................................
Still operator, batch or continuous ...........................
Tester .........................................................................
Twister tender............................................................
Texturizer and/or crimp setter .................................
Yarn winder................................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Drier operator, chemicals, plastic resins, and
rubber...................................................................
Chief operator............................................................
Waste treatment plant operator, chemicals ............
Electrolytic cell maker and/or repairer ....................
Staple c u tte r..............................................................
Weigher, production...................................................
Cutter machine..........................................................
Grinder operator, chemicals, plastics, rubber, and
related materials .................................................
Calender operator, plastics or rubber ......................
Extruder operator, plastics or rubber .......................
Filter and/or filter press operator.............................
Pump operator...........................................................
Tinter...........................................................................
Mixer and/or blender,chemicals and chemical products ...............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers...........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
15,830
3,590
5,010
1,120
7,170
2,540
8,970
880
47,570
1,490
2,130
3,930
1,400
4,320
1,660
2,910
670
940
45,570
20,700
15,460
680
940
3,070
2,580
9,300
920
960
890
1,330
740
11,700
3,620
6,240
2,020
3,250
1,650
1,880
1.46
.33
.46
.10
.66
.23
.82
.08
4.39
.13
.19
.36
.12
.39
.15
.26
.06
.08
4.21
1.91
1.42
.06
.08
.28
.23
.85
.08
.08
.08
.12
.06
1.08
.33
.57
.18
.30
.15
.17
6
9
15
8
6
8
8
17
5
9
8
7
17
9
17
17
26
26
5
7
6
19
15
17
31
15
20
21
16
17
17
13
31
9
23
30
26
24
19
4
2
3
9
5
4
2
22
2
3
4
1
5
1
0
0
0
13
8
9
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
0
0
0
1
2,610
10,120
1,760
1,010
1,780
2,140
710
.24
.93
.16
.09
.16
.19
.06
15
7
8
24
28
11
34
2
6
3
0
0
3
0
7,440
730
2,010
2,030
1,420
3,000
.68
.06
.18
.18
.13
.27
7
18
15
13
12
6
8
0
1
2
2
7
24,600
12,290
48,510
39,630
2.27
1.13
4.48
3.66
4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
26
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
160,600
830
2,860
4,580
2,120
5,060
13,330
2,260
14.70
.07
.26
.42
.19
.46
1.23
.20
n.a.
9
6
6
n.a.
7
5
6
n.a.
3
7
8
n.a.
6
21
11
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.........
Computer operator.....................................................
Keypunch operator ....................................................
All other office machine operators...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk.........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand......................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
35
Table 11. Chemicals and allied products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,’ June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS—Continued
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement c le rk.....................................................
Receptionist...............................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical clerk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator ................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist...........................
Typist .........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t...........................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
2,120
18,380
7,770
2,480
1,940
1,500
770
34,680
1,100
890
2,010
8,880
6,330
9,790
4,860
7,730
8,290
7,270
2,770
0.19
1.69
.71
.22
.17
.13
.07
3.20
.10
.08
.18
.82
.58
.90
.44
.71
.76
.67
.25
9
8
6
4
5
6
9
7
16
6
3
5
12
n.a.
7
7
5
5
n.a.
5
24
15
11
8
5
3
36
3
4
12
16
9
n.a.
9
13
22
14
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
55,360
5.11
18
30
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales clerk .................................................................
53,670
1,690
4.96
.15
4
14
28
2
______________
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
"method” ,
n.a. Not available.
36
Petroleum and Coal Products
This industry group includes establishments refining
petroleum, manufacturing paving and roofing materi
als, and compounding lubricating oils and greases from
purchased materials.
In 1977, the industry employed 202,800 workers or
1 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
crease^ ^-percent.
The most populous occupations in the petroleum and
coal industry, as shown in table 12, were: Refinery op
erators, with 13,500 workers or 7 percent o f total in
dustry employment; and nonworking supervisors for
production and other blue-collar occupations, 10,400.
The occupational distribution o f employment is
shown in chart 9.
i
Chart 9. Petroleum and coal products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1971
1977
37
90
100
Table 12. Petroleum and coal products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,' May 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
202,830
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
13,580
6.69
11
94
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Chemical engineer.....................................................
Civil engineer.............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
Petroleum engineer...................................................
Safety engineer.........................................................
All other engineers.....................................................
Statistician..................................................................
All other mathematical scientists.............................
Chemist ......................................................................
Geologist and/or geophysicist.................................
All other physical scientists......................................
Life scientist...............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer................................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Lawyer........................................................................
Nurse,professional ....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
All other professional workers..................................
25,090
3,740
990
630
400
1,880
850
420
1,420
310
380
3,560
570
90
80
1,450
720
2,880
350
200
950
3,220
12.24
1.84
.48
.31
.19
.92
.41
.20
.69
.15
.18
1.75
.28
.04
.03
.71
.35
1.41
.17
.09
.46
1.58
n.a.
12
32
19
23
13
26
10
n.a.
31
n.a.
17
40
n.a.
n.a.
33
7
22
29
12
17
n.a.
n.a.
17
10
10
8
18
4
13
n.a.
3
n.a.
29
2
n.a.
n.a.
9
30
30
4
7
19
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Drafter........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Science technicians..................................................
All other technicians..................................................
8,200
820
950
540
1,630
3,760
500
4.01
.40
.46
.26
.80
1.85
.24
n.a.
32
11
24
n.a.
18
n.a.
n.a.
9
12
5
n.a.
14
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
All other service workers ..........................................
3,600
1,470
1,500
80
550
1.75
.72
.73
.03
.27
n.a.
19
15
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
23
14
n.a.
n.a.
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Engineering-equipment mechanic.............................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Asbestos and insulation w orker...............................
Boilermaker................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Delivery and/or route worker ...................................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
G ager..........................................................................
Heavy equipment operator .......................................
R igger.........................................................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instrument repairer.....................................................
Loader,tank cars and/or trucks ...............................
M achinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ............................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
120,130
1,040
280
3,610
480
5,650
820
1,550
1,050
740
300
2,140
10,440
1,400
2,530
300
2,630
510
2,120
1,780
3,130
3,500
2,530
220
170
560
770
58.85
.51
.13
1.77
.23
2.78
.40
.76
.51
.36
.14
1.05
5.14
.69
1.24
.14
1.29
.25
1.04
.87
1.54
1.72
1.24
.10
.08
.27
.37
n.a.
13
20
13
n.a.
9
14
23
16
20
22
9
7
13
9
28
8
21
11
10
15
13
30
22
16
22
16
n.a.
22
5
21
n.a.
41
7
6
12
10
7
21
45
9
25
2
26
8
12
20
16
27
11
3
7
9
9
See footnotes at end of table.
38
Table 12. Petroleum and coal products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,' May 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Stationary boiler fire r.................................................
Stationary engineer....................................................
Asphalt blender.........................................................
Asphalt-mixing-machine tender................................
Asphalt-plant operator....................................... .......
Chemical operator A ..................................................
Chemical operator B ..................................................
Chemical operator helper .........................................
Compounder..............................................................
Control panel operator, petroleum............................
Dispatcher, refinery....................................................
Firer, petroleum refining............................................
Greasemaker.............................................................
Instrument fitte r.........................................................
Roof-cement-and-paint m aker..................................
Sampler and/or test preparer..................................
Refinery operator, petroleum....................................
Refinery operator helper, petroleum ........................
Still operator, asphalt ................................................
Tester .........................................................................
Treater........................................................................
Coater, roofing fe lt .....................................................
Chief operator............................................................
Cutter machine..........................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - a ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - b ...................................
Winder, roofing felt ....................................................
Filter and/or filter press operator.............................
Pump operator...........................................................
Pump operator helper................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers...........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
4,220
2,690
920
870
430
440
640
1,360
1,090
660
1,040
1,720
480
400
220
220
270
230
13,470
7,360
460
2,240
420
910
1,720
160
1,370
580
280
200
1,900
710
1,680
6,610
11,910
2.08
1.32
.45
.42
.21
.21
.31
.67
.53
.32
.51
.84
.23
.19
.10
.10
.13
.11
6.63
3.62
.22
1.10
.20
.44
.84
.07
.67
.28
.13
.09
.93
.34
.82
3.25
5.87
14
10
13
17
17
21
9
24
25
30
10
23
21
25
22
28
16
18
11
12
23
13
19
17
22
14
16
17
12
40
12
24
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
13
18
10
6
9
11
21
5
5
5
17
4
6
4
4
2
5
5
18
14
8
15
5
8
5
5
12
8
7
2
12
5
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.........
Computer operator.....................................................
Keypunch operator ....................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.........................
All other office machine operators...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement c le rk .....................................................
Receptionist...............................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical c le rk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
T ypist..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Weigher, record-keeping...........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work ........................
All other plant clerical workers.................................
29,510
490
610
1,120
240
520
1,560
3,190
360
3,240
480
880
420
350
250
5,110
940
250
450
1,350
2,000
2,530
540
410
460
140
960
380
280
14.40
.24
.30
.55
.11
.25
.76
1.57
.17
1.59
.23
.43
.20
.17
.12
2.51
.46
.12
.22
.66
.98
1.24
.26
.20
.22
.06
.47
.18
.13
n.a.
28
15
24
38
n.a.
26
16
16
16
11
14
12
11
29
30
22
17
8
18
23
n.a.
12
28
12
18
8
14
n.a.
n.a.
12
13
15
3
n.a.
12
34
14
32
14
29
13
11
9
45
9
6
25
22
22
n.a.
15
7
17
6
19
13
n.a.
See footnotes at end of table.
39
Table 12. Petroleum and coal products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
2,720
1.33
46
36
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales c le rk .................................................................
2,590
130
1.27
.06
12
34
34
3
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
40
Rubber and Miscellaneous
Plastics Products
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing rubber products such as tires, rubber foot
wear, mechanical rubber goods, heels and soles, floor
ing, and rubber sundries from natural, synthetic, or re
claimed rubber, gutta percha, balata, or gutta siak.
In 1977, the industry employed 721,500 workers or
4 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
crease^ ^ percent.
The most populous occupations in the rubber and
miscellaneous plastics industry, as shown in table 13,
were: Compression/injection plastics molding machine
operators, with 66,600 workers or 9 percent o f total in
dustry employment; class C assemblers, 32,600; and non
working supervisors for production and other blue-col
lar occupations, 31,700.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 10.
Chart 10. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
20
30
40
Percent
50
60
70
80
Managers and o fficers....................
1971
1977
1
Professional and technical workers
Sales workers...................................
Clerical w orkers.................................
Production, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers.
Service w orkers..............................
41
90
100
Table 13. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,' June 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
721,530
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
37,090
5.14
3
93
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Chemical engineer....................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Mathematical scientist...............................................
Chemist ......................................................................
All other physical scientists......................................
Social scientist ..........................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or b uyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
21,780
1,100
540
1,830
3,360
1,970
80
1,720
70
40
680
2,160
4,440
1,470
800
1,520
2.95
.15
.07
.25
.46
.27
.01
.23
.00
.00
.09
.29
.61
.20
.11
.21
n.a.
12
8
6
11
n.a.
n.a.
8
n.a.
n.a.
16
3
4
4
10
n.a.
n.a.
5
5
11
16
n.a.
n.a.
9
n.a.
n.a.
4
23
31
13
6
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer..............................................
Drafter........................................................................
Industrial engineering technician..............................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Science technicians..................................................
All other technicians..................................................
11,550
810
1,440
770
2,390
4,940
1,200
1.57
.11
.19
.10
.33
.68
.16
n.a.
8
7
12
n.a.
10
n.a.
n.a.
5
11
4
n.a.
8
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
11,150
8,750
1,600
110
480
210
1.52
1.21
.22
.01
.06
.02
n.a.
5
9
n.a.
25
n.a.
n.a.
38
5
n.a.
2
n.a.
568,200
9,220
2,360
5,160
520
3,700
31,660
13,580
22,920
1,090
9,040
11,140
1,370
1,140
1,070
5,460
440
1,580
1,490
29,430
78.25
1.27
.32
.71
.07
.51
4.38
1.88
3.17
.15
1.25
1.54
.18
.15
.14
.75
.06
.21
.20
4.07
n.a.
7
n.a.
8
19
8
3
7
5
27
7
7
13
21
9
10
14
17
17
7
n.a.
21
n.a.
27
4
13
56
20
35
2
27
36
5
2
5
11
2
3
3
21
9,070
1.25
10
4
1,790
550
660
5,610
890
2,840
1,320
1,370
900
.24
.07
.09
.77
.12
.39
.18
.18
.12
25
12
10
8
15
16
35
15
12
1
2
2
17
4
2
1
1
1
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers...........................
Truck driver................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instrument repairer....................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Press operator and/or plate printer .........................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sewing-machine operator, regular equipment- non
garment ................................................................
Sewing-machine operator, special equipment and/orautomatic equipment-nongarment.................
Stationary boiler fire r.................................................
Stationary engineer...................................................
Tool and die maker ...................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter .......................................
Trimmer, machine .....................................................
Band builder...............................................................
Bead flipper ...............................................................
Bead forming machine operator..............................
See footnotes at end of table.
42
Table 13. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Belt builder.................................................................
Bias machine operator..............................................
Braiding machine tender...........................................
Chemical operator A .................................................
Chemical operator B .................................................
Chemical operator helper .........................................
Curer, rubber goods..................................................
Die cutter and/or clicking-machine operator...........
Dipping machine operator.........................................
Fabricator, plastics....................................................
Pilling machine operator............................................
Finisher, hand............................................................
Finisher, machine......................................................
Hose maker ...............................................................
Mill roll rewinder, cellophane....................................
Rubber-mill operator..................................................
Patternmaker, plastics...............................................
Press operator, devulcanized scrap rubber.............
Refiner operator, rubber............................................
Plastics repairer.........................................................
Rubber goods cutter-finisher....................................
Rubber grinder-finisher..............................................
Sawyer, plastics ........................................................
Slitting-machine operator ..........................................
Splicer........................................................................
Stripper.......................................................................
Tester ........................................................................
Tire builder.................................................................
Tire finisher................................................................
Tire layer and extractor.............................................
Tire repairer ...............................................................
Trimmer, plastics.......................................................
Splicer........................................................................
Tumbler operator, plastics........................................
Vulcanizer, footwear .................................................
Watchcase vulcanizer te n de r...................................
Press tender, rubber goods......................................
Painter,production .....................................................
Compression and/or injection-molding-machine
operator, plastics..................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Setter, plastic molding machine...............................
Punch press operator, plastics.................................
Drier operator, chemicals, plastic resins, and
rubber..................................................................
Mold cleaner,tire .......................................................
Chief operator............................................................
Weigher, production..................................................
Cutter m achine..........................................................
Embossing, stamping, and/or marking machine operator................................................................
Grinder operator, chemicals, plastics, rubber, and
related materials .................................................
Calender operator, plastics or rubber ......................
Extruder operator, plastics or rubber .......................
Extruder operator helper,plastics or rubber.............
Heat sealer ................................................................
Pipe and tank lin e r....................................................
Assembler, class A ...................................................
Assembler, class B ...................................................
Assembler, class C ...................................................
Calender operator helper, plastics or rubber..........
Mixer and/or blender,chemicals and chemical products ...............................................................
