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NEGROES IN THE UNI T E D S T AT E S THEIR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SITUATION INITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ U R E A U OF L A B O R S T A T I S T I C S Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Billetin No. 1511 June 1966 W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary Arthur M. Ross , Commissioner NEGROES IN THE UNI T E D S T AT E S THEIR ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL SITUATION Bulletin No. 1511 June 1966 UNITED STA TES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T IS T IC S W. W illard Wirtz, Secretary A rth u r M . R oss, C o m m i s s i o n e r For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 20402 - Price $1.25 Preface T his bulletin brings up to date the study on the “E conom ic Status of the N e g r o /’ w hich was prepared at the request of the Planning Session for the W hite H ouse Conference “To Fulfill These R igh ts,” held N ovem ber 17-18, 1965. T he 1965 study was used as a reference by the T ask Force on Jobs, Incom e, and E conom ic Status. A dditional data, including findings from new studies, have been incorpo rated in this analysis. The appendix, w hich has been updated, contains the sourcebook of tabulations used by working staff in advance of the Conference. T he bibliography has been expanded. T he bulletin was planned and prepared by D orothy K . N ew m an of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, w ith the cooperation of m any staff m em bers of the Bureau and persons in other G overnm ent agencies who provided substantial am ounts of data, som e of w hich were as y et unpublished. A m ong Bureau staff m em bers who participated, Laurie D . Cum m ings assisted M rs. N ew m an directly in the initial developm ent of the basic data and concepts; staff m em bers of each of the B ureau’s operating offices supplied substantive data for analysis; and E llen B ussey contributed to the analytic content of charts and appendix. T he R esearch Statistics Service of the Veterans A dm inistration prepared special tabulations from unpublished source data, som e of which appear here for the first tim e. I wish to express m y appreciation for their interest and support of this project. A rthur M . R oss , Commissioner of Labor Statistics. iii Contents C hapter I. T he Negro population________________________________________ Chapter II. E m ploym ent, unem ploym ent, and the labor force__________ C hapter III. Incom e, earnings, and the incidence of p o v erty_________ C hapter IV. E stim ated effects of selected Federal program s on em ploy m ent and unem ploym ent_________________________________ C onclusion_________________________________________________________________ B ibliography_______________________________________________________________ A ppendix (Background sta tistics)________________________________________ Tables 1-17 0______________________________________________________________ Page 1 19 35 43 47 49 55 57 v Chapter I. The Negro Population T he keys to advancing Negro achievem ent in the U jiited States are work at a living wage for all who w ant it, equal advancem ent opportunity, and equal pay for equal work. W ork provides m ore than a livelihood; on it depends dignity in the com m unity. W ork leads to the econom ic security that supports social goals. W hether or not N egroes and other Am ericans are fully em ployed depends on m any things, not the least of which is the state of the econom y. As this is being w ritten, the econom y is boom ing; y et the econom ic situation of N egroes continues to be far less than is considered acceptable for the population as a whole. N o Am erican is m erely an econom ic being. A purely econom ic analysis of the N egro Am erican is likely to leave m any significant questions un answered. This report does not presum e to be a com prehensive socioeconom ic analysis of the op portunity of the N egro to work and achieve; but, using social as well as econom ic m aterial, it does attem pt to illum inate how the N egro Am erican is faring. I t also attem pts, through presentation of facts about education and living conditions such as health and housing, to suggest som e elem ents that are retarding progress and that m ay need continuing attention. Earlier studies of the Negro worker have m ade it clear that to cope effectively w ith the econom ic issues it is necessary to know m ore about the distribution and characteristics of the N egro population in general and the w ays in w hich the conditions of the N egro correspond to or differ from those of the w hite population. T he N egro population appears proportionately greater nationw ide than it really is, largely because m assive m igration of N egroes into the central cities of large m etropolitan areas has been accentuated b y outm igration of w hites from the cities to the suburbs. A ctually, the percentage of N egroes in the total population has changed little w ithin this century. T he greatest change in the N egro population has been not in numbers but in location— aw ay from the South and farms and into the metropolitan areas (chart 4). However, in spite of the increasing concentration of Negroes in central cities, which have served as magnets to Negro migrants, only Washington, D.C., among the larger cities, had more Negroes than whites in 1960. In all other cities of 250,000 population or more, the ratio of Negroes to the total population was 40 percent or below in 1960; and, in most instances, it was less than 30 percent (see table 1). Except in the South, where they constitute about one-fifth of the population, Negroes repre sent only a small fraction (about 11 percent) of the total population of the United States; 7 percent each in the Northwest and the North Central regions; and 4 percent in the West. Over half (54 percent) of all Negroes still live in the South, despite the mass exodus of about 3.3 million Negroes from this region since 1940. By 1964, the Northeast and North Central regions each had almost 20 percent of the Negro popula tion; the West had 8 percent. Most recent statis tics indicate that a migration from other regions to the West has begun and is increasing (chart 1). In the West, including Alaska and Hawaii, Negroes accounted for half of the region’s non white residents in 1960; in the conterminous West (excluding Alaska and Hawaii), Negroes made up 62 percent of the nonwhite population. In contrast, virtually all nonwhite residents in each of the other regions were Negro (95 percent of all nonwhites in the North Central region; 96 percent in the Northeast; and 98 percent in the South). The great majority of Negroes are city dwellers. Almost all of the Nation’s Negroes who still lived in rural areas or on farms in 1960 were in the South. Even there, 3 out of 5 Negroes live in urban areas. The northern or western Negro has been a city dweller at least since the turn of the century. In the North and West combined, almost all Negroes (as compared with three-fourths 1 CHART 1. THE SOUTH LOST 3.3 MILLION NONWHITE PERSONS, 1940-63 (M ILLIO N S OF NONW HITE MIGRANTS) - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 i ----------------- 1----------------- 1----------------- 1----------------- 1----------------- 1----------------- r NORTHEAST BUT AVERAGE ANNUAL NET OUTMIGRATION OF NONWHITES FROM THE SOUTH HAS DRUPPEU SHARPLY NORTHEAST NORTH CENTRAL 100 50 AVERAGE NET ANNUAL NONWHITE MIGRANTS (IN THOUSANDS) o -100 -150 SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS SOUTH WEST of the w hite population) live in urban areas (chart 2). Like im m igrant groups in general, N egroes show distinct patterns of concentration. T hey are especially num erous in central cities, CHART 2. URBANIZATION, 1910-60 NEGROES HAVE BECOME MORE URBAN, AND MORE RAPIDLY URBANIZED THAN WHITES IN THE URBANIZATION HAS RISEN SHARPLY AND ABOUT THE SAME FOR BOTH GROUPS IN THE NEGROES WERE CHIEFLY URBAN TO START WITH IN THE NEGRO □ WHITE * EXCLUDING ALASKA AN D HAWAII. SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS particularly the large cities w hich are part of m etropolitan areas and w hich are technically know n as Standard M etropolitan Statistical Areas, or S M SA ’s. For exam ple, in 1960, the six cities w ith the largest N egro population had alm ost a fifth of all N egroes in the U nited States, and all but one of these cities were outside the South (see table 1). T he exception w as W ashington, D .C ., a border city to which southern N egroes are particularly attracted (chart 3). T he in creasing N egro concentration w ithin the central city and the outm igration of w hites has been far greater and m ore dram atic in the largest SM SA ’s (chart 5). T he opposing m igratory trends, par ticularly the w hite out-m igration, have been m uch m ore m oderate in S M SA ’s of 100,000 to 500,000 population. In the sm allest S M SA ’s (50,000 to 100,000 population in 1960) the proportion of both w hites and N egroes who live in central cities has continued to increase. M ajor differences exist am ong regions and cities, and m uch of the concentration in central cities results from internal shifts w ithin the SM SA ’s. W ithin the central cities, the m ain problem is not num ber or proportion of N egroes, b u t their spatial arrangem ent and econom ic status. In m ost large cities in 1960 (charts 6 -9 ), half or m ore of the N egroes lived in census tracts in w hich the population w as 90 percent or m ore N egro and in which population density per square m ile was especially high (table 2). B esides being confined to a disproportionately sm all space w ithin the city, the N egro tracts were usually contiguous or form ed one or m ore pockets w ithin the city. Color w as the only com m on character istic of these pockets of N egro residence (charts 6 -9 ). Other socioeconom ic characteristics of the population were unusually heterogeneous, for exam ple, the range of incom e and education. T he spatial confinem ent of urban N egroes to densely populated areas raises serious econom ic issues for the N ation. B ecause of segregation, the residents of N egro neighborhoods tend to be m ore socially and econom ically heterogeneous, but the choices available to them as consum ers are m ore lim ited and m ore hom ogeneous than am ong w hites. Segregation frequently lim its the Negro consum er in his choice of such item s as housing, public services, transportation, superm arket facil ities, recreation, banking, insurance, m edical and legal services^ and m any others. Such artificial narrowing of consum er choice can and often does 3 CHART 3 OVER HALF THE NEGROES LIVE IN THE SOUTH (PERCENT) 8 WEST 19 NORTHEAST 19 NORTH CENTRAL 54 SOUTH *AS OF 1964 BUT THE FIRST 6 CITIES IN NEGRO POPULATION ARE NOT SOUTHERN, EXCEPT FOR WASHINGTON, D.C., A BORDER CITY NEW YORK 1,087,931 CHICAGO 812,637 PHILADELPHIA 529,240 DETROIT 482,223 WASHINGTON 411,737 LOS ANGELES 334,916 250,000 500,000 750,000 1,000,000 NEGRO POPULATION, 1960 SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 4 1,250,000 CHART 4. THE NEGRO POPULATION HAS INCREASED LEAST (PROPORTIONATELY) OF ALL THE RACES IN THE U.S.* AND HAS REMAINED CLOSE TO 10 OR 11 PERCENT OF TOTAL POPULATION, 1900-1960 FROM THE SOUTH AND FARMS TO CITIES AND ESPECIALLY TO CENTRAL CITIES OF SMSA’ S ** CHART 5 NEGROES’ INCREASING CONCENTRATION IN CENTRAL CITIES OF SMSA’S HAS ACCOMPANIED DECENTRALIZATION AMONG WHITES RATIO: 400 CENTRAL CITY TO OUTSIDE CENTRAL CITY POPULATION 300 200 100 0 1900 '10 '20 '30 '40 '50 '60 THESE OPPOSING TRENDS HAVE BEEN SHARPEST IN THE LARGEST SMSA’S RATIO: 700 CENTRAL CITY TO OUTSIDE 6(X) CENTRAL CITY POPULATION 500 400 300 200 100 0 1900 10 '20 '30 '40 '50 '60 MINOR IN SMALLER SM SA ’S * IN 1960 6 IN THE SMALLEST SM SA ’S IN C R EA SIN G C O N C E N T R A T IO N IS T A K IN G PLACE IN BOTH GROUPS SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS CHART 6A CHICAGO 1960 23% O F TH E C I T Y 'S T O T A L P O P U L A T IO N O F 3,550,0 00 W ERE N E G R O E S 6 7% O F TH E N EG R O E S L IV E D IN N EG R O T R A C T S . 54 OF THE N EGRO TRACTS (WITH 4 3 % OF THE POPULATION IN THESE TRACTS) FELL INT O THE LOWEST QUARTILE FOR IN C O M E A N D EDUCATION A N D HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR UNEMPLOYMENT. TRACTS FALLING IN HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR INCOME AND HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR INCOME, ANDEDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT RANGE OF MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME, LOWEST QUANTILE TRACT MEDIAN $2,452 - 5,835 RANGE OF MEDIAN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, TRACT MEDIAN LOWEST QUARTILE (years) 5.7-8.8 TRACT RATE RANGE OF MALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE. HIGHEST QUARTILE ( PERCENT) 35.5 - 7.2 CHART 6B CHICAGO 1960 Detail of Negro Concentration CHART 7A LOS ANGELES 1960 1 4 % O F T H E C I T Y 'S 2 ,4 7 9 ,0 0 0 P O P U L A T I O N W E R E N E G R O E S 6 9% O F T H E N E G R O E S L I V E D IN N EG R O T R A C T S . 13 OF THE N E G R O TRACTS (W ITH 6 9 % OF THE PO PU LATIO N IN THESE TRACTS ) FELL IN T O THE LOWEST QUART1LE FOR IN C O M E A N D E D U C A T IO N A N D HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR U N E M P L O Y M E N T . N E G R O TRACTS C O M PR ISED 3 % O F THE C IT Y 'S TOTAL P O PU LATIO N A N D LESS TH AN . 0 5 % OF THE C IT Y 'S TOTAL AREA. TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR INCOME TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR BOTH INCOME AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT TRACTS FALLING IN HIGHEST QUARTIlf FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR INCOME AND HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR INCOME. AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT RANGE OF MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME LOWEST QUARTILE RANGE OF MEDIAN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT LOWEST QUARTILE I years I TRACT MEDIAN 7.3 - 9.7 TRACT RATE RANGE OF MALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE. HIGHEST QUARTILE 12.6 - 6.3 (PERCENT) 9 CHART 7B Mil 10 CHART 8A MANHATTAN 1960 23% OF THE BOROUGH’S TOTAL POPULATION OF 1,698,000 WERE NEGROES. 5 9% OF THE NEGROES LIVED IN NEGRO TRACTS. 10 Of THESE TRACTS (29%) SHOWED LOW INCOME ALTHOUGH THEY FELL NEITHER INTO THE LOWEST QUARTILE WITH RESPECT TO EDUCATION, NOR THE HIGHEST WITH RESPECT TO UNEMPLOYMENT. ONLY 6 OF THE NEGRO TRACTS (WITH 17% OF THE POPULATION IN THESE TRACTS) FELL INTO THE LOWEST QUARTILE FOR INCOME AND EDUCATION AND THE HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR UNEMPLOYMENT. [=□ TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUART!II FOR INCOME TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR BOTH INCOME AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT TRACTS FALLING IN HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTI LI FOR INCOME AND HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR INCOME. AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT RANGE OF MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME LOWEST QUARTILE TF % RANGE OF MEDIAN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT TRACT MEDIAN LOWEST QUARTILE (years) RANGE OF MALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE. HIGHEST QUARTILE 6. 7 -8.7 TRACT RATE 25.4 - T 8 (PERCENT) MDiOCS ISLAHO 11 217-817 O— 66 2 CHART 8B MANHATTAN 1960 Detail of Negro Concentration 12 CHART 9A W ASH ING TO N 1960 54% O F TH E C I T Y 'S T O T A L P O P U L A T I O N O F 754,000 W E R E N E G R O E S . 50% O F T H E S E N E G R O E S L I V E D IN N E G R O T R A C T S . O N L Y 5 OF THE N E G R O TRACTS (WITH 1 0 % OF THE POPULATION IN THESE TRACTS) FELL IN T O THE LOWEST QUARTILE FOR IN C O M E A N D EDU CATION A N D THE HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR UNEM PLO YM ENT. N EG R O TRACTS COMPRISED 2 7 % OF THE C IT Y'S TOTAL POPULATION BUT O N L Y 5 % OF THE C IT Y'S TOTAL AREA. E=□ ■ ■ m TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUART Ilf FOR INCOME TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR BOTH INCOME AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT TRACTS FALLING IN HIGHEST QUARTILf FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR INCOME AND HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT TRACTS FALLING IN LOWEST QUARTILE FOR INCOME, AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND HIGHEST QUARTILE FOR MALE UNEMPLOYMENT TRACT MEDIAN RANGE OF MEDIAN FAMILY INCOME.LOWEST QUARTILE *2.341 - 5,401 RANGE OF MEDIAN EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT, RACT MEDIAN LOWEST QUARTILE (years) 5.6-10.7 TRACT RATE RANGE OF MALE UNEMPLOYMENT RATE, HIGHEST QUARTILE 29.8-8.8 (PERCENT) 13 CHART 9B WASHINGTON 1960 Detail of Negro Concentration 14 drastically reduce real incom e and curtail im portant increm ents to hum an, business, and com m unity resource developm ent. T he rising proportion of children in the densely populated N egro neighborhood^ in the central cities and the crow ding in central city schools present serious problem s. Am ong these are policy questions relating to expansion of neighborhoods and the housing m arket, econom ic opportunity, and access to inform ation and resources for fam ily planning. CHART 10 THE NEGRO POPULATION ON THE AVERAGE IS SLIGHTLY YOUNGER THAN THE WHITE NEGRO CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE ARE INCREASING AS A PROPORTION OF THE TOTAL PRESCHOOL POPULATION, BUT ONLY IN NONFARM AREAS OR IN CITIES- DESTINATION OF YOUNG MIGRANTS OF CHILDBEARING AGE W hile there is a rising trend in the proportion of N egro children (under 5) in the total preschool population, chiefly in cities (chart 10), it is quite possible that N egro fertility rates, especially in places where N egroes live in large num bers, could fall below the w hite average, if econom ic expansion continues and if increased com m itm ents to program s for education, em ploym ent, and housing opportunity are effective. Several factors point to this conclusion. A nal yses indicate that the nonw hite to w hite fertility ratio falls rapidly as urbanization and incom es increase. T he m ajority of N egroes already are city dwellers and their earnings are rising. T he N egro m igrants to cities have m ore years of schooling and higher incom es than the N egro population w hence th ey originated. A bout half the N egroes in the six cities of largest N egro population, were born elsewhere (chart 11). In areas of inm igration, nonw hite m en get a larger proportion of relatively high status jobs in w hitecollar occupations and the crafts, and substantially better pay, than in the South, which contains the areas of outm igration (chart 12). N egro w ives at all fam ily incom e levels are m ore likely than w hite w ives to hold a paid job outside of the hom e, an im portant factor in reducing fertility as w ell as sustaining or increasing fam ily incom e. F ertility rates for nonw hite w om en age 25-34, w ith fam ily incom es of $6,000 or more, approach the rates for w hite m others of sim ilar age and fam ily incom e (chart 13). CHART 11. ONE OF EVERY TWO NONWHITES IN NORTHERN AND WESTERN CITIES OF GREATEST NEGRO POPULATION WERE IN MIGRANTS, CHIEFLY FROM THE SOUTH 15 CHART 12. NONWHITE MIGRANTS AVERAGE MORE SCHOOLING THAN OTHER NONWHITES NONWHITE MALES (25 - 29 YEARS OLD) S C H O O L IN G O F P O P U L A T IO N , I960 i— 11 + years o f 1____1 H IG H S C H O O L SO UTH S C H O O L IN G O F IN T E R R E G IO N A L M IG R A N T S , 1955-60 fr & iv S S l ------------------------------------------------------------ L “ “ " — K v X ] 1 + YEARS O F CO LLEG E U .S . SO UTH ______________________ 1______________________1______________________1____________________ 25 50 75 PERCENT O F M IG R A N T S , 1955-60 IN REGIONS OF GREATEST INMIGRATION, PERCENT NONWHITES GETHIGHER STATUS JOBS AND BETTER PAY THAN AVAILABLE TO THEM WHERE INMIGRATION IS LOW EAST W HITE CO LL A R A N D CRAFTS SO U RC E: U .S. U .S. 16 CE N T R A L EAST P R O D U C T IO N W O RKERS IN IN D U ST R Y DEPARTM ENT O F LABOR, BUREAU O F LABOR STATISTICS; BUREAU O F THE C E N S U S CEN T RAL 100 CHART 13. AT MAJOR CHILDBEARING AGES,* THE NONWHITE TO WHITE FERTILITY RATIO DECREASES WITH INCREASING INCOME, AND TENDS TO BE LOWEST IN CITIES TOTAL UNITED STATES URBANIZED AREAS R A T IO * * 1.40_______K30_______K20_______K10_______ K 00 ------------- 1--------------1-------------- 1-------------- R A T IO * * 1.00______ KIO_______K20_______K30_______ K40 ------------- 1--------------1--------------1-------------- k \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ 1.... if EQUAL RATIO INCOME UNDER $4,000 $10,000$14,999^ vWWWWWN T 1 ............— ’ AGE E 3 CD 513 IN I960 20-24 25-29 30-34 * AGES 20 - 34. * * NUMBER OF NONWHITE TO NUMBER OF WHITE CHILDREN EVER BORN PER 1,000 MOTHERS. SOURCE: 1960 CENSUS OF POPULATION Although the national economy has shown healthy growth for 5 years, the large cities to which Negroes have migrated to find employment have not shared proportionately in the Nation’s rate of economic growth; unemployment in these cities may generate frustration and a host of other problems. Six cities among those having 100,000 Negroes or more in 1960 showed less employment gain than the national average of 7 percent between 1963 and 1965. These cities included such places of heavy Negro immigration as New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Newark, and Los Angeles. Most of the cities having an extensive Negro population gained more than the national average in the service and trade indus tries, which include business, household, and personal services, and both retail and wholesale trade. Negro men have begun to enter skilled occupations in manufacturing and are command ing improved earnings and seniority, and most of the cities having a large Negro population showed more increase in this area of employment than the national average. However in the two cities having the largest Negro population in their region, as well as substantial Negro immigration— Los Angeles and New York—there was no increase in manufacturing employment (see table 1). Six of the cities showing an employment gain of at least as much as the national average were in the South, where Negroes are not yet readily employed outside of service and laboring jobs (chart 14). No unemployment rates for central cities, by color, are available since the 1960 census of population, except for those obtained in a recent survey in south and east Los Angeles by the Bureau of the Census.1 This survey, and other clues about employment and unemployment, suggest that Negroes may benefit less than others when employment gains take place in SMSA’s. 1 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, S p e c ia l C en sus S u rv ey o f th e S ou th a n d E a st L os A n geles A re a s: November 1965. Series P-23, No. 17, Mar. 23, 1966. 17 CHART 14. OF THE U.S. CITIES' WITH 100,000 NEGROES OR MORE IN 1960 NEW ORLEANS ] ATLANTA DETROIT___________________ W A SH IN G T O N , D.C. (S M S A ) DALLAS CLEVELAND * * C IN C IN N A T I * * 8 SHOWED GREATER NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT GAIN THAN THE U.S. AVERAGE, BETWEEN 1963-65 ST. LOUIS MEMPHIS PITTSBURGH 9 SHOWED LESS NON AGRICULTURAL EM PLOYMENT GAIN THAN THE U.S. AVERAGE BETWEEN 1963-65 BIRM IN GHAM C H IC A G O NEWARK LOS ANGELES BALTIMORE PHILADELPHIA NEW YO RK (SM SA) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 PERCENT GAIN IN NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT 13 14 * CITES WITH 250,000 OR MORE TOTAL POPULATION A N D AT LEAST 100,000 NEGRO POPULATION. 1/3 OF THE TOTAL U.S. NEGRO POPULATION LIVED IN 18 CITIES. HOUSTON, TEXAS, WHICH MEETS THE CITY CRITERIA,WAS EXCLUDED FROM THE GRAPH BECAUSE DATA O N NONAGRICULTURAL EMPLOYMENT ARE NO T AVAILABLE FOR IT. * * THE G A IN SHOWN M AY BE SOMEWHAT EXAGGERATED DUE TO A C H A N G E IN AREA DEFINITION IN 1964. SOURCE: 18 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, A N D U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS. 15 Chapter II. Employment, Unemployment, and the Labor Force In M arch 1966, nonw hite workers constituted about 11 percent of the civilian labor force of the U nited States, but accounted for over 21 percent of the unem ployed and 25 percent of the long-term unem ployed. Throughout the period since W orld W ar II, nonw hite unem ploym ent rates have con sisten tly exceeded the rates for w hite workers, but the gap varies w ith the business cycle. T able 1.— C ities In the m ost recent full year of the current upswing) w hen unem ploym ent rates for w hite workers averaged 4.1 percent, the rate for nonw hites was tw ice as high— 8.3 percent. Som e of the reasons for the persistence of the relative disadvantage of nonw hite workers can be isolated from an exam i nation of each segm ent of the labor force. w ith 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 N egroes or M o re in 1960, a n d P ercen t C hange in T h eir N o n a g ric u ltu ra l E m p lo y m en t, by I n d u stry G rou p, 1 9 6 3 -6 5 Cities (in order of Negro population) 1960 population (Number in thousands) Total New York, N.Y_____________________ 7, 782 3, 550 Chicago, 111_____ _ _______ __ 2, 003 Philadelphia, Pa_ ____ _ _____ Detroit, M ich ___ _ _ __ _ ___ 1, 670 764 ___ Washington, D.C__ _ Los Angeles, Calif______ 2, 479 _____ Baltimore, Md__ 939 Cleveland, Ohio__ 876 New Orleans, La__ __ ._ _ _ ___ 628 ___ Houston, Tex _ __ _ 938 St. Louis, Mo___ _ ____ 750 Atlanta, Ga__ _ _ ____ _ ___ 487 ______ Memphis, Tenn. __ 498 Newark, N.J_ __ 405 Birmingham, Ala__ . . . ___ 341 Dallas, Tex__ 680 Cincinnati, Ohio _ 503 Pittsburgh, Pa_ 604 Total, 18 cities__ 25, 897 Total, United S ta te s..__ __ 179, 323 Population in the 18 cities, as a percent of total U.S. popula tion 14 Negro Number Percent 1, 088 813 529 482 412 335 326 251 234 215 214 186 184 138 135 129 109 101 5, 881 18, 872 14 23 26 29 54 14 35 29 37 23 29 38 37 34 40 19 22 17 23 11 1 For the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, or its approximation. 2 Includes industries other than manufacturing, services, and trade not shown separately, such as finance, transportation, and government. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. * Not available. Source C ensus of P o p u la tio n , 1960, U .S . S u m m a ry , PC(1)-1D, table 304; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Incom e, E du cation , Percent change in nonagricultural employment, 1963-65 1 Total2 Manufac- Services turing 3 6 5 12 10 5 5 9 15 (4) 7 12 7 6 7 10 9 7 (4) 7 —1 7 2 15 9 (3) 1 8 20 (4) 5 13 6 3 8 12 5 7 (4) 6 7 7 6 8 12 9 9 13 13 (4) 9 14 5 8 7 14 10 6 (4) 8 Trade 5 6 7 14 11 8 7 11 11 (4) 7 10 6 5 3 12 10 6 (4) 7 31 an d U n em p lo ym en t in N eighborhoods, J a n u a ry 1963, table B-4 for Negro popu lation in individual cities; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, E m p lo y m e n t an d E a rn in g s S ta tistics for States an d A re a s 1939-63, Bulletin No. 1370-1, tables on page 8, 58, 134, 169, 201, 265, 282, 305, 343, 387, 424, 472, 474, 531, 536, 591, 605, and 607 for 1963 figures for individual SMSA’s; E m p lo y m e n t an d E a rn in g s, \ ol. 11, No. 11, May 1965, table B-l, p. 13 for total U.S. nonagricultural employment in 1963; and unpublished Bureau of Labor Statistics data for 1965 nonagricultural employment. 19 T able 2.— E xten t o f N egro C on cen tration in N egro C en sus T racts 1 a n d Selected C h aracteristics o f T hese T ra cts, W a sh in g to n , D .C ., C hicago, L os A n geles, a n d M a n h a tta n , 196 0 Central city Total popula tion (in thou sands) Negro tracts 1 in lowest Negro quartile for population Negro income and population living in Percent of education and City Total Percent Negro tracts 1 city’s highest (borough) (bor area of of city quartile for total ough) Negro area oc unemployment popula area in tracts 1 cupied tion in square (sq. by Negro miles mi.) Negro Percent Num Num tracts 1 tracts 1 of ber (in Per ber (in Per Num popula thou cent thou cent ber tion in sands) sands) all Negro tracts 1 Manhattan1, 698 2, 479 Los Angeles___ Chicago__ 3, 550 Washington, D.C___ 764 397 335 813 412 23 14 23 54 236 73 541 204 1 Tracts in which 90 percent or more of the population was Negro in April 1960. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 59 22 66 50 14 3 15 27 22 455 224 61 2 1 8 3 (2) 9 4 5 6 13 54 5 17 69 43 10 Source U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Income, Education, and Unemployment in Neighborhoods, January 1963; U.S. Depart ment of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population: I960, Number of Inhabitants, U.S. Summary, Final Report PC(1)-1A, table 30; and Bureau of the Census, U.S. Census of Population: 1960, Number of In habitants, New York, PC(1)-34A, table 6. The total nonwhite labor force CHART 15. THE GAP BETWEEN NONWHITE AND WHITE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES PERSISTS IN BOOM YEARS AS WELL AS RECES SION , BUT NARROWS SUBSTANTIALLY IN AN EXPANDING ECONOMY SOURCE: U .S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 20 Econom ic expansion has created job opportunities unevenly. A lthough shortages have appeared in som e occupations and industries, and vacancies are opening in greater num bers to non w hite workers, the im proved prospects h ave not yet rem oved the handicaps from substantial groups within the nonw hite segm ent of the labor force. Betw een 1964 and 1965, teenagers, w ho m ake up 10 percent of the nonw hite labor force, began to seek jobs in growing num bers. W om en over the age of 20, already am ounting to 38 percent of the nonw hite force, accounted for another m ajor portion of the increase betw een 1964 and 1965. B oth of these groups have been at a relative disadvantage when they enter— or reenter— the job m arket. The adult nonw hite m an fared best of the groups of non w hite workers in the expanding econom y (chart 16). M en over the age of 20 constituted 52 percent of the total non w hite force. N early three-fourths of these 4.5 m illion m en were married and living w ith their w ives. T he un em ploym ent rate for this group was 4.3 percent in 1965. A lthough tw ice the rate for w hite married m en, this was lower than for other w hite men. CHART 16 NONWHITE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES SWING SHARPLY WITH THE BUSINESS CYCLE, AND WHEN CONDITIONS IMPROVE, RATES FOR NONWHITE ADULT MEN DROP MUCH MORE THAN FOR MOST OTHER NONWHITES NONWHITE TO WHITE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES HAS REMAINED OVER 2.0 AND HAS BEEN CONSISTENTLY HIGHER FOR NONWHITE ADULT MEN THAN FOR OTHER NONWHITES Differences betw een the com position of the nonw hite segm ent of the labor force and the w hite segm ent help to explain w hy overall unem ploym ent w ithin the two groups responds differ ently to changes in econom ic conditions. There is a higher proportion of wom en in the nonw hite force, and a sm aller proportion of adult men, but the sam e proportion of teenagers. Sim ilarly, their greater need for incom e keeps a higher proportion of nonw hite workers engaged in the search for work, even when conditions are not favorable for finding it. N onw hite wom en are m uch m ore likely than are w hite wom en to be heads of their fam ilies. And in fam ilies w ith husbands at their head (the usual situation), nonw hite w om en tend to participate in the labor force at higher rates than w hite w om en, regardless of incom e. Nonwhite teenagers in the labor force Largely because of sharply increasing school enrollment, the great increase in the number of nonwhite youths between 14 and 19 years of age has not brought about as much growth in the labor force as had been expected. Yet the growth of job opportunities has attracted many youths into seeking jobs, whether or not they are in school. The nonwhite youths are not as likely to be seeking work as the white youths. But when they are, they are more likely to need and hold full-time jobs or to work long hours. Well over one-third of the non white teenagers lived in families with less than $3,000 income in March 1965. The median income for the families of unemployed nonwhite teenagers was $3,667. For the families of the employed youths, the median rose less than $1,000. Most white teen agers, in contrast, come from families with incomes above $7,000. Unemployment rates are especially high for all youths. When the disadvantages of inexperience and limited training are compounded by the results of discrimination and impoverishment, the barriers to employment become formidable. In the early months of 1966, for example, 25 to 30 percent of the nonwhite girls who sought work were unable to find it. This was the highest unemployment rate of any group in the labor force but it was scarcely more severe than the rate for the nonwhite boys, which ranged between 20 and 25 percent. These rates for non white young sters exceed those for white youths two- to three fold. The difference was especially pronounced in the 18- and 19-year age groups. Despite the frustrations of the job search, few non white teenagers withdraw from the job market.2 In 1965, only 57,000 were neither in school nor in the labor force. Of this group, 2 See Research in Labor Force Concepts, by Robert L. Stein and Daniel B. Levine, paper presented at the 1965 Conference of the American Statistical Association in Philadelphia, Pa., September 1965. 21 m any were girls who were married or working at hom e. Work and school T he connection betw een work and school is especially im portant for youths from low -incom e fam ilies. Part-tim e work becom es a m eans to secure an education, and education in its turn provides the m eans to secure satisfactory full-tim e work. T hese relationships have been strengthen ing for nonw hite youths in recent years. M uch more will be required at each stage of this process, how ever, if the com ing generation of nonw hite youths are to attain adequate representation in the occupations of the future. B etw een 1960 and 1964, school enrollm ents of non w hite boys and girls betw een 14 and 17 increased m ore than the group itself did. As chart 17 shows, betw een 1960 and 1964 the population of nonw hite youths 18-19 years old increased m ore than that of the w hite you th s in the sam e age range. T he increase in school enrollm ent kept pace w ith this grow th, and both groups advanced at the sam e rate. T he w hite and non w hite age groups from 7 through 17 have about the sam e school enrollm ent rates, b u t rates for nonw hites in the kindergarten and college ages (under 7, and from 18 through 24) are n ot nearly as high as the rates for the com parable w hite CHART 17A. AMONG TEENAGERS 14-17 YEARS OLD RISING NONWHITE AND WHITE SCHOOL ENROLLMENT ABSORBED MORE THAN THEIR POPULATION INCREASE 22 REVEALING SHARPER ADVANCES IN ENROLLMENT THAN POPULATION groups, which have readier access to public schools at these ages (chart 18). The desire and capacity to provide m ore school ing for nonw hite youths are reflected in the data showing that nonw hite high school graduates are m uch more likely than w hite graduates to have parents who did not finish high school, and to com e from low -incom e hom es (chart 19). H ow well does it pay off? N onw hite graduates do less w ell than w hite graduates in getting and keeping a job. T hey earn less than w hite youths who have left school before graduation. M ore of them begin in the low est status jobs. Thus, the advantages of education to nonw hite youths are barely beginning to m ake them selves felt in the job m arket. U nem ploym ent rates for m ale graduates dropped sharply betw een October 1964 and 1965, while the rates for m ost dropouts rose substantially (chart 20). B u t nonw hite girl graduates had even higher unem ploym ent than the year before. Clearly, nonw hite youths are preparing for tod ay’s jobs faster than existing practices are changing to absorb them (chart 21). Y et the outlook for future jobs urges that the tem po of increase in nonw hite schooling be con tinually increased. Im aginative governm ent and private programs will be needed to further strengthen both the educational and the job m ar ket links to job im provem ent. It is necessary, of course, to continue to stress and expand training, 17B. AMONG TEENAGERS 18-19 YEARS OLD (WORK OR COLLEGE ENTRANCE YEARS) THE RATIO OF CHANGE IN ENROLLMENT TO POPULATION WAS SUBSTANTIALLY LOWER THAN IN YOUNGER AGES AMONG BOTH NONWHITE AND WHITE RATIO, CH A N G E IN SCHOOL ENROLLMENT TO CH A N G E IN POPULATION, 1960-64 EE3 NONW HITE □ WHITE SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS BUT THE NONWHITE YOUTH SHOWED PROPORTIONATELY AS LARGE AN ADVANCE IN ENROLLMENT AS THE WHITE, ALTHOUGH A GREATER POPULATION INCREASE PERCENT C H A N G E, 1960-64 E23 POPULATION j— , SCHOOL 1 ENROLLMENT 23 CHART 18. CHART 20. SCHOOL ENROLLMENT RATES ARE ABOUT AS GREAT AMONG NONWHITE AS WHITE YOUTH 7-17, BUT ARE MUCH LESS FOR NONWHITES IN THE KINDERGARTEN AND COLLEGE YEARS UNEMPLOYMENT RATES WERE HIGHER FOR NONWHITE HIGH-SCHOOL GRADUATES* THAN FOR WHITE DROPOUTS’ * OCTOBER 1965 PERCENT O F C IV IL IA N LABOR FOR_CE UNEMPLOYMENT RATES OF 16 TO 21 YEAR-OLD MALES 15 10 5 NONWHITE * COM PLETED 4 YEARS O F H IG H SH O O L . * * COM PLETED LESS TH AN 4 YEARS O F HIG H SC H O O L . WHITE H D 1 GRADUATES 1 DROPOUTS CHART 19. NONWHITE HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES (AGED 16-21) ARE MUCH MORE LIKELY THAN THE WHITE TO HAVE PARENTS WHO ARE NOT HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES AND TO COME FROM VERY LOW-INCOME FAMILIES H 24 MEDIAN WEEKLY EARNINGS ( IN DOLLARS) ON FULL-TIME JOB OF 16 TO 21 YEAR-OLD YOUTHS (MALE AND FEMALE) NOT IN SCHOOL NON WHITE WHITE * * OATA FOR UNMARRIED STUDENTS 16-21 YEARS OLD LIVING WITH AND RELATED TO THE HOUSEHOLD HEAD, AND GRADUATED BY OCTOBER 1965. SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU Of LABOR STATISTICS WEEKLY EARNINGS ON FULL TIME IOBS WERE LOWER FOR NONWHITE GRADUATES THAN FOR WHITE DROPOUTS FEBRUARY 1963 SOU RCE: U .S. DEPARTMENT O F LABOR, BUREAU O F LABOR STATISTICS n GRADUATES □ DROPOUTS CHART 22. CHART 21. A LARGER PROPORTION OF NONWHITE THAN WHITE MALE HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES* HOLD BLUE-COLLAR JOBS** BUT A HIGH SCHOOL DIPLOMA IMPROVES THE NONWHITE WORKER'S CHANCES OF MOVING FROM LABORER TO PRODUCTION AND CRAFTS JOBS LITTLE MORE THAN HALF OF ALL NONWHITE MALES WHO WORKED IN 1964 HAD FULL-TIME YEAR-ROUND JOBS, COMPARED WITH TWO-THIRDS OF ALL WHITE MALES PERCENT PART-TIME IN BLUE COLLAR JOBS “ PRODUCTION WORKERS - FULL-TIME 1-26 WEEKS FULL-TIME 27-49 WEEKS NONFARM LABORERS ••IN MARCH 1965. SOURCE: U.S.DEPARTMENT Of LABOR, BUREAU Of LABOR STATISTICS especially on-the-job training, and to improve the quality of education in schools and neighborhoods serving residents who do not have much time or resources to devote to improving facilities or in struction. As matters stand now, many Negro youngsters have more education than they need for the jobs they get, and community recognition of the costs of wasted talent is required. Adult workers Beginning in the middle age groups, nonwhite men have somewhat lower rates of labor force participation than do white men in the same age groups. Rates of participation in the labor force among those past middle age are partly a function of educational level and health. Differences between the groups in educational level is most pronounced among older men In addition, of the older nonwhite men who are not working or looking for work, larger proportions are unable to work than are any other segments of the civilian noninstitutional population. About 95 percent of all nonwhite men 25 to 44 years old were in the labor force in March 1966, com pared to not quite 98 percent of the white men. In the ages 45 to 64, the gap is a little wider (chart 23). Long-term unemployment is especially prev alent among older nonwhite men.3 They tend PART-TIME / / FULL-TIME - — 1-26 WEEKS FULL-TIME 27-49 WEEKS FULL-TIME 50-52 WEEKS FULL-TIME 50-52 WEEKS NONW HITE MALES WHITE MALES SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STASTISTICS to have relatively little education and training and they are likely to be employed in heavy manual labor, and in occupations particularly subject to seasonality or high turnover. Because of higher unemployment rates, more spells of unemployment, and higher disability rates, only a little more than half of the non white men with work experience in 1964 worked 50 to 52 weeks, compared with two-thirds of the white men (chart 22); lower life expectancy and higher mortality rates also explain differences in labor force participation (charts 24 and 25). Occupations of nonwhite workers Between 1962 and 1965, the largest gains in employment of nonwhite workers occurred in 3 See “Long-Term Unemployment in the 1960’s,” September 1965, p. 1073. Monthly Labor Review, 25 CHART 23A LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES (PERCENT OF POPULATION) SHARP DECINES ALSO OCCURRED AMONG MEN 65 AND OVER PERCENT IN PRIME WORKING YEARS, THE RATE HAS REMAINED RELATIVELY STABLE FOR WHITES, BUT HAS DECLINED FOR NONWHITES SINCE THE KOREAN WAR PERCENT 100 98 96 94 92 IN THE 55-64 AGE GROUP, RATES HAVE DROPPED MORE AMONG THE NONWHITE, BUT THE NONWHITE/WHITE GAP HAS REMAINED SUBSTANTIAL SINCE THE KOREAN WAR PERCENT SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF UBOR STATISTICS 26 CHART 23B LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATES (PERCENT OF POPULATION) UNTIL RECENTLY, RATES FOR TEENAGERS HAVE DROPPED BETWEEN 1948 AND 1965, DUE TO INCREASING SCHOOL THE DECLINE IN RATES WAS ENROLLMENT AND THE GREATER FOR NONWHITE DROP HAS BEEN GREATER MEN THAN FOR WHITE FOR NONWHITES PERCENT PERCENT SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 27 217-817 0 — 61 3 fields from which they have tended to be excluded, such as professional and technical jobs, the crafts, and sales occupations. N onw hite in creases in these occupation groups from 1962 through 1965 were m uch greater than in any 3-year interval since 1954. Gains were less than average, however, in m anagerial and proprietors' jobs, and the strong retreat from agricultural work has continued. F aster entry recently into professional, sales, clerical, and crafts jobs has been accom panied by greater differentiation w ithin these broad occupa tion groups. Thus, the professional and tech nical group of occupations traditionally followed b y educated N egro m en, such as clergym en, doctors, and teachers, is now expanded by other professionals in callings such as dentists, lawyers, m edical and dental technicians, professional nurses, dietitians and nutritionists, and science technicians. B u t the occupational distributions have n ot y et been greatly affected. W ithin each broad occupa tional group, non w hite workers are m ore likely than the w hite to be em ployed in the least skilled categories, and at the low est levels of the w ell-paid jobs. Penetration into desirable occupations has been m uch slower in the South than elsewhere. To be useful, evaluation of achievem ent m ust be m ade on a regional basis.4 For exam ple, in the 4 See “Recent Trends in the Occupational Mobility of Negroes, 1930-1960: An Intracohort Analysis,” by Nathan Hare, in S o c ia l F orces, December 1965, pp. 166-173. CHART 24. IN 1964, LIFE EXPECTANCY* IN PRIME WORKING YEARS WAS CONSISTENTLY LOWER FOR THE NONWHITE CHART 25 NONWHITE DEATHRATES REMAINED STRIKINGLY HIGHER IN 1964 THAN WHITE DEATHRATES THE NONWHITE/WHITE GAP HAS WIDENED FOR MATERNAL A N D INFANT MORTALITY DEATHS PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHS 3 2.11T MT 0 uuLi LIVE BIRTHS — g g .m .. ST! NONW HITE* NFANT MORTALITY____________ ~ w HITiE 1947 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 ‘ IN F L U E N Z A E P ID E M IC S ARE K N O W N TO AFFECT N O N - -WHITE INFANTS MORE SERIOUSLY THAN WHITE INFANTS. THE GAP HAS CHANGED LITTLE FOR EITHER SEX, BUT THE RATE HAS FALLEN CONSIDERABLY MORE A M O N G WOMEN. DEATHS PER 1,000 POPULATION DEATHS PER 1,000 POPULATION NONW HITE' mui B MALE H In \ — M WHITE __ 1__ __ AGF AC JU STED DEATH RA1 ES Li_ * AVERAGE NUMBER OF YEARS OF LIFE REM AINING AT GIVEN AGES. SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, A N D WELFARE, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE 28 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 1 1947 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AN D WELFARE, PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE CHART 26A NONW HITE WORKERS IN 1965 (11% OF THE CIVILIAN LABOR FORCE) HAD ------------ 1 ------------- 1 ------------- 1 ------------ 1 — LESS THAN THEIR PROPORTIONATE SHARE OF: 6 % P R O F E S S IO N A L A N D TECHNICAL JOBS 3 % M A N A G E R , O FFIC IAL A N D PROPRIETOR JOBS 123 6 % CLERICAL JOBS . 3 % SALES JOBS {Z3 6 % CRAFTSMAN A N D FO REM AN JOBS 6 % FARMER A N D FARM M A N A G E R JOBS AND MORE THAN THEIR PROPORTIONATE SHARE OF: 12% PRODUCTIO N JOBS 26% N O N F A R M LABORER JOBS 44% PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD JOBS 21 % SERVICE JOBS , EXCEPT FOR PRIVATE HOUSEHOLD 24 % FARM LABORER A N D FO REM AN JOBS white-collar group, advances in nonw hite m ale em ploym ent from M arch 1960, to M arch 1966, ranged from 24 percent in sales to over 50 percent in the professional and technical group outside of the South. Changes in the South were sub stan tially less, ranging downward from 24 percent in the m anagerial or proprietor occupations. O utside of the South, alm ost 4 in 10 of all non w hite m ales had either w hite-collar or craftsm an jobs in M arch 1966. In the South the proportion was less than 2 in 10. As already noted, nonw hite m en and wom en are already better prepared for m ore responsible jobs than they are getting. N evertheless, the trend toward im proving N egro qualifications calls for encouragem ent. D esp ite a steady increase in the rate of school and college enrollm ent, educational attainm ent right now, in prime working years (25 to 44 years of age), is lower in the nonw hite than the w hite population. A bout 12 percent of the nonw hites, com pared w ith 24 percent of the whites, had 1 year or m ore of college in 1964. T he N egro entry into the fastest growing oc cupations has been rapid since 1961. B u t recent B L S studies indicate that unless these fast growing occupations are opened still wider to N egro entrants, relative unem ploym ent rates m ay not im prove. T he fields that are growing faster than they have accom m odated nonw hite workers over the past decade include the professions, the crafts, and the m anagerial occupations (charts 26 and 27). Industrial distribution As of 1964, the only im portant differences in the distribution betw een m ale nonw hite and w hite workers was a som ew hat larger percentage of non w hites in agriculture and the services, and a greater proportion of w hite m en in m anufacturing (chart 28). B oth groups shared equally in occu pations in the private econom y, and had alm ost an identical proportion represented in public adm inistration. H ow ever, a larger percentage of nonw hites than w hites worked in Federal service and a sm aller percentage were in State and local governm ent. 29 CHART 26B YET DIFFERENCES IN NONWHITE-WHITE OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTIONS REMAIN GREAT 1965 MALE FEMALE (PERCENT D IST RIB U TIO N ) (SJ0 N W H , TE WHITE W H ITE -C O LLA R WORKERS NONWHITE WHITE W H IT E-C O LLA R WORKERS B LU E-C O LLA R WORKERS BLU E-CO LLAR WORKERS SERVICE WORKERS ol R n S S n I FARM WORKERS SO URCE: U .S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 30 SERVICE WORKERS FARM WORKERS Because nonwhite males continued to hold a greater share than whites of all jobs in agriculture, they had proportionately fewer private nonagricultural jobs. In the private nonagricultural sector, nonwhite workers were less likely than the white to be in finance, insurance, and real estate, but more likely to be in the professional services group, and in personal services. Retail trade (other than eating and drinking places) had a notably larger propor tion of white than nonwhite male or female workers. The most important increases in the proportion of nonwhite males between 1962 and 1964 occurred in the local gas, electric, and water utilities. The next most significant rise was in educational services, reflecting increasing educational attain ment and the accessibility and high regard in which teaching jobs are held by nonwhite men. Important increases also occurred in Federal administration and in entertainment and recre ation (chart 29). Three of the four largest decreases in the ratio of nonwhite males to all males in each industry took place in relatively low-wage industries— apparel, lumber and wood products, and agricul ture. A decrease in the Federal postal service probably reflects more choices for white-collar work among non white men, for whom the postal service has long served as one of the main sources of “middle-class” jobs. CHART 27. OCCUPATIONS OF NONWHITE LAG FAR BEHIND EDUCATION (WHITE-COLLAR I0BS COMPARED WITH EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT) PERCENT O F N O N W H IT E S IN THE PERCENT O F ALL EM PLO YED N O N W H ITE S W HO C IV IL IA N LABOR F O R C E * WITH HIGH W O RK IN O C C U P A T IO N S E M P H A SIZ IN G A M ALE FEM ALE * 18 YEARS O LD A N D OVER. SOURCE: U .S. DEPARTMENT O F LABOR, BUREAU O F LABOR STATISTICS. 31 CHART 28. THE INDUSTRIAL DISTRIBUTION OF NONWHITE AND WHITE MALES WAS SIMILAR IN 1964 BUT NONWHITES NUMBERED RELATIVELY FEWER THAN WHITES IN MANUFACTURING AND GREATER IN AGRICULTURE AND SERVICES "\ NONAGRI- > CULTURAL | " AGRI CULTURAL ________ ) PUBLIC 1/ 2/ INCLUDES 1 PERCENT FOR FORESTRY, FISHERIES, AND M IN IN G . INCLUDES 1 PERCENT FOR ENTERTAINMENT AND RECREATIONAL SERVICES. SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 32 PRIVATE CHART 29. EMPLOYMENT RATIO OF NONWHITE MEN INCREASED MOST IN POBLIC UTILITIES AND DECREASED MOST IN THE APPAREL INDUSTRIES BETWEEN 1962 AND 1964* 33 Chapter III. Income, Earnings, and the Incidence of Poverty G lobal averages of fam ily and individual in com e, and sim ple ratios of N egro to w hite incom e, reveal a wide gap betw een N egro and w hite incom e, and a sm all im provem ent recently. B u t they do not tell the w hole story. Negro fam ily incom es were about 56 percent of w hite incom es in 1964, com pared w ith 53 per cent in 1961-63. T he ratios have been consist ently m uch higher in the N orth and the W est (70 percent or more) and in m etropolitan areas, and m uch lower in the South (less than 50 percent). In rural areas in 1960, they were below 40 percent. T he ratio tends to be highest am ong young people (w ho usually have more formal schooling than their elders). Am ong the occupations, there is little or no gap in public em ploym ent (as for m ail car riers, postal clerks, firemen, and policem en), or in jobs such as nonfarm labor and private household work where there is negligible com petition with w hites, or am ong young professional and clerical workers in the N orth and W est. The incom e gap is less betw een nonw hite and w hite workers who work full tim e throughout the year. Y et, even for year-round, full-tim e work, the m edian yearly earnings of nonw hite m en in 1964 were only a little over $4,000 and the m edian for nonwhite wom en was less than $3,000. N egro earnings are so low that, regardless of whether N egroes are em ployed, unem ployed, or out of the labor force, their incom es fall w ithin a narrow range at a low level. On the other hand, the factor of em ploym ent causes a great widening of the range and level of w hite incom es. In 1964, 37 percent of Negro fam ilies had in com es below $3,000, com pared w ith only 15 percent of w hite fam ilies. In the N orth and the W est, about one-fourth of the Negro fam ilies had incom es below $3,000 in 1964, com pared w ith about half of such fam ilies in the South. N on w hite farm fam ilies had less than half the incom e of w hite farm fam ilies in 1964. N onw hite fam ilies off the farm averaged higher incom es than w hite farm fam ilies (chart 30). W hatever recent year is the base, and whether farm residents are included or excluded, m edian incom es of Negro m en exceed those of w hite CHART 30. MEDIAN INCOME OF NONWHITE FAMILIES IN 1964 WAS LESS THAN HALF THE INCOME OF WHITES ON FARMS AND AOOUT THREE-FIFTHS THE WHITE IN NONFARM PLACES M EDIAN INCOME OF FAM ILIES E 3 NONWHITE □ WHITE SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS wom en and of Negro wom en. This is true also of year-round full-tim e workers (chart 31). A m uch larger proportion of nonw hite than w hite fam ilies had incom es under $3,000 in 1964, even though a m uch larger percentage of nonw hite fam ilies had m ore than one earner. W hen the nonw hite w ife works full tim e, the ratio of nonw hite to w hite m edian fam ily incom e is sub stantially higher than w hen she does not work or works only part tim e. T he working w ife in the N egro fam ily also usually contributes a greater proportion of fam ily incom e than the w hite working w ife although adult nonw hite w om en’s earnings average less, and her unem ploym ent rates are higher than those of nonw hite adult m en. Incom e alone is not the only criterion of eco nom ic security. Required also are stead y work, opportunity for advancem ent, and financial inde pendence in old age. The extensive effort of the N egro fam ily to ensure its security m eets n ot only discrim inatory hiring practices, b u t also the situation that m any of the occupations and industries in which N egroes 35 CHART 31. IN 1964, WOMEN’S INCOMES WERE ABOUT 3/5 THOSE OF MEN, AND NONWHITE MEN AVERAGED MORE THAN WHITE WOMEN. T H O U SA N D S OF do lla rs ( W A G E - A N D - S A L A R Y W O R K E R S , 14 Y E A R S O L D A N D O V E R , EM P LO Y ED Y E A R -R O U N D AT F U L L -T IM E JO B S ) ♦ m e d ia n . SOURCE: U .S. BUREAU O F THE C E N SU S 1553 ' N O N W H IT E * W H IT E are num erous have a large degree of seasonality and high unem ploym ent, even in good tim es. A larger proportion of N egroes than w hite workers are n ot covered b y collective bargaining agree m ents, m inim um wage law s, and social security; this is especially true am ong the older workers. T hose Negroes who are covered b y union contracts are likely to be newer em ployees than their w hite coworkers and thus have less seniority and other forms of security.5 Poverty A bout 40 percent of nonw hite fam ilies, com pared to 12 percent of w hite fam ilies, were judged poor in 1964.6 A lthough there has been m ore im provem ent am ong them since 1959, the incidence of nonw hite poverty rem ains very great, particu larly in the fam ily types especially prone to poverty— those w ith very young household heads, those headed b y wom en or b y the elderly, and those w ith m any dependents. 