Bagger plastics..........................................................
Blow-molding machine operator ..............................
Caster, plastics..........................................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
1,000
2,510
1,120
1,430
1,040
970
1,330
1,580
1,160
2,310
510
12,510
1,900
1,000
480
6,630
580
1,310
530
480
7,700
770
1,120
3,260
1,710
810
1,830
21,950
2,150
630
1,790
2,910
1,080
510
650
2,070
16,010
4,370
0.13
.34
.15
.19
.14
.13
.18
.21
.16
.32
.07
1.73
.26
.13
.06
.91
.08
.18
.07
.06
1.06
.10
.15
.45
.23
.11
.25
3.04
.29
.08
.24
.40
.14
.07
.09
.28
2.21
.60
45
11
16
20
27
22
18
13
25
20
25
8
16
21
32
6
20
36
24
33
12
26
20
16
20
28
16
6
27
30
19
18
30
18
23
22
9
14
1
2
1
2
1
1
2
5
1
4
1
15
5
1
1
9
3
0
1
1
8
1
2
5
1
1
6
1
1
0
1
3
1
2
1
1
9
7
66,640
2,050
6,160
2,070
9.23
.28
.85
.28
4
19
8
24
35
3
19
2
930
830
460
2,730
2,190
.12
.11
.06
.37
.30
28
13
23
10
18
2
2
1
8
6
3,020
.41
15
4
3,490
3,200
19,820
8,160
2,030
790
730
5,000
32,620
2,660
.48
.44
2.74
1.13
.28
.10
.10
.69
4.52
.36
8
13
6
9
20
30
23
17
8
11
15
6
22
12
2
1
2
4
18
4
7,490
680
5,360
1,150
1.03
.09
.74
.15
6
40
16
23
24
1
5
2
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error(in
percentage)2
43
Table 13. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,' June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)1
2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Laminator,preforms...................................................
Press operator, plastics.............................................
Rotation molding machine operator.........................
Vacuum plastic forming machine operator..............
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
2,890
3,480
790
2,130
4,980
34,010
50,590
0.40
.48
.10
.29
.69
4.71
7.01
21
18
37
22
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
3
1
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators ...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk....................................................................
General clerk, office .................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement cle rk.....................................................
Receptionist...............................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical c le rk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist...........................
Typist .........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t...........................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
60,890
500
1,030
1,790
480
600
3,140
820
480
7,780
1,780
2,020
1,080
460
440
8,500
920
1,470
2,100
2,000
1,790
3,770
7,820
6,010
2,890
1,220
8.30
.06
.14
.24
.06
.08
.43
.11
.06
1.07
.24
.27
.14
.06
.06
1.17
.12
.20
.29
.27
.24
.52
1.08
.83
.40
.16
n.a.
11
6
6
n.a.
10
4
8
11
6
7
4
5
8
11
4
10
4
7
21
n.a.
5
6
5
6
n.a.
n.a.
5
8
8
n.a.
4
18
9
4
43
11
18
11
5
5
51
5
18
10
7
n.a.
18
34
43
15
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
10,870
1.49
n.a.
n.a.
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
All other sales workers .............................................
10,510
360
1.45
.04
5
n.a.
37
n.a.
1
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
"method” ,
n.a. Not available.
Estim ates of few er than 50 are generally not show n separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
44
Leather and Leather Products
This industry group includes establishments tanning,
currying, and finishing hides and skins, and in manu
facturing finished leather and artificial leather products.
In 1977, the industry employed 260,000 workers or
1 percent o f all workers employed in manufacturing.
Employment declined 20 percent between 1971 and
1977.
The most populous occupations in the leather indus
try, as shown in table 14, were: Stitchers (standard ma
chine), with 27,100 workers or 10 percent o f total in
dustry employment; sewing machine operators, regu
lar—nongarment, 17,400; and die cutters and/or click
ing machine operators, 10,600.
The occupatonal distribution o f employment is shown
in chart 11.
Chart 11. Leather and leather products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
45
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 14. Leather and leather products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,' May 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
259,960
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
7,540
2.90
3
70
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Industrial engineer......................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Physical scientists.....................................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
3,100
360
180
130
780
680
240
560
170
1.16
.13
.06
.05
.30
.26
.09
.21
.06
n.a.
8
n.a.
n.a.
5
7
7
8
n.a.
n.a.
9
n.a.
n.a.
21
14
8
11
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Engineering technician ..............................................
Science technicians...................................................
All other technicians..................................................
420
90
70
260
.15
.03
.02
.10
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor, nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
3,710
1,950
620
160
370
610
1.41
.75
.23
.06
.14
.23
n.a.
3
7
31
14
n.a.
n.a.
33
9
1
4
n.a.
219,150
990
160
270
710
350
240
6,750
540
3,180
1,050
1,460
170
1,060
3,580
83.78
.38
.06
.10
.27
.13
.09
2.59
.20
1.22
.40
.56
.06
.40
1.37
n.a.
6
n.a.
13
6
17
10
4
7
5
8
5
13
9
5
n.a.
14
n.a.
3
15
7
7
42
8
20
16
21
3
11
26
17,380
6.68
5
26
4,690
2,780
2,570
1,870
230
420
720
720
660
1,840
620
860
1,960
1,060
1,050
200
10,600
540
5,680
800
320
1,020
170
940
1.80
1.06
.98
.71
.08
.16
.27
.27
.25
.70
.23
.33
.75
.40
.40
.07
4.07
.20
2.18
.30
.12
.39
.06
.36
13
4
5
7
22
6
9
7
7
5
8
16
7
5
7
16
3
6
5
8
12
14
33
6
13
28
21
14
2
5
7
10
7
16
9
4
12
17
12
3
42
12
27
9
3
6
2
14
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Presser, machine ......................................................
Truck driver................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking .............................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades.............................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sewing-machine operator, regular equipment- non
garment ................................................................
Sewing-machine operator, special equipment and/orautomatic equipment-nongarment.................
Skiver..........................................................................
Trimmer, machine .....................................................
Assembler for puller-over,hand or machine ............
Beamer.hand .............................................................
Beamer,machine .......................................................
Bed laster...................................................................
Bottom filler ...............................................................
Buffer, hides or skins ................................................
Buffer,shoe parts.......................................................
Burnisher....................................................................
Case maker................................................................
Cementer,machine jo in e r..........................................
Perforator operator ....................................................
Cobbler.......................................................................
Cut-lace-machine operator .......................................
Die cutter and/or clicking-machine operator...........
Flamer ........................................................................
Floor worker, footwear..............................................
Folder, machine ........................................................
Glove turner and former ...........................................
Glue-spreading-machine operator,luggage..............
Harness m aker..........................................................
Heel attacher.............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
46
Table 14. Leather and leather products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Heel breaster, leather.................................................
Heel builder,hand or machine..................................
Heel-seat taster,machine ..........................................
Heel seat fitter,machine............................................
Inker,hand or machine ..............................................
Laster.hand................................................................
Lasting-machine operator,hand method ..................
Belt maker, apparel ..................................................
Leather stamper, hand ...............................................
Leather w orker..........................................................
Lim er..........................................................................
Tanning-liquor m aker.................................................
Luggage maker..........................................................
Measuring-machine operator,leather........................
Patternmaker.............................................................
Puller-over..................................................................
Repairer, finish ..........................................................
Roller-machine operator............................................
Rough rounder, machine...........................................
Saddle maker ............................................................
Seam-rubbing-machine operator...............................
Seasoner, m achine....................................................
Seasoning mixer........................................................
All other skilled craftsmen and Shoe parts sewer, hand......................................................................
Shank-piece ta cke r....................................................
Side laster..................................................................
Sole leveler, machine................................................
Sorter, leather............................................................
Splitting-machine feeder ...........................................
Sprayer, hand and/or machine................................
Stainer ........................................................................
Staker, machine ........................................................
Stitchdown-thread la ste r...........................................
Stitcher, special machine..........................................
Stitcher, standard machine.......................................
Stitcher, u tility............................................................
Tacker, toggler, and paster ......................................
Tanning drum operator and/or colorer, hides or skins......................................................................
Thermalasting-machine operator ..............................
Toe laster...................................................................
T re e r..........................................................................
Vulcanizer, footwear .................................................
Wringer-machine operator ........................................
Riveter, lig h t...............................................................
Compression and/or injection-molding-machine
operator, plastics.................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Vamp creaser............................................................
Splitter, machine .......................................................
" Fastener, machine ....................................................
Cementer, paster, backer, or fitter, hand ................
Eyelet-machine operator...........................................
Molder.shoe p a rts .....................................................
Pulling and lasting-machine operator.......................
Cutter, h a n d ...............................................................
Gluer and/or cementer, hand ..................................
Instructor, leather or footwear machinery................
Handbag framer ........................................................
Embossing, stamping, and/or marking machine operator................................................................
Assembler, class A ....................................................
Assembler, class B ....................................................
Assembler, class C ....................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled w orkers.................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
170
320
670
240
1,280
1,020
300
320
300
440
350
330
2,080
560
570
460
2,590
180
570
470
550
290
220
0.06
.12
.25
.09
.49
.39
.11
.12
.11
.16
.13
.12
.80
.21
.21
.17
.99
.06
.21
.18
.21
.11
.08
15
21
6
12
6
12
12
25
16
28
11
9
27
14
10
9
5
15
6
23
7
13
12
3
3
13
5
15
8
4
2
4
2
4
5
3
7
10
6
18
3
9
2
9
3
3
3,200
450
1,240
440
2,050
670
1,980
620
610
160
2,010
27,100
3,030
1,440
1.23
.17
.47
.16
.78
.25
.76
.23
.23
.06
.77
10.42
1.16
.55
15
6
4
14
5
7
5
10
7
17
6
3
8
7
6
10
15
5
23
8
19
8
6
2
14
26
16
6
860
270
720
2,300
300
730
1,680
.33
.10
.27
.88
.11
.28
.64
6
23
9
4
21
6
7
7
3
7
15
2
6
12
590
880
320
950
1,500
8,040
1,400
540
1,240
2,830
3,380
590
500
.22
.33
.12
.36
.57
3.09
.53
.20
.47
1.08
1.30
.22
.19
20
11
10
6
6
5
6
13
7
7
8
9
11
3
10
7
17
13
22
21
5
11
23
16
8
5
2,820
740
2,240
6,580
2,320
17,410
17,930
1.08
.28
.86
2.53
.89
6.69
6.89
5
18
13
12
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
26
4
8
17
n.a.
n.a.
n.a
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative errorfin
percentage)2
47
Table 14. Leather and leather products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,' May 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order clerk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement clerk.....................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical clerk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist .........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t...........................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
22,260
370
330
570
300
300
860
810
270
2,780
900
1,580
260
390
1,070
170
560
660
1,010
940
830
3,560
1,980
1,360
400
8.45
.14
.12
.21
.11
.11
.33
.31
.10
1.06
.34
.60
.10
.15
.41
.06
.21
.25
.38
.36
.31
1.36
.76
.52
.15
n.a.
8
9
13
n.a.
12
8
4
9
9
9
4
6
8
7
14
4
9
14
n.a.
7
6
4
9
n.a.
n.a.
10
7
6
n.a.
6
15
24
8
25
13
30
9
9
22
4
19
12
13
n.a.
14
34
39
18
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
3,780
1.44
24
27
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales clerk .................................................................
2,820
960
1.08
.36
7
18
20
7
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
1 Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
48
Glass and Glass Products
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing flat glass and other glass products.
In 1977, the industry employed 199,100 workers or
1 percent o f all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
creased 8 percent.
The most populous occupations in the glass industry,
as shown in table 15, were: Glassware selectors, with
30,100 workers or 15 percent o f total industry employ
ment; production packagers (hand or machine), 8,600;
nonworking supervisors for production and other bluecollar occupations, 7,800; and forming machine opera
tors (glass container), 7,300.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 12.
Chart 12. Glass and glass products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
49
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 15. Glass and glass products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,’ May 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
199,060
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
8,130
4.08
6
5
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS ..............................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
Ceramic engineer......................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Chemist ......................................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data piocessing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer ...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Nurse,professional ....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
5,710
220
380
680
250
540
280
130
550
840
250
580
370
640
2.83
.11
.19
.34
.12
.27
.14
.06
.27
.42
.12
.29
.18
.32
n.a.
10
10
9
31
n.a.
19
15
7
9
7
5
13
n.a.
n.a.
1
1
1
1
n.a.
0
0
2
2
1
1
1
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer..............................................
Drafter........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
Mechanical engineering technician...........................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Science technicians..................................................
All other technicians.................................................
2,570
200
490
340
160
380
450
550
1.27
.10
.24
.17
.08
.19
.22
.27
n.a.
15
14
24
22
n.a.
15
n.a.
n.a.
1
1
0
0
n.a.
0
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers...............................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
3,840
2,450
560
60
150
620
1.92
1.23
.28
.03
.07
.31
n.a.
7
9
n.a.
26
n.a.
n.a.
2
1
n.a.
0
n.a.
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers...........................
Truck driver................................................................
Carpenter ..................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instrument repairer....................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sheet metal worker ..................................................
Stationary engineer...................................................
Tool and die maker ..................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter .......................................
Batch, furnace, and/or tank operator, glass...........
Beveler .......................................................................
Breaker......................................................................
Decal applier..............................................................
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator............
Driller, machine and/or driller, multiple spindle.......
Etcher and/or engraver ............................................
Forming-machine operator,glass container.............
161,640
420
2,440
670
1,360
370
250
1,390
7,840
5,740
6,560
450
1,110
3,070
470
1,070
360
1,030
200
500
8,600
150
220
160
460
1,810
1,010
570
200
180
290
540
7,320
80.88
.21
1.22
.33
.68
.18
.12
.69
3.93
2.88
3.29
.22
.55
1.54
.23
.53
.18
.51
.10
.25
4.31
.07
.11
.08
.23
.90
.50
.28
.10
.09
.14
.27
3.67
n.a.
7
9
n.a.
14
12
33
6
6
6
9
12
15
9
15
16
14
20
10
10
9
34
18
32
19
8
26
24
21
39
28
26
7
n.a.
1
1
n.a.
2
1
0
1
3
2
2
1
1
2
1
0
1
1
1
0
2
0
0
0
1
2
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
See footnotes at end of table.
50
Table 15. Glass and glass products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,' May 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Forming-machine maintainer, glass..........................
Furnace combustion analyst.....................................
Gatherer .....................................................................
Glass blower,glassware and/or laboratory
apparatus.............................................................
Glass-blowing-lathe operator....................................
Glass calibrator .........................................................
Glass-cut-off machine operator and/or cuttingmachine operator................................................
Glass cutter,machine................................................
Glass finisher.............................................................
Glass grinder and/or watch-crystal edge grinder....
Glazier, stained glass and/or jo in e r.........................
Hand edger and/or belt seamer..............................
Kiln tender, glass ......................................................
Lathe operator,grinding wheels................................
Lehr tender ................................................................
Machine tool operator,combination ..........................
Molding-machine operator and/or presser..............
Polisher, glass and/or blocker.................................
Polisher, m old............................................................
Second cutter, h a n d ..................................................
Selector, glassware ..................................................
Slitter-creaser-slotter operator..................................