5 See "Intra-Plant Mobility of Negro and White Workers,” by A. P. Garber and John Ballweg, in A m e ric a n J o u rn a l o f S ociology, November 1965, pp. 315-319, which discusses variations in occupational mobility between white and nonwhite workers with equal seniority in a union plant. 6 “Counting the Poor—A Five-Year Review,” by Mollie Orshansky in S o c ia l S e c u rity B u lletin , April 1965. (Many more whites than nonwhites are poor because the white population is much greater.) 36 Fam ilies headed b y wom en are particularly vulnerable to poverty because of w om en’s low earnings and the num ber of children they support. In the 1960’s, wom en have headed about 23 per cent of all non w hite fam ilies, com pared to ab out 9 percent of the w hite fam ilies. A bout 8 in 10 of the nonw hite fam ilies headed b y w om en in cluded children. Regardless of m arital status (widowed, divorced, single, or separated), non w hite wom en who are heads of households are m ore prone to poverty than w hite wom en who head households— about 7 in 10 as com pared to 3 in 10. A startling ratio of 6 in 10 of all nonw hite children were in poor fam ilies in 1963. Y et relatively few poor fam ilies receive assistance from Aid to Fam ilies w ith D ependent Children (A F D C ), the largest public assistance program. O nly 30 percent of the nonw hite fam ilies w ith less than $3,000 incom e in 1959 received A F D C in 1961 (chart 32). N egro children receiving A F D C aid in 1961 were m ore than three tim es as likely as w hite children to live in the central cities of large m etropolitan areas. In these cities, three-fourths of the children aided were nonw hite, b u t in rural nonfarm areas, nearly three-fourths receiving aid were w hite. In the aggregate, how ever, N egro children con stitu ted less than half of all children receiving A F D C in the country in 1961. M edian and per capita A F D C paym ents were larger for w hites than for N egroes, and m ore CHART 32. AFDC* FAMILIES ARE A SMALL PROPORTION OF BOTH NONWHITE AND WHITE POOR FAMILIES IN CITIES” often their sole support. A m uch larger propor tion of the Negro than w hite A F D C hom em akers are em ployed outside the hom e while receiving aid. According to social welfare experts, N egroes suffer discrim ination in the distribution of welfare funds, and welfare service, at the sam e tim e ex hibiting the general tendency of all groups to avoid welfare grants or “the dole” as a w ay of life.7 at the sam e incom e level. According to the 1960-61 consum er expenditures survey of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, m ost N egro and w hite urban consum ers fell into a large m iddleincom e group—$3,000 to $7,500. H ow ever, al m ost all of the rem aining N egroes had less than $3,000 to spend, whereas the rem ainder of the w hites tended to have $7,500 or m ore (charts 33 and 34). Patterns of Negro consumption 7 See M. Elaine Burgess and Daniel O. Price, A n A m e ric a n D ep en d en cy C hallenge, Durham, N.C., Seeman Printery, 1963; and A id to D ep en d en t C h ildren , by Winifred The Negro urban consum er has about the sam e spending pattern as the w hite urban consum er Bell, New York, Columbia University Press, 1965. CHART 33. URBAN NEGRO FAMILIES SPENT SOMEWHAT MORE, PROPORTIONATELY, THAN WHITE FAMILIES ON BASIC EXPENSES, BUT SPENDING PATTERNS OF THE TWO GROUPS WERE SIMILAR IN BOTH 1950 AND 1900-01* 70 60 50 40 1950 30 20 10 0 0 10 20 1960 - 61 30 40 50 60 70 FOR 1950,TOTAL AVERAGE EXPENDITURES FOR CURRENT CONSUMPTION WERE $2,614 FOR NEGROES, $3,938 FOR WHITES. FOR 1960-61, EXPENDITURES WERE $3,707 AND $5,609 RESPECTIVELY. •INCLUDES FAMILIES AND SINGLE CONSUMERS. SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 37 CHART 34. PROPORTIONATE EXPENDITURES ARE QUITE SIMILAR AMONG URBAN NEGROES AND WHITES IN LIKE INCOME GROUPS’ INCOME** UNDER $3,000 70 60 50 40 30 20 INCOME **$3,000 - $7,499 10 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 * URBAN FAM ILIES A N D SIN G LE CON SU M ER S **1960-61 A N N U A L AVERAGES, AFTER TAXES SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT O F LABOR, BUREAU O F LABOR STATISTICS BUT NEGROES HAD CONSIDERABLY LESS TO SPEND FOR EACH ITEM* 1950 1960 - 1961 N EG RO EXPENDITURES AS PERCENT OF WHITE 20 NEGROA $2,614 0 □ W jd ^*4 AVERAGE TOTAL EXPENDITURES 0 20 E N EGRO. $ 3,707 L HOUSEHOLD OPERATIONS M EDICAL CARE 60% Y^ £ WHITE $3,938 40 WHITE $5,609 . i r TRANSPORTATION M ISCELLANEOUS •INCLUDES URBAN FAMILIES A N D SIN GLE CONSUM ERS SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS 38 c negro I I WHITE T he m ost notable differences betw een N egro and w hite consum ers were the degrees to which they w ent into debt, saved, and bought durable goods. R elatively low -incom e N egroes ($3,000 to $4,999) averaged less debt than w hite consum ers of the sam e incom e group. M iddle-incom e Negroes ($5,000-$7,499) averaged larger net increases in savings than m iddle-incom e whites. For the sam e incom e groups, N egro and w hite consum ers averaged about the sam e am ount of personal insurance, but few er N egroes than w hites, proportionately, bought autom obiles or were hom eowners (charts 35 and 36). T hese findings m ay possibly reflect a differential in the avail ability and cost of credit, regardless of collateral or other assets. T h ey m ay reflect also fam ily size and responsibility. N egro fam ilies, in general, had m ore persons in the fam ily at each incom e level than w hite fam ilies. B ecause th ey m ore often have more than one earner, job-related ex penses have to be budgeted. H om e ownership presents special problem s for N egroes. T hey generally buy in a highly re stricted m arket. The lim itations on N egro hom e ownership m ake one of the m ost serious im balances of supply and dem and in the econom y. The urge toward hom e ownership is am ply dem onstrated b y nonw hite fam ilies. A lthough about half of all nonw hite fam ilies were poor in 1960 and m any were in very large cities where apartm ent living is usual, 38 percent were hom eowners. This is far low er than the 64 percent for w hite fam ilies. M oreover, about half the nonw hite hom eowners owned their houses free and clear, com pared w ith a little m ore than 40 percent of the w hite hom eowners. Of the hom eowners w ith m ortgages in 1960, the nonw hites were m uch less likely to have received F H A or VA assistance than the w hites or to have bought a new house. In addition, nonw hite hom eowners in 1960 were m ore than tw ice as likely as w hite hom eowners to be spending 30 percent or more of their incom e on housing and over three tim es as likely to be paying over 6 percent interest on a first m ortgage (charts 37 a and b). A t every incom e level, relatively m ore nonw hite than w hite households occupied substandard housing in 1960 (chart 38). D esp ite the greater housing need am ong N egroes, alm ost 9 in 10 of the 16.8 m illion housing units added to the “standard housing” supply betw een 1950 and 1960 w ent to w hite occupants. In that period CHART 35. NEGRO URBAN FAMILIES SHOWED A SMALLER INCREASE IN DEBT AND A GREATER INCREASE IN ASSETS THAN WHITE FAMILIES IN SIMILIAR INCOME GROUPS IN 1960-1961* ' NET INCREASE IN DEBT ' ' 1 ' ' ' ' 1 INCOME** S ,000 - $4,999 1 INCOME ** S5,000 - S7,499 NET INCREASE IN SAVINGS f __ i__ ,___i___i— i— ■— i— i— * ** INCLUDES URBAN FAMILIES AND SINGLE CONSUMERS. AFTER TAXES. ___i___,___i— i— i— NEGRO Q WHITE SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF OF LABOR, BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS CHART 36 NEGRO URBAN FAMILIES, IN LOW AS WELL AS MIDDLE INCOME GROUPS, WERE FAR LESS LIKELY THAN WHITE FAMILIES TO OWN AUTOMOBILES OR HOMES IN 1960 - 1961* 39 w hite-occupied substandard units dropped 50 percent, com pared to less than 20 percent for nonw hite-occupied substandard units. N onw hite households occupied a m uch larger proportion of all substandard housing in 1960 than they did in 1950, although their proportion of the population increased very little during the decade (chart 39). A b out 40 percent of all nonw hite children in 1960 lived in seriously overcrowded housing and in housing w ith out plum bing (chart 41). N on w hite housing is m uch m ore likely to be substandard in rural than in urban areas and outside, rather than inside, m etropolitan areas (chart 40). N evertheless, about 40 percent of the housing of non w hites in the central cities of S M S A ’s in 1960 was substandard. CHART 37B. NONWHITE HOMEOWNERS WERE MORE LIKELY THAN OTHERS T 0 - CHART 37A. NONWHITE FAMILIES WERE ABOUT HALF AS LIKELY AS THE WHITE TO BE HOMEOWNERS (1960) PERCENT HOMEOWNERS IN I960 AT EVERY INCOME LEVEL RELATIVELY MORE NONWHITE THAN WHITE HOUSEHOLDS OCCUPIED SUBSTANDARD HOUSING NONWHITE 38% WHITE PERCENT IN SUBSTANDARD H O U SIN G , 1960 A LARGER PROPORTION OF NONWHITE THAN WHITE HOMEOWNERS OWNED THEIR HOMES FREE AND CLEAR OF HOMEOWNERS WITH A MORTGAGE, NONWHITES WERE MUCH LESS LIKELY THAN WHITES TO HAVE A GOVERNMENT ASSISTED LOAN PERCENT HOMES NONMORTGAGED PERCENT OF ONE-DWELLING-UNIT PROPERTIES IN 1960 29% 71% INCO M E IN 1959 ALL INCO M ES 0 20 40 UNDER $3,000 $7,000 A N D OVER 80 30% ■ ] 33% $3,000-$4,999 $5,000 -$6,999 60 --------- 1--------- 1--------- 1--------..• ... 1 44% J 13% 115% 20% J 7% Eli ] NONWHITE WHITE ,2% J 3% 1 __________ _____ _____ 1__________ 1__________ SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS 40 CHART 39 NONWHITE SUBSTANDARD HOUSING UNITS INCREASED GREATLY, IN PROPORTION TO ALL HOUSING UNITS, 1950 - 60, WHEREAS THE RELATIVE NUMBER OF NONWHITE HOUSEHOLDS SCARCELY CHANGED CHART 40. NONWHITE HOUSEHOLDS IN RURAL AREAS AND IN THE SOUTH ARE MOST LIKELY TO LIVE IN SUBSTANDARD HOUSING PERCENT OF NONW HITE H OUS IN G UN ITS S UBS TA N D AR D , 1960 PERCENT 1950 SOURCE: U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT, HOUSING AND HOME FINANCE AGENCY 1960 CITIES SOURCE: U.S. BUREAU OF THE CENSUS CHART 41. 40 PERCENT OF ALL NONWHITE CHILDREN IN 1960 LIVED IN OVERCROWDED HOUSING OR HOUSING LACKING SOME FACILITIES* 41 Chapter IV. Estimated Effects of Selected Federal Programs on Employment and Unemployment Antipoverty and training programs T he antipoverty program s which affect em ploy m ent directly are concerned chiefly w ith youth, 16-21 years old. M ost of the youth reached are in their teens and about one-third are Negro. Of alm ost 200,000 youths in the N eighborhood Y outh Corps and programs, that affect persons not in college, about 65,000 are teenage N egro youth being paid for training and work on pro ductive jobs. Perhaps fewer than 20,000 of the 100,000 college people in w ork-study programs during the 1965-66 school year are N egro. Of the approxim ately 80,000 persons in M anpow er D evelopm ent and Training projects, either in institutions or on the job, about 23,000 are nonw hite, and over 3,000 of these are nonw hite teenagers. Several thousand additional nonw hite persons are trainees enrolled in Area R edevelopm ent projects. I t is estim ated that close to 100,000 Negro you th are on jobs or in training under governm ent initiated or supported programs in the spring of 1966— enough to have reduced the unem ploym ent rate for all boys and girls by well over 1 per centage point and b y even m ore for the nonw hite. The effect of the enrollm ent figures for adults is more m odest because of the large adult labor force. A dult enrollm ent in training and em ploy m ent in antipoverty programs is close to 150,000, and about one-third are Negroes. Federal employment Negroes in Federal em ploym ent increased 9 per cent betw een 1961 and 1965—from 12.9 percent of all Federal em ployees to 13.5 percent—a larger proportion than in the total labor force. In 1965, for the first tim e, N egroes on C lassification A ct payrolls exceeded those on the predom inantly bluecollar W age Board rolls. The W age Board pay plans still had the largest proportion of Negro em ploym ent in 1965—20 percent com pared to 9 percent under the Classification A ct and 15 percent under other plans. T he G overnm ent Printing Office and the General Services A dm inistration had the largest proportion of N egro em ploym ent in 1965 (41 and 34 percent) but, as in the case of the w hites, the D efense and P ost Office D ep art m ents had the largest num ber. M ore N egroes were em ployed by the Federal G overnm ent in the W ashington area in 1965— 63,000—-than in any other place; N ew York and Chicago, w ith about 25,000 each, followed next. In all cities and regions except W ashington D .C ., proportionately m ore N egro workers were in the P ostal Field Service or under W age Board plans than under the Classification A ct (chart 42). T he greatest proportionate gains in the Federal em ploym ent of N egroes occurred in the upper grades of each pay plan (chart 42). H ow ever, the num erical increase of N egro Federal workers was greatest in the lower or m iddle grades, except for W age Board work, in w hich N egroes have been em ployed longer and have gained substantial seniority. E xpansion for N egroes in W age Board jobs took place alm ost exclusively in the $6,500 to $7,999 bracket. E ven w ith these notable im provem ents in N egroes’ status in Federal em ploym ent betw een 1961 and 1965, N egroes nevertheless still occupy a disproportionate share of low -paid jobs and bluecollar work on Federal payrolls, just as they do in private industry. T he disparities also follow' regional lines, w ith the largest proportions on W age Board work tending to be in the South, and the largest percentage in the Classification A ct pay plans in the N orth and the W est. Federal contractor employment Negro em ploym ent in Federal contractor firms in general reflect no startling breakthroughs so far, according to the operating statistics recorded in the past fewr years. In firms w ith Federal con tracts in 1964, the N egro proportion of total em - 43 217-817 0 - 6 6 - 4 CHART 42. FEDERAL EMPLOYMENT OF NEGROES NEGROES HAVE FARED PRO PORTIONATELY BETTER THAN OTHERS IN EACH FEDERAL PAY PLAN, 1962-65 BUT RELATIVELY FEWER NEGROES ARE EMPLOYED UNDER THE CLASSIFICATION ACT, THAN UNDER OTHER PAY PLANS PERCENT IN EACH PAY PLAN, 1965 PERCENT CHANGE IN EMPLOYMENT, 1962-65 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 CLASSIFICATION ACT WAGE BOARD POSTAL FIELD SERVICE AND OTHER NEGROES HAVE GAINED PROPORTIONATELY MORE THAN OTHERS IN THE HIGHER FEDERAL SALARY RANGES, 1962-65 PERCENT CHANGE, 1962-65 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 * LOWER SALARY RANGE HIGHER SALARY RANGE . * LESS THAN 0.5% 1/ GS 1-8, PFS 1-8, OR LESS THAN $6,500. 2/ GS 9 - 18, PFS 9-20, OR $6,500 AN D OVER SOURCE: U.S. CIVIL SERVICE CO M M ISSIO N 44 50 YET IN 1965 NEGROES STILL REMAINED A RELATIVELY SMALL PROPORTION OF THOSE IN HIGHER SALARY GROUPS PERCENT IN EACH SALARY RANGE, 1965 60 ploym ent was close to 7 percent, com pared w ith 11 percent in the total labor force. N egro workers in firms w ith Federal contracts were relatively m ost com m on (11 percent of the work force) in services, transportation and public utilities (9 percent), and in construction (8 per cen t). Negroes constituted 28 percent of the em ploym ent in personal services and 21 percent in m edical and health services. M ore than 9 in 10 of all Negro m en em ployed in firms w ith Federal contracts in 1964 were in blue-collar work, com pared w ith about 2 in 3 of all m en in these firms. The largest proportion of both m en and wom en Negro workers in w hitecollar em ploym ent, am ong reporting Federal con tractor firms, were in finance, insurance, and real estate. The Negro veteran Am ong the returns accruing from m ilitary service and from the special benefits voted for veterans are those which have m ade veterans m ore em ployable, productive, and affluent than non veterans. Analysis of the econom ic differences in the veteran and nonveteran populations and w hite and nonw hite veterans at sim ilar ages illustrates the effects of a public policy to benefit a particular group. I t also illustrates w ays in which public policy m ay have been circum vented to the dis advantage of the Negroes, even under legislation applying equally to all. To som e exten t because of selection, but also because of m ilitary service benefits, including financial security from serving w ith the m ilitary, all m ale war veterans had higher incom es and more years of school, at every working age and occupational level, and better quality housing than did other m en in 1960. The greatest gains in relation to their nonmilitary counterparts were made by nonwhite veterans. On the other hand, a sm aller proportion of nonw hite than w hite war veterans were receiving V A com pensation, pension, or m ilitary retirem ent pay in late 1962 or early 1963. A lesser pro portion of nonw hites had GI life insurance. T hese differences m ay, in part, reflect a lower age distribution am ong nonw hite veterans, in the first instance, and relatively lower fam ily incom es, in the second. With respect to major benefits under the GI Bill of Rights (Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944), however, the variations between non white and white veterans lead to different con clusions. According to Veterans Administration data, a somewhat larger proportion of nonwhite than white war veterans took advantage of the postservice education, training, and vocational rehabilitation programs, as of late 1962 and early 1963— 53 percent compared to 48 percent. The veteran could apply to an accepted school as a matter of right. In contrast, a much smaller proportion of non white than white war veterans obtained a home, farm, or business loan, although a larger proportion of the nonwhite than white war veterans tried but failed. In each instance, the ratio of those non white war veterans who did not obtain the loan was a little higher in the South than in the country as a whole. For these benefits, application could be made as a matter of right, but credit institutions had substantial latitude for refusal. These data suggest that a new opportunity was m et by a high degree of aspiration, and paid large dividends. Som e restrictions on fulfillm ent oc curred because of lim ited m eans or denial of opportunity. 45 Conclusion The Negroes’ struggle for equality is taking many forms, as are the programs supporting this struggle. The foregoing pages reveal in part to what extent the Negro is gaining. The Negro household presents a picture of substantial effort to insure and sustain security, through multiple workers, multiple jobs per worker, high labor force participation, plus sub stantial increases in school enrollment and educational attainment. As Negroes persevere and surmount long standing hurdles, as the spotlight on discrimi nation in American society probes wider and deeper, and as civil rights and antipoverty legislation penetrate further and are widely implemented, the strides will lengthen. In the meantime, Negroes still hold a dis proportionately large number of manual and lowpaying jobs, their children are more likely to attend inferior schools; they have limited choice of residence; and they suffer discrimination and prejudice. The changes taking place in American in stitutions could bring about the most important condition of all—that of equality among Ameri cans of varying color, origin, or creed. The only conclusion the facts permit is that the measures taken and the changes they have made so far are not nearly enough. 47 Bibliography Anderson, W. H. 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Frazier, E. Franklin. B la ck B ou rgeoisie (New York, Collier Books, 1962). 222 pp. -------- . T he N egro in the U n ited S ta tes (New York, MacMillan Company, 1949). (Revised edition, 1957). 769 pp. Garbin, A. P. and Ballweg, John. “Intra-plant Mobility of Negro and White Workers,” A m e ric a n J o u rn a l o f S ocio lo gy, November 1965, pp. 315-319. Ginzberg, Eli. T he N egro C hallenge to the B u sin e ss C o m m u n ity (New York, McGraw-Hill, 1964). Ill pp. -------- . T he N egro P o te n tia l (New York, Columbia University Press, 1956). 144 pp. -------- . “Segregation and Manpower Waste,” P h y lo n , 4th Quarter 1960, pp. 311-316. Ginzberg, Eli and Eichner, Alfred S. T he T rou blesom e P resen ce: A m e ric a n D em o cracy a n d the N egro (Glencoe, 111., Free Press of Glencoe, 1964). 339 pp. Gist, Noel P. and Bennett, William S. “Aspirations of Negro and White Students,” S o c ia l Forces, 1963. Glazer, Nathan and McEntire, Davis, editors. 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(Revised edition, 1965). 360 pp. Gleeson, Geraldine A. “Selected Health Characteristics by Occupation,” V ita l a n d H ealth S ta tistic s, Series 10, No. 21, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, August 1965. 79 pp. Glenn, Norval D. “Changes in the American Occupa tional Structure and Occupational Gains of Negroes During the ‘40’s,” S o c ia l F orces, December 1962, pp. 188-195. 50 -------- . “Negro Prestige Criteria: A Case Study in the Bases of Prestige,” A m e ric a n J o u rn a l o f S ociology, May 1963, pp. 645-657. -------- . “Occupational Benefits to Whites from the Subordination of Negroes,” A m e ric a n S ocio lo gica l R e view , June 1963, pp. 443-448. -------- . “Some Changes in the Relative Status of American Nonwhites, 1940-1960,” P h y lo n , summer 1963, pp. 109-122. Gordon, Margaret S. U .S . M a n p o w e r a n d E m p lo y m e n t P o lic y : A R eview E ss a y (Berkeley, University of Cali fornia, Institute of Industrial Relations, Reprint No. 249, 1965). Gordon, Milton M. “Recent Trends in the Study of Minority and Race Relations,” T he A n n a ls o f the A m e ric a n A c a d e m y , November 1963, pp. 148-156. Greenberg, Leon. T echn ological C hange, P ro d u c tiv ity , a n d E m p lo y m e n t in the U n ited S ta tes. Paper delivered at Conference on Manpower Implications of Automation of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Washington, Dec. 8-10, 1964. Greer, Scott A. “The Place of the Negro in the American Labor Movement,” T he A m e ric a n R eview , winter 1961, pp. 98-109. -------- . L a st M a n I n : R a c ia l A ccess to U n io n P o w e r (Glencoe, 111., The Free Press, 1959). 189 pp. Grier, George and Grier, Eunice. 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T he E con om ics o f E q u a lity (New York, League for Industrial Democracy, 1964). 70 pp. King, Martin Luther. Acceptance Speech for Nobel Prize, N e w Y ork T im es, Friday, Dec. 11, 1964. -------- . S trid e T ow a rd F reedom : The M o n tgo m ery S to ry (New York, Harper & Bros., 1958). 230 pp. ■—*——. W h y W e C an ’t W a it (New York, Harper & Row, 1965). 178 pp. Kinzer, Robert H. and Sagaien, Edward. The N egro in A m eric a n B u sin e ss (New York, Greenberg, 1950). 220 pp. Klein, L. R. and Mooney, H. W. “Negro-White Savings Differentials and the Consumption Function Problem, E con om etrica, July 1953, pp. 425-456. Ladd, W. M. “The Effect of Integration on Property Values,” The A m e ric a n E con om ic R eview , September 1962, pp. 801-808. Lampman, Robert J. “Population Change and Poverty Reduction, 1947-1975,” paper presented at West Virginia University Conference, P o v e rty A m id st A ffluence. 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J. “American Negroes—A Wasted Resource,” H a rv a rd B u sin e ss R eview , January-February 1957, pp. 65-74. Myrdal, Gunnar. A n A m eric a n D ilem m a (New York, Harper and Bros., 1944). 1181 pp. -------- . C hallenge to A fflu en ce (New York, Random House, 1963). 172 pp. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. T he N egro W a ge-E a rn er a n d A p p re n tic e sh ip T ra in in g P ro g ra m s (New York, 1960). National Conference on Equal Employment Opportunity, Washington, D.C., 1962, A T im e fo r A ctio n : P roceedin gs, Washington, 1963, 70 pp. National Education Association, Educational Policies Commission. E d u c a tio n a n d the D isad va n ta ged A m eric a n (Washington, 1962). National Urban League. A N a tio n a l S k ills B a n k (New York, Sept. 1, 1963). National Urban League. D ou ble J e o p a rd y — T he O lder N egro I n A m e ric a T o d a y (New York, 1964). 28 pp. National Urban League. E con om ic a n d S o c ia l S ta tu s o f the N egro in the U n ite d S ta tes (New York, 1962). National Urban League. I n d u s tr y ’s M o st U n derdeveloped R esource (New York, 1964). Newman, Dorothy K. “The Negro’s Journey to the City,” M o n th ly L ab o r R eview , Part I, May 1965, pp. 502-507; Part II, June 1965, pp. 644-649. Also avail able as Reprint No. 2466. New School for Social Research, D is c r im in a tio n a n d L ow In com es: S o c ia l a n d E con om ic D is c r im in a tio n A g a in st M in o r ity G rou ps in R ela tio n to L ow In com e in N e w Y ork S ta te (New York State, Interdepartmental Committee on Low Incomes, 1959). 381 pp. New York State Commission Against Discrimination, A p p re n tic e s, S k ille d C ra ftsm en a n d the N egro; A n A n a ly sis, New York, N.Y., 1960. Nicholls, William H. S ou th ern T ra d itio n a n d R eg io n al P rogress (Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press, 1960). 202 pp. Nixon, J. 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T he P rice W e P a y F or D is c rim in a tio n (Atlanta, Ga., Southern Regional Council and the Anti-Defamation League, June 1964). 44 pp. Perlman, Helen Harris. “An Approach to Social Work Problems: Perspectives on the Unmarried Mother on AFDC,” P ro gra m D evelopm en t fo r S ocia l S ervices in P u b lic A ssista n c e , 1964, pp. 35-51. Perry, Jane G. “The Job Outlook for Negro Youth,” J o u rn a l o f N egro E d u c a tio n , spring 1964, pp. 111-116. Pettigrew, Thomas F. A P rofile o f the N egro A m eric a n (Princeton, N.J., D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., 1964) . 250 pp. Population Reference Bureau, Inc. T he A m eric a n N egro at M id -C e n tu ry (Washington, November 1958). The Potomac Institute, Inc. T he F ederal R ole in E q u a l H o u sin g O p p o rtu n ity : A n A ffirm ative P ro g ra m to I m p le m en t E xecu tive O rder 1 10 63 (Washington, 1964). Southern Regional Council. “Racial Work and Negro Waste in Southern Employment,” N ew Sou th, May 1962, 15 pp. Rapkin, Chester and Grigsby, Wm. G. T he D em a n d fo r H o u sin g in R a c ia lly M ix e d A re a s (Berkeley, University of California Press, 1960). 177 pp. Reid, Ira De Augustine. T he N egro Im m ig ra n t, H is B ack g rou n d C h aracteristics, a n d S o c ia l A d ju stm e n t, 1 8 9 9 -1 9 3 7 (New York, Columbia University Press, 1949). 261 pp. Rose, Arnold. “Social Change and the Negro Problem,” T he N egro in A m eric a , 1964, 24 pp. Rose, Arnold M., editor, A ssu rin g F reedom to the F ree, A C en tu ry o f E m a n c ip a tio n in the U .S .A . (Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1964). 305 pp. Rosen, Bernard. “Race, Ethnicity, and the Achievement Syndrome,” A m e ric a n S ocio lo gica l R eview , February 1959, pp. 47-60. Ross, Arthur M. U n em p lo ym en t an d the A m e ric a n E co n om y R esearch P ro g ra m on U n em p lo ym en t (New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1963). 216 pp. Ross, Arthur M., editor. Jobs a n d R ace (New York, Harcourt, Brace and World, to be published in 1966). Rustin, Bayard. “From Protest to Politics, The Failure of the Civil Rights Movement,” C om m en ta ry, February 1965, pp. 25-31. 52 ----- —. “The Watts 'Manifesto’ and The McCone Re port,” C om m en ta ry, March 1966, pp. 29-35. Sawyer, Broadus E. “An Examination of Race as a Factor in Negro-White Consumption Patterns,” R eview o f E con om ics' a n d S ta tistic s, May 1962, pp. 217-220. Schnore, Leo F. and Sharp, Harry. “The Changing Color of Our Big Cities,” T ra n s-a ctio n , January 1964, pp. 12-14. Schorr, Alvin L. “Slums and Social Insecurity,” R e search R ep o rt N o . 1, U.S. Department of Health, Educa tion, and Welfare, Social Security Administration, Division of Research and Statistics. 168 pp. Sellin, J. Thorstein and Wolfgang, Marvin F. T he M ea su rem en t o f D elin q u e n c y (New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1964). 423 pp. Sharp, Harry and Schnore, Leo F. “The Changing Color Composition of Metropolitan Areas,” L a n d E co n om ics, May 1962, pp. 169-185. Silberman, Charles E. “The Businessman and the Negro,” F ortu n e, September 1963, pp. 97ff. •——-—. “The City and the Negro,” F ortu n e, March 1962, pp. 88-91, 139-54. C risis in B la ck a n d W h ite (Toronto, Random House, 1964). 370 pp. Southern Regional Council and Greater Atlanta Council on Human Relations. The N egro a n d E m p lo y m e n t O p p o rtu n itie s in the S ou th (Atlanta, Ga., 1962). 21 pp. Speck, William H. “Enforcement of Nondiscrimination Requirements for Government Contract Work,” Co lu m b ia L a w R eview , February 1963, pp. 243-265. Taeuber, Irene B. “Migration, Mobility, and the Assimi lation of the Negro,” P o p u la tio n B u lle tin , November 1958, pp. 127-150. Taeuber, Karl E. “Residential Segregation,” S cien tific A m e ric a n , August 1965, pp. 12-19. Thompson, Charles H. “The Southern Association and the Predominantly Negro High School and College,” (Editorial Comment), J o u rn a l o f N egro E d u c a tio n , spring 1962, pp. 105-107. Thompson, Daniel C. T he N egro L ea d ersh ip C lass with a foreword by Martin Luther King, Jr. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1963). 174 pp. Titmuss, Richard M. “The Role of Redistribution in Social Policy,” S o c ia l S e c u rity B u lle tin , June 1965, pp. 14-20. U.S. Civil Service Commission. S tu d y o f M in o r ity G rou p E m p lo y m e n t in the F ederal G overnm ent, prepared for the President’s Committee on Equal Employment Oppor tunity, 1963. U.S. Congress, 88th Cong., 2d sess., House of Representa tives. H ea rin g s B efore the S u bcom m ittee on the W a r on P o v erty P ro g ra m o f the C om m ittee on E d u c a tio n a n d L abor, Parts 1 and 2. U.S. Congress, 88th Cong., 2d sess., House of Representa tives, Committee on Education and Labor. P o v erty in the U n ite d S ta tes, 1964. U.S. Congress, 88th Cong., 2d sess., Senate Select Sub committee on Poverty of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare. The W a r on P o verty, 1964. —*—•—. Agricultural Research Service. C on su m er E x p en d itu re s S u rv ey R ep o rts. (Many of the reports on rural consumer expenditures in 1961 include data by race.) U.S. Department of Agriculture. Economic Research Service. “Characteristics of the Population of Hired Farmworker Households,” A g ric u ltu ra l R esearch R ep o rt N o. 84, August 1965, 21 pp. U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census Current Population Reports, Consumer Income. In com e in 196 4 o f F a m ilie s a n d P erson s in the U n ite d S ta tes, Series P-60, No. 47, Sept. 24, 1965. ———, •——•—. Current Population Reports. N egro P o p u la tio n : M a rch 1964, Series P-20, No. 142. (Other bulletins in the Series P-20 group provide many non white-white comparisons, such as those on education, school enrollment, households and families, and popula tion mobility.) *—-—•—, •—•—•—. N egro P o p u la tio n : M a rch 196 5 (Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 145). ■—■—•—, —•——. M o b ility o f the P o p u la tio n o f the U n ited S ta tes, M a rch 1964 to M a rch 196 5 (Current Population Reports, Series P-20, No. 150.) U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. H ealth , E d u catio n , a n d W elfa re In d ic a to rs. (See espe cially monthly issues in 1965 and 1966 for a number of salient articles.) -------- . Welfare Administration. See recent and current issues of W elfa re in R eview for selected items on the economic welfare of the Negro. U.S. Department of Labor. T he E con om ic S itu a tio n of N egroes in the U n ite d S tates, Bulletin S-3, revised 1962. 32 pp. ----- -—. M a n p o w er R ep o rt o f the P re sid e n t, Washington, March 1965. 276 pp. -------- . Bureau of Labor Statistics. A n tid isc rim in a tio n P ro visio n s in M a jo r C on tracts, 1961, Bulletin No. 1336, July 1962. 17 pp. -------- , . Im p a c t o f Office A u to m a tio n in the I n tern a l R evenue S ervice: a S tu d y of the M a n p o w er Im p lic a tio n s D u rin g the F irst S tages o f the C hangeover, Bulletin No. 1364, July 1963. 74 pp. --------, . Im p lic a tio n s of A u to m a tio n a n d O ther T ech n ological D evelopm en ts; a Selected A n n o ta te d B ib lio g ra p h y . Bulletin No. 1319-1, December 1963. 90 pp. --------, . Incom e, E d u ca tio n a n d U n em p lo ym en t in N eigh borh oods. Washington, January 1963. (Analysis by census tracts of the economic characteristics of 36 United States cities, including information by race.) --------, . M o n th ly R eport on the L abor F orce. Various issues. -------- , ---------. O ccu pa tio n al O utlook Q u arterly. Various issues. U.S. Department of Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics. S p e c ia l L abor Force R ep o rts. These reports, which usually include substantial amounts of data by color appear, in summary, in the M o n th ly L ab o r R eview . The most recent several reports of particular interest in this connection are: Special Labor Force Report, No. 53 “Educational Attainment of Workers in March 1964,” May 1965, by Dennis F. Johnston; Special Labor Force Report, No. 54, “Employment of High School Graduates and Dropouts in 1964,” June 1965, by Forrest A. Bogan, and Special Labor Force Report, No. 58, “Long-Term Unemployment in the 1960’s,” September 1965, by Susan S. Holland. -------- , . E m p lo y m e n t a n d E a rn in g s. (Monthly publication with detailed statistics, many by color.) -------- , . S u rv ey o f C on su m er E x p e n d itu res 196 0 61. (Many of the reports for urban and nonfarm United States and for selected metropolitan areas and cities show data by race.) -------- , . E m p lo y m e n t o f S ch ool A ge Y ou th , October 1965. Advance Summary, Special Labor Force Report, April 1966. 6 pp. -------- . Manpower Administration. E m p lo y m en t S ervice R eview . . M a n p o w er T ra in in g F acts. (Monthly —------ , administrative bulletin which provides statistics by training program, and by color of trainees.) -------- . Women’s Bureau. N egro W om en W orkers in 1960. Bulletin 287, Washington, 1964. 55 pp. U.S. Housing and Home Finance Agency. Office of the Administrator. S e n io r C itize n s a n d H o w T h ey L ive: A n A n a ly s is o f 1 96 0 C en sus D a ta : P a r t I I : T he A g in g N o n w h ite a n d H is H o u sin q , November 1963. -------- . O u r N o n w h ite P o p u la tio n a n d I ts H o u sin g : The C hanges B etw een 1 95 0 a n d 1960. Washington, May 1963. 60 pp. Vander Zanden, James W. “The Non-Violent Resistance Movement Against Segregation,” A m e ric a n J o u r n a l o f S o cio lo g y, 1963, pp. 544-550. Welch, Frank J. “The Evolving Low Income Problems in Agriculture,” A m e ric a n E con om ic R eview , May 1960, pp. 231-241. Williams, Robin M. S tra n g ers N ex t D oor (Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall, 1964). 434 pp. Wilson, James Q. N egro P o litic s (Glencoe, 111., The Free Press, 1960). 342 pp. Wolf, Eleanor P. “The Tipping Point in Racially Changing Neighborhoods,” A m e ric a n In s titu tio n a l P la n n e rs J o u r n a l, August 1963, pp. 217-222. Zimmer, Basil G. R eb u ild in g C itie s: T he E ffects o f D isp la c e m e n t a n d R elocatio n on S m a ll B u sin e ss (Chicago, Quadrangle Books, 1964). 384 pp. 53 APPENDIX Background Statistics The reader will find that totals and percentages for the same year or items may not always agree exactly between some tables. Rounding of figures accounts for most of the variation. Minor differences result also from vari ations in the sources used; the base on which particular details are available in a survey or census; or, in a few instances, because of technicalities, such as the need to use data based on less than the most recent revisions, to provide the detail necessary. 55 APPENDIX Background Statistics Tables A. Growth and distribution T able IA -1 .—-Population b y R ace, Conterm inous U nited States, D ecennial Years, 1890-1960. T able IA -2 .— Percent D istribution of the Popula tion by R ace, for All R egions and the W est, by Selected W estern States and Standard M etro politan Statistical Areas, U nited States, 1960. Table IA -3 .— Percent D istribution of the Negro and W hite Population, by Farm and N onfarm Residence, and Region, 1960 and 1964. T able IA -4 .— Percent D istribution of the Popula tion by R egion, Selected W estern States, and Standard M etropolitan Statistical Areas, by Race, U nited States, 1960. T able IA -5 .— R atio of N egro to T otal Population, U nited States, by R egion, and U rban-R ural R esidence, Conterm inous U nited States, D ecen nial Years, 1900-1960. T able IA -6 .— Proportion of Negro and W hite Population in Urban Areas by R egion, C onter m inous U nited States, D ecennial Years, 19101960. Table IA -7 .— Negro and W hite Population in Standard M etropolitan Statistical Areas, by Inside and O utside of Central C ity R esidence, Conterm inous U nited States, D ecennial Years, 1900-1960. T able IA -8 .— D istribution of Negro and W hite Population in Standard M etropolitan Statistical Areas, b y R egion, and Inside or O utside Central C ity, Conterm inous U nited States, 1950 and 1960, and Change, 1950-60. Table IA -9 .— Negro and W hite Population in Standard M etropolitan Statistical Areas, by Inside and O utside of Central C ity R esidence, and by Size of SM S A in 1960, Conterm inous U nited States, D ecennial Years, 1900-1960. T able IA -1 0 .— Negro and W hite Population in F ive M ajor Standard M etropolitan Statistical Areas, and in all S M SA ’s, by Inside and O utside of Central C ity R esidence, and Change, U nited States, 1950-60. T able IA -1 1 .— Percent D istribution of Negro and W hite Population by Age, Urban and Rural Location, and by R egion, Conterm inous U nited States, D ecennial Years, 1930-60. T able IA -1 2 .— Percent D istribution of the Negro Population in E ach A ge Group, Urban and Rural Location, Conterm inous U nited States, D ecennial Years, 1930-60. B. Mobility T able IB -1 .— M igrants’ R esidence, Sam e or N ew R egion, by R egion and Color, A nnual Averages, U nited States, 1959-64 (3-year m oving average, 1958-65). Table IB -2 .— E stim ated N et M igration, by R e gion and Color: 1940-50, 1950-60, 1960-63. Table IB -3 .— R egion of R esidence in 1960 by R egion of B irth for the Negro and W hite N a tive Population, U nited States, 1960. T able IB -4 .— Area of Birth of the N on w hite Population in the 10 Northern and W estern Cities of G reatest Negro C oncentration, by C ity of R esidence, U nited States, 1960. T able IB -5 .— Interregional M igrants 1955-60, by Age and Color, and by R egion of R esidence in 1955. Table IB -6 .— E ducational A ttainm ent of M ales, 25-29 Years Old, by Color, for the T otal Population, and for 1955-60 Interregional M igrants, U nited States and South. T able IB -7 .— Proportion of 25-29 Year-Old M ale O ut-M igrants, 1955-60, b y E ducational A ttain m ent and Color, and by R egion and the D iv i sions of the South. T able IB -8 .— Percent of the N ative Experienced Civilian Labor Force Born in A nother R egion, by O ccupation Group, Color, and Sex, U nited States, 1960. 57 The Negro Worker A. Labor force status Table IIA -1 .— E m ploym ent and U nem ploym ent Status of the Civilian Labor Force, b y Color, 1957-65 (annual averages). T able IIA -2 .— U nem ploym ent R ates, by Color, Sex, and Age Group, 1954-65 (annual averages). T able IIA -3 .— E m ployed and U nem ployed Per sons, b y Color, Sex, and Age Group, 1954-65 (annual averages). Table IIA -4 .— U nem ploym ent R ates, b y Color, Sex, and Age D etail, 1957 and 1965 (annual averages). Table IIA -5 .— U nem ploym ent R ates, b y Color, Sex, and Age D etail, 1948-65 (annual averages). Table IIA -6 .— Long-Term U nem ployed, b y Color and Sex, 1957-65 (annual averages). Table IIA -7 .— U nem ployed Persons, by Color, Sex, and Age D etail, 1957 and 1965 (annual averages). Table I I A -8 .— U nem ployed Persons and U nem ploym ent R ates, by Sex, Color, Age, and M arital Status, 1965 (annual averages). Table IIA -9 .— U nem ployed R ates, b y O ccupation of L ast Job and Color, 1955 and 1965 (annual averages). Table IIA -1 0.— U nem ploym ent R ates, by Indus try of L ast Job and Color, 1955 and 1965 (annual averages). Table IIA -1 1.-—Percent D istribution of U nem ployed Persons, b y Industry, O ccupation, and Color, 1965 (annual averages). Table IIA -1 2.— E m ployed Persons, b y Color, Sex, and Age D etail, 1947-65 (annual averages). Table IIA -1 3.— E m ployed Persons, b y Color, Sex, and Age D etail, and Percent Change, 1957 and 1965 (annual averages). Table IIA -1 4.-—Persons Em ployed in N onagricultural Industries, by Color and F ull- or PartTim e Status, 1957 and 1965 (annual averages). Table IIA -1 5.— Persons Em ployed in N onagricultural Industries on Full-Tim e Schedules or V oluntary Part Tim e, by Color and Sex, 1957-65 (annual averages). Table IIA -1 6.-—Persons E m ployed in N onagricultural Industries on Part-T im e for Econom ic R easons, b y U sual Full-T im e or Part-T im e Status, and b y Color and Sex, 1957-65 (annual averages). Table IIA -17.-—C ivilian Labor Force, by Sex, Color, and Age D etail, 1947-65 (annual averages). 58 Table IIA -1 8.— Percent D istribution of the C ivil ian Labor Force, b y R ace and Sex, 1950 and 1960. Table IIA -1 9.— Labor Force Participation R ates and U nem ploym ent R ates, b y R ace, 1960. Table IIA -2 0 .— Civilian Labor Force Participa tion R ates, b y Color, Sex, and Age D etail, 1948-65 (annual averages). Table II A -2 1.— C ivilian Labor Force Participa tion R ates, by Sex, Color, and Age D etail, and R atio of N onw hite to W hite, 1957 and 1965 (annual averages). Table IIA -2 2 .— Men 25-64 Years Old Not in the Labor Force, by Color, 1965 (annual averages). T able IIA -2 3 .— Persons 14-24 Years Old N o t in the Labor Force and N ot in School, b y Color, 1965 (school year averages). Table IIA -2 4 .— E xten t of E m ploym ent of Persons W ith W ork Experience D uring the Year, b y Color and Sex, 1950, 1957, and 1964. Table IIA -2 5.— E xten t of E m ploym ent of Persons W ith W ork Experience D uring the Year, b y Age, Color, and Sex, 1959 and 1964. Table IIA -2 6 .— E xten t of U nem ploym ent D ur ing the Year, by Color and Sex, 1959 and 1964. B. Occupation T able IIB -1 .— E m ployed Persons, b y O ccupation Group, Color, and Sex, 1955, 1961, and 1965 (annual averages). T able IIB -2 .— E m ploym ent of N onw hite W orkers, b y O ccupation Group, 1954-65. T able IIB -3 .— E m ployed M en and W om en, b y O ccupation Group, R egion, and Color, 1965 (annual averages). Table IIB -4 .— Percent D istribution of N egro and W hite M ale E m ploym ent, b y O ccupation Group and R egion, 1950 and 1960. Table IIB -5 .— Percent D istribution and Percent Change of E m ployed Persons, b y D etailed Oc cupation, Sex, and Color, 1962 and 1965. Table IIB -6 . —Negro and White Male Employ ment in Selected Occupations, 1950 and 1960. Table IIB -7 .— E m ployed Persons, b y Industry D etail, Color, and Sex, 1962 and 1964 (annual averages). Table IIB -8 .— Percent D istribution of E m ployed M ales, b y R ace and Broad O ccupation Group, C onterm inous U nited States, 1950 and 1960. C. Youth Table IIC -1 .— Percent of Persons 5-24 Years Old Enrolled in School, b y A ge and Color, October of Selected Years, 1953-65. Table IIC -2 .— Percent of M ales 14-19 Years Old Enrolled in School, b y Color and Age Group, 1948-63 (3-year m oving averages, centered, annually). Table IIC -3 .— Percent of Persons 14-29 Years Old Enrolled in School, by Age, R ace, and Sex, Conterm inous U nited States, 1960. Table IIC -4 .— E m ploym ent Status of Teenagers, b y Color, Sex, and Age, 1954, 1961, and 1965 (annual averages). Table IIC -5 . —U nem ploym ent R ates for All W orkers and Teenagers, b y Color and Sex, 1954-65. Table IIC -6 .— U nem ploym ent R ates A m ong H igh School G raduates N o t Enrolled in School and H igh School D ropouts, Persons 16-24 Years Old, by Color and Sex, O ctober 1959 and O ctober 1965. Table IIC -7 .— Percent D istribution of E m ployed Persons 16-24 Years Old, b y O ccupation Group for H igh School G raduates N o t Enrolled in School and H igh School D ropouts, b y Color and Sex, O ctober 1959 and O ctober 1965. Table IIC-8.-— W eekly Earnings on Full-T im e Jobs of 16-21-Year-Old Y ouths N o t in School, b y Years of School Com pleted and Color, February 1963. Table IIC -9 .— E m ploym ent Status and H ours W orked Am ong Y outh (aged 16-22) Enrolled in School, b y Sex, Age, and Color, U nited States, 1960. of Persons and of Y ear-R ound Full-T im e W orkers, by Color and Sex, 1957 and 1963. T able II I A -4.— M edian F am ily Incom e, by Color and Region, 1960-64. T able IIIA -5 .— Percent D istribution of Fam ilies by Incom e, Color, and R egion, 1964. T able IIIA -6 .— P ercent D istribution of Fam ilies by Incom e, Color, and Farm and N onfarm R esidence, 1959 and 1964. Table IIIA -7 .— Percent D istribution of Persons 14 Years Old and Over, b y Incom e, Color, Sex, and Farm and N onfarm R esidence, 1959 and 1964. T able IIIA -8 .— Percent D istribution of N onfarm H usband-W ife Fam ilies, b y Incom e, W ork Experience of W ives, and Color, 1963. T able IIIA -9 .— Labor Force P articipation R ates of N onfarm M arried W om en W ith H usband Present, b y Incom e of H usband, Age of Children and Color, M arch 1959 and M arch 1964. Table IIIA -1 0 .— Percent D istribution of Fam ilies W ith H ead 65 Years Old and Over, b y Incom e and Color, U nited States, 1960 and 1963. Table IIIA -1 1 .— R atio of N onw hite to W hite M edian Earnings of M ales, 18-64 Years Old, in the Experienced Labor Force, b y O ccupation Group, Age, and R egion, 1960. T able IIIA -1 2 .— M edian Earnings of M ales in the Experienced C ivilian Labor Force, by A ge and Color, in Selected O ccupations, 1959. D. Federal employment T able IIIB -1 .— Sum m ary of Incom e and Spend ing of Fam ilies, b y R egion and Race, Urban U nited States, 1960-61 (annual average). Table IIIB -2 .— Average Expenditures of Fam ilies, by R ace, Urban U nited States, 1950 and 1960-61. T able IIIB -3 .— Percent D istribution of F am ily Expenditures, by Incom e and R ace, Urban U nited States, 1950 and 1960-61 (annual average). Table I IIB -4 .— Percent D istribution of F am ily Expenditures, by Incom e and R ace, in Urban Places in Southern and N orth Central R egions, 1960-61 (annual average). T able IIIB -5 .— Savings, Insurance, and Selected Characteristics of Fam ilies in Selected Incom e Classes, by R egion and R ace, Urban U nited States, 1960-61 (annual average). Table I I D -1 .— Federal E m ploym ent, by Race, 1961-65. Table I I D -2 .—Federal Em ploym ent, b y Grade and Salary Group, and Race, 1965; and Percent Change from 1964 and 1962 to 1965. T able I I D -3 .— T otal and Negro Federal E m ploy m ent, b y P ay Plan and A gency, June 1965. T able I I D -4 .— T otal and Negro Federal E m ploy m ent, by Selected P ay Plans in the Civil Service Regions and Selected Standard M etro politan Statistical Areas, June 1965. The Negro Consumer A. Income, earnings Table I I I A -1 .— M edian Fam ily Incom e, by Color of F am ily H ead, 1947-64. Table IIIA -2 .— R atio of N onw hite to W hite M edian Incom e of Persons, b y Sex, 1948-64. Table IIIA -3 .— M edian W age or Salary Incom e B. Expenditures C. Poverty T able IIIC -1 .— T otal N um ber of the Poor, According to Social Security Adm inistration 59 217-817 O— 6i 5 Criteria, by Color, F am ily Status, and Age, 1963-64. T able IIIC -2 .— Poor Persons, by Age, Location, and Color, M arch 1965. Table IIIC -3 .— W ork Experience of Poor F am ily H eads, b y A ge and Color, 1964. T able IIIC -4 .— T otal N um ber of the Poor in 1963, According to Social Security A dm inis tration Criteria, and Percent D istribution by Color, F am ily Status, and Age D etail, as of M arch 1964. T able IIIC -5 .— Incidence of P overty in 1963, According to Social Security A dm inistration Criteria, b y Color and Sex of H ousehold H ead, and b y R egion, as of M arch 1964. T able IIIC -6 .— Proportion of Fam ilies Poor in 1963, According to Social Security A dm inistra tion Criteria, and D istribution of the Poor, by Color and by Selected F am ily Characteristics in M arch 1964. T able IIIC -7 .— H ouseholds W ith 1963 Incom e B elow P overty Level, According to Social Se curity A dm inistration Criteria, b y Color and F am ily Status, as of M arch 1964. T able IIIC -8 .— Incidence of P overty Am ong Children in 1963, According to Social Security A dm inistration Criteria, b y Color, Age, and Sex of F am ily H ead, M arch 1964. T able IIIC -9 .— Proportion of Fam ilies Poor in 1963, According to Social Security A dm inistra tion Criteria, and D istribution of Poor Fam ilies b y Selected Characteristics of F am ily H eads, as of M arch 1964. Table IIIC -1 0 .— Fam ilies W ith Incom e Under $3,000 (in 1963 dollars) b y Color, for Selected Years, 1950-64. T able IIIC -1 1 .— Persons in Fam ilies, T otal and N onw hite, b y M arch 1965 E m ploym ent Status, Age, and F am ily Incom e in 1964 (B elow $3,000 and M edian). T able IIIC -1 2 .— F am ily H eads, T otal and N o n w hite, b y W eeks W orked and F am ily Incom e, 1964 (B elow $3,000 and M edian). T able IIIC -1 3 .— E m ploym ent Status of F am ily H eads in M arch 1965, T ype of F am ily, and N um ber of Own Children Under 18, by F am ily Incom e in 1964, T otal and N on w hite (Under $3,000 and M edian). T able IIIC -1 4 .— F am ily R esponsibilities of Per sons in the Experienced C ivilian Labor Force and in Selected N onagricultural Low -W age O ccupations, b y Color, U nited States, 1960. 60 T able IIIC -1 5 .— F am ily R esponsibilities of All E m ployed W om en and W om en E m ployed in Selected N onagricultural Low -w age O ccupa tions, b y Color, 1960. T able IIIC -1 6 .— Farm W age W orkers, by A verage N um ber of D ays W orked, W ages Earned at Farm and N onfarm W ork, and b y Color, Sex, R egion, and M igratory Status, 1964. Table IIIC -1 7 .— Percent D istribution of A F D C Children b y R egion of R esidence and R ace, N ovem ber-D ecem ber 1961. Table IIIC -1 8 .— Percent D istribution of Children R eceiving Aid to Fam ilies of D ependent C hil dren (A F D C ), b y Urban-R ural and Large Cen tral C ity R esidence, N ovem ber-D ecem ber 1961. Table IIIC -1 9 .— Incom e of A D C Fam ilies by R ace, early 1961. T able IIIC -2 0 .— M arital Status of A D C H om e m akers, b y R ace, 1961. Table I I I C -2 1.— B irth Status of A D C Children, by R esidence, R ace, and Status of Case, 1961. Table IIIC -2 2 .— Selected C haracteristics of A D C H om em akers and A D C Fam ilies b y Size of C om m unity and R ace, E arly 1961. T able IIIC -2 3 .— Percent of A D C Fam ilies by Tenure and H ousehold C onveniences, b y R ace and Urban-R ural R esidence, E arly 1961. Table IIIC -2 4 .— Proportion of Population R e ceiving O ld-Age A ssistance (R ecipient R ates) b y Color, Selected States, July-Septem ber 1960. Table IIIC -2 5 .— O ld-Age A ssistance R ecipients, b y R ace, 50 States, July-Septem ber 1960. Social Conditions A. The family Table IV A -1 .— Fam ilies by T ype and Color, U nited States, M arch of 1960-64 (3-year m ov ing averages, M arch of 1959-65). Table IV A -2 .— Fam ilies b y T ype and Color, by R egion and U rban-R ural R esidence, U nited States, 1950 and 1960. T able IV A -3 .— Fam ilies by T ype and Color, by R egion and U rban-R ural R esidence, U nited States, 1950-60 Change. Table IV A -4 .— Fem ale F am ily H eads b y Age, Color, and R egion, U nited States, 1950 and 1960. Table IV A -5 .— T ype of F am ily b y Incom e Group in 1959, by Color, Selected R egions, and Areas, U nited States, 1960. T able IV A -6 .— M arital Status, by Sex and Color, 1950 and 1960-65. Table IV A -7 .— A verage N um ber of Persons in Fam ily, M em bers of F am ily 18 Years Old and Over, and Fam ilies W ith Own Children Under 6 Years Old, by T ype of F am ily and Color, U nited States, 1960. Table IV A -8 .— F ertility R ates, by Color, U nited States, 1940-64. T able IY A -9 .— Birth R ates, by Order of Birth and Color, U nited States, 1940-64. Table IV A -10.— Birth R ates, by Age of M other and Color, U nited States, 1940-64. T able IV A -1 1 .—Children E ver Born Per 1,000 M others 20-39 Years Old, b y A ge Group, Color, and Selected F am ily Incom e Group, Selected Areas, U nited States, 1960. T able IV A -1 2.— N um ber of Births Per EverM arried W om an 35-59 Years Old, b y L evel of Educational A ttainm ent as of 1960. Table IV A -13.— Average T otal N um ber of Births E xpected and Children W anted, W hite and N onw hite W ives, b y E ducation, 1960. T able IV A -14.— E stim ated Illegitim acy R ate, by Color, 1947-64. T able IV A -15.— Illegitim acy R ates as R elated to Incom e and E ducation, by Color, in Integrated Census Tracts (30 to 70 percent non w hite), in W ashington, D .C . B. Education Table IV B -1 .— Percent Illiterate in the Popula tion, by Color, 1870-1959. Table IV B -2 .— E ducational A ttainm ent of Per sons 25 Years Old and Over, by A ge and Color, M arch 1959 and M arch 1964. T able IV B -3 .— E ducational A ttainm ent of the Population 14 Years and Over, b y R ace, U nited States, 1950 and 1960. Table IV B- 4.— Percent D istribution b y E duca tional L evel of M en 20-64 Years Old and of Their Fathers, by Color, M arch 1962. Table IV B -5 .— E ducational A ttainm ent of the Population 18 Years Old and Over, b y Labor Force Status, Color, Sex, R esidence, and R egion, M arch 1959 and M arch 1965. Table IV B -6 .— Percent of the C ivilian Labor Force 18 Years Old and Over, by Selected Levels of E ducational A ttainm ent and by Color and Sex, Selected Years, 1952-65. T able IV B -7 .— Labor Force Participation R ates of Persons 18 Years Old and Over, by A ge Group, Color, Sex, and Years of School Corm pleted, M arch 1965. T able IV B -8 .—Labor Force Participation R ates of Persons 25 Years Old and Over, b y Sex, Color, and E ducational A ttainm ent, U nited States, 1950 and 1960 T able IV B -9 .