Slitting-machine operator..........................................
Sliver-forming-and-winding operator and/or fibermachine tender ...................................................
Tester ........................................................................
Warm-in w orker.........................................................
Yardage control operator, forming............................
Painter,production .....................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Mixer,stone,clay,glass and related products ...........
Cullet crusher-and-washer........................................
Metal mold maker and/or repairer ...........................
Floor worker, glass ....................................................
Screen or stencil printer and/or se tte r....................
Screen maker,photographic process........................
Ware finisher, footcaster and/or handler ................
Assembler ..................................................................
Decorator, hand ........................................................
Batch plant operator..................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled w orkers.................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators ...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File cle rk.....................................................................
General clerk, office .................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement c le rk.....................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical c le rk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist ..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
2,720
210
690
1.36
.10
.34
7
20
13
1
0
1
1,040
790
180
.52
.39
.09
17
20
46
1
0
0
1,490
780
470
1,220
950
620
170
240
1,410
280
460
1,010
1,120
1,080
30,090
250
140
.74
.39
.23
.61
.47
.31
.08
.12
.70
.14
.23
.50
.56
.54
15.11
.12
.07
12
24
33
19
14
19
31
42
17
44
21
19
9
17
7
20
41
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
2
0
0
2,170
1,800
480
190
350
620
490
440
3,290
3,210
700
130
300
4,770
1,250
190
2,880
16,350
17,810
1.09
.90
.24
.09
.17
.31
.24
.22
1.65
1.61
.35
.06
.15
2.39
.62
.09
1.44
8.21
8.94
43
9
22
38
16
30
12
12
10
14
19
22
21
19
25
16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
14,760
190
240
370
130
290
900
380
160
1,350
400
590
270
160
1,860
160
340
630
280
930
750
7.32
.09
.12
.18
.06
.14
.45
.19
.08
.67
.20
.29
.13
.08
.93
.08
.17
.31
.14
.46
.37
n.a.
13
12
19
n.a.
10
9
9
30
14
12
7
7
10
6
27
7
10
21
n.a.
10
n.a.
1
1
1
n.a.
1
2
1
0
2
1
2
1
1
3
0
2
1
1
n.a.
1
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative errorfin
percentage)2
Percent of total
employment
Employment
51
<
Table 15. Glass and glass products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
2,300
990
680
410
1.15
.49
.34
.20
18
10
10
n.a.
2
2
1
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
2,410
1.20
29
2
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales clerk .................................................................
2,060
350
1.03
.17
12
17
2
1
1 Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
52
Stone, Clay, and Concrete
Products
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing cement, structural clay products, pottery, con
crete and gypsum products, cut stone, and abrasive and
asbestos products from materials taken principally from
the earth in the form of stone, clay, and sand.
In 1977, the industry employed 471,800 workers or
3 percent o f all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
creased 8 percent.
The most populous occupations in the stone, clay,
and concrete industry, as shown in table 16, were: Truck
drivers, with 57,400 workers or 12 percent of total in
dustry employment; nonworking supervisors for pro
duction and other blue-collar occupations, 17,300; in
dustrial truck operators, 13,400; and sales agents-representatives-associates, 9,600.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 13.
Chart 13. Stone, clay, and concrete products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
53
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 16. Stone, clay, and concrete products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,' May 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative errorfin
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
471,830
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
33,840
7.17
2
88
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Chemical engineer....................................................
Civil engineer.............................................................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer ................................................
Ceramic engineer......................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Chemist ......................................................................
All other physical scientists......................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
12,420
520
380
830
1,020
740
1,170
1,090
110
1,420
3,130
810
340
860
2.59
.11
.08
.17
.21
.15
.24
.23
.02
.30
.66
.17
.07
.18
n.a.
23
16
7
11
13
n.a.
8
n.a.
5
5
6
14
n.a.
n.a.
1
2
4
4
3
n.a.
3
n.a.
9
17
5
1
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Drafter........................................................................
Mechanical engineering technician...........................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Science technicians..................................................
All other technicians.................................................
6,460
460
1,910
370
1,410
1,710
600
1.33
.09
.40
.07
.29
.36
.12
n.a.
15
5
19
n.a.
11
n.a.
n.a.
2
9
1
n.a.
3
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
6,520
4,990
870
60
460
140
1.35
1.05
.18
.01
.09
.02
n.a.
3
8
n.a.
20
n.a.
n.a.
24
3
n.a.
1
n.a.
358,350
7,400
780
8,850
1,400
57,400
350
850
3,020
3,540
4,940
700
2,980
17,300
8,130
660
13,410
5,130
480
2,420
8,740
2,320
1,140
1,600
2,650
400
75.46
1.56
.16
1.87
.29
12.16
.07
.18
.64
.75
1.04
.14
.63
3.66
1.72
.13
2.84
1.08
.10
.51
1.85
.49
.24
.33
.56
.08
n.a.
3
13
4
n.a.
2
15
11
8
5
7
12
3
2
5
12
3
9
20
12
4
16
17
7
8
10
n.a.
31
2
17
n.a.
69
2
4
8
13
8
2
8
36
22
2
33
6
2
5
27
4
1
5
8
2
1,100
1,780
490
8,350
750
480
780
.23
.37
.10
1.76
.15
.10
.16
15
10
14
8
9
14
21
2
5
1
7
3
1
1
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Engineering-equipment mechanic.............................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Blaster, mining and quarrying...................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Concrete rubber........................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Delivery and/or route worker ...................................
Driller, machine .........................................................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Heavy equipment operator .......................................
Rigger ........................................................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instrument repairer....................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Panelboard operator and/or grinding mill panelboard operator............................................
Pipe stripper...............................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Refractory materials repairer....................................
Rock splitter, quarry...................................................
Sheet metal worker ...................................................
,
See footnotes at end of table.
54
Table 16. Stone, clay, and concrete products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Stationary boiler fire r.................................................
Tool and die maker ...................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter .......................................
Abrasive grinder........................................................
Blockmaking-machine operator................................
Brick-and-tile making machine operator..................
Cage maker,hand or machine..................................
Calender machine operator......................................
Caster,pottery and porcelain ....................................
Caster,plaster of p a ris................. .............................
Concrete-pipe m aker................................................
Concrete-stone fabricator.........................................
Decal applier..............................................................
Dipper........................................................................
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator............
Finisher, pottery and porcelain.................................
Gasket winder ...........................................................
Grinding and/or abrading machine operator, m etal.
Jigger operator..........................................................
Kiln operator..............................................................
Lathe operator,grinding wheels................................
Lathe and/or turning machine operator, m etal.......
Machine tool operator,combination ..........................
Model and mold maker,plaster ................................
Mold m aker................................................................
Refractory molder, hand ...........................................
Mold maker,brick,tile, and concrete .........................
Mold maker,pottery...................................................
Power-press tender...................................................
Refactory-grinder operator........................................
Sandblaster,stone .....................................................
Sawyer, stone............................................................
Screener operator.....................................................
Setter and/or drawer.................................................
Slitting-machine operator..........................................
Sorter.........................................................................
Splitter .......................................................................
Spray machine operator............................................
Stencil cutter..............................................................
Stone cutter, ha n d .....................................................
Stone cutter, machine...............................................
Stone driller ...............................................................
Stone polisher ...........................................................
Tester ........................................................................
Clay turner ................................................................
Press operator...........................................................
Painter,production .....................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Mixer,stone,clay,glass and related products ...........
Concrete-vault maker ................................................
Bed setter ..................................................................
Mill and/or grinder operator,minerals.......................
Screen or stencil printer and/or s e tte r....................
Ware finisher, footcaster and/or handler................
Filter and/or filter press operator............................
Assembler ..................................................................
Decorator, hand ........................................................
Batch plant operator..................................................
Clay m aker.................................................................
Miller,clay ...................................................................
Mixer and/or blender,chemicals and chemical products ...............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers.................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
360
790
4,160
780
3,770
2,250
1,580
450
3,690
300
3,690
5,310
650
730
340
2,500
420
370
600
7,460
700
690
1,210
420
400
430
550
1,080
1,920
700
420
1,100
890
7,550
390
3,220
430
780
470
820
290
300
1,050
1,810
550
6,700
730
1,330
2,550
3,160
310
3,850
390
700
340
6,440
1,010
7,110
590
680
0.07
.16
.88
.16
.79
.47
.33
.09
.78
.06
.78
1.12
.13
.15
.07
.52
.08
.07
.12
1.58
.14
.14
.25
.08
.08
.09
.11
.22
.40
.14
.08
.23
.18
1.60
.08
.68
.09
.16
.09
.17
.06
.06
.22
.38
.11
1.41
.15
.28
.54
.66
.06
.81
.08
.14
.07
1.36
.21
1.50
.12
.14
13
13
6
25
8
12
8
39
12
49
8
9
21
16
24
12
32
27
20
4
20
23
20
40
17
22
18
17
20
27
14
9
19
5
17
10
15
13
15
9
18
22
9
8
26
9
21
10
11
10
27
7
26
24
20
11
18
3
12
15
1
2
12
1
14
4
6
0
2
0
8
8
0
1
1
2
0
1
1
14
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
1
2
3
2
7
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
1
3
5
0
5
1
3
5
6
1
8
0
1
1
3
1
42
2
2
1,080
6,530
27,600
48,560
.22
1.38
5.84
10.29
15
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative errorfin
percentage)5
55
Table 16. Stone, clay, and concrete products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ..................................................
Order cle rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement cle rk.....................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist...........................
T ypist.........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t...........................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Weigher, record-keeping...........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
Dispatcher, vehicle, service or work ........................
All other plant clerical workers.................................
43,870
460
590
840
240
480
3,540
4,160
370
6,560
1,220
1,390
410
350
5,930
810
1,140
990
1,220
1,400
4,010
1,850
370
1,410
3,630
500
9.16
.09
.12
.17
.05
.10
.75
.88
.07
1.39
.25
.29
.08
.07
1.25
.17
.24
.20
.25
.29
.84
.39
.07
.29
.76
.10
n.a.
10
7
7
n.a.
13
4
4
14
3
7
4
6
9
8
5
7
8
n.a.
6
6
7
14
7
3
n.a.
n.a.
3
3
3
n.a.
2
19
30
2
35
5
10
3
2
32
7
5
5
n.a.
6
8
9
1
6
24
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..............................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales c le rk .................................................................
10,370
2.19
17
37
9,600
770
2.03
.16
3
14
34
3
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
56
Primary Metals
This industry includes establishments operating blast
furnaces, steel works, rolling and finishing mills, and
iron and steel foundries, as well as establishments man
ufacturing miscellaneous primary metal products.
In 1977, the industry employed 1.1 million workers
or 6 percent o f all workers employed in manufacturing.
Employment declined 9 percent between 1971 and 1977.
The most populous occupations in the primary met
als industry, as shown in table 17, were: Nonworking
supervisors for production and other blue-collar occu
pations, with 63,500 workers or 6 percent o f total in
dustry employment; crane, derrick, and hoist operators,
30,500; maintenance mechanics, 25,300; and inspectors,
24,100.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 14.
Chart 14. Primary metals: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
10
20
30
57
40
Percent
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 17. Primary metals: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,' April 1977
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
TOTAL............................................................
1,094,610
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
39,620
3.61
6
93
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Civil engineer.............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
Metallurgist and/or metallurgical engineer..............
Safety engineer.........................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Mathematical scientist...............................................
Chemist ......................................................................
All other physical scientists ......................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer ...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Nurse,professional ....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
All other professional workers..................................
36,990
720
1,950
3,290
3,900
3,640
730
3,470
20
1,590
140
1,580
3,260
5,280
1,190
2,820
3,410
3.30
.06
.17
.30
.35
.33
.06
.31
.00
.14
.01
.14
.29
.48
.10
.25
.31
n.a.
33
14
9
10
10
11
n.a.
n.a.
11
n.a.
15
6
7
7
9
n.a.
n.a.
3
11
19
19
20
8
n.a.
n.a.
8
n.a.
9
34
30
10
23
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer..............................................
Drafter........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
Mechanical engineering technician...........................
Spectroscopist...........................................................
Industrial engineering technician..............................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Science technicians..................................................
All other technicians.................................................
17,640
1,400
3,320
1,340
720
890
1,990
4,480
660
2,840
1.57
.12
.30
.12
.06
.08
.18
.40
.06
.25
n.a.
9
9
26
21
12
15
n.a.
18
n.a.
n.a.
10
19
6
3
6
7
n.a.
2
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........................
All other service workers..........................................
21,890
12,610
6,210
820
1,270
980
1.97
1.15
.56
.07
.11
.08
n.a.
11
12
24
13
n.a.
n.a.
41
15
2
6
n.a.
877,100
5,770
25,300
3,330
9,860
2,300
2,250
3,030
30,540
19,620
79.55
.52
2.31
.30
.90
.21
.20
.27
2.79
1.79
n.a.
14
18
n.a.
10
31
15
13
13
13
n.a.
14
23
n.a.
38
1
4
13
19
29
22,420
63,540
2,940
6,000
23,510
24,130
2,280
14,560
11,060
12,140
16,850
670
3,420
2,620
1,590
12,000
1,600
2.04
5.80
.26
.54
2.14
2.20
.20
1.33
1.01
1.10
1.53
.06
.31
.23
.14
1.09
.14
6
2
12
20
4
7
16
10
6
17
20
26
14
22
13
5
20
30
63
5
5
38
40
4
25
41
15
10
2
15
7
8
33
4
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Boilermaker................................................................
Braker, train ...............................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Electrician...................................................................
Filer, grinder, buffer, chipper, cleaner, and/or polisher.................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Heater,metal ..............................................................
Rigger........................................................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instrument repairer....................................................
M achinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Dinkey operator.........................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Pourer, metal .............................................................
Electroplater...............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
58
Table 17. Primary metals: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1 April 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of t<^tal
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Refractory materials repairer....................................
Sandblaster and/or shotblaster................................
Sheet metal worker ..................................................
Stationary boiler fir e r .................................................
Stationary engineer...................................................
Tool and die maker ..................................................
Catcher......................................................................
Caster, ingots and p ig s .............................................
Centrifugal-casting-machine operator.......................
Coiler, winder and/or spooler ..................................
Coremaker, hand, bench and/or flo o r.....................
Coremaker, machine..................................................
Die polisher, wire and/or tubes ................................
Draw-bench operator and/or tube drawer...............
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator............
Insulating extruding machine operator and/or insulating lead press operator.............................
Extrusion press operator, hot billets.........................
Forging press operator..............................................
Forging and/or straightening-roll operator ..............
Grinding and/or abrading machine operator, m etal.
Guide se tte r...............................................................
Heat treater, annealer,and/or temperer...................
Heater,coke production.............................................
Lathe and/or turning machine operator, m etal........
Lay-out marker, metal ...............................................
Machine tool operator,combination..........................
Machine tool operator,numerical-control .................
Machine tool operator .toolroom................................
Machine tool setter, metalworking............................
Milling and/or planing machine operator.................
Mixer operator, hot m etal...........................................
Molder,bench and/or flo o r........................................
Molder, machine........................................................
Molder,pattern ...........................................................
Patternmaker,metal....................................................
Patternmaker,wood....................................................
Pickier, continuous pickling lin e ................................
Plater helper..............................................................
Pump operator, by-products.....................................
Roll builder.................................................................
Sampler and/or test preparer ..................................
Sawyer, m etal............................................................
Setter, molding-and-coremaking machine ...............
Shakeout worker, foundry.........................................
Shell-mold and/or shell-core-machine operator......
Steel pourer helper...................................................
Stranding machine operator.....................................
Stretcher-leveler operator.........................................
Tester .........................................................................
Stove tender and/or blast furnace keeper..............
Wax pattern worker ..................................................
Wire drawer................................................................
Painter,production .....................................................
Die-casting machine operator, metal and/or diecasting setter.......................................................
Punch-press operator, metal ....................................
Shear and/or slitter operator, metal.........................
Shear and/or slitter se tte r........................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Manipulator, table and/or bed operator...................
Core assembler, paster and/or finisher...................
Dip plater, non-electrolytic........................................
Furnace operator and/or cupola te n de r..................
Mixer, ore and metals ...............................................
6,150
8,750
6,080
3,740
1,100
960
2,120
4,800
1,520
2,060
940
6,980
6,830
4,720
1,320
3,480
3,930
0.56
.79
.55
.34
.10
.08
.19
.43
.13
.18
.08
.63
.62
.43
.12
.31
.35
17
14
7
7
17
11
17
9
17
22
30
11
10
11
14
26
11
8
10
15
18
3
3
4
14
2
3
1
8
27
17
6
4
9
5,730
2,620
690
1,840
12,590
690
8,240
740
5,280
900
4,570
1,070
1,460
1,780
1,710
1,020
8,920
12,890
840
1,370
2,250
2,180
1,050
740
1,430
1,960
4,520
1,440
8,520
3,300
2,270
6,220
1,650
4,550
1,330
3,060
8,010
1,860
.52
.23
.06
.16
1.15.06
.75
.06
.48
.08
.41
.09
.13
.16
.15
.09
.81
1.17
.07
.12
.20
.19
.09
.06
.13
.17
.41
.13
.77
.30
.20
.56
.15
.41
.12
.27
.73
.16
15
25
32
18
9
14
11
17
16
15
22
22
20
16
19
19
13
5
34
13
9
13
21
21
15
28
11
22
5
12
17
17
23
14
16
22
13
29
5
4
1
3
26
2
21
1
9
4
8
3
4
5
5
3
27
27
2
7
14
6
2
1
3
5
10
6
30
10
4
5
4
13
1
3
9
7
7,620
7,560
6,210
1,010
1,730
2,040
2,960
1,220
10,070
800
.69
.69
.56
.09
.15
.18
.27
.11
.91
.07
8
10
14
17
17
23
10
16
6
20
8
13
9
3
2
3
10
3
44
2
See footnotes at end of table.
59
Table 17. Primary metals: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1April 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)1
2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
5,170
1,450
5,530
2,150
1,800
1,630
0.47
.13
.50
.19
.16
.14
9
18
11
22
25
13
12
3
19
4
3
7
1,220
2,210
1,110
1,560
2,370
.11
.20
.10
.14
.21
22
19
27
21
10
3
5
1
1
7
3,590
10,600
6,520
3,960
1,860
1,620
2,900
7,870
.32
.96
.59
.36
.16
.14
.26
.71
9
15
13
16
20
26
7
21
9
12
11
9
3
2
20
7
6,710
4,310
27,500
90,690
121,450
.61
.39
2.51
8.28
11.09
11
14
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
10
7
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators ...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement cle rk.....................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical clerk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
T ypist.........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t...........................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Weigher, record-keeping...........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
93,130
760
1,600
2,740
1,010
2,240
5,820
1,970
1,100
8,120
2,120
3,910
1,460
940
8,040
1,400
1,430
3,860
3,210
6,360
9,770
6,870
5,060
1,880
6,600
4,860
8.41
.06
.14
.25
.09
.20
.53
.17
.10
.74
.19
.35
.13
.08
.73
.12
.13
.35
.29
.58
.89
.62
.46
.17
.60
.44
n.a.
19
16
9
n.a.
13
12
10
14
14
12
7
6
14
7
14
9
12
13
n.a.
14
10
7
15
13
n.a.
n.a.
8
11
13
n.a.
9
26
24
7
36
13
29
17
11
42
6
25
19
12
n.a.
29
21
38
6
22
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
8,240
.74
n.a.
n.a.
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
All other sales workers .............................................
7,600
640
.69
.05
9
n.a.
32
n.a.
Furnace charger........................................................
Heating pit charger...................................................
Furnace operator helper or heater helper...............
Insulation wrapping or braiding machine operator ...
Yard engineer............................................................
Scrap so rte r...............................................................
Power brake and/or bending machine operator,
m etal.....................................................................
Mill and/or grinder operator,minerals.......................
Sinter press setter and/or operator .........................
Coke oven pusher and/or door operator ................
Weigher, production..................................................
Mold closer.core setter and/or weight and jacket
setter.....................................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - a ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - b ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - c ...................................
Tapper, metal ............................................................
Pump operator...........................................................
Sand cutter, mixer and/or slinger............................
Assembler ..................................................................
Rolling mill operator and/or attendant, rough or finished .................................................................
Rolling mill operator helper, rough or finished.........
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
1 Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
"method” ,
n.a. Not available.
60
Primary and Secondary
Nonferrous Metals
This industry group engages in the smelting, refin
ing, rolling, and drawing o f primary and secondary
metals, the extruding of nonferrous metals, and the op
eration o f nonferrous foundries.
In 1977, the industry employed 86,300 workers or 0.4
percent o f all workers employed in manufacturing. Em
ployment declined 1 percent between 1971 and 1977.
The most populous occupations In the primary and
secondary nonferrous metals industry, as shown in ta
ble 18, were: Nonworking supervisors for production
and other blue-collar occupations, with 5,500 workers
or 6 percent of total industry employment; pot tenders,
2,500; and electricians, 2,100.
The occupational distribution o f employment is
shown in chart 15.
Chart 15. Primary and secondary nonferrous metals: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
10
20
30
Managers and officers
Professional and technical workers . . .
Sales workers
Clerical workers........................................
Production, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers
Service workers
61
40
Percent
50
60
70
80
90
100
Table 18. Primary and secondary nonferrous metals: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,1April 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL ............................................................
86,330
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS...........................
3,840
4.45
16
94
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS............... ..............
Chemical engineer.....................................................
Civil engineer.............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer......................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
Metallurgist and/or metallurgical engineer..............
Safety engineer .........................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Chemist ......................................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Nurse,professional ....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
All other professional workers..................................
4,670
170
80
480
160
590
400
70
210
470
210
320
720
150
230
410
5.35
.19
.09
.55
.18
.68
.46
.08
.24
.54
.24
.37
.83
.17
.26
.47
n.a.
37
31
23
44
15
29
28
n.a.
19
34
11
25
22
26
n.a.
n.a.
13
10
23
21
28
31
16
n.a.
38
13
40
41
18
28
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer.................................. ...........
Drafter.........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
Spectroscopist...........................................................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Science technicians...................................................
All other technicians..................................................
2,090
70
310
200
350
460
180
520
2.39
.08
.35
.23
.40
.53
.20
.60
n.a.
28
25
31
26
n.a.
45
n.a.
n.a.
13
21
8
21
n.a.
8
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS .................. .....................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
All other service workers ..........................................
1,990
1,110
730
60
90
2.28
1.28
.84
.06
.10
n.a.
44
26
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
44
26
n.a.
n.a.
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
All other mechanics and repairers...........................
Truck driver................................................................
Blacksmith..................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Electrician...................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking .............................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Machinist ....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Refractory materials repairer....................................
Caster, ingots and pigs .............................................
Drier tender, metal scrap ..........................................
Dust operator and/or ore crushing dust collector....
Kettle tender, nonferrous metal ...............................
Pot lin e r......................................................................
Pot te n d e r..................................................................
Sampler and/or test preparer ..................................
Skimmer, reverberatory.............................................
Tester .........................................................................
Furnace operator and/or cupola tender..................
Furnace charger........................................................
Furnace operator helper or heater helper...............
Green anode processor............................................
Scrap so rte r...............................................................
Mill and/or grinder operator,minerals.......................
67,910
4,520
1,290
80
280
1,660
2,140
5,540
2,000
240
800
1,460
310
180
580
500
560
1,020
120
250
300
750
2,470
240
400
280
1,790
660
900
220
550
340
78.51
5.23
1.49
.09
.32
1.92
2.48
6.42
2.31
.27
.92
1.69
.35
.20
.67
.57
.64
1.18
.13
.28
.34
.86
2.86
.27
.46
.32
2.07
.76
1.04
.25
.63
.39
n.a.
n.a.
36
40
37
30
26
23
25
41
48
33
30
25
35
32
31
32
26
47
35
41
38
47
37
45
21
34
21
48
27
33
n.a.
n.a.
51
11
18
27
35
59
47
8
19
42
19
18
17
15
18
34
8
12
19
10
13
18
10
10
50
24
27
9
23
14
See footnotes at end of table.
62
Table 18. Primary and secondary nonferrous metals: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,1 April 1977—Continued
Occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
Relative error(in
percentage)1
2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Weigher, production...................................................
Tapper, metal ............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
130
840
4,030
20,920
9,560
0.15
.97
4.67
24.24
11.07
40
46
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
13
22
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement c le rk.....................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical clerk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist ..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................................
Weigher, record-keeping...........................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers................ .................
5,530
120
150
80
160
450
80
60
400
100
210
70
90
1,170
90
150
220
250
170
360
310
240
100
320
180
6.28
.13
.17
.09
.18
.52
.09
.06
.46
.11
.24
.08
.10
1.35
.10
.17
.25
.28
.19
.41
.35
.27
.11
.37
.20
n.a.
21
22
n.a.
34
20
28
47
24
32
15
29
33
27
42
14
33
22
n.a.
29
38
26
27
33
n.a.
n.a.
17
15
n.a.
15
36
12
10
30
10
30
16
17
52
9
35
23
17
n.a.
27
7
32
18
27
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
300
.34
n.a.
n.a.
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
All other sales workers .............................................
280
20
.32
.02
19
n.a.
24
n.a.
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
1 Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
63
Fabricated Metal Products
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing metal products such as cans, tinware, cutlery,
general hardware, nonelectrical heating apparatus, fab
ricated structural metal, forgings, stampings, ordnance,
and other assorted wire and metal items.
In 1977, the industry employed 1.6 million workers
or 8 percent o f all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
creased 16 percent.
The most populous occupations in the fabricated met
al industry, as shown in table 19, were: Assemblers,
with 135,100 workers or 8 percent o f total industry em
ployment; welders and flamecutters, 89,100; punch press
operators (metal), 84,500; and non working supervisors
for production and other blue-collar occupations,
59,300.
The occupational distribution o f employment is
shown in chart 16.
Chart 16. Fabricated metal products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1971
1977
1
64
90
100
Table 19. Fabricated metal products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1June 1977
Relative errorfin
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
TOTAL............................................................
1,588,640
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
90,880
5.72
2
89
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Civil engineer.............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer ................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Mathematical scientist...............................................
Chemist .....................................................................
All other physical scientists......................................
Life scientist...............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Cost estimator, engineering......................................
Nurse,professional ....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer .....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
65,850
1,580
1,670
4,920
14,200
6,310
230
1,110
530
40
1,590
7,280
9,800
5,740
990
3,240
1,810
4,810
4.06
.09
.10
.30
.89
.39
.01
.06
.03
.00
.10
.45
.61
.36
.06
.20
.11
.30
n.a.
13
18
6
5
n.a.
n.a.
17
n.a.
n.a.
9
2
3
3
4
3
8
n.a.
n.a.
2
2
10
19
n.a.
n.a.
2
n.a.
n.a.
4
24
24
13
4
11
3
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Drafter.........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
Mechanical engineering technician...........................
All other engineering technicians..............................
Science technicians...................................................
All other technicians..................................................
33,350
2,130
19,380
1,400
1,920
5,560
310
2,650
2.05
.13
1.21
.08
.12
.34
.01
.16
n.a.
5
3
13
10
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
6
25
2
3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
27,290
18,440
5,060
430
2,240
1,120
1.70
1.16
.31
.02
.14
.07
n.a.
3
6
n.a.
9
n.a.
n.a.
36
5
n.a.
3
n.a.
1,191,810
2,310
18,250
3,550
17,280
3,500
2,640
3,320
7,980
1,040
9,090
74.58
.14
1.14
.22
1.08
.22
.16
.20
.50
.06
.57
n.a.
5
5
n.a.
2
12
19
12
5
13
5
n.a.
5
13
n.a.
37
1
1
4
7
2
11
25,400
59,270
1,500
2,070
1,720
24,890
37,660
23,540
11,570
21,370
5,910
7,670
1,450
5,790
1,320
1,280
14,570
1.59
3.73
.09
.13
.10
1.56
2.37
1.48
.72
1.34
.37
.48
.09
.36
.08
.08
.91
4
2
17
9
9
4
3
4
3
4
12
6
6
6
9
11
5
16
53
1
1
2
17
31
18
17
18
2
7
3
5
3
1
12
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Automatic spring coiling machine operator.............
Boilermaker................................................................
Carpenter ..................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Delivery and/or route w orker...................................
Electrician...................................................................
Filer, grinder, buffer, chipper, cleaner, and/or polisher.................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Glazier ........................................................................
Heater,metal ..............................................................
Rigger .........................................................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Metal fabricator .........................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Pourer, metal .............................................................
Electroplater...............................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
65
Table 19. Fabricated metal products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1 June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Press operator and/or plate printer .........................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Roll forming machine operator.................................
Sandblaster and/or shotblaster...............................
Sheet metal worker ..................................................
Structural-steel worker ..............................................
Tool and die maker ..................................................
Die setter....................................................................
Die sinker...................................................................
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator............
Drop-hammer operator..............................................
Forging press operator..............................................
Forging and/or straightening-roll operator ..............
Grinding and/or abrading machine operator, metal .
Header operator........................................................
Heat treater, annealer,and/or temperer...................
Lathe and/or turning machine operator, metal........
Lay-out marker, metal ...............................................
Machine tool operator,combination ..........................
Machine tool operator,numerical-control .................
Machine tool operator,toolroom...............................
Machine tool setter, metalworking...........................
Milling and/or planing machine operator.................
Molder,bench and/or flo o r........................................
Molder, machine........................................................
Plater helper ..............................................................
Power-screwdriver operator......................................
Sawyer, m etal............................................................
Tester ........................................................................
Wire drawer................................................................
Woodworking-machine operator ..............................
Painter,production .....................................................
Die-casting machine operator, metal and/or die
casting setter.......................................................
Riveter, lig h t...............................................................
Punch-press operator, metal ....................................
Punch-press setter, m etal.........................................
Shear and/or slitter operator, metal.........................
Shear and/or slitter se tte r........................................
Compression and/or injection-molding-machine
operator, plastics..................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Loading-machine-operator ........................................
Dip plater, non-electrolytic........................................
Furnace operator and/or cupola tender..................
Fitter, structural metal ...............................................
Multi-slide machine operator ....................................
Bodymaker operator, tin c a n ....................................
Wire weaver...............................................................
Power brake and/or bending machine operator,
m etal.....................................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - a ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - b ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - c ...................................