— Percent D istribution of E m ployed Persons 18 Y ears Old and Over, b y Y ears of School C om pleted, O ccupation Group, Color, and Sex, M arch 1959 and M arch 1965. T able IV B -1 0 .— Percent D istribution of E m ployed Persons, b y O ccupation Group, Years of School C om pleted, Color, and Sex, M arch 1959 and M arch 1965. T able I V B -1 1.— U nem ploym ent R ates of Persons 18 Years Old and Over, by Years of School C om pleted, and b y Age, Sex, and Color, M arch 1962 and M arch 1965. T able IV B -1 2 .— Percent D istribution of U n em ployed Persons 18 Years Old and Over, by Years of School C om pleted and b y Age and Color, M arch 1962 and M arch 1965. Table IV B -1 3 .—M edian Y early Incom e of M ales 14 Years Old and Over W ith Incom e, b y Color and Years of School C om pleted, 1958 and 1963. C. Housing Table IV C -1 .— C ondition of H ousing b y Incom e Class of H ousehold in 1959 and b y Color, U nited States, 1960. Table I V C -2 .— Selected C haracteristics of H ous ing U n its by Color of H ousehold H ead, by Region, Inside and O utside SM SA ’s, Urban and Rural, 1960. Table I V C -3 .— Shifts in H ousing Characteristics, b y Color of O ccupants, 1950-60. Table I V C -4 .— H ousing C onditions Am ong H ouse holds W ith N onw hite H eads, b y Urban-R ural Location, U n ited States, 1950 and 1960. Table IV C -5 .— Percent of H ousing Seriously Overcrowded, Inside and O utside S M SA ’s, U rban and Rural, by Tenure and Color of O ccupants, 1960. Table I V C -6 .— Percent D istribution of Ownerand Renter-O ccupied H ousing U nits by Value or Gross M onthly R ent, Inside and O utside S M SA ’s, U rban and Rural, by Color of Occu pants, 1960. Table I V C -7 .— Substandard H ousing U n its by Incom e Class of H ousehold in 1959, by Color, Region, and R esidence Inside and O utside S M S A ’s, 1960. Table I V C -8 .— M ortgage and G overnm ent In surance Status of O ne-unit H om eowner Proper ties, by Color of H ousehold H ead, 1960. 61 Table IV C -9 .— Percent D istribution of H om es b y A ge of Owner and Financial O bligation In curred, T otal and N onw hite, 1960. T able IV C -1 0.— Percent D istribution of M ort gaged H om es for Selected Property Character istics, T otal and N onw hite, 1960. T able IV C -1 1.— Percent D istribution of H om eowner Properties, b y M ortgage Characteristics, and Owner (T otal and N onw hite), 1960. D. Health T able IV D -1 .— D eath R ates, b y Age and Color, 1900 and 1964. T able IV D -2 .—A ge-A djusted D eath R ates, by Color and Sex, 1947-64. T able IV D -3 .— M aternal and Infant M ortality R ates, b y Color, Selected Periods, 1915-64. T able IV D -4 .— A ge-A djusted D eath R ates for Selected Com m unicable D iseases, b y Color, Selected Years, 1930-64. T able IV D -5 .— Life E xpectancy in Prim e W ork ing Years, b y Color and Sex, 1964. Table IV D -6 .— Life E xpectancy in Prim e W ork ing Years, b y Age, Color, and Sex, U nited States and G eographical D ivisions, 1959-61. Table IV D -7 .—Suicide R ates, b y Sex and Color, 1947-63. Table IV D -8 .— D istribution of Population, by H ospital and Surgical Insurance Coverage, F am ily Incom e, and Color, July 1962-June 1963. T able IV D -9 .— N um ber and Percent of Persons in the Population W ith One or M ore Chronic C onditions and A ctiv ity Lim itations, b y Color and Age, Ju ly 1957-June 1961. T able IV D -1 0 .— N um ber and Percent of M ales in the Labor Force W ith One or M ore Chronic Conditions and A ctiv ity L im itations, by Color, Age, and E m ploym ent Status, July 1961-June 1963. T able I V D -1 1.— N um ber of D isab ility D ays and R ates Per Person Per Year b y Sex, A ge, and Color, July 1961-June 1963. Table IV D -1 2.— N um ber of D isab ility D ays and 62 R ates Per Person Per Year for N on w hite and W hite M ales in the Labor Force, b y A ge Group and E m ploym ent Status, July 1961-June 1963. Table IV D -1 3 .— N um ber and Percent of Persons w ith L ast Physician V isit W ithin a Year, by Sex, F am ily Incom e, Color, and A ge, July Color, 1963-June 1964. Table IV D -1 4 .— Percent D istribution of Physician V isits, b y Place of V isit, F am ily Incom e, and and Color, Ju ly 1963-June 1964. T able IV D -1 5.— Prevalence of R eaction to T ests for Syphilis in A dults, b y R ace, Sex, and T est U sed, 1960-62. E. The veteran Table IV E -1 .— W ork Experience of M ale W ar V eterans (N oninstitutional) b y Age Group and Color, 1964. T able IV E -2 .— M ale W ar V eterans’ Participation in Life Insurance and B enefit Program s, b y Program and Color, U nited States, L ate 1962E arly 1963. Table IV E -3 .— M ale W ar V eterans’ U se of GI Loan E ntitlem ent, b y Color, U nited States and South, L ate 1962-E arly 1963. T able IV E -4 .— M ale W ar V eterans’ R eceipt of VA M edical Benefits Since 1947, b y Color, L ate 1962-E arly 1963. Table IV E -5 .— Incom e in 1959 of All Fam ilies W ith M ale H ead and Fam ilies W ith M ale W ar Veteran H ead, b y A ge and Color, 1960. Table IV E -6 .— Earnings, E ducational A ttain m ent, and A ge of All M ales and M ale W ar V eterans, b y O ccupation Group and Color, 1960. Table IV E -7 .— E ducational A ttainm ent of All M en and of W ar V eterans, b y A ge and Color, 1960. Table IV E -8 .— C haracteristics of H ousing Am ong All Fam ilies w ith M ale H ead and Fam ilies H eaded b y W ar V eterans, b y Tenure and Color, 1960. T able IV E -9 .— V alue of N onfarm Owner-Occu pied H ousing U nits of W ar Veterans and Others, b y Age and Color, 1960. N egroes rem ained 10 to 11 percent of the total population betw een 1910 and 1960 and were about 12 percent betw een 1890 and 1900. T a b l e I A - 1 .— P o p u la tio n by R ace, C o n term in o u s U n ite d S ta te s, D ec en n ia l Y ea rs, 1 8 9 0 -1 9 6 0 Decennial years Race 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 Percent distribution Total nonwhite- _ Negro Other races Other races Indians _ Japanese.. Chinese-- All others 1___ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 95 5 96 4 96 4 96 4 95 5 96 4 95 5 94 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 64 17 17 57 26 15 56 23 13 9 22 57 13 8 48 20 17 15 44 23 17 16 . 9. 8 .4 10. 5 10. 0 .5 13, 454 12, 866 589 334 127 78 50 118, 215 131, 669 15, 755 15, 042 713 343 142 118 69 1 30 68 7 26 1 2 6 Percent of total population Total nonwhite_____ Negro Other races - _ _ 12. 5 11. 9 .6 . 11. 6 .5 12 1 . 10. 7 .4 11 1 10. 3 9. 9 .4 . 9. 7 .5 10 2 10 2 . 10. 6 .6 11 2 Population (in thousands) Total nonwhite.- __Negro Other races_____________ Indians. __ .. . . Japanese.____ _ Chinese.. All others 1 White_____________________ Total population. __ 7, 846 7, 489 358 248 2 107 9, 185 10, 240 8 , 834 9, 828 413 351 237 266 72 24 72 90 3 55, 101 6 6 , 809 81, 732 62, 948 75, 995 91, 972 10, 890 10, 463 427 244 111 62 9 94, 821 105, 711 12, 488 11, 891 597 332 139 75 51 110, 287 122, 775 110 134, 942 150, 697 20, 009 18, 860 1, 149 509 260 199 181 158, 455 178, 464 1All others include Filipinos, Hawaiians, Part-Hawaiians, Aleuts, Eskimos, etc. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Census of Population: 1960, General Population Characteristics, United States Summary, PC(1)-1B, table 44 (U.S. Bureau ol the Census). 63 N egroes were about 20 percent of the total population in the South b u t less than 10 percent in other regions in 1960. T a b l e I A -2 . — P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f the P o p u la tio n by R ace, fo r A ll R eg io n s a n d the W e st,1 by S elected W estern S ta te s an d S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a s, U n ite d S ta te s, 196 0 Region, State, and SMSA Total (in thousands) Total White Non white Total Negro Other Total Negro Other Percent distribution United States . 179, 323 Northeast. __ 44, 678 North Central__ 51, 619 South _ _ __ 54, 973 West__ _- _ __ 28, 053 27, 194 Conterminous W est____ West: California 15, 717 W ashington___ __ 2, 853 Arizona and Mew Mexico. _ 2, 253 633 Hawaii_____ _________ A laska_______________ 226 Other S tates____ _ _ 6 , 371 Western SMSA’s.. __ 20, 131 All California SMSA’s___ 13, 591 Los Angeles. 6 , 743 2, 783 San Francisco___ Others, California___ 4, 065 6 , 540 Others, West__ __ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 89 93 93 79 92 94 92 96 91 32 77 97 91 91 91 88 94 92 11 7 7 21 8 6 8 11 7 7 21 4 4 6 2 (2) (2) (2) 1 100 4 3 100 100 100 100 100 2 2 3 1 3 1 5 7 67 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 6 2 100 7 9 4 2 12 6 4 2 100 100 100 9 2 6 100 4 9 68 23 3 9 9 9 20 1 92 96 95 98 49 62 70 48 29 1 13 48 58 72 78 69 61 28 8 4 5 2 51 38 30 52 71 99 87 52 42 28 22 31 39 72 1 Total West, including Alaska and Hawaii except where noted. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Census of Population: 1960, General Population Characteristics, United States Summary, PC(1)-1B, table 56; Census of Population: 1960, Selected Area Reports, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, PC(3)-1D, table 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 64 B etw een 1960 and 1964, the decline in the proportion of Negroes in the South and on farms continued, and there was a further increase in the W est and N orth, and in cities, reflecting the patterns of m igration of the 1950’s. Over half of the Negroes in the U nited States lived in the South, how ever, in 1964. T a b l e 1A-3.— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f the N egro a n d W h ite P o p u la tio n , by F a rm a n d N o n fa rm R esiden ce, a n d R egion , 196 0 a n d 1964 Residence and region 1960 1 Negro White T a b l e IA -4 .'— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f the P o p u la tio n by R egion , S elected Western S ta tes, a n d S ta n d a rd Metro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a s, by R ace, U n ite d S ta tes, 196 0 Region, State, and SMSA Total 1964 2 Negro White Total population (in thousands) __ 18, 849 158, 838 20, 739 167, 046 Residence: Percent___ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Nonfarm____ 92. 1 92. 5 93. 1 93. 4 Farm 7. 9 7. 9 6.9 6.6 Regions: Percent __ _ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Northeast___ 16. 0 26. 1 26. 1 18. 1 North Central. 18. 3 30. 2 19. 4 29. 4 South 60. 0 27. 4 54. 4 27. 4 West __ 5. 7 16. 3 8. 1 17. 1 * From the 1960 Census. 2 Based on the Current Population Survey of the U.S. Bureau of the Census. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Current Population Reports, Population Characteristics, Negro Population, Series P-20, No. 142, October 11, 1965, table A. Of the sm all proportion of N egroes who lived in the W est in 1960 (less than 10 percent), 8 in 10 were in California, chiefly in the large cities. Non white Total Negro Other W hite Percent distribution United States . __ _ Northeast _ _ __ North Central___ South _____ _ W est.. _ ______ West, total 1 - __ California Washington__ Arizona and New Mexico - _ _ Hawaii Alaska Other States 100 100 100 100 100 25 29 31 16 15 18 56 16 18 60 8 11 11 6 70 26 30 27 16 100 100 100 100 100 56 57 5 9 19 81 5 33 5 13 37 4 56 10 8 2 1 23 11 2 8 6 1 1 8 8 11 8 1 1 24 Percent of total West1 In western SMSA’s-. Not in California. _ In California.. Los Angeles___ San Francisco__ Others_____ -_ Outside western SMSA’s_________ 72 23 48 24 10 15 28 78 25 53 27 16 10 92 14 78 43 22 13 22 8 64 35 29 8 71 23 48 24 9 15 36 29 11 9 1 Total West, including Alaska and Hawaii. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Census of Population: 1960, General Population Characteristics, United States Summary, PC(1)-1B, table 56; Census of Population: 1960, Selected Area Reports, Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, PC(3)-1D, table 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 65 Since the turn of the century, the proportion of N egroes has risen from 2 to 7 percent of the Northern population, but declined steadily from alm ost % to about % in the South, largely through m igration. W hile the proportion of N egroes alm ost doubled in the cities and declined on farms, it rem ained relatively stable in rural nonfarm places. T able IA-5.— R a tio o f N egro to T otal P o p u la tio n , U n ite d S ta tes, by R egion , a n d U rb a n -R u ra l R esiden ce, C on term in ou s U n ite d S ta tes, D ecen n ia l Y ea rs, 1 9 0 0 -6 0 Conterminous United States Population (in thousands) Decennial year 1900_____ 1910_____ 1920_____ 1930_____ 1940_____ 1950_____ 1960_____ Percent Negro by— Region Residence Total Negro White Rural North- N orth Other Total east Cen- South West Urban tral Total Non- Farm farm 75, 995 91, 972 105, 711 122, 775 131,669 150, 697 178,464 , 834 9, 828 10, 463 11,891 12,866 15, 042 18,860 66,809 81,732 94, 821 110,287 118,215 134,942 158,455 351 413 427 597 589 713 1, 149 8 1 1 .6 10 .7 9.9 9.7 9.8 10.0 10.6 N otes.—Dashes indicate data not available. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Historical Statistics of the United States: Colonial Times to 1957, table series 95-122; Sixteenth Census of the United States: 1940, Population, 66 . 1.9 2.3 3. 3 3.8 5. 1 1 8 6 .8 1. 9 . 2.3 3.3 3.8 5. 1 6.8 1 8 32. 3 29. 8 26.9 24. 7 23. 8 21.7 2 0 .6 0. 7 .7 .9 1.0 1.2 2.9 3.9 .3 7.5 8.4 9.7 6 6 .6 1 1 .0 14. 5 13.4 12.4 1 1 .6 10. 5 9. 4 9.0 8.5 7.8 8.0 8.9 16.3 15.5 14.9 13.8 1 1 .0 Vol. II, Characteristics of the Population, Pt. 1, tables 4, 5; Census of Popula tion: I960, Detailed Characteristics, United States Summary, PC(1)-1D, table 158; Census of Population: 1960, General Population Characteristics, United States Summary, PC(1)-1B, tables 44, 51, 56 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). In the N orth and W est, N egroes have been highly urban throughout this century, and con tinue to be substantially m ore urban than the w hite population. In the South, how ever, urban ization has proceeded at about the sam e pace am ong N egroes and w hites. T a b l e IA- 6 .—P ro p o rtio n o f N egro a n d W h ite P o p u la tio n in U rb a n A re a s by R eg io n , C on term in ou s U n ite d S ta tes, D ecen n ia l Y ears, 1 9 1 0 -6 0 Percent urban United States South Year North and West Negro White Negro White Negro White 1910_______ 1920_______ 1930_______ 1940_______ 1950 1 ______ 1960 2 ______ 27 35 44 49 62 73 49 53 58 59 64 70 23 29 35 37 49 59 21 27 32 37 48 58 77 84 88 89 94 95 57 62 66 67 70 74 1 Urban definition for 1940 and before not strictly comparable to 1950,1960 definitions. 2 Does not include Alaska and Hawaii. Source: A b stra ct of the Thirteenth C ensus (1910), table 28, p. 103; 1920-40 Sixteenth C ensus of the U n ited States: 1940 P o p u la tio n , Vol. II, C haracteristics o f the P o p u la tio n , Pts. 1-7, tables 4, 5, for each State; C ensus o f P o p u la tio n , 1950, Vol. II, C haracteristics o f the P o p u la tio n , Pt. 1, U nited S tates S u m m a ry , table 145; 1960—C ensus o f P o p u la tio n , D etailed C haracteristics, U n ited S tates S u m m a ry , Final Keport PC(1)-1D, tables 158, 233 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). A bout the sam e proportion of N egroes as w hites lived in S M SA ’s in 1960; how ever, the ratio of the population in central cities to the population outside tripled am ong N egroes betw een 1900 and 1960, whereas it decreased by nearly half am ong w hites. T able 1A-7.— N egro Decennial years 1900______ 1910_____ 1920______ 1930______ 1940______ 1950_____ 1960_____ a n d W h ite P o p u la tio n in S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a s, by I n s id e a n d O u tside o f C en tra l C ity R esiden ce, C o n term in o u s U n ite d S ta te s, D ec en n ia l Y ea rs, 1 9 0 0 -6 0 Total U.S. population (in thousands) Total SMSA population (in thousands) Negro White 8 , 834 9, 828 10, 463 11, 891 12, 866 15, 042 18, 860 , 809 2, 352 81, 732 2 , 820 94, 821 3, 547 110, 287 4, 991 118, 215 5, 840 134, 942 8 , 360 158, 455 12, 194 66 Negro Population (i n thousands) Percent of U.S. population in SMSA’s Central city White N egro White Negro 29, 399 38, 985 48, 779 61, 470 6 6 , 487 80, 249 99, 509 27 29 34 42 45 57 65 44 48 51 56 56 60 63 , 281 1, 703 2, 382 3, 634 4, 358 6 , 456 9, 704 1 Outside central city Ratio: central city population to outside central city population White Negro White N egro W hite 18, 467 25, 286 32, 168 39, 298 40, 971 45, 441 47, 575 1, 071 1, 117 1, 165 1, 357 1, 482 1, 904 2, 490 10, 932 13, 699 16, 611 22, 172 25, 517 34, 808 51, 934 120 153 205 268 294 339 390 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: C ensus o f P o p u la tio n : 1960, Selected A re a R ep o rts, S tan dard M e tro p o lita n S ta tistica l A re a s, PC(3)-1D, table 1; C ensus of P o p u la tio n : P o p u la tio n C haracteristics, U nited S tates S u m m a ry , PC(1)-1B, table 44 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 169 185 194 177 161 131 92 1960, General 67 W ell over half of the increase in Negro population betw een 1950 and 1960 was in the central cities of S M SA ’s in the N orth— the only areas w hich lost w hite population during the decade. T able IA- 8 .— D istrib u tio n o f N egro a n d W h ite P o p u la tio n in S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a s, by R egion , a n d I n s id e or O u tside C en tral C ity , C on term in ou s U n ited S ta tes, 1 95 0 a n d 1960, a n d C hange, 1 9 5 0 -6 0 Total population Region and residence Percent distribution 1950 Percent change 1960 1950-60 Number (in thousands) 1950 N egro W hite N egro W hite N egro W hite Negro Total U.S. population. _ Total SMSA’s. . . . . . Central city__________ _ __ Outside central city.. __ Northeastern SMSA’s. ____ _ Central city___ _ _ ___ Outside central city.. . North Central SMSA’s. . Central city. Outside central city _ Southern SMSA’s.. Central city____ Outside central city. ___ Western SMSA’s__ _ _____ Central city. Outside central c it y .___ 100 100 100 100 56 43 13 17 14 3 13 60 34 26 24 13 65 52 13 63 30 33 20 22 11 2 11 22 10 15 7 4 2 1 11 17 7 6 4 9 5 5 16 4 17 15 2 23 17 1Includes Baltimore, Md.; Washington, D.C.-Maryland-Virginia; and Wilmington, Del.-New Jersey whose population in other tables by region is included largely in the South, and partially in the Northeast. 68 6 5 4 2 10 12 18 9 9 11 6 5 12 5 7 25 46 50 31 49 50 42 58 62 34 29 34 17 92 99 75 White 1960 Negro White 17 15, 042 134, 942 18, 860 158, 455 24 8,360 80, 249 12, 194 99, 509 5 6 , 456 45, 441 9, 704 47, 575 49 1, 904 34, 808 2,490 51, 934 12 2, 526 31, 762 3, 757 35, 500 -1 0 2, 050 17, 640 3, 082 15, 949 476 14, 123 674 19, 551 38 20 2 , 001 23, 076 3, 165 27, 769 - 3 1,718 14, 108 2,786 13, 695 57 282 8 , 968 379 14, 074 39 3, 313 12, 954 4,276 18, 019 34 2,323 7, 507 3, 113 10, 090 46 989 5, 445 1 , 161 7, 930 46 520 12, 458 997 18, 2 2 0 364 6 , 185 27 723 7, 841 66 157 6,272 274 10, 379 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. : C ensus o f P o p u la tio n : 1960, Selected A re a R e p o rts, S ta n d a rd M etro p o lita n Statistical A re a s, PC (3)-lD, table 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). s o u r c e T he concentration of N egroes in central cities of SM SA ’s and the w hites’ exodus to the outside have been greatest since 1900 in the larger SM SA ’s. T he shift am ong N egroes from outside to inside the central city has been least sharp, how ever, in the sm allest SM SA ’s (up to 250,000 population), where w hites as well as Negroes were living chiefly in central cities in 1960. T a b l e IA-9.—N egro a n d W h ite P o p u la tio n in S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n S ta tistic a l A re a s ,1 by I n s id e a n d O u tside o f C en tral C ity R esiden ce, a n d by S ize o f S M S A in 1960, C on term in ou s U n ite d S tates, D ecen n ia l Y ea rs, 1 9 0 0 -1 9 6 0 Size of SMSA in 1960 3,000,000 and over Decennial years 1,000,000 to 3,000,000 White Negro Negro 500,000 to 1,000,000 White Negro White Cen- Outside Cen- Outside Cen- Outside Cen- Outside Cen- Outside Cen- Outside tral central tral central tral central tral central tral central tral central city city city city city city city city city city city city Percent SMSA population inside and outside central cities, by race of residents 1900___________ 1910___________ 1920___________ 1930___________ 1940___________ 1950___________ 1960___________ 74 77 83 85 86 87 85 27 23 17 15 14 13 15 81 82 80 75 73 67 52 19 18 20 25 27 34 48 64 67 71 72 74 75 80 250,000 to 500,000 1900___________ 1910___________ 1920___________ 1930___________ 1940___________ 1950___________ 1960___________ 50 58 63 68 69 72 73 50 42 37 32 31 28 27 50 53 58 57 55 51 47 20 60 59 60 56 53 48 38 40 41 41 44 47 52 62 63 69 74 79 80 80 81 100,000 to 250,000 50 47 42 43 45 49 53 41 45 52 59 61 65 69 1As defined by the 1960 census. —Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. N o t e . 36 33 29 28 26 25 59 55 48 41 39 35 31 52 56 60 60 58 57 55 37 31 26 21 20 20 19 58 62 63 64 62 56 49 42 38 37 36 38 44 51 Less than 100,000 48 44 41 40 42 44 45 34 44 42 47 54 65 74 67 57 58 53 46 35 27 67 66 71 71 72 75 77 33 34 29 29 28 25 23 Source: C ensus o f P o p u la tio n : 1960, Selected A re a R e p o rts, S tan dard M etrop o lita n S ta tistica l A re a s, PC(3)-1D, table 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census), 69 A lm ost all of the 1950-60 Negro increase in the five S M S A ’s of largest Negro population (all of which are outside the South) was in the central city. All of the S M SA ’s, except Los Angeles, lost w hite population in the central city. T a b l e IA -1 0 . — N eg ro a n d W h ite P o p u la tio n in F ive M a jo r S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a s, a n d in a ll S M S A ’s, by I n s id e a n d O u tside o f C en tra l C ity R esiden ce, a n d C hange, U n ite d S ta tes, 1 9 5 0 -6 0 SMSA population (in thousands) Change, 1950-60 Standard metropolitan statistical area 1950 Negro All metropolitan areas._ New York- _ Los Angeles Chicago. Philadelphia. _ Detroit. . Source 8 White 1960 Negro White , 360 80, 249 12,194 99, 509 820 8 , 706 1,228 9, 407 465 6,148 219 4, 092 536 4, 623 890 5, 301 480 3,187 671 3, 662 358 2,654 559 3.195 70 Outside central city White Negro White Negro 3,834 19,260 408 701 246 2, 056 354 678 475 191 201 541 3,248 340 169 321 153 181 2,134 -475 388 -399 -226 -363 586 67 77 34 38 Negro C en su s o f P o p u la tio n : 1960, Selected A re a R eports, S ta n d a rd M etro p o lita n S ta tistica l A re a s, Inside central city Total 20 White 17,126 1,177 1 ,6 6 8 1, 076 700 904 PC(3)-1D, table 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). T he distribution of the population b y age, 1950-60, and 1930-60, show s m ore of an increase in the proportion of Negroes under 5 than am ong w hites of this age. Since 1950, the increase was entirely in urban and rural nonfarm areas. T he proportion of N egroes in other age groups declined, except am ong the elderly whose ratio increased slightly, chiefly in rural areas. T he w hite population has shown similar trends, but w ith som ew hat greater increases in the percent of elderly. T a b l e IA —11.— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f N egro a n d W h ite P o p u la tio n by A ge, U rb a n a n d R u ra l L ocatio n , a n d by R eg io n , C on term in ou s U n ite d S ta tes, D ec en n ia l Y ea rs, 1 9 3 0 -6 0 Age Total United States: All ages____ Under 5 _ 5-14_________________________ 15-19________________________ 20-29________________________ 30-49________________________ 50-64________________________ 65 and over Urban: all ages. Under 5__ _ __ 5-14_________________________ 15-19________________________ 20-29________________________ 30-49________________________ 50-64________________________ 65 and over.. _ _____ _ _ Rural nonfarm: All ages_ __ ___ Under 5_ ________ . 5-14_________________________ 15-19________________________ 20-29________________________ 30-49________________________ 50-64________________________ 65 and over __ ___ Rural farm: All ages___ _ . . Under 5_____ _ 5-14_________________________ 15-19________________________ 20-29________________________ 30-49________________________ 50-64________________________ 65 and over _____ _ 1930 Negro . 10. 3 22.0 10.5 19. 1 25.9 8 .8 3. 1 100 0 . 100 0 8 .2 16. 9 8 .6 22.3 32. 4 8 .8 2.7 1940 White . 9.2 19. 8 9.3 16.6 27.3 12.0 5.7 100 0 . 8.1 17.7 8.7 17. 9 29.9 12. 3 5.4 100 0 100 0 . 1 0 0 .0 1 0 .6 21 2 1 0 .2 2 0 .0 2 0 .8 8 .8 . 10.4 25. 0 9. 0 3.8 16.0 25.3 11.6 6.8 1 0 0 .0 100 0 12.6 28. 1 12.8 15.3 19.0 8.9 3.4 24. 4 11.1 13.9 2 2 .8 11.7 5.5 . 1 0 .8 Negro White Negro 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100 0 9.7 20. 4 10. 1 18.2 27. 1 9. 7 4.8 . 7.4 16.7 8.9 19. 3 33.0 10.3 4.5 100 0 1 0 0 .0 7.8 16.7 9.3 17. 1 28. 1 13. 9 7. 1 . 6.7 14. 5 8.7 18.0 30.4 14.6 7. 1 100 0 . 9.3 18. 1 9. 1 16.9 26.6 12. 5 7.4 100 0 . 12.6 19. 2 8.2 16. 5 27. 1 10.7 5.8 . 11.5 16. 0 7.0 18.0 30.8 11.3 5.3 100 0 1 0 0 .0 1960 White . 10.6 16. 0 7.0 15.6 27.9 14.6 8.5 100 0 1 0 0 .0 10. 1 14.0 6.4 16.5 29. 2 15.4 8 .6 1 0 0 .0 . 18. 7.4 15.4 25.8 12. 5 Negro . 14. 4 23. 2 7.9 1 2 .6 24. 2 11.4 White 100 0 1 0 0 .0 6 .2 10. 9 19.3 7.3 1 2 .0 26.4 14.5 9.4 1 0 0 .0 14.4 7. 1 13. 2 26.0 11.7 5.8 2 1 .8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 10. 7 18.5 7.0 12.3 27.0 14.8 9.5 1 0 0 .0 8 .8 14. 6 25.6 9.6 1 1 .8 19. 9 1 0 .6 7.7 1 0 0 .0 100 0 100 0 C ensus o f P o p u la tio n , C haracteristics o f the P o p u la tio n , vol. II, pt. 1, . . 19. 1 25.7 9.4 5. 6 10 0 20 1 1 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 2 .8 25.7 12.0 16.3 19. 5 8 .8 5.0 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: 1960 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n , U nited S tates S u m m a ry , PC(1)-1D, table 158; 1940 U n ited S tates S u m m a ry , table 7 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 1950 . 9.5 20.9 10.9 15.0 23. 2 13.6 6.9 100 0 13.6 20. 9 8 .8 16. 2 23. 2 9. 9 7.3 . 15.0 27. 1 1 1 .0 12.3 19. 5 9.3 5.9 100 0 12 1 1 . . 8.9 12.0 25.0 14.4 7.8 10 8 21 1 . 14.8 29.7 1 1 .8 9.2 17.4 1 1 .0 6.3 1 1 .8 2 1 .2 7.8 25. 1 12.9 9. 1 1 2 .2 . 9.2 21. 7 9. 1 8.3 24.8 17.2 9.8 71 T he proportion of Negro children under 5 in the total population of that age increased m ost in the cities from 1930-60; the destination of N egro m igrants who tend to be young and of childbearing age. IA-12.— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f the N egro P o p u la tio n in E ach A g e G rou p, U rb a n a n d R u ra l L ocatio n , C on term in ou s U n ite d S ta tes, D ecen n ia l Y ea rs, 1 0 3 0 -6 0 T able Age 1930 1940 1950 1960 TOTAL UNITED STATES Under 5__- -------- ---------5-9_____________________ 10-14___________________ 15-19___________________ 20-24___________________ 25-29___________________ 30-34___________________ 35-39___________________ 40-44___________________ 45-49______________ ____ 50-54___________________ 55-59___________________ 60-64___________________ 65-69___________________ 70-74___________________ 75 years and over___ 10.7 10.9 10.4 1 0 .8 11. 1 10.9 9.5 9.7 8 .6 9.0 8.4 6.7 6.5 5.6 5. 1 6 .2 1 1 .8 1 2 .1 1 1 .6 1 1 .6 12 1 . 11.3 11. 5 10.3 1 0 . 8 10.3 10.3 9.7 9.6 10.3 1 0 . 2 9.3 9.6 8.4 9.6 7.6 8 . 6 7.2 6 .8 6 .2 6.4 7.8 8 . 1 6.3 6.5 5.9 6 . 0 1 0 .6 13. 5 12. 9 1 1 .8 11.3 11.3 10.9 10. 3 9.8 9.4 9.3 8 .8 8.9 7.7 7.9 7.0 6.7 URBAN Under 5 _ _ _ _ — 5-9_____________________ 10-14___________________ 15-19___________________ 20-24___________________ 25-29___________________ 30-34___________________ 35-39___________________ 40-44 __________________ 45-49___________________ 50-54___________________ 55-59___________________ 60-64___________________ 65-69___________________ 72 7.6 7.5 6.9 7.4 8.7 9.7 8 .6 8 .6 7.5 7.5 6.5 5.0 4.5 4.0 9.3 1 1 . 0 9.8 1 0 . 8 9.2 11.4 8.5 1 0 . 6 8.5 10.4 9.4 1 0 . 6 9.3 1 0 . 2 1 0 .8 1 0 .1 8.9 1 0 . 0 7.8 9.9 6.7 8 . 6 5.9 7.0 5.3 6 . 1 6.3 7.4 14.2 13.4 1 2 .0 1 1 .2 11. 7 11.9 11.4 1 0 .8 10.3 1 0 .0 9.3 9.3 8 .0 7.8 Age 1930 1940 1950 7 0 -7 4 ________________________ 75 years and o v e r. ______ __ 3 .6 4 .3 5 .0 4 .5 5 .8 5 .4 6 .8 6 .4 Under 5_ . 8 .6 5 -9 ___________________________ 8 .8 1 0 -1 4 ________________________ 8 .5 1 5 -1 9 ________________________ 9 .7 2 0 -2 4 ________________________ 1 0 .9 2 5 -2 9 ________________________ 1 0 .0 3 0 -3 4 ________________________ 8 .5 3 5 -3 9 ________________________ 8 .8 4 0 -4 4 ________________________ 8 .0 4 5 -4 9 ________________________ 8 .2 5 0 -5 4 ________________________ 7 .8 5 5 -5 9 ________________________ 6 .0 6 0 -6 4 ________________________ 5 .9 6 5 -6 9 ________________________ 5 .0 7 0 -7 4 ________________________ 5 .6 75 years and over___________ 5 .4 8 .4 8 .7 8 .5 8 .5 8 .9 8 .5 7 .6 8 .0 7 .5 7 .0 6 .6 5 .8 5 .4 6 .9 5 .7 5 .2 8 .9 8 .8 9 .3 9 .4 9 .1 7 .7 7 .0 7 .4 7 .3 7 .5 7 .2 6 .2 5 .8 7 .8 6 .2 6 .2 1 0 .7 10. 7 1 0 .4 1 0 .7 9 .4 7 .9 7 .2 7 .0 7 .1 7 .5 7 .5 7 .8 7 .2 8 .1 7 .4 7 .3 1960 RURAL NONFARM RURAL FARM U nder 5 _ . _ ________ 1 7 .6 5 -9 ___________________________ 17.7 10-14___________________ 15-19___________________ 20-24___________________ 25-29___________________ 30-34___________________ 35-39___________________ 40-44___________________ 45-49___________________ 50-54___________________ 55-59. _________________ 60-64___________________ 65-69___________________ 70-74___________________ 75 years and over__ ______ Not reported. _ _ _ _ _ 17.2 17.5 17.4 16.0 13. 5 13.9 12.5 13.4 13.7 11. 1 11.5 1 0 .0 9.0 11. 1 19. 2 19. 1 18.5 17. 1 16.3 16.5 15.4 13.7 13.7 10.3 11.4 10.9 9.9 9.6 12.2 1 0 .6 1 0 .2 18. 1 17.2 16.8 16.4 15.5 1 2 .6 1 1 .0 11.5 11. 1 1 0 .8 10.1 9.1 8.5 1 1 .8 1 0 .1 9.9 1 6 .4 14.9 14.1 13.9 13.8 1 0 .1 8.7 7.9 7.8 7.9 7.6 7.5 6 .8 7.6 6.9 7.2 Source: I960 C ensus o f P o p u la tio n , U n ited S tates S u m m a ry , PC(1)-1D, table 158,1940 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n , C haracteristics o f the P o p u la tio n , Vol. II, Pt. 1, U nited S tates S u m m a ry , table 7 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). The num ber of nonw hite m igrants leaving the South has accelerated in recent years, especially to the W est and N orth C entral regions. Substantial num bers are m igrating to the W est from Northern States. T able IB- 1 .— M ig ra n ts' R esiden ce, S a m e or N ew R egion , by R eg io n a n d C olor, A n n u a l A verages, U n ite d S ta tes, 1 9 5 9 -6 4 (3 -year m ovin g average,1 1 9 5 8 -6 5 ) Migrants Moved to different region Color and year Remain Total 2 ing in same region Remain Moved to dif Total ing in same ferent region region Percent distribution In thousands Non white; 1959-60-_1960-61-.1961-62.-1962-63-__ 1963-64.-White; 1959-60..1960-61.-1961-62--1962-63.-1963-64.-- 820 829 868 915 972 10,174 10, 343 10, 673 10, 956 11,473 621 608 625 640 681 7, 495 7,582 7,698 7, 939 8 , 336 198 243 276 291 2 , 680 2,761 2, 975 3,017 3, 137 221 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 76 73 72 70 70 74 73 72 72 73 1Figures given are averages of annual reports for three consecutive years; average represents middle year. N ote:—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, P o p u la tio n Characteristics, “Mobility of the Population of the United States, April 1958 to 1959,” Series P-20, No. 104, table 10; “. . . March 1959 to 1960,” Series P-20, No. 113, table 13; “. . . March 1960 to March 1961,” Series P-20, No. 118, table 13; “. . . April To North To North To West from Moved east: from Central from To to dif South ferent from N orth North region North 3 Cen and east South tral South and South North 3 West and West West 24 27 28 30 30 26 27 28 28 27 In thousands 45 54 58 61 17 18 68 20 11 198 180 177 188 183 189 209 202 214 255 8 43 45 47 56 56 337 350 411 410 389 6 6 8 11 12 309 287 321 308 317 39 38 31 43 48 369 399 386 391 403 4 8 21 26 26 453 497 598 618 610 54 53 59 60 70 824 841 879 888 981 2 April to April, 1958-59 and 1961-62; other years, March to March. 3 Includes Northeast and North Central. 1961 to April 1962,” Series P-20, No. 127, table 9; “. . . March 1962 to March 1963,” Series P-20, No. 134, table 14, “. . . March 1963 to March 1964,” Series P-20, No. 141, table 14, “. . . March 1964 to March 1965,” Series P-20, No. 150, table 14 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 73 N onw hite n et outm igration from the South totaled 3 m illion 1940-60, and another 235,000 in 1960-63. Since 1960, nonw hite out-m igrants from the N orth C entral exceeded in-m igrants, whereas m igration to the N ortheast and W est has accelerated. T able IB-2.— E stim a te d N et M ig r a tio n ,* by R eg io n a n d C olor: 1 9 4 0 -5 0 , 1 9 5 0 -6 0 , 1 9 6 0 -6 3 2 [In thousands] Net migrants Region 1940-50 Average net migrants per year 1950-60 1960-63 1940-50 1950-60 1960-63 Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white white United States___ Northeast _ . North Central. _ S o u th .__ W est.. . . -160 483 632 -1,597 323 1,522 -2 5 2,685 138 1,162 -1 6 152 - 3 -173 542 -206 237 138 48 -1 7 54 63 -9 5 -948 558 -679 -2 3 -957 56 52 -235 843 -160 -5 4 -146 -538 -1,457 332 3,519 159 1,138 32 318 33 3,181 269 46 387 -2 1 79 46 -6 8 -8 -319 5 -7 8 281 352 53 379 >Includes net migration from abroad. and Alaska excluded 1940-50, but included for all other comparisons. Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, P o p u la tio n E stim a tes “Estimates of the Components of Population Change by Color, for States: 1950 to 1960,” Series P-25, No. 247, tables 2, 3, and 4 (U.S. Bureau of the Census); and “Recent Patterns of Internal Migration,” S ta tistica l B u lletin , page 2, Vol. 46, April 1965 (Met ropolitan Life Insurance Company). 2 Hawaii N egroes born in the W est or the N orth east and N orth C entral regions are far m ore likely to rem ain there than those born in the South. T able IB-3.—R eg io n o f R esid en ce in 196 0 by R eg io n o f B ir th fo r the N egro a n d W h ite N a tiv e P o p u la tio n , U n ite d S ta te s, 1 96 0 Region of birth Region of residence Northeast Negro United States (number in thousands) _ Percent. _ Northeast___ . . . . North Central South West. North Central White 1, 607 38,172 100 92 2 5 1 100 88 4 5 4 Negro 1 West White Negro , 806 48, 430 14, 056 43, 240 381 15, 059 100 2 100 2 100 1 100 2 91 3 4 White South 100 2 82 5 11 Negro 100 8 11 77 4 7 85 7 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: C ensus o f P o p u la tio n : 1960, Su bject R ep o rts, State o f B irth , PC(2)-2A, tables 19, 20, 23, 24 {U.S. Bureau of the Census). 74 3 4 92 White 3 4 92 A bout one-half of the Negro residents in the 10 cities of the N orth and W est that led in Negro pop ulation in 1960 were not born there. Of this group, m ost were born in the South. T able IB-4 .— A re a o f B irth o f the N o n w h ite P o p u la tio n in the 10 N o rth e rn 1 a n d W estern C ities o f G reatest N egro C on cen tra tion , by C ity o f R esiden ce, U n ite d S ta tes, 1 96 0 City of residence Negro 2 New York. . _________ _______________ Chicago__________________________________ Philadelphia 5 ___ _ _ . _ ________________ Detroit____ ________ _________ ___ Washington____ _ __ . - ______________ Los Angeles_________ ____ ______ - Cleveland. St. Louis__ ____ __ Newark__ - . _ . _____ Cincinnati- Percent distribution 1960 population (in thousands) 1,085 813 529 482 412 335 251 214 137 109 Native non white 3 1,047 828 531 483 413 393 252 216 138 109 Total native non white 3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Born in State or region of 1960 residence 49 42 53 45 e44 39 45 52 46 52 Born in South 39 44 40 48 43 46 48 40 42 41 Born in remaining regions or other areas 4 12 14 8 8 13 16 8 9 11 7 1Washington, D.C. included. *Includes regions other than present region of residence and South, U.S. small proportion of Negro immigrants from other countries. outlying areas, born abroad or at sea, and not reported. This column is shown to illustrate the close conformance In these cities { County. between Negro and nonwhite population. 6 Proportion born in Washington, D.C. 3 Includes native born Negroes, Indians, Japanese, Chinese, and Filipinos. Source: C en su s o f P o p u la tio n : 1960, D etailed C haracteristics, PC(1) Series, for each State represented tables 96, 98 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 1 Includes 75 217-817 0 - 6 6 - 43 T he m odal age group am ong w hite and nonw hite m igrants betw een 1955-60 was 20-29 years in every region. T able IB-5 .— In terregio n a l M ig ra n ts 1 9 5 5 -6 0 , by A g e a n d C olor, a n d by R egion o f R esid en ce in 195 5 Percent of 1955 residents who moved to another region between 1955-60 Age Northeast North Central South West Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Total, 5 years and over___ 5-9 years.. . 10-19 years . . . 20-24 years 25-29 years. ... . . . 30-34 years . _ 35-44 years.. _ . . . . 45-54 years. . _ ... 55-64 years . . . 65 and o v e r ..___ _ . Median age in 1960: Population living in specified area in 1955 . . . . _ Interregional migrants leaving specified areas, 1955-60________________ Source: 76 3. 1 3.0 2 .8 7.6 5.4 4. 1 2 .6 1. 7 1.4 4.3 4.5 4.4 10.9 8 .2 5.6 3.9 2.4 2.4 2 .8 3.8 3.4 3.4 9.4 7.0 5. 1 3.3 2.2 1 .8 1. 7 5. 6 12.7 10.4 7.6 5.5 3.4 3.0 3. 2 32.3 36.6 31. 1 34.6 26. 6 27.8 26.3 27. 0 1 .6 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n : 1960, D etailed C haracteristics, U n ited S tates S u m m a ry , 5.7 6 .2 4. 1 3.5 3.4 11.7 9. 1 5.4 3.2 5.4 6.3 4. 9 1 .6 2.4 6.7 7.2 4.0 2 .1 1.3 1 .0 .9 4. 9 5.9 4.3 9.8 1 2 .8 7.2 4.7 2.4 1 .8 1.7 27.2 32.7 30.0 34.2 23.7 25.8 26.3 26.9 2 .0 1 .6 1 1 . 2 .8 2 .0 1 1 .8 1 2 .8 7.4 5.0 2.7 1.9 PC(1)-1D, table 238 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). and A bout y2 of the 1955-60 non w hite m ale m igrants 25 to 29 years old had som e high school education som e college training. % had T able IB- 6 .—E d u c a tio n a l A tta in m e n t o f M a le s, 2 5 - 2 9 ye a rs old, b y C olor, fo r the T otal P o p u la tio n , an d fo r 1 9 5 5 -6 0 In terre g io n a l M ig ra n ts, U n ite d S ta te s an d S o u th Nonwhite Educational attainment White Interregional migrants Population Population Interregional migrants United South United From the United South States States South States United From the States South Percent distribution Total, males 25-29 years__ No school___________ 8 th grade or less______ High school, 1-4 years. College, 1 year or more. 100 2 35 50 14 100 2 47 42 J 100 100 23 55 28 53 19 22 10 f 1 100 100 ‘ 23 49 27 17 53 29 1 100 100 45 44 13 45 42 536 197 } 11 Number (in thousands) Total, males 25-29 years__ No school___________ 8 th grade or less______ High school, 1-4 years. College, 1 year or more. 606 9 210 305 82 297 6 138 124 28 48 1 ) 26 10 30 4, 733 31 8 / { 801 16 2, 519 6 1, 382 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: C en su s o f P o p u la tio n : 1960, Su bject R eports, E du cation al A tta in m e n t, PC(2)-5B, table 2; C en su s o f P o p u la tio n : R ecen t M ig ra tio n , PC(2)-2D, table 8 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 1, 345 12 314 658 361 1 I 57 241 238 26 88 83 1960, Subject R ep o rts, L ifetim e an d 77 A m ong nonw hite as w ell as w hite, a larger proportion of the educated m igrate than those w ith lim ited schooling, so that betw een 1955-60, the South lost % of all nonw hite m en 25-29 years old who had som e college training, but only 6 percent w ith elem entary schooling. T able IB-7.—P ro p o rtio n Educational attainment 1 o f 2 5 - to 2 9 -Y e a r O ld M a le O u t-M ig ra n ts, 1 9 5 5 -6 0 , by E d u c a tio n a l A tta in m e n t a n d C olor a n d by R egion a n d the D iv isio n s o f the S o u th North east South North Central South Atlantic Total West East south West south central central Non White Non White Non W hite Non W hite Non W hite Non W hite Non W hite white white white white white white white Total _ . ___ . 6 Elementary, 8 years or 4 less_____ High school, 1-4 years __ 5 College, 1 year or more__ 14 9 4 7 16 8 11 10 6 8 8 13 7 18 19 6 20 15 10 20 17 22 13 8 5 13 9 19 33 12 21 14 35 16 25 14 23 21 21 33 6 21 12 20 29 9 5 10 10 15 12 15 17 1 Of 1955 population. Source: C en su s o f P o p u la tio n , 1960, Subject R ep o rts, L ifetim e an d R ecen t M igration , PC(2)-2D, table 8 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). Clerical and production jobs in industry— occupations w hich N egroes have sought— claim ed the largest proportion of nonw hite workers born outside of their region of residence in 1960. T able IB- 8 .—P ercen t o f the N a tiv e E xp erien ced C iv ilia n L ab o r F orce 1 B orn in A n o th er R egion , by O ccu p a tio n G ro u p,C olo r, a n d S ex, U n ite d S ta te s, 196 0 Male Occupation group Nonwhite Professional, technical, and kindred workers Farmers and farm managers ____ Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm Clerical and kindred workers _ .......................... Sales workers . ____ _ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers __ __ Operatives and kindred workers _ _ Private household workers. Service workers, except private household Farm laborers and foremen _ _ __ __ Laborers, except farm and mine 114 years old and over. Source: C ensus of P o p u la tio n , 78 1960, O ccupational C haracteristics, P C ( i) 7A , Female White 27 2 31 36 25 33 34 27 33 5 26 table 8 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 24 6 21 16 18 18 15 20 17 13 15 Nonwhite 24 2 28 32 30 41 43 22 30 4 30 White 20 11 23 17 17 17 13 19 19 11 14 N onw hites constituted 11 percent of the labor force from 1957-65, b u t accounted for about 20 percent of the unem ployed and about 25 percent of those unem ployed 6 m onths or more. T able IIA- 1 .— E m p lo y m e n t a n d Employment status Civilian labor force (thousands): Nonwhite _ _. _ White___________________ Nonwhite as a percent of total. _ Employed (thousands): Nonwhite____ White _ _ Index of employment (1957=100): Nonwhite __ White______ Unemployed (thousands): Nonwhite___ White____ ___ Nonwhite as a percent of total Unemployment rate: Nonwhite__ White___________________ Ratio of nonwhite to white. _ Long-term unemployed—Non white as a percent of total: Unemployed 15 weeks and over Unemployed 27 weeks and over. . _________ _ U n em p lo ym en t S ta tu s o f the C iv ilia n L ab o r F orce, by C olor, 1 9 5 7 -6 5 (a n n u a l averages) 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 7, 306 7, 455 7, 539 7, 844 7, 924 7, 976 8 , 119 8 , 292 60, 640 61, 194 61, 855 62, 767 63, 679 63, 878 64, 855 65, 940 11. 2 11. 1 11. 1 11. 1 10. 8 10. 9 10. 9 1 1 . 1 6 , 721 6 , 517 6 , 730 7, 040 6 , 936 7, 097 7, 234 7, 480 58, 290 57, 450 58, 851 59, 640 59, 860 60, 749 61, 574 62, 877 8 , 448 67, 187 11. 2 7, 747 64, 432 100. 0 100. 0 585 2, 351 19. 9 8. 0 3. 9 2. 05 . 24. 1 22 6 97. 0 98. 6 938 3, 744 20. 0 12. 6 6. 1 2. 07 . 23. 0 22 0 809 3, 004 21. 2 10. 7 4. 9 2 . 18 104. 7 102. 3 804 3, 127 20. 5 10. 2 5. 0 2. 04 103. 2 102. 7 988 3, 819 20. 6 12. 5 6. 0 2 . 08 105. 6 104. 2 879 3, 129 21. 9 11. 0 4. 9 2. 24 107. 6 105. 6 885 3, 281 21. 2 10. 9 5. 1 2. 14 111. 3 107. 9 812 3, 064 20. 9 9. 8 4. 6 2. 13 115. 3 110. 5 702 2, 754 20. 3 8. 3 4. 1 2. 02 24. 3 26. 2 24. 9 26. 0 22. 5 23. 6 25. 9 28. 4 26. 0 28. 2 22. 9 25. 3 22. 9 25. 4 100. 1 101. 0 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Data are from regular monthly Current Population Survey. Annual figures are averages of 12 monthly surveys. 79 In 1965 the total non w hite unem ploym ent rate was the low est since 1957, b u t rem ained about tw ice the w hite rate, as it has for over a decade. U nem ploym ent has dropped m ost sharply for nonw hite men 20 years and over, am ong whom the rate has been low er than for non w hite wom en since 1963. T able Year 1954_______ 1955_______ 1956_______ 1957________ 1958_______ 1959_______ 1960_______ 1961_______ 1962_______ 1963_______ 1964________ 1965_______ IIA-2.— U n em p lo ym en t R ates, by C olor, Sex, a n d A ge G rou p, 1 9 5 4 -6 5 (a n n u a l averages ) Males, 20 years and over Females, 20 years and over Total Both sexes, 14 to 19 years of age NonRatio NonRatio NonRatio Ratio Nonwhite W hite nonwhite white W hite nonwhite white W hite nonwhite white W hite nonwhite to white to white to white to white . . 7. 5 8.0 12. 6 10. 7 10. 2 12. 5 11. 0 10. 9 9. 8 8. 3 8 8 8 0 4. 5 3. 6 3. 3 3. 9 6. 1 4. 9 5. 0 6. 0 4. 9 5. 1 4. 6 4. 1 . 9. 0 . 7. 7 2. 3 6 . 7 2. 1 7. 6 12. 7 2. 1 2. 2 10. 5 2. 0 9. 6 2. 1 11. 7 2. 2 10. 0 2. 1 9. 2 2. 1 7. 7 2. 0 6. 0 2 0 2 2 3. 9 3. 0 2. 7 3. 2 5. 5 4. 1 4. 2 5. 1 4. 0 3. 9 3. 4 2. 9 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 80 2. 3 2. 6 2. 5 2. 4 2. 3 2. 6 2. 3 2. 3 2. 5 2. 4 2. 3 2. 1 7. 4 6. 8 6. 8 6. 4 9. 5 8. 3 8. 3 10. 6 9. 6 9. 4 9. 0 7. 4 4. 4 3. 4 3. 3 3. 8 5. 6 4. 7 4. 6 5. 7 4. 7 4. 8 4. 6 4. 0 1. 7 . . 1. 7 1. 7 1. 8 1. 8 1. 9 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 1. 9 2 0 2 1 13. 8 14. 2 15. 9 17. 8 25. 0 23. 5 22. 1 25. 4 23. 7 28. 4 26. 2 25. 3 10. 3 9. 2 8. 8 9. 9 13. 0 11. 9 12. 4 13. 8 12. 0 14. 0 13. 3 12. 2 1. 3 1. 5 1. 8 1. 8 1. 9 2. 0 1. 8 1. 8 2. 0 2. 0 2. 0 2. 1 T he increase in total em ploym ent from 1954-65 was evenly sp lit betw een m en and wom en, in both w hite and nonw hite groups. Am ong teenagers, the increase in em ploym ent w ent alm ost entirely to whites. W hite and nonw hite adult m ales were the only groups w hich decreased in the num ber of unem ployed. T able IIA-3.— E m p lo y e d a n d U n em p lo yed P erso n s, by C olor, S ex, a n d A ge G rou p, 1 9 5 4 -6 5 (a n n u a l averages) [In thousands] Males, 20 years and over Total Year Non white 1954_________________ 1955_________________ 1956_________________ 1957_________________ 1958_________________ 1959_________________ 1960_________________ 1961_________________ 1962_________________ 1963_________________ 1964_________________ 1965_________________ Unemployed Employed , 335 , 495 , 706 , 711 , 517 , 730 7, 040 6 , 936 7, 097 7, 234 7, 480 7, 747 6 6 6 6 6 6 White Non white 54, 903 56, 698 58, 274 58, 298 57, 450 58, 851 59, 640 59, 860 60, 749 61, 574 62, 877 64, 432 615 561 547 585 938 809 804 988 879 885 812 702 White 2, 615 , 2, 003 2, 350 3, 744 3, 004 3, 127 3, 819 3, 129 3, 281 3, 064 2, 754 2 101 2, 270 2, 313 2 , 387 2, 444 2, 454 2, 527 2 , 618 2 , 610 2 , 686 2, 757 2, 855 2, 979 14, 855 15, 787 16, 481 16, 607 16, 589 16, 998 17, 487 17, 687 18, 006 18, 499 19, 048 19, 652 182 168 175 167 259 228 237 308 284 285 283 239 Nonwhite 3, 548 3, 657 3, 775 3, 753 3, 604 3, 734 3, 880 3, 809 3, 897 3, 979 4, 088 4, 190 White 36, 279 36, 990 37, 573 37, 484 36, 808 37, 533 37, 663 37, 533 37, 918 38, 272 38, 798 39, 232 Unemployed Nonwhite White 350 306 269 307 526 437 413 504 435 402 339 267 1, 491 1, 154 1, 042 1,234 2, 156 1, 585 1, 647 2, 014 1, 581 1, 569 1,379 1, 169 Both sexes, 14 to 19 years of age Females, 20 years and over 1954_________________ 1955_________________ 1956_________________ 1957_________________ 1958_________________ 1959_________________ 1960_________________ 1961_________________ 1962_________________ 1963._ ______________ 1964_________________ 1965_________________ Employed 691 559 554 654 983 836 843 1 , 060 891 931 912 817 517 524 544 514 459 469 543 517 514 498 537 578 3, 769 3, 921 4, 221 4, 207 4, 052 4, 321 4, 491 4, 641 4, 824 4, 803 5, 030 5, 549 83 87 103 111 153 144 154 176 180 198 191 196 433 388 407 463 605 584 638 745 657 781 773 769 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 81 T he greatest drop in unem ploym ent rates (1957-65) was for nonw hite m en in the prim e working years (20-44), b u t the greatest increase was for nonw hite wom en in the sam e age group. Y et the nonw hite/w hite gap in unem ploym ent rates was over 2 for m ature m en in 1965 and under 2 for m ature wom en. T a b l e I I A -4 . — U n em p lo ym en t R ates, by C olor, S ex, a n d A ge D e ta il, 1 95 7 a n d 1 96 5 (a n n u a l averages ) Age and sex Total, 14 years and over___ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 14 to 19 years, both sexes___________ _ _ 2 0 years and over: Men__ __ _ ____ ----Women _ __ — _ ------Men, 14 years and over____ _ __ --------14 to 19 years. -----------------20 to 24 years. _ _____ .............................. 25 to 34 years.. _ -----35 to 44 y e a rs._______ 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years. _ __ ______ ----65 years and ov er_____ ____ — Women, 14 years and over._ _ _ __ _ __ 14 to 19 years. _ __ ___ 20 to 24 years.. _ . . _ _ 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years.. _ _ _. 45 to 54 years.. _ _ 55 to 64 years. 65 years and over. __ __ __ Non white 1957 8. 0 17. 8 7. 5 6. 3 8. 4 17. 5 12. 7 8. 5 6. 4 6. 2 5. 5 5. 9 7. 4 18. 9 12. 2 8. 1 4. 7 4. 2 4. 0 4. 3 White 1965 8. 3 25. 3 6.0 7. 4 7. 6 22. 6 9. 3 6. 2 5. 1 5. 1 5. 4 5. 2 9. 3 29. 8 13. 7 8. 4 7. 6 4. 4 3. 9 3. 1 1957 3. 9 9. 9 3. 2 3. 8 3. 7 10. 5 7. 1 2. 7 2. 5 3. 0 3. 4 3. 2 4. 3 9. 1 5. 1 4. 7 3. 7 3. 0 3. 0 3. 5 Ratio of nonwhite to white 1965 1957 4. 1 . 2. 9 4. 0 3. 6 11. 8 5. 9 2. 6 2. 3 2. 3 3. 1 3. 4 5. 0 12. 6 6. 3 4. 8 4. 1 3. 0 2. 7 2. 7 12 2 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 82 2. 05 1 . 82 2. 34 1. 66 2. 27 1. 67 1. 79 3. 15 2. 56 2. 07 1 . 62 1. 84 1. 72 2 . 08 2. 39 1. 72 1. 27 1. 40 1. 33 1. 23 1965 . 2. 07 2. 14 1. 85 2 . 11 1. 92 1. 58 2. 38 2. 22 2. 22 1. 74 1. 53 1. 8 6 2. 37 2. 17 1. 75 1. 85 1. 47 1. 44 1. 15 2 02 E xcept for teenagers, unem ploym ent rates for non w hite m en and wom en were lower in 1965 than at any tim e in the 1960’s. T he jobless rate am ong nonw hite teenagers, 16-19, how ever, has not been below 20 for boys, nor below 25 for girls since 1958. T able Color and sex IIA-5.— U n em p lo ym en t R ates, Total, 14 years and over by C olor, S ex, a n d A g e D etail, 1 9 ^ 8 -6 5 (a n n u a l averages) 65 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 years years years years years years and over 14 and 16 and 18 and 17 19 15 14 to 19 years Total NONWHITE MALE 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953 1_______ 1954________ 1955________ 1956 2_______ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 1_______ 1961________ 1962 i_______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 5. 1 8.9 4.4 4.5 4.4 9.2 8 .2 7.3 8.4 13.7 11.5 10.7 12.9 8 .8 1 1 .0 1 0 .6 9.1 7.6 2 2 .6 3.2 6.1 9.7 6.1 5.5 5.1 5. 1 12.7 11.7 14. 1 13.0 12.7 13.3 14.3 15. 2 16.9 19. 1 20.3 15. 1 12.9 7.9 7.2 7.6 13.4 14. 1 15.0 16.3 27. 1 22.3 22.7 31.0 21.9 27. 0 25.9 27. 1 2 0 .2 14.9 12.4 6 .0 6.7 7.1 14.9 1 1 .2 10.9 12.7 19.5 16.3 13. 1 15.3 14.6 15.5 1 2 .6 9.3 10.4 14.3 14.0 1 0 .2 10.4 7. 5 17. 1 16. 2 19.6 18.9 26. 2 24. 9 22. 7 26.6 28. 2 33. 1 30.6 29.8 5.9 7.3 13. 0 4.4 4.3 2.4 1 0 .6 5. 9 13. 6 12. 5 13. 2 11. 9 10.6 13.6 17. 9 23.4 23.6 19.0 10.5 18.8 16.2 11.7 7.9 7.0 17.6 15. 4 20.7 18.3 25. 4 25.8 25.7 31. 1 27.8 40. 1 36.5 37.8 . 15.0 13. 1 14. 1 14. 9 8.9 2 0 .8 19.7 21.0 21.3 30.0 29.9 24. 5 28. 2 31.2 31.9 29. 2 27.8 8.9 11. 5 12.0 8.0 9. 2 4. 9 11.7 11.4 13. 2 12.2 18. 9 14. 9 15.3 19. 5 18. 2 18.7 18.3 13.7 7.6 13.9 13.2 7.9 7.7 7.1 11.7 13.2 13.6 17.5 24.3 2 2 .8 2 2 .0 24.7 20.7 25.4 23.3 8 .6 9.9 16. 6 16.3 9.0 9.3 7.5 13.5 1 1 .8 13.8 2 0 .0 26.7 27. 2 25. 1 23.9 2 1 .8 27.4 23. 1 1 0 .6 4.2 7.8 9.4 4.8 4.6 3.7 9.2 8 .0 6.9 8.5 14.7 12.3 10.7 12.9 10.5 9.5 7.7 4.5 7.4 7.3 3.2 3.8 3. 1 7. 1 7.4 6 .0 6.4 11.4 8.9 8 .2 10.7 6 .2 . 7.6 8.4 6.5 5.4 4. 2 9. 6 9. 1 7. 9 8.1 11. 1 9. 7 9. 1 11. 1 11.5 11.7 11.2 8.4 5.1 3.1 7. 1 7.0 3.4 3.6 4.3 8 .2 5.8 5.0 6 .2 10.3 7.9 8.5 10.2 8.3 7. 1 5.9 5. 1 3.3 6.5 7.4 3.9 3.2 3.2 6.9 8.3 7.4 5.5 10. 1 8.7 9.5 10.5 9.6 7.4 8.1 5.4 3.3 5. 5 6.1 4.7 3.3 2 .8 6.3 4. 9 5.9 4.7 9.2 7.6 8 .6 10. 7 8.9 8 .2 7.8 7.6 2.4 3.4 5.4 2.4 2 .8 1.7 5.0 4. 6 4.8 4. 2 4. 9 6.1 5.7 7.4 7. 1 6.1 6.1 4.4 2.4 4.8 4.3 2 .8 1. 9 1. 5 4.0 4.7 4.5 4. 0 6 .2 5. 0 4. 3 6.3 3.6 4.8 3.8 3.9 8 .6 8 .0 6 .2 4.0 6 .2 7.0 4.7 4. 1 2 .6 6.9 6 .6 4.3 5.9 9.0 8.4 6.3 9.4 11.9 10. 1 8.3 5.2 NONWHITE FEMALE 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953 1_______ 1954________ 1955________ 1956 2_______ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 1_______ 1961________ 1962 i_______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 5.2 7.2 7.8 5.4 4. 8 3.7 8 .2 7.5 8 .0 7.4 1 0 .8 9. 5 9. 5 11.9 11. 1 11.3 1 0 .8 9.3 See footnotes a t end of tal)le. 12 6 6 1 1 .6 1 6 . 4.3 1 .6 1.5 1 .6 5. 1 3.4 2.7 4.3 5. 6 2.3 4. 1 6.5 3.7 3.6 2 .2 3. 1 83 T able Color and sex 11A-5.— U n em p lo ym en t R ates, Total, 14 years and over by C olor, S ex, a n d A g e D eta il, 1 9 4 8 -6 5 ( a n n u a l averages )—Continued 65 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 years years years years years years and over 14 and 16 and 18 and 17 19 15 14 to 19 years Total WHITE MALE 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953 1_______ 1954________ 1955________ 1956 2_______ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 1_______ 1961________ 1962 1_______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 3. 1 5. 2 4. 5 2. 4 2. 2 2. 2 4. 4 3. 4 3. 1 3. 7 6. 1 4. 6 4. 8 5. 7 4. 6 4. 7 4. 2 3. 6 8. 3 11. 7 10. 5 6. 8 7. 6 6. 3 11. 0 9. 6 8. 9 10. 5 14. 0 12. 5 12. 9 14. 1 12. 3 14. 2 13. 4 11. 8 5. 4 4. 6 5. 5 4. 2 5. 1 4. 0 4, 4 4. 9 5. 8 6. 8 7. 9 7. 2 8. 1 8. 0 7. 6 7. 9 7. 7 7. 1 9. 4 12. 9 12. 8 8. 9 10. 3 7. 9 13. 5 11. 8 10. 5 11. 9 14. 9 15. 0 14. 6 16. 5 15. 1 17. 8 16. 1 14. 7 8.5 13. 6 11. 0 6. 2 6. 5 5. 8 11. 9 9. 7 9. 2 11. 2 16. 5 13. 0 13. 5 15. 1 12. 7 14. 2 13. 4 11. 4 5. 8 9. 3 7. 3 3. 2 3. 7 3. 7 9. 0 6. 3 5. 6 7. 1 11. 7 7. 5 8. 3 10. 0 8.0 7. 8 7. 4 5. 9 2. 4 4. 5 3. 7 1. 8 1. 6 1. 6 3. 8 2. 5 2. 5 2. 7 5. 6 3. 8 4. 1 4. 9 3. 8 3. 9 3. 0 2. 6 1. 9 3. 6 3. 0 1. 6 1. 5 1. 5 3. 2 2. 4 2. 0 2. 5 4. 4 3. 2 3. 3 4. 0 3. 1 2. 9 2. 5 2. 3 3. 4 5. 2 4. 9 3. 7 2. 9 2. 6 4. 9 3. 9 3. 8 4. 3 6. 2 5. 3 5. 3 6. 5 5. 5 5. 8 5. 5 5. 0 6.9 10. 7 9. 8 7. 1 6. 6 5. 4 9. 3 8. 2 8. 6 9. 1 11. 6 10. 6 11. 9 13. 5 11. 5 13. 6 13. 2 12. 6 7. 1 7. 4 7. 5 6. 6 6. 1 3. 1 6. 3 6. 7 7. 1 6. 8 5. 8 5. 2 6. 3 6. 6 5. 6 5. 9 4. 1 4. 4 8. 7 13. 0 12. 9 9. 1 8. 4 7. 1 11. 1 10. 6 11. 0 11. 9 15. 6 13. 3 14. 5 17. 0 15. 6 18. 1 17. 1 15. 0 5. . .7 . 5. 4 4. 7 9. 0 7. 0 7. 5 7. 9 11. 0 11. 1 11. 5 13. 6 11. 3 13. 2 13. 2 13. 4 3. 6 6. 0 5. 6 3. 4 3. 2 3. 3 5. 9 4. 5 4. 5 5. 1 7. 4 6. 7 7. 2 8. 4 7. 7 7. 4 7. 1 6. 3 3. 2 4. 9 4. 7 3. 7 2. 8 2. 3 5. 0 3. 8 3. 5 4. 7 6. 6 5. 0 5. 7 6. 6 5. 4 5. 8 5. 2 4. 8 2. 3 4. 0 3. 7 3. 0 2. 4 1. 8 4. 3 3. 4 3. 0 3. 7 5. 6 4. 7 4. 2 5. 6 4. 5 4. 6 4. 5 4. 1 . 3. 7 3. 5 2. 0 1. 7 1. 7 3. 4 2. 8 2. 5 3. 0 4. 8 3. 7 3. 6 4. 4 3. 5 3. 3 2. 9 2. 3 2 2 .7 4. 8 4. 5 2. 4 2. 1 2. 2 3. 8 3. 7 2. 9 3. 4 5. 2 4. 2 4. 1 5. 3 4. 1 4. 0 3. 5 3. 1 2. 9 4. 7 4. 4 3. 2 2. 5 2. 1 3. 8 3. 5 3. 1 3. 2 5. 0 4. 5 4. 0 5. 2 4. 1 4. 1 3. 6 3. 4 . 3. 3. 9 3. 5 2. 1 1. 8 3. 9 3. 2 3. 1 3. 0 4. 