Assembler, class A ...................................................
Assembler, class B ...................................................
Assembler, class C ...................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ....................................................
All other office machine operators...........................
3,190
2,460
26,300
4,320
3,310
20,710
4,110
29,750
1,880
1,210
22,180
2,990
4,510
1,000
21,450
5,080
4,210
28,930
9,070
25,760
3,970
5,040
8,780
5,510
980
1,520
14,510
1,950
4,900
6,760
1,810
1,480
19,830
0.20
.15
1.65
.27
.20
1.30
.25
1.87
.11
.07
1.39
.18
.28
.06
1.35
.31
.26
1.82
.57
1.62
.24
.31
.55
.34
.06
.09
.91
.12
.30
.42
.11
.09
1.24
9
11
4
7
6
6
13
5
8
13
4
10
11
14
5
7
6
4
4
8
9
7
6
6
16
15
5
17
5
6
14
21
3
2
2
21
4
6
9
1
23
2
1
17
1
2
1
15
2
4
16
14
16
4
4
10
4
1
1
9
1
7
8
1
1
25
1,490
1,890
84,480
7,540
13,160
1,700
.09
.11
5.31
.47
.82
.10
16
10
3
5
3
8
1
2
31
8
19
3
2,880
1,840
1,360
4,120
1,670
15,040
1,880
2,530
1,800
.18
.11
.08
.25
.10
.94
.11
.15
.11
13
17
23
10
10
5
12
13
22
1
1
0
4
2
9
2
1
1
17,350
24,600
46,780
17,740
15,860
34,470
84,790
25,200
64,620
101,620
1.09
1.54
2.94
1.11
.99
2.16
5.33
1.58
4.06
6.39
4
4
5
5
7
6
4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
18
16
22
12
8
13
19
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
150,040
1,800
2,460
3,880
1,230
9.33
.11
.15
.24
.07
n.a.
5
4
3
n.a.
n.a.
6
8
8
n.a.
^ee footnotes at end of table.
66
Table 19. Fabricated metal products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand......................................................
File cle rk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement clerk.....................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Switchboard oparator-receptionist............................
T ypist..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
2,440
10,640
8,170
2,220
20,090
4,030
5,370
1,900
1,950
20,190
3,560
6,200
3,140
7,230
9,960
10,540
10,010
9,550
3,480
0.15
.66
.51
.13
1.26
.25
.33
.11
.12
1.27
.22
.39
.19
.45
.62
.66
.63
.60
.21
6
3
3
6
2
4
2
3
5
3
2
4
6
n.a.
3
4
3
3
n.a.
5
22
29
6
39
8
16
8
6
43
17
11
6
n.a.
16
14
24
16
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
29,420
1.84
14
35
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales c le rk .................................................................
28,400
1,020
1.78
.06
4
10
33
2
1 Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
67
Machinery, Except Electrical
dustry, as shown in table 20, were: Welders and flamecutters, with 111,800 workers or 5 percent of total in
dustry employment; class C assemblers, 101,800; ma
chine tool operators, (combination), 70,600; and lathe
operators, 69,000.
The occupational distribution o f employment is
shown in chart 17.
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing machinery and equipment, other than electri
cal and transportation equipment.
In 1977, the industry employed 2.2 million workers
or 11 percent o f all workers employed in manufactur
ing. From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry
increased 17 percent.
The most populous occupations in the machinery in
Chart 17. Machinery except electrical: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1971
1977
1
68
90
100
Table 20. Machinery, except electrical: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1June 1977
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
TOTAL............................................................
2,174,070
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
156,480
7.19
4
64
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Civil engineer.............................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Mathematical scientist...............................................
Physical scientists.....................................................
Life scientist...............................................................
Social scientist ..........................................................
Systems analyst, business........................................
Systems analyst.scientific and technical..................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Commercial a rtis t......................................................
Writer and/or editor...................................................
Nurse,professional .....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
176,570
1,350
28,740
15,150
33,170
17,280
410
1,280
40
50
4,700
3,390
14,230
20,590
1,410
3,150
1,610
5,730
8,580
15,710
8.03
.06
1.32
.69
1.52
.79
.01
.05
.00
.00
.21
.15
.65
.94
.06
.14
.07
.26
.39
.72
n.a.
23
15
12
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
10
19
3
5
11
8
7
5
9
n.a.
n.a.
1
6
10
16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3
1
15
20
2
2
2
6
4
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer,business ...............................
Computer programmer,scientific and technical........
Drafter.........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
Mechanical engineering technician...........................
Tool programmer,numerical control..........................
Industrial engineering technician...............................
All other engineering technicians..............................
Science technicians...................................................
All other technicians..................................................
116,110
8,430
10,080
34,210
29,530
8,810
3,730
6,020
9,800
570
4,930
5.29
.38
.46
1.57
1.35
.40
.17
.27
.45
.02
.22
n.a.
23
24
4
11
11
9
10
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5
1
20
6
3
4
3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner..................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
36,770
27,130
5,120
680
2,720
1,120
1.67
1.24
.23
.03
.12
.05
n.a.
3
8
n.a.
12
n.a.
n.a.
28
3
n.a.
2
n.a.
1,368,450
2,290
12,110
62.58
.10
.55
n.a.
14
8
n.a.
2
6
1,320
7,990
7,400
2,980
6,060
11,020
.06
.36
.34
.13
.27
.50
18
n.a.
6
11
11
6
1
n.a.
9
3
2
7
21,970
68,150
1.01
3.13
6
3
10
29
6,210
1,710
24,640
50,370
58,560
11,040
7,110
5,180
1,340
7,340
.28
.07
1.13
2.31
2.69
.50
.32
.23
.06
.33
12
17
6
5
6
6
13
11
9
9
3
1
12
16
22
8
3
3
2
3
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, automotive ...............................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
Refrigeration mechanic and/or air conditioning mechanic..............................................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Electrician...................................................................
Filer, grinder, buffer, chipper, cleaner, and/or polisher.................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Gear cutting, gear grinding and/or gear shaping
machine operator.................................................
Rigger.........................................................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ...........................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
69
Table 20. Machinery, except electrical: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1 June 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Electroplater...............................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sandblaster and/or shotblaster ...............................
Sheet metal worker ...................................................
Tool and die maker ...................................................
Coremaker, hand, bench and/or flo o r.....................
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator............
Etcher and/or engraver ............................................
Grinding and/or abrading machine operator, metal .
Heat treater, annealer,and/or temperer...................
Lathe and/or turning machine operator, metal........
Lay-out marker, metal ...............................................
Machine tool operator,combination ..........................
Machine tool operator,numerical-control .................
Machine tool operator,toolroom...............................
Machine tool setter, metalworking............................
Milling and/or planing machine operator.................
Molder,bench and/or flo o r........................................
Molder, machine........................................................
Patternmaker, m etal....................................................
Patternmaker,wood....................................................
Sawyer, m etal............................................................
Shakeout worker, foundry.........................................
Tester ........................................................................
Painter,production .....................................................
Die-casting machine operator, metal and/or die
casting setter.......................................................
Punch-press operator, metal ....................................
Punch-press setter, m etal.........................................
Shear and/or slitter operator, metal.........................
Coil winder .................................................................
Compression and/or injection-molding-machine
operator, plastics..................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Furnace operator and/or cupola tender..................
Power brake and/or bending machine operator,
m etal.....................................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - a ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - b ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - c ...................................
Machine assembler, class A ....................................
Electro-mechanical equipment assembler, class A ..
Electrical and electronic assembler, class A ..........
All other assemblers, class A ...................................
Machine assembler, class B ....................................
Electro-mechanical assembler, class B ...................
Electrical and electronic assembler, class B ..........
All other assemblers, class B ...................................
Assembler, class C ....................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers...........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ....................................................
All other office machine operators ...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand......................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk..............................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
1,770
1,820
4,420
7,400
2,980
20,730
54,960
1,330
50,350
1,470
49,410
4,920
69,040
4,850
70,580
26,690
11,610
15,670
36,940
1,960
2,860
3,040
3,020
4,150
1,420
8,150
14,020
0.08
.08
.20
.34
.13
.95
2.52
.06
2.31
.06
2.27
.22
3.17
.22
3.24
1.22
.53
.72
1.69
.09
.13
.13
.13
.19
.06
.37
.64
9
14
13
17
8
10
5
16
5
29
6
9
4
13
5
7
9
8
5
19
22
26
21
7
19
9
5
2
1
2
3
3
7
23
1
20
1
18
3
25
3
25
12
5
8
17
1
1
1
2
5
1
4
13
1,670
22,110
2,930
4,290
2,210
.07
1.01
.13
.19
.10
35
6
11
7
25
0
10
2
4
1
2,000
1,690
1,460
.09
.07
.06
26
45
14
1
0
1
7,260
36,880
48,020
26,860
40,910
5,450
14,210
10,950
24,010
12,590
29,970
26,040
101,820
33,210
62,720
58,840
.33
1.69
2.20
1.23
1.88
.25
.65
.50
1.10
.57
1.37
1.19
4.68
1.52
2.88
2.70
7
6
6
8
8
15
14
n.a.
12
15
12
n.a.
6
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
14
15
8
8
1
3
n.a.
5
2
4
n.a.
12
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
279,890
1,490
5,850
8,430
3,520
5,380
17,030
2,440
4,220
35,580
6,680
6,920
12.74
.06
.26
.38
.16
.24
.78
.11
.19
1.63
.30
.31
n.a.
9
8
6
n.a.
8
5
8
10
5
8
7
n.a.
3
5
6
n.a.
3
11
5
4
32
5
9
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error(in
percentage)2
70
Table 20. Machinery, except electrical: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,' June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement c le rk.....................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical c le rk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist ..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
2,880
4,190
43,900
2,310
4,140
14,130
8,630
16,790
26,230
10,410
12,640
29,750
6,350
0.13
.19
2.01
.10
.19
.64
.39
.77
1.20
.47
.58
1.36
.29
5
5
4
10
3
7
8
n.a.
5
5
5
5
n.a.
5
6
34
2
10
7
5
n.a.
15
8
13
20
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
39,800
1.82
n.a.
n.a.
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
All other sales workers .............................................
38,580
1,220
1.77
.05
4
n.a.
20
n.a.
1 Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
71
Electrical and Electronic
Equipment
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing machinery, apparatus, and supplies for the
generation, storage, transmission, transformation, and
utilization o f electrical energy.
In 1977, the industry employed 1.9 million workers
or 10 percent of all workers employed in manufactur
ing. From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry
increased 6 percent.
The most populous occupations in the eletrical and
electronic equipment industry, as shown in table 21,
were: Class C assemblers, with 275,000 workers or 15
percent o f total industry employment; electrical and
electronic assemblers, 107,900; electrical and electron
ic engineers, 77,500; and inspectors, 64,300.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 18.
Chart 18. Electric and electronic equipment: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1971
1977
72
90
100
Table 21. Electric and electronic equipment: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,' June 1977
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
TOTAL............................................................
1,882,730
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
105,240
5.58
3
44
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Chemical engineer....................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer ................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Mathematical scientist..............................................
Physical scientists.....................................................
Life scientist...............................................................
Social scientist ...................................................... .
Systems analyst, business........................................
Systems analyst.scientific and technical..................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Commercial artist ......................................................
Writer and/or editor..................................................
Nurse,professional ....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
202,780
1,710
77,520
10,660
14,920
22,740
1,780
2,120
60
1,880
4,300
2,480
9,650
14,220
1,910
4,330
1,430
5,240
6,440
19,390
10.67
.09
4.11
.56
.79
1.20
.09
.11
.00
.09
.22
.13
.51
.75
.10
.22
.07
.27
.34
1.02
n.a.
16
3
8
10
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
9
11
4
6
11
16
4
6
9
n.a.
ri.a.
3
22
11
13
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
5
2
20
16
3
5
6
12
6
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer,business ..............................
Computer programmer,scientific and technical.......
Drafter........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
Mechanical engineering technician...........................
Industrial engineering technician..............................
All other engineering technicians.............................
Science technicians...................................................
All other technicians..................................................
102,310
4,000
2,560
17,290
49,920
6,130
3,230
10,580
2,180
6,420
5.40
.21
.13
.91
2.65
.32
.17
.56
.11
.34
n.a.
7
13
4
5
10
11
n.a.
12
n.a.
n.a.
7
2
19
21
5
5
n.a.
2
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
28,500
17,530
6,040
1,090
2,520
1,320
1.50
.93
.32
.05
.13
.07
n.a.
5
9
n.a.
12
n.a.
n.a.
21
5
n.a.
3
n.a.
1,201,160
1,500
2,440
13,430
6,020
4,420
1,670
1,780
9,500
63.41
.07
.12
.71
.31
.23
.08
.09
.50
n.a.
19
17
7
n.a.
8
8
17
7
n.a.
1
2
9
n.a.
8
4
1
9
6,480
53,580
.34
2.84
14
5
3
27
1,260
11,880
64,280
14,090
11,440
2,280
3,810
6,450
1,390
8,720
2,920
1,770
.06
.63
3.41
.74
.60
.12
.20
.34
.07
.46
.15
.09
16
6
6
8
7
9
11
11
12
16
11
20
1
7
21
12
14
4
3
4
3
5
3
2
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Electric-motor repairer...............................................
Electrical instrument repairer....................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers...........................
Truck driver................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Electrician...................................................................
Filer, grinder, buffer, chipper, cleaner, and/or polisher.................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Gear cutting, gear grinding and/or gear shaping
machine operator................................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
M achinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Electroplater...............................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Press operator and/or plate printer .........................
See footnotes at end of table.
73
Table 21. Electric and electronic equipment: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,' June 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sheet metal worker ..................................................
Stationary engineer...................................................
Tool and die maker ..................................................
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator ............
Etcher and/or engraver ............................................
Grinding and/or abrading machine operator, metal .
Heat treater, annealer,and/or temperer...................
Lathe and/or turning machine operator, m etal.......
Machine tool operator,combination ..........................
Machine tofjl operator,numerical-control .................
Machine tool operator,toolroom...............................
Machine tool setter, metalworking............................
Milling and/or planing machine operator.................
Molder, machine........................................................
Plater helper ..............................................................
Power-screwdriver operator......................................
Tester ........................................................................
Painter,production .....................................................
Die-casting machine operator, metal and/or die
casting setter.......................................................
Wirer, electronic ........................................................
Impregnator,electronic...............................................
Riveter, lig h t...............................................................
Punch-press operator, metal ....................................
Punch-press setter, m etal.........................................
Shear and/or slitter operator, metal.........................
Coil w inder.................................................................
Coil taper, hand or machine.....................................
Encapsulator..............................................................
Compression and/or injection-molding-machine
operator, plastics.................................................
Coil finisher................................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Dip plater, non-electrolytic........................................
Furnace operator and/or cupola tender..................
Power brake and/or bending machine operator,
m etal.....................................................................
Screen or stencil printer and/or se tte r....................
Welder and/or flamecutter - a ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - b ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - c ...................................
Machine assembler, class A ....................................
Instrument maker, class A ........................................
Electro-mechanical equipment assembler, class A ..
Electrical and electronic assembler, class A ..........
All other assemblers, class A ...................................
Machine assembler, class B ....................................