3 4. 0 3. 3 4. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 5 2. 7 2. 0 3. 9 2. 9 2. 7 1. 9 1. 2 2. 3 1. 8 1. 9 3. 5 3. 5 3. 4 2. 8 3. 7 4. 0 3. 0 3. 4 2. 7 2 WHITE FEMALE 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953 1_______ 1954________ 1955________ 1956 2 _______ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 1_______ 1961________ 1962 2 _______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 8 10 1 8 6 0 2. 5 3. 5 4. 1 3. 2 2. 0 1. 7 3. 9 2. 9 2. 9 3. 0 4. 9 4. 0 4. 0 4. 8 3. 7 3. 9 3. 6 3. 0 2 8 8 1 Not strictly comparable with prior years due to introduction of data from decennial censuses and the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Data through 1956 have not been adjusted to reflect changes in the definitions of employment and unemployment adopted in January 1957. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 84 The proportion of nonw hite workers am ong the long-term unem ployed (nearly one in four) has changed little since 1957, after a slight decline in 1964. T able IIA- 6 .— L on g -term Color and sex 1957 U n em p lo yed , by C olor a n d S ex, 1 9 5 7 -6 5 (a n n u a l averages) 1958 1959 1 1960 1961 1 1962 1963 1964 1965 Unemployed 15 weeks and over Total: Number (In thousands)____ Percent __ Nonwhite Male _ __ Female _ _ ____ ____ White ______ Male __ Female 560 . 22. 6 15. 8 6. 8 77. 4 53. 0 24. 4 100 0 1, 452 100. 0 22. 0 16. 0 6. 0 78. 0 56. 7 21. 3 1, 040 100. 0 24. 3 17. 9 6. 4 75. 7 53. 4 22. 4 956 . 24. 9 17. 1 7. 8 75. 1 52. 4 22. 7 100 0 1, 532 100. 0 22. 5 15. 3 7. 2 77. 5 53. 9 23. 6 1, 119 100. 0 25. 9 16. 7 9. 2 74. 1 50. 7 23. 4 , 088 . 26. 0 16. 4 9. 7 74. 0 49. 4 24. 6 1 100 0 973 . 22. 9 13. 3 9. 7 77. 1 49. 2 27. 9 100 0 755 . 22. 9 13. 0 9. 9 77. 0 47. 9 29. 2 100 0 Unemployed 27 weeks and over Total: Number (In thousands) Percent Nonwhite Male _. -_ Female __ White Male ___ Female __ _ 239 . 24. 1 16. 6 7. 5 75. 9 53. 9 22. 0 100 0 667 . 23. 0 17. 3 5. 7 77. 0 56. 3 20. 7 100 0 571 . 26. 2 20. 3 5. 9 73. 8 52. 6 21. 2 100 0 454 . 26. 0 18. 9 7. 2 74. 0 53. 1 20. 9 100 0 804 . 23. 6 17. 1 6. 5 76. 4 53. 7 22. 7 100 0 585 . 28. 4 19. 3 9. 1 71. 6 50. 4 21. 2 100 0 553 . 28. 2 18. 4 9. 8 71. 8 50. 8 21. 0 100 0 482 . 25. 3 14. 7 10. 6 74. 7 50. 2 24. 5 100 0 351 . 25. 4 15. 4 10. 0 74. 6 49. 6 25. 1 100 0 1 Not strictly comparable with prior years due to introduction of data from the 1960 decennial census and the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 85 The percent of non w hite m en am ong all unem ployed m en declined slightly, 1957-65, reflecting a sharp drop in the unem ploym ent rate for the age groups 20-44; nonw hite wom en as a percent of all unem ployed wom en increased for virtually all age groups. T a b l e I I A -7 . — U n em p lo ye d P erso n s, by C olor, Sex, a n d A ge D eta il, 1 95 7 a n d 196 5 (a n n u a l averages ) [In thousands] Age and sex 1965 1957 Total, 14 years and over---------14 to 19 years, both sexes___ 2 0 years and over: Men_ _ ------- --------- Women____ __ ____ Men, 14 years and o v e r---- -------- _ __ 14 to 19 years. _ . . . . .. .. 20 to 24 years. . . 25 to 34 years. _ ------ -------._ 35 to 44 years. _ _ — __ .... 45 to 54 years. __ . . ___ 55 to 64 years__ 65 years and over__ Women, 14 years and over.. .. ___ 14 to 19 years.____ _ 20 to 24 years__ 25 to 34 years. __ __ 35 to 44 years. _ 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 years. _ _ 65 years and over_______ ______ ______ White Non white 585 112 306 165 374 67 60 92 65 52 27 10 211 44 38 56 34 23 11 3 702 196 267 239 377 111 57 67 56 47 31 9 324 85 62 64 64 30 15 3 Nonwhite as a percent of total 1957 1965 2, 350 462 1, 236 657 1, 519 284 223 257 239 250 193 74 832 178 109 168 161 123 70 26 2, 754 769 1, 169 817 1, 603 434 254 226 228 206 190 67 1, 152 335 183 173 199 152 86 24 1957 1 Percent not shown where base is less than 50,000. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 86 19. 9 19. 5 19. 8 20. 1 19. 8 19. 1 21. 2 26. 4 21. 4 17. 2 12. 3 11. 9 20. 2 19. 8 25. 9 25. 0 17. 4 15. 8 13. 6 0) 1965 0 ) 20. 3 20. 3 18. 6 22. 6 19. 0 20. 4 18. 3 22. 9 19. 7 18. 6 14. 0 11. 8 22. 0 20. 2 25. 3 27. 0 24. 3 16. 5 14. 9 A t 4.3 percent, the average unem ploym ent rate in 1965 for adult nonw hite married m en was the low est for any group am ong nonw hite m en or wom en. A lthough it was tw ice the rate for w hite married m en, it was m uch lower than the rate for other groups of w hite m ales— the single or the widowed, separated, or divorced. T able II A -8 .— U n em p lo ye d P erso n s a n d U n em p lo ym en t R ates, by S ex , C olor, A g e ,a n d M a r ita l S ta tu s, 1 96 5 {a n n u a l averages) Unemployed persons Sex, age, and marital status (In tho usands) Nonwhite Men, 14 years and over __ _______ Single.. _ . --------Married, wife present__ ___ __ Other marital status 1 . Men, 20 years and over. _ Single _________ Married, wife present. _ _ _ _ _ Other marital status 1 _. _ ______ Women, 14 years and over _ _ Single ----------- — ----Married, husband present _ Other marital status 1 _________________ Women, 20 years and over.. ___ Single.. — - _ __ Married, husband present______ __ Other marital status 1 __ 377 185 141 51 267 78 138 51 323 113 123 87 240 41 113 86 White 1,603 724 742 137 1 , 168 303 729 136 1,152 409 541 202 815 121 501 193 Unemployment rates Nonwhite as a Nonwhite percent of total 19.0 20.4 16. 0 27. 1 18.6 20. 5 15.9 27.3 21. 9 2 1 .6 18. 5 30. 1 22.7 25.3 18.4 30.8 White 7. 6 16. 5 4.4 8.7 6 .0 11.9 4.3 8.7 9.2 16.0 7.3 7.9 7.5 8.9 6 .8 7.9 3.6 9.2 2 .2 6.7 2.9 6.9 2.1 6.7 5.0 7.2 4. 1 4.7 4.0 3.6 3.9 4.5 Ratio of nonwhite to white 2 .1 1 1.79 . 1.30 2.07 1.72 2. 05 1.30 1.84 2 . 22 1.78 2 00 1 .6 8 1 .8 8 2. 47 1.74 1.76 1 Includes widowed, divorced, or separated. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 87 B y occupation, the ratio of nonw hite to w hite unem ploym ent narrowed appreciably over the 1955-65 period am ong all w hite-collar groups except sales workers, and for m ost other groups also, except those in dom estic, laborer, and farm jobs. T able IIA-9.— U n em p lo ym en t R ates, by O ccu pa tio n o f L a st J o b a n d C olor, 1 95 5 a n d 1 96 5 (a n n u a l averages ) Non white Occupation 1955 1 Total 2 _ — _ White-collar workers Professional and technical. Managers, officials, and proprietors _ _ Clerical workers. . Sales workers . . . . ... Blue-collar workers. _ . . — . . Craftsmen and foremen ... Operatives. ____ _ Nonfarm laborers._ ____ _ _ _ ____ Service workers _ .... . _ Private household workers Other service workers. _ Farm workers Farmers and farm managers. __ Farm laborers and foremen__ 1965 7. 9 5. 1 2.6 3.3 8.1 3. 6 9.7 8.3 4. 1 2.6 1. 9 5.4 7. 0 7. 9 6 .0 7.4 9.7 7. 1 5.9 7.8 6.5 .7 7.5 8 .8 8 .2 1 2 .0 7.2 5. 6 8.7 4. 4 .6 6.3 >Except for total, figures are based on an average of January, April, July, and October; data have not been adjusted to 1957 definitions of employment and unemployment. White 1955 1 Ratio of nonwhite to white 1965 3. 6 1.7 1 .0 .9 2.4 2. 5 5. 5 3. 9 5. 5 9.8 4.8 3.0 5. 2 1. 4 .4 3.0 4. 1 2.2 1.4 1. 1 3. 1 3.2 4. 9 3.4 5.2 7.9 4. 5 2 .8 4. 8 1. 9 .4 4. 0 1955 2 .2 3.0 2 .6 3.7 3.4 1.4 1 .8 2.3 1. 5 1 .2 1. 5 1. 9 1.7 3. 1 1. 5 2.1 1965 . 1. 9 1.9 1.7 1.7 2.2 1.6 1 .8 1.4 1.2 1 .6 2.1 1 .6 3. 4 1 .8 1. 9 2 0 2 Includes persons with no previous work experience, not shown separately, Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. Experienced non w hite workers had low er unem ploym ent rates in 1965 than in 1955 in every industry group except agriculture, whereas the trend varied by industry am ong w hite workers. T he ratio of non w hite to w hite unem ploym ent declined in every industry group over this period. T able IIA-10. — Unem ploym ent Rates, by In du stry of Last Job and Color, 1955 and 1965 (annual averages) Industry group Nonwhite 1955 1 Total 2 __ Experienced unemployed__ Agriculture____ _ . Nonagricultural industries. _ . . . . Mining, forestry, fisheries__ _ _ Construction. _ _ Manufacturing Durable goods___ Nondurable goods__ Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade . Service and finance__ Public administration. _ 7.9 7.5 4.8 8 .0 7.7 16.0 7.8 7.2 8 .6 8 .2 9. 1 5.5 6 .6 1 Data have not been adjusted to 1957 definitions of employment and unemployment. 2 Includes those with no previous work experience, not shown separately. 88 Ratio of nonwhite to white White 1965 8.3 6 .8 6.3 6 .8 2.5 14. 6 6 .6 5.9 8 .0 4.4 8.7 5.7 3.8 1955 1 3.6 3.2 1.4 3.5 7.7 7.4 3.8 3.6 4.0 3. 1 3. 1 2.3 1.4 1965 4. 1 3.4 2.1 3.5 5.3 7.3 3.6 3.2 4.2 2.5 3.8 2.7 1 .6 1955 2 .2 2.3 3.4 2.3 1 .0 2 .2 2 1 2 0 2 2 2 .6 . . . 2.9 2.9 3.9 1965 . 3.0 1.9 0.5 2 0 2 .0 2 .0 1 .8 1 .8 1.9 1 .8 2.3 2.1 2. 4 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. The occupational and industrial pattern of un em ploym ent was sim ilar am ong w hite and non w hite experienced workers in 1965. W ithin in dustries, the largest percentage of the unem ployed were in the services. A m ong occupations, jobless production workers were the largest group. T a b l e IIA-11.—P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f U n em p lo ye d P e r son s, by I n d u stry , O ccu pation , a n d Color, 1 96 5 (a n n u a l averages ) Industry Total (in thousands)__ __. Percent _ Experienced wage and salary workers . _ Agriculture Nonagricultural industries Mining, forestry, fisheries ___ Construction Manufacturing Durable goods . . Nondurable goods Transportation and public utilities Wholesale and retail trade, . Finance, insurance, and real estate Nonwhite White 702 2, 754 . 100. 0 78. 5 79. 8 2. 7 6. 0 72. 5 77. 1 .1 1. 2 11. 2 10. 1 16. 4 24. 2 12. 0 8. 0 12. 2 8. 4 3. 8 2. 8 15. 1 17. 6 2. 3 1. 1 100 0 Industry Total—Continued Experienced etc.—Continued Nonagricultural industries—Con. Service industries __ Public administration Self-employed and unpaid family workers _ _ ______ ____ No previous work experience__ White-collar workers ____ _ _ _ Professional and technical _ Managers, officials, and pro prietors . . . ____ Clerical workers __ Sales workers Blue-collar workers_________ ____ Craftsmen and foremen Operatives __ _ Nonfarm laborers _ _ _ Service workers____ _ __ __ Private household workers Other service workers. __ Farm w orkers.__ ________ _ Farmers and farm managers. Farm laborers and foremen . _ No previous work experience Nonwhite White 25. 1 2. 1 1. 9 19. 7 9. 3 2.0 .6 5. 1 1. 6 38. 5 4. 7 18. 7 15. 1 26. 6 8. 8 17. 8 5. 8 .1 5. 7 19. 8 14. 6 2. 1 2. 9 17. 2 25. 0 4. 3 2. 9 12. 3 5. 5 43. 5 11. 3 23. 3 8. 9 11. 7 1. 3 10. 4 2. 6 .3 2. 3 17. 1 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 89 In 1954-65, em ploym ent of w hite m en in prim e working years (20-54) dropped in the 25-34-yearold group (by 727,000), whereas em ploym ent am ong nonw hite m ales in all prim e age groups increased. Sharpest em ploym ent increases in the period were am ong w hite teenagers and m ature w om en (w hite and nonw hite) 45 to 54 years old. T able Color and sex IIA-12 .— E m p lo y ed Total, 14 years Total and over MALE 1947________ 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953 2 _______ 1954________ 1955 19563_______ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ I9602_______ 1961________ 1962 2_______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ P erso n s, by C olor, S ex, a n d A ge D eta il, 1 9 4 7 - 6 5 1 (a n n u a l averages) lln thousands] 14 to 19 years 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 years 14 and 16 and 18 and years years years years years and over 17 19 15 41, 677 42, 428 41,660 42, 287 42, 490 42, 391 43, 125 42, 377 43,290 44,148 43, 990 43, 042 44, 089 44, 485 44, 318 44, 892 45, 330 46, 139 47, 034 2, 795 2,911 2 , 687 2, 787 2, 753 2, 674 2 , 686 2, 550 2, 642 2 , 802 2, 750 2, 631 2 , 821 2, 941 2, 976 3, 077 3, 079 3, 253 3, 612 559 543 549 585 584 555 537 547 532 621 633 619 623 581 662 715 673 665 694 16, 349 16, 950 17, 049 17,670 18, 515 18, 902 19, 088 18, 861 19, 904 20, 831 2 1 , 021 20, 924 21, 492 22, 196 22, 478 22,954 23,479 24,218 25, 145 1,921 1, 930 1,826 1,777 1, 863 1,857 1, 829 1,736 1,803 1, 962 1,970 1 , 881 1,968 2 , 091 2 , 181 2 , 262 2,223 2, 316 2, 515 215 231 225 245 240 230 230 234 241 288 307 311 328 322 388 429 374 387 397 999 , 006 916 914 985 991 981 885 941 1 , 016 987 948 1, 015 1, 089 989 990 1, 073 1, 242 1, 284 1,237 1, 362 1, 2 22 1,288 1, 184 1 , 128 1 , 168 1 , 118 1, 169 1, 165 1, 130 1, 064 1, 183 1, 271 1, 325 1,372 1, 333 1, 345 1,634 587 611 560 531 601 647 607 548 570 647 626 571 655 680 632 617 678 771 790 1, 119 1 , 088 1, 041 1, 001 1, 0 22 980 992 954 992 1, 027 1, 037 999 985 1,089 1 , 161 1 , 216 1, 171 1, 158 1, 328 1 4, 262 4, 380 4, 222 4, 274 3, 797 3,204 2,922 2, 752 2,997 3, 266 3, 343 3,293 3, 597 3, 754 3, 798 3, 898 4, 118 4,370 4, 583 9,881 , 068 9, 918 10, 092 1 0 , 166 10, 390 10, 535 10, 303 10,476 10, 371 10, 222 9, 790 9, 863 9, 759 9, 591 9, 475 9, 431 9, 531 9, 611 9, 266 9, 393 9, 343 9,467 9, 631 9,778 10, 258 10,123 10, 295 10, 414 10,427 10,291 10,492 10, 551 10,505 10, 711 1 0 , 801 10, 832 10, 837 7, 659 7,761 7,691 7, 804 8 , 033 8 , 172 8,403 8 , 366 8 , 576 8,755 8 , 851 8,828 9, 048 9, 182 9, 194 9, 333 9, 479 9, 637 9, 792 5, 499 5, 604 5,465 5, 521 5,724 5, 822 5, 830 5, 861 5, 872 6 ,0 2 0 6 ,002 5, 954 6 , 058 6 , 106 6 , 156 6 , 260 6 , 385 6,477 6 , 542 2, 316 2, 312 2, 335 2, 341 2, 387 2, 351 2, 492 2, 422 2,430 2, 519 2, 394 2, 254 2 , 210 2, 191 2, 098 2, 137 2, 039 2, 039 2, 057 , 606 2, 604 2,481 2, 507 2, 557 2,405 2, 340 2 , 266 2, 314 2, 318 2, 295 2, 277 2, 273 2, 366 2, 433 2, 548 2,697 2,934 3, 119 3, 628 3,787 3, 785 3, 876 4, 117 4, 185 4, 043 3,970 4, 053 4, 095 4, 031 3,885 3, 846 3, 871 3,838 3,836 3, 8 8 8 3,918 4, 093 3, 594 3, 706 3, 821 3, 993 4, 159 4, 327 4, 570 4, 494 4, 633 4, 858 4, 921 4,866 4, 961 5, 046 5, 047 5, 190 5,313 5, 335 5,457 2 , 673 2,898 2,990 3, 185 3, 426 3, 561 3,613 3, 667 4, 024 4, 266 4,469 4, 620 4, 867 5, 055 5, 124 5, 158 5, 272 5,457 5, 528 1, 490 1, 522 1 , 612 1, 766 1, 856 1, 990 2, 009 2, 079 2, 312 2, 527 2, 550 2, 604 2,764 2,884 2,964 3,086 3,211 3, 326 3, 486 438 503 536 566 537 579 684 649 765 805 784 791 812 882 889 875 877 934 948 336 372 401 413 397 445 977 998 1, 015 996 929 951 916 923 942 947 905 932 723 765 786 784 767 787 421 429 448 460 454 470 174 171 177 160 151 150 10 FEMALE 1947________ 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953 2 _______ 1954________ 1955________ 1956 3 _______ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 2 _______ 1961________ 1962 2 _______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 2 NONWHITE MALE 1954________ 3, 8 8 6 1955________ 4,001 1956 3 _______ 4, 112 1957________ 4, 080 1958________ 3,891 1959________ 4, 041 See footnotes it end of ta ble. 90 338 342 343 321 289 307 75 69 68 67 60 69 110 116 119 113 97 101 153 157 156 140 132 137 T able IIA-12.— Employed Persons, by Color, Sex, and Age Detail, 1947-651 (annual averages)—Continued [In thousands] Color and sex NONWHITE MALE--Con. 1960 2_______ 1961________ 1962 2 _______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ Total, 14 years Total and over 14 to 19 years 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 65 years 14 and 16 and 18 and years years years years years and over 17 19 15 4, 220 4, 133 4, 220 4, 293 4, 429 4, 568 340 324 323 314 341 378 72 60 64 70 72 116 98 106 101 114 126 152 160 157 149 158 181 490 487 472 471 514 558 982 961 961 968 993 1,013 963 938 993 1, 019 1, 032 1, 043 809 800 821 828 850 869 487 485 510 541 533 543 148 137 140 151 167 165 2, 448 2, 495 2,588 2, 641 2, 624 2, 689 2 , 821 2, 803 2, 878 2, 941 3, 052 3, 179 179 181 201 189 170 162 202 194 191 183 196 200 42 32 38 35 33 37 42 38 34 30 28 32 56 55 65 58 53 50 55 51 53 49 53 57 81 94 98 96 84 75 105 105 104 104 116 288 272 258 273 265 288 298 284 298 307 346 392 616 642 660 638 618 614 627 633 647 661 662 698 641 640 651 685 681 691 705 708 736 754 754 779 452 477 494 527 568 577 608 613 604 617 649 649 217 224 254 263 257 289 310 300 324 337 355 369 56 58 70 67 67 67 70 72 78 81 90 93 , 2, 299 2, 459 2, 430 2,342 2, 515 2 , 602 2, 652 2, 754 2, 765 2, 911 3, 234 473 463 552 566 558 554 510 597 656 609 596 622 774 824 898 874 852 915 973 891 883 972 1 , 128 1, 159 964 , 1, 009 990 932 1, 046 1, 119 1, 164 1, 215 1, 184 1 , 188 1, 453 , 417 2, 625 2, 865 2,930 2,896 3, 153 3, 264 3, 311 3,426 3, 646 3, 856 4, 025 9, 325 9, 478 9,355 9, 226 8 , 861 8 , 911 8,777 8 , 630 8 , 514 8,463 8 , 538 8 , 598 9, 207 9,372 9, 472 9,480 9, 386 9, 560 9, 589 9, 566 9, 718 9, 782 9, 800 9, 795 7, 643 7, 812 7, 970 8 , 067 8 , 061 8 , 261 8 , 372 8 , 394 8 , 512 8 , 650 8 , 787 8 , 924 5, 441 5, 443 5, 572 5, 542 5, 501 5, 588 5, 618 5, 670 5, 749 5, 844 5, 945 5, 998 2, 248 2 , 260 2, 342 2, 234 2 , 103 2 , 060 2, 043 1, 961 1, 998 1, 887 1, 872 1, 892 1, 558 1 , 622 1, 760 1,781 1,711 1,806 1, 890 1,988 2, 071 2, 038 2, 119 2, 315 192 209 250 272 278 292 281 351 395 344 359 365 492 515 582 568 518 605 625 581 564 628 718 733 874 898 928 941 915 909 984 1, 056 1, 112 1 , 066 1, 042 1, 217 1,977 2, 042 2 , 060 2 , 022 2 , 012 1,985 2, 067 2, 149 2, 250 2,390 2, 588 2, 727 3, 354 3, 411 3, 435 3, 393 3, 267 3, 233 3, 244 3, 205 3, 189 3, 226 3, 256 3, 394 3,853 3, 992 4, 208 4, 236 4, 185 4, 270 4, 341 4, 339 4, 455 4, 559 4, 580 4, 678 3, 215 3, 547 3, 772 3, 942 4, 052 4, 291 4,448 4, 512 4, 554 4, 654 4, 809 4, 880 1,862 2, 089 2, 272 2, 287 2, 348 2, 475 2, 574 2, 665 2, 762 2,874 2,971 3, 118 593 707 734 717 725 745 812 817 797 796 845 856 66 NONWHITE FEMALE 1954________ 1955________ 1956 3 _______ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 2 _______ 1961________ 1962 2_______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 111 WHITE MALE 1954________ 1955________ 1956 3_______ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 2 _______ 1961________ 1962 2_______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 38, 491 39,289 40, 036 39, 909 39,150 40,047 40, 265 40, 185 40, 672 41, 037 41, 710 42, 466 2 211 1 012 2 WHITE FEMALE 1954________ 1955________ 1956 3 _______ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 2 _______ 1961________ 1962 2 _______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 16,412 17,409 18,243 18,381 18, 300 18, 804 19,376 19,675 20, 077 20, 538 21, 167 21, 966 1Absolute numbers by color are not available prior to 1954. 2 Not strictly comparable with prior years, due to the introduction of data from decennial censuses and the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii. 217-817 0 — 66------- 7 * Data through 1956 have not been adjusted to reflect changes in the definitions of employment and unemployment adopted in January 1957. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 91 N onw hite em ploym ent increased relatively more than w hite em ploym ent betw een 1957 and 1965, reflecting m ainly em ploym ent growth am ong nonw hite adults. E m ploym ent am ong w hite teenagers increased relatively m uch m ore than non w hite teenage em ploym ent in that period. T able IIA-13.—E m p lo y e d P erso n s, by C olor, Sex, a n d A ge D eta il, a n d P ercen t C hange, 195 7 a n d 196 5 (a n n u a l averages) [In thousands] Age and sex Total, 14 vears and over 14 to 19 years, both sexes__ 2 0 years and over: Men Women Men, 14 years and over__ 14 to 19 years. 20 to 24 years 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 vears 45 to 54 years 55 to 64 vears 65 vears and over Women, 14 vears and over 14 to 19 years 20 to 24 vears 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 vears 45 to 54 vears 55 to 64 vears 65 years and over Nonwhite 1957 1965 , 721 509 3, 760 2,452 4, 080 321 413 996 947 784 460 160 2, 641 189 273 638 685 527 263 67 7,747 578 4,190 2, 979 4, 568 378 558 1,013 1, 043 869 543 165 3,179 6 200 392 698 779 649 369 93 White Percent change 15. 3 13. 6 11. 4 21. 5 12. 0 17. 8 35. 1 1. 7 10. 1 10.8 18. 0 3. 1 20. 4 5. 8 43. 6 9. 4 13. 7 23. 1 40. 3 38. 8 1957 1965 58, 290 4, 211 37, 479 16, 600 39, 909 2, 430 2, 930 9, 226 9,480 8 , 067 5, 542 2,234 18, 381 1, 781 2 ,022 3, 393 4, 236 3, 942 2,287 717 64, 432 5, 549 39, 232 19, 652 42,466 3,234 4, 025 8 , 598 9, 795 8 , 924 5, 998 1, 892 21, 966 2, 315 2 , 727 3,394 4, 678 4, 880 3, 118 856 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 92 Percent change 10. 5 31. 8 4. 8 18. 4 6.4 33. 1 37. 4 - 6.8 3. 3 10.6 8.2 -15. 3 19. 5 30. 0 34. 9 0. 0 10. 4 23. 8 36. 3 19. 4 T he nonw hite are m uch m ore likely to be working part tim e involuntarily than w hite workers, and the proportion of nonw hites on involuntary part-tim e work increased as a proportion of all workers so em ployed betw een 1957 and 1965. H ow ever, the likelihood of being em ployed part tim e for econom ic reasons declined more for nonw hite than w hite workers. T able IIA-14.— P erso n s E m p lo y ed in N o n a g r{cu ltu ra l In d u strie s, by C olor a n d F u ll- or P a r t-T im e S ta tu s, 195 7 a n d 1 96 5 (a n n u a l averages) Percent distribution Full- or part-time status Nonwhite 1957 Total employed: Number (in thousands) _ _______ Percent Full-time schedules. _ _ _ _ Voluntary part time Part time for economic reasons 1____ Usually work full time Usually work part time ._ 1965 1957 1965 57, 492 100.0 85.7 11.9 2. 5 1.3 1.2 6 , 735 53,034 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 6 .0 1 Mainly slack work, job turnover, and inability to find full-time work. _ , . persons with ... a job . . .but . not. at. work, during . . the ., survey N. Tote.—Employed week have been distributed proportionately. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. White 5, 755 79. 4 10. 9 9.7 3.7 Nonwhite as a percent of total in each group 80. 9 11.4 7.7 2.4 5. 3 87.7 9. 1 3. 2 1. 9 1.3 1957 9. 8 8.9 11.5 24. 5 17. 3 33. 1 1965 10. 5 1 0 .0 10 1 . 27.0 18.3 34. 5 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 93 V oluntary part-tim e em ploym ent rose relatively m ore than full-tim e em ploym ent betw een 1957 and 1965, but the color-sex distribution in both series changed little during the period. T a b l e I I A -1 5 . — P erso n s E m p lo y e d in N o n a g ric u ltu ra l I n d u strie s on F u ll-T im e S ch edu les or V o lu n ta ry P a r t T im e, by C olor a n d S ex, 1 9 5 7 -6 5 (a n n u a l averages ) [Percent distribution] Color and sex On full-time schedules 1 1957 1958 1959 I9602 1961 1962 3 1963 1964 Total: 48, 617 47, 077 48, 865 49, 542 49, 427 50, 619 51, 439 52, 872 Number (in thousands) Percent - - - 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 8. 8 9. 2 9. 2 8. 8 ,9. 1 9. 4 9. 7 9. 0 Nonwhite - — — 5. 9 5. 8 6. 0 5. 7 5. 9 5. 6 6. 2 5. 9 Male_ 3. 3 3. 3 3. 2 3. 1 3. 3 3. 4 3. 5 3. 1 Female __ 90. 9 90. 8 90. 6 90. 3 White_______________________ 91. 0 91. 2 91. 2 90. 8 63. 8 63. 7 63. 6 64. 4 64. 2 64. 3 63. 8 63. 2 Male 27. 0 27. 1 27. 1 27. 0 27. 2 26. 7 27. 0 26. 8 Female___ _ __ 1965 54, 692 100. 0 9. 9 6. 3 3. 6 90. 1 62. 6 27. 4 On voluntary part-time schedules 4 Total: Number (in thousands). Percent Nonwhite Male Female. White_______________________ M ale.. _ . . Female___ .. ._ ___ 5, 181 5, 215 5, 569 5, 815 6 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 11. 5 2. 7 8. 8 88. 5 31. 8 56. 7 10. 7 2. 6 8. 1 89. 3 32. 1 57. 2 10. 5 2. 7 7. 9 89. 5 32. 3 57. 2 10. 5 2. 7 7. 7 89. 5 31. 2 58. 3 9. 4 2. 2 7. 2 90. 6 31. 2 59. 3 1 Includes those who worked 35 hours or more during the survey week and those who usually work full time but worked part time because of illness, bad weather, holidays, personal business, or other temporary noneconomic reasons. 2 Not strictly comparable with prior years due to the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii. 3 Not strictly comparable with prior years due to the introduction of data from the 1960 decennial census. 94 , 148 , 808 7, 263 7, 607 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 9. 9 2. 3 7. 6 90. 1 31. 8 58. 3 10. 5 2. 8 7. 7 89. 5 31. 5 58. 0 10. 5 2. 9 7. 6 89. 5 31. 8 57. 6 . 2. 9 7. 2 89. 9 32. 1 57. 8 6 , 597 6 10 1 4 Those who wanted part-time work only. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. The distribution of nonw hite and w hite nonfarm workers em ployed for econom ic reasons on parttim e work changed little betw een 1957 and 1965. In 1965, nonw hite part-tim e workers were alm ost onefifth of those (white and nonw hite) who usually hold full-tim e jobs, and they were about one-third of all part-tim e workers who w anted full-tim e work. T a b l e I IA -1 6 . — P erso n s E m p lo y e d in N o n a g r{cu ltu ra l In d u strie s on P a r t T im e fo r E con om ic R ea so n s, by U su a l F u ll-T im e or P a r t-T im e S ta tu s, a n d by Color a n d S ex, 1 9 5 7 -6 5 (a n n u a l averages) [Percent distribution] Color and sex Total: Number (in thousands) Percent. Nonwhite Male _ - _ Female----- ----------- -------White_______________________ Male _Female Usually work full time 1 1957 1958 1959 I9602 1961 1962 3 1963 1964 1, 183 1, 638 1, 032 1, 243 1,297 1, 049 1, 069 986 897 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 17. 3 11. 2 6. 1 82. 7 53. 9 28. 8 15. 6 10. 6 5. 0 84. 4 58. 1 26. 3 17. 7 11. 6 6. 0 82. 3 54. 1 28. 2 16. 8 11. 7 5. 2 83. 2 56. 3 26. 9 15. 2 10. 2 5. 0 84. 8 56. 0 28. 8 15. 9 10. 7 5. 2 84. 1 54. 1 30. 0 16. 4 11. 0 5. 3 83. 6 52. 0 31. 7 17. 8 11. 2 6. 6 82. 2 49. 8 32. 4 18. 3 11. 5 6. 8 81. 7 48. 7 33. 0 1965 Usually work part time 4 Total: Number (in thousands). Percent Nonwhite Male Female White_______________________ Male. Female. 986 1, 315 1, 304 1, 317 1, 516 1, 287 1, 219 1, 151 1, 031 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 33. 2 13. 1 20. 1 66. 8 37. 0 29. 8 31. 6 13. 0 18. 6 68. 4 37. 7 30. 7 33. 6 13. 7 19. 9 66. 4 35. 4 31. 0 32. 5 12. 5 20. 0 67. 5 35. 4 32. 1 31. 7 13. 3 18. 5 68. 3 37. 4 30. 9 34. 8 14. 5 20. 3 65. 2 34. 3 30. 9 33. 8 14. 0 19. 9 66. 2 34. 4 31. 8 34. 7 15. 0 19. 7 65. 3 33. 0 32. 3 34. 4 12. 8 21. 6 65. 6 32. 3 33. 3 1Includes those who worked 35 hours or more during the survey week and those who usually work full time but worked part time because of illness, bad weather, holidays, personal business, or other temporary noneconomic reasons. 2 Not strictly comparable with prior years due to the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii. 3 Not strictly comparable with prior years due to the introduction of data from the 1960 decennial census. 4 Those who wanted part-time work only. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 95 T he largest gains in both the w hite and nonw liite labor force betw een 1947 and 1965 occurred am ong wom en aged 35-64. T able Sex and color IIA-17 .— C iv ilia n Total, 14 years and over L abor F orce, by S ex, C olor, a n d A g e D eta il, 1 9 4 7 -6 5 1 (a n n u a l averages) [In thousands] 14 to 19 years Total 65 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 years years years years years years and 14 and 16 and 18 and over 15 17 19 MALE 1947________ 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953 2_______ 1954________ 1955________ 1956________ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 2 _______ 1961________ 1962 2_______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 43, 272 43, 858 44,075 44, 442 43, 612 43, 454 44,194 44, 537 45, 041 45, 756 45, 882 46, 197 46,561 47, 025 47, 378 47, 380 47, 867 48,410 49, 014 3, 074 3, 173 3, 054 3, 127 2, 957 2, 896 2 , 880 2 , 868 2, 935 3, 098 3, 102 3, 104 3, 273 3, 423 3, 518 3, 549 3, 645 3, 806 4, 157 586 573 577 623 611 585 561 572 566 665 685 676 676 637 725 780 738 731 759 , 106 1, 109 1, 056 1, 047 1 , 080 1, 101 1, 070 1, 024 1, 070 1, 142 1, 127 1, 133 1, 207 1, 290 1, 210 1, 177 1, 321 1, 498 1, 531 1,382 1, 491 1,421 1,457 1 , 266 1, 2 1 0 1, 249 1, 273 1, 299 1, 292 1 , 290 1, 295 1,391 1, 496 1, 583 1, 592 1, 586 1, 576 1, 866 4, 629 4, 674 4, 681 4, 632 3, 935 3, 338 3, 054 3, 052 3, 221 3,485 3, 626 3,771 3, 940 4, 123 4, 255 4, 279 4, 514 4, 754 4, 894 10, 207 10, 327 10, 410 10, 527 10, 375 10, 585 10, 737 10, 772 10, 805 10, 685 10, 571 10, 475 10, 346 10, 252 10, 176 9, 921 9, 875 9, 875 9, 902 , 067 2, 083 2, 053 1, 980 2, 013 1, 996 1, 945 1, 933 1, 982 2, 176 2, 192 2, 165 2, 244 2, 402 2, 560 2, 607 2, 636 2, 725 2, 934 232 248 242 268 256 244 239 253 258 313 332 333 349 347 419 460 405 411 421 643 671 648 611 662 706 656 620 641 736 716 685 765 805 774 742 850 950 954 1, 192 1, 164 1, 163 1, 101 1, 095 1, 046 1, 050 1 , 062 1, 083 1, 127 1, 144 1, 147 1, 131 1, 250 1, 368 1, 405 1, 381 1, 364 1, 559 2, 716 2, 719 2, 659 2 , 675 2, 659 2, 502 2, 428 2, 424 2, 445 2, 455 2, 442 2, 500 2,473 2, 580 2, 697 2 , 802 2, 959 3, 210 3,364 3, 740 3, 932 3, 997 4, 092 4, 292 4, 320 4, 162 4, 212 4, 251 4, 276 4, 255 4, 193 4, 089 4, 131 4, 143 4, 103 4, 174 4, 180 4, 329 384 392 398 388 382 397 79 79 77 78 69 79 127 135 140 135 133 130 178 178 181 175 180 188 396 419 450 473 493 532 1, 075 1, 085 1, 090 1 , 088 1, 089 1, 085 1 9, 492 7, 847 9, 596 7, 942 9, 722 8 , 008 9, 793 8 , 117 9, 798 8 , 204 9, 945 8 , 326 10,436 8 , 570 10, 513 8 , 703 10, 595 8 , 839 10, 663 9, 002 10, 731 9, 153 10, 843 9, 320 10, 899 9, 437 10,967 9, 574 9, 667 11, 012 11, 115 9, 715 11, 187 9, 836 11, 155 9, 956 11, 121 10, 045 5, 647 5, 764 5, 748 5, 794 5, 874 5, 950 5, 974 6 , 105 6 , 122 6 ,220 6 ,222 6 , 304 6 , 345 6 , 400 5, 530 6 , 560 6 , 674 6 , 740 6,763 2, 376 2, 384 2, 454 2, 454 2, 469 2,415 2, 544 2, 525 2, 526 2, 603 2, 478 2, 379 2, 322 2,287 2 ,2 2 0 2, 241 2, 135 2, 123 2, 131 3, 676 3, 800 3, 989 4, 161 4, 301 4, 438 4, 662 4, 709 4, 805 5, 031 5, 116 5, 185 5, 227 5, 303 5, 389 5, 474 5, 600 5, 614 5, 720 2, 731 2, 972 3, 099 3, 327 3, 534 3, 636 3, 680 3, 822 4, 154 4, 405 4, 615 4, 859 5, 081 5, 278 5, 403 5, 381 5, 503 5, 680 5, 712 1, 522 1, 565 1,678 1, 839 1, 923 2, 032 2, 048 2, 164 2, 391 2 , 610 2,631 2, 727 2, 883 2,986 3, 105 3, 198 3, 332 3, 447 3, 587 445 514 556 584 551 590 693 666 780 821 813 822 836 907 926 911 905 966 976 997 998 790 813 827 836 855 849 451 468 484 487 505 512 187 183 185 170 166 163 FEMALE 1947________ 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953 2 _______ 1954________ 1955________ 1956________ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960 2_______ 1961________ 1962 2_______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 16, 896 17, 583 18, 030 18, 657 19,272 19, 513 19, 621 19, 931 2 0 , 806 21, 774 22,064 22, 451 22,833 23,587 24,225 24, 474 25, 109 25, 823 26, 621 2 NONWHITE MALE 1954________ 1955________ 1956________ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 4, 282 4, 358 4, 436 4,454 4, 511 4, 569 See footnotes at end of table. 96 , , , 1, 023 1 002 1 012 1 021 T able IIA-17.— Civilian Labor Force, by Sex, Color, and Age Detail, 1947-651 (annual averages)— Continued Sex and color NONWHITE MALE 1960 2_________ 1961__________ 1962 2_________ 1963__________ 1964__________ 1965__________ NONWHITE FEMALE 1954__________ 1955__________ 1956__________ 1957__________ 1958__________ 1959__________ 1960 2_________ 1961__________ 1962 2_________ 1963__________ 1964__________ 1965__________ WHITE MALE 1954__________ 1955__________ 1956__________ 1957__________ 1958__________ 1959__________ 1960 2_________ 1961__________ 1962 2_________ 1963__________ 1964__________ 1965__________ WHITE FEMALE 1954__________ 1955__________ 1956__________ 1957__________ 1958__________ 1959__________ 1960 2_________ 1961__________ 1962 2_________ 1963__________ 1964__________ 1965__________ Total, 14 years and over 14 to 19 years 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 years years years years years 65 years and over T otal 14 and 15 16 and 17 18 and 19 4, 728 4, 743 4, 739 4, 802 4, 871 4, 945 436 429 408 421 445 489 83 77 71 77 86 90 150 142 136 138 154 172 203 210 201 206 205 226 564 575 553 558 588 614 1, 099 1, 103 1, 074 1, 070 1, 074 1, 079 1, 049 1, 050 1, 087 1, 109 1, 101 1, 098 884 891 895 891 903 916 538 542 564 584 580 575 158 151 159 168 181 173 2, 668 2, 697 2 ,8 1 2 2, 852 2 ,9 4 3 2, 970 3, 116 3, 180 3, 237 3 ,3 1 8 3 ,4 2 1 3, 503 216 216 250 233 229 215 260 264 266 274 283 285 47 34 44 40 38 42 47 44 42 39 37 39 68 65 82 71 71 66 74 74 73 82 83 92 101 117 124 122 120 107 139 146 151 153 164 154 326 307 297 311 328 338 352 353 364 377 424 454 680 706 717 694 695 680 690 712 730 749 744 761 684 673 692 719 750 748 771 793 809 821 818 844 476 499 519 550 597 614 645 662 650 656 690 680 226 235 266 274 274 304 324 320 336 354 370 383 59 60 72 70 72 69 73 77 82 84 92 96 40, 255 40, 683 4 1 ,3 2 0 41, 428 41, 686 41, 993 42, 297 42, 635 42, 641 43, 065 43, 539 44, 069 2, 484 2, 542 2, 700 2 ,7 1 4 2, 723 2, 875 2, 988 3, 088 3, 142 3, 224 3, 361 3, 668 495 487 586 607 606 596 555 649 710 661 646 669 895 934 1, 003 992 1, 001 1, 077 1, 140 1, 067 1, 041 1, 183 1, 345 1, 359 1, 094 1, 121 1, 111 1, 115 1, 116 1, 202 1, 293 1, 372 1,391 1 ,3 8 0 1, 371 1, 639 2, 656 2, 802 3, 034 3, 153 3 ,2 7 8 3, 408 3, 559 3, 681 3, 726 3, 955 4, 166 4, 279 9, 695 9, 720 9, 594 9, 483 9, 386 9, 261 9, 153 9, 072 8, 846 8, 805 8, 800 8, 823 9, 516 9, 598 9, 662 9, 719 9, 822 9, 876 9, 919 9, 961 10, 029 10, 079 10, 055 10, 023 7, 914 8, 027 8, 175 8 ,3 1 7 8, 465 8, 581 8, 689 8, 776 8, 820 8, 944 9, 053 9, 129 5, 654 5, 653 5, 736 5, 735 5, 800 5, 833 5, 861 5, 988 5, 995 6, 090 6, 160 6, 188 2 ,3 3 8 2, 342 2, 417 2 ,3 0 8 2 ,2 1 3 2, 158 2, 129 2, 068 2, 082 1, 967 1, 943 1, 958 17, 262 18, 110 18, 962 19,212 19, 508 19, 863 20, 471 21, 044 2 1 ,2 3 7 21, 791 22, 402 2 3 ,1 1 8 1, 717 1, 766 1, 926 1, 959 1, 937 2, 028 2, 143 2 ,2 9 8 2 ,3 4 0 2 ,3 6 0 2, 442 2, 649 205 224 269 292 295 307 300 376 418 365 374 382 552 576 654 645 614 698 731 700 668 767 867 862 960 966 1, 003 1, 022 1, 028 1, 023 1, 112 1,222 1,254 1, 228 1, 201 1, 405 2, 098 2, 137 2, 158 2, 131 2, 172 2, 135 2, 228 2, 345 2 ,4 3 8 2, 582 2, 786 2, 910 3, 532 3, 546 3, 559 3, 561 3 ,4 9 8 3, 409 3 ,4 4 1 3, 431 3 ,3 7 2 3, 424 3, 435 3, 568 4, 025 4, 131 4, 340 4, 397 4, 435 4, 479 4, 531 4, 596 4, 666 4, 780 4, 797 4, 876 3, 346 3, 654 3, 886 4, 065 4 ,2 6 2 4, 467 4, 633 4, 741 4, 731 4, 845 4, 989 5, 032 1, 937 2, 156 2, 344 2, 357 2, 454 2, 577 2, 661 2, 785 2, 861 2, 977 3, 077 3 ,2 0 3 607 720 748 743 751 767 835 849 830 823 874 879 1Absolute numbers by color are not available prior to 1954. s Not strictly comparable with prior years, due to the introduction of data from decennial censuses and the inclusion of Alaska and Hawaii. Source U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey, 97 In both 1950 and 1960, N egroes com prised nearly all nonw hite workers (over 90 p ercen t); all non w hite workers accounted for about 10.5 percent of the total civilian labor force. T able IIA-18.— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f the C iv ilia n L ab o r F orce, b y R ace a n d S ex, 1 9 5 0 a n d 1 96 0 1950 Race Total Total, all races: Number (in thousands) _ Percent distribution. __ -- Nonwhite__Negro_____ Other nonwhite. _ _ White________________________________ Male 42, 126 100. 0 9. 5 9. 0 .5 90. 5 58, 646 100. 0 10. 4 10. 0 .4 89. 6 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: 1950 Census of Population, U nited Stales S u m m a ry , D etailed C haracteristics, P-Cl table 118, and N o n w h ite P o p u la tio n by R ace, P-E No. 1960 Female Total 16, 520 100. 0 12. 8 12. 4 .3 87. 2 , 144 . 10. 7 9. 8 .8 89. 3 68 100 0 IIA-19.'—L abor F orce P a r tic ip a tio n R ates a n d U n em p lo ym en t R ates, by R ace, 196 0 Participation rate Unemployment rate Total labor force Unemployed as as percent of percent of civil population ian labor force Negro _ _ _ Japanese__ Chinese __ White. _______ __ 57. 6 61. 3 65. 8 56. 0 . . 3. 9 4. 7 8 8 2 8 Source: 1960 C ensus of P o p u la tio n , N o n w h ite P o p u la tio n by R ace, PC(2)-1C, tables 32, 34, 35; U .S . S u m m a ry , D etailed C haracteristics, PC(1)-1D, tables 182,194. (U.S. Bureau of the Census.) 98 45, 763 100. 0 9. 6 8. 7 .9 90. 4 Female 22, 381 100. 0 12. 8 12. 0 .8 87. 2 3B, table 9; 1960 Census of Population, N o n w h ite P o p u la tio n by R ace, PC (2)1C, table 32 and U n ited States S u m m a ry , D etailed C haracteristics, PC(1)-1D, table 194. In 1960, Japanese and C hinese labor force participation rates were significantly higher and their unem ploym ent rates lower than for both w hites and N egroes. T able Male Labor force participation rates betw een 1947 and 1965 fell for teenagers, especially non w hite teen agers whose school enrollm ent rates have risen sharply in this period; they dropped also for all older workers except w hite wom en 65 and over. The decline am ong m ature m en appears at earlier ages for the nonw hite than the w hite. T able IIA-20.— C iv ilia n Color and sex Total, 14 years and over L abor Force P a r tic ip a tio n R a te s,1 by C olor, Sex, a n d A ge D eta il, 1 9 4 8 -6 5 (a n n u a l averages) 14 to 19 years Total 65 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 years years years years years years and 14 and 16 and 18 and over 17 19 15 NONWHITE, MALE 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953________ 1954________ 1955________ 1956________ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960________ 1961________ 1962________ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 84. 8 84. 5 83. 3 83. 6 83. 8 83. 0 82. 0 81. 8 81. 8 80. 8 80. 4 79. 1 79. 4 78. 0 76. 4 75. 8 75. 6 75. 2 58. 3 59. 2 56. 1 55. 3 49. 5 50. 3 48. 7 48. 8 48. 3 46. 0 44. 0 44. 0 45. 0 41. 5 38. 4 37. 8 37. 7 39. 1 44. 4 45. 8 45. 7 44. 9 44. 2 42. 3 44. 7 44. 4 45. 6 45. 5 46. 2 45. 8 46. 3 46. 2 45. 6 45. 6 46. 0 46. 0 30. 5 32. 8 31. 0 28. 9 28. 3 25. 4 25. 7 25. 3 28. 6 25. 9 24. 8 22. 7 25. 8 24. 6 24. 0 23. 4 22. 8 21. 7 39. 3 36. 6 37. 7 34. 6 30. 5 27. 8 27. 2 27. 1 25. 5 24. 7 21. 3 23. 9 23. 3 19. 2 16. 5 17. 2 18. 7 18. 9 59. 8 60. 4 57. 4 54. 7 52. 3 53. 0 46. 7 48. 2 49. 6 47. 5 45. 1 41. 7 45. 6 42. 5 40. 2 37. 2 37. 3 39. 3 77. 8 80. 8 78. 2 80. 8 79. 1 76. 7 78. 4 75. 7 76. 4 72. 0 71. 7 72. 0 71. 2 70. 5 68. 8 69. 1 67. 2 66. 7 85. 6 89. 7 91. 4 88. 7 92. 8 92. 3 91. 1 89. 7 88. 9 89. 6 88. 7 90. 8 90. 4 89. 7 89. 3 88. 6 89. 4 89. 8 95. 3 94. 1 92. 6 95. 7 96. 2 96. 7 96. 2 95. 8 96. 2 96. 1 96. 3 96. 3 96. 2 95. 9 95. 3 94. 9 95. 9 95. 7 97. 2 97. 3 96. 2 96. 4 97. 2 97. 3 96. 6 96. 2 96. 2 96. 5 96. 4 95. 8 95. 5 94. 8 94. 5 94. 9 94. 4 94. 2 94. 7 95. 6 95. 1 95. 1 95. 0 93. 9 93. 2 94. 2 94. 4 93. 5 93. 9 92. 8 92. 3 92. 3 92. 2 91. 1 91. 6 92. 0 . . 81. 9 84. 6 85. 7 86. 7 83. 0 83. 1 83. 9 82. 4 83. 3 82. 5 82. 5 81. 6 81. 5 82. 5 80. 6 78. 8 50. 3 51. 4 45. 5 49. 5 43. 3 41. 1 41. 2 40. 0 39. 8 35. 9 34. 5 33. 5 31. 2 29. 4 27. 2 27. 6 29. 6 27. 9 . 23. 5 22. 0 17. 3 18. 5 14. 9 16. 2 11. 4 14. 4 12. 6 11. 6 12. 6 13. 2 11. 0 9. 7 8. 7 8. 0 8. 1 29. 1 30. 1 30. 2 30. 4 27. 4 24. 2 24. 5 22. 7 28. 3 24. 1 23. 2 20. 7 22. 1 21. 6 21. 0 21. 5 19. 5 20. 5 41. 2 44. 8 40. 6 40. 2 44. 7 37. 8 37. 7 43. 2 44. 6 42. 8 41. 2 36. 1 44. 3 44. 6 45. 5 44. 9 46. 5 40. 0 47. 1 49. 8 46. 9 45. 4 43. 9 45. 1 49. 6 46. 7 44. 9 46. 6 48. 3 48. 8 48. 8 47. 7 48. 6 49. 2 53. 6 55. 2 50. 6 50. 9 51. 6 51. 1 50. 1 48. 1 49. 7 51. 3 52. 1 50. 4 50. 8 50. 0 49. 7 51. 2 52. 0 53. 3 52. 8 54. 0 53. 3 56. 1 55. 7 55. 8 54. 0 54. 9 57. 5 56. 0 57. 0 58. 7 60. 8 60. 0 59. 8 60. 5 59. 7 59. 4 58. 4 59. 9 51. 1 52. 7 54. 3 55. 5 52. 7 51. 0 53. 4 54. 8 55. 3 56. 8 59. 8 60. 0 60. 5 61. 1 60. 5 60. 6 62. 3 60. 2 37. 6 39. 6 40. 9 39. 8 42. 3 35. 9 41. 2 40. 7 44. 5 44. 3 42. 8 46. 4 47. 3 45. 2 46. 1 47. 3 48. 4 48. 9 17. 5 15. 6 16. 5 14. 0 14. 3 11. 4 12. 2 12. 1 14. 5 13. 6 13. 3 12. 6 12. 8 13. 1 12. 2 11. 8 12. 7 12. 9 88 6 86 0 NONWHITE, FEMA LE 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953________ 1954________ 1955________ 1956________ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960________ 1961________ 1962________ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ See footnotes it end of ta ble. 21 0 99 T able IIA-20.—Civilian Labor Force Participation Rates,1 by Color, Sex, and Age Detail, 1948-65 (annual averages)— Con. Sex and color Total, 14 years and over 14 to 19 years Total 65 20 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 54 55 to 64 years years years years years years and 14 and 16 and 18 and over 17 15 19 WHITE, MALE 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953________ 1954________ 1955________ 1956________ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960________ 1961________ 1962________ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 84.2 84.0 84. 1 84.0 83.6 83. 1 83.0 82.8 83.0 82. 0 81.3 81. 0 80. 5 79.7 78.6 78. 1 77.9 77.6 50.7 49.4 50.3 49.2 47. 6 46.4 45.4 45.6 47.4 45.4 43.5 44. 0 43.6 41. 7 40.8 40.7 41. 0 42.6 30.6 31.0 31.8 32.6 32.7 32.0 32. 5 33.7 34. 8 34. 7 34. 8 35. 0 35. 5 35. 8 35.6 35. 9 36. 4 36.9 32.8 32.4 31.6 32. 5 31.7 30.5 30.3 30.5 32. 3 31.2 29.7 30.2 30.7 30.6 29.7 29. 0 29. 0 30.3 26.1 26.3 27.6 26.9 25.3 23.6 24.5 23.5 26.7 25.1 24.1 24.2 2 2 .2 2 2 .2 22.3 21.4 2 1 .2 21.7 51. 2 50. 1 50.5 52.7 51.9 49.8 47. 1 48.0 51. 3 49. 6 46.8 45.4 46. 0 44. 3 42.9 42.4 43. 5 44. 6 76.2 74.8 75.6 74. 2 72.7 72.8 70.4 71.7 71.9 71.6 69.4 70.3 69. 0 6 6 .2 66.4 67.8 66.6 65.8 84.4 86.5 87.5 88.4 87.6 87.4 86.4 85.6 87.6 86.7 86.7 87.3 87.8 87.6 86.5 85.8 85.7 85.3 96.0 95.9 96.4 97.0 97.6 97.5 97.5 97.8 97.4 97.2 97. 2 97.5 97.7 97.7 97.4 97.4 97. 5 97. 4 98. 0 98. 0 97.7 97.6 97.9 97.9 98.2 98.3 98. 1 98.0 98.0 98.0 97.9 97.9 97.9 97.8 97.6 97.7 95.9 95.6 95.9 96.0 96.3 96.4 96.8 96.7 96. 8 96.6 96.6 96.3 96. 1 95.9 96.0 96.2 96. 1 95.9 89.6 87.6 87.3 87.4 87.7 87.7 89.2 88.4 88.9 31.7 31.4 30. 1 32.4 34. 1 31.2 29.3 29.9 33. 5 32. 1 28.8 29.9 30. 0 29.4 27. 9 27.9 28. 5 28.7 53.5 54. 0 52.6 54. 1 52.0 51.9 52. 1 52.0 53.0 52.6 52. 3 50. 8 51. 0 51.9 51.6 51. 3 49. 6 50. 6 45. 1 44.4 45.9 46.7 44.8 44. 1 44.4 45.8 46. 5 45.8 46. 1 44. 5 45.7 46.9 47. 1 47. 3 48.8 49. 2 31.3 31.7 32. 1 33.6 33.8 31.7 32. 5 32. 8 33.2 33.6 33.6 33. 4 34. 1 34.3 34. 1 34. 8 35.0 36.3 35. 1 36. 1 37.2 38.0 38.9 38.8 39.4 39.9 41. 5 41. 5 41.4 41.4 41. 5 41. 8 42.2 43. 1 43.3 44.3 33.3 34.3 36.3 38.0 38.8 38.7 39.8 42.7 44. 4 45.4 46. 5 47.8 48.6 48.9 48.9 49. 5 50.2 49.9 23.3 24.2 26.0 26.5 27.6 28.5 29. 1 31.8 34. 0 33.7 34.5 35.7 36.2 37. 2 38.0 38. 9 39.4 40.3 8 8 .0 8 8 .2 87.9 87.2 87.8 86.7 8 6 .6 86. 1 85.2 46.5 46.6 45. 8 44.5 42.5 41.3 40.4 39.5 40. 0 37.7 35.7 34.3 33.3 31.9 30.6 28. 4 27.9 27.9 WHITE, FEMALE 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953________ 1954________ 1955______ _ 1956________ 1957______ _ 1958________ 1959________ 1960________ 1961________ 1962______ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 1 1 .1 10.3 11.5 1 1 .2 1 0 .2 9.9 10.5 1 1 .2 12.7 12.5 1 2 .2 13.0 12.5 13.5 13.7 1 2 .2 12.7 12.9 1 Percent of civilian noninstitutional population in the civilian labor force. 100 8 .6 9.1 9.2 8.5 8.7 9.4 9. 1 10.5 1 0 .6 10.2 10. 1 1 0 .2 1 0 .6 10. 5 9.8 9. 4 9.9 9.7 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. The ratio of nonw hite to w hite labor force participation rates declined slightly from 1957 to 1964, w ith the reduction chiefly am ong teenagers and w om en 35 to 64. The ratios increased am ong elderly m en, and am ong wom en 20 to 24 years old. T able IIA-21.— C iv ilia n L ab o r F orce P a r tic ip a tio n R a te s,1 by S ex, C olor, a n d A g e D eta il, a n d R a tio N o n w h ite to W h ite, 195 7 a n d 1 9 6 5 (a n n u a l averages ) Nonwhite White Age and sex 1957 Men, 14 years and over _ 14 to 19 years. 14 and 15 years 16 and 17 years. . 18 and 19 years 20 to 24 years. _. _ . 25 to 34 years. 35 to 44 years . . 45 to 54 years.. .... .... 55 to 64 years. 65 years and over _ — . Women, 14 years and over _______ — 14 to 19 years. 14 and 15 years _ _ 16 and 17 years 18 and 19 years _ _ __ 20 to 24 years. 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years __ 45 to 54 years. __ 55 to 64 years 65 years and over____ _ _____ _. 80. 8 46. 0 24. 7 47. 5 72. 0 89. 6 96. 1 96. 5 93. 5 82. 4 35. 9 45. 5 25. 9 12. 6 24. 1 42. 8 46. 6 50. 4 58. 7 56. 8 44. 3 13. 6 1965 75. 2 39. 1 18. 9 39. 3 66. 7 89. 8 95. 7 94. 2 92. 0 78. 8 27. 9 46. 0 21. 7 8. 1 20. 5 40. 0 55. 2 54. 0 59. 9 60. 2 48. 9 12. 9 1957 82. 0 45. 4 25. 1 49. 6 71. 6 86. 7 97. 2 98. 0 96. 6 88. 0 37. 7 34. 7 31. 2 12. 5 32. 1 52. 6 45. 8 33. 6 41. 5 45. 4 33. 7 10. 2 Ratio of nonwhite to white 1965 1957 77. 6 42. 6 21. 7 44. 6 65. 8 85. 3 97. 4 97. 7 95. 9 85. 2 27. 9 36. 9 30. 3 12. 9 28. 7 50. 6 49. 2 36. 3 44. 3 49. 9 40. 3 9. 7 . 99 . . 98 . 96 1. 0 1 1. 03 . 99 . 98 . 97 . 94 . 95 1. 31 . 83 1. 01 . 75 . 81 1. 0 2 1. 50 1. 41 1. 25 1. 31 1. 33 1 01 1965 . 97 . 92 . 87 . 88 1. 01 1. 05 . 98 . 96 . 96 . 92 1. 0 0 1. 25 . 72 . 63 . 71 . 79 1. 12 1. 49 1. 35 1. 2 1 1. 21 1. 33 1 Percent of the civilian noninstitutional population in the civilian labor force. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 101 Lower rates of labor force participation am ong nonw hite than w hite m en in 1965 were partly the result of a higher incidence of illness and disability. T able IIA-22.— M e n 2 5 -6 4 Y ea rs O ld N o t in the L abor F orce, by C olor, 1 9 6 5 (a n n u a l averages) Color and age Nonwhite men: Total, 25 to 64 years. __ --------- --- - - - 25 to 34 years. . .. — . . . 35 to 44 years .. — 45 to 54 years. 55 to 64 years . . . . . 55 to 59 years. 60 to 64 years White men: Total, 25 to 64 years .. 25 to 34 years . . . - 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years - 55 to 64 years 55 to 59 years _ 60 to 64 years__ . . Thousands of persons All to Total Unable work other 350 47 68 80 155 64 91 104 9 19 26 50 28 246 38 49 54 105 42 63 1,934 234 240 387 1,073 364 709 501 39 86 124 252 116 136 1,433 195 154 263 821 248 573 22 Percent of civilian noninstitutional population to All Total Unable work other .7 4. 2 5.8 8 2 .6 8 .0 2 1 .2 1 .6 2 .6 6 .8 5.6 8.3 . 3.4 4. 2 5.4 14.4 10. 7 18.8 1.4 .4 .8 1.3 3.5 2.9 4. 1 4.0 2.2 1.5 2 .8 11.3 6.3 17.4 16. 2 27. 1 5.4 2 .6 2.3 4. 1 14. 8 9. 2 21. 5 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. T he percentage of you th 18-24 out of school and not in the labor force w as about the sam e in 1965 for nonw hite and w hite teenage girls b u t higher am ong the other nonw hite young w om en and m en. T a b l e IIA-23.—P erso n s 14~ 24 Y ea rs O ld N o t in the L abor F orce a n d N o t in School, by Color, 1 96 5 (school yea r averages *) Sex and age Male :2 Total, 14 to 24 years 14 to 19 years 14 to 17 years.. 18 and 19 years__ __ 20 to 24 years____ _ _ Female :3 Total, 14 to 24 years 14 to 19 years ___ 14 to 17 years______ 18 and 19 years___ 20 to 24 years _- Percent of civilian noninstitu tional population Non Non white White white White Thousands of persons 61 37 21 17 24 33 20 14 8 13 281 193 120 73 88 192 144 90 54 48 3. 2 3. 0 2. 3 5. 0 3. 5 1. 5 1. 5 1. 5 2. 1 1. 6 . . . 2. 9 1. 8 1. 3 1. 6 1. 5 1. 9 .8 2 1 2 2 2 0 1 Excludes June, July, and August. 2 Excludes unable to work. 3 Excludes unable to work and keeping house. Source: U.S. Department of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 102 .8 6 1 The proportion of both w hite and nonw hite m en w ith som e work experience during the year de clined betw een 1950-64. H ow ever, the proportion of non w hite men and women w ith work experience em ployed the entire year at a full-tim e job increased sharply, especially since 1957, in contrast w ith little change am ong w hite workers. T able IIA-24.—E xten t o f E m p lo y m en t o f P erso n s w ith W o rk E xperien ce D u rin g the Y ear, by C olor a n d Sex, 1950, 1957, a n d 1964 1950 Nonwhite 1957 White Nonwhite . 1964 White Non white . White MALE Percent of population with work experience Percent distribution of those with work exper ience, total. _ Worked at full-time jobs___ __ 50-52 weeks__ - __ 27-49 weeks 1-26 weeks__ Worked at parttime jobs_ 87. 3 86 8 85. 2 86 1 79. 9 82. 8 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 . 50. 2 24. 8 11.0 14. 1 90. 4 66.8 16. 0 7. 6 9. 4 81. 7 52. 7 19. 9 9. 1 18. 3 . 67. 3 14. 6 6.9 11. 3 83. 1 55. 0 17. 9 10.2 17. 0 87. 7 67. 5 12. 4 7. 8 12. 4 58. 4 39. 4 59. 9 45. 1 56. 5 46. 4 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 .9 25. 2 19. 7 24. 0 31. 2 74. 1 38. 6 17. 5 18. 0 25. 9 61. 1 27. 6 17. 4 16. 1 38. 8 70. 3 38. 5 15. 8 16. 0 29. 8 65. 1 32. 2 16. 1 16. 8 35. 0 .3 38. 2 14. 8 15. 3 31. 7 86 0 88 8 FEMALE Percent of population with work experience . Percent distribution of those with work experience, total Worked at full-time jobs 50-52 weeks __ _ - ___ 27-49 weeks. _ _ _ 1-26 weeks _ _ __ Worked at part-time jobs.. 68 68 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the February supplement to the Current Population Survey. They per tain to persons’ employment and unemployment experience during the entire calendar year. 103 In every age-sex group (except teenage boys) a larger proportion of w hite than nonw hite workers had full-tim e yearround jobs in 1964, but this gap in the extent of full-tim e em ploym ent experience tended to narrow from 1959 to 1964, especially am ong m en and w om en 25-64. T able IIA-25.—E x ten t o f E m p lo y m e n t o f P erso n s W ith W o rk E xp erien ce D u rin g the Y ea r, b y A ge, C olor, a n d S ex , 1 9 5 9 a n d 196 J+ Population Age and color Percent distribution of those with work experience Number (thou sands) Percent with work experi ence 58, 222 5, 913 52, 309 7, 667 950 6 , 716 4, 628 616 4, 012 39, 056 3, 843 35, 213 6 , 871 504 6 , 367 84. 1 82. 5 84. 3 58. 0 58. 3 58. 0 92. 0 91. 7 92. 0 95. 6 92. 4 96. 0 42. 4 41. 6 42. 5 63, 973 6 , 678 57, 296 7, 840 990 6 , 851 5, 560 716 4, 844 42, 218 4, 407 37, 812 8 , 353 565 7, 789 45. 6 56. 6 44. 3 45. 6 43. 4 45. 9 61. 3 55. 4 62. 2 49. 8 64. 6 48. 1 13. 9 18. 8 13. 5 Total Worked at full-time jobs Worked at parttime jobs 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 49 weeks 64. 3 51. 1 65. 8 8.9 12. 8 8. 4 48. 8 47. 9 49. 0 74. 4 58. 7 76. 0 42. 5 33. 2 43. 2 16. 0 20. 3 15. 5 6.9 8. 7 6. 7 20.6 19. 5 20. 8 16. 9 22. 9 16. 3 11. 7 9. 6 11. 8 7. 5 11. 3 7. 1 22. 7 27. 8 22. 0 18. 4 18. 8 18. 3 4. 1 7. 6 3. 8 11. 2 11. 1 11. 2 . 17. 3 11. 6 61. 4 50. 7 62. 9 12. 2 13. 8 11. 9 4. 6 10. 9 3. 9 34. 6 46. 2 33. 7 36. 1 26. 9 37. 4 8. 2 4. 4 8. 7 35. 8 25. 2 37. 3 41. 4 31. 2 43. 0 25. 2 8. 6 26. 8 16. 0 16. 3 16. 0 7. 9 7. 2 8. 0 20. 3 20. 7 20. 3 17. 0 17. 3 17. 0 10. 8 9. 5 10. 9 16. 4 18. 6 16. 1 29. 0 37. 6 27. 8 26. 9 29. 2 26. 6 13. 0 14. 5 12. 7 9. 6 11. 4 9. 4 31. 5 38. 2 30. 5 54. 9 50. 7 55. 4 17. 0 24. 9 15. 9 28. 6 37. 0 27. 2 54. 4 70. 5 52. 8 to 26 weeks 1 MALE, 1959 Total, 14 years and over, , Nonwhite. ----------------White___ _ — — 14 to 19 years_____________ _____ Nonwhite__ . . --------------— White________ _ 20 to 24 years. . .. — -----Nonwhite . . .. — White______ . . — 25 to 64 years. . . . Nonwhite___ __ _ White__ ____ 65 years and over Nonwhite. _ _ ___ ____ White______________________ 100. 0 . 100 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 12 2 FEMALE, 1959 Total, 14 years and over. Nonwhite_______ — . . . White---------------------14 to 19 years___ . . __ Nonwhite. . White__ ______________ ____ 20 to 24 years. _ _ ____________ Nonwhite___________________ White__ ___ ________ 25 to 64 years ._ . _ Nonwhite. _ .. ____ White__ _______ _ _ _ 65 years and over _ Nonw hite__ . White__ . . . _ ____ See source at end of table. 104 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 T able IIA-25.—Extent of Employment of Persons With Work Experience During the Year, by Age, Color, and Sex, 1959 and 1964—Continued Population Age and color Percent distribution of those with work experience Number (thou sands) Percent with work experi ence 62, 991 6 , 522 56, 469 9, 632 1, 220 8,412 5, 696 679 5,017 40, 044 4, 006 36,038 7,619 617 7, 0 0 2 82.5 79.9 82.8 57.4 50.4 58.4 92.5 90.3 92. 8 95. 7 93.2 96.0 37.3 39.4 37. 1 69, 773 7, 546 62, 227 9, 896 1,287 8 , 609 6 , 653 809 5, 844 43, 514 4,716 38, 798 9,710 734 8 , 776 47.5 56. 5 46.4 42. 9 36.5 43.9 65.6 65.8 65.6 53.2 Total Worked at full-time jobs 50 to 52 weeks 27 to 49 weeks to 26 weeks 1 Worked at parttime jobs MALE, 1964 Total, 14 years and over____ Nonwhite__ _ _ White___ _ _ - ----------- _ 14 to 19 years___ Non white.. _ _ -----------W hite.. __ - ______________ 20 to 24 years.- _ Nonwhite_________________ _ White. __ 25 to 64 years. _ _ _ . Nonwhite.. W hite.. _ _ . 65 years and over. _ _ __ Nonwhite__ __ ____ White. _ _ ______ 1 0 0 .0 . 6 6 .2 100 0 1 0 0 .0 55.0 67. 5 1 0 0 .0 6 .6 . . 100 0 100 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 8 .8 6.3 47.8 46.3 47.9 79.2 65.7 80.7 41. 1 28.4 42.3 12.9 17.9 12.4 5.6 7.5 5.4 20.3 25.9 19.6 13.3 18.9 1 2 .6 9.2 8 .2 8 .0 1 0 .2 7.8 25. 1 28.3 24.7 19.8 13.5 2 0 .6 3.8 6.9 3.5 9.2 6 .2 9.3 9. 5 15.0 16. 1 14.8 15.5 16.8 15.3 24. 7 33.6 23.6 26. 1 33.6 25.0 1 2 .8 17.0 12.4 62.7 55.4 63.6 1 2 .2 14.2 11.9 3.7 8.5 3.2 40.4 57.2 38.8 FEMALE, 1964 Total, 14 years and over. _ __ _ Non white White___ ___ _ . _ _ . 14 to 19 years____ _ _____ Nonwhite. _ ___ . . __ White___ 20 to 24 years___ Nonwhite. _ W hite__ _ ___ 25 to 64 years _ __ ____ Nonwhite. _ . . _ White. __ 65 years and over _ Nonwhite. _ White___ _ __ to 6 6 .0 51.6 14. 4 20.4 13.9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 37.5 32.2 38.2 5.7 3.0 6.1 34. 9 21.4 36.8 44. 5 39.5 45.3 25.6 10.7 27.3 6 .8 7.4 6.7 20.5 17.7 20.9 15.8 17.3 15.6 9.3 11.3 9.2 1 2 .0 11.7 . 12 1 1 1 .2 8.7 11.4 32. 1 35.0 31.7 62.8 56.0 63.7 18.5 27.3 17.4 27.7 31.5 27. 1 53.9 69.3 52.0 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the February Supplement to the Current Population Survey. They pertain persons’ employment and unemployment experience during the entire calendar year. 105 B oth m en and wom en nonw hite workers are m uch m ore likely than w hite workers to have three or more spells of joblessness during the year. The ratios were little changed from 1959 to 1964. T able IIA-26 .'— E xten t o f U n em p lo ym en t D u rin g the Y ea r, hy C olor a n d S ex, 195 9 a n d 1964 Year, color, and sex 1959 Both sexes: Nonwhite _____ White__ __ _ ____ _____ Male: NonwhiteWhite___ ______ __ _ _ _ __ Female: Nonwhite ____ _ _ . _ _ White____ _ __ 1964 Both sexes: Nonwhite _ White_____________________________ Male: Nonwhite White_____________________________ Female: Nonwhite.- _ ________ White__ . _ Total working Unemployed or looking for as percent of work (in total working or looking thousands) for work 8 , 958 70, 535 5, 001 44, 524 3, 957 26, Oil 24. 0 14. 2 27. 8 15. 2 19. 2 12. 5 9, 865 76, 972 5, 354 47, 291 4, 511 29, 681 25. 5 15. 0 27. 7 15. 0 23. 0 15. 0 Percent of unemployed who worked during the year having unemploy ment of— 15 weeks or more ) ) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0 0 40. 8 31. 6 40. 7 32. 3 40. 9 30. 1 2 spells 3 spells or more 14. 5 17. 1 14. 0 17. 6 14. 8 16. 0 31. 3 20. 4 33. 4 23. 0 27. 0 14. 1 18. 8 19. 0 18. 1 20. 3 2 P. 1 16. 6 27. 9 17. 8 31. 4 20. 1 22. 1 13. 7 1 Not available. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the February supplement to the Current Population Survey. They pertain to persons’ employment and unemployment experience during the entire calendar year. 106 Over the past decade, a notable shift in the occupational pattern of nonw hite workers has taken place toward w hite-collar jobs, especially am ong wom en. T able IIB-1.— E m p lo y ed P erso n s, by O ccu pation G rou p, C olor, a n d S ex, 1955, 1 961, a n d 1 96 5 (a n n u a l averages ) Percent distribution Nonwhite Occupation group 1955 1 Total employed: Number (thousands) __ 6 , 438 100.0 Percent _ 12.0 White-collar workers .. — ._ Professional and technical--3. 5 Managers, officials, and proprietors. 2.3 4. 9 Clerical workers.1.3 Sales workers Blue-collar workers 41.8 5.2 Craftsmen and foremen------20. 9 Operatives _ Nonfarm laborers 15.8 31.6 Service workers Private household workers__ 14.8 16. 8 Other service workers 14. 5 Farm workers__ 5. 0 Farmers and managers Farm laborers and foremen. _ 9. 5 Male employed: 3, 978 Total (thousands) 100.0 Percent White-collar workers _ 1 0 .8 2. 5 Professional and technical — Managers, officials, and 2.7 proprietors. _ 4.4 Clerical workers _ 1.2 Sales workers. Blue-collar workers 57. 7 8.0 Craftsmen and foremen-----24. 8 Operatives 24.9 Nonfarm laborers 14. 9 Service workers .5 Private household workers__ 14. 4 Other service workers 16.6 Farm workers Farmers and farm managers. 7.6 9. 0 Farm laborers and foremen.. See footnote at end of table. 21 7-817 0 — 66— 8 Non white as a percent of total White 1961 1965 6,936 100.0 16.4 4. 6 2. 5 7.7 1 .6 39. 1 6.1 20. 1 12. 9 32.8 14. 5 18.3 11.7 2.9 7, 747 56, 561 59, 860 64, 432 100.0 100.0 100.0 1 0 0 .0 19. 5 42. 1 46.7 47.5 6 .8 9. 8 12.3 13. 0 11.1 2 .6 11. 1 1 1 .6 8 .2 14. 2 15.6 16. 3 7.2 1.9 6.9 7. 1 40.7 39. 0 35.3 36. 2 14. 1 13.7 6.7 13. 5 21. 3 2 0 . 2 17.3 18.2 12.7 4. 3 4. 5 4.7 31. 7 9.0 10.6 10.7 12. 7 2.2 1 .8 2 .0 19. 0 7. 2 8.4 8.7 8.1 9.9 7. 3 5.6 6 .0 4.2 1.8 3.3 6.3 3.9 3. 1 2.4 4, 568 39,196 40, 185 42, 466 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 16. 5 35.4 40. 2 40. 5 5.6 8.9 11.9 12.6 3.4 14. 6 14. 3 13. 6 5.7 6.7 7. 1 7. 1 1 .8 6.1 6.6 6.5 58.0 47. 5 44. 7 46.3 10. 9 19.9 19. 9 19.9 21.0 26. 1 18. 5 19. 8 21.1 6.6 6.3 6.6 15. 5 5. 3 5.8 6.1 .4 .1 .1 .1 5.2 15. 2 5.7 6.0 9. 2 9.9 11.9 7. 1 8.4 4. 7 6.0 2.7 3.2 2. 4 3. 5 7. 2 8 .8 4, 133 100.0 15. 0 4. 0 3. 1 6.3 1 .6 55. 0 9.9 24. 0 21.1 15.7 .4 15. 3 14. 3 4.4 9.9 1955 1 1961 1965 1955 1 1 0 .2 3. 1 3.9 2.3 3.8 2 .0 10.9 4.0 1 0 .6 27.6 28. 6 48. 8 21.0 14. 3 8.6 2 1 .8 9.2 3. 0 2.7 2 .0 6.3 1. 9 11.0 3.9 10. 7 27.8 22.3 47.6 21.9 12. 4 8.4 20.9 1961 1965 10.4 3.9 4. 1 2.4 5.4 2.5 11.4 4.9 11.9 25.7 26.3 43.4 20. 1 15.7 7.4 24.8 5.7 3. 1 11.9 5.6 12.3 25. 6 26. 3 43. 6 20.8 14.7 6.1 24. 3 9.3 3.7 3. 3 2.1 8.3 2.4 1 1 .2 4.9 11.7 25.7 21.7 29.0 21.6 13.8 7. 1 24. 2 9.7 4.2 4. 6 2. 5 7.9 2.9 11.9 5.6 12. 4 25.7 21.6 29.8 21. 5 13. 1 5.8 24. 4 10.7 4. 7 5.9 2 .8 107 T able IIB -1.—Employed Persons, by Occupation Group, Color, and Sex, 1955, 1961, and 1965 (annual averages)— Con. Percent distribution Nonwhite Occupation group 1955 1 Female employed: Total (thousands) _ _ __ 2, 460 Percent _ _ 100.0 White-collar workers _ _ 14. 1 Professional and technical--5. 2 Managers, officials, and 1 .6 proprietors__ ___ _ 5.8 Clerical workers 1. 4 Sales workers _Blue-collar workers 16. 2 Craftsmen and foremen. . .6 ------Operatives _ 14.6 Nonfarm laborers .9 58.7 Service workers. Private household workers__ 37.9 Other service workers 2 0 .8 11. 1 Farm workers___ Farmers and farm managers. .9 Farm laborers and foremen.. 10. 3 Nonwhite as a percent of total White 1961 1965 2,803 100.0 18.2 5.4 3, 179 17,366 19,675 21,967 100.0 100.0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 23. 7 57. 2 59.9 60.9 8.4 1 1 .8 13. 2 13.7 5. 5 5.4 1.5 4.8 1 1 .8 31. 2 32.9 34. 1 2 .0 8 .6 8.4 8 .2 15. 9 19. 9 16. 1 16.6 1 .2 .7 1.0 1. 1 14. 5 18. 2 14. 8 15. 1 .5 .7 .3 .4 54. 8 17.4 20. 4 19.6 5.6 30.3 6.4 5.6 24. 5 11. 7 14. 0 14. 0 2 .8 5. 5 5. 5 3.5 .5 .7 .6 .5 5. 1 4.8 2.9 2.3 1 .6 9.7 1.5 15. 8 .6 14. 5 .7 58. 1 35.4 22.7 7.9 .7 7. 2 1955 1 1961 1965 1955 1 12.4 3. 4 5.9 3.9 2 .6 2.2 10. 3 7.0 10.2 21.7 32.4 48.8 20.0 22.2 14. 2 23. 2 1961 12. 5 4. 2 5.6 4. 1 4. 0 2.5 1 2 .2 7.9 12.2 23. 8 28.8 43.9 18.7 24. 7 15.4 26. 2 1 Based on an average of January, April, July, and October; data have not been adjusted to 1957 definitions of employment and unemployment. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 108 1965 . 5. 3 8.1 4.4 4.8 3.4 1 2 .2 8.5 1 2 .2 20.7 28.8 43.9 2 0 .2 22.0 11.4 24. 0 12 6 Principal gains since 1954 in the occupational distribution of nonw hite em ploym ent were m ade in the 1960’s and have com e in relatively w ell-paying occupations, such as professional and technical, clerical, and the skilled blue-collar jobs. T able IIB-2 .— E m p lo y m e n t o f N o n w h ite Occupation group Total, all occupations _ ______ Professional, technical, and kindred workers. Managers, officials and proprietors (exeluding farm). _ _ __ __ Clerical and kindred workers Sales workers Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers __ Operatives and kindred workers. Private household workers __ Service workers, excluding private household Farmers and farm managers __ Farm laborers and foremen. Laborers, excluding farm and mine Number of nonwhite workers (in thousands) 1954 1955 1 6,312 217 130 308 89 316 1, 313 897 1, 057 389 589 1, 009 1960 Total, all occupations. Professional, technical, and kindred workers. Managers, officials, and proprietors (exeluding farm) _ Clerical and kindred workers Sales workers _ __ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers. _ Operatives and kindred workers _ Private household workers _ Service workers, excluding private household Farmers and farm managers Farm laborers and foremen Laborers, excluding farm and mine. W orkers, by O ccu pa tio n G rou p, 1 9 5 4 -6 5 7, 041 331 176 507 113 415 1, 415 1, 007 1,232 218 655 972 1956 1 , 438 228 147 318 81 332 1 , 346 952 1 , 084 322 612 1 , 016 6 , 692 224 141 334 76 366 1, 441 990 1 , 166 311 663 982 6 1957 1 , 751 246 139 400 79 381 1,411 1, 007 1, 152 276 652 1 , 008 6 1958 , 723 272 159 404 89 391 1,345 1, 044 1, 183 246 603 986 6 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 , 936 319 173 534 111 423 1,394 1 , 006 1,269 201 610 895 7, 097 373 188 512 115 427 1, 412 1, 040 1 , 286 195 587 962 7, 234 435 192 523 132 468 1,475 1, 035 1,340 168 536 932 7, 480 499 192 572 136 525 1, 520 1, 013 1,398 145 506 974 7, 747 525 204 633 146 520 1, 651 981 1, 472 138 491 985 6 1959 , 730 303 162 404 94 390 1, 326 996 1, 151 236 632 1, 036 6 Percent change, 1954-65 22. 7 141. 9 56. 9 105. 5 64. 0 64. 6 25. 7 9. 4 39. 3 64. 5 16. 6 2. 4 See footnote at end of table. 109 T able IIB -2. — Employment of Nonwhite Workers, by Occupation Group, 1934-65—Continued Percent of all workers 1954 Total, all occupations._ _ _ _ . __ Professional, technical, and kindred workers. Managers, officials, and proprietors (ex cluding farm). ___ _ __ . . . Clerical and kindred workers___________ Sales workers____ — . ._ __ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers. _ Operatives and kindred workers. _ Private household workers_______ Service workers, excluding private house hold_______________________________ Farmers and farm managers___ Farm laborers and foremen______ __ Laborers, excluding farm and mine_______ 10. 3 3. 9 2. 1 3. 7 2. 3 3. 8 10. 7 51. 4 21.2 10. 0 23. 6 27. 6 1960 Total, all occupations. ------ ----------- -----------Professional, technical, and kindred workers. Managers, officials, and proprietors (ex cluding farm). _ ___________________ Clerical and kindred workers__ __ Sales workers__ _______ — _____ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers. _ Operatives and kindred workers._ Private household workers___ _______ Service workers, excluding private house hold____________________: __________ Farmers and farm managers__ . . Farm laborers and foremen___ Laborers, excluding farm and mine_______ . 4. 4 2. 5 5. 2 2.6 4. 8 11. 8 45. 4 20. 1 7. 8 25. 0 26. 5 10 6 1955 1 . 3. 9 2. 3 3. 8 2.0 4. 0 10. 6 48. 8 21. 0 8. 6 21. 8 27. 6 10 2 1961 10. 4 4. 1 2. 4 5. 4 2. 5 4. 9 11. 9 43. 4 20. 1 7. 4 24. 8 25. 7 1956 1 10. 3 3. 7 2.2 3. 8 1. 8 4. 2 11. 2 46. 3 21.2 8. 5 22. 8 26. 7 1962 10. 5 4. 6 2. 5 5. 1 2.6 4. 9 11. 7 44. 4 19. 9 7. 5 25. 8 27. 0 1957 1 1958 10. 4 3. 8 2. 1 4. 4 1. 9 4. 4 11. 3 48. 0 20.8 8. 3 23. 9 27. 4 1963 10. 5 3. 9 2. 3 4. 4 2. 1 4. 6 11. 8 47. 4 21. 1 8. 0 24. 0 27. 4 1964 10. 5 5. 3 2. 6 5. 1 3. 0 5. 2 11. 8 44. 9 19. 9 7. 0 24. 2 26. 2 1 Averages based on data for January, April, July, and October. N ote —Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 110 . 5. 8 2.6 5. 4 3. 1 5. 8 11. 8 43. 6 20.2 6. 3 23. 8 26. 9 10 6 1959 10. 3 4. 2 2. 3 4. 3 2. 1 4. 6 11. 2 45. 3 19. 7 7. 8 24. 7 27. 7 1965 10. 7 5. 9 2.8 5. 7 3. 1 5. 6 12. 3 43. 6 20. 8 6. 1 24. 3 25. 6 In the South, nonw hite em ploym ent is concentrated m uch m ore heavily in low-paid, unskilled occupations than in other regions, whereas w hite em ploym ent is distributed about the sam e in the South as elsewhere. T able IIB-3.— E m p lo y e d M en a n d W om en , by O ccu pa tio n G rou p, R egion , a n d C olor, 1 96 5 (a n n u a l averages ) [Percent distribution] Occupation group Men, total__________ __________ ___________ White-collar workers ______ ______ Professional and technical _ _ _ _ _ Managers, officials, and proprietors__ Clerical w orkers.____ _____ ___ __ _ _ Sales workers _______ ______ _ __ _ __ Blue-collar workers. _ _________ Craftsmen and foremen_____ __ __ Operatives _ __ _______ _____ ____ Nonfarm laborers. ___ Service workers.____ _ _ ______ _______ Private household. _ ____ __ __ Other service workers___ Farm workers. __ ___ _____ _ Farmers and farm managers__ ____ Farm laborers and forem en____ Women, total _____ ____________ ___________ White-collar workers ____ _ ______ _ __ Professional and technical__ ___ _____ Managers, officials, and proprietors..__ Clerical workers___ . __ _ ____ Sales workers. __ ._ ___ __ __________ Blue-collar workers____ .. _____ .. _ Craftsmen and foremen_____ _______ Operatives _ ___ ____ _ _________ _ Nonfarm laborers_______ _ Service workers__ ___ _ Private household__ _____ _ ______ _ Other service workers._ _ ______ ___ Farm workers ___ _ _____ _ _______ Farmers and farm managers __ _ Farm laborers and foremen ______ United States Non white . 16. 5 5. 6 3. 4 5. 7 1. 8 58. 0 10. 9 26. 1 21. 1 15. 5 .4 15. 2 9. 9 2. 7 7. 2 100. 0 23. 7 8. 4 1. 5 11. 8 2. 0 15. 9 .7 14. 5 .7 54. 8 30. 3 24. 5 5. 5 .5 5. 1 100 0 White . 40. 5 12. 6 14. 3 7. 1 6. 5 46. 3 19. 9 19. 8 6. 6 6. 1 .1 6. 0 7. 1 4. 7 2. 4 100. 0 60. 9 13. 7 4. 8 34. 1 8. 2 16. 6 1. 1 15. 1 .4 19. 6 5. 6 14. 0 2. 8 .5 2. 3 100 0 South Non white . 10. 7 3. 9 2. 2 3. 6 1. 0 57. 8 9. 3 23. 5 25. 0 14. 4 .5 13. 9 17. 1 4. 6 12. 5 100. 0 16. 1 8. 3 1. 6 5. 0 1. 2 9. 9 .4 9. 0 .5 63. 9 40. 5 23. 4 10. 2 .7 9. 5 100 0 All other regions White . 40. 2 11. 1 15. 5 6. 9 6. 7 46. 4 20. 9 19. 5 6. 4 5. 0 .1 5. 0 8. 4 5. 6 2. 8 100. 0, 61. 2 13. 3 5. 6 33. 3 8. 9 18. 7 1. 1 17. 3 .4 16. 9 4. 2 12. 7 3. 2 .9 2. 3 100 0 Non white . 22. 6 7. 5 4. 6 7. 8 2. 6 58. 2 12. 6 28. 7 17. 0 16. 7 .2 16. 4 2. 5 .8 1, 8 100. 0 31. 8 8. 5 1. 5 18. 9 2. 8 22. 4 1. 2 20. 2 1. 0 45. 5 19. 7 25. 8 .6 .2 .4 100 0 White . 40. 6 13. 1 13. 9 7. 2 6. 4 46. 3 19. 7 20. 0 6. 6 6. 5 .1 6. 3 6. 6 4. 3 2. 3 100. 0 60. 8 13. 8 4. 5 34. 5 8. 0 15. 8 1. 1 14. 3 .4 20. 6 6. 1 14. 5 2. 7 .4 2. 3 100 0 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. Ill N egro participation in professional, clerical, skilled, and sem i-skilled jobs increased in all regions of the country betw een 1950 and 1960, but all regions except the South shared in the declining proportion of N egroes working as nonfarm laborers. T able IIB-4 .— P ercen t D istrib u tio n United States Occupation group Total, experienced civilian labor force_____ _ _ . ______ _ _ . Professional, technical and kindred workers. Farmers and farm managers___ Managers, officials, and proprietors, exeluding farm _____ ___________ Clerical and kindred workers _ __ _ Sales workers___ ____ _ _________ . . Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers.. Operatives and kindred workers. Private household workers___________ _ Service workers__ _ _________ . Farm laborers . . . ____ Laborers, excluding farm and mine ___ Occupations not reported______________ 1950 Northeast 1960 1950 112 1960 Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro White 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 9. 0 3.6 1 2 .0 12. 5 8.1 7.3 21.1 2 2 .8 .1 6.7 1.7 7. 1 2.7 8.9 1. 9 11.4 27.2 .8 15.6 .8 15. 2 11.4 2.2 13. 3 1. 9 3. 1 1. 1 7.7 21.1 1.0 13. 3 10.3 23.7 1.5 7.8 1 0 .0 1 1 .6 6 .8 6.9 19.7 20.0 .1 5. 1 4. 2 6.6 1. 1 3. 1 4.3 1.7 4. 9 1.3 9.8 24.4 .7 13. 9 7. 1 20. 4 8.4 . 5. 11. 5 7. 1 7.4 20.5 19. 5 .1 5.2 2. 3 5.6 4.2 11 0 6 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not total 100.0. Source: 1960 C ensus o f P o p u la tio n , D etailed C haracteristics, U nited States S u m m a ry, PC(1)-1D, table 257. o f the P o p u la tio n , Part 1, U nited States S u m m a ry , table 159. o f N egro a n d W h ite M a le 2 .8 2 . 3.5 7.2 2 .0 10. 5 26.4 1. 5 20.1 1.3 22. 7 1.7 2 .6 1. 0 I960 C ensus of P o p u la tio n , .2 Vol. II, 1.5 11.3 8.5 7.6 20. 9 20. 4 .1 6.5 .9 5. 6 4.7 C haracteristics E m p lo ym en t, by O ccu pa tio n G rou p a n d R egion , 1 95 0 a n d 1 96 0 South North Central Negro 1 0 0 .0 2.4 .9 2.4 5. 1 1.5 10.5 29.0 .9 18.6 1. 1 25.4 2 .0 1960 1950 1960 1950 West 1950 1960 White Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 2 .8 1 0 .0 4.3 .5 2.4 7.2 1.4 12.9 21. 1 .5 17.7 2.4 18.2 12.9 3.6 12.5 6.5 7.4 20. 5 16.5 .1 5.7 3.5 6.5 4.2 7.1 13.3 10.3 6 .6 6.4 19.4 20.3 .1 4.7 4.5 6.3 1 .1 3. 1 .3 1 .8 6 .8 1 .6 11 1 . 29.1 .6 15.0 .7 17.7 12.7 9. 9 8.9 1 0 .2 6.7 6.9 20. 1 2 0 .6 .1 4.8 2.4 5 .5 3.9 2 .0 19.3 1. 4 1 .6 .8 6.3 18.4 .9 1 0 .2 14. 5 23.2 1. 3 6.9 15.5 11.4 5.8 6.9 18.3 18.4 .1 3.6 6.1 5.7 1.3 7. 1 1.4 2.9 .9 8 .6 22.3 .8 12.7 11.4 23. 1 5.9 7.2 1 2 .6 6 .6 7.7 20. 5 19.2 .1 4.0 3.0 5.2 4.0 2.3 .1 3. 1 5.5 1 .6 10. 9 18.8 1 .6 23.4 4.7 27.3 1 .6 9. 1 7.0 13.0 6 .1 7.6 20.4 16.4 .1 5.8 5.4 8.1 1 .0 1 1 .0 White 113 W ithin each major occupation group, and both for m en and w om en, jobs of least skill and low est wages tended to be more im portant sources of em ploym ent for nonw hites than for w hites both in 1962 and 1965. H ow ever, significant gains occurred during this period in the proportion of nonw hite workers in white-collar jobs and in the crafts. T able IIB-5.—P erce n t D istrib u tio n a n d P ercen t C hange o f E m p lo y e d P erso n s, by D e ta ile d O cc u p a tio n ,1 S ex , a n d C olor, 1 9 6 2 a n d 1965 Percent Sex and occupation 1 1962 Nonwhite Percent change, 1962-65 1965 White Non white White Nonwhite White MALES Total employed__________ White-collar workers __ ----------------- ----Professional and technical________ ______ Engineers ----------- -------------- ----Teachers, elementary and secondary__ Social and welfare workers (except group), religious workers, and clergy men __ _______________________ Managers, officials and proprietors_______ Clerical workers________________________ Postal clerks--------- ------------------------Shipping and receiving clerks --------Stock clerks and storekeepers______ _ Sales workers__ ----- ------------------------Blue-collar workers _ _ ------------Craftsmen and foremen _ — . -------Brickmasons, stonemasons, and tile setters. _______________________ Excavating, grading and road machin ery operators _______________ _ Carpenters Foremen, n.e.c_ __________________ Automobile mechanics___________ __ Other mechanics_______________ — Painters, construction, and mainte nance _ _____________________ ----------... Operatives.--__ Assemblers.. __ ______ _ Attendants, auto service and parking__ Deliverymen and routemen___ ______ Filers, grinders, and polishers, metal__ Laundry and dry cleaning operatives__ Packers and wrappers, n.e.c _____ __ Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs _____ Truck and tractor drivers Welders and flame-cutters._ .. _____ See footnote at end of table. 114 . 14. 4. 4 .3 .8 . 40. . 2. 4 1. 0 100 0 6 100 0 8 12 2 100 0 . 16. 7 5. 5 .6 1. 0 100 0 6 . 40. 12. 5 2. 4 1. 1 8. 2 23. 1 35. 3 115. 4 33. 3 4. 5 4. 0 7. 1 3. 6 5. 4 .5 3. 3 5. 4 .9 .7 .8 1. 5 56. 2 10. 1 .6 .4 1. 0 .6 1. 4 1. 8 .8 24. 3 .5 1. 1 1. 2 .4 1. 2 .8 .8 4. 9 .7 .6 15. 1 7. 1 .4 .7 .7 6. 4 44. 8 19. 8 .4 .6 1. 9 2. 7 1. 5 3. 4 .9 18. 9 .7 .8 1. 1 .4 .1 .4 .3 3. 3 .8 .7 3. 5 5. 8 .7 .8 1. 1 1. 8 57. 8 10. 9 .6 .3 1. 0 .7 1. 3 1. 9 .8 26. 1 .8 1. 0 1. 2 .4 .8 1. 0 .7 4. 9 .7 .6 14. 4 7. 1 .4 .6 .7 6. 5 46. 2 19. 9 .4 .6 1. 9 2. 7 1. 7 3. 4 1. 0 19. 7 .8 .8 1. 2 .4 .1 .5 .3 3. 2 1. 0 .4 15. 7 16. 4 -18. 4 22. 6 48. 5 27. 7 11. 3 17. 6 16. 7 -7 . 7 -. 2 4. 2 -2 . 9 - 6. 9 11. 0 7. 4 7. 7 5. 2 7. 9 10. 3 4. 1 4. 1 18. 9 3. 4 15. 6 9. 5 17. 1 -. 9 18. 2 12. 2 18. 2 -3 . 3 1. 4 31. 6 68 2. 3 32. 0 - 1. 6 14. 7 12. 5 16. 5 63. 6 8. 2 26. 7 -24. 0 40. 6 8. 7 3. 4 T able IIB -5. — Percent Distribution and Percent Change of Employed Persons, by Detailed OccupationSex, and Color, 1962 and 1965—Continued Percent Sex and occupation 1 1962 Nonwhite Percent change, 1962-65 1965 White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White males—continued Nonfarm laborers. _______ _ ___ ___ Carpenters’ helpers, except logging and mining_____ _ _ --------------Garage laborers, and car washers and greasers_____________________________ Gardeners, except farm, and groundskeepers. _________________________ . Longshoremen and stevedores. __ Lumbermen, raftsmen, and woodchoppers. _ Warehousemen, n.e.c.. _ ------------ — Service workers. ______________ __________ Private household workers____________ __ Other service workers___________________ Attendants. ____ _______________ _ Barbers__________________________ Cleaners _ _ _____________________ Cooks, except private household Janitors and sextons _ ____ Kitchen workers, n.e.c., except private household___________ — _____ Porters ____________ ____ ____ Protective service workers___________ Waiters_______ ___________________ Farm workers____________________ -------Farmers and farm managers___ _ Farmers__________________________ Farm laborers, and foremen______________ Farm laborers, wage workers _______ Farm laborers, unpaid family workers. _ 21. 9 .5 1. 2 1. 3 .7 .5 .5 15. 9 .6 15. 4 1. 2 .5 .5 1. 4 4. 3 1. 3 2. 7 .8 .8 13. 2 4. 2 4. 1 9. 0 7. 6 1. 4 . .1 .2 .7 .1 .2 .2 5. 9 .1 5. 8 .5 .4 .1 .4 1. 0 .3 .1 1. 8 .2 8. 5 5. 6 5. 5 2. 9 2. 0 .8 6 2 . .5 1. 1 1. 4 .6 .7 .4 15. 6 .4 15. 2 1. 2 .5 .5 1. 4 4. 6 1. 3 2. 2 .8 .9 9. 9 2. 6 2. 6 7. 2 6. 5 .7 20 8 . .2 .2 .8 .1 .2 .2 6. 1 .1 6. 0 .4 .4 .2 .4 1. 2 .3 .1 1. 9 .2 7. 1 4. 7 4. 6 2. 4 1. 7 .7 . 19. 0 - 2. 0 16. 1 -3 . 3 30. 4 -4 . 8 5. 9 25. 0 7. 1 10. 2 9. 1 3. 3 15. 9 5. 4 -10. 5 9. 1 21. 2 -19. 0 -31. 3 -30. 1 -13. 4 -7 . 2 -48. 3 . 12. 1 10. 4 18. 5 3. 2 5. 3 7. 1 7. 7 4. 9 7. 8 - 8. 1 - 1. 1 20 4 18. 2 16. 9 11. 3 5. 4 8. 6 -7 . 3 -12. 3 - 12. 2 - 12. 1 -12. 4 -14. 2 -10. 7 . 60. 13. 7 2. 8 5. 0 .8 4. 9 33. 9 4. 5 2. 4 1. 3 12. 3 1. 4 8. 2 10. 5 31. 1 35. 4 12. 9 28. 8 111. 1 18. 2 30. 4 35. 7 126. 7 52. 6 15. 4 61. 5 30. 0 9. 7 . . .4 9. 3 39. 1 - 1. 6 12. 8 6. 8 20. 6 9. 6 16. 3 4. 0 9. 4 6 6 2 6 10 8 FEMALES Total employed_____________________ White-collar workers_______________________ Professional and technical. ___ _ _ _ __ Nurses, student and professional Teachers, elementary and secondary__ Technicians_______________________ Managers, officials and proprietors _____ _ Clerical workers_______________ _____ Bookkeepers __________ _ . _ Cashiers___________________ _ _ Office machine operators.__ Secretaries, stenographers, and typists. _ Telephone operators. ____ _________ Sales workers__ _____ _______________ See footnote at end of table. .n 19. 7 6. 7 1. 1 3. 6 .3 1. 5 9. 7 .5 .5 .7 3. 1 .4 1. 7 100 . 60. 13. 4 2. 9 5. 0 .6 5. 4 33. 0 4. 6 2. 2 1. 4 11. 6 1. 5 8. 3 100 0 1 . 23. 3 8. 2 1. 1 4. 2 .6 1. 6 11. 5 .6 1. 1 .9 3. 3 .7 2. 0 100 0 100 0 8 11 0 12 6 6 115 T able IIB-5.—Percent Distribution and Percent Change of Employed Persons, by Detailed Occupation,x Sex, and Color, 1962 and 1965—Continued Per cent Sex and occupation 1 1962 Nonwhite Percent change, 1962-65 1965 White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White females—continued Blue-collar workers __ ----- — --------------Craftsmen and foremen — Operatives____ - --------------Assemblers __ ----- -----Dressmakers and seamstresses, except factory_________ ___ ____ Laundry and dry cleaning operatives__ Packers and wrappers, n.e.c -----------Sewers and stitchers, manufacturing---Nonfarm laborers ----- ----------Service workers---- ----------------- — -Private household workers----------------Babysitters _ _ _ Housekeepers. _ — . _ _ _ _ Laundresses____________ ____ Other private household workers, n.e.c ------ . — Other service workers. _ -----------------------Attendants._ _. ------ --------------Boarding and lodging housekeepers----Chambermaids and maids, except private household-------- -------------Charwomen and cleaners. Cooks, except private household _ Counter and fountain workers ______ Hairdressers and cosmetologists. ------Housekeepers, except private household. Janitors and sextons_____ — Kitchen workers, n.e.c. except private household _ --------------— Practical nurses______ ____ Waitresses. ------ ---------Farmworkers — ----------Farmers and farm managers -----Farmers---------- . Farm laborers and foremen___ _ _ Farm laborers, wage workers __ __ Farm laborers, unpaid family workers._ ________ _ _____ 15. 4 .6 14. 0 .7 .4 4. 4 1. 3 1. 6 .9 57. 5 35. 7 2. 2 1. 8 1. 2 30. 4 21. 8 4. 0 .7 3. 3 1. 0 2. 9 .4 1. 7 .5 .6 2. 2 1. 7 1. 8 7. 4 .6 .6 6. 8 4. 3 2. 5 16. 2 1. 1 14. 8 1. 3 .7 .9 1. 4 3. 1 .3 20. 4 6. 4 3. 5 .7 .3 1. 9 14. 0 1. 7 1. 0 .4 .5 1. 4 .5 1. 5 .7 .3 .8 1. 0 3. 7 3. 2 .6 .6 2. 7 .5 2. 1 15. 8 .7 14. 4 .9 .5 4. 1 1. 3 1. 9 .7 55. 2 30. 9 2. 2 1. 4 .8 26. 5 24. 2 4. 6 .8 3. 8 1. 3 3. 5 .6 1. 4 .7 .7 1. 8 2. 4 1. 7 5. 7 .5 .5 5. 2 3. 8 1. 4 16. 6 1. 1 15. 0 1. 4 .6 .9 1. 3 3. 2 .4 19. 9 5. 8 3. 5 .5 .3 1. 5 14. 0 1. 8 .9 .4 .6 1. 4 .6 1. 6 .6 .3 .8 .9 3. 5 2. 8 .5 .5 2. 3 .4 1. 9 13. 1 . 14. 0 45. 0 15. 4 3. 9 10. 8 32. 6 - 8. 0 5. 9 -4 . 2 10. 9 -11. 5 -25. 0 -3 . 8 22. 5 28. 4 28. 6 26. 0 40. 0 34. 9 38. 5 - 8. 2 53. 3 35. 3 -7 . 8 55. 1 7. 8 -15. 3 - 11. 8 - 11. 8 -15. 7 -2 . 4 -37. 8 22 2 11. 9 17. 3 11. 2 16. 3 14. 9 3. 5 14. 8 24. 6 6. 6 - 0. 2 10. 8 -14. 5 - 8. 8 -13. 9 9. 6 20. 5 -3 . 5 8. 3 18. 3 10. 0 28. 9 21. 9 3. 8 16. 9 1. 2 3. 1 2. 9 -4 . 3 -1 . 7 - 2. 6 -4 . 9 -9 . 3 -4 . 2 1 Not all detailed occupations are shown. Those not shown separately represent less than 0.5 percent of nonwhite male or nonwhite female employment in that occupation in 1965. N ote.—Dashes (...) indicate no change. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics; data are from a special detailed analysis by occupation of each year’s statistics from the Current Population Survey. 116 Am ong detailed m ale occupations, significant increases am ong nonw hites occurred in the 1950-60 decade in law, dentistry, and teaching. Sharp increases also took place am ong m ail carriers, painters and welders in industry. M ajor declines were in farm ing, m anagerial occupations, and the m inistry, as well as in private household work. T able IIB - 6 .— N egro a n d W h ite M a le E m p lo y m e n t in Selected O ccu pa tio n s, 195 0 a n d 1960 1950 Occupation Employed males, 14 and over _ _ ____ __ Professional, technical, and kindred workers__ ______ Clergymen __ _ Dentists_____ ____ Lawyers and judges. ______ Musicians and music teachers _ Physicians and surgeons___ Teachers. . . . Farmers and farm managers Managers, officials, and proprietors _ . . . Clerical and salesworkers__ Mail carriers . _ . __ Real estate agents and brokers______ . Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers . _ _ _ Bakers___ _ __ Cabinetmakers and pattern makers____ _ _ _ __ _ Carpenters Compositors and type setters. __ ___ _ Electricians__________ ___ Masons, tile setters_______ Painters. . . Plasterers and cement finishers____ Plumbers and pipefitters___ Operatives and kindred workers __ Painters, excluding con struction and mainte nance__ Welders and flame cutters __ Service, excluding private household __ Private household workers.. Farm laborers and foremen Laborers, excluding farm and mine.. __ Occupation not reported Total Negro 40, 510 (In tho usands) 3, 500 36, 830 43, 467 120 2 7, 537 106 107 908 164 307 173 410 89 276 8 , 127 269 17 8 738 103 251 2, 373 73 1, 950 3, 290 458 7 9 464 36 360 828 51 96 241 1, 883 34 1, 556 2, 442 405 N ote.—Totals include occupations not shown separately. Source: 1960 C ensus o f P o p u la tio n , Detailed, C haracteristics, the P o p u la tio n , Part 1, U n ited S ta tes S u m m a ry , table 159. White 2, 887 142 71 173 70 176 266 3, 699 4, 258 5, 042 149 118 7, 256 99 104 872 162 303 155 387 72 267 7, 368 2, 970 161 73 174 76 180 286 4, 190 4, 341 5, 199 162 75 18 1 1 6 4 19 464 67 145 12 6 2 35 2 3 18 22 Negroes as percent of employment 1960 Total 4, 479 196 81 205 82 213 475 2, 388 4, 630 5, 993 192 147 8 , 489 91 103 816 164 335 191 386 87 303 8 , 642 125 344 2, 599 61 1, 202 2, 998 1, 987 U n ited S tates S u m m a ry , Negro White 1950 1960 Negro White 3, 644 39, 462 113 14 2 2 4, 324 181 78 202 76 205 442 6 4 31 154 63 226 20 2 357 7 2 Percent change 1950-60 , 4, 539 5, 732 172 144 8 , 082 83 2 212 101 36 4 5 22 26 19 10 887 773 160 327 168 357 67 292 7, 702 13 19 508 27 257 745 307 322 2, 050 32 916 2, 221 1, 652 PC(1)-1D, table 205,1 9 5 0 111 9 3 11 2 1 7 7 2 11 2 3 8 2 4 6 2 4 1 1 10 5 19 3 9 7 4 20 49 19 25 11 C ensus o f P o p u la tio n , 4 7 3 49 7 -2 3 3 31 1 47 7 3 2 12 6 65 6 -6 7 50 28 10 17 9 17 66 -4 0 7 14 15 8 1 4 -6 55 64 2 16 4 32 8 16 2 -1 6 4 4 2 63 1 54 11 21 7 20 22 9 3 22 10 22 11 -1 6 -4 -1 1 -1 8 -8 9 -6 20 9 5 74 109 9 20 45 -2 4 21 -2 9 25 - 1 0 16 506 16 34 9 -8 -41 -9 308 10 10 6 Vol. II, C haracteristics o f 1X7 T he m ost significant recent advances (1962-64) in nonw hite m ale em ploym ent were in construction, retail and wholesale trade, and in educational services; for nonw hite w om en, how ever, advances were greatest in retail trade, entertainm ent and recreation, education services, and in the health field (m edical and hospital services). T able IIB-7 .— E m p lo y e d P e rso n s, by I n d u s tr y Males Industry 1962 Nonwhite Total employed (in thousands) _ __ — Percent distribution __ Agriculture____________________________________ Nonagricultural industries, ___ _ _ ___ Forestry, fisheries, and mining Construction------- -------------- - ----------------- ---------- --------------Manufacturing Durable goods ._ --------Lumber and wood products._ __ — Furniture and fixtures_________ _____ Stone-clay-glass products________ _ _ Primary metal industries___________ Fabricated metal products----------------Machinery, except electrical--------Electrical machinery __ . -------------Transportation equipment _ ... Automobiles.. _________________ All other. _ _ — — -----------Instruments___________________ Miscellaneous manufacturing— -------Nondurable goods ----- -------- ----------Food and kindred products______ — Textile mill products. --------------Apparel --------------------- ------------Printing and publishing industry--------Chemicals and allied products------Other nondurable goods --------Transportation and public utilities. _ — Railroads and railway express.. ------------Other transportation. _ __________ — Communications------------------------Other public utilities________ ________ Trade _ ------------- --------------- --------------Wholesale trade. __ ----------Retail trade___ ._ ----------------- ._ Eating and drinking places. _ _ Other retail trade. _ ____________ See footnotes at end of table. 118 4, 220 100. 0 14. 4 85. 6 .6 9. 5 24. 5 15. 0 2. 8 .5 1. 1 2. 9 1. 6 .9 1. 1 3. 5 2. 1 1. 4 .2 .4 9. 5 3. 5 .8 .8 1. 1 1. 2 2. 1 8. 3 1. 7 4. 2 .2 2. 2 16. 1 3. 8 12. 3 3. 2 9. 1 1964 White 40, 672 100. 0 9. 0 91. 0 1. 5 9. 1 29. 8 18. 3 1. 1 .8 1. 0 2. 1 2. 7 3. 4 2. 4 3. 4 1. 6 1. 8 .7 .7 11. 5 2. 9 1. 2 .7 2. 1 1. 8 2. 8 8. 4 1. 9 3. 5 1. 0 2. 0 18. 2 4. 5 13. 7 1. 8 11. 9 Nonwhite 4, 429 100. 0 11. 2 88. 8 .7 10. 3 24. 3 15. 5 2. 5 .6 1. 0 3. 3 1. 9 1. 2 1. 1 3. 4 2. 2 1. 2 .1 .4 8. 8 3. 4 .8 .6 .9 1. 2 1. 9 8. 7 1. 6 4. 1 .3 2. 7 17. 3 4. 1 13. 2 3. 6 9. 6 White 41, 710 100. 0 8. 1 91. 9 1. 4 9. 1 30. 5 19. 0 1. 2 .8 1. 0 2. 4 2. 6 3. 6 2. 3 3. 8 1. 8 2. 0 .6 .1 11. 5 3. 1 1. 2 .7 2. 0 1. 7 2. 8 8. 3 1. 7 3. 6 1. 1 1. 9 18. 3 4. 4 13. 9 1. 8 12. 1 Detail, Color, and Sex, 1962 and 1964 (annual averages) Females Nonwhite as a percent of total males 1962 9. 4 14 3 8. 9 4. 4 9. 8 7. 8 7. 8 20. 7 6. 9 9. 9 12. 4 5. 9 2. 8 4. 5 9. 3 11. 5 7. 2 2. 9 5. 4 7. 9 11. 0 6. 4 10. 5 5. 4 6. 6 7. 2 9. 2 8. 3 11. 0 2. 4 10. 0 8. 4 8. 1 8. 5 15. 4 7. 4 1964 9. 6 12. 8 9. 3 4. 9 10. 7 7. 8 8. 0 18. 8 7. 5 9. 6 12. 8 7. 1 3. 3 4. 8 8. 8 11. 9 5. 9 2. 2 6. 2 7. 5 10. 6 6. 8 8. 3 4. 7 7. 1 6. 5 10. 1 9. 2 10. 8 3. 2 13. 1 9. 1 9. 1 9. 1 17. 4 7. 7 1962 Nonwhite , 878 . 7. 7 92. 3 0) .2 9. 6 3. 3 .1 .2 .1 .1 .3 .2 1. 1 .3 .1 .2 .1 .8 6. 3 1. 6 .3 2. 7 .6 .2 .9 1. 1 .1 .3 .6 .1 10. 5 .9 9. 6 45 5. 1 2 100 0 Nonwhite as a percent of total females 1964 White 20, 077 100. 0 3. 5 96. 5 .2 .9 20. 5 8. 3 .2 .3 .4 .3 1. 1 1. 1 2. 5 1. 0 .4 .6 .6 .8 12. 2 1. 7 1. 9 40 1. 5 .8 2. 3 40 .2 1. 0 2. 1 .7 22. 9 2. 4 20. 5 5. 3 15. 2 Nonwhite 3, 052 100. 0 6. 2 93. 8 0) .1 10. 0 2. 9 .1 .1 .1 .1 .3 .2 .9 .3 .2 .1 .1 .7 7. 1 1. 3 .5 3. 0 .7 .3 1. 3 1. 4 .1 .3 .9 .1 11. 0 .6 10. 4 4. 6 5. 8 White 21, 167 100. 0 3. 2 96. 8 .2 .9 20. 7 8. 4 .1 .3 .3 .4 1. 2 1. 2 2. 5 1. 0 .4 .6 .5 .9 12. 3 1. 8 1. 9 4. 1 1. 4 .8 2. 3 3. 5 .2 .9 1. 9 .5 22. 4 2. 1 20. 3 5. 1 15. 2 1962 1964 12. 5 23. 9 12. 1 (2) 3. 1 6. 2 5. 3 (2) 7. 5 3. 2 3. 1 3. 8 2. 2 6. 1 46 5. 4 41 2. 4 11. 6 6. 9 11. 6 2. 5 8. 8 5. 4 3. 0 5. 3 3. 8 (2) 44 4. 0 1. 5 6. 2 5. 2 6. 3 10. 9 4. 6 . 21. 7 12. 3 (2) 1. 5 6. 5 48 (2) 5. 5 41 45 3. 8 2. 0 49 46 7. 6 2. 4 1. 7 10. 4 7. 7 9. 6 3. 8 9. 4 6. 4 5. 3 7. 8 5. 1 47 4. 3 6. 1 3. 5 6. 6 4. 1 6. 9 11. 5 5. 2 12 6 119 T able IIB -7. — Employed Persons, by Industry Males Industry 1962 Nonwhite Nonagricultural industries—Continued Service and finance . ________ __ . ----Finance, insurance, and real estate Service industries _____ Business and repair services _ _ __ Business services Repair services _ Personal services ____ . ____ _ Private household __ Other personal services Entertainment and recreation - _ Professional services _ Medical services _. _. _ Hospital________ ________ — Welfare and religion Educational services . -----Other professional services _ . Public administration ____ _ Postal service __ — Federal administration _ _ ---------State administration ... _ Local administration _ _ __ _ 1 Less than 0.05 percent. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 50,000. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 120 20. 4 2. 3 18. 1 3. 4 .9 2. 5 6. 3 2. 2 4. 1 1. 2 7. 2 .5 2. 7 .8 2. 5 .7 6. 2 2. 1 2. 4 .5 1. 2 1964 White 18. 3 3. 8 14. 5 3. 3 1. 3 2. 0 2. 7 .6 2. 1 .9 7. 6 .9 1. 0 .8 3. 2 1. 7 5. 6 1. 1 2. 0 .7 1. 8 Nonwhite 21. 2 2. 3 18. 9 3. 1 1. 0 2. 1 5. 9 2. 3 3. 6 1. 3 8. 6 .6 2. 7 .8 3. 7 .8 6. 2 1. 7 2. 6 .5 1. 4 White 18. 5 4. 0 14. 5 3. 2 1. 3 1. 9 2. 6 .6 2. 0 .9 7. 8 .9 1. 0 .8 3. 3 1. 8 5. 8 1. 1 1. 9 .8 2. 0 Detail, Color, and Sex, 1962 and 196^ (annual averages)—Continued Females Nonwhite as a percent of total males 1962 10. 3 6. 0 11. 4 9. 7 6. 5 11. 6 19. 1 26. 5 16. 7 11. 4 9. 0 6. 1 22. 3 8. 6 7. 7 4. 1 10. 3 16. 3 11. 0 6. 8 6. 7 1964 10. 8 5. 8 12. 1 9. 4 7. 8 10. 5 19. 3 28. 8 15. 9 13. 0 10. 4 6. 6 22. 9 9. 9 10. 4 4. 1 10. 3 14. 9 12. 5 6. 2 7. 1 1962 Non white 66. 9 1. 8 65. 1 .6 .5 .1 45. 3 35. 7 9. 6 .6 18. 6 1. 8 8. 2 .9 7. 1 .6 4. 2 .2 2. 2 .6 1. 2 Nonwhite as a percent of total females 1964 White 44. 0 6. 6 37. 4 1. 9 1. 5 .4 12. 4 6. 6 5. 8 .9 22. 2 2. 8 5. 9 1. 3 10. 3 1. 9 4. 1 .3 1. 7 .8 1. 3 Non white 67. 2 1. 8 65. 4 .7 .6 .1 42. 5 33. 1 9. 4 .6 21. 6 2. 4 8. 9 .9 8. 7 .7 4. 1 .4 2. 1 .7 .9 White 44. 5 6. 8 37. 7 2. 0 1. 7 .3 11. 9 6. 3 5. 6 .8 23. 0 3. 1 6. 1 1. 2 10. 6 2. 0 4. 4 .3 1. 7 1. 0 1. 4 1962 17. 9 3; 7 20. 0 3. 9 4. 1 2. 7 34. 5 43. 7 19. 3 8. 9 10. 7 8. 4 16. 6 9. 3 9. 0 4. 1 12. 8 10. 4 15. 2 9. 7 12. 0 1964 17. 9 3. 7 20. 0 4. 6 4. 5 5. 5 34. 1 43. 2 19. 5 10. 2 11. 9 10. 2 17. 3 9. 5 10. 6 4. 6 11. 8 14. 9 15. 4 9. 0 8. 3 121 Over the decade 1950-60, most of the relative decline in labor or service jobs among Negroes and whites reflected gains in the skilled and semiskilled occupations, but among the Chinese and Japanese, most of the shift was toward white-collar jobs. T a b l e IIB - 8 .— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f E m p lo y e d M a le s, by R ace a n d B ro a d O ccu pa tio n G rou p, C on term in ou s U n ite d S ta tes, 1 95 0 a n d 196 0 Occupation group Negroes Chinese Japanese White 1950 All occupations__ __ Professional, managerial, clerical, sales 1 Farmers and farm managers. _ Craftsmen and operatives 2 __ Laborers and service 3 _ Occupation unknown__ — . 41. 1 1.4 19.8 37.8 1.3 1 0 0 .0 100 0 2 1 .6 13.3 28.8 48. 5 1.5 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 39.4 15.3 17.4 42. 1 1. 1 43. 1 1 0 .0 39. 7 16. 0 1. 1 1960 All occupations _ Professional, managerial, clerical, sales 1 Farmers and farm managers. _ Craftsmen and operatives 2_ Laborers and service 3 _ Occupation unknown____ __. . . - . 47. 3 .7 17. 6 28.0 7. 1 1 0 0 .0 100 0 15. 3 4.3 34. 2 42. 1 8.4 _ ... ----- 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 42.6 5.6 40. 0 13.2 4. 2 56.7 17. 1 20.1 18. 5 4. 8 Source: 1 Covers professional, technical, and kindred workers; farmers and farm managers; managers, officials, and proprietors; clerical and kindred workers; and sales workers. 2 Covers craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers, and operatives and kindred workers. 3 Covers all laborers (farm, nonfarm, and mine), private household workers, and service workers. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not total 100.0. I960 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n , D etailed C haracteristics, U n ited S tates Final Report PC(1)-1D, table 205; 1950 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n , Vol. II, Part 1, U nited S tates S u m m a ry , table 159; 1960 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n , Su bject R ep o rts, N o n w h ite P o p u la tio n by R ace, PC(2)-1C, tables 39 and 40; and 1950 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n , Vol. IV, S p ecia l R e p o rts, Part 3, Chapter B, N o n w h ite P o p u la tio n by R ace, tables 11 and 12. S u m m a ry , The proportion of nonwhite children enrolled in school has increased since 1953, so that almost equal proportions of nonwhite and white 5-17 year olds were in school in 1964, but a much smaller propor tion of nonwhites were of college age. T a b l e IIC-1.— P ercen t o f P erso n s 5 -2 4 Y ea rs O ld E n ro lled in School, by A g e a n d C olor, O ctober o f S elected Y ea rs, 1 9 5 3 -6 5 Percentage points by 1953 1958 1960 1965 which white exceed nonwhite Age Non White Non White Non White Non- White 1953 1958 1960 1965 white white white wrhite 5 and 6 _ 7-13_______________________ 14-17______________________ 18-19______________________ 20-24______________________ 63 97 82 28 5 81 100 86 32 12 74 99 83 34 9 81 90 38 14 100 73 99 87 35 8 82 91 39 14 100 79 99 92 40 10 85 99 93 47 20 18 3 4 4 7 7 1 7 4 5 9 1 4 4 6 0 ) 6 1 7 10 1 Less than 0.5 percent. Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, P o p u la tio n C haracteristics, “ School Enrollment, October 1963,” Series P-20, No. 129, p. 3, table D for 1953, 1958, and 1963; unpublished data from Current Population Survey for 1965 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 122 School enrollment among 14-17 and 18-19 year olds has risen more sharply for non whites than whites, during 1948-63. The white/nonwhite gap has been virtually eliminated among 14-17 year olds and has been substantially reduced for the others. T a b l e IIC-2.— P ercen t o f M a le s 1J+-19 Y ea rs O ld E n ro lled in School, by C olor a n d A ge G rou p, 1 9 4 8 -6 4 (3 -y e a r m oving averages, centered, a n n u a lly ) Year White Nonwhite 1 14 to 17 18 and 19 14 to 17 18 and 19 years years years years .4 70.7 74.3 75.6 75.5 78.1 82.4 83. 1 83.7 1948_____ 1949_____ 1950_____ 1951_____ 1952_____ 1953_____ 1954_____ 1955_____ 1956— . . . 68 82. 7 84.5 85. 2 8 6 .2 87.2 8 8 .2 88.9 89.6 90.4 23. 6 23.3 23. 2 (2) (2) (2) 29.7 30.4 36. 1 33. 5 35. 1 34. 4 36. 5 36.7 39.9 41.8 44.5 44. 8 1 The percentage figures for nonwhite males, and especially for those aged 18 and 19 years, have an especially large standard error because they are computed from a small base. 2 Data not available. Non white 1 Year White 14 to 17 18 and 19 14 to 17 18 and 19 years years years years 84. 5 86.2 87. 5 87.8 8 8 .8 90.2 91.4 92. 1 1957_____ 1958_____ 1959_____ 1960_____ 1961_____ 1962_____ 1963_____ 1964_____ 39. 6 39. 1 38. 6 38.0 39.6 42. 8 42. 5 45. 0 91. 0 91.7 91.6 92. 1 92.9 93.8 94.4 94.3 46. 2 46.4 48.2 48.7 50.6 51.3 52.2 53.8 N ote.—Enrollment as of October in each year. Alaska and Hawaii included beginning 1960. Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, Series P-20, Nos. 19, 24, 30, 34, 40, 45, 52, 54, 66, 74, 80, 93,101, 110,117,126, 129,148, and unpublished data from the current Population Survey (U.S. Bureau of the Census). At ages 14-17, Negro boys and girls were enrolled in school in equal proportions in 1960. At ages 18-29, a larger proportion of Negro young men then young women were enrolled. Among the white and other races, however, the ratio of male to female enrollment was higher at all ages 14-29. T able IIC-3.—P ercen t o f P erso n s 14~%9 Y ears O ld E n ro lled in School, by A ge, R ace, a n d Sex, C on term in ou s U n ite d S ta tes, 1 96 0 Percent enrolled in school Age 14 and 15 years__ 16 and 17 years 18 and 19 years 20 and 24 years 25 and 29 years Negro Other nonwhite 1 Male Female 90 73 39 90 73 36 9 4 11 6 Male Female 91 78 54 33 23 1Includes Chinese, Japanese, Indians, Koreans, Hawaiians, Aleuts, etc. Source: 1960, C en su s o f P o p u la tio n : Subject R eports, E m p lo ym en t S ta tu s an d 217-817 0-H&6------- 9 Enrolled males per 100 females White Male 92 77 45 19 7 W ork E xperien ce, 95 82 48 21 10 Female 94 82 38 10 3 Negro 100 100 99 109 127 Other nonwhite 106 108 121 189 285 White 105 105 123 197 312 PC(2)-6A, table 10 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 123 Labor force participation rates among teenagers (14 to 19 years old) have tended to decline (195465) as more remained in school, but the decline has been least in the 16-17 year old group. Also, be cause the 16-17-year-olds compete for jobs with those 18 and 19— who have more education and experience— and because they are more often looking for part-time and intermittent work, they tend to show the highest unemployment rates among all teenagers. T a b l e IIC-4.— E m p lo y m e n t S ta tu s o f T eenagers, by C olor, S ex, a n d A ge, 1954, 1961, a n d 196 5 (a n n u a l averages ) Year Employed persons (in thousands) Unemployment rates Female Male Male Female Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White 18- AND 19-YEAR-OLDS 1954_________________________ 1961_________________________ 1965_________________________ Percent change: 1954-65__________________ 1961-65__________________ 153 160 181 18. 3 13. 1 964 1, 164 1, 453 50. 7 24. 8 81 105 111 37. 0 5. 7 874 1, 056 1, 217 39. 2 15. 2 13. 5 11. 9 23. 9 15. 1 11. 4 20. 2 49. 6 -4 . 2 -15. 5 -24. 5 . 28. 27. 33. 7 -1 . 4 9. 0 13. 6 13. 4 48. 9 -1 . 5 17. 6 31. 1 37. 8 114. 8 21. 5 . 17. 0 15. 0 35. 1 - 11. 8 10. 5 13. 6 19. 0 79. 2 39. 7 .3 . 4. 4 -30. 2 -33. 3 20 8 2 8 16- AND 17-YEAR-OLDS 1954_________________________ 1961_________________________ 1965_________________________ Percent change: 1954-65__________________ 1961-65__________________ 110 98 126 14. 5 28. 6 774 891 1, 159 49. 7 30. 1 56 51 57 1. 8 11. 8 492 581 733 49. 0 26. 2 13. 4 13. 5 31. 0 16. 5 27. 1 14. 7 102. 2 8. 9 - 1 2 . 6 -10. 9 11 1 14- AND 15-YEAR-OLDS 1954_________________________ 1961_________________________ 1965_________________________ Percent change: 1954-65__________________ 1961-65__________________ 124 75 66 72 -4 . 0 9. 1 473 597 622 31. 5 4. 2 42 38 32 -23. 8 -15. 8 192 351 365 90. 1 4. 0 4. 4 5. 1 14. 3 8. 0 20. 3 7. 1 298. 0 61. 4 42. 0 -11. 3 6 6 6 T able IIC -4.—Employment Status of Teenages,by Color, Sex, and Age, 1954,1961, and 1965 (annual averages)—Continued Labor force participation rates Year Female Male Nonwhite to white ratios Unemployment rate Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Male Female Labor force partici pation rate Male Female 18- AND 19-YEAR-OLDS 1954 1961 1965 Percent change: 1954-65.-. 1961-65... 78. 4 70. 5 66. 7 -14. 9 -5 . 4 70. 4 66. 2 65. 8 - 6. 5 - 0. 6 37. 7 44. 6 40. 0 6. 1 -10. 3 52. 1 51. 9 50. 6 -2 . 9 -2 . 5 1. 13 1. 58 1. 77 2. 31 2. 07 2 . 07 1 11 1 1 01 . . 06 . 0. 72 . 86 . 79 1. 59 1. 83 2. 52 0. 99 . 96 . 88 0. 84 . 73 . 71 . . 06 4. 32 1 11 86 . . . 87 1. 54 . 81 . 63 16- AND 17-YEAR-OLDS 1954 1961 1965 Percent change: 1954-65... 1961-65... 46. 7 42. 5 39. 3 -15. 8 -7 . 5 47. 1 44. 3 44. 6 -5 . 3 0. 7 24. 5 21. 6 20. 5 -16. 3 -5 . 1 29. 3 29. 4 28. 7 - 2. 0 -2 . 4 0. 99 1. 8 8 1. 84 14- AND 15-YEAR-OLDS 1954 1961 1965 Percent change: 1954-65... 1961-65... 27. 2 24. 5 19. 2 2 2 . 2 18. 9 21. 7 —30. 5 -11. 4 - 1 . 6 -2 . 3 16. 2 11. 0 8. 1 —50. 0 -26. 4 10. 5 13. 5 12. 9 22. 9 -4 . 4 . 16 . 79 . 1 1 2 86 1 68 2 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are annual averages from the regular monthly Current Population Survey. 125 The ratio of nonwhite to white unemployment rates has become greatest in recent years for teenage girls; unemployment rates for the nonwhite girls are usually the highest in the labor force. T able IIC-5.— U n em p lo ym en t R ates fo r A ll W orkers a n d fo r T een agers,1 by C olor a n d Sex, 1 9 5 4 -6 5 Total civilian labor force All ages Male All ages Teenage Teenage Total Nonwhite White Total Nonwhite White Total Nonwhite White Total Nonwhite White 1954________ 1955________ 1956________ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960________ 1961_______ 1962________ 1963________ 1964________ 1965________ 5. 6 4. 4 4. 2 4. 3 6. 8 5. 5 5. 6 6. 7 5. 6 5. 7 5. 2 4. 6 .9 . 7. 5 8. 0 12. 6 10. 7 10. 2 12. 5 11. 0 10. 9 9. 8 8.3 8 8 0 4. 6 3. 6 3. 3 3. 9 6. 1 4. 9 5. 0 6. 0 4. 9 5. 1 4. 6 4. 1 11. 4 . 10 4 10. 8 14. 4 13. 2 13. 6 15. 2 13. 3 15. 6 14. 7 13. 6 10 2 13. 8 14. 2 15. 9 18. 0 25. 0 23. 5 22. 1 25. 4 23. 7 28. 4 26. 2 25. 3 10. 3 9. 0 8. 8 9. 9 13. 0 11. 9 12. 4 13. 8 12. 0 14. 0 13. 3 12. 2 4. 9 3. 9 3. 5 4. 1 6. 8 5. 3 5. 4 6. 5 5. 3 5. 3 4. 7 4. 0 9. 2 8. 2 7. 3 8. 4 13. 7 11. 5 10. 7 12. 9 11. 0 10. 6 9. 1 7. 6 Female Total Total Non white White Total Nonwhite White All ages 1954_________ 1955_________ 1956_________ 1957_________ 1958_________ 1959_________ 1960_________ 1961_________ 1962_________ 1963_________ 1964_________ 1965_________ 5. 4 4. 3 4. 3 4. 7 6. 8 5. 9 5. 9 7. 2 6. 2 6. 5 6. 2 5. 5 . 7. 5 8. 0 7. 4 10. 8 9. 5 9. 5 11. 9 11. 1 11. 3 10. 8 9. 3 8 2 4. 9 3. 9 3.8 4. 3 6. 2 5. 3 5. 3 6.5 5. 5 5. 8 5. 5 5. 0 . 9. 0 9. 9 10. 1 13. 1 12. 3 12. 9 14. 8 13. 2 15. 7 15. 0 14. 3 10 0 . 9. 9 9. 6 11. 3 15. 2 13. 8 14. 0 15. 4 13. 3 15. 5 14. 5 13. 1 11. 7 13. 2 13. 6 17. 5 24. 3 22. 8 22. 0 24. 7 20. 7 25. 4 23. 3 22. 6 11 2 . 9. .9 10. 5 14. 0 12. 5 12. 9 14. 1 12. 3 14. 2 13. 4 11. 8 11 0 6 8 Ratio, nonwhite to white Teenage All ages 4. 4 3. 4 3. 1 3. 7 6. 1 4. 6 4. 8 5. 7 4. 6 4. 7 4. 2 3. 6 17. 1 16. 2 19. 6 18. 9 26. 2 24. 9 22. 7 26. 6 28. 2 33. 1 30. 6 29. 8 9. 3 . . 9. 1 11. 6 10. 6 11. 9 13. 5 11. 5 13. 6 13. 2 12. 6 8 2 8 6 1. 93 . 2. 27 2. 05 2. 07 2 . 18 2. 04 2 . 08 2. 24 2. 14 2. 13 2 . 02 2 22 Male Female Teen age All ages Teen age All ages 1. 34 1. 58 1 . 81 1 . 82 1. 92 1. 97 1. 78 1. 84 1. 98 2. 03 1. 97 2. 07 2. 09 2. 41 2. 35 2. 27 2. 25 2. 50 2. 23 2 . 26 2. 39 2 . 26 2. 17 2 . 11 . 06 1. 38 1. 53 1. 67 1. 74 1 . 82 1. 71 1. 75 1. 6 8 1. 79 1. 74 1. 92 1. 67 1. 92 2 . 11 1. 72 1. 74 1. 79 1. 79 1. 83 2 . 02 1. 95 1. 96 1. 8 6 1 Teen age 1. 84 1. 98 2 . 28 2 . 08 2 . 26 2. 35 1. 91 1. 97 2. 45 2. 43 2. 32 2. 37 1 Civilian labor force, 14-19 years old. Source: M a n p o w e r R ep o rt o f the P residen t, March 1965, appendix, tables A-4, A-ll, A-12, A-13, and E m p lo y m e n t an d E a rn in g s, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, February 1965, page x. 126 The unemployment rate was lower for nonwhite and white male high school graduates and dropouts 16-24 years old in October 1965 than in October 1959. The rate for young women rose among both graduates and dropouts. T a b l e IIC- 6 .— U n em p lo ym en t R ates A m o n g H ig h School G ra d u a tes N o t E n ro lled in School a n d H igh School D ro p o u ts, P erso n s 1 6 - 2 4 Y ea rs O ld, by C olor a n d Sex, O ctober 1 9 5 9 a n d October 196 5 School status and color October 1959 Nonwhite High school graduates: 1 Male . _ __ Female. High school dropouts: 1 Male __ __ _ _ .. _ Female. _____ White 10. 4 14. 6 18. 1 16. 6 1 Graduates have completed 4 years of high school or more; dropouts completed less than 4 years of high school. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from “Employment of High School Graduates and Dropouts in 1964,” Unemployment rate ratios, nonwhite.to white October 1965 Non white . . 12. 2 16. 1 6 0 6 6 9. 8 19. 4 16. 0 24. 8 White . .9 11. 8 18. 2 6 1 8 October 1959 October 1965 1. 7 . 1. 5 1. 0 2 2 . . 1. 4 1. 4 1 6 2 2 Special Labor Force Report No. 54, tables A and B, and “Employment of June 1959 High School Graduates, October 1959,” Special Labor Force Report No. 5, table B. Unpublished data for high school graduates in 1959 are from the October supplement to the Current Population Survey. 127 A larger proportion of nonwhite than white high school graduates in October 1965 were in jobs requiring little or no skill. Since 1959, however, a substantial decrease took place in the proportion of nonwhite male graduates and dropouts employed as nonfarm laborers, and a significant increase in production work. T a b l e IIC-7.— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f E m p lo y ed P erso n s 1 6 -2 4 Y ea rs O ld, by O ccu pa tio n G rou p fo r H ig h School G ra d u a tes N o t E n ro lled in School a n d H igh School D ro p o u ts, by C olor a n d S ex, October 1 9 5 9 a n d O ctober 196 5 Female Male Occupation group and education status 1959 Non white Graduates: 1 All occupation groups: Number (in thousands) __ ___ Percent _ ___ Professional, technical, and kindred workers. Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm Clerical and kindred workers. Salesworkers. _ ____ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers Operatives and kindred workers Private household workers__ _ . Service workers, except private household Farmers, farm managers, laborers and foremen__ __ Laborers, except farm and mine Dropouts: 1 All occupation groups: Number (in thousands) Percent Professional, technical, and kindred workers _ Managers, officials, and proprietors, except farm. _ Clerical and kindred workers Salesworkers _ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers. Operatives and kindred workers_____ Private household workers Service workers, except private household . Farmers, farm managers, laborers and foremen Laborers, except farm and mine___ _ 180 100.0 . 1965 White Non white White Non white White Non white , 116 100.0 365 2, 877 100.0 173 2, 097 336 3, 071 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 2 1 0 0 .0 . 5. 4 14.9 7.7 15. 9 25.4 2. 7 8 .2 1. 4 9. 3 37.8 3. 1 6.1 9.8 15.6 3.0 15. 1 406 1, 523 370 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 2 2 . . 11. 1 25. 0 1. 1 17.8 4.4 26. 1 10 0 2 2 . 0 2 3.0 .5 5.7 19. 0 1 1 .8 23. 9 36. 0 1965 1959 11 6 . 1. 4 3.2 3. 1 14.2 37.9 .1 6.4 13. 5 19.3 6 .8 10.4 6.4 11.5 7. 1 14. 4 31. 2 .1 4. 8 4.3 9.8 . 1. 2 26. 5 3. 5 1.2 1 1 .6 15. 6 19. 6 8.1 1.2 13. 0 .9 65. 9 4.4 .5 6.6 1. 6 5.8 .9 .5 1, 561 100.0 203 630 100.0 33.2 1. 3 2.8 3.4 2. 7 13.7 42. 5 11. 9 15. 1 29. 5 4. 5 9. 1 20.1 1 0 1. 9 . 2 2 6 .2 11 6 1 0 0 .0 2. 5 1.5 3. 0 .5 12.8 31. 0 26. 1 22. 7 . 1. 1 14.8 7. 5 2.5 34.0 9. 8 21.4 6 .7 .2 . 6 0 29.2 5. 1 17.6 15. 2 24. 7 1. 2 1.2 White 12. 5 .8 57.8 4. 9 .5 9. 4 1.8 1 1 .0 .9 .3 187 100.0 636 100.0 4.8 1. 6 1. 1 17.6 29. 9 25. 7 18. 2 1. 1 . .5 13. 1 8.0 .9 37. 9 11.0 21. 7 5. 0 1. 3 0 6 2 1 1 Graduates completed 4 years of high school or more; dropouts completed less than 4 years of high school. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Buieau of Labor Statistics. Data are unpublished from the October 1959 and 1965 supplements to the Current Population Survey. 128 The median wage or salary of nonwhite high school graduates 16 to 21 years old in February 1963 was about 15 percent below wages of white dropouts in the same age group. T a b l e IIC- 8 .— W e ek ly E a rn in g s 1 on F u ll-T im e Job s o f 1 6 -2 1 Y ea r-O ld Y ou th s N o t in School, by Y ea rs o f School C om p le te d a n d C olor, F eb ru a ry 196S Years of school completed and color High school graduates: 2 Nonwhite.. ___ White______________________ School dropouts: 2 N onw hite..__White- - _ ______ Total . . 100. 0 100. 0 100 0 100 0 Under $40 28. 8 7. 4 63. 2 15. 9 $40 to $49 23. 8 14. 5 18. 4 19. 1 $50 to $59 16. 9 . 2. 5 19. 3 22 1 $60 to $69 17. 5 35. 7 9. 2 29. 1 $70 and over Median income 13. 1 20. 3 6. 7 16. 5 $49 62 34 58 1 From wages or salary. 2 Graduates completed 4 years of high school or more; dropouts completed less than 4 years of high school. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from the February 1963 supplement to the Current Population Survey. 129 At every age group among young men 16-22 years old, a larger proportion of nonwhite than white students worked 35 hours or more a week in 1960, but a larger proportion of white than nonwhite students were employed. T a b l e IIC —9 .— E m p lo y m e n t S ta tu s a n d H o u rs W o rk ed A m o n g Y ou th s (a g ed 16—2 2 ) E n ro lle d in S ch ool, by S ex , A ge, a n d C olor, U n ite d S ta te s, 196 0 Age and color Sex and employment status 16 years 17 years 18 years 19 years 20 years 21 and 2 2 years Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white white Percentage distribution MALE Enrolled in school__ In the labor force. Civilian labor force_______ Employed__ With a job, not at at work___ At work _ 1-14 hours 15-34 hours 35 hours or more___ Unemployed___ Not in the labor force . 16. 7 16. 7 14. 3 .7 13. 6 7. 1 4. 3 2. 3 2. 4 83. 3 . 27. 9 27. 8 25. 2 .6 24. 5 13. 8 8. 9 1. 8 2. 7 72. 1 100 0 100 0 . 22. 7 22. 4 19. 4 .9 18. 5 8. 4 6. 1 4. 0 3. 0 77. 3 100 0 . 37. 7 37. 3 34. 3 .8 33. 5 16. 0 14. 2 3. 3 3. 0 62. 3 100 0 . 31. 1 30. 2 26. 5 1. 1 25. 4 9. 3 7. 7 8. 4 3. 7 68. 9 100 0 . 43. 2 41. 9 38. 4 1. 0 37. 4 14. 5 14. 4 8. 4 3. 5 56. 8 100 0 . 38. 3 36. 9 32. 4 1. 1 31. 4 9. 6 8. 7 13. 0 4. 4 61. 7 100 0 . 46. 7 43. 8 40. 5 1. 2 39. 3 13. 8 12. 7 12. 8 3. 3 53. 3 100 0 . 45. 2 42. 8 37. 7 1. 0 36. 7 9. 5 10. 2 17. 0 5. 1 54. 8 100 0 . 50. 5 46. 7 43. 8 1. 4 42. 4 13. 8 12. 7 15. 9 2. 9 49. 5 100 0 . 54. 7 50. 5 45. 6 1. 3 44. 3 8. 9 10. 6 24. 9 4. 9 45. 3 100 0 . 56. 8 53. 1 50. 0 1. 4 48. 6 12. 7 13. 6 22. 3 3. 1 43. 2 100 0 FEMALE Enrolled in school. _ 100. 0 In the labor force 7. 6 Civilian labor force_______ 7. 6 Employed_____________ 6 . 3 With a job, not at work __ .6 At work . 5. 7 1-14 hours 3. 4 15-34 hours 1. 4 35 hours or more___ . 8 Unemployed 1. 3 92. 4 Not in the labor force Source: . 14. 8 14. 8 13. 4 .5 12. 9 8. 5 3. 6 .7 1. 4 85. 2 100 0 1960 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n : D etailed C haracteristics 130 . 11. 6 11. 6 9. 7 .7 9. 0 5. 0 2. 5 1. 5 1. 9 88. 4 100 0 . 24. 1 24. 1 22. 0 .7 21. 3 12. 3 7. 3 1. 7 2. 0 75. 9 100 0 . 18. 8 18. 8 15. 9 .7 15. 2 6. 4 4. 0 4. 8 2. 8 81. 2 100 0 . 100. 0 100. 0 30. 9 26. 0 37. 2 30. 8 26. 0 37. 1 28. 5 2 2 . 6 35. 1 . 9 1. 0 1 . 0 27. 7 2 1 . 6 34. 0 12. 8 7. 5 14. 5 5. 1 8 . 2 8. 1 6. 8 9. 0 11. 4 2. 3 3. 4 2 . 1 69. 1 74. 0 62. 8 100 0 PC(1)-1D, table 197 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). . 32. 2 32. 1 28. 7 1. 0 27. 7 9. 3 6. 5 11. 9 3. 4 67. 8 100 0 . 41. 1 41. 0 39. 4 1. 1 38. 3 15. 5 8. 7 14. 1 1. 5 58. 9 100 0 . 36. 3 36. 2 ‘32. 4 1. 1 31. 4 8. 1 6. 7 16. 6 3. 8 63. 7 100 0 . 44. 8 44. 7 42. 8 1. 3 41. 5 13. 5 9. 1 18. 9 1. 9 55. 2 100 0 In the 4 years 1961-65, there was a gain of 92,000 Federal employees of whom 26,000 were Negro, representing a 9-percent increase in the Federal employment of Negroes and a 3-percent increase for all others. In 1965, 13.5 percent of all Federal employees were Negroes, compared to 12.9 percent in 1961. T a b l e IID-1 .— F ederal E m p lo y m e n t, by R ace, 1 9 6 1 -6 5 [In thousands] Year 1961__________________________ 1962__________________________ 1963__________________________ 1964__________________________ 1965__________________________ Change, 1961-65 Negro Total Number 2 , 197 2, 252 2, 300 2, 270 2, 289 92 Percent .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 +4 100 100 100 100 100 Number 283 293 302 299 309 26 White and other 1 Percent 12. 9 13. 0 13. 1 13. 2 13. 5 +9 Number 1, 915 1, 959 1, 998 1, 971 1, 980 65 Percent 87. 1 87. 0 86. 9 86. 8 86. 5 +3 1 White workers, and non white workers other than Negroes. Source: Civil Service Commission, S tu d y of M in o rity G rou p E m p lo ym en t in the F ederal G overn m ent, 1964, table series 1; and S tu d y o f M in o rity G rou p E m p lo y m en t in the F ederal G overnm ent, 1965, table 1-1. 131 The greatest proportionate gain in Negro Federal employment from 1962 to 1965 took place in the upper grades of the Classification Act, Wage Board, and Postal Field Service pay plans. However, the numerical increase of Negro workers was greatest in the lower or middle grades of all pay plans except the Wage Board, where expansion took place almost exclusively in the $6,500 to $7,999 bracket. Yet, in 1965, almost half of the lowest grade ($4,499 or less) Federal employees under the Wage Board plan were Negroes, compared to slightly under 20 percent under the Classification Act (GS 1-4) and Postal Field Service (PFS 1-4). T a b l e IID-2 .