Instrument assembler, class B .................................
Electro-mechanical assembler, class B ...................
Electrical and electronic assembler, class B ..........
All other assemblers, class B ...................................
Assembler, class C ....................................................
Mixer and/or blender,chemicals and chemical products ...............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled w orkers.................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ....................................................
Peripheral EDP equipment operator.........................
All other office machine operators...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand......................................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
16,550
6,900
1,170
17,030
11,710
3,230
6,330
1,480
10,810
14,340
5,570
5,080
6,690
3,470
1,270
3,920
1,470
26,540
10,000
0.87
.36
.06
.90
.62
.17
.33
.07
.57
.76
.29
.26
.35
.18
.06
.20
.07
1.40
.53
8
12
13
8
8
45
10
14
11
13
12
17
10
10
25
35
34
8
8
7
6
1
12
8
2
5
2
7
8
4
4
5
3
1
3
1
10
12
3,370
22,940
1,790
2,410
23,640
2,950
1,940
24,360
3,030
2,280
.17
1.21
.09
.12
1.25
.15
.10
1.29
.16
.12
16
10
14
21
8
9
10
8
20
14
2
7
2
1
10
4
3
9
2
3
17,520
6,280
7,350
3,660
1,290
.93
.33
.39
.19
.06
11
16
34
41
23
4
2
1
2
1
2,670
5,860
4,410
5,480
6,210
6,440
1,330
7,710
27,710
20,280
10,340
2,800
7,000
80,140
37,580
275,030
.14
.31
.23
.29
.32
.34
.07
.40
1.47
1.07
.54
.14
.37
4.25
1.99
14.60
21
21
12
11
12
24
18
17
12
n.a.
20
30
15
6
n.a.
3
3
3
4
4
4
1
1
3
7
n.a.
2
1
2
12
n.a.
21
2,700
21,790
89,940
76,260
.14
1.15
4.77
4.05
16
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
3
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
222,600
4,530
6,480
1,130
3,370
4,230
12,680
2,020
11.70
.24
.34
.06
.17
.22
.67
.10
n.a.
8
5
14
n.a.
10
5
9
n.a.
8
9
2
n.a.
5
16
7
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error(in
percentage)2
74
Table 21. Electric and electronic equipment: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS—Continued
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement c le rk.....................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical c le rk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator ...............................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist .........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t...........................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
2,980
22,560
6,730
4,900
2,880
3,220
35,560
2,070
1,480
2,830
11,260
7,800
16,640
19,770
11,040
11,490
19,000
5,950
0.15
1.19
.35
.26
.15
.17
1.88
.10
.07
.15
.59
.41
.88
1.05
.58
.61
1.00
.31
9
6
7
5
5
5
5
8
9
4
6
8
n.a.
8
6
3
5
n.a.
6
21
8
14
10
10
30
5
5
14
12
10
n.a.
19
13
26
20
n.a.
SALES OCCUPATIONS ...........................................
20,140
1.06
n.a.
n.a.
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
All other sales workers .............................................
19,060
1,080
1.01
.05
8
n.a.
17
n.a.
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
1 Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
75
Transportation Equipment
equipment industry, as shown in table 22, were: Class
C assemblers, with 214,200 or 11 percent of total in
dustry employment; welders and flamecutters, 102,100;
inspectors, 76,300; and non working supervisors for pro
duction and other blue-collar occupations, 73,300.
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing equipment for transportation of passengers
and cargo by land, air, and water.
In 1977, the industry employed 1.9 million workers
or 10 percent of all workers employed in manufactur
ing. From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry
increased 8 percent.
The most populous occupations in the transportation
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 19.
Chart 19. Transportation equipment: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
Occupational group
Percent
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11971
|l 977
76
90
100
Table 22. Transportation equipment: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1June 1977
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
Employment
Percent of total
employment
TOTAL............................................................
1,889,390
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
86,900
4.59
7
93
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Aeronautical engineer................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer .................................................
Metallurgist and/or metallurgical engineer..............
All other engineers....................................................
Statistician..................................................................
All other mathematical scientists.............................
Physical scientists.....................................................
Social scientist ..........................................................
Systems analyst, business........................................
Purchasing agent and/or buyer................................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Commercial a rtis t......................................................
Writer and/or editor...................................................
Nurse,professional .....................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
194,140
35,020
8,720
11,000
17,690
1,490
37,160
3,010
500
1,950
570
3,640
10,450
11,660
2,300
2,440
1,610
6,100
5,110
33,720
10.19
1.85
.46
.58
.93
.07
1.96
.15
.02
.10
.03
.19
.55
.61
.12
.12
.08
.32
.27
1.78
n.a.
1
25
12
16
33
n.a.
29
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
18
10
11
20
31
7
7
26
n.a.
n.a.
5
9
20
23
5
n.a.
4
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
9
50
32
6
7
12
24
9
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer,business..............................
Computer programmer,scientific and technical........
Drafter.........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
Mechanical engineering technician...........................
Tool programmer,numerical control..........................
Industrial engineering technician..............................
All other engineering technicians..............................
Science technicians...................................................
All other technicians..................................................
56,780
3,270
1,300
10,150
7,490
11,050
1,410
2,350
11,960
1,340
6,460
2.96
.17
.06
.53
.39
.58
.07
.12
.63
.07
.34
n.a.
14
28
12
31
20
17
20
n.a.
38
n.a.
n.a.
12
4
24
7
8
5
10
n.a.
3
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service o n ly ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
44,280
25,980
10,740
740
2,450
4,370
2.31
1.37
.56
.03
.12
.23
n.a.
8
11
n.a.
14
n.a.
n.a.
46
16
n.a.
9
n.a.
1,330,380
13,920
6,450
18,440
8,850
7,890
2,760
10,770
5,880
26,170
70.03
.73
.34
.97
.46
.41
.14
.57
.31
1.38
n.a.
27
12
12
n.a.
7
21
7
10
17
n.a.
3
17
19
n.a.
39
2
29
13
30
23,510
73,310
1.24
3.88
12
7
21
57
3,600
3,520
30,430
76,270
2,230
16,560
5,600
9,230
11,410
2,530
.19
.18
1.61
4.03
.11
.87
.29
.48
.60
.13
25
15
5
6
26
13
9
14
14
11
4
4
29
36
4
22
21
16
9
9
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, aircraft......................................................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Boilermaker................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Electrician...................................................................
Filer, grinder, buffer, chipper, cleaner, and/or polisher.................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Gear cutting, gear grinding and/or gear shaping
machine operator.................................................
Rigger.........................................................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instrument repairer....................................................
M achinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Oiler ............................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
77
Table 22. Transportation equipment: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Order fille r..................................................................
Painter, maintenance.................................................
Electroplater...............................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sewing-machine operator, regular equipment- non
garment ................................................................
Sheet metal worker ..................................................
Stationary engineer...................................................
Shiprigger...................................................................
Tool and die maker ..................................................
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator............
Fabricator, plastics....................................................
Forging press operator..............................................
Grinding and/or abrading machine operator, metal .
Fleat treater, annealer,and/or temperer...................
Lathe and/or turning machine operator, metal.......
Lay-out marker, metal ...............................................
Machine tool operator,combination ..........................
Machine tool operator,numerical-control .................
Machine tool operator,toolroom...............................
Machine tool setter, metalworking...........................
Milling and/or planing machine operator.................
Patternmaker,metal...................................................
Sawyer, m etal............................................................
Shipfitter.....................................................................
Shipwright...................................................................
Tester ........................................................................
Woodworking-machine operator ..............................
Painter,production .....................................................
Riveter, heavy............................................................
Riveter, lig h t...............................................................
Punch-press operator, metal ....................................
Punch-press setter, m etal.........................................
Shear and/or slitter operator, m etal.........................
Compression and/or injection-molding-machine
operator, plastics..................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Power brake and/or bending machine operator,
metal .....................................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - a ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - b ...................................
Welder and/or flamecutter - c ...................................
Machine assembler, class A ....................................
Electro-mechanical equipment assembler, class A ..
Electrical and electronic assembler, class A ..........
All other assemblers, class A ...................................
Machine assembler, class B ....................................
Electro-mechanical assembler, class B ...................
Electrical and electronic assembler, class B ..........
Aircraft structure and surfaces assembler, class B .
All other assemblers, class B ...................................
Assembler, class C ....................................................
Laminator, preforms....................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Computer operator.....................................................
Keypunch operator ....................................................
All other office machine operators ...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand......................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
4,280
2,730
2,240
20,680
5,230
0.22
.14
.11
1.09
.27
19
10
14
17
18
7
10
5
16
7
3,050
16,610
1,760
3,580
20,160
19,810
1,970
1,990
19,900
4,160
21,480
2,760
32,070
5,670
11,680
16,120
12,980
1,290
1,610
15,030
1,710
10,020
1,700
30,530
1,320
2,380
29,660
2,660
3,060
.16
.87
.09
.18
1.06
1.04
.10
.10
1.05
.22
1.13
.14
1.69
.30
.61
.85
.68
.06
.08
.79
.09
.53
.08
1.61
.06
.12
1.56
.14
.16
32
12
15
22
13
16
44
34
14
20
15
21
7
17
15
19
15
32
14
17
20
19
15
10
36
25
7
15
18
4
18
6
3
19
18
2
2
19
6
18
6
18
7
10
10
13
2
7
6
2
10
6
38
2
4
19
7
9
2,510
7,190
.13
.38
35
33
2
2
5,960
18,940
54,380
28,740
3,320
2,120
4,560
19,530
7,270
5,070
5,240
18,980
24,930
214,200
10,160
25,430
106,660
73,980
.31
1.00
2.87
1.52
.17
.11
.24
1.03
.38
.26
.27
1.00
1.31
11.33
.53
1.34
5.64
3.91
14
12
10
9
21
48
25
n.a.
27
22
30
34
n.a.
1
11
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
11
21
31
19
4
2
2
n.a.
6
4
3
2
n.a.
34
11
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
165,870
2,700
4,480
4,730
5,180
6,640
2,560
1,560
19,020
8.68
.14
.23
.25
.27
.35
.13
.08
1.00
n.a.
15
7
n.a.
14
7
15
14
10
n.a.
16
18
n.a.
10
30
14
8
44
See footnotes at end of table.
78
Table 22. Transportation equipment: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting selected
occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping c le rk..............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement cle rk......................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical clerk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist ..........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ................................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers..................................
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..............................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
All other sales workers .............................................
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
2,170
3,750
2,670
2,540
21,170
2,140
1,310
7,660
3,680
10,180
19,920
3,410
10,350
19,350
8,700
0.11
.19
.14
.13
1.12
.11
.06
.40
.19
.53
1.05
.18
.54
1.02
.46
14
7
31
20
11
21
7
18
10
n.a.
13
14
10
11
n.a.
12
26
15
14
56
6
20
21
15
n.a.
31
13
31
32
n.a.
11,040
.57
n.a.
n.a.
10,550
490
.55
.02
10
n.a.
36
n.a.
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
Percent of total
employment
Employment
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
79
Instruments and Related
Products
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing measuring, testing, analyzing, and controlling
instruments; optical instruments and lenses; surveying
and drafting instruments; surgical, medical, and dental
supplies and equipment; ophthalmic goods; photograph
ic equipment; and watches and clocks.
In 1977, the industry employed 618,900 workers or
3 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industry in
creased 29 percent.
The most populous occupations in the instruments
industry, as shown in table 23, were: Class C assem
blers, with 41,800 workers or 7 percent of total indus
try employment; electrical and electronic assemblers,
29,000; nonworking supervisors for production and oth
er blue-collar occupations, 19,100; and electrical and
electronic engineers, 17,500.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 20.
Chart 20. Instruments and related products: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
O ccupational group
0
10
20
30
40
Percent
50
60
70
80
Managers and officers
□
1971
Professional and technical workers . ..
1977
Sales workers
Clerical w orkers........................................
Production, maintenance,
construction, repair, material
handling, and powerplant workers . . .
Service workers
80
90
100
Table 23. Instruments and related products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,’ June 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
618,870
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
47,680
7.70
7
32
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Chemical engineer....................................................
Electrical and/or electronic engineer.......................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer ................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Mathematical scientist...............................................
Chemist .....................................................................
All other physical scientists......................................
Life scientist...............................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or b uyer................................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Cost estimator, engineering......................................
Writer and/or e ditor...................................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer.....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
56,680
1,000
17,530
2,400
6,080
7,290
280
1,710
660
420
1,490
3,780
4,380
880
1,700
1,650
1,570
3,860
9.08
.16
2.83
.38
.98
1.17
.04
.27
.10
.06
.24
.61
.70
.14
.27
.26
.25
.62
n.a.
40
11
9
15
n.a.
n.a.
23
n.a.
27
20
6
11
12
14
11
17
n.a.
n.a.
2
11
5
7
n.a.
n.a.
3
n.a.
1
3
12
9
3
3
6
3
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer..............................................
Drafter........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
Mechanical engineering technician...........................
Tool programmer,numerical control..........................
Industrial engineering technician...............................
All other engineering technicians..............................
Science technicians..................................................
Prosthetist-orthotist....................................................
All other technicians..................................................
37,200
3,520
6,480
12,420
2,310
420
680
4,280
2,760
790
3,540
5.95
.56
1.04
2.00
.37
.06
.10
.69
.44
.12
.57
n.a.
20
6
12
11
15
28
n.a.
22
21
n.a.
n.a.
4
10
7
4
1
2
n.a.
2
1
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
9,950
7,570
1,220
380
430
350
1.58
1.22
.19
.06
.06
.05
n.a.
13
35
29
18
n.a.
n.a.
13
2
0
2
n.a.
361,170
3,150
2,630
800
420
1,170
58.06
.50
.42
.12
.06
.18
n.a.
17
n.a.
14
18
11
n.a.
4
n.a.
3
2
3
3,650
19,100
.58
3.08
10
17
4
16
600
1,580
16,990
2,000
6,500
7,600
3,490
780
4,360
820
440
11,410
.09
.25
2.74
.32
1.05
1.22
.56
.12
.70
.13
.07
1.84
18
17
9
21
13
8
13
14
8
17
33
11
1
2
12
2
3
8
8
2
8
2
1
7
3,280
.52
18
2
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Carpenter ...................................................................
Electrician...................................................................
Filer, grinder, buffer, chipper, cleaner, and/or polisher.................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Gear cutting, gear grinding and/or gear shaping
machine operator................................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ....................................................................
Instrument repairer....................................................
Lens grinder...............................................................
Machinist....................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general u tility........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Order fille r..................................................................
Electroplater...............................................................
Plumber and/or pipefitter..........................................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sewing-machine operator, regular equipment- non
garment ................................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
81
Table 23. Instruments and related products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Sewing-machine operator, special equipment and/orautomatic equipment-nongarment.................
Sheet metal worker ...................................................
Tool and die maker ..................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter .......................................
Optician, dispensing and/or optical mechanic........
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator............
Grinding and/or abrading machine operator, metal .
Heat treater, annealer,and/or temperer...................
Lathe and/or turning machine operator, metal........
Machine tool operator,combination ..........................
Machine tool operator,numerical-control .................
Machine tool operator,toolroom...............................
Machine tool setter, metalworking...........................
Milling and/or planing machine operator.................