— F ederal E m p lo ym en t, by G rade a n d S a la r y G ro u p, 1965 Negro Other Total Pay category Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent . . __ 2, 288, 615 Total, all pay plans. ___ ------ 1, 124, 281 Classification Act 1------ . GS 1-4_______________________________ 335, 642 GS 5-11______________________________ 575, 380 GS 5-8___________________________ 310, 681 GS 9-11__________________________ 264, 699 GS 12-18_____________________________ 213, 259 Wage Board.. . ... 520, 819 $4,499 or less 63,172 $4,500-$7,999_________________________ 411,403 $4,500-$6,499__ __________________ 239, 675 $6,500-$7,999_____________________ 171,728 $8 ,0 0 0 and over 46, 244 585,935 Postal Field Service 2_ PFS 1-4______________________________ 495, 772 PFS 5-11_____________________________ 8 6 , 270 PFS 5-8_______________ __________ 72, 572 PFS 9-11.. ______________________ 13, 698 PFS 12-20____________________________ 3, 893 All other pay plans.. . 57, 580 $4,499 or less 19, 162 $4,500-$7,999_________________________ 15,589 $4,500-$6,499_____________________ 10, 136 $6,500-$7,999_____________________ 5, 453 $8 ,0 0 0 and over.. _ ____ 22, 829 1 Or similar pay plan. Per annum salary ranges for QS ratings are as follows: GS-1: $3,507-$4,578; GS-2: $3,814-$4,975; GS-3: $4,149-$5,409; GS-4: $4,641—$6,045; GS-5: $5,181-$6,720; GS-6: $5,702-$7,430; GS-7: $6,269-$8,132; GS-8: $6,869-$8,921; GS-9: $7,479-$9,765; GS-10: $8,184-$10,704; GS-11: $8,961—$11,715; GS-12: $10,619-$13,931; GS-13: $12,510-$16,425; GS-14: $14,680- 132 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 308, 675 106, 456 64, 651 38, 987 29, 897 9, 090 2,818 102, 794 29, 736 72, 035 58, 138 13, 897 1, 023 92, 022 84, 944 7, 023 6 , 765 258 55 7, 403 6 , 140 869 715 154 394 13 1, 979, 940 9 1,017, 825 19 270,991 7 536,393 280, 784 10 3 255, 609 1 210,441 418, 025 20 47 33, 436 18 339, 368 24 181,537 157,831 8 2 45, 221 16 493,913 17 410,828 8 79, 247 9 65,807 2 13, 440 1 3, 838 13 50, 177 32 13,022 14, 720 6 9, 421 7 3 5, 299 2 22, 435 87 91 81 93 90 97 99 80 53 82 76 92 98 84 83 92 91 98 99 87 68 94 93 97 98 $19,252; GS-15: $17,055-$22,365; GS-16: $19,619-$25,043; GS-17: $22,217$25,325; GS-18: $25,382. 2 PFS-1-4 includes 4th class postmasters and rural carriers. Per annum salary ranges for PFS ratings are as follows: PFS-1: $4,086-$5,571; PFS-2: $4,424-$6,019; PFS-3: $4,780-$6,551; PFS-4: $5,181-$7,062; PFS-5: $5,536- and Race, 1965; and Percent Change From 1964 and 1962 to 1965 Change from 1962 Change from 1964 Other Total Negro Negro Other Total Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 18, 420 14, 634 -1,280 6 , 641 1, 058 5, 583 9, 273 -11, 152 - 7 , 821 - 9 , 134 -21, 638 12,504 5, 803 4, 437 -1,090 5, 262 4, 645 617 265 10, 501 9, 488 -233 -243 10 1, 246 1 1 — 1 — 2 5 -2 -1 1 -2 -8 8 14 1 — 6 7 5 7 22 98 -1 -2 — 6 9, 511 3, 759 740 2, 538 1,593 945 481 -124 -3 , 750 3, 227 297 2, 930 399 2, 307 1, 627 665 629 36 15 3, 569 3, 408 119 91 28 42 3 4 1 7 6 12 21 — -1 1 5 1 27 64 3 2 10 10 16 38 93 125 16 15 22 12 , 909 10, 875 - 2 , 020 4, 103 -535 4, 638 8 , 792 -11,028 -4 , 071 -12, 361 -21, 935 9, 574 5, 404 2, 130 -2,717 4, 597 4, 016 581 250 6 , 932 6 , 080 -352 -334 -1 8 1, 204 8 — 1 -1 1 — 2 4 -3 -1 1 -4 -1 1 6 14 — -1 6 6 5 7 16 88 -2 -3 — 6 $7,582; PFS-6: $5,941-$8,108; PFS-7: $6,361-$8,481; PFS-8: $6,888-$8,940 PFS-9: $7,449—$9,681; PFS-10: $8,110-$10,585; PFS-11: $8,961-$11,715; PFS-12 $9,914-$12,947; PFS-13: $10,956-$14,358; PFS-14: $12,077-$15,857; PFS-15 $13,349-$17,498; PFS-16: $14,751-$19,368; PFS-17: $16,320-$21,450; PFS-18 $18,078-$23,766; PFS 19: $20,042-$24,935; PFS-20: $22,217-$25,325. 36, 281 60, 633 -27, 984 43, 694 6 , 418 37, 276 44, 923 -47, 794 -40, 745 -29, 706 -93, 687 63, 981 22, 657 15, 367 3, 855 11, 254 9, 997 1, 257 258 8 , 075 6 , 532 -5 , 228 -3 , 973 -1 , 255 6 , 766 2 6 -8 8 2 16 27 -8 -3 9 -7 -2 8 59 96 3 1 15 16 10 7 16 52 -2 5 -2 8 -1 9 42 15, 590 9, 919 -1,289 9, 797 6 , 577 3, 220 1,411 - 2 , 860 -14, 937 11, 204 1,832 9, 372 873 5, 142 3, 057 2, 046 1, 933 113 39 3, 389 3, 450 -233 -162 -71 172 5 10 -2 34 28 55 100 -3 -33 18 3 207 582 6 4 41 40 78 244 84 128 -2 1 -1 8 -3 2 77 20, 691 50,714 -26, 695 33, 897 -159 34, 056 43, 512 -44, 934 -25, 808 -40, 910 -95, 519 54, 609 21,784 10, 225 798 9, 208 8 , 064 1, 144 219 4, 6 8 6 3, 087 -4 , 995 -3 , 811 -1 , 184 6 , 594 N ote.—Dashes (—) equal zero or round to zero. Source: Civil Service Commission, S tu d y o f M in o rity in the F ederal G overnm ent, 1965, tables 1-1 and 1-3. 1 5 -9 7 — 15 26 -1 0 -4 4 -1 1 -3 4 53 93 2 — 13 14 9 6 10 31 -2 5 -2 9 -1 8 42 G roup E m p lo ym en t 133 Of the various Federal pay plans, the Wage Board plan showed the highest proportion of Negroes in 1965— 20 percent, compared with 9 percent under the Classification Act and 15 percent under other plans. The Government Printing Office and the General Services Administration had the largest pro portion of Negro employees in 1965— 41 percent and 34 percent respectively. However, the Defense Department and the Post Office Department together employed almost two-thirds of all Negroes in the Federal service. T able IID-3 .— T o ta l a n d N egro F ederal E m p lo ym en t, by P a y P la n a n d A g e n cy , J u n e 1 96 5 1 [Agencies with 5,000 or more employees in June 1965 are listed separately] 2 All pay plans Selected agencies All employees 2, 288, 615 All agencies 3 _ 922,937 Department of Defense__ __ — Office of the Secretary 38, 298 Army _. __- ------315, 004 299,775 N avy._ 269, 860 Air Force. Post Office Department. _ _ _ _ 587, 780 149, 090 Veterans Administration-Department of Agriculture _ 95, 769 Department of the Treasury _ _ 8 8 , 561 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. _ 84,171 62,032 Department of the Interior 41, 641 Federal Aviation Agency _ General Services Administration _ 35, 049 National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 33, 859 32, 492 Department of Justice 28, 483 Department of Commerce___ 2 2 , 207 Department of State 4__ 16,315 Tennessee Valley Authority. _ 13,336 Housing and Home Finance Agency__ 9, 198 Department of Labor 7, 198 Atomic Energy Commission 6 , 993 Government Printing Office 5, 585 Selective Service System See footnotes at end of table. 134 Classification Act (or similar pay plans) Negro Number Percent 308, 675 106, 788 7, 351 37, 021 41, 267 21, 149 92,265 36,811 4, 321 12,194 16, 711 2, 529 1, 506 11, 910 1, 092 1 , 682 3, 803 2, 407 1, 144 1, 728 1, 910 308 2, 864 320 13 12 19 12 14 8 16 25 5 14 20 4 4 34 3 5 13 11 7 13 21 4 41 6 All employees 1, 124, 281 513,169 29, 131 2 0 1 , 121 130, 184 152, 733 1, 795 1 1 1 ,201 83, 152 80, 552 70,979 47, 956 38, 320 17, 434 26, 644 30, 196 25, 191 7, 759 13, 092 8 , 962 6 , 957 1, 271 955 Negro Number Percent 106, 456 38, 260 4, 048 16, 834 9, 966 7, 412 9 7 14 222 2 2 211 12 20 , 3,090 8 , 760 12, 659 1, 395 1, 005 3, 115 648 1, 489 2, 995 1, 797 1, 580 1, 772 261 486 50 8 8 5 4 18 3 3 18 2 5 12 23 11 12 20 4 38 5 T a ble IID-3 .— T o ta l a n d N egro F ederal E m p lo y m e n t, b y P a y P la n a n d A g en cy, J u n e 1 9 6 5 1—Continued [Agencies with 5,000 or more employees in June 1965 are listed separately] 2 All pay plans Selected agencies All employees Classification Act (or similar pay plans) Negro Number Percent Wage Board All agencies3 . . . -- — Department of Defense. _ Office of the Secretary — Army__ - - — Navy__ ___ _ - . — - -- - Air Force. Post Office Department. . . . Veterans Administration.. Department of Agriculture Department of the Treasury----------- . . . Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.. Department of the Interior Federal Aviation Agency. . General Services Administration__ _ _ _ National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Department of Justice_____ . . Department of Commerce__ Department of State 4__ Tennessee Valley Authority Housing and Home Finance Agency. _ Department of Labor__ Atomic Energy Commission __ __ Government Printing Office__ Selective Service System __ 520, 819 399, 122 7, 273 110,948 168, 305 112,596 40 33, 755 10, 165 7, 678 6 , 488 13,515 3, 142 17, 610 6 , 451 1, 404 1, 763 469 9, 727 238 105 76 5, 440 16 1 Includes full-time employees in all executive departments and agencies, except the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. The Government Printing Office was also included. 2 Agencies not listed separately employed 29,826, or 1.3 percent of all employees. 3 Includes agencies not listed separately. 102, 794 65, 221 2, 241 19, 343 31, 274 12, 363 21 13,392 1,008 3,427 3, 390 1, 103 413 8 , 795 346 93 579 242 767 147 91 22 2, 371 13 All employees Negro Number Percent Other pay plans (including Postal Field Service) 5 20 16 31 17 19 11 53 40 10 45 52 8 13 50 5 7 33 52 8 62 87 29 44 81 643, 515 10, 646 1, 894 2, 935 1,286 4, 531 585, 945 4, 134 2, 452 331 6 , 704 561 179 5 764 892 1, 529 13,979 6 , 588 6 131 165 282 4, 614 99, 425 3, 307 1 , 062 844 27 1,374 92, 022 1,208 223 7 662 31 88 98 229 368 377 1 47 25 7 257 100 15 31 56 29 2 30 16 29 9 2 10 6 49 13 11 15 3 6 17 36 15 2 6 * Includes Agency for International Development, Peace Corps, and the the International Boundary and Water Commission. 3 The Post Office is the only agency using the postal field service pay plan. Source: U.S. Civil Service Commission, S tu d y of M in o rity G rou p E m p lo y m en t in the F ederal G overnm ent, 1965, tables 1-1 and 1-4 through 1-26. 135 More Negroes— over 63,000—were employed by the Federal Government in the Washington, D.C., area in 1965 than in any other place, followed by New York and Chicago with about 25,000 each. Chicago has the largest proportion of Negro Federal workers (36 percent), followed by Detroit and Cleveland. In all cities and regions except Washington, D.C., however, proportionately more Negro workers were under the postal field service or the wage board plan than under the Classification Act. T a b l e IID-4.— T otal a n d N eg ro F ederal E m p lo y m e n t,1 by S elected P a y P la n s in the C iv il S ervice R e g io n s 2 a n d S elected S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a s,3 J u n e 1 9 6 5 All pay plans 4 Civil Service region and selected standard metro politan statistical areas All employees 2, 288, 615 Summary, worldwide........ ............ . — All regions 5__ __ _ - -------- 2, 250, 143 Atlanta region___ _. 277, 110 Atlanta, _ ___ _ 21,383 1 2 , 188 Charleston, S.C_______________ ___ _ Huntsville___ _ - _ ___ 18, 014 . ___ Macon____ 16, 783 Mobile___ _ ------------14, 659 Boston region____ _ ________ . -------108, 071 Boston, _____ _ __ 39, 830 Chicago region, _ — _ _ _ 313, 501 Chicago, _, — _____ _ ,, 6 8 , 247 Cincinnati___ 11, 865 Cleveland____ 19, 906 Detroit__ ___ _ ------------25, 475 Indianapolis__ __ ________ __ 15, 392 Dallas region______ _ _ __ 2 0 2 , 180 9, 778 Dallas,,, _ , _____ Houston, _ — _ 13,318 New Orleans, _ 10, 934 San Antonio 32, 526 Denver region, . ,, --- ----117, 247 Denver___ _ 20, 038 New York region, _ , , 227, 932 New York, 123,952 Philadelphia region_____ 258, 451 ___ 30, 278 Baltimore_____ Philadelphia, _ _ __ 67, 081 Pittsburgh, 16, 702 Newport News,, 13, 659 Norfolk-Portsmouth__ __ 29, 360 St. Louis region. 140, 517 Kansas City__ __ 18, 063 St. L o u is,__ 30, 708 San Francisco region, . — 255,684 Los Angeles-Long Beach, __ 55, 372 San Francisco-Oakland 72, 092 Seattle region___ 90, 263 Washington, D.C, _ ___ 259, 187 See footnotes at end of table. 136 Classification Act (or similar pay plans) Negro Number Percent 308, 675 307, 887 31, 805 3, 245 1, 990 459 1, 902 2, 165 3, 830 1, 847 61, 095 24, 721 2,417 5, 785 8,220 4, 024 17, 359 1, 124 2, 777 2, 542 2, 045 3, 836 1,796 34, 452 25, 367 46, 595 7, 938 15, 910 2, 761 2 , 688 7,551 11,248 2, 939 5, 882 32,176 11,446 14, 074 2,236 63, 255 13 14 11 15 16 3 11 15 4 5 19 36 20 29 32 26 9 11 21 23 6 3 9 15 20 18 26 24 17 20 26 8 16 19 13 21 20 2 24 All employees 1, 124, 281 1, 105, 594 126, 157 12, 838 4,360 14, 158 7, 553 6 , 761 40, 095 16, 177 136, 439 29, 621 5, 129 9, 024 11, 813 8 , 757 98, 852 5, 754 7, 478 6 , 351 15, 946 67, 297 13,413 8 6 , 448 43, 058 123, 713 18,449 35, 593 5, 746 7, 781 9, 060 6 6 , 343 10, 412 17, 794 112, 914 23, 871 28, 410 46, 046 201, 290 Negro Number Percent 106, 456 106, 087 5, 133 567 84 161 123 289 1 , 181 621 20, 141 6 , 431 663 1, 766 3, 060 1, 976 3, 754 246 614 488 474 1, 742 838 10,213 6 , 876 14, 856 3, 242 7, 016 689 640 652 4, 387 970 2,425 8,260 3, 287 3, 360 620 35, 800 9 4 4 10 2 1 2 4 3 4 15 22 13 20 26 23 4 4 8 8 3 3 6 12 16 12 18 20 12 8 7 7 9 14 7 14 12 1 18 T able IID-4.— T otal a n d N eg ro F ederal E m p lo y m e n t,1 by S elected P a y P la n s in the C iv il S ervice R e g io n s 2 a n d S elected S ta n d a rd M e tro p o lita n S ta tis tic a l A re a s,3 J u n e 1 9 6 5 —Continued All pay plans 4 Civil Service region and selected standard metro politan statistical areas Classification Act (or similar pay plans) Negro All employees Number Percent 520, 819 515, 303 82,280 3, 152 7, 301 3,231 8 , 812 7, 013 25, 236 7, 852 48, 505 6,518 609 2, 424 1,982 2, 540 54, 789 637 1 , 116 1, 543 14, 749 32, 965 2, 482 38, 912 17, 825 72,375 5, 561 15, 860 1, 519 5, 164 18, 373 15, 349 1, 151 3, 913 82, 754 8 , 271 30, 299 24, 532 37, 606 1 Includes full-time employees in all executive departments and agencies, except the National Security Council and Central Intelligence Agency. The Government Printing Office was also included. 2 Civil Service regions are defined as follows: Atlanta: Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virgin Islands; Boston: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hempshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont; Chicago: Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin; Dallas: Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Texas; Denver: Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Wyoming; New York: New Jersey and New York; Philadelphia: Delaware, Maryland, except Montgomery and Prince Georges Counties, Pennsylvania, Virginia, except Alexandria and Falls Church cities, and Arlington and Fairfax 102, 794 102, 709 19, 433 1, 192 1, 787 220 1, 684 1, 633 1, 025 450 10, 198 2, 645 256 584 926 577 7, 544 266 466 575 1, 404 1,293 431 6 , 810 4, 181 19, 629 2, 704 4, 118 416 1, 667 6 , 250 2, 054 402 1, 120 13,215 2, 245 7, 016 923 20, 585 Negro Number Percent Postal field service Wage board Summary, worldwide__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ All regions 5 __ _ Atlanta region___ Atlanta____ ______ - ____ . __ Charleston, S.C. _ . __ _ _ _ __ Huntsville Macon. _ _ ______ Mobile . . . __ ____ __ ... Boston region Boston__ ____ _ _____ _ ___ Chicago region. _ . Chicago Cincinnati. _________ _____ ______ Cleveland________ __. . . Detroit___________ ____________ Indianapolis... ... . . . __ Dallas region__ _ . _ ____ __ _ ... Dallas... __ Houston. _ ___ ._ New Orleans San Antonio Denver region__ _ __ Denver__ __________ . New York region. New York. . . . Philadelphia region _ Baltimore___ Philadelphia. ... ... Pittsburgh.. . . . . . . . ... Newport News Norf olk-Portsmouth St. Louis region___ __ ... Kansas City__ . _. St. Louis_____ _ __ San Francisco region _ Los Angeles-Long Beach. San Francisco-Oakland.. Seattle region _ Washington, D.C__ All employees 20 20 24 38 24 7 19 23 4 6 21 41 42 24 47 23 14 42 42 37 10 4 17 17 23 27 49 26 27 32 34 13 35 29 16 27 23 4 55 585, 935 585,935 58, ‘487 5, 003 485 373 376 715 41, 523 15, 272 123, 878 31, 344 5, 844 8 , 214 11,275 3,988 45, 343 3,217 4, 513 2, 683 1, 772 15, 315 3, 916 100, 001 61, 674 57, 783 5, 629 15, 178 9,276 519 1 , 660 57, 074 6,297 8 , 685 56, 855 22, 550 12,719 18, 029 11,647 92, 022 92, 022 5, 970 1,434 99 14 92 215 1, 549 737 29, 870 15, 393 1, 475 3,362 4, 139 1,443 5, 330 577 1, 641 1, 387 164 657 505 16, 955 14, 002 10, 505 1,899 4, 622 1, 624 297 638 4, 590 1, 518 2, 251 10, 189 5, 803 3, 576 606 5, 801 16 16 10 29 20 4 24 30 4 5 24 49 25 41 37 36 12 18 36 52 9 4 13 17 23 18 34 30 18 57 38 8 24 26 18 26 28 3 50 counties, and West Virginia; St. Louis: Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, and South Dakota; San Francisco: California and Nevada; Seattle: Idaho, Montana, Oregon, and Washington. 2 Standard metropolitan statistical areas as defined by the U.S. Bureau of the Budget in 1961. * Includes 57,580 employees (of whom 7,403 or 13 percent were Negroes) under other pay plans. s Includes Washington, D.C., SMSA. N ote.—Data exclude employment in Alaska, Hawaii, and Puerto Rico. Source: U.S. Civil Service Commission, Study of Minority Group Employment in the Federal Government, 1965, tables 1-1; 2-1 through 2-10; 4-1, 2, 4-8; 10-12, 15-17, 20, 22, 24, 27, 30, 32-36, 38-41. 137 The median income of nonwhite families was less than three-fifths that of white families through out the 1947-64 period. It was highest during the Korean war, and in 1964, the most recent full year for which data are available. T a b l e IIIA-1.—M e d ia n F a m ily In com e, by C olor of F a m ily H ea d , 1 9 4 7 -6 4 Year 1947__________ 1948___________ 1949___________ 1950___________ 1951__________ 1952___________ 1953___________ 1954___________ 1955__________ 1956___________ 1957___________ 1958___________ 1959__________ 1960__________ 1961___________ 1962__________ 1963___________ 1964__________ Nonwhite $1, 614 1, 768 1, 650 1, 869 2, 032 2, 338 2, 461 2, 410 2, 549 2 , 628 2, 764 2, 711 2, 917 3, 233 3, 191 3, 330 3, 465 3, 839 White $3, 157 3,310 3, 232 3, 445 3, 859 4, 114 4, 392 4, 339 4, 605 4, 993 5, 166 5, 300 5, 643 5, 835 5, 981 6 , 237 6 , 548 6 , 858 Nonwhite as percent of white 51. 1 53. 4 51. 1 54. 3 52. 7 56. 8 56. 0 55. 5 55. 4 52. 6 53. 5 51. 2 51. 7 55. 4 53. 4 53. 4 52. 9 56. 0 Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, Incom e o f F am ilies an d P erson s in the U n ited S ta tes, Series P-60, No. 43, and unpublished Current Population Reports tabulations (U.S. Bureau of the Census). The ratio of nonwhite to white median income is usually less for men than for women, and has risen or declined appreciably with the economic cycle. The ratio for men and women in 1964 was most similar for year-round, full-time workers— 66 percent for men and 69 percent for women. T a b l e I I I A -2 . — R a tio o f N o n w h ite to W h ite M e d ia n In com e o f P e rso n s,1 by S ex, 1 9 4 8 -6 4 [Percent] Year All persons Male 1948________ 1949________ 1950________ 1951________ 1952________ 1953________ 1954________ 1955________ 1956________ 1957________ 1958________ 1959________ 1960________ 1961________ 1962________ 1963________ 1964________ 54. 3 48. 4 54. 3 55. 1 54. 8 55. 1 50. 0 52. 7 52. 3 53. 1 49. 8 47. 0 52. 5 51. 7 49. 2 52. 1 58. 5 Female 43. 4 46. 3 44. 7 42. 4 38. 6 58. 4 54. 3 52. 3 57. 4 57. 8 58. 6 61. 6 62. 0 67. 0 67. 1 66. 8 58. 1 Year-round, full time workers 2 Male 60. 8 59. 1 61. 2 62. 9 58. 4 66. 1 63. 5 59. 7 64. 4 66. 0 Female 51. 3 55. 4 58. 4 58. 8 64. 4 67. 8 66. 0 61. 0 61. 8 69. 3 114 years old and over. Includes income from all sources, including wages and salaries. 2 Year-round, full-time data not available for years 1948-54. Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, Incom e o f F a m ilies a n d P erso n s in the U n ited S ta tes, Series P-60, Nos. 6-43, and 47. (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 138 Among all workers and year-round, full-time workers, the lower ratio of nonwhite to white median earnings among men as compared to women, in addition to larger increases in the ratio for women (1957-63), obscures the fact that nonwhite men average more income than either white or nonwhite women. T able IIIA -3 . — M e d ia n W age or S a la r y in com e o f P erso n s 1 a n d o f Y ea r-R o u n d , F u ll-T im e W orkers, by C olor a n d S ex , 195 7 a n d 196 8 Median wage or salary income 1957 Sex Nonwhite All workers: MaleFemale__ Year-round, full-time workers: Male__________ ____ Female 114 years old and over. Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n (U.S. Bureau of the Census.) $2, 436 1, 019 3, 137 1, 8 66 White 1963 Nonwhite as percent of white Nonwhite 55. 4 45. 5 63. 4 60. 1 $3, 217 1, 448 4, 104 2, 368 $4, 396 2, 240 4, 950 3, 107 R ep o rts, Incom e o f F am ilies an d U nrelated In dividu als in the U n ited S tates, White Nonwhite as percent of white $5, 663 2, 723 6 , 277 3, 723 56. 8 53. 2 65. 4 63. 6 Series P-60, No. 35, table 37, and No. 43, table 33. The ratio of nonwhite to white family income in 1964 varied from 49 percent in the South to over 70 percent in the North Central and West, so that the average ratio of 56 percent (which has changed little in the 1960’s) masks wide variations among regions. T able IIIA-4.— M e d ia n F a m ily In com e, by C olor a n d R egion , 1 9 6 0 -6 4 Region Year and color North South West Northeast United Central States 1960: ___ Nonwhite___ White __ ___ _ _ ___ _____ Ratio 1961: Nonwhite _ White______________________________ Ratio _ _ 1962: Nonwhite White________________________________ Ratio - ._ 1963: Nonwhite________ _ _ White______________________________ Ratio _ _ _____ 1964: Nonwhite__ White ___ Ratio ___ _ __ $3, 233 835 55 $3, 191 $5, 981 53 $3, 330 $6 , 237 53 $3, 465 $6 , 548 53 $3, 839 $ 6 , 858 56 $5, ) (i) 0 ) (i) 0 68 ) (x) 0 74 0) C) 67 $4, 424 $6 , 740 72 $4, 339 $6 , 384 $4, 615 $7, 082 65 $4, 943 $7, 418 67 $4, 926 $6 , 712 73 $5, 063 $7, 000 72 66 68 $2, 117 $4, 905 43 $2 , 1 1 2 $4, 945 43 $2, 455 $5, 213 47 $2, 520 $5, 565 45 $2, 898 $5, 889 49 ) (') 0 81 ) (■ ) 0 87 $4, 973 $6 , 858 73 $5, 417 $7, 153 76 $5, 774 $7, 408 78 Ratio obtained from source, but median income not available by region. Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R eports, C onsum er Incom e, Incom e o f F am ilies an d P erson s in the U nited S tates, Series P-60; No. 37, table 16; No. 39, table 18; No. 41, table 11; No. 43 table 13. Additional data for 1960, 1961, and 1964 are from unpublished Current Population Survey tabulations (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 217-817 O— 66------10 139 One in live nonwhite families had incomes under $3,000 in 1964 in the Northeast and West, but one in four in the North Central region, and one in two in the South. T able IIIA-5 .— P ercen t D istrib u tio n of F a m ilie s by In com e, C olor, a n d R egion , 1964 Region Family income Northeast South North Central West Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Percent Under $3,000 $3,000 to $4,999_______________ $5,000 to $6,999_______________ $7,000 to $9,999_______________ $1 0 ,0 0 0 and over___ Median income ___ Head year-round full-time worker: Percent of total, excluding Armed Forces. Median income 100. 0 100. 0 21. 5 11. 3 29. 2 13. 6 23. 4 20. 7 14. 8 26. 2 11. 4 28. 2 $4, 943 $7, 418 100. 0 26. 9 14. 8 22. 3 15. 2 25. 5 2 0 . 0 15. 0 26. 1 23. 9 10. 0 $5, 063 $7, 000 100. 0 100. 0 51. 6 20. 7 26. 8 19. 9 9. 8 20. 9 8. 0 20. 5 3. 8 18. 0 $2, 898 $5, 889 100. 0 100. 0 19. 7 23. 2 19. 0 19. 3 18. 9 $5, 774 13. 5 14. 5 18. 1 25. 3 28. 7 $7, 408 55. 3 6 8 . 3 $5,960 $8 , 395 51. 8 68. 2 $6 , 203 $7, 814 51. 0 65. 9 $3, 791 $6 , 979 61. 5 $7, 447 63. 8 $8 , 805 Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Data are from unpublished Current Population Reports tabulations (U.S. Bureau of the Census). N o t e .— 140 100. 0 The ratio of nonwhite to white family income in 1964 was considerably less for farm than nonfarm families—45 percent compared to 57 percent—partly explaining low median earnings and lower non white to white ratios in the South where much more of the non white population is rural than in the other regions. T able IIIA- 6 .— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f F am ilies by Incom e, Color, a n d F arm a n d N o n fa rm R esiden ce, 195 9 a n d 1964 Total money income United States Nonfarm Farm Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White 1959 Number (in t h o u s a n d s ) ______ Percent___ _ _ __ _ Under $3,000______ _ _ _ $3,000 to $4,999_________________________________ $5,000 to $6,999_________________________________ $7,000 to $9,999_________________________________ $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 and o v e r .__ _ Median income __ Ratio, nonwhite to white income__ Head year-round full-time worker: Percent of total, including Armed Forces _ _ _ Median income. _ 4, 234 40, 828 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 51. 5 19. 9 25.8 21.4 12. 3 25.4 8.1 20.1 2.4 13.3 $2 , 917 $5, 643 51.7 64. 6 46.6 $4, 064 $6 , 518 3, 776 37, 486 100.0 1 0 0 .0 46. 1 17. 0 28.4 2 1 . 0 13. 6 26. 6 9. 1 21. 3 2.7 13.9 $3, 225 $5, 825 55.4 (2) (2) (2) (2) 458 . 89.7 6.9 3.0 100 0 .6 ) $1, 136 36. 1 0 (2) (2) 3,342 1 0 0 .0 47. 5 26.2 13. 1 7.5 6 .0 $3,151 (2) (2) 1964 Number (in thousands) ____ __ Percent Under $3,000._ __ _ $3,000 to $4,999_________________________________ $5,000 to $6,999_________________________________ $7,000 to $9,999_________________________________ $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 and over__ Median income Ratio, nonwhite to white income Head year-round full-time worker: Percent of total, excluding Armed Forces Median income. ._ _______ _ _ 4, 754 43, 081 100.0 1 0 0 .0 15.4 37.3 25.9 15.9 16. 4 2 0 . 1 12. 1 24.4 24. 1 8.3 $3,839 $6 , 858 56. 0 53.3 66.9 $5, 184 $7,913 1 Entry rounds to zero. 2 Not available. —Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Data for 1959, from C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, Incom e of F am ilies an d P erson s in the from unpublished Current Population Reports tabulations (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 4, 471 40, 266 100.0 1 0 0 .0 34.8 13.6 26.7 15. 5 17.2 20.4 12.6 25.3 8.7 25. 2 $4, 021 $7, 045 57. 1 (2) (2) (2) (2) N o t e . U nited S tates, 1959, 283 2, 815 1 0 0 .0 80. 39.0 14. 2 21. 7 1.9 16.9 2 .8 1 2 .6 .9 9.7 $1,750 $3, 8 6 8 45. 2 (2) (2) (2) (2) 1 0 0 .0 1 Series P-60, No. 35, table 1; and for 1964, 141 Little improvement occurred between 1959 and 1964 in the ratio of nonwhite to white farm income, and the difference continued substantially larger for the nonfarm families. T a b l e IIIA-7.—P ercen t D istrib u tio n of P erso n s 14 Y ea rs O ld a n d Over, by Incom e, C olor, S ex, a n d F arm a n d N o n fa rm R esiden ce, 1 95 9 a n d 196 4 United States Total money income Non white White Nonfarm Nonwhite Farm White Nonwhite White 1959 MALE Total persons with income: Number in thousands Percent __ __ Under $1,000____ __ $1,000 to $2,999___________________________ $3,000 to $4,999___________________________ $5,000 to $6,999___________________________ $7,000 to $9,999___________________________ $1 0 ,0 0 0 and over__ __ Median income. _ _ _ _ _ ___ Ratio, nonwhite to white. ___ Year-round full-time workers: Percent of all income recipients . ____ __ Median income . FEMALE Total persons with income: Number in thousands. Percent. ... Under $1,000 $1,000 to $2,999____________________________ $3,000 to $4,999___________________________ $5,000 to $6,999. . . . ___ . . . . . . . $7,000 to $9,999 . . . . . . _. . . . . $1 0 ,0 0 0 and over__ __ Median income _ _ _ . . . Ratio, nonwhite to white. Year-round full-time workers: Percent of all income recipients. Median income. _ See footnote at end of table. 142 5, 294 48, 991 100.0 1 0 0 .0 32. 3 14. 4 32. 7 20. 9 24. 5 25.3 22. 5 8 .8 1.2 11.0 6.0 .6 $1, 977 $4, 208 47.0 46. 1 59. 8 $3, 150 $5, 391 4, 597 44, 567 1 0 0 .0 100. 0 12.8 25.3 34.4 19.3 28. 1 25.7 1 0 .2 24. 0 1. 4 11. 9 .7 6.3 $2, 347 $4, 425 53. 0 4, 243 30, 137 100.0 100.0 58. 0 43. 3 33.2 32.7 8.3 18. 2 .7 4. 1 .2 .8 .2 .5 $809 $1, 313 61 . 6 2 2 .0 28. 1 $2, 125 $3, 300 3, 752 100.0 53. 2 36.3 19. 1 .9 .4 .2 $928 0 0 0) C) ) ) 6 8 .2 (0 0 ) 28, 409 1 0 0 .0 42. 2 33. 5 18. 6 4. 3 .8 .5 $1, 361 C) (') 697 . 73.3 2 2 .6 3.3 .8 4, 424 100.0 30. 1 36.3 100 0 $664 33.2 ) () 0 2 0 .0 8 .0 2. 4 3. 1 $2, 003 0 0 491 91.9 6.7 1. 3 1, 728 100.0 62. 1 26. 0 9. 4 1. 9 .4 .4 $665 1 0 0 .0 $311 46. 8 ) C) 0 ) ) 0 ) C) T able IIIA-7.—P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f P erso n s 14 Y ea rs O ld a n d Over, by Incom e, C olor, S ex, a n d F arm a n d N o n fa rm R esiden ce, 1 95 9 a n d 1 96 4 —Continued Nonfarm United States Total money income Nonwhite White Non white Farm White Nonwhite White 1964 MALE Total persons with income: Number in thousands ---Percent Under $1,000 _ . $1,000 to $2,999___________________________ $3,000 to $4,999___________________________ $5,000 to $6,999___________________________ $7,000 to $9,999 _______ _ _ . _ $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 and over _ __ Median income Ratio, nonwhite to white. Year-round full-time workers: Percent of all income recipients. Median income.. ._ . . . _ — _ 5, 784 52, 749 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .0 22.5 13.4 29. 9 18. 6 25.4 18. 6 14. 1 21. 1 17. 1 6.1 11.2 2.1 $2, 797 $4, 936 56.7 50.3 60. 5 $4, 234 $6 , 457 5, 320 48, 992 1 0 0 .0 100.0 19. 6 12.3 29.4 17. 6 27. 0 18.6 15.4 21.8 6.5 18. 0 2.2 11.8 $3, 052 $5, 135 59.4 5, 090 36,614 1 0 0 .0 100.0 48.3 38.9 34.4 31. 7 19. 1 12.3 7.4 3. 5 2.2 1. 3 .2 .8 $1 , 066 $1, 513 70. 5 28. 5 26. 1 $2, 663 $3, 835 4, 769 34,832 1 0 0 .0 100.0 45.6 37.9 36. 2 32.0 13. 1 19. 5 3. 8 7. 6 1. 4 2 .2 .2 .8 $ 1 , 162 $1, 572 73.9 C1) 0) 0) 0) 464 55. 5 37. 4 6.6 1 0 0 .0 .6 $883 37. 1 0) 0) 3,757 1 0 0 .0 27. 0 31.4 19.0 12. 5 6.1 3. 9 $2, 379 0) 0) FEMALE Total persons with income: Number in thousands. Percent Under $1,000 $1,000 to $2,999_________________________ $3,000 to $4,999___________________________ $5,000 to $6,999___________________________ $7,000 to $9,999 $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 and over Median income Ratio, nonwhite to white Year-round full-time workers: Percent of all income recipients___ . . — M edian incom e 0) 0) (*) (') 321 90. 1 8.3 .8 .8 1 0 0 .0 $379 46.4 (0 0) 1, 782 100.0 56. 7 26. 0 1 1 .2 4. 1 1. 6 .2 $816 0) 0) 1 Not available. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Data for 1959 are from Current Population Reports, Income of Families and Unrelated Individuals in the United States, 1959, No. 35, table 21, and for 1964, from unpublished Current Population Reports tabulations (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 143 In 1963, nonwhite working wives contributed relatively more to the family income than white working wives, although they earned less. T a b l e IIIA- 8 .— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f N o n fa rm H u sb a n d -W ife F a m ilie s,1 by Incom e, W o rk E x p e rie n ce o f W ives, a n d C olor, 196 3 Family income Work experience of wife Total Worked during the year___ 50 to 52 weeks, full time 2_____________ 27 to 49 weeks, full time 2____________ 1 to 26 weeks, full time,2 or 1 to 52 weeks, part time 3 __ Did not work during the year.. . . . Ratio of nonwhite to Under $3,000 to $5,000 to $7,000 and Median family white over income median $3,000 $4,999 $6,999 family income Non White Non White Non White Non W hite Non White (percent) white white white white white 47. 0 23.9 46.9 34.7 56. 2 40.4 74. 8 4. 1 14. 5 2 .8 8.3 7. 6 17. 9 5. 7 13. 0 144 37. 5 23.0 7. 1 16. 1 8 . 5 63.3 63. 7 , 227 5, 906 9, 229 7, 942 67. 5 74. 4 19. 0 4, 020 6 , 836 58. 8 53.0 76. 1 53. 1 65.3 43. 8 59.6 25. 2 49. 5 3, 911 6 , 445 60. 8 . 4.6 10 1 1 1 .0 32.3 17. 1 24. 1 21. 4 25.3 22.4 1 Data relate to the civilian noninstitutional population 14 years of age and over. The proportion of wives with work experience is slightly understated by the exclusion of a relatively small number of wives with work experience whose earnings and/or family income were not reported. 2 Worked 35 hours or more per week during a majority of the weeks worked. $4, 443 $7,024 50. 5 5, 058 7, 939 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 . 21 2 6 3 Worked less than 35 hours per week during a majority of the weeks worked. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are from “Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers in March 1964,” Special Labor Force Report No. 50, table P. Labor force participation rates of nonfarm married women with husbands presept are greater for the nonwhite than the white regardless of husband’s income and presence or ages of children. T able IIIA-9.— L abor F orce P a r tic ip a tio n R ates 1 o f N o n fa rm M a rr ie d W o m en W ith H u sb a n d P re se n t, by In c o m e of H u sb a n d , A g e o f C h ildren , a n d C olor, M a rch 195 9 a n d M a rch 1964 Income of husband Total Non white White Color and age of children No children under 18 years Children 6 to 17 years only Children under 6 years Non white Non white Non white White White White MARCH 1959 INCOME IN 1958 Total______________ 43. 9 30. 2 54. 4 35. 6 52. 0 39. 7 29. 3 Under $3,000 . _ 47. 1 33. 0 55. 0 31. 2 51. 7 52. 1 35. 2 42. 6 34. 8 $3,000 to $4,999______________________ 55. 3 42. 4 53. 0 46. 0 26. 7 34. 3 29. 1 (2) $5,000 to $6,999______________________ 39. 2 (2) 38. 5 (2) $7,000 and over___ 20. 5 (2) 27. 2 (2) 26. 6 (2) (2) Median income____ _ _ _ $2, 794 $4, 360 $2 , 648 $4, 016 $3, 126 $4, 826 $2 , 756 17. 4 25. 8 20. 2 15. 0 9. 1 $4, 363 MARCH 1984 INCOME IN 1963 46. 1 33.4 50.5 37.4 56. 7 41.3 36.1 Total _ . _ — 46. 2 30. 7 46. 7 28. 4 63. 3 46. 3 38. 4 Under $3,000. 38. 6 51. 2 41. 6 56. 7 49. 6 $3,000 to $4,999______________________ 44. 8 35. 5 44. 9 53. 6 48. 1 35. 3 $5,000 to $6,999______________________ 48. 1 37. 5 58. 8 $7,000 and over 46. 4 28. 2 39. 1 (2) 32. 2 (2) (2) $3, 385 $5, 566 $2, 969 $5, 123 $4, 012 $6 , 079 $3, 385 Median income.. . . . ___ 1 Labor force as percent of population in March 1959 and March 1964. 2 Rate not shown where base is less than 100,000. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data 2 1 .2 28. 3 27. 5 22. 3 14. 3 $5, 438 are from “Marital and Family Characteristics of Workers in March 1964,” Special Labor Force Report No. 50, table M, and “ Family Characteristics of Workers, 1959,” Special Labor Force Report No. 7, table Q. 145 Nonwhite families with heads 65 years or over and having an annual income under $2,000 dropped from two-thirds of all nonwhite families in 1960 to one-half in 1963; among white families, the proportion is much lower and declined less (from 29 to 24 percent). T able IIIA-10.—P erce n t D is trib u tio n of F a m ilie s W ith H ea d 65 Y ea rs O ld a n d Over, by In c o m e a n a C olor, U n ite d S ta te s, 1 96 0 a n d 196 3 Percent distribution of families Family income 1963 1960 Nonwhite Number of families: In thousands ............................ Percent ______ Under $3,000 __ _ Under $2,000__ $2,000 to $2,999____________________________________ $3,000 to $4,999________________________________________ $5,000 to $6,999________________________________________ $7,000 to $9,999________________________________________ $1 0 ,0 0 0 and over _ __ Median income..Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R eports, Incom e o f the E ld erly in 1963, White 430 81. 2 66. 2 15. 0 13. 7 3. 9 .7 .6 $1, 457 Nonwhite 770 49. 5 28. 6 20. 9 21. 0 11. 9 9. 1 8. 5 $3, 041 , 214 42. 7 24. 0 18. 7 22. 1 13. 8 10. 4 10. 9 $3, 512 545 71. 1 50. 0 21. 0 15. 7 7. 8 2. 3 3. 1 $2 , 0 0 0 5, 100. 0 White 6 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Series P-60, No. 46, table 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). The nonwhite to white earnings ratio by occupation is usually narrowest in the youngest age groups in which education and experience levels are more nearly similar. T able IIIA-11.—R a tio o f N o n w h ite to W h ite M e d ia n E a rn in g s o f M a le s, 1 8 -6 4 Y ea rs O ld, in the E x p erien ced L abor Force, by O ccu pation G rou p, A ge, a n d R egion , 196 0 Male experienced civilian labor force by age group Occupation group 18-24 55 69 50 86 54 61 80 81 88 1960 C ensus of P o p u la tio n , O ccu pation by E arn in gs an d E du cation , 146 45- 54 55--64 North North North North North and South and South and South and South and South West West West West West 82 Total___ _ _ __ Professional, technical, and kindred workers 86 Farmers and farm managers__ Managers, officials, and proprietors (except farm) __ Clerical and kindred workers. 93 79 Salesworkers__ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers. _ 78 Operatives and kindred workers _ Service workers (including private house. _ hold)_____________________________ 115 Farm laborers and foremen. _ 81 93 Laborers except farm and mine Source: 35-44 25-34 74 82 112 75 84 69 78 82 71 75 85 51 64 33 51 76 53 56 62 60 62 79 73 77 143 66 86 70 79 83 73 88 87 48 59 35 49 80 49 54 63 63 59 83 72 70 129 57 88 70 78 85 79 99 87 PC(2)-7B, tables 1 and 4 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 49 59 40 41 78 50 56 66 68 63 86 71 66 123 55 87 68 79 88 86 110 94 47 48 45 47 74 51 53 71 75 68 87 The nonwhite to white ratio of earnings among men of all ages was greatest in 1959 in government (Federal or local) employment, in which an equal pay for equal work policy generally prevails. T able IIIA-12 .— M e d ia n E a rn in g s o f M a le s in the E xp erien ced C iv ilia n L abor F orce, by A g e a n d C olor, in S elected O ccu p a tio n s, 195 9 Occupation and age Automobile mechanics and repairmen: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Brickmasons, stonemasons, and tilesetters: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Carpenters: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Mail carriers: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Mechanics, and repairmen: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Painters, construction and maintenance: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ Source: Median earnings Non white Ratio, nonwhite to White white $2, 114 $2, 772 3, 267 4, 495 3, 494 4, 962 3, 246 4, 648 3, 060 4, 405 76. 3 72. 7 70. 4 69. 8 69. 5 51. 4 59. 8 64. 3 58. 0 46. 2 57. 6 55. 8 56. 2 55. 9 48. 7 4, 783 5, 269 5, 346 5, 278 2, 174 3, 506 3, 849 3, 643 3, 447 3, 529 5, 525 5, 462 5, 137 4, 8 6 8 3, 008 4, 790 4, 918 4, 231 3, 754 3, 701 5, 192 5, 389 5, 430 5, 459 3, 008 4, 960 5, 337 5, 011 4, 678 92. 1 97. 8 98. 5 96. 7 72. 3 70. 7 72. 1 72. 7 73. 7 1, 712 2, 712 2, 374 4, 262 72. 1 63. 6 1, 813 3, 032 3, 510 2, 982 2, 249 1, 733 2, 671 2, 765 2, 365 1, 829 1960 C ensus o f P o p u la tio n , O ccupation by E a rn in g s an d E d u ca tio n Occupation and age Painters, construction and maintenance—Continued 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Postal clerks: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Protective service workers: 18-24_______________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Shipping and receiving clerks: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Teachers: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64. . . __________ Truck-tractor drivers: 18-24________________ 25-34________________ 35-44________________ 45-54________________ 55-64________________ Median earnings Ratio, non white to Non White white white $2, 833 $4, 438 2, 599 4, 073 1, 8 86 3, 584 3, 761 3, 494 4, 962 5, 270 5, 248 5, 470 5, 316 5, 555 5, 338 5, 604 3, 605 4, 732 5, 162 4, 936 5, 475 3, 970 5, 112 3, 762 4, 284 2, 697 3, 395 3, 6 8 6 3, 810 3, 678 2, 403 3, 988 4, 776 5, 340 1, 721 2, 701 2, 903 2, 877 2 , 750 2, 823 4, 390 4, 803 4, 787 4, 520 3, 065 5, 121 6 , 406 6 , 738 6 , 551 2, 866 4, 621 5, 042 4, 621 4, 267 63. 8 62. 8 52. 6 107. 6 94. 2 94. 9 95. 7 95. 2 91. 7 90. 2 77. 7 87. 8 95. 5 77. 3 76. 7 79. 0 81. 4 78. 4 77. 9 74. 6 79. 2 60. 0 58. 5 57. 6 62. 3 64. 4 PC(2)-7B, tables 1 and 4 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 147 About half of Negro as well as white urban families had incomes in the middle range of $3,000 to $7,500 in 1960-61, but among the remaining city families Negroes were concentrated below $3,000 and whites above $7,500. Food took about one-quarter of expenditures in both groups, but Negroes spent more of their smaller incomes than white consumers on the other “basic expenses”—shelter and clothing. T able IIIB-1.—S u m m a r y o f In com e an d S p e n d in g o f F a m i l i e s b y R eg io n a n d R ace, U rb a n U n ite d S ta te s, 1 9 6 0 -6 1 (a n n u a l average ) Item United States Northeast North Central South West Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro White Percent distribution of families: Negro __ _ 100 23 22 7 48 White 100 30 29 23 18 Money income after taxes (average)- $3, 840 $6 , 169 $4, 440 $6 , 479 $4, 391 $6 , 095 $3, 200 $5, 653 $4, 431 $6 , 439 Percent of families having incomes of: Under $3,000 __ 42 18 30 16 33 18 55 33 16 23 $3,000 to $7,499_________ 50 54 55 60 42 54 55 55 55 56 $7,500 and over, _ __ 12 8 27 10 30 27 3 22 11 30 Total expenditures for current consumption (annual average)__ $3, 707 $5, 609 $4, 329 $5, 981 $4,218 $5, 378 $3, 110 $5, 186 $4, 103 $5, 907 Percent distribution of total expenditures_____ ______ 1 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 “Three basic expenses” 58 52 59 56 53 58 50 52 55 55 Food ._ _ 24 24 25 26 23 24 26 26 23 23 Shelter, fuel, light, refrigeration, and w a te r__ 20 21 17 20 18 19 19 19 20 18 Clothing, including upkeep. 13 13 12 12 10 10 10 13 10 10 41 All other. _ 42 44 42 48 45 47 50 45 48 Household operations and 11 12 furnishings 11 11 12 12 12 12 11 11 4 Medical care 5 7 6 5 5 7 7 7 5 14 16 Transportation . 12 14 12 15 10 13 13 17 14 14 14 14 14 Miscellaneous___ 15 15 15 15 13 1Including single consumers. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal total. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 148 Urban Negro consumers spent about two-thirds as much as urban whites in both 1960-61 and 1950. Both groups increased their outlays for shelter and medical care proportionately more than for other goods and services, and least of all, for food. T able IIIB-2 .— A verage E x p e n d itu res of F a m ilie s,1 by R ace, U rban U n ite d S ta tes, 1 9 5 0 2 a n d 1 9 6 0 -6 1 [Current and constant dollars] Type of expenditures 1950 expenditures (current dollars) Negro White Expenditures for cur rent consumption, total. _ _ __ $2,614 $3, 938 “Three basic ex penses”. _ 1,618 2 , 2 2 2 834 1 , 162 Food. . _______ Shelter, fuel, light, refrigeration, and water____ 614 428 Clothing, includ ing upkeep 356 446 All other___ 995 1, 717 Household opera tions and fur nishings __ _ 455 295 96 208 Medical care___ Transportation___ 253 538 Miscellaneous _ _ 351 516 1950 expenditures Percent change, (in 1960 dollars) 3 1950 to 1960-61 (current dollars) 1960-61 expenditures (current dollars) Percent, Negro Negro of white 66 White $3, 707 $5, 609 Percent, Negro Negro of white 66 73 72 2, 125 929 2, 956 1,357 72 70 80 58 732 464 1, 582 65 46 47 431 178 435 538 68 White Negro $3, 201 $4, 864 42 42 White 2, 695 1,378 31 68 1,958 989 11 33 17 1,028 571 2, 654 71 81 60 567 402 1, 243 813 504 2, 169 71 30 59 67 28 55 619 378 839 818 70 47 52 341 139 329 434 532 301 700 636 46 85 72 53 36 82 56 59 66 1 Including single consumers. 2 Alaska and Hawaii not included in 1950. 3 After adjustment for the change in the Consumer Price Index. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 149 In 1960-61 and in 1950, and at each income level, Negro urban consumers spent a somewhat larger share of living expenses for clothing but smaller shares for medical care and transportation than the white, in part because Negro families tended to be younger and larger. At each income level, smaller proportions of Negro than white families owned homes or automobiles. Among both groups, the lower the income the more was spent, relatively, on the 3 basic expenses—food, shelter, and clothing. T able IIIB-3.—P erce n t D is tr ib u tio n o f F a m ily 1 E x p e n d itu re s, by In com e a n d R ace, U rb a n U n ite d S ta te s, 1 95 0 a n d 1 9 6 0 -6 1 (ia n n u a l average ) Money inconle after taxes Item 1950 2 1960-61 Negro White Negro White All incomes Total expenditures for current consumption (average) Percent distribution of total expenditures “Three basic expenses” . -------------Food . . Shelter, fuel, light, refrigeration, and water Clothing, including upkeep All other. _ __ __ Household operations and furnishings Medical care _ _ _ Transportation . . . . . . . . Miscellaneous _ _ __ _______ Family characteristics: Size (number of persons) ____ ___ ___ Age of family head (years) Percent homeowners ____ Percent automobile owners $2 , 614 $3, 938 $3, 707 $5, 609 62 32 16 14 38 57 30 16 52 24 18 43 58 25 20 13 42 11 12 11 11 12 5 12 14 3. 0 47 50 62 3. 2 46 31 43 3. 1 48 56 76 100 100 11 4 10 13 5 14 3. 1 45 32 25 See footnotes at end of table. 150 100 10 48 7 15 15 Under $3,000 Under $2,000 Total expenditures for current consumption (average) Percent distribution of total expenditures “Three basic expenses” _____ __________ Food.. ______ Shelter, fuel, light, refrigeration, and water _ Clothing, including upkeep A llother.. ____ Household operations and furnishings. Medical care .. . . _ _ Transportation . . . . _ Miscellaneous__. . . . . .. _____ . . . ___ Family characteristics: Size (number of persons) _ _ . . . ___ __ Age of family head (years) _ . . ___. Percent homeowners _ _ _ _ Percent automobile owners 100 $1, 373 $1, 656 $1, 978 $2, 192 70 37 65 34 23 64 29 25 35 9 36 63 29 27 7 37 100 21 12 30 11 4 4 11 2. 4 49 28 8 100 8 6 8 12 . 59 41 26 1 8 100 10 11 5 6 14 2. 4 50 24 17 100 9 9 8 11 . 61 41 31 1 8 T able IIIB -3.—Percent Distribution of Family 1 Expenditures, by Income and Race, Urban United States, 1950 and 1960-61 (iannual average)—Continued Money income after taxes Item Negro ___ Total expenditures for current consumption (average) Percent distribution of total expenditures _ _ ‘'Three basic expenses” _ _ _ _ ________ Food Shelter, fuel, light, refrigeration, and water - ____ _ Clothing, including upkeep _ __ All other __ _ Household operations and furnishings _ _________ Medical care. Transportation Miscellaneous. _ Family characteristics: Size (number of persons) ... __ Age of family head (years) _ _ — Percent homeowners.___ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ ___ Percent automobile ow ners___ Total expenditures for current consumption (average) Percent distribution of total expenditures “Three basic expenses” _ __ -------Food __ — Shelter, fuel, light, refrigeration, and water Clothing, including upkeep All other Household operations and furnishings. Medical care Transportation Miscellaneous _ Family characteristics: Size (number of persons) Age of family head (years) Percent homeowners. Percent automobile owners. _ ____ 1 Including single consumers. and Hawaii not included in 1950. The 1950 income classes were selected to represent approximately equivalent purchasing power of 1960-61 income classes. 2 Alaska 1960-61 1950 2 _ __ --------- White Negro White $2,000 to $5,999 $3,000 to $7,499 $3, 244 $3, 838 $4, 537 $5, 100 60 31 15 14 40 57 30 16 54 25 19 43 57 25 19 13 43 46 11 11 11 11 3. 5 43 34 35 3. 2 43 49 3. 8 42 33 59 3. 1 44 52 82 100 4 11 14 100 11 5 14 13 68 100 100 10 7 15 13 5 13 14 $6 ,0 0 0 and over $7,500 and over $6 , 536 $7, 285 $7, 983 $8 , 942 59 26 13 53 26 14 13 47 13 5 15 14 53 50 23 16 3. 8 48 72 4. 1 44 54 100 20 41 13 3 10 15 4. 8 44 48 58 100 86 100 21 16 16 47 13 4 14 16 88 100 11 50 12 6 16 16 3. 9 46 75 95 N ote —Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal total. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 151 Negro and white urban consumers spent about the same proportion on the “three basic expenses” of food, shelter, and clothing in the South as in the North Central in 1960-61 at each income level except the lowest (under $3,000), in which both Negro and white consumers tended to spend a larger share for necessities in the North Central than in the South. T a b l e IIIB-4.—P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f F a m ily E x p e n d itu re s,1 by In com e a n d R ace, U rb a n P la ces in S ou th ern a n d N o rth C en tral R egion s, 1 9 6 0 -6 1 (a n n u a l average) Item All income classes Negro White Money income after taxes Under $3,000 Negro White $3,000 to $7,499 $7,500 and over Negro White Negro White Southern Region Total expenditures for current consumption (average)__________________________ $3, n o $5, 186 $1, 889 $2, 164 $4, 326 $4, 984 $7, 410 Percent distribution of total expendi 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 tures__________________________ 51 52 50 63 58 “Three basic expenses”____________ 58 56 30 28 24 21 26 23 25 Food________________________ Shelter, fuel, light, refrigeration, 22 19 17 23 17 17 17 and water__________________ 11 10 7 14 14 13 10 Clothing, including upkeep_____ 42 42 50 37 44 49 All other_________________________ 48 Household operations and furnish 12 12 11 12 12 11 13 ings— 5 7 6 10 7 Medical care_________________ 5 5 12 10 17 6 14 17 14 Transportation_______________ 14 11 14 13 13 16 13 Miscellaneous_________________ Family characteristics: 2. 5 2.0 4. 1 3.2 3. 0 4. 2 3. 2 Size (number of persons)___________ 59 44 43 49 47 53 45 Age of family head (years)_________ 64 59 30 48 55 37 43 Percent homeowners_______________ 44 64 90 84 39 81 18 Percent automobile owners_________ See footnote at end of table. 152 $8, 887 100 48 21 15 12 52 13 6 17 16 3. 7 44 78 98 T able IIIB-4.—Percent Distribution of Family Expenditures,l by Income and Race, Urban Places in Southern and North- Central Regions, 1960-61 ( annual average)—Continued Item Money income after taxes All income classes Negro $3,000 to $7,499 $7,500 and over Under $3,000 White Negro White Negro White Negro White North-Central Region Total expenditures for current consumption (average) _ Percent distribution of total expenditures “Three basic expenses” __ Food. Shelter, fuel, light, refrigeration, and w a te r.__ Clothing, including upkeep All other Household operations and furnishings Medical care. Transportation Miscellaneous _ Family characteristics: Size (number of persons) Age of family head (years) . . Percent homeowners___ . .. Percent automobile owners__ 4, 218 5, 378 2, 193 2, 159 4, 588 4, 901 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 56 23 53 24 19 62 28 28 56 24 54 25 50 21 11 20 6 38 44 9 46 51 18 16 17 49 11 11 21 12 10 44 47 12 11 66 28 29 9 34 5 13 14 7 14 15 9 4 8 13 3.4 42 31 50 3. 1 47 61 79 2. 5 45 16 22 9 9 7 13 1 .7 61 48 31 8 , 345 8 , 461 22 16 12 50 5 14 14 7 15 13 14 4 16 15 17 16 3.8 41 34 57 3. 2 44 56 85 3.8 42 55 97 3. 9 45 78 96 11 6 i Including single consumers. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 153 White families with incomes of $3,000-$4,999 showed a larger net increase in debt than nonwhite families in 1960-61, and those in the $5,000-$7,499 income group showed less savings. In both income groups, nonwhite families were larger than white families; also, white families were more likely to own homes and automobiles. T a b l e IIIB-5.-—S a vin g s, In su ra n c e, a n d S elected C h aracteristics o f F a m ilie s 1 in S elected In com e C lasses, by R egion a n d R ace, U rban U n ite d S ta tes, 1 9 6 0 -6 1 (A n n u a l A verage ) Item United States Northeast North-central South West Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro White Negro White Money income after taxes, $3,000 to $4,999 Savings—net change in assets and —$85 -$163 -$115 -$317 —$39 —$15 —$79 -$125 -$180 -$198 debts. $74 $129 —$3 -$122 -$212 $304 $261 $313 $94 —$9 Net change in assets. _ Net change in debts. _ $159 $292 $113 $195 -$173 $320 $340 $438 $275 $188 Personal insurance (including 148 163 social security)____ 204 199 194 213 199 205 221 199 Family characteristics: Size (number of persons). . 3. 6 2. 7 3. 2 2. 6 3. 5 2. 8 4. 0 2. 9 3. 4 2. 5 44 42 45 47 45 Age of family head (years) 47 40 48 43 43 41 22 36 Percent homeowners _ _ 29 13 36 30 46 38 45 72 34 60 47 76 59 83 76 51 73 Percent automobile owners____ Money income after taxes, $5,000 to $7,499 Savings—net change in assets and $120 debts _. _. $504 Net change in assets__ $384 Net change in debts._ Personal insurance (including 341 social security) _ _ Family characteristics: Size (number of persons)______ 4. 0 Age of family head (years) 42 42 Percent homeowners. Percent automobile owners. _ __ 71 $73 $568 $495 352 3. 5 43 60 90 $53 —$14 —$42 $177 $454 $550 $124 $468 $591 $227 $562 $334 $293 $564 $271 373 4. 3 38 40 74 355 3. 5 42 64 91 383 4. 4 45 57 75 288 3. 4 43 35 59 1 Including single consumers. N ote —Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. 154 357 3. 4 45 52 81 $95 $207 —$59 $631 $1, 099 $685 $536 $892 $744 343 3. 5 42 66 96 305 3. 8 38 24 89 330 3. 4 41 59 95 The number of poor persons is estimated to have declined slightly in both the nonwhite and white populations between 1963 and 1964. Preschool children remained over 20 percent of all the poor among the nonwhite, compared to about 15 percent in the white population. In contrast, the elderly (65 years old and over) continued to comprise about 20 percent of the white poor, but were less than 10 percent of the nonwhite poor. T able IIIC-1.— T o ta l N u m b er o f the P oor, A cco rd in q to S o c ia l S e c u rity A d m in istra tio n C rite r ia ,* bu C olor, F a m ily S ta tu s a n d A ge, 1 9 6 3 -6 4 [In millions] Family status and age Non white White 1963 1964 1963 10. 9 10. 6 24. 4 Total persons Family status: Unrelated individuals__ . 8 . 9 4. 1 Members of families___ 10. 1 9. 7 19. 3 1964 11 Family status and age 23. 7 Age groups: Under 6_ 6-64________________ 4. 4 65 and over 19. 3 1 Based on 1963 and 1964 incomes of $1,580 a year for a nonfarm single person under 65 ($1,470 aged 65 and over) to $5,090 for a nonfarm family of 7 or more persons. The 1964 income level was the same as that in 1963 because the food plan that is the core of the index did not go up in price. N ote.—The figures for 1964 are based on a 70-percent farm-nonfarm equiva lence ratio, based on the assumption that farm families need 70 percent as much cash income as a nonfarm family of the same size and composition. 217-817 O — Nonwhite White 1963 1964 1963 1964 2. 3 7. 8 .7 2. 3 3. 6 7. 5 15. 7 . 8 4. 7 3. 5 15. 6 4. 6 The figures for 1963 have been adjusted from a 60- to the 70-percent approxi mation. Source: Mollie Orshansky, “ Who’s Who Among the Poor: A Demo graphic View of Poverty,’’ Social Security Bulletin, July 1965, p. 4, table A, p. 27; Dimensions of Poverty in 1964, Office of Economic Opportunity, October 1965, table 2, p. 4. 155 Within each population group—white and nonwhite, farm and nonfarm,— there tended to be more poor persons in the prime years of 22-54 than at any other age. T a b l e IIIC-2 .— P o o r P e rso n s,1 by A ge, L ocatio n , a n d C olor, M a rch , 1965 Age United States Nonfarm Farm Total Nonwhite White Total Nonwhite White Total Nonwhite White Numbers (in millions) All ages. _ Under 6 _ 6-15_______________ 16-21______________ 22-54______________ 55-64______________ 65 and over__ __ 34. 