Plater helper ..............................................................
Tester ........................................................................
Painter,production .....................................................
Die-casting machine operator, metal and/or diecasting setter.......................................................
Wirer, electronic ........................................................
Punch-press operator, metal ....................................
Punch-press setter, m etal.........................................
Compression and/or injection-molding-machine
operator, plastics.................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Dip plater, non-electrolytic........................................
Artificial-appliance m aker..........................................
Adhesive-bandage-machine operator.......................
Power brake and/or bending machine operator,
m etal....................................................................
Instrument maker, class A ........................................
Electro-mechanical equipment assembler, class A ..
Electrical and electronic assembler, class A ..........
All other assemblers, class A ...................................
Instrument assembler, class B .................................
Electro-mechanical assembler, class B ...................
Electrical and electronic assembler, class B ..........
Clock, watch and chronometer assembler, class B .
All other assemblers, class B ...................................
Assembler, class C ...................................................
Mixer and/or blender,chemicals and chemical products ...............................................................
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator........
Computer operator....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
All other office machine operators ...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, o ffic e ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping cle rk.............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement cle rk.....................................................
Receptionist...............................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical clerk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
T ypist..........................................................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
1,040
1,340
4,690
4,160
5,950
5,230
3,160
430
6,020
6,900
2,050
1,290
2,450
2,620
460
6,870
2,300
0.16
.21
.75
.67
.96
.84
.51
.06
.97
1.11
.33
.20
.39
.42
.07
1.11
.37
31
14
8
11
16
10
12
16
10
11
13
14
9
16
15
10
11
1
2
7
5
2
5
4
1
6
7
3
3
4
3
1
7
4
520
3,580
4,260
760
.08
.57
.68
.12
27
24
13
13
1
2
5
2
4,920
440
500
560
1,040
.79
.07
.08
.09
.16
27
40
32
27
39
2
0
1
1
0
560
2,270
5,140
7,770
9,060
14,540
4,540
21,160
4,410
17,560
41,780
.09
.36
.83
1.25
1.46
2.34
.73
3.41
.71
2.83
6.75
26
13
13
14
n.a.
13
16
11
25
n.a.
11
1
2
3
5
n.a.
4
2
7
1
n.a.
10
1,340
7,870
33,770
25,090
.21
1.27
5.45
4.05
21
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
1
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
92,410
620
1,580
2,660
1,490
1,350
6,530
1,990
1,850
10,360
3,910
1,800
960
1,630
380
14,700
610
500
1,530
6,400
14.82
.10
.25
.42
.24
.21
1.05
.32
.29
1.67
.63
.29
.15
.26
.06
2.37
.09
.08
.24
1.03
n.a.
12
11
12
n.a.
15
6
7
37
10
7
11
8
8
13
7
30
15
6
11
n.a.
2
5
5
n.a.
2
13
10
4
15
7
7
5
6
2
21
2
2
8
10
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error(in
percentage)2
82
Table 23. Instruments and related products: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments reporting
selected occupations,1June 1977—Continued
Occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk ...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..............................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
All other sales workers .............................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
3,190
2,570
6,520
4,130
4,620
7,620
2,910
0.51
.41
1.05
.66
.74
1.23
.47
10
n.a.
9
8
8
11
n.a.
5
n.a.
8
7
11
9
n.a.
13,780
2.22
n.a.
n.a.
13,500
280
2.18
.04
11
n.a.
13
n.a.
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
Relative error(in
percentage)2
83
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Industries
From 1971 to 1977, employment in the industries in
creased 6 percent.
The most populous occupations in the miscellaneous
manufacturing industries, as shown in table 24, were:
Assemblers, with 65,700 workers or 15 percent of total
industry employment; production packagers (hand or
machine), 16,600; sales agents-representatives-associates, 12,300; and bench hands, jewelry, _L2;Q00.
The occupational distribution of employment is
shown in chart 21.
This industry group includes establishments manu
facturing products not classified in other manufactur
ing industries. Examples of these industries are: Jewel
ry, silverware, and plated ware; musical instruments;
toys and sporting and athletic goods; pen, pencils, and
other office and artists’ materials; buttons, costume nov
elties, and miscellaneous notions; brushes and brooms;
caskets; anld other assorted manufacturing industries.
In 1977^3he industries employed 439,200 workers or
2 percent of all workers employed in manufacturing.
Chart 21. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Distribution of employment by major
occupational group, 1971 and 1977
O ccupational group
Percent
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
11971
1977
84
90
100
Table 24. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,1 May 1977
Occupation
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Relative error(in
percentage)2
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
TOTAL............................................................
439,230
100.00
-
100
MANAGERS AND OFFICERS............................
29,810
6.78
2
82
PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS..............................
Industrial engineer.....................................................
Mechanical engineer ................................................
All other engineers....................................................
Physical scientists.....................................................
Systems analyst, electronic data processing..........
Purchasing agent and/or buyer...............................
Accountant and/or auditor........................................
Personnel and labor relations specialists................
Designer....................................................................
All other professional workers..................................
13,180
1,160
980
910
280
360
2,310
2,190
640
3,320
1,030
2.95
.26
.22
.20
.06
.08
.52
.49
.14
.75
.23
n.a.
5
8
n.a.
n.a.
9
3
4
5
4
n.a.
n.a.
7
5
n.a.
n.a.
2
19
14
6
16
n.a.
TECHNICAL OCCUPATIONS.....................................
Computer programmer ..............................................
Drafter........................................................................
Electrical and/or electronic technician ....................
All other engineering technicians..............................
Science technicians..................................................
All other technicians..................................................
4,400
580
1,200
920
960
400
340
.97
.13
.27
.20
.21
.09
.07
n.a.
7
6
11
n.a.
14
n.a.
n.a.
4
7
3
n.a.
1
n.a.
SERVICE OCCUPATIONS ..........................................
Janitor, porter, and/or cleaner.................................
Guard and/or doorkeeper.........................................
Food service workers................................................
Supervisor,nonworking-service only ........................
All other service workers ..........................................
6,670
4,100
900
250
630
790
1.49
.93
.20
.05
.14
.17
n.a.
3
7
n.a.
12
n.a.
n.a.
23
3
n.a.
3
n.a.
311,950
2,350
1,120
1,890
2,190
1,740
870
680
740
1,990
70.56
.53
.25
.43
.49
.39
.19
.15
.16
.45
n.a.
9
n.a.
7
10
10
8
11
10
8
n.a.
6
n.a.
11
4
5
4
3
4
7
4,270
9,900
2,360
6,560
4,600
2,040
2,700
1,180
400
4,140
500
1,320
1,650
16,630
.97
2.25
.53
1.49
1.04
.46
.61
.26
.09
.94
.11
.30
.37
3.78
6
2
7
5
6
7
4
12
13
6
14
8
13
5
8
28
5
12
8
6
13
4
1
11
2
5
3
17
2,850
.64
14
2
720
.16
28
1
6,580
1.49
8
7
1,580
2,740
3,370
3,540
12,010
.35
.62
.76
.80
2.73
18
8
6
7
6
2
7
9
9
12
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS...........................
Mechanic, maintenance ............................................
All other mechanics and repairers............................
Truck driver................................................................
Cabinetmaker.............................................................
Carpenter ..................................................................
Compositor and/or typesetter..................................
Crane, derrick, and/or hoist operator ......................
Delivery and/or route worker ...................................
Electrician...................................................................
Filer, grinder, buffer, chipper, cleaner, and/or polisher.................................................................
Supervisor, nonworking.............................................
Industrial truck operator............................................
Inspector ...................................................................
Jeweler and/or silversmith .......................................
M achinist...................................................................
Maintenance repairer, general utility ........................
Helper,trades .............................................................
Millwright ....................................................................
Order filler ..................................................................
Painter, maintenance................................................
Electroplater...............................................................
Press operator and/or plate printer .........................
Production packager, hand or machine...................
Sewing machine operator, regular equipmentgarment ................................................................
Sewing machine operator, special equipment and/
or automatic equipment-garment.......................
Sewing-machine operator, regular equipment- non
garment ................................................................
Sewing-machine operator, special equipment and/orautomatic equipment-nongarment.................
Sheet metal worker ..................................................
Tool and die maker ..................................................
Welder and/or flamecutter.......................................
Bench hand, jew elry..................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
85
Table 24. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,1 May 1977—Continued
Occupation
PRODUCTION, MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION,
REPAIR,MATERIAL HANDLING AND
POWERPLANT OCCUPATIONS—Continued
Boring-machine operator, w o o d ...............................
C aster........................................................................
Caster, finished or semi-finished products ..............
Chain maker, hand....................................................
Cut-off-saw operator, lumber....................................
Drill-press and/or boring-machine operator............
Etcher and/or engraver ............................................
Fabricator, plastics....................................................
Finisher, hand............................................................
Gem cu tte r.................................................................
Grinding and/or abrading machine operator, metal .
Lathe operator,wood..................................................
Lathe and/or turning machine operator, metal........
Machine setter,woodworking....................................
Machine tool operator,combination ..........................
Machine tool operator, numerical-control .................
Machine tool operator,toolroom...............................
Machine tool setter, metalworking...........................
Metal mold m aker.....................................................
Milling and/or planing machine operator.................
Wood machinist.........................................................
Plater helper ..............................................................
Ripsaw operator........................................................
Rubber mold m aker..................................................
Sander, wood ............................................................
Spinner ........................'.............................................
Stone s e tte r...............................................................
Tester ........................................................................
Trimmer, plastics.......................................................
Tumbler operator, plastics ........................................
Vulcanizer, rubber plate ............................................
Wax pattern worker ..................................................
Woodworking-machine operator ..............................
Painter,production .....................................................
Die-casting machine operator, metal and/or die
casting setter.......................................................
Riveter, lig h t...............................................................
Punch-press operator, metal ....................................
Punch-press setter, m etal.........................................
Compression and/or injection-molding-machine
operator, plastics..................................................
Conveyor operator or tender....................................
Dip plater, non-electrolytic........................................
Setter, plastic molding machine...............................
Casket coverer and/or casket liner..........................
Gluer and/or cementer, hand ..................................
Screen or stencil printer and/or se tte r....................
Screen cutter and/or maker, non-photographic ......
Screen maker,photographic process........................
Assembler, class A ...................................................
Assembler, class B .....................................................
Assembler, class C ...................................................
Decorator, hand ........................................................
Blow-molding machine operator ..............................
Caster, plastics..........................................................
Laminator,preforms...................................................
Press operator, plastics.............................................
Tube molder, fiberglass.............................................
Vacuum plastic forming machine operator..............
All other skilled craft and kindred workers..............
All other operatives and semiskilled workers..........
All other laborers and unskilled workers .................
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS........................................
Bookkeeping and/or billing machine operator.........
Computer operator.....................................................
Keypunch operator ...................................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
340
1,170
280
620
610
1,530
1,730
1,840
2,100
530
6,250
340
810
340
1,110
770
590
1,100
340
280
1,170
1,500
430
610
1,760
310
2,820
650
620
300
690
2,380
1,650
4,870
0.07
.26
.06
.14
.13
.34
.39
.41
.47
.12
1.42
.07
.18
.07
.25
.17
.13
.25
.07
.06
.26
.34
.09
.13
.40
.07
.64
.14
.14
.06
.15
.54
.37
1.10
20
7
14
29
9
11
9
14
13
19
6
22
12
11
11
20
13
13
15
16
11
9
10
21
10
14
7
12
14
14
12
9
9
4
1
6
1
1
3
4
5
4
3
2
9
1
3
2
3
2
2
3
1
1
3
4
2
3
3
1
7
2
2
1
3
4
3
16
850
1,150
5,900
860
.19
.26
1.34
.19
17
11
6
9
1
2
11
4
6,320
290
500
860
1,400
3,050
2,240
530
630
2,200
9,810
53,680
2,000
420
590
840
1,310
710
890
8,250
26,280
32,740
1.43
.06
.11
.19
.31
.69
.50
.12
.14
.50
2.23
12.21
.45
.09
.13
.19
.29
.16
.20
1.87
5.98
7.45
10
18
15
12
11
7
8
12
12
13
8
4
10
23
17
16
26
41
14
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
4
1
2
3
3
6
7
2
3
2
7
22
4
0
1
1
1
0
2
n.a.
n.a.
n.a.
59,800
1,070
890
1,280
13.52
.24
.20
.29
n.a.
5
5
5
n.a.
8
6
5
See footnotes at end of table.
Relative error(in
percentage)2
86
Table 24. Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: Employment, relative standard error, and percent of establishments
reporting selected occupations,’ May 1977—Continued
Occupation
CLERICAL OCCUPATIONS—Continued
All other office machine operators ...........................
Stenographer.............................................................
Accounting clerk........................................................
Bookkeeper, hand.....................................................
File clerk.....................................................................
General clerk, office ..................................................
Order c le rk .................................................................
Payroll and/or timekeeping clerk..............................
Personnel clerk .........................................................
Procurement cle rk.....................................................
Receptionist...............................................................
Secretary....................................................................
Statistical c le rk ..........................................................
Switchboard operator ................................................
Switchboard operator-receptionist............................
Typist .........................................................................
Clerical supervisor, office or p la n t............................
All other office clerical workers................................
Production clerk and/or coordinator ........................
Shipping packer.........................................................
Shipping and/or receiving c le rk...............................
Stock clerk, stockroom, warehouse or storage yard
All other plant clerical workers.................................
SALES OCCUPATIONS ..............................................
Sales representative, sales agent, and/or sales
associate..............................................................
Sales c le rk .................................................................
Percent of total
employment
Employment
Percent of establish
ments reporting
the occupation
530
570
3,570
3,120
940
7,800
2,600
1,740
580
760
580
6,200
450
280
1,240
2,430
2,310
1,470
2,770
8,140
4,290
3,180
1,010
0.12
.12
.81
.71
.21
1.77
.59
.39
.13
.17
.13
1.41
.10
.06
.28
.55
.52
.33
.63
1.85
.97
.72
.22
n.a.
7
3
3
5
5
5
4
5
6
6
3
9
8
3
5
5
n.a.
4
3
3
5
n.a.
n.a.
4
19
26
6
32
11
13
6
6
6
31
3
2
13
12
11
n.a.
14
28
24
13
n.a.
13,420
3.04
17
35
12,290
1,130
2.79
.25
8
9
31
5
estimated at the level of 2 chances out of 3. For further information on
sampling variability and other types of errors, consult the section on
“ method” ,
n.a. Not available.
' Estimates of fewer than 50 are generally not shown separately
since such estimates are considered unreliable.
2 The relative standard errors apply equally to data on estimated
employment and percent of total employment; relative standard errors
Relative error(in
percentage)2
87
Appendix A. Survey
Methods and Reliability of
Estimates
Scope of survey
Table A-1.
The survey covered private m anufacturing
establishments in Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) codes 20 to 39. Geographically, the survey
covered all 50 States plus the District of Columbia.
S IC
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Method of collection
Survey schedules were mailed to most sample
establishments; personal visits were made to some larger
companies.
Two additional mailings were sent to nonrespondents
at approximately 6-week intervals. Nonrespondents
considered critical to the survey (due to size) were called
on the telephone and in some cases visited.
The sampling frame for this survey was the list of
units in the specified SIC’s as reported to the State
employment security agency. Because each cooperating
State selected its own sample, reference dates of the
sampling frame varied according to the last updates to
the frame and the time sampling took place. The
reference date for the frame used for sampling in the 10
supplemental States was the first quarter of 1976. The
reference week of the survey, depending on the SIC of
the sampled unit, was the week that included April 12,
May 12, or June 12, 1977, as shown in table A -l.
The universe was stratified into SIC and size classes.
The size classes were determined by employment as
follows:
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Employees
............................. 0-3
............................. 4-9
............................. 10-19
............................. 20-49
............................. 50-99
...............................100-249
.............................. 250-499
.............................. 500-999
.............................. 1,000 and over
June 12
April 12
April 12
May 12
May 12
June 12
April 12
May 12
June 12
June 12
S IC
3 0 ..............
31 ..............
32 ..............
33 ..............
34 ..............
3 5 ..............
36 ..............
37 ..............
3 8 ..............
39 ..............
R e fe re n c e d a te
June 12
May 12
May 12
April 12
June 12
June 12
June 12
June 12
June 12
May 12
Response
There were 148,136 final eligible units in the sample
(i.e. excluding establishments that were out o f business,
out of scope, etc.). Usable reponses were obtained from
83,814 units, producing a response rate o f 56.7 percent
based on units and 55.4 percent based on employment.
Reporting units with 0-3 employees were not sampled
in all States, but units with 4-9 employees were given
R e fe re n c e d a te
larger weights to represent the employment in the
smaller size class. Reporting units with 250 or more
employees were included in the sample with certainty. A
sample size intended to produce State estimates with a
target relative error of 7.5 percent at one standard
deviation was developed for the noncertainty size
classes. This was done for groups of SIC’s based on
averages of occupational rates and coefficients of varia
tion (CV’s) from the previous survey for a set of typical
occupations. This SIC sample size was allocated to the
size classes proportional to size class employment. The
sample was selected systematically with equal probabili
ty within each State/SIC/size class cell.
The sample size for the 10 supplemental States was
developed by first determining the sample size required
for national estimates in each 2-digit SIC with a target
relative error of 7.5 percent at one standard deviation.
This was done by averaging CV’s and occupational rates
for a set of scientific, technical, and engineering occupa
tions from the previous survey. Establishments with
1,000 or more employees were included with certainty.
This national SIC sample size was then allocated to the
noncooperating State/size class cells proportional to
employment.
The above allocations resulted in a total initial sample
size for all States of 169,429 reporting units.
Sampling procedure
Size class
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
..............
Reference dates of survey
88
Subsequent to preparation o f the national estimates, ad
ditional data were received by States and used in prepar
ing State estimates. Response rates in most States were
significantly higher than the response rate used to
develop national estimates.
The standard form for the sampling variance for a
combined ratio estimate is:
2 2 Nij2 d - f i j )
V(p)
i j
A jj
S p ij +
Where: V(p)
E stim atio n
N;
ij
Spij
Seij
Weighted sample employment of all eligible units in sample
Pij
Weighted sample employment of all responding eligible units
Sample employment was taken from the sampling
frame. If the factor in a cell was greater than a predeter
mined maximum factor, which increased as the number
of respondents in a cell increased, the cell was collapsed
with other homogeneous cells within the SIC until the
factor for the combined cells was not greater than the
appropriate maximum factor. If the collapsing pro
cedure terminated (i.e. no more cells were available for
collapse) before satisfying the above constraint, then the
appropriate maximum factor was used. For size classes
1-6, homogeneous cells were determined to be other size
cells within the SIC and State. For size classes 7-9,
homogeneous cells were determined to be other State
cells within the SIC and size. The weight for each
establishment was the product of the two factors.
A combined ratio estimate of occupational employ
ment was used to develop the national estimates. The
auxiliary variable used was total employment. The
estimating formula is:
2 2
Where: p
=
i
j
k
Wjjk
pijk
=
=
=
=
=
eijk
=
Mj
=
- 2 p jj S pij S ejj
The variances for the occupational estimates were
estimated using the following formula:
Var(P) =
2 2 Tjj Vjj1j
Tjj
= [Bjj] • [Djj] • [FjjP
By
= (Mjj—ejj) / (Mjj)
Djj
= (Gjj) / (Hjj)
Gii
"
( r " •)' ( r -)
F,i
V ..2
= (M, ) / ^ 2 2 wljk eljk^
—
2
"
w ijk
M jk
k
I- ilk
= ( P i j k - R ie i j k ) - ( P i j R i e ij)
Mjj
= benchmark total employment in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
Where:
R,
W fjk P ijk
j k
Mi
2 2 wijk eijk
LJ k
2-digit industry occupational employment
estimate
3-digit industry within a 2-digit industry
size class
establishment
weight after nonresponse adjustment
occupational employment in i-th industry,
j-th size class and k-th establishment
total employment in i-th industry, j-th size
class and k-th establishment
benchmark total employment in i-th
industry
=
( ? 2
p..
— 2 ejjk
"
~ k
w , ik P , i k ^
; ^
2
w ijk e i j k ^
All other terms are as defined earlier. This formula is
almost a computational form of the earlier standard
formula. One simplifying assumption has been made, as
follows:
Wjjk = Cjj for all k in a given ij cell
That is, the weights are equal to a constant c within a
given 3-digit industry/size cell.
At this time, the total effect of this assumption on the
variance estimates has not been measured.
The population value o f total employment (M.) was
obtained from the BLS monthly survey of employment,
hours, and earnings in nonagricultural establishments.
R f Seij
variance of p
3-digit industry within a 2-digit industry
size class
total number of units in the i-th industry
and j-th size class
sampling fraction in the i-th industry and
j-th size class
number of sample units in the i-th
industry and j-th size class
standard deviation of p within the i-th
industry and j-th size class
standard deviation of e within the i-th
industry and j-th size class
correlation coefficient between p and e
within the i-th industry and j-th size class.
i
A weight was determined for each sample unit from
which a usable response was received. Each weight was
composed o f two factors. The first factor is the inverse
of the probability o f selection. For questionnaires that
were not returned or otherwise not usable, a
nonresponse adjustment was made to correct for these
nonrespondents. For each of the 3-digit State/SIC/size
class sampling cells, a nonresponse factor was
calculated that was equal to:
• A jj
njj
R eliab ility of e s tim a te s
Estimates from the sample may differ from results of
a complete survey of all establishments in the sampled
89
\
lists. Two types of errors, sampling and nonsampling,
are possible in a estimate based on a sample survey.
Sampling error occurs because observations are made
only on a sample, not on the entire population. Non
sampling error can be attributed to many sources, e.g.,
inability to obtain information about all cases in the
sample; differences in the respondents’ interpretation of
questions; inability o f respondents to provide correct in
formation; errors made in recording, coding, or pro
cessing; errors made in estimating values for missing
data; and failure to represent all units in the population.
Standard errors of estimates provide guides to the
potential size of sampling errors. Estimates of the stan
dard errors, computed from the sample data, are
presented in the form of variance and relative errors.
The variance is the standard error squared and the
relative error is the standard error divided by the
estimated value to which it refers.
The sample estimate and its standard error enable one
to construct confidence intervals or ranges that would
include the complete coverage survey value for specified
percentages o f all the possible samples that could be ob
tained from the sample design for this survey. The com
plete coverage value would be included in the range:
3. From two standard errors below to two standard er
rors above the derived estimate for 95 percent of all
samples.
4. From three standard errors below to three standard
errors above the derived estimate for nearly all
samples.
An inference that the complete coverage value would
be within the indicated ranges would be correct in ap
proximately the relative frequencies shown.
For example, suppose an estimated total is shown as
5,000 with an associated relative error of 2 percent.
Then the standard error is 100 (2 percent of 5,000) and
there is a 68-percent chance that the complete coverage
total would be between 4,900 and 5,100 and it is almost
certain that the complete coverage total would be be
tween 4,700 and 5,300.
Relative errors primarily indicate the magnitude of
the sampling error, but do not measure biases in the
data due to nonsampling error. Efforts were made to
reduce the biases due to errors in recording, coding, and
processing the data. The adjustment made for
nonrespondents assumed that the characteristics o f the
nonrespondents were the same as those o f the
respondents. To the extent this is not true, bias is in
troduced in the data. The magnitude o f these biases is
not known.
Particular care should be exercised in interpreting
small estimates, estimates based on a small number of
cases, or small differences between estimates because
the sampling errors are relatively large and the
magnitude o f the biases is unknown.
1. From one standard error below to one standard error
above the derived estimate for 68 percent of all
samples.
2. From 1.6 standard errors below to 1.6 standard er
rors above the derived estimate for 90 percent of all
samples.
90
Appendix B. OES Survey
Data Available from State
Agencies
State data on occupational employment in manufacturing are available as indicated in the following table.
These reports may be obtained from the State employTable B-1.
ment security agencies listed on the inside back cover of
this publication.
OES survey data available by State and year
State
Alabama...................................
Alaska......................................
Arizona....................................
Arkansas..................................
California..................................
Colorado..................................
Connecticut..............................
Delaware.................................
District of Columbia................
Florida.....................................
Georgia ...................................
H awaii.....................................
Idaho .......................................
Illinois.....................................
Indiana......................................
Kentucky.................................
Louisiana.................................
Maine.......................................
Maryland.................................
Massachusetts..........................
Michigan.................................
Minnesota...............................
1971
X
1974
1977
X
X
X
X
State
Mississippi................................
Missouri...................................
Nevada.....................................
New Hampshire........................
New Jersey................................
New Mexico..............................
New York..................................
North Carolina........................
North Dakota..........................
Oklahoma................................
Oregon.....................................
Pennsylvania............................
Rhode Island............................
South Carolina........................
Tennessee.................................
Texas.......................................
U tah.........................................
Virginia.....................................
West Virginia............................
Wisconsin..................................
Wyoming..................................
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
0)
X
o
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1971
1974
1977
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
(') Report in progress.
☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE : 1980
91
0 — 3 1 1 -4 1 6 (3 9 6 4 )
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For a 1-year subscription to the Monthly Labor Review,
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send $18 to:
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U.S. Department of Labor
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REGION I - BOSTON
John Fitzgerald Kennedy Federal Bldg.
Government Center - Room 1603A
Boston, Mass. 02203
REGION V - CHICAGO
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, III. 60604
REGION II - NEW YORK
1515 Broadway—Suite 3400
New York, N.Y. 10036
REGION VI - DALLAS
555 Griffin Sq., 2nd FI.
Dallas, Tex. 75202
REGION III - PHILADELPHIA
3535 Market Street
P.O. Box 13309 (Zip 19101)
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911 Walnut Street
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1371 Peachtree Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Ga. 30309
REGIONS IX & X - SAN FRANCISCO
450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017
San Francisco, Calif. 94102
State Agencies Cooperating in the OES Program
BES
Region
IV ALABAMA
X ALASKA
IX ARIZONA
VI ARKANSAS
IX CALIFORNIA
VIII COLORADO
I CONNECTICUT
III DELAWARE
III
DIST. OF COL.
IV FLORIDA
IV GEORGIA
IX HAWAII
X IDAHO
V ILLINOIS
V INDIANA
IV KENTUCKY
VI LOUISIANA
I MAINE
III MARYLAND
I MASSACHUSETTS
V MICHIGAN
V MINNESOTA
IV MISSISSIPPI
VII MISSOURI
IX
I
II
NEVADA
NEW HAMPSHIRE
NEW JERSEY
VI
II
NEW MEXICO
NEW YORK
IV
VIII
VI
NORTH CAROLINA
NORTH DAKOTA
OKLAHOMA
X
III
1
IV
IV
VI
VIII
III
ill
V
VIII
OREGON
PENNSYLVANIA
RHODE ISLAND
SOU! M CAROLINA
TENNESSEE
TEXAS
UTAH
VIRGINIA
WEST VIRGINIA
WISCONSIN
WYOMING
-Department of Industrial Relations, Industrial Relations Building, Montgomery 36130
-Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, P.O. Box 1149, Juneau 99802
-Department of Economic Security, P.O. Box 6123, Phoenix 85005
-Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, P.O. Box 2981, Little Rock 72203
-Employment Development Department, P.O. Box 1679, Sacramento 95808
-Management Services, Department of Labor and Employment, 1210 Sherman Street,
Denver 80203
-Employment Security Division, Labor Department, 200 Folly Brook Boulevard, Wethersfield 06109
-Department of Labor, University Plaza Office Complex, Bldg. D, Chapman Rd., Route 273,
Newark 19713
-Office of Administration and Management Service, D.C. Department of Manpower, Suite 1000,
605 G Street, N.W., Washington 20001
-Department of Commerce, Division of Employment Security, Office of Research and Statistics, Caldwell
Building, Tallahassee 32304
-Department of Labor, 254 Washington Street, S.W., Atlanta 30334
-Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, P.O. Box 3680, Honolulu 96811
-Department of Employment, P.O. Box 35, Boise 83707
-Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Labor, 910 South Michigan Avenue, Chicago 60605
-Employment Security Division, 10 North Senate Avenue, Indianapolis 46204
-Department of Human Resources, 275 E. Main Street, 2nd Floor West, Frankfort 40601
-Department of Labor, P.O. Box 44094—Capitol Station, Baton Rouge 70804
-Employment Security Commission, Department of Manpower Affairs, 20 Union Street, Augusta 04330
-Department of Human Resources, 1100 North Eutaw Street, Baltimore 21201
-Division of Employment Security, Charles F. Hurley Building, Government Center, Boston 02114
-Employment Security Commission, Department of Labor, 7310 W'odward Avenue, Detroit 48202
-Department of Economic Security, 390 North Robert Street, St. Paul 55101
-Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 1699, Jackson 39205
-Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor and Industrial Relations, P.O. Box 59,
Jefferson City 65101
-Employment Security Department, P.O. Box 602, Carson City 89713
-Department of Employment Security, 32 South Main Street, Concord 03301
-Department of Labor and Industry, Division of Planning and Research, OES Survey, P.O. Box 359,
Trenton 08625
-Employment Service Division, Department of Human Services, P.O. Box 1928, Albuquerque 87103
-Division of Research and Statistics, N.Y. State Department of Labor, State Campus—Building 12,
Albany 12201
-Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 25903, Raleigh 27611
-Employment Security Bureau, P.O. Box 1537, Bismarck 58505
-Employment Security Commission, Research and Planning, Room 310, Will Rogers Memorial Office
Building, Oklahoma City 73105
-Employment Division, Department of Human Resources, 875 Union Street, N.E., Salem 97130
-Department of Labor and Industry, Seventh and Forster Streets, Harrisburg 17121
-Department of Employment Security, 24 Mason Street, Providence 02903
-Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 995, Columbia 29202
-Department of Employment Security, Room 519, Cordell Hull Office Building, Nashville 37219
-Employment Commission, TEC Building, 15th and Congress Avenue, Austin 78778
-Department of Employment Security, P.O. Box 11249, Salt Lake City 84147
-Manpower Research Division, Virginia Employment Commission, P.O. Box 1358, Richmond 23211
-Department of Employment Security, State Office Building, 112 California Avenue, Charleston 25305
-Department of Industry, Labor, and Human Relations, P.O. Box 7944, Madison 53707
-Employment Security Commission, P.O. Box 2760, Casper 82601
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