3 5. 8 8. 1 3. 0 9. 3 2. 7 5. 4 10. 6 2. 3 3. 1 .9 2. 9 .6 .8 23. 7 3. 5 5. 0 2. 1 6. 4 2. 1 4. 6 29. 9 5. 1 6. 8 2. 6 8. 0 2. 4 5. 0 9. 3 2. 0 2. 7 .7 2. 6 .6 .7 20. 6 3. 1 4. 1 1. 9 5. 4 1. 8 4. 3 4. 4 .7 1. 3 .4 1. 3 .3 .4 1. 3 .3 .4 .2 .3 .1 3. 1 .4 .9 .2 1. 0 .3 .3 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 30 43 31 50 23 25 70 57 69 50 77 100 75 100 23 31 15 23 8 100 13 29 6 32 10 10 Percent of each age group All ages. Under 6 6-15_______________ 16-21______________ 22-54______________ 55-64______________ 65 and over___ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 31 40 38 30 31 22 15 69 60 62 70 69 78 85 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 31 39 40 27 33 25 14 69 61 60 73 67 75 86 Percent distribution by location and color All ages Under 6 _ 6-15_______________ 16-21______________ 22-54______________ 55-64______________ 65 and over. __ __ 100 17 24 9 27 8 16 100 22 29 8 27 6 8 100 15 21 9 27 9 19 1 Based on 1964 annual family cash income, and according to criteria established initially by the Social Security Administration (see table IIIC-1). N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 156 100 17 23 9 27 8 17 100 22 29 8 28 6 8 100 15 20 9 26 9 21 100 16 30 9 30 7 9 Source: Dimensions of Poverty in 196J,[, Office of Economic Opportunity, October 1965, table 2, p. 4. Nonwhite family heads who were poor were more likely than white family heads to be employed and working full time in 1964, especially in the age group 22-54. T a b l e IIIC-3.— W o rk E x p erien ce o f P o o r F a m ily H e a d s / by A ge a n d C olor, 1964 Percent distribution Worked in 1964 Age Total family heads 40-52 weeks Total Full time Did not work 1-39 weeks Full time Part time Part time Total Non Total Non Total Non Total Non Total Non Total Non Total Non white white white white white white white All ages.. 100 Under 22__ __ 3 22-54__________ 61 14 55-64_________ 22 65 and over__ 100 3 72 12 14 65 2 48 9 5 74 2 58 9 5 38 1 31 5 2 43 6 7 36 5 1 3 1 1 4 1 2 14 1 11 2 1 15 1 11 2 1 7 9 4 1 1 7 1 1 35 1 13 5 17 26 14 3 9 1 Data are preliminary and relate only to heads of families of 2 or more. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Dimensions of Poverty in 1964, Office of Economic Opportunity, October 1965, table 4a, p. 13. 157 Nearly half of the nonwhite population and 60 percent of nonwhite children (under 18) lived in poverty in 1963, according to Social Security Administration criteria. T a b l e IIIC-4.— T otal N u m ber o f the P oo r in 1963, A ccordin g to S o cia l S ec u rity A d m in istra tio n C rite ria ,1 a n d P ercen t D istrib u tio n by C olor, F a m ily S ta tu s, a n d A g e D eta il, as o f M a rch 196 f Nonwhite Age, sex, and family status Number poor Total persons Unrelated individuals. _ Members of family units Children under 18 3 Under 6 6-13______________________________________________ 14-17_____________________________________________ Persons 18-45. Unrelated individuals 4 Members of family units . _ Persons 45-64.. Unrelated individuals. Members of family units Persons 65 and over____ _ Unrelated individuals. Members of family units___ 1 Based on 1963 income of $1,580 a year for a nonfarm single person under 65 ($1,470 aged 65 and over) to $5,090 for a nonfarin family of 7 or more persons. The poverty line for single persons and families living on a farm was put at 60 percent of the above. This percentage was recently revised to 70 percent, but information incorporating the 70 percent measure (using income data for 1964 and characteristics as of 1965) is not yet available. 2 Noninstitutional. As of March 4 there were 2 million persons in institu tions, including 270,000 children under age 18; 1,100,000 persons aged 18-64; and 700,000 persons aged 65 or older. These persons, as well as the 200,000 children under age 14 who live with a family to no member of which they are related, are not represented in the poverty index because income data are not collected for inmates of institutions or unrelated individuals under age 14. 3 Includes never-married own children of the family head and all other never-married relations under 18; excludes an additional 300,000 children under age 14 (200,000 in households of nonrelatives and 100,000 in institu tions) . 158 M illio n s 10.7 .8 9.9 5. 8 2.3 2.6 .9 2. 9 .2 2.6 1. 4 .4 . 1 0 .7 .3 .4 White Percent of total popu lation 12 in category 49 58 49 60 60 62 53 40 43 39 39 61 35 55 74 48 Number poor M illio n s 23.9 4. 1 19.8 9. 3 3. 6 4. 1 1. 5 6. 2 .7 5. 4 3. 9 . 1 0 2.8 4. 6 2. 3 2. 3 Percent of total popu lation 2 in category 14 42 13 16 17 16 13 11 30 10 11 31 9 29 58 19 4 Also includes all unrelated individuals aged 14-17. N ote.—Numbers in this report based on actual counts of individual persons in the households sampled, weighed and aggregated by family weights with units, then adjusted by Bureau of the Census procedures to conform to known population characteristics, such as age, sex, and race. Group totals may therefore differ slightly from corresponding totals in other Census reports based on person rather than family weights. The counts of persons in families may also differ slightly from those in “Counting the Poor,” which were derived from distributions of family units with an estimated average number assumed for units including 7 or more persons, or 6 or more related children under age 18. Source: Mollie Orshansky, “ Who’s Who Among the Poor: A Demographic View of Poverty,” Social Security Bulletin, July 1965, table A, page 27. The incidence of poverty among whites, as well as nonwhites, is greatest in the South. Within each region, it is greatest among unrelated individuals first, and then among families with female heads. However, in all instances, the nonwhite incidence is greater than the white. T a b l e IIIC-5.—In cid en ce o f P overty in 196 3, A cco rd in g to S o cia l S e c u rity A d m in istra tio n C rite ria ,1 by C olor a n d S ex of H ouseh old H ea d a n d by R egion , as o f M a rch 1 9 6 f [Numbers in thousands] Sex and race of head Total, United States Northeast South v North central West Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent Total Percent of poor of poor of poor of poor of poor Families of 2 or more Male head Non white White___________ Female headNonwhite White___________ 42, 550 3, 690 38, 870 4, 880 1, 090 3, 800 12. 3 10, 700 34. 1 680 10.2 10,020 40. 1 1, 210 70.8 210 31. 2 1,000 7. 5 12, 720 19.9 1, 820 6.6 10, 900 30.4 1, 670 49.4 570 26. 4 1, 100 21. 0 12, 150 51.0 700 16. 0 11,450 51.9 1, 200 81.2 190 36. 3 1, 020 9. 1 17.0 8. 7 35. 7 71. 6 28. 6 6, 980 490 6, 490 800 120 680 9. 0 14.5 8. 5 36.4 51. 2 33.7 36. 1 47. 1 34.8 51.0 68.9 49. 6 1, 030 130 900 1, 220 70 1, 150 26.6 21. 6 27.4 39. 0 Unrelated individuals Male. Nonwhite_ White. F emale Nonwhite_ White 4, 280 680 3, 590 6, 910 780 6, 130 33. 7 46. 2 31. 3 50.3 67.8 48. 1 1, 130 130 1, 000 1,990 210 1, 790 28.0 40.6 26.3 50. 2 46.4 50. 5 1 Based on 1963 income of $1,580 a year for a nonfarm single person under 65 ($1,470 aged 65 and over), to $5,090 for a nonfarm family of 7 or more persons. The poverty line for single persons and families living on a farm was put at 60 percent of the above. This percentage was recently revised to 70 percent, but information incorporating the 70 percent measure (using income data 1, 030 300 730 1, 800 360 1, 440 44. 6 58.4 38. 5 57. 3 84. 6 50. 7 1, 090 120 970 1, 890 140 1,750 (2) 38. 9 for 1964 and characteristics as of 1965) is not yet available. 2 Not shown for base less than 100,000. Source: Mollie Orshansky, “Who’s Who Among the Poor: A Demographic View of Poverty,” Social Security Bulletin, July 1965, table G, p. 32. 159 The incidence of poverty is 3 % times as great among nonwhite as white families. Among the nonwhite, poverty is concentrated in families in which there are 2 or more children, and the heads are in the prime of life, in contrast to white families, among whom poverty is most prevalent among the aged and in households with 1 or no children. T able IIIC-6.— P ro p o rtio n o f F am ilies P oo r in 1 96 3, A ccordin g to S o cia l S ec u rity A d m in istra tio n C rite ria ,1 a n d D istrib u tio n o f the P oor, by C olor a n d by Selected F a m ily C h aracteristics in M a rch 196 4 Family characteristics Percent dis Percent poor tribution of in each poor families in each category category Non White Non W hite white white All families 43 12 100 100 RESIDENCE All families Nonfarm__ Farm____ _ _ ____ 43 41 62 12 12 19 100 91 9 100 90 10 AGE OF HEAD All families__ - ___ 14-24_________________ 25-34_________________ 35-44_________________ 45-54_________________ 55-64_________________ 65 and over. 43 60 43 40 35 38 53 12 21 11 11 7 11 21 100 10 22 24 17 12 14 100 10 18 21 12 14 25 NUMBER OF PERSONS IN FAMILY All families _ 2_____________________ 3_____________________ 4_____________________ 5_____________________ 6_____________________ 7 or more 160 Family characteristics Percent dis Percent poor tribution of in each poor families in each category category Non W hite Non W hite white white NUMBER OF RELATED CHILDREN UNDER AGE 18-- COn. All families 3_____________________ 4_____________________ 5_____________________ 6 or more. _________ 48 61 74 77 14 17 27 35 12 12 10 15 14 8 6 6 43 27 30 58 21 12 8 10 18 11 100 12 13 69 6 100 18 25 42 15 All families__ 43 Male head _ 34 Married, wife present... 34 Wife in paid labor force ____ 26 Wife not in paid 41 labor force. _ Other marital status__ 2 31 Female head __ _ ___ __ 71 12 10 10 4 13 15 31 100 62 59 19 40 27 38 100 77 75 10 64 3 23 12 49 13 6 4 100 19 44 26 11 100 31 46 19 4 REGION All families __ Northeast. _ _ North Central__ South _____ _ West ___ TYPE OF FAMILY NUMBER OF EARNERS 43 33 29 42 45 54 68 12 14 9 8 11 14 25 100 22 13 16 12 11 26 100 39 15 13 13 8 12 43 27 33 43 12 12 10 8 100 20 15 16 100 40 15 13 NUMBER OF RELATED CHILDREN UNDER AGE 18 All families___ None 1_____________________ 2_____________________ IIIC-6.—P ro p o rtio n o f F am ilies P oo r in 196 3, A ccordin g to S o c ia l S ec u rity A d m in istra tio n C rite ria ,1 a n d D istrib u tio n o f th e P oor, by C olor a n d by S elected F a m ily C h aracteristics in M a rch 196 4 —Continued T able All families __ None... 1_____________________ 2_____________________ 3 or more. 43 84 49 29 35 1 Based on 1963 income of $1,580 a year for a nonfarm single person under 65 ($1,470 aged 65 and over), to $5,090 for a nonfarm family of 7 or more persons. The poverty line for single persons and families living on a farm was put at 60 percent of the above. This percentage was recently revised to 70 percent, but information incorporating the 70 percent measure (using income data for 1964 and characteristics as of 1965) is not yet available. 2 Base between 100,000 and 200,000. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Mollie Orshansky, “Counting the Poor: Another Look at The Poverty Profile,” Social Security Bulletin, January 1965, table 8, p. 19. Nonwhite families with children and a female head have almost twice the incidence of poverty as similar white families, or 78 percent compared to 45 percent. In contrast, families of 2 or more with a male head are much more numerous and more are poor, but the percent of poor is less— 34 percent of the nonwhite and 10 percent of the white. T a b l e IIIC-7.— H ou seh olds W ith 196 3 Incom e B elow P overty Level, A ccordin g to S o c ia l S ec u rity A d m in istra tio n C r i t e r i a b y C olor a n d F a m ily S ta tu s, as o f M a rch 1964 Family status Unrelated individuals Male__ __ Nonwhite_ __ _____ White__ Female__ Non white. __ White_____________ Families of two or more__ Male head___ Nonwhite. ____ __ White_____________ Female head___ Non white White__ With children, total----Male head Nonwhite. White__ Female head Nonwhite__ White_____________ The incidence of children’s poverty in 1963 was almost 4 times as great among the nonwhite as the white in families with male heads. In families with female heads the nonwhite-white difference in the incidence of children’s poverty was not quite as large, and was least when the children were under 6 years old. T a b l e IIIC-8.—In cid en ce o f P o v erty A m o n g C h ild ren in 1963, A ccordin g to S o c ia l S e c u rity A d m in istra tio n C ri te ria ,1 by Color, A ge, a n d S ex o f F a m ily H ead, M a rch 1964 Nonwhite Total Households below poverty level number of house holds in population Number Percent of total Millions 11.2 4.3 .7 3.6 6.9 .8 6. 1 47.4 42.6 3.7 38.9 5. 9 1. 1 3.8 28.3 25. 5 2.4 23. 1 2. 8 .9 2.0 Millions 4.9 1.4 .3 1. 1 3. 5 .5 2.9 7.2 5. 2 1.3 3. 9 2.0 .8 1.2 4.8 3.2 .9 2. 2 1. 6 .7 .9 44 34 46 31 50 68 48 15 12 34 10 40 71 31 17 12 37 10 55 78 45 White All Percent All Percent children of poor children of poor All children under 18____________ M illio n s 9. 7 60 7. 1 3. 0 2. 9 1. 2 2. 6 .9 1. 2 .5 M illio n s 59. 2 16 50 50 52 41 55. 1 19. 9 24. 5 10. 6 13 14 12 11 86 88 87 80 4. 1 1. 1 1. 9 1. 1 55 72 57 34 MALE HEAD Children under 18. Under 6. 6-13________ 14-17_______ FEMALE HEAD Children under 18. Under 6 6-13________ 14-17_______ 1 Based on 1963 income of $1,580 a year for a nonfarm single person under 65 ($1,470 aged 65 and over), to $5,090 for a nonfarm family of 7 or more persons. The poverty line for single persons and families living on a farm was put at 60 percent of the above. This percentage was recently revised to 70 percent, but information incorporating the 70 percent measure (income data for 1964 and characteristics as of 1965) is not yet available. Source: Mollie Orshansky, “ Who’s Who Among the Poor: A Demographic View of Poverty,” Soical Security Bulletin, July 1965, table 5, p. 17. 1 Based on 1963 income of $1,580 a year for a nonfarm single person under 65 ($1,470 aged 65 and over), to $5,090 for a nonfarm family of 7 or more persons. The poverty line for single persons and families living on a farm was put at 60 percent of the above. This percentage was recently revised to 70 percent, but information incorporating the 70 percent measure (using income data for 1964 and characteristics as of 1965) is not yet available. N ote —Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals • Source: Mollie Orshansky, “Who’s Who Among the Poor: A Demographic View of Poverty,” Social Security Bulletin, July 1965, table 2. 161 Of all the nonwhite heads of poor families, 72 percent worked in 1963 and about half worked at full time jobs. In comparison, 62 percent of white family heads who were poor were employed, with half working at full-time jobs. T a b l e IIIC-9.— P ro p o rtio n o f F a m ilie s P o o r in 1963, A ccordin g to S o c ia l S e c u rity A d m in istra tio n C rite ria ,l a n d D is tr i bu tio n o f P o o r F a m ilie s by S elected C h aracteristics o f F a m ily H ea d s, a s o f M a rch 1964 Employment status, occupation, and work experience of family head All families________________________________ Not in labor force *3912 _________________________ Unemployed_______________________________ Employed_________________________________ Professional, technical, and kindred workers. Managers, officials, and proprietors_______ Farmers and farm managers_____________ Clerical and sales workers_______________ Craftsmen and foremen_________________ Operatives____________________________ Service workers, including private household. Laborers______________________________ All families________________________________ Worked in 1963 4 ___________________________ Worked at full-time jobs________________ 50-52 weeks___________________ ___ 40-49 weeks_______________________ 39 weeks or less____________________ Worked at part-time jobs___________________ Did not work in 1963_______________________ 111 or disabled__________________________ Keeping house_________________________ Could not find work____________________ Going to school________________________ Other________________________________ Percent of poor in Percentage distribution of poor families in each category each category Non white 43 65 53 35 11 3 22 3 77 17 21 30 40 50 43 37 32 26 39 53 68 70 68 83 3 53 1 Based on 1963 income of $1,580 a year for a nonfarm single person under 65 ($1,470 aged 65 and over), to $5,090 for a nonfarm family of 7 or more persons. The poverty line for single persons and families living on a farm was placed at 60 percent of the above. This percentage was recently revised to 70 per cent, but information incorporating the 70-percent measure is not yet avail able. 2 Includes members of the Armed Forces. 162 White Nonwhite 12 30 24 8 2 5 27 4 5 9 12 21 12 9 7 5 11 25 29 34 41 43 100 35 6 59 1 1 4 2 4 13 16 18 100 72 53 32 8 14 19 28 10 11 25 5 s 42 White Nonwhite 100 45 6 50 100 2 2 6 2 9 7 3 3 7 6 11 22 5 27 7 30 100 62 (100) 49 (74)100 27 59 7 14 15 27 13 (26) 39 100 12 37 11 40 1 14 16 White 100 4 12 18 7 12 23 10 14 (100) (79)100 56 14 31 (21) 100 30 29 3 37 3 Base between 100,000 and 200,000. 4 Work-experience data, including data for year-round full-time workers, limited to civilian workers. N ote .—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Mollie Orshansky, “ Counting The Poor: Another Look At the Poverty Profile,” Social Security Bulletin, January 1965, table 8, p. 19. The proportion of nonwhite families with incomes under $3,000 (in constant dollars) has declined substantially since 1950, and even since 1960, from 45 to 38 percent. Among white families the ratio has declined also, but has not even been as high as 20 percent since 1956 and was about 16 percent in both 1963 and 1964. T a b l e IIIC-10.— F a m ilies W ith Incom es U n der $ 3 ,0 0 0 (in 196 3 dollars ) by C olor, fo r Selected Y ears, 1 9 5 0 -6 4 [Numbers in thousands. Families as of the following year] Year 1950 Families Non white White 3, 300 36, 522 All families____ With incomes under $3,000___________ 2, 000 10, 357 Percent of all families 60.6 28.4 1956 Non white 1960 White White Non white 1964 White Non white White 3, 994 39, 451 4, 331 41, 104 4, 773 42, 663 4, 754 43,081 2, 021 50.6 1,945 44. 9 2, 057 43. 1 1, 805 38.0 6, 762 15.7 7, 646 19.4 Source: Data are from Current Population Reports, Low Income Families and Unrelated Individuals in the United States: 1963, Series P-60, No. 45, table Non white 1963 7, 499 18. 2 6, 776 15. 9 2 for 1950-1963 and No. 47, table 1 for 1964. (U.S. Bureau of the Census.) 163 A large proportion of both employed and unemployed nonwhite persons were in families with less than $3,000 income in 1964 (26 and 36 percent, respectively). In fact, median family income was similar among nonwhite families regardless of employment status, but varied appreciably among white families according to whether individual family members were employed or not. T a b l e IIIC-11.— P e r so n s 1 in F a m ilies, T otal a n d N on w h ite, by M a rch 196 5 E m p lo ym en t S ta tu s, A ge, a n d F a m ily Incom e in 1964. (below $ 3 ,0 0 0 a n d m ed ia n ) Item Total persons in families _. ___ Employed. _ Unemployed . . . Not in labor force . . . Keeping house, going to school, unable to work. _ All other _ _ _ _ _ 65 years of age and over.. Teenagers Employed Unemployed Not in labor force. _ _ . _ Keeping house, going to school, unable to work __ _ All other____ _ . . . . Total Nonwhite Percent Percent Persons with family Median Persons with family Median (in family (in income family income thousands) under income thousands) under income $3, 000 $3, 000 12, 504 $4, 238 121,861 15.4 $6,960 33.7 4, 885 64, 626 7, 731 6, 473 9. 6 25.9 3, 361 5, 806 660 4, 003 20. 2 36.4 5, 372 53,874 22. 1 6, 148 3, 535 42. 7 47, 552 6, 322 4, 356 19, 400 4, 767 773 13,861 19. 3 42. 6 45.8 14. 7 11.7 18.9 15.5 6, 437 3, 681 3, 405 7, 258 8, 000 6, 019 7, 038 4, 765 608 304 2,490 394 147 1, 949 41. 6 51.3 54.9 36. 6 29. 2 40. 1 37.8 3,614 2,934 2, 801 3, 948 4,617 3, 667 3, 847 13,593 268 15.3 25. 0 7, 102 4, 860 1, 876 72 38. 1 31.9 3, 854 3, 749 114 years of age and over. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unpublished data from the March 1965 supplement to the Current Population Survey. Nearly one-fourth of the nonwhite families headed by a full-time year-round worker had incomes under $3,000 compared to only 8 percent of all families headed by a full-time worker in 1964. T a b l e IIIC-12.-—F a m ily H ea d s, T otal a n d N o n w h ite, by W eeks W orked, a n d F a m ily In com e, 1964 (below $3, 0 0 0 a n d m ed ia n ) Weeks worked in 1964 Total family heads Worked 50-52 weeks Usually worked full time Usually worked part time. Worked 27-49 w eeks.__ Worked 14-26 weeks Worked 1-13 weeks Did not work in 1964 Not available _. Persons (in thou sands) 47, 729 30, 515 29, 553 962 5, 582 1, 565 1, 071 6, 375 2, 621 Total Nonwhite Percent with Median Persons Percent with Median family in family (in thou family in family come under income under income sands) come $3,000 $3,000 4, 749 37. 4 $3, 970 17. 5 $6, 569 4, 956 23. 5 7, 745 2, 553 7. 9 5, 201 7, 864 20. 7 6. 8 2, 380 2, 390 62. 4 44. 0 3, 457 173 40. 9 3, 684 5, 960 746 17. 8 2, 503 59. 9 36. 7 4, 017 269 72. 9 1, 887 55. 5 2, 737 177 2, 259 732 66. 3 2, 923 51. 7 3, 854 272 35. 7 18. 7 5, 526 Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unpublished data from March 1965 supplement to the Current Population Survey. 164 The percent of families with under $3,000 income in 1964 was nearly identical for nonwhite families with e m p lo y e d heads and all families with u n e m p lo y e d heads. The lowest incidence among nonwhite families of those with incomes under $3,000 in 1964 was for husband-wife families with the wife in the labor force and children present. Families of this type, in general, had the highest median family income in 1964— $5,763 among nonwhite families and $8,086 in all such families. T a b l e IIIC-13.—E m p lo y m e n t S ta tu s o f F a m ily H ea d s in M a rch 1965, T y p e o f F a m ily , a n d N u m b e r o f O w n C h ild ren U n der 18, by F a m ily In com e in 1 96 4, T otal a n d N o n w h ite ( U n der $ 3 ,0 0 0 a n d M e d ia n ) Item Employment status: Total family heads No children under 18 One child under 18 Two children under 18 Three children under 18 Four or more children under 18 Head employed No children under 18 One or more children under 18___ _ Head unemployed__ No children under 18. One or more children under 18__ Head not in the labor force No children under 18 One or more children under 18 . Type of family: Male head, married, spouse present, wife in labor force No children under 18 One or more children under 18 Male head, married, spouse present, wife not in labor force No children under 18... One or more children under 18 All other family heads No children under 18 One or more children under 18 Total Nonwhite Persons Percent with Median (in thou family in family sands) come under income $3,000 Persons Percent with Median (in thou family in family sands) come under income $3,000 47, 729 20, 637 8, 431 8, 053 5, 272 5, 337 38, 671 13, 938 24, 733 1, 208 518 690 7, 850 6, 181 1, 670 17. 5 23. 6 14. 3 9. 7 12. 1 16. 3 10. 4 12. 7 9. 1 27. 8 24. 3 30. 3 51. 0 48. 1 61. 6 $6, 569 5, 965 6, 857 7, 254 7, 098 6, 363 7, 265 7, 292 7, 253 4, 949 5, 177 4, 771 2, 953 3, 169 2, 390 4, 749 1, 865 787 656 503 939 3, 589 1, 261 2, 329 233 82 151 927 522 405 37. 4 38. 3 35. 2 30. 6 37. 0 42. 4 28. 4 27. 4 29. 0 51. 9 42. 7 56. 3 68. 7 64. 2 74. 6 $3, 970 3, 933 4, 381 4, 349 4, 065 3, 495 4, 572 4, 738 4, 489 2, 912 14, 534 6, 673 7, 860 7. 8 10. 3 5. 8 8, 081 8, 071 8, 086 1, 635 711 923 19. 6 26. 0 14. 7 5, 554 5, 219 5, 763 27, 126 10, 552 16, 573 6, 069 3, 412 2, 655 17. 7 29. 4 10. 2 40. 1 31. 6 51. 0 6, 361 5, 033 6, 945 3, 870 4, 724 2, 944 1, 846 632 1, 214 1, 268 520 748 37. 3 42. 4 34. 5 60. 6 50. 4 67. 4 3, 855 3, 475 4, 081 2, 475 2, 988 2, 219 1 Median income not computed where base was less than 100,000. 2 Under $2,000. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 0) 2, 683 2, 136 2, 347 (2) Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Unpublished data from March 1965 supplement to Current Population Survey. 165 Of all persons in the experienced civilian labor force in 1960, those in selected very low-wage occu pations (which include a number of jobs in which women predominate) were much less likely to be heads of families than workers in higher wage occupations. Among family heads, however, about two-thirds of both the white and nonwhite workers in the low-wage jobs had children under 18. T a b l e IIIC-14.— F a m ily R e sp o n sib ilitie s o f P erso n s in the E x p erien ced C iv ilia n L ab o r F orce a n d in S elected N o n a g ric u ltu ra l L o w -W a g e O cc u p a tio n s,1 by C olor, U n ited S ta tes, 196 0 Nonwhite Occupation Family Heads of families as a Heads of families as a heads—per cent with Total percent of total ‘ Total percent of total experi civilian labor force experi civilian labor force children under enced enced 18 civilian civilian With Fam labor With Fam labor chil- ily size force chil- ily size force (in thou Total dren 5 or (in thou Total dren 5 or under more sands) under more Non White sands) white 18 18 Total experienced civilian labor force. 7, 217 Total, those in selected low-wage occupations__ 3, 026 Professional, technical, and kindred workers: Musicians and music teachers 10 Managers, officials, and proprietors, ex cept farm: Salaried, retail trade (n.e.c.) . 12 Salaried, personal services__ 4 Clerical and kindred workers: Attendants, physician’s and dentist’s office. _ 3 Bookkeepers . 14 Cashiers. _ . 20 File clerks. . . . 11 Messengers and office boys.. _ 9 Receptionists. _ __ ._ _ 5 Stock clerks and store keepers _ 39 Wholesale and retail trade (n.e.c.)___ 20 Sales workers—’retail trade: Food and dairy products stores 27 General merchandise, retailing. 13 Limited price variety stores 4 Apparel and accessories. _ 8 Other retail trade 22 Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers: Shoemakers and repairers, except factory 5 Operatives and kindred workers: Attendants, auto service and parking. 38 Checkers, examiners, and inspectors, manufacturing__ 21 Dressmakers and seamstresses, except factory. . 12 Laundry and dry cleaning operatives.. 156 Packers and wrappers (n.e.c.) 61 Sawyers. _ 17 Sewers and stitchers, manufacturing._ 38 Spinners, textile__ (2) See footnotes at end of table. 166 White 46 34 33 32 23 19 18 60, 790 12 14, 329 186 7 56 33 32 37 20 20 15 8 6 69 68 58 65 61 62 60 44 41 23 21 13 606 74 77 60 54 34 21 12 70 (2) 70 57 14 23 23 20 51 15 52 31 34 17 10 21 37 61 58 46 22 31 41 67 20 (2) 10 14 16 15 28 11 36 21 22 11 7 13 24 40 40 32 14 22 29 50 14 (2) 4 6 7 6 15 1 18 12 10 6 2 4 11 20 23 14 6 10 15 35 5 (2) 71 926 475 130 55 136 311 406 493 582 181 333 829 32 342 497 113 254 436 75 578 54 9 19 16 12 25 8 56 27 34 19 7 24 48 79 49 50 13 28 27 79 13 26 6 11 9 6 8 5 34 16 20 11 4 12 29 36 33 33 5 17 18 54 7 16 1 3 3 2 3 1 12 5 7 3 1 4 11 14 13 13 1 6 7 27 2 7 (2) 64 68 (2) 55 (2) 70 68 66 (2) (2) (2) 64 65 69 69 64 71 70 74 71 (2) 69 56 58 53 33 58 61 58 60 56 59 51 61 45 67 66 39 59 66 68 55 (2) T able IIIC-14 .— F a m ily R e sp o n sib ilitie s o f P erson s in the E xperien ced C iv ilia n L ab o r F orce a n d in S elected N o n a g ric u ltu ra l L o w -W a g e O cc u p a tio n s,1 b y C olor, U n ited S ta tes, 1 96 0 —Continued Nonwhite Occupation Operatives and kindred workers—Con. Food and kindred products___ Knitting mills __ ______ Yarn, thread, and fabric mills. _ Apparel and accessories. Paper and allied products. Footwear, except rubber Wholesale and retail trade___ . Private household workers: Private house hold workers, except babysitters. _ Service workers, except private household: Attendants, hospital and other insti tutions. ______ Attendants, professional and personal service (n.e.c.)_____ _______ Chambermaids and maids, except private household. _ . . _ _ Charwomen and cleaners__ Cooks, except private households___ Counter and fountain workers. Elevator operators__ _ ___ Hairdressers and cosmetologists. . . . Housekeepers and stewards, except private household.. _ . _ . _ Janitors and sextons____ Kitchen workers (n.e.c.) except pri vate household __ _ . __ Porters. _ Practical nurses__ Waiters and waitresses.. Laborers, except farm and mine: Garage laborers, car washers, and greasers.. _ ___ Wardens and groundskeepers.. Lumberman, raftsmen, and woodchoppers. _ Sawmills, planning mills—millwork (n.e.c.)__ Wholesale and retail trade (n.e.c.)___ Personal services (n.e.c.) __ White Family Heads of families as a Heads of families as a heads—per cent with Total Total percent of total percent of total experi civilian labor force experi civilian labor force children under 18 enced enced civilian civilian With Fam labor With Fam labor chil- ily size chil- ily size force force (in thou Total dren 5 or (in thou Total dren 5 or under more Non White sands) under more sands) white 18 18 79 4 9 45 16 2 41 941 51 36 64 25 65 (2) 52 20 37 26 48 17 50 (2) 37 14 22 13 31 6 30 (2) 21 6 389 57 244 352 212 145 175 521 57 23 47 27 66 39 54 11 39 14 32 15 49 23 35 3 18 5 13 4 21 8 15 1 72 (2) 75 66 76 (2) 71 73 69 64 68 57 74 (2) 66 22 104 21 112 52 150 20 24 37 19 180 96 117 37 88 31 25 20 32 38 21 41 16 30 65 24 62 20 31 23 17 15 22 26 15 22 11 18 39 17 36 14 21 10 8 6 11 13 5 11 3 8 23 8 19 5 9 303 54 70 142 449 147 54 274 134 444 236 39 182 807 23 24 13 27 31 17 55 15 21 64 19 55 13 14 13 13 8 15 18 10 22 10 10 29 10 26 7 10 5 5 2 6 7 3 10 2 4 13 4 13 2 2 76 69 73 69 69 71 53 65 59 60 70 57 72 67 60 56 59 55 59 60 40 63 50 45 54 48 54 73 41 47 42 30 71 34 50 57 57 66 50 47 35 32 43 52 36 24 21 20 32 36 21 14 51 167 94 68 298 44 39 55 70 69 30 30 26 27 52 48 19 13 11 13 29 25 9 6 70 56 77 66 49 75 69 64 44 (2) (2) (2) 1 Occupations in which a third of the workers earned less than $3,000 in 1959. 2 Number less than 500. Base less than 2,500. Source: 1960 Census of Population, Subject Reports, Occupational Characteristics, PC(2)-7A, tables 3 and 33 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 167 Among women employed in selected nonagricultural low-wage occupations, a larger proportion of nonwhite (54 percent) than white women (44 percent) were self-supporting or supported families they headed in 1960. Nonwhite women in low-wage jobs were twice as likely to be supporting children as were white women in low-wage jobs. T a b l e IIIC-15.— F a m ily R e sp o n sib ilitie s o f A ll E m p lo y e d W om en a n d W om en E m p lo y e d in S elected N o n a g ric u ltu ra l L ow wage O cc u p a tio n s,l by C olor, 196 0 Non white White Percent Occupation Total Ever Ever Total number Total married number Total married (in single, (in single, spouse spouse thou and absent thou and absent sands) ever Single sands) ever Single married, married, With No spouse With No spouse chil chil absent chil chil absent dren 2 dren dren 2 dren Total, employed women_____ _ 2, 618 Total, employed in 14 low-wage occupations . _. 1, 321 Professional, technical, and kindred workers: Musicians and music teachers. 4 Clerical and kindred workers: Bookkeepers__ 10 14 Cashiers Sales workers: Retail trade_____ 37 Operatives and kindred workers: Checkers, inspectors, and exami ners, m anufacturing.___ 9 Dressmakers and seamstresses, excluding factory. 10 Laundry and drycleaning oper 104 atives ____ __ __ Operatives and kindred workers (n.e.c.): Food and kindred prod 22 ucts. _ _ __ Private household workers . 889 Service workers, excluding private household: Attendants, hospital and other 67 institutions _ 84 Cooks. Hairdressers and cosmetologists. _ 35 12 Housekeepers and stewards. Laborers, except farm and mine.. . 26 52 54 18 16 11 11 23 18, 538 27 4, 846 44 44 24 21 5 5 14 17 52 51 48 46 26 31 24 23 6 9 10 7 20 11 14 16 105 754 356 1,357 41 38 40 37 26 23 23 19 2 5 6 4 12 10 11 14 42 52 50 11 8 15 11 9 11 20 35 24 207 106 171 32 49 40 13 12 14 6 3 7 14 33 20 41 56 15 15 11 11 15 30 94 767 32 70 12 36 7 4 13 31 51 47 43 47 60 20 10 13 11 25 14 14 10 7 10 17 22 21 29 26 222 278 237 106 85 44 33 35 61 43 19 6 17 21 25 6 7 6 4 6 19 21 12 36 12 1 14 nonagricultural occupations in which a third of the workers earned less than $3,000 in 1959, and for which data relating to family responsibilities were available. 2 Own children under 18 years in household. 168 Percent Mote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: 1960 Census of Population, Subject Reports, Occupational Charac teristics, PC(2)-7A, table 34 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). Nonwhite farm wage workers with wages from nonfarm plus farm work earned approximately half the annual average wages of similar white farm workers in 1964, although they averaged only 15 percent fewer days of work. T a b l e I I I C - 1 6 .— F arm W age W orkers, by A verage N u m b er o f D a y s W orked, W ages E a rn ed a t F arm a n d N o n fa rm W o rk , a n d by Color, Sex, R egion , a n d M ig ra to ry S ta tu s, 1964- Farm and nonfarm Number of workers Wages earned (thou- Days Days worked sands) worked Per Per year day 1 Selected characteristics All workers, 1964 _ Color and sex: Nonwhite. White____ ______ ________ Male _ Nonwhite. _ White. Female. _ _ _ __ Nonwhite. _____ White___________ .. Nonfarm Farm Wages earned Per Per year day 1 3, 370 118 $956 $8 . 05 80 $578 $7. 15 1, 048 2, 322 2, 398 603 1, 795 972 445 527 105 586 5. 55 124 1, 123 9. 05 139 1 , 2 0 2 8 . 60 125 790 6 . 30 144 1, 340 9. 25 66 349 5. 25 79 311 3. 95 55 381 6 . 90 79 81 95 96 95 44 56 34 401 657 719 529 782 229 228 230 5. 05 . 05 7. 50 5. 50 8. 20 5. 15 4. 00 6 . 71 8 Days worked Wages earned Per Per year day 1 38 $378 $1 0 . 1 0 26 43 44 29 49 21 185 7. 10 466 10. 90 483 1 1 . 0 0 261 9. 00 558 11. 40 120 5. 55 83 3. 70 151 7. 15 22 23 REGION AND COLOR Northeast__ ____ Nonwhite2 White __ North Central. Nonwhite 2__ White_____________ South___ Nonwhite. White_______ West. Nonwhite 2__ _ White__ See 292 __ _____ 22 270 632 28 603 1, 797 958 839 649 40 609 . 55 102 763 7. 45 60 625 10. 40 . 50 8 . 50 108 75 806 7. 50 538 7. 10 55 49 582 10. 55 525 10. 75 126 1 , 086 8 . 65 108 690 6 . 40 104 528 5. 10 112 875 7. 75 121 1, 395 11. 50 76 79 80 78 80 546 454 379 540 874 7. 20 5. 70 4. 75 6 . 95 10. 90 50 29 24 34 41 540 10. 85 236 8 . 2 0 149 6 . 35 335 9. 75 521 12. 75 1, 383 11. 50 79 861 10. 85 41 522 162 1, 388 163 1, 388 124 1, 063 120 8 8 12 . 80 footnotes at end of table. 169 T able IIIC-16.—F arm W age W orkers, by A verage N u m b e r o f D a y s W orked, W ages E a rn ed at F a rm a n d N o n fa rm W ork, a n d by Color, S ex, R egion , a n d M ig ra to ry S ta tu s, 196 4 —Continued Selected characteristics Farm and nonfarm Number of workers Wages earned (thou Days Days sands) worked worked Per Per year day 1 Farm Nonfarm Wages earned Per Per year day 1 Days worked Wages earned Per Per year day 1 REGION, MIGRATORY STATUS, AND COLOR All workers: Migratory: Nonwhite_ 89 297 White___ Nonmigratory: Nonwhite _ 959 2, 025 White ___ ____ South: Migratory__ __ _ 178 Nonwhite_ 55 123 White___________________ Nonmigratory 1, 619 903 Nonwhite_ 716 White___________________ West: 102 Migratory Nonwhite 2 ___ _ __ 13 White. _ _____ 89 Nonmigratory 547 Nonwhite 2_ _ 27 520 White___________________ 151 1, 104 7. 30 125 1 , 281 10. 25 101 538 5. 30 124 1 , 1 0 0 8 . 85 133 1, 091 8 . 15 148 930 6 . 30 127 1, 163 9. 15 105 645 6 . 15 101 503 4. 95 110 825 7. 50 120 1, 520 12 . 70 117 1, 541 13. 15 1 2 1 1, 372 11. 35 121 1. 356 11. 15 740 6 . 75 795 9. 80 370 4. 80 637 7. 80 42 44 25 43 364 :8 . 60 486 11. 05 168 6 . 85 463 10. 90 776 7. 75 802 6 . 2 0 764 8 . 75 419 5. 45 353 4. 55 502 6 . 55 33 19 40 28 24 34 315 9. 55 128 3 6 . 90 399 3 10. 05 226 8 . 1 0 150 6 . 30 323 9. 65 . 80 33 491 315. 35 87 1, 043 11. 90 78 846 10. 75 30 43 498 316. 85 526 12. 45 78 43 526 109 81 76 81 100 129 87 77 77 76 87 1, 029 11 830 10. 55 1 Rounded to the nearest 5 cents. Averages not shown where base is less than 50,000 persons. 3 Number of workers who did nonfarm wage work is less than 50,000. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, The Hired Farm Working Force of 1964, August 1965, table 7. 2 170 . 12 20 United States 1___ Northeast1 North central South West 1 Ameri Total Negro White can Other Indian 100 100 100 100 100 46 43 52 53 26 49 45 46 46 66 (2) 2 2 1 5 3 3 12 (2) (2) 3 1 Does not include Massachusetts (Northeast) and Oregon (West). 2 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 Most families reported under “Other” in Northeast are of Puerto Rican descent. Source: Characteristics of Families Receiving Aid to Families With Depend ent Children, Not ember-December 1961, table 3 (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, April 1963). Distribution of Color distri each race by bution within location each location Location Total Central cities of 250,000 or more population Other urban__ Rural nonfarm. Rural farm _ Non white White Region ceivin g A id to F a m ilie s o f D ep en d en t C h ild ren {A F D C ), by U rb a n -R u ra l a n d L arge C en tra l C ity R esiden ce, N ovem ber-D ecen^ ber 1961 White American Indian Total by R egion o f R esiden ce a n d R ace, N o v em b er-D ecem b er 1961 Of children receiving AFDC in 1961, Negroes were nore than 3 times as likely as whites to live in large central cities. In these cities, % of the children aided were nonwhite whereas in rural nonfarm areas, nearly % were white. T able IIIC-18.—P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f C h ild ren R e Negro Negro children constituted somewhat less than half of all children receiving AFDC in the country in 1961r but slightly more than half in the South and North Central regions. T able IIIC-17.'—P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f A F D C C h ildren 100 100 100 100 50 50 50 34 16 47 32 21 7 63 9 100 100 100 100 75 42 28 47 25 58 72 53 11 6 6 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Bureau of Family Services, unpublished data. 217-817 0 — 61 12 171 In 1961 the median monthly income from all sources for Negro families receiving ADC was $125, compared to $137 for white families. T able IIIC-19.—I n c o m e 1 o f A D C 2 F a m ilie s by R ace, ea rly 1961 Total monthly income Families Negro 100 All incomes __ Less than $40 6 16 $40 to $80____________________ 24 $80 to $ 1 2 0 ___________________ 26 $ 1 2 0 to $160__________________ 16 $160 to $ 2 0 0 __________________ 7 $200 to $240__________________ 5 $240 and above______ Median income $125. 12 1 White by R ace, 1961 100 6 12 21 26 17 10 8 $136. 77 1 Includes ADC payments. 2 Aid to Dependent Children. Program designation before Aid to De pendent Children of the Unemployed (PL 87-31) and the Social Security Amendments of 1961 established Aid to Families of Dependent Children (AFDC) including unemployed fathers. Source: M. Elaine Burgess and Daniel O. Price, An American Dependency Challenge, table 4.5, page 66 (Durham, N.C., Seeman Printery, 1963). 172 Among Negroes as well as whites the largest proportion of ADC recipients were married, or widowed in 1961; a much larger proportion of Negro than white recipients were single, leaving about the same proportion of Negro and white ADC homemakers in families broken by marital discord (divorced, legally separated, or deserted). T able IIIC-20.— M a rita l S ta tu s o f A D C 1 H o m em a kers, Marital status Total. _ __ _ _ _ Single. _ _______ Married __ Widowed _ Divorced___ _ _ __ Legally separated Deserted Negro White 100 100 18 37 11 5 2 28 54 8 14 2 16 6 1 Aid to Dependent Children. Program designation before Aid to D e pendent Children of the Unemployed (PL 87-31) and the Social Security Amendments of 1962 established Aid to Families of Dependent Children (AFDC) including unemployed fathers. N ote.— Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: M. Elaine Burgess and Daniel O. Price, An American Dependency Challenge, table 2.4, page 19 (Durham, N.C., Seeman Printery, 1963). Most Negro as well as white children receiving ADC in 1961 were legitimate. For both Negro and white, illegitimacy among ADC recipients was substantially higher in urban than in rural areas. In a study of cases closed early in 1961, one-third of the Negro and one-fourth of the white illegiti mate children in ADC families were born after the first ADC payment. T able IIIC-21.— B irth S ta tu s o f A D C 1 C h ildren by R esiden ce, R ace, a n d S ta tu s o f C ase, 1961 [Percent distribution] Cases closed in early 1962 2 Negro Birth status Total Born in wedlock. _ __ Illegitimate. Born before first ADC payment. __ Born since first ADC payment ___ Unknown White Non White 4 white Total Urban Rural Total Urban Rural 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 64 36 23 74 26 89 87 13 9 4 (5) 93 7 5 62 37 86 66 34 23 (5) 11 (5) 1 Aid to Dependent Children. Program designation before Aid to Depend ent Children of the Unemployed (PL 87-31) and the Social Security Amend ments of 1962 established Aid to Families of Dependent Children (AFDC) including unemployed fathers. 2 Every third case closed during the month of January, February, or March 1961. Study made by Institute for Research in Social Science of the Uni versity of North Carolina for the American Public Welfare Association. 3 A minimum sample of 500 cases or 1 percent of the active caseload of each State for either November or December 1961. 4 Includes children for whom the color was unknown. Active case, late ] 961 3 12 (5) 20 6 11 8 3 1 1 1 (5) 13 1 5 Less than 0.5 percent. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Dashes indicate data not available. Source: M. Elaine Burgess and Daniel O. Price, An American Dependency Challenge, table 6.2, page 95 (Durham, North Carolina: Seeman Printery, 1963); and Characteristics of Families Receiving Aid to Families with Dependent Children, November-December 1961, table 34 (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Bureau of Family Services, Division of Program Statistics and Analysis, April 1963). 173 Median and per capita ADC payments were larger for whites than for Negroes in 1961, and were the sole income for a larger proportion of white than Negro recipients. T a b l e IIIC-22 .— S elected C h aracteristics o f A D C H o m em a kers a n d Metropolit an counties Selected characteristics Cities 500,000 and over Negro Cities 50,000 to 499,999 White Negro White Median Median years of school of ADC homemakers Median number of months ADC payments received. Median size assistance group. . . Median ADC payment per assistance group. _ Median ADC payment per person _ Median number persons per room . 9. 4 3. 2 $107.20 $33.50 1. 04 2 0 .8 . 8 .6 11. 5 3.5 $118. 2 0 $33.80 .94 8.7 22.9 3.3 $80. 40 $24.40 .99 9.4 12.3 3.4 $103.20 $30. 40 .87 Percent of ADC families No income except ADC Mother not in labor force. _ ... Homemaker not employed during ADC___ . . __ 54 35 77 57 43 84 44 54 21 56 35 74 1 Aid to Dependent Children. Program designation before Aid to Dependent Children of the Unemployed (PL 87-31) and the Social Security Amendments of 1962 established Aid to Families of Dependent Children (AFDC) including unemployed fathers. 2 Based on less than 50 cases. 174 ADC 1 Families by Size of Community and Race, Early 1961 Nonmetropolitan counties Metropolitan counties—Continued Rural nonfarm Cities 2,500 to 49,999 Negro White Negro Rural nonfarm Cities 2,500 to 49,999 White Negro White Rural farm Negro White Negro 6.9 24. 1 3.9 $63.40 $16.30 1.30 7.7 19.3 3. 5 $82.20 $23.50 .90 5.3 32.2 3. 5 $40. 80 $11.70 1.39 6.9 19. 2 3. 3 $72. 40 $21. 90 1. 00 54 55 73 39 16 27 58 57 79 White Median—Continued 8 .6 19.0 3. 6 $78.20 $21.70 1 . 16 1 0 .0 1 0 .2 3. 4 $99.20 $29.20 .84 7.7 17.6 3.1 $70.00 $22.60 2 1 . 18 2 8.5 14. 5 3.7 $101.40 $27.40 .90 7.7 4.0 $72.40 $18.10 1 . 16 2 0 .0 8.5 16.8 3.3 $8 6 . 2 0 $26.10 . 85 Percent of ADC families—Continued 44 32 56 53 36 74 48 30 44 58 50 74 37 16 42 45 39 67 48 30 44 Source: M. Elaine Burgess and Daniel 0. Price, An American Dependency Challenge, tables III, XX I, XXII, 3.6, 4.9, pp. 50, 74, 246, 264 (Durham N.C., Seeman Printery, 1963). 175 The proportion of Negro ADC recipients with household conveniences, cars or trucks, or appli ances, including especially washing machines, telephones, and television sets, was smaller than among white ADC recipients, according to a 1961 national sample survey. T a b l e IIIC-23.— P ercen t o f A D C 1 F a m ilie s by T en u re a n d H ouseh old C onveniences, by R ace a n d U rb a n -R u ra l R esiden ce, E a r ly 1961 Housing characteristics Tenure: Owner occupied. Renter occupied. Rent free Facilities: Electricity — . _ No running water in house __ ___ Pump in house or porch ... Cold running water___ Hot and cold running water. _ Bathroom facilities: None____ None but share one with others _ 176 Negro White Urban Rural Urban Rural 13 85 2 99 5 1 17 76 9 9 34 36 30 90 73 8 12 7 90 1 20 78 2 100 3 1 9 87 7 5 41 46 12 97 35 7 16 42 55 1 T a b l e IIIC-23.— P ercen t o f A D C 1 F a m ilie s by T en u re a n d H ouseh old C on ven iences, by R ace a n d U rb a n -R u ra l R esiden ce, E a r ly 1961 —Continued Housing characteristics Negro White Urban Rural Urban Rural Bathroom facilities—Con. P a rtia l___ 1 complete______ i y 2_________________ 2 or more__ Beds: 3 or more persons than beds... _ ____ Appliances: Car or truck. . . Washing machine__ RefrigeratorIce box.. Telephone . Radio . . Television__ Sewing machine _ . None of the above. . 10 69 1 1 26 9 36 89 4 32 68 66 13 (2) 1 7 1 47 24 41 73 11 10 61 38 27 3 7 78 2 1 16 29 63 93 2 40 73 73 31 (2) 6 36 (2) 1 25 53 79 88 2 30 70 64 47 1 1Aid to Dependent Children. Program designation before Aid to De pendent Children of the Unemployed (Public Law 87-31) and the. Social Security Amendments of 1962 established Aid to Families of Dependent Children (AFDC) including unemployed fathers. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. Source: M. Elaine Burgess and Daniel O. Price, An American Dependency Challenge, tables 5.3, 5.5, 5.6, 5.8, 5.9, XXIII, pp. 85, 86, 87, 89, 90, 265 (Dur ham, N.C., Seeman Printery, 1963). Old-age assistance rates, which reflect the inability to earn adequate social security credits during the work life, were over 3 times as high in the nonwhite as the white population aged 65 and over in 1960 (on the basis of the number of recipients per 1,000 population of this age). They tended to be highest in nonindustrial States. T a b l e IIIC-24. — P ro p o rtio n o f P o p u la tio n R eceivin g O ld -A g e A ssista n c e (R e c ip ie n t R a te s ) by C olor, S elected S ta tes, J u ly S ep tem b er 196 0 State Number of recipients per 1,000 population aged 65 and over Total Total1. . ___ Alabama Alaska _ Arizona Arkansas California. Colorado 2 _ Connecticut . Delaware. _____ _ District of Columbia Florida Georgia . ____ Hawaii __ Idaho Illinois. Indiana Iowa _ . . Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland ________ _ . Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi 140 380 266 155 287 185 298 58 36 44 125 332 49 123 73 59 102 116 191 519 109 43 134 95 127 421 Non white 378 542 638 498 438 329 (3) 245 145 108 510 559 58 (3) 264 192 (3) 214 311 786 (3) 151 247 323 (3) 596 White 119 315 114 130 249 179 296 54 23 18 90 253 23 122 61 54 102 112 182 394 108 28 132 83 126 310 State Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee .. . Texas. Utah____________________ Vermont. _. ... Virginia__ __ . . . . Washington . West Virginia Wisconsin__ __ Wyoming Number of recipients per 1,000 population aged 65 and over Total Non white 228 103 90 143 73 34 214 46 155 119 97 355 90 44 75 437 425 (3) 475 (3) 157 550 143 269 648 259 579 (3) 179 256 367 366 338 556 (3) (3) 111 290 116 337 (3) 212 122 176 297 129 127 50 173 111 83 125 White 215 97 88 127 73 28 195 42 126 114 89 335 89 38 73 140 117 147 263 128 127 36 171 111 81 123 1 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. 2 Rates based on data excluding 3,689 white recipients aged 60-64; male 1,263, female 2,426. s Not computed; number of recipients in sample too small. Source: Social Security Administration, Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of Recipients of Old-Age Assistance, 1960, pt. II, State data, Public as sistance Report No. 48, June 1962, table 7. 177 During July-September 1960, about 8 in 10 of the old-age assistance recipients were white and the remainder virtually all Negroes. There was wide variation among States, but Negroes were the majority of recipients only in the District of Columbia, Mississippi, and South Carolina. T able IIIC-25.— O ld-A ge A ssista n c e R e c ip ie n ts, by R ace, 5 0 S ta tes, J u ly -S e p te m b e r 1 96 0 State Total recipients Percen t of recipien ts of specifk)d race Nonwhite Total Total L. 2, 336, 595 Alabama. ... _ __ 99, 139 Alaska _ 1, 432 Arizona. _ . — . . ... . — 13, 977 Arkansas 55, 781 California _ ----— 254, 401 Colorado.. — -50, 809 Connecticut _ _ _ __ 14, 065 Delaware _ __ 1, 270 District of Columbia____ — . . — ___ 3, 072 Florida__ _— 69, 050 96, 523 Georgia 1, 434 Hawaii _ - ____ _________ - ___ ______ - -_ 7, 169 Idaho___ - — -------70, 970 Illin o is.___ __ 26, 497 Indiana _ __ - ___ - ____________ 33j 460 27, 882 Kansas. . . . 55, 951 Kentucky. _ _. __ __ 125, 362 . — Louisiana___ . . . - - 11, 655 Maine_____ . — — — - -- - - — 9, 662 Maryland _ _ Massachusetts ----- _ ------ --------— — 76’ 583 60, 510 Michigan . . . 44, 933 Minnesota __ . 80, 081 Mississippi__ Missouri __ _ __ _ __ ___ 115, 015 6 , 745 ----- - -Montana___ . 14, 730 Nebraska___ .. - - — Nevada.. . . . 2 , 600 New Hampshire. _ _ __ _. 4, 931 18, 950 New Jersey__ . . . 10, 963 New Mexico . . . 78, 468 New York _ __ 48, 266 North Carolina----6 , 982 North Dakota. . 87, 419 Ohio___ _. . . 8 8 , 289 Oklahoma. _ 16, 571 Oregon._ . . 50, 101 Pennsylvania. Rhode Island. 6 , 755 31, 945 South Carolina__ __ South Dakota. _ 8 ’ 729 54, 442 Tennessee. . _ __ 2 2 l" 727 . . Texas______ See footnote at end of table. 178 20. 7 40. 8 69. 6 22. 0 30. 6 7. 3 2. 4 7. 9 42. 9 71. 7 34. 2 43. 6 88. 1 2. 3 20. 4 11. 9 1. 2 6. 6 12. 3 48. 3 1. 2 42. 8 2. 6 17. 2 1. 3 55. 2 11. 9 7. 7 3. 1 14. 9 .1 22. 3 13. 9 12. 7 35. 2 4. 8 13. 2 13. 0 2. 3 18. 7 4. 8 55. 0 6. 1 29. 2 22. 0 Negro 19. 9 40 8 .6 7. 6 30. 5 5. 8 2. 1 7. 5 42. 6 71. 0 34. 1 43. 6 .2 20. 2 11. 9 1. 1 6. 2 12. 3 48. 0 .4 42. 8 2. 2 16. 5 .6 55. 2 11. 9 .5 2. 3 4. 8 .1 22. 2 1. 0 12. 0 34. 1 13. 2 11. 1 1. 2 18. 4 4. 7 55. 0 .1 29. 2 22. 0 Other . 0 8 69. 0 14. 3 .1 1. 5 .3 .3 .4 .7 .1 88. 1 2. 1 .2 .2 .5 .2 .8 .4 .7 .7 7. 1 .8 10. 1 .2 12. 9 .6 1. 1 4. 8 1. 9 1. 0 .2 .1 6. 0 White 79. 3 59 2 30. 4 78. 0 69. 4 92. 7 97. 6 92. 1 57. 1 28. 3 65. 8 56. 4 11. 9 97. 7 79. 6 88. 1 98. 8 93. 4 87. 7 51. 7 98. 8 57. 2 97. 4 82. 8 98. 7 44. 8 88. 1 92. 3 96. 9 85. 1 99. 9 77. 7 86. 1 87. 3 64. 8 95. 2 86. 8 87. 0 97. 7 81. 3 95. 2 45. 0 93. 9 70. 8 78. 0 T able IIIC-25.—O ld -A g e A ssista n c e R e c ip ie n ts, by R ace, 5 0 S ta te s, J u ly -S e p te m b e r 1 96 0 —Continued Percent of recipients of specified race Total recipients State Non white Total Utah__ . ___ ______ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ Vermont. _ _ _ Virginia__ Washington _ West Virginia________ ___ __ Wisconsin. Wyoming 7, 759 5, 554 14, 552 48, 283 19, 185 33, 373 3, 227 __ Negro . . 41. 2. 9 5. 5 3. 1 2.2 Other . . . 2. 3 .3 1. 5 1. 5 .5 .1 41. 5 .6 5. 2 1. 6 .7 2 6 2 8 White 97. 4 99. 8 58. 2 97. 1 94. 5 96. 9 97. 8 2 0 1 2 1 Includes Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Source: Social Security Administration, Characteristics and Financial Circumstances of Recipients of Old-Age Assistance, 1960, pt. II, State Data, Public Assistance Rpt. No. 48, June 1962, table 2. From 1960 to 1964, the ratio of husband-wife families to all families continued to be 3 in 4 among nonwhites, and 9 in 10 for whites. T able IV A -1. — F a m ilie s by T y p e an d C olor, U n ite d S ta te s, M a rc h of 1 9 6 0 -6 4 (8 -y e a r m ovin g averages, M a rch o f 1 9 5 9 -6 5 )! Type of family 1960 1962 1961 1963 1964 Change 1960-64 Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white white Percent distribution All families. ... Husband-wife__ Other male head Female head___ __ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 11 73 4 89 3 9 73 4 89 3 9 73 4 23 89 3 9 73 4 23 89 3 9 73 3 23 89 2 9 11 -8 22 22 15 (2) 5 5 6 Number (in thousands) All families. Husband-wife. Other male head Female head ___ 4, 186 40, 714 4, 339 41, 273 4, 431 41, 765 4, 558 42, 253 4, 645 42, 625 459 1, 911 3, 073 36, 109 3, 187 36, 601 3, 231 37, 058 3, 322 37, 511 3, 401 37, 827 328 1, 718 172 1 , 068 179 1, 063 179 1, 085 175 1, 089 158 1, 064 -1 4 -4 941 3, 537 973 3, 609 1 , 0 2 1 3, 623 1 , 061 3, 653 1 , 086 3, 734 145 197 1 Figures given are averages of annual reports for 3 consecutive years; average represents middle year. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Current Population Reports, Population Characteristics, “House hold and Family Characteristics, March 1960,” series P-20, No. 106, table 4; “* * * April 1960,” series P-20, No. 100, table 4; “* * * March 1961,” series P-20, No. 116, table 4; “* * * March 1962,” series P-20, No. 125, table 4; “Households and Families by Type: 1963,” series P-20, No. 124, table 1; “* * * 1964,” series P-20, No. 130, table 1; “* * * 1965,” series P-20, No. 140, table 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 179 In 1950 and 1960, nonwhite and white families with a female head were more likely to live in urban areas than any other type of family. However, during this decade, the urban portion of nonwhite families with a female head increased much more than similar white families. T able IV A -2. — Families by Type and Color, by Region and Type of family Region and residence (percent distribution by region and residence) Region and residence (percent by type of family) United North NorthRural Rural United North NorthStates east central South W est 1 Urban non farm States east central South farm TYPE OF FAMILY AND COLOR, 1950 All families Nonwhite_______ ______ White.. __. . . ___ Husband-wife Nonwhite______________ White______ . . . . . . Other male head Non white_________ _ _. White.. ______ . _ Female head Nonwhite____ .. . _. __ White__________________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 79 89 5 4 17 78 89 5 3 18 82 89 5 3 13 76 87 5 3 8 20 10 77 90 5 3 18 7 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 72 76 90 4 3 74 89 4 81 90 4 74 77 91 5 84 92 5 4 20 22 8 100 100 100 100 78 73 5 4 18 9 5 4 22 10 100 100 75 89 4 3 88 86 100 100 8 8 100 100 100 100 100 100 86 100 100 91 5 5 9 4 100 100 100 100 14 28 13 27 15 34 17 32 16 32 16 32 15 32 15 29 64 27 64 27 63 23 64 26 16 26 16 26 17 33 18 30 18 30 19 31 17 30 18 27 55 27 54 27 55 23 56 28 TYPE OF FAMILY AND COLOR, 1960 All families Nonwhite______________ White__ ______ _____ Husband-wife Nonwhite______________ White______________ Other male head Nonwhite_______ ______ White------------- - --------Female head Nonwhite______________ White__________________ 21 8 88 4 3 23 9 7 2 1 Includes Alaska and Hawaii In 1960. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 180 88 2 4 3 15 22 8 9 2 19 7 11 4 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 U rb a n -R u ra l R esiden ce, U n ite d S tates, 1 9 5 0 a n d 1 9 6 0 Region and residence (percent distri bution by region and residence)— Continued Urban W est 1 6 14 7 14 7 11 4 13 11 16 12 16 11 14 8 16 66 66 64 65 64 63 74 76 76 70 75 70 74 70 81 78 Region and residence (number in thousands) Rural non farm Rural farm 16 18 14 20 15 21 16 18 16 17 18 22 18 23 18 19 16 18 United North NorthStates east central South 3, 432 021 20 2, 665 14 30, 821 162 20 19 1,234 10 605 7 2, 966 471 9, 691 344 8,316 25 420 545 2, 205 9, 348 1,717 8 , 291 West 1 Urban Rural non farm Rural farm 285 386 772 211 2 , 271 4, 880 23, 088 174 1,717 4, 348 2 0 , 068 104 11 141 774 26 450 392 2, 246 534 7, 095 411 6 , 363 26 97 512 627 4, 838 537 4, 390 32 240 58 208 694 780 2, 323 4, 256 40, 873 10, 780 12, 339 11, 189 7 3, 186 501 591 1,723 9, 430 1 1 , 128 1 0 , 006 8 36, 455 31 8 181 31 99 332 11 369 1, 113 259 162 3 889 158 500 4 3, 305 924 981 878 459 3, 229 , 565 28, 711 370 2, 378 5, 891 25, 346 20 134 781 153 69 718 521 2, 584 747 9, 109 573 8 , 303 33 215 141 591 279 3, 053 235 2 , 806 14 117 30 129 7 8 35, 102 955 , 11 102 430 9, 8 6 6 25 389 90 848 102 6 220 Source: I960 Census of P opulation, General Characteristics of Fam ilies, Sp ecial R ep o rts, v o l. IV , p t. 2, ch . A , ta b les 4 a n d 5; 1960 Census of P opulation, D e tailed Characteristics, U .S . Sum m ary, P C (1 )-1 D , ta b les 188 an d 247 (U .S . B u rea u o f th e C en su s). 181 All other regions gained proportionately much more than the South in nonwhite families headed by women between 1950 and 1960. In numbers, however, the increases were much larger in the South than elsewhere, and occurred chiefly in urban areas. T a b l e IVA-3.— F a m ilies by T y p e a n d Color, by R egion a n d U rb a n -R u ra l R esiden ce, U n ite d S ta tes, 1 9 5 0 -6 0 C h an ge Type of family, color Region and residence Husband-wife All families Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Other male head Female head Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Percent change United States. _ Northeast. North-central _. South _ West 2_ ... Urban. _ _ Rural nonfarm... Rural farm. _ . . . 24 47 43 5 118 42 40 -55 17 11 11 20 35 24 28 -3 7 20 46 37 0 113 39 39 -5 6 18 13 13 21 36 26 31 -3 4 11 23 24 -3 90 29 27 -5 6 -1 0 -1 2 -1 5 -9 9 1 -3 -51 47 59 75 30 161 59 46 -4 7 3 4 20 33 15 15 -3 8 284 60 68 114 43 268 44 -2 8 339 26 30 152 129 338 79 -7 9 11 Number (in thousands) 824 223 235 118 248 959 213 -348 5, 852 1 , 087 1, 237 1,841 1, 685 5, 623 2, 014 -1,785 521 157 161 6 196 661 162 -302 5, 634 1, 114 1 , 262 1,715 1, 543 5, 278 1, 940 -1,584 19 6 6 -3 9 30 7 1 00 United States. _ _ Northeast _ North-central. South__ . . . West 2__ ______ Urban Rural nonfarm. _ Rural farm_____ __ -1 2 1 -51 -5 7 -2 6 12 7 -5 -123 1 Less than 0.5 percent. 2 Includes Alaska and Hawaii in 1960. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Census of Population: 1950, General Characteristics of Families, Special Reports, vol. IV, pt. 2, ch. A, tables 4, 5; and Census of Population: 1960, Detailed Characteristics, U.S. Summary, PC(1)-1D, tables 188, 247 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 182 In 1960, female family heads were proportion ately younger among nonwhites than among whites. The difference in age distribution was least in the South and greatest in the North-Central region. In general, female heads tended to be younger in both the white and nonwhite groups in 1960, as compared with 1950. T a b l e IVA-4.— F em ale F a m ily H ea d s by A ge, C olor, a n d R egion , U n ite d S ta tes, 1 9 5 0 a n d 1 96 0 [Cumulative distribution] 1950 1960 Region and age of family Non White Non W hite head white white Percent United States: Under 35 years______ Under 45 years Under 65 years. _ __ Northeast: Under 35 years.. _ _ . Under 45 years . _ _ Under 65 years.. ____ North-Central: Under 35 years. Under 45 years. Under 65 years. South: Under 35 years____ _ Under 45 years. Under 65 years.. West: Under 35 years _ Under 45 years. Under 65 years.. . . . 26 49 85 36 59 92 35 59 90 20 43 82 36 62 89 12 29 73 10 26 72 11 27 71 13 31 73 17 37 77 29 53 86 33 60 92 38 64 91 23 46 82 38 64 91 15 34 75 11 29 73 13 31 72 16 36 75 22 46 81 Number (in thousands) United States. _ _ _ _ _ 605 2, 966 Northeast___ 102 955 North-Central _ 90 848 South . . . ________ . 386 772 W est.____ _______ __ 24 392 889 3, 305 162 981 158 878 500 924 69 521 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Census of Population: 1950, General Characteristics of Families, Special Reports, vol. IV, pt. 2, ch. A, tables 5 and 6; Census of Population: 1960, Detailed Characteristics, U.S. Summary, PC(1)-1D, table 247 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 183 Among whites as well as nonwhites, the proportion of husband-wife families rose and the propor tion of families headed by women decreased with each higher income group, in 1960. T able IVA-5. — T y p e o f F a m ily by In com e G ro u p in 1959, by C olor, S elected R egion s, a n d A re a s, U n ite d S ta te s, 1 9 6 0 1 Family income in 1959 Type of family, residence, and region Total $3,000-$7,999 Under $3,000 $8 ,0 0 0 and over Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White United States: All families (in thousands) __ __ __ Percent__________ _ _____ ____ Husband-wife____ ____ _ Other male head______ _ Female family head _ ____ Head under 35 _______ Head 35-64. ___ _ Head 65 and ov er______ Central cities of urbanized areas, United States: All families (in thousands) . . . Percent_______________________ .. Husband-wife_____ ___________ Other male head_______ _____ Female head__ . . . Head under 35____ . . . Head 35-64_______________ Head 65 and over________ North : 3 All families (in thousands)___ . . . Percent___ _ _ . ______ Husband-wife.. .. __ _ . Other male head_______ . Female head__ _____ ____ _ _ Head under 35__ . . . Head 35-64_______________ Head 65 and over... _____ South: All families (in thousands)____ Percent____ . . . . . _____ Husband-wife.___ _ Other male head______ _ . . __ Female head Head under 35. ____ ___ _ Head 35-64_______________ Head 65 and over. __ .. _ See footnotes at end of table. 184 4, 262 40, 887 2, 034 7, 616 1, 840 21, 683 388 11, 587 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 75 4 89 3 78 4 19 4 10 5 85 4 91 3 7 1 4 87 5 2 8 1 6 1 94 2 4 2 64 4 32 10 17 5 2, 293 12, 461 806 1, 783 , 676 281 4, 002 100 100 100 100 100 100 69 4 27 7 14 84 4 12 3 87 3 9 3 54 4 42 17 21 4 1, 475 23, 131 454 3, 623 21 6 12 3 8 1 5 100 100 73 4 86 22 8 13 2 3 11 2 6 6 11 2 8 1 1 , 206 6 92 3 5 (2) 3 823 12, 505 198 7, 003 100 100 8 1 1 6 2 100 100 100 100 100 74 4 89 3 76 4 20 4 10 5 84 4 12 3 2 52 4 44 19 21 3 90 3 7 1 4 2, 325 11, 187 1, 460 3, 014 8 1 5 100 100 100 74 4 22 5 13 4 89 68 2 8 1 5 2 4 28 7 16 5 2 1 5 9 1 7 100 22 8 12 2 (2) 86 1 2 2 5 9 1 7 2 93 3 4 (2) 3 773 5, 791 93 2, 383 100 100 100 100 100 80 3 16 3 9 4 85 4 92 86 4 10 1 8 2 8 1 11 1 8 2 2 6 1 1 86 1 4 (2) 95 2 3 2 1 T able IVA-5.— T y p e o f F a m ily by In com e G rou p in 1 95 9, by C olor, S elected R egion s, a n d A re a s, U n ited S ta te s. 1 9 6 0 1— Continued Family income in 1959 Type of family, residence, and region Total Under $3,000 $3,000--$7,999 $8 ,0 0 0 and over Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White West: All families (in thousands) __ -----Percent--- -------- --------------------Husband-wife. _ ____ Other male head.. _________ __ Female head Head under 3 5 ___ _ Head 35-64 ___ _ _ Head 65 and over____ 462 , 569 120 980 245 3, 388 97 2 201 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 81 4 15 90 61 4 35 16 17 74 3 23 87 4 9 91 2 7 1 5 91 4 4 (2) 3 95 2 3 6 6 8 1 1These data are from a 5-percent sample, so that totals do not exactly agree with those in other tables derived from the full census. 3 Less than 0.5 percent. 3 Includes Northeast and North Central. 2 8 2 5 1 2 8 11 4 2 6 1 1 1 , (2) 2 1 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Census of P opulation: 1960, Subject R eports, Fam ilies, PC(2)-4A, table 14 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 185 V irtually no change has occurred from 1950-65 in the m arital status of nonw hite m ales or fem ales. A lm ost 9 in 10 were either single, married w ith spouse present, or w idow ed or divorced. T hose separated from their spouse rem ained an alm ost constant percentage of the total during this period. T a b l e I V A - 6 .— Marital Status, by Sex and Color, 1950 and 1960-65 1 Female ’otal population (14 years old and over)___ — White Nonwhite i White 1965 i Nonwhite 1964 White Nonwhite White 1963 i White Nonwhite Nonwhite 1962 1961 White White Non white 1960 1950 Nonwhite Marital status 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Single __ - _ ---------Married, spouse present .. Widowed or divorcedMarried, spouse absent---- 21 51 17 11 20 64 14 3 22 49 17 12 19 64 15 3 21 49 18 12 19 63 15 3 22 47 18 12 19 63 15 3 23 46 18 13 20 63 15 3 22 49 17 12 20 62 15 3 23 47 17 13 20 62 15 3 Separated2 — - — Other 3 (including in Armed Forces) _ __ 9 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 9 2 3 1 4 2 3 1 3 2 4 2 4 1 4 1 Male Total population (14 years old and over)_______ — -- - -- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Single____ _ - - -- 29 26 30 24 32 25 32 25 32 25 33 26 33 55 65 53 68 54 68 52 68 52 68 54 67 53 Married, spouse present 7 5 6 5 7 6 8 5 7 5 6 5 7 Widowed or divorced 2 3 8 2 2 2 3 10 8 9 7 8 10 Married, spouse absent. _ 1 1 1 5 6 1 6 6 6 1 1 6 6 Separated 2 -------— Other 3 (including in 4 2 2 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 3 1 Armed Forces)------ . 4 1 Data for 1950 and 1960 are from the decennial census, and for the remaining years, from the Current Population Survey. Comparable Census and CPS data were matched for 1960 and found to be similar; such comparable data are not available for 1950. 2 Separated persons include those with legal separations, those living apart with intentions of obtaining a divorce, and other persons permanently or temporarily estranged from their spouse because of marital discord. 3 Includes those with spouse in Armed Forces, those with spouse employed and living for several months at a considerable distance from their home, immigrants whose spouse remained in other areas, husbands or wives of inmates of institutions, and all other (except those reported as separated) whose place of residence was not the same as that of their spouse. 186 100 26 66 5 2 1 1 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: Census of Population: 1950, Vol. I I, Part I, United States Summary, table 104, Census of Population: 1960, Detailed Characteristics, United States Summary, PC(1), table 176 (U.S. Bureau of the Census); Current Population Reports, Population Characteristics, “Marital Status and Family Status,” Series P-20, tables 1 and 3, No. 114 (March 1961); tables 1 and 3, No. 122 (March 1962); tables 1 and 4, No. 135 (March 1964 and 1963); tables 1 and 3, No. 144 (March 1965). (U.S. Bureau of the Census.) A t every age level and w ith each type of fam ily com position nonw hite fam ilies averaged m ore m em bers than w hite fam ilies in 1960. T able IVA-7.—Average Number of Persons in Family, Members of Family 18 Years Old and Over, and Families With Own Children Under 6 Years Old, by Type of Family and Color, United States, 1960 Type of family and age Average number of persons in family Nonwhite _ ... Husband-wife. . . . ___ Head: Under 25 y e a r s ..__ __ . . ------------25-34 years . . . . __ ... 35-44 years . . _______ . 45-54 years . . . __ . . . 55-64 years. ............................. ......... 65-74 years. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ----- --75 and over. _____ _ ------------------Other male head. _ . . _ _ ____ __ _ _ Female h e a d .___ __ ____ __ Head: Under 35 years____________ __ _ 35-44 years. _ _________ __ 45-64 years _ . ______ 65 and over. _ _ 1 Less than Source: 0.5 percent. White 217-817 0 — 66------- 13 Nonwhite White Percent of families with one or more own children under 6 years Nonwhite White 4.4 3.7 27 19 38 33 3.7 4.8 5. 1 4.5 3.8 3.3 3.0 3.6 4.0 3. 1 4. 2 4.5 3.7 2.8 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.9 11 13 25 38 38 34 31 81 57 4 6 16 33 29 23 21 87 68 73 70 46 21 8 3 2 11 29 64 75 43 11 2 1 4. 2 4.4 3.9 3.4 3.3 3.4 2.8 2.6 22 52 77 87 21 41 80 97 66 32 5 1 C ensus of P o p u la tio n : 1960, D etailed C haracteristics, U nited S tates S u m m a ry, Percent of family members 18 years old and over (9 6 13 60 19 2 1 PC(1)-1D, table 187 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 187 F ertility rates for w hite and nonw hite wom en dropped sharply betw een 1961 and 1964, but the nonw hite drop lagged slightly behind the w hite, so that the nonw hite/w hite fertility ratio increased to 1.42— the highest recorded in recent years. T able IVA-8.— Fertility Rates, by Color, United States, 1940-64 (per 1,000 women age 15-44) Year Nonwhite White Ratio, nonwhite to white Year Births adjusted for under registration 1940________________ 1941________________ 1942________________ 1943________________ 1944________________ 1945________________ 1946________________ 1947________________ 1948________________ 1949________________ 1950________________ 1951 1_______________ 1952________________ 1953________________ 1954________________ 1955________________ 102. 4 105. 4 107. 6 111. 0 108. 5 106. 0 113. 9 125. 9 131. 6 135. 1 137. 3 142. 1 143. 3 147. 3 153. 2 155. 3 77. 1 80. 7 89. 5 92. 3 86. 3 83. 4 100. 4 111. 8 104. 3 103. 6 102. 3 107. 7 110. 1 111. 0 113. 6 113. 8 1. 33 1. 31 1. 20 1. 20 1. 26 1. 27 1. 13 1. 13 1. 26 1. 30 1. 34 1. 32 1. 30 1. 33 1. 35 1. 36 1 Based on a 50-percent sample of births, since 1951. Before 1951, based on total count. 2 Excludes data for New Jersey. N ote.—Refers only to births occurring within the United States. Alaska included beginning 1959, and Hawaii, 1960. Rates for 1940, 1950, and 1960 are 188 Nonwhite White Ratio, nonwhite to white Births adjusted for underregistration— Continued 1956________________ 1957________________ 1958________________ 1959________________ 160. 9 163. 0 160. 5 162. 2 116. 0 117. 7 114. 9 114 6 1. 39 1. 38 1. 40 1. 42 Registered births 1959________________ 1960________________ 1961________________ 1962 _______________ 1963 12_______________ 1964________________ 2 156. 0 153. 6 153. 5 148. 7 144 8 141. 5 113. 9 113. 2 112. 2 107. 5 103. 7 99. 8 1. 37 1. 36 1. 37 1. 38 1. 40 1. 42 based on population enumerated as of April 1; for all other years, estimated as of July 1. Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, 1963, Vol. I, Natality, table 1-2 for 1940-63; Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Vol. 14, No. 8 , table 1 for 1964. (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.) N onw hite m others average m ore children than w hite m others, but the difference is greatest at fifth and later births, for which the birth-rate decline in recent years has been greater am ong nonw hite than w hite m others. T able IVA-9.— Birth Rates, by Order of Birth and Color, United States, 19^0-64 [Per 1,000 women, age 15-44] Live-birth order Year 1st Non white 3d 2d White Non white White Non white 4th White 5th and over White Non white 10. 5 10.6 10.8 11. 4 11.7 11.3 11.8 12. 1 12.9 14.0 15.3 16.9 18. 1 18.4 19. 1 19. 1 19. 7 19.8 19. 5 19.8 5.9 5.9 6. 1 6.9 7. 1 7.0 7.3 7.4 7.4 7.9 8.4 9.4 10.4 11.1 12.0 12. 6 13. 1 13.7 13. 8 14. 1 29. 5 29.9 29.7 31.0 31.5 31.9 31.7 31.8 32.5 33.8 35.0 36.9 39.0 41. 5 44.2 46. 1 48.7 49.9 49.9 51. 1 11. 2 10.7 10.5 11.0 11.2 10.9 10.7 10. 5 10.2 10.5 10. 3 10.9 11. 5 12.2 13.0 13. 6 14.4 15.3 15.6 16. 2 19. 1 18. 6 18.8 17.8 16.9 16. 0 13.9 14. 1 14. 0 13.3 12.6 11.7 48. 8 48. 1 48. 5 47. 0 44. 8 42.3 16.0 16. 4 17.0 16.6 16. 1 15.0 Non white White Births adjusted for under registration 1940_________________ 1941_________________ 1942 ________________ 1943_________________ 1944_________________ 1945_________________ 1946_________________ 1947_________________ 1948_________________ 1949_________________ 1950_________________ 1951 1________________ 1952_________________ 1953_________________ 1954_________________ 1955_________________ 1956_________________ 1957_________________ 1958_________________ 1959_________________ 28.6 29.8 31. 0 31.0 28.7 27.9 31. 1 38.4 37.3 35.4 33.8 34. 1 33. 1 34. 1 35. 6 35. 0 35.9 36. 1 34.7 34.9 29.4 32.5 38.3 35.2 30.4 29.0 39. 5 47.8 39.9 36. 3 33.3 35.0 34. 1 33.3 33.3 32.6 33.2 33.4 31.9 31.3 19.6 20.6 21. 1 22.2 21. 1 20. 1 23.4 26. 2 29. 5 30.8 30.3 29.9 29. 2 29. 5 29.7 30. 7 31. 7 31.6 31. 0 30.9 20.0 20.7 23. 1 25.9 24. 2 23.3 28.5 30. 8 31. 1 32.2 32.3 32. 9 33. 1 32.9 32.8 32. 0 31.9 31. 7 30.6 30.0 14. 1 14. 5 14.9 15. 5 15.6 14.7 16.0 17.3 19.4 21. 2 22.9 23.9 24. 0 23.8 24. 4 24.4 25. 2 25.7 25.4 25.3 10. 5 10.7 11. 5 13.2 13.6 13. 2 14.4 15.3 15.7 16.6 17.9 19. 5 21. 0 21. 6 22. 6 22.9 23.4 23.7 23. 1 23.0 Registered births 1959_________________ 1960_________________ 1961_________________ 1962 2________________ 1963 2________________ 1964_________________ 33.9 33.6 33.6 33. 0 33.8 34. 8 31. 2 30.8 30. 7 29.7 29.4 29.7 29.8 29. 3 28. 8 28.0 27.6 27.4 29.9 29.2 28.3 26. 9 25. 9 24. 8 1 Based on a 50 percent sample of births since 1951. Before 1951 based on total count. 2 Figures exclude data for residents of New Jersey. N ote.—Refers only to births occurring within the United States. Alaska included beginning 1959, and Hawaii, 1960. Rates are enumerated as of April 1 for 1940, 1950, and 1960 and estimated as of July 1 for all other years. 24.4 24.0 23.7 22.8 21.8 21. 1 22.9 22.7 22. 2 20.9 19.6 18.4 Live-birth order refers to number of children born alive to 1 mother. Figures for order of births not stated are distributed. Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, 196S, vol. I Natality, table 1-9 for 1940-63; Monthly Vital Statistics Report, vol. 14, No. 8 , table 5 for 1964 (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare). 189 T he nonw hite-w hite gap in birth rates is greatest in the youngest and oldest age groups, although, at all ages, nonw hites have a higher birth rate than whites. T a b l e IV A -1 0 . — Birth Rates, by Age of Mother and Color, United States, 1940-64 [Live births per 1,000 Women] Age of mother Year 10-14 years Nonwhite 20-24 years 15-19 years White Nonwhite White Nonwhite White 25-29 years Nonwhite White Births Adjusted For Under Registration 1940__________________ 1941__________________ 1942__________________ 1943__________________ 1944__________________ 3.7 4.0 3.9 4. 0 3.9 0.2 .2 .3 .3 .3 121.7 128.3 131.8 133. 4 , 121. 5 45.3 47.6 51.8 52. 1 45. 3 168.5 175.0 182.3 187.2 182.4 131.4 141.6 162.9 161.1 147.9 116.3 118. 1 119.6 125. 1 126.8 123.6 130. 1 145.6 150.7 137.7 1945__________________ 1946__________________ 1947__________________ 1948__________________ 1949__________________ 3.9 3.7 4.6 4.9 5.1 .3 .3 .4 .4 .4 117.5 121.9 146.6 157.3 162.8 42. 1 50.6 69.8 71. 1 72. 1 172.1 197.3 223.7 237.0 241.3 134. 7 179.8 207.9 195.5 194.6 125.4 139. 2 150.6 159.6 167.0 133. 1 164.0 179. 1 163.9 165.2 1950__________________ 1951 2_________________ 1952__________________ 1953__________________ 1954__________________ 5. 1 5.4 5.2 5.1 4.9 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 163.5 166. 7 162.9 165.4 170. 3 70.0 75.9 75.0 77.2 79.0 242.6 252. 5 254.0 261.4 274.7 190.4 206.0 212. 5 219.6 230.7 173.8 184.2 194.2 206.4 215.7 165.1 174.2 180.5 181.5 185.0 1955__________________ 1956__________________ 1957__________________ 1958__________________ 1959__________________ 4.8 4.7 5.6 4. 3 4.0 .3 .3 .5 .5 .4 168.3 172.5 172.8 167. 3 167. 1 79.2 83.2 85.2 81. 0 79.8 283.4 299. 1 307.0 305.2 308.9 236. 0 247. 1 253.8 251.4 253.3 219.6 225. 9 228. 1 224. 2 227.3 186.8 190. 6 195.8 194.8 196.7 251.7 252.8 247.9 238.0 224.9 212. 9 220. 2 214.6 221.6 216.8 211.2 200. 8 195.5 194.9 194.3 187.4 181.2 175. 7 Registered Births 1959__________________ 1960__________________ 1961__________________ 1962 3_________________ 1963 3_________________ 1964__________________ See footnotes at end of table. 190 4.2 4.0 4.0 3.9 4.0 4. 0 .4 .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 160. 5 158.2 152.8 144.6 139.9 138. 7 79.2 79.4 78.8 73.2 68.2 63. 4 297.9 294. 2 292.9 285.7 278.1 269. 3 T able IVA-10.— Birth Rates, by Age of Mother and Color, United States, I 94.O-64—Continued [Live births per 1,000 women] Age of mother Year 30-34 years Nonwhite White 40-44 years 35-39 years Nonwhite White Nonwhite 45-49 years 1 White Nonwhite White Births Adjusted For Under Registration 83.4 85.2 92.3 100.2 98.2 53.7 54. 1 54.0 56.9 58.4 45.3 45. 1 47.2 52.2 54. 1 21.5 21. 5 20.8 21.5 21. 5 15.0 14.3 14. 1 15.0 15. 5 5.2 4. 1 4.0 3.7 3.2 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.2 100.5 113.0 103.6 101.5 61.3 61.0 62.7 62.5 63.9 56.3 58.4 58.4 53.5 52.2 22.3 21.8 21.4 20.4 21.1 16. 0 15.9 16.1 15.2 14.6 3.7 3.5 3. 1 2.8 2.5 1.4 1.3 1.2 112.6 117. 9 122.0 125.7 131.3 102.6 106.5 111.4 111.9 115. 1 64.3 66.5 66.6 70.0 72.9 51.4 52.6 54.4 55. 1 56.2 21.2 22.6 21.9 23.0 22.5 14. 5 14.6 14.8 15.0 15.4 2.6 2.2 2.2 2.2 2.1 133.5 139.4 143.5 142.3 143.3 114. 1 114.4 115.9 113.0 112.0 75.4 78.8 78.7 78.4 78.5 56.7 57.0 57.4 55.8 55.7 22. 1 23.6 23.5 21.8 23.3 15.4 15.4 15.4 14.8 14.8 2. 1 2.0 2.0 1.9 1.8 .9 .8 .8 .8 .8 14.7 14.7 14.8 14. 1 13.4 12. 9 1.8 1.7 1.5 1. 5 1.5 1. 5 .9 .8 .9 .8 .8 .7 1940__________________ 1941__________________ 1942__________________ 1943__________________ 1944__________________ 83.5 86.2 88.1 93.9 97.3 1945__________________ 1946__________________ 1947__________________ 1948__________________ 1949__________________ 97. 1 99.3 102.4 104.1 107.3 1950__________________ 1951 2_________________ 1952__________________ 1953__________________ 1954__________________ 1955__________________ 1956__________________ 1957__________________ 1958__________________ 1959__________________ 110. 0 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.0 .9 .9 .9 Registered Births 1959__________________ 1960__________________ 1961__________________ 1962 3_________________ 1963 3_________________ 1964__________________ 138.1 135.6 136.0 132.2 128.9 126.8 111.3 109.6 110. 1 105.0 102.3 100. 1 75.0 74.2 74.9 72.0 68.9 67. 5 1 Rates computed by relating births to mother aged 45 years and over to female population aged 45-49 years. 2 Based on a 50-percent sample of births since 1951. Before 1951, based on total count. 3 Figures exclude data for residents of New Jersey. N ote.—Refers only to births occurring within the United States. Alaska 55.1 54.0 53.1 50.2 48.8 47. 6 21. 2 22.0 22.3 21. 7 21.0 20. 8 included beginning 1959, and Hawaii, 1960. Birth rates are enumerated as of April 1, for 1940,1950, and 1960 and estimated as of July 1 for all other years. Figures for age of mother not stated are distributed. Source: Vital Statistics of the United States, 1963, vol. I, Natality, table 1-6 for 1940-63; Monthly Vital Statistics Report, vol. 14, No. 8 , table 4 for 1964 (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare). 191 F ertility and the ratio of nonw hite/w hite fertility fall w ith rising incom e, and are usually least in urban areas. In 1960, for the incom e group $10,000-14,999 in urbanized areas, the fertility of nonw hite m others approxim ated that of w hite m others. T able IVA-11.— Children Ever Born Per 1,000 Mothers 20-39 Years Old, by Age Group, Color, and Selected Family Income Group, Selected Areas, United States, 1960 Age groups 20-24 years Color and income class Total Total United States: 1 Nonwhite _ _ W hite_________ Ratio— Non white to white_ Under $4,000 income: Non white W hite_________ Ratio_________ $4,000-5,999: Nonwhite White _ . R a tio .___ __ $6,000-9,999: Non white. White __ ____ Ratio $10,000-14,999: Nonwhite White Ratio _ _____ 30-34 years 25-29 years 35-39 years U rban U rban U rban U rban ized South Total ized South Total ized South Total ized South areas areas areas areas 2, 498 2, 337 2, 696 3,325 3,075 3, 653 3, 868 3, 431 4, 356 4, 059 4, 112 1,844 1,776 1, 841 2, 497 2, 388 2, 469 2, 861 2, 736 2, 834 2, 953 2, 778 1.48 1. 56 2, 609 2,417 2, 752 3, 688 3,383 3, 865 4,448 3, 834 4, 728 4, 690 3, 794 1,911 1,842 1, 926 2, 755 2, 620 2, 783 3, 271 3, 050 3,368 3, 462 3,076 1. 37 1.31 1.43 1.34 1. 29 1. 39 1.36 1.26 1.40 1.35 1. 23 5, 044 3,633 1.39 2, 366 2, 327 2, 506 3, 151 3, 128 3, 259 3, 621 3, 479 3, 820 3, 879 3, 692 1, 860 1, 807 1,825 2, 525 2, 438 2, 444 2, 913 2, 794 2,817 3, 009 2, 831 1. 27 1.29 1.37 1. 25 1.28 1.33 1. 24 1.25 1.36 1.29 1.30 4, 225 3, 003 1.41 2, 112 2, 071 2, 255 2, 565 2, 519 2, 612 3, 036 2, 972 3, 048 3, 284 3, 114 1, 750 1,707 1, 697 2, 377 2, 325 2, 256 2, 734 2, 686 2, 577 2, 829 2, 751 1. 21 1.21 1.33 1.08 1. 08 1. 16 1. 11 1. 11 1. 18 1. 16 1. 13 3, 697 2, 722 1.36 2, 059 2, 024 2, 410 2, 360 2, 579 2, 628 2, 532 2, 905 2, 884 2, 777 1,752 1, 684 1, 742 2, 289 2, 227 2, 205 2, 628 2, 587 2, 492 2, 724 2, 651 1. 18 1. 20 1. 05 1. 06 1. 17 1.00 0. 98 1. 17 1.06 1.05 3, 235 2, 636 1.23 1.35 1 Includes data 1. 32 1.46 1.33 1. 29 1.48 1.35 1. 25 1. 54 4, 676 2, 999 1.37 for all income classes. N ote —Rate and ratio not shown where base is less than 1,000. Source: 1960 Census of Population, Subject Reports, Women by Number of Children Ever Born, PC(2)-3A, table 38 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 192 F ertility rates tend to decline w ith increasing educational attainm ent. W hite and nonw hite married wom en 35-59 years old in 1960 w ith 4 years or less of school averaged about 4 children, while those who com pleted high school averaged about 2.5 children. College educated nonw hite wom en had fewer children than sim ilarly educated w hite wom en. T a b l e IVA-12.—Number of Births per Ever Married Woman 35-59 Years Old, by Level of Educational Attain ment as of 1960 Births Years of school completed Non white White Elementary school: None______ __ 1—4 years 5-8 years 8 years _ High school: 1-3 years __ _ _ 4 years _ _ _ _ _ College: 1-3 years 4 y e a r s .___ _ 4 years or more. _ _ ______ 4. 2 4. 0 3. 6 3. 3 4. 2 3. 8 3. 0 2. 9 _________ _ __ 3. 1 2. 5 2. 7 2. 5 _ __ _ __ __ __ 2. 2 1. 9 1. 7 2. 5 2. 5 2. 4 ___ ______ Source: I960 C en su s o f P o p u la tio n . Su bject R ep o rt. W om en by N u m b er of C hildren E ver B orn. PC(2)-3A. table 25. (U.S. Bureau of the Census.) N onw hite wom en at all but the low est level of schooling reported w anting fewer children than w hite wom en of the sam e education, according to a 1960 study. T a b l e IVA-13.—Average Total Number of Births Expected and Children Wanted, White and Nonwhite Wives, by Education, 1960 Average total number of— W ife’s education Births expected Children wanted Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Total______________ College. High school: 4 years. 1-3 yeras____ Elementary school (8 years) _ _ _ . 3. 6 2. 4 3. 1 3. 0 2. 9 2. 4 3. 3 3. 3 2. 9 3. 8 3. 0 3. 3 2. 7 2. 7 3. 2 3. 3 4. 7 3. 7 3. 5 3. 5 In 1964, illegitim acy rates were estim ated to be 7 tim es as high for nonw hites as w hites. H ow ever, this gap has narrowed som ew hat since 1954, reflecting a relatively greater increase in illegiti m acy rates am ong the w hites. T able IVA-14.—Estimated1 Illegitimacy Rate, by Color, 19^7-64 Year 1947 ___________________________ 1948_________________ ______ 1949_____________________________ 1950____________________ -__ _. 1951_____________________________ 1952 ___________________________ 1953_____________________________ 1954_____________________________ 1955_____________________________ 1956_____________________________ 1957_____________________________ 1958_____________________________ 1959_____________________________ 1960_____________________________ 1961 ___________________________ 1962 2___________________________ 1963 2___________________________ 1964_____________________________ Nonwhite 168. 0 164. 7 167. 5 179. 6 182. 8 183. 4 191. 1 198. 5 202.4 204.0 206. 7 212.3 218.0 215. 8 223. 4 229.9 235.9 245. 0 White 18. 5 17. 8 17. 3 17. 5 16. 3 16. 3 16. 9 18. 2 18. 6 19. 0 19. 6 20. 9 22.1 22. 9 25. 3 27.5 30.7 33. 9 1 34 States and the District of Columbia report legitimacy status on birth certificates. For the remaining States the illegitimacy ratio is estimated from the reporting States in each of the 9 geographic divisions. Nevada and Wyoming did not begin reporting until some time between 1947 and 1950. The following States do not report legitimacy: Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Maryland, Massachusetts, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, Oklahoma, Vermont, Georgia, and Montana. The last 2 States reported before 1957. Alaska has reported legitimacy status since 1959, and Hawaii since 1960. Since 1951, estimates have been based on a 50-percent sample of births; prior to that year, the data are based on a total count. 2 Excludes New Jersey which in 1962-63 only did not require reporting by color. N ote.—As stated in the source cited, “No estimates are included for mis statements on the birth record or for failure to register births * * * The deci sion to conceal the illegitimacy of births is likely conditioned by attitudes in the mother’s social group towards her and towards children born out of wedlock. Also, the ability (economic or otherwise) to leave a community before the birth of the child is an important consideration. These factors probably result in proportionately greater understatement of illegitimacy in the white group than in the nonwhite * * Source: V ita l S ta tistics o f the U n ited S tates, 1963, vol. I, N a ta lity , table 1-26, and unpublished data for 1964 (U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare). Source: John E. Patterson and Arthur A. Campbell, “Educational Attain ment and Fertility in the United States, 1960,” paper read at the annual meeting of the Population Association of America, Chicago, April 22-25,1965. Data from the 1960 Growth of American Families Study, by the Scripps Foundation for Research in Population Problems. 193 According to a census tract analysis for W ash ington, D .C ., illegitim acy rates tend to fall w ith rising incom e and education. T a b l e IVA-15.—Illegitimacy Rates as Related to Income and Education, by Color, in Integrated Census Tracts (30 to 70 percent nonwhite), in Washington, D.C.1 [Tracts grouped and arrayed in ascending order of median family income] Non white Median family income 2 336 280 (3) 190 138 8. 7 9. 3 (3) 11. 7 12. 5 (3) (3) 203 91 42 (3) (3) 12. 1 12. 2 12. 2 1 Birth data relate to 1963; other data to 1959-60. 2 Relates to the group for which illegitimacy rates are given. 3 No census tracts in this income class, for the group shown. Source: Birth data from Washington, D.C., Department of Public Health; other data from 1960 C ensuses o f P o p u la tio n an d H ou sin g, Final Report PHC(1)-166, Census Tracts, Washington, D.C., Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area, tables P-1 and P-4 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 194 T able IVB—1 .—Percent Illiterate1 in the Population, by Color, 1870-1959 [Data for 1870-1940 are for the population 10 years old and over; data for 1947, 1952, and 1959 are for the population 14 years old and over] Year White Illegiti Median Illegiti Median macy years macy years of rate rate of (per school (per school 1,000 com 1,000 com births) pleted births) pleted $3,000-$3,999____ $4,000-$4,999____ $5,000-$5,999____ $6,000-$7,499____ $7,500 or more___ There has been a steady and sharp rise in the past century in nonwhite literacy, which reached almost 93 percent by 1959. 1870________________ 1880________________ 1890___________ 1900___________ 1910________________ 1920____ ___________ 1930________________ 1940 2__________ 1947_____________ 1952________________ 1959________________ Total 20. 0 17. 0 13. 3 10. 7 7. 7 6. 0 4. 3 2. 9 2. 7 2. 5 2. 2 Non white 79. 9 70. 0 56. 8 44. 5 30. 5 23. 0 16. 4 11. 5 11. 0 10. 2 7. 5 White 11. 5 9. 4 7. 7 6. 2 5. 0 4. 0 3. 0 2. 0 1. 8 1. 8 1. 6 1 Persons who could not both read and write a simple message either in English or any other language were classified as illiterate. 2 Estimated. Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, Series P-20, No. 99, table A. (U.S. Bureau of the Census.) Increases in educational attainm ent of both the w hite and nonw hite population 25 years and over were substantial even in the relatively short period 1959-64. T he rise was especially sharp am ong the younger nonw hite adults, 25 to 44 years old, for whom those w ith 4 years of high school or m ore rose from alm ost 3 in 10 to alm ost 4 in 10. T able IVB-2.— Educational Attainment of Persons 25 Years Old and Over, by Age and Color, March 1959 and March 1964. Total 25 to 44 years 1964 1959 Years of school completed 1959 1964 Non white White Non white White Non white White Non white ____ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 -N o n e ____ _ . Elementary, 1 to 8 years _______ High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years _ ------------- _ _ College: 1 to 3 years _ _ _____ ___ 4 years ___ ___ 5 years or more. _ — 8 years or less of school 4 years or more of high school 1 year or more of college____ ______ 6. 1 55.4 1.8 33.7 4.4 47.0 1. 5 30.6 2.6 43.9 .6 18.4 1.4 31.4 .4 15.4 17.8 13.6 18.4 28.8 21. 1 17.9 17.6 31.3 24.9 19.5 20. 1 39.9 28. 0 26.7 18.7 41.5 3.7 2.1 1. 2 61. 5 20. 6 7.0 8.7 5.5 3.0 35. 5 46.0 17. 2 4.9 3.0 1.7 51.4 27.5 9.6 9.3 6.0 3.6 32. 1 50.2 18. 9 5. 1 2.6 1.4 46.4 28.6 9. 1 10.3 6.9 3.8 19.0 60.9 21. 0 6.4 3.8 2.3 32.8 39.2 12. 5 11.3 8.0 4.6 15.8 65.4 23.9 Total __ ___ ... 45 to 64 years Total___________ _______ N o n e__ . ____ _ _ _ _ __ Elementary, 1 to 8 years __ _ ____ _____ High school: 1 to 3 years._ . ___ 4 years __ _______ College: 1 to 3 years ____ 4 years. ______ . . . 5 years or more _ . . 8 years or less of school 4 years or more of high school _. . 1 year or more of college__ . . 65 years and over 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 7. 1 69.4 1.7 41.9 4. 1 62.5 .9 35. 5 19.8 66. 9 5.6 61. 0 17.0 66.2 5.3 58.3 11.0 7.2 18.7 22. 2 15.9 10.2 18.7 27.9 5.2 5.4 12.3 11. 1 12.8 13. 1 2.6 1.6 1. 1 76. 5 12. 5 5.3 .1 4.8 2. 7 43.6 37.8 15.6 3.7 2.3 1.2 66. 6 17.4 7.2 8.7 5.0 3.3 36.4 44. 9 17. 0 .6 1.5 .6 86. 7 8. 1 2.7 5.4 3. 1 1. 5 66. 6 21. 1 10. 0 7.8 4.7 2.4 1.4 .4 83. 2 8.9 4.2 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: C urren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, P o p u la tio n C haracteristics, L itera cy an d E du cation al A tta in m e n t: E du cation al A tta in m e n t: M arch 1964, Series P-20, No. 138, table 1. (U.S. Bureau of the Census.) White M arch 1959, 5. 5 3.3 1. 7 62.6 23. 6 10. 5 Series P-20, No. 90, tables 1 and 2; and 195 B etw een 1950 and 1960, N egroes show ed the greatest relative increase in those attaining a high school education or more. H ow ever, in 1960, N egroes had the low est m edian years of schooling of all races except Indians. T a b l e IVB-3.— Educational Attainment of the Population 14 Years and Over, by Race, United States, 1950 and 1960 Years of school completed Indian Negro Japanese Chinese Filipino White 1950 1960 1950 1960 1950 1960 1950 1960 1950 1960 1950 1960 ------- 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 8 years or less. _ _ _______ High school: 1 to 3 years______ 4 years__ College: 1 to 3 y ears._ 4 years or more. 69 55 71 59 27 26 52 40 59 49 42 35 18 9 24 14 17 9 23 12 15 40 18 36 14 17 14 19 18 14 19 17 21 23 23 26 3 2 4 3 2 1 4 1 11 7 11 9 9 9 12 15 7 3 8 7 8 6 9 7 7. 3 8. 6 7. 4 8. 8 11. 1 8. 3 9. 2 10. 1 11. 0 86 79 88 82 42 44 66 54 76 68 64 58 5 7 3 5 18 20 17 27 10 15 14 16 T otal.. Median years of school _ _ Percent with less than 4 years of high school. Percent with 1 year or more of college__ 8. 4 12. 2 12. 2 N ote.—Does not include persons with school years not reported in 1950. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: 1960 Census of Population: Detailed Characteristics, United Stales Summary, PC(1)-1D, table 173; 1950 Census of Population: Special Reports, Vol. IV, Part 5, Chapter B, Education, table 5; 1960 Census of Population: 196 Subject Reports, Nonwhite Population by Race, PC(2)-1C, tables 9, 10,11, 12, and 13; 1950 Census of Population: Special Reports, Vol. IV, Part 3, Chapter B, Nonwhite Population by Race, tables 9, 10, 11, 12, and 13 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). Com parison of the educational levels of m en 20-64 years old in 1962 w ith that of their fathers re veals substantial upward m ovem ent betw een the generations. The uptrend was slightly sharper am ong nonw hite m en, of whom 1 in 4, as com pared to 1 in 10 of their fathers, had at least 4 years of high school. T a b l e IVB-4. — Percent Distribution by Educational Level of Men 20-64 Years Old and of Their Fathers, by Color, March 1962 [Excludes cases with no report on education of the father] Men Years of school completed and color Nonwhite _ Ratio of men to fathers 100. 0 100. 0 _ _ _ __ Less than 8 years__ __ _ _ Elementary 8 to high school 3 years . _______ ______ High school 4 years or more_________ _____ _________ 36. 8 34. 6 28. 5 63. 4 25. 2 11. 4 -2 6 . 6 + 9. 4 4-17. 1 .6 1. 4 2. 5 High school 4 years_ _ __ College 1 year or more______ __ 18. 1 10. 4 7. 0 4. 4 4-11. 1 4-6. 0 2. 6 2. 4 100. 0 100. 0 12. 6 32. 2 55. 2 36. 5 38. 8 24. 7 -2 3 . 9 -6 . 6 4-30. 5 .3 .8 2. 2 29. 6 25. 6 14. 4 10. 3 4-15. 2 + 15. 3 2. 1 2. 5 __ ___ ____ Difference _ _____ White _ _ _ Fathers _ _ _ ____ __ ___ Less than 8 years.__ _____ T_ Elementary 8 to high school 3 years____ High school 4 years or more______ __ High school 4 years__ __ __ College 1 year or more. _ ___ __ __ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ __ _ _. ___ ____ _ __ __ __ ____ __ __ 1. 0 1. 0 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, E du cation al Change in a G eneration: M arch 1962, Series P-20, No. 132, table E. (U.S. Bureau of the Census.) 197 A m ong both w hites and nonw hites, m edian years of school com pleted was greater am ong persons in the labor force than outside. A lthough nonw hite m ales in the civilian labor force averaged less schooling than w hite m ales in M arch 1965— 10 versus 12 years— the difference had decreased since 1959. T he nonw hite/w hite education difference was greater in farm than in nonfarm areas, and in the South than in other regions of the country. T a b l e I V B - 5 . — Educational Attainment of the Population 18 Years Old and Over, by Labor Force Status, Color, Sex, Residence and Region, March 1959 and March 1965 Male Years of school completed, residence, region, and year In labor force Non white Female Not in labor force White Non white White In labor force Non white Not in labor force White Non white White Percent distribution, by years of school completed 1959 Total: Number (in thousands) Percent No school years completed. __ Elementary : 1 to 4 years 5 to 7 years _ 8 y ears.. . . . _ . High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years. . ------College: 1 to 3 years _ _ 4years_. __ __ 5 years or more__ School years not reported. _ 4, 330 39, 956 100. 0 100. 0 721 100. 0 6, 945 100. 0 2, 786 18, 770 100. 0 100. 0 3, 015 100. 0 33,113 100. 0 4. 4 .8 14. 8 5. 5 2. 3 .4 5. 2 2. 0 17. 1 22. 9 11. 7 3. 5 9. 6 16. 1 28. 5 19. 0 7. 4 12. 2 18. 0 20. 3 9. 9 21. 1 12. 8 1. 8 6. 5 12. 7 14. 9 22. 7 12. 6 4. 6 11. 6 16. 9 19. 4 13. 3 19. 9 28. 2 15. 9 6. 6 12. 4 12. 7 22. 5 19. 7 18. 3 40. 2 23. 0 15. 3 19. 1 31. 2 4. 1 2. 0 1. 5 3. 6 9. 5 6. 4 4. 6 1. 4 3. 3 1. 1 .4 3. 1 11. 0 2. 9 2. 1 2. 9 5. 0 3. 3 1. 3 2. 2 10. 3 6. 1 2. 4 1. 3 3. 6 .9 .1 1. 6 8. 9 3. 7 .8 1. 3 Median school years completed, by residence and region Total Nonfarm_____ __ ____ United States, excluding South______ South___ Farm ____ _ ____ ____ See footnotes at end of table. 198 8. 3 8. 7 9. 7 7. 4 5. 9 11. 9 12. 1 12. 1 11. 7 8. 9 5. 8 5. 9 7. 7 4. 3 5. 4 8. 6 8. 7 8. 7 8. 9 8. 2 9. 4 8. 7 10. 8 8. 5 8. 1 12. 2 12. 3 12. 3 12. 2 11. 7 8. 5 8. 8 9. 7 7. 7 6. 9 11. 2 11. 6 11. 6 11. 5 9. 0 T able IVB-5.— Educational Attainment of the Population 18 Years Old and Over, by Labor Force Status, Color, Sex, Resi dence and Region, March 1959 and March 1965—Continued Male Years of school completed, residence, region, and year In labor force Non white Female Not in labor force White Non white White In labor force Non white Not in labor force White Non white White Percent distribution, by years of school completed 1965 Total: Number (in thousands)____ - _ Percent__ _ _ No school years com pleted.______ __ Elementary : 1 to 4 years __ 5 to 7 years _ ■__ 8 years._ _ _ _. High school: 1 to 3 years . . . . 4 years._ College: 1 to 3 years 4 years__ __ __ 5 years or more___ _____ _____ 4, 603 41, 651 100. 0 100. 0 1, 030 100. 0 8, 763 100. 0 3, 262 21, 607 100. 0 100. 0 3, 383 100. 0 34, 727 100. 0 2. 1 .5 12. 6 4. 8 .9 .3 5. 0 1. 8 13. 3 16. 0 10. 4 2. 7 7. 7 13. 1 24. 8 18. 1 9. 5 10. 2 16. 9 21. 1 5. 9 13. 6 11. 3 1. 4 5. 0 10. 3 13. 4 19. 7 12. 0 3. 8 9. 9 15. 3 24. 4 21. 4 18. 8 33. 2 16. 1 11. 2 14. 4 14. 7 25. 7 28. 6 17. 7 43. 9 25. 8 18. 0 19. 3 34 8 6. 0 3. 7 2. 7 11. 0 7. 7 5. 4 5. 6 1. 1 1. 0 12. 8 2. 9 2. 2 6. 3 5. 6 2. 2 11. 0 7. 1 3. 3 4. 4 1. 4 .4 10. 2 4. 1 .9 Median school years completed, by residence and region ____ ________ Total___ Nonfarm_____ ____ _______ United States, excluding South. __ . South _ __ __ ___ __ Farm___ . . . __ 10. 0 10. 3 11. 1 9. 1 6. 1 12. 2 12. 3 12. 3 12. 1 9. 4 7. 1 7. 0 8. 3 5. 6 C1) 8. 9 8. 9 8. 9 8. 8 8. 5 11. 1 11. 2 12. 0 10. 1 8. 5 12. 3 12. 4 12. 4 12. 3 12. 1 9. 0 9. 2 10. 2 8. 2 6. 9 12. 0 12. 0 12. 2 11. 4 10. 2 1 Median not shown where base is less than 100,000. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for 1959 are from “Educational Attainment of Workers, 1959,” Special Labor Force Report No. 1, table F. Data for 1965 are unpublished from the March 1965 supplement to the Current Population Survey. 199 A m ong persons 18 years old and over in the civilian labor force, the proportion of non w hite workers com pleting at least 4 years of high school doubled from 1952 to 1965, rising to 38 percent, w hile the proportion of w hite workers has risen by nearly one-third to 60 percent. T a b l e IVB-6.— Percent of the Civilian Labor Force 18 Years Old and Over, by Selected Levels of Educational Attainment and by Color and Sex, Selected Years, 1952-65 Years of school completed and period Nonwhite Elementary—8 years or less:1 October 1952_______ __ _____ ______ March 1957__ __________ ______ March 1959____ _ March 1962___ _ _ _ _____ _____ March 1964__ March 1965___ __ __ _ . _ _ High school—4 years or more: October 1952._ __ _ March 1957.. .............. March 1959__ _ _____________ ______ March 1962.. _ __ ______. . . March 1964.. . . . March 1965____ _ _ _ _ _ . ___ College—4 years or more: October 1952___________ __________ _ __ March 1957__ _________ ____ March 1959_____________________________ March 1962. ________________ _________ March 1964__ _ ____ _____ _ __ March 1965___ _____________________ _. 1 Includes persons reporting no 2 Not available. Male Both sexes White Nonwhite Female White Non white 66. 5 57. 6 53. 8 45. 2 40. 8 37. 6 34. 9 30. 5 27. 7 24. 7 22. 6 21. 6 69. 5 (2) 58. 1 50. 5 44. 7 41. 8 38. 7 (2) 30. 4 27. 2 24. 8 23. 9 62. 3 (2) 47. 1 37. 6 ' 35. 1 31. 6 17. 4 22. 7 25. 0 31. 5 34. 6 37. 5 46. 1 50. 1 52. 6 56. 6 58. 9 60. 0 15. 1 (2) 21. 7 27. 3 30. 8 33. 8 42. 1 (2) 49. 4 53. 5 56. 2 57. 3 20. 4 (2) 29. 9 37. 6 39. 7 42. 7 2. 6 3. 5 4. 0 4. 8 5. 8 7. 0 8. 6 9. 8 10. 3 11. 8 11. 8 12. 2 1. 9 8. 6 (2) 11. 2 12. 6 12. 7 13. 1 (2) 3. 6 3. 6 6. 0 6. 4 (2) 3. 6 4. 7 6. 7 5. 2 7. 8 White 26. 5 (2) 21. 7 19. 5 18. 1 17. 1 (2) 55. 1 59. 8 62. 7 64. 2 65. 2 (2) 8. 3 8. 6 10. 0 10. 1 10. 3 school years completed. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for 1952-64 are from “Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1964,” Special Labor Force Report No. 53, table 2. Data for 1965 are unpublished from the March 1965 supplement to the Current Population Survey. 200 The labor force participation rate for nonwhite men 18 years old and over was almost the same as for white men in March 1965, and for both groups the rates increased with education. At each edu cational level, nonwhite women were more likely to be in the labor force than white women. T able IVB-7.— Labor Force Participation Rates 1 of Persons 18 Years Old and Over, by Age Group, Color, Sex, and Years of School Completed, March 1965 Years of school completed and sex MALE Total. __ _ Elementary: Less than 8 years. Less than 5 years _ 5 to 7 years 8 years______________ High school: 1 to 3 years__________ 4 years College: 1 year or more __ 1 to 3 years 4 years or more______ FEMALE T otal.. __ ______ _____ Elementary: Less than 8 years. _ . _ Less than 5 years_____ 5 to 7 years__________ 8 years______________ High school: 1 to 3 years__________ 4 years . . . _____ College: 1 year or more___^___ 1 to 3 years 4 y e a r s or m ore Total 18 years and over 18 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white white 81. 8 82. 6 78. 0 75. 3 96. 4 97. 2 92. 6 97. 7 92. 4 95. 8 55. 4 71. 7 64. 9 79. 9 83. 0 61. 7 78. 1 50. 2 (2) 68. 2 (2) 74. 7 (2) 87. 1 86. 1 77. 9 89. 7 91. 5 83. 2 83. 3 91. 7 91. 4 (2) (2) 85. 6 96. 5 95. 9 94. 4 93. 4 (2) 98. 0 75. 2 98. 0 98. 3 84. 9 97. 2 98. 7 87. 0 81. 9 91. 0 92. 4 91. 4 86. 5 93. 4 95. 9 91. 2 88. 1 94. 1 92. 9 49. 9 49. 0 51. 7 63. 2 40. 7 32. 3 46. 3 54. 9 95. 0 97. 5 90. 9 95. 3 68. 7 96. 3 98. 9 (2) 97. 3 (2) 67. 4 69. 5 87. 8 86. 5 61. 3 58. 5 97. 3 95. 9 95. 2 99. 1 82. 8 80. 3 61. 2 53. 9 96. 0 96. 0 (2) 98. 8 93. 1 92. 4 (2) 77. 9 98. 4 95. 8 (2) 99. 2 (2) (2) (2) 90. 6 84. 6 93. 2 95. 0 98. 4 98. 1 98. 6 (2) (2) (2) 49. 1 38. 4 47. 0 47. 5 54. 3 36. 6 57. 3 44. 2 60. 6 49. 2 29. 5 33. 8 25. 9 39. 9 47. 7 21. 4 16. 3 24. 0 29. 6 (2) (2) (2) (2) 19. 9 38. 2 26. 8 (2) (2) 26. 8 16. 3 44. 3 26. 8 30. 5 45. 6 33. 0 57. 5 43. 8 35. 5 47. 7 58. 0 38. 5 30. 1 41. 6 45. 2 52. 9 50. 4 54. 1 59. 4 49. 1 36. 3 40. 3 33. 2 50. 6 34. 4 55. 2 44. 0 60. 6 60. 4 43. 9 57. 9 53. 3 55. 2 36. 6 66. 6 44. 8 69. 1 68. 9 46. 7 52. 4 53. 4 79. 4 41. 9 73. 7 44. 6 (2) 58. 0 40. 1 40. 7 45. 7 74. 8 35. 7 (2) 37. 7 (2) 81. 2 56. 6 (2) 80. 8 84. 0 49. 4 (2) 54. 0 (2) 74. 1 70. 8 76. 6 24. 5 22. 1 18. 2 27. 0 34. 8 14. 0 10. 6 16. 1 19. 6 46. 7 38. 8 51. 8 (2) 57. 4 (2) 50. 8 (2) 66. 0 (2) 26. 2 32. 1 36. 2 32. 2 37. 5 46. 1 39. 6 31. 8 49. 5 1 Civilian labor force as percent of civilian noninstitutional population. 2 Rate not shown where base is less than 100,000. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data are unpublished from the March 1965 supplement to the Current Population Survey. 201 Labor force participation rates for men aged 25 and over with 8 years or less of schooling declined substantially between 1950 and 1960 for both whites and nonwhites, since these were mostly older persons. However, participation rates for men with some college education increased, especially for nonwhites. Participation rates for women, both white and nonwhite, increased considerably at all levels of educational attainment. T able IVB-8.—Labor Force Participation Rates 1 of Persons 25 Years Old and Over, by Sex, Color, and Educational Attainment, United States, 1950 and 1960 Male Educational attainment Nonwhite 1950 Total ._ _ _ Elementary, 8 years or less___ High school: 1-3 years 4 years. College: 1-3 years_____ __________ 4 y ears.. . _ . . __ Female White 1960 1950 Nonwhite 1960 1950 White 1960 1950 1960 82 79 85 84 40 46 27 34 83 74 80 71 37 40 20 24 87 88 87 90 92 93 89 93 44 49 50 54 28 32 36 38 81 87 88 91 88 91 91 94 54 70 58 76 35 46 40 51 1 Civilian labor force as percent of civilian noninstitutional population. Source: A tta in m e n t, 202 1950: C ensus of P o p u la tio n , vol. IV, Special Reports, part 5, chapter 3, Education, table 9; 1960 C ensus o f P o p u la tio n , Su bject R e p o rts, E du cation al PC(2)-5B, tables 4 and 5 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). A sharp increase in educational level of nonwhite workers in blue-collar occupations occurred from 1959 to 1965. In white-collar jobs, the proportion of white and nonwhite men with at least 4 years of high school rose at almost the same rate in that period. In 1965, a somewhat larger proportion of nonwhite than white women in white-collar occupations had 4 years or more of high school. T able IVB-9.—Percent Distribution of Employed Persons 18 Years Old and Over, by Years of School Completed, Occupation Group, Color, and Sex, March 1959 and March 1965 Year, sex, and years of school completed Total employed White-collar occupations 1 Blue-collar occupations 2 Service occupations 3 Farm occupations 4 Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white 1959 5 Male: Total: Number (in thousands). 3,597 37,230 Percent _ _ __ Elementary: 8 years or less 6__ High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years or m ore.. ____ Female: Total: Number (in thousands). 495 2, 034 499 3, 462 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 58.3 29.7 19.9 13.0 64.3 37.4 45.6 40.3 79.7 100.0 57.5 19.7 22. 1 19.9 50.4 2, 426 17, 539 453 14, 793 2, 150 16,941 12.8 67.3 12.4 74.7 431 10, 764 23.2 36.4 11.8 8.4 15.8 26.8 358 3,004 1, 553 3,212 84 559 22.0 13.8 26.9 35.7 23.8 30.7 100. 0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 . ____ P ercen t___ __ Elementary: 8 years or less__ 47.3 21.2 13.2 7.9 44.7 41. 5 55.2 41.3 High school: 22. 1 17. 9 1 to 3 years __ __ 9. 5 12. 2 29. 6 30. 3 24. 5 25. 6 4 years or more________ 30. 6 60. 9 77. 2 79. 8 25. 7 28. 2 20. 3 33. 0 (7) 100.0 52.6 15. 9 31. 6 1965 Male: Total: Number (in thousands). 4, 236 39, 983 Percent _ _ __ Elementary: 8 years or less 6_. High school: 1 to 3 years . _ 4 years or more _. Female: Total: Number (in thousands). .. Percent_________ Elementary: 8 years or less__ High school: 1 to 3 years 4 years or m o re________ 349 2, 620 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 9.3 45. 0 31. 3 40. 3 30.4 83. 1 41.8 23.5 12.6 100.0 55.3 9.2 7.7 51 14.2 30.4 23.3 34.9 18.4 58.0 2, 969 20, 581 736 16, 891 2,513 18, 147 13.3 10.4 74.0 80.3 771 12, 976 100. 0 32. 5 100.0 16.9 100. 0 100. 0 23. 9 43.7 17. 3 65.8 11. 0 85.2 11. 6 82.7 3.8 1 Includes professional, technical, managerial, clerical, and sales workers. 2 Includes craftsmen, foremen, operatives, and laborers, except farm and mine. 3 Includes private household workers. 4 Includes farmers and farm managers, foremen, and laborers. s Excludes persons not reporting years of school completed. 8 Includes persons reporting no school years completed. 7 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. 217-817 O— «< 14 5.8 638 2, 325 25.9 28.7 23.3 42.8 31.0 46.3 487 3, 607 1,660 3, 560 26.8 28.2 100.0 100.0 35.1 38.5 100. 0 100. 0 29.2 32.3 29. 0 27.5 26. 0 42.2 28. 1 36.8 43.6 31.8 (7) 438 100.0 47. 5 16. 7 35.8 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for 1959 are from “Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1964,” Special Labor Force Rpt. No. 53, table 7. Data for 1965 are unpublished from the March 1965 supplement to the Current Population Survey. 203 A much larger proportion of white than nonwhite men with high school or college training were likely to be in white-collar jobs in 1965, and the proportions had not changed appreciably since 1959. The proportion of nonwhite women with at least a high school diploma holding white-collar jobs in creased significantly, however, with most of the gain in clerical positions. T able IVB-10.—Percent Distribution of Employed Persons, by Occupation Group, Years of School Completed, Color and Sex, March 1959 and March 1965 Years of school completed and color Total Year, sex, and occupation group Elementary 8 years or less High school 1 to 3 years 4 years College 1 year or more Non White Non White Non- White Non White Non White white white white •white white 1959 MALE All occupation groups : Number (thousands)________ 3, 597 37, 230 2, 130 11, 055 688 7, 401 480 10, 768 299 8, 006 ___ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 Percent. . . . . White-collar workers _ _ ___ 12. 5 39. 8 4. 2 17. 4 8. 3 24. 8 22. 6 42. 3 64. 7 Professional and technical__ 4. 2 11. 4 2. 2 2. 3 6. 5 40. 7 1. 2 .5 1. 0 Managers, officials, and pro2. 2 15. 0 proprietors- . _ . 2. 0 10. 4 1. 2 12. 4 3. 3 16. 4 47 Clerical workers . . 5. 1 7. 0 1. 4 4. 9 3. 0 5. 8 15. 4 11. 0 15. 7 ____ .9 6. 3 2. 8 1. 2 4. 3 1. 7 Sales workers___ .3 8. 4 3. 7 Blue-collar w o rk ers.__ 59. 6 45. 4 64. 7 57. 1 68. 3 61. 4 48. 5 46. 0 20. 7 Craftsmen and foremen _. 7. 5 22. 2 13. 5 27. 1 10. 6 23. 7 10. 3 9. 3 20. 5 O peratives.. __ ________ 23. 6 19. 1 23. 6 25. 1 32. 0 27. 2 22. 6 18. 2 5. 3 4. 1 Nonfarm laborers.. . . . 7. 1 15. 4 26. 7 5. 8 33. 6 9. 8 22. 8 5. 0 Service w orkers__ __ _____ 13. 8 5. 5 10. 6 7. 5 17. 1 6. 4 23. 0 5. 1 14. 0 14. 2 6. 6 Farm w orkers__ _____ 7. 4 5. 8 .7 9. 3 20. 5 18. 0 6. 4 Farmers and farm managers__ 5. 7 7. 1 5. 5 8. 4 13. 2 1. 7 5. 8 3. 1 Farm laborers and foremen___ 8. 4 2. 2 12. 0 4. 8 46 2. 7 1. 2 1. 6 .7 100. 0 81. 3 40. 6 22. 1 8. 3 10. 3 13. 6 7. 7 48 1. 2 2. 5 2. 6 2. 2 .5 1965 MALE All occupation groups: Number (thousands)__ __ 561 9, 826 Percent___ _ __ 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 White-collar workers 17. 4 42. 2 5. 3 16. 7 9. 9 23. 9 20. 2 41. 0 Professional and technical___ 6. 7 13. 4 .5 1. 2 1. 1 2. 0 45 7. 2 39. 6 Managers, officials, and proprietors._ __ _ _ _ 3. 8 15. 5 2. 6 11. 4 3. 3 9. 9 7. 5 3. 6 16. 6 Clerical workers. 5. 5 7. 4 4. 8 .9 6. 1 9. 4 10. 4 15. 2 3. 2 Sales workers. 1. 4 4. 4 5. 9 1. 4 2. 7 2. 0 .6 2. 3 6. 7 Blue-collar workers. . 59. 3 45. 4 63. 9 60. 4 68. 3 63. 7 61. 2 48. 3 26. 2 Craftsmen and foremen. _ 10. 8 19. 7 10. 0 23. 2 11. 6 25. 8 13. 2 22. 7 7. 7 Operatives_____ 27. 6 20. 0 26. 6 27. 0 33. 7 30. 2 32. 0 21. 0 12. 8 Nonfarm laborers . 21. 0 5. 7 27. 2 10. 2 23. 0 7. 7 16. 0 46 5. 7 Service workers . __ 15. 1 5. 8 14. 5 7. 5 18. 5 7. 4 16. 1 6. 0 8. 9 Farm w o rk ers__ _ __ 8. 2 6. 6 16. 4 15. 4 2. 5 4. 7 3. 2 5. 1 .7 Farmers and farm managers__ 2. 5 .4 5. 0 1. 1 3. 5 5. 0 11. 3 .5 3. 9 Farm laborers and foremen___ 5. 7 4. 1 2. 1 2. 0 .4 1. 6 11. 3 1. 5 .8 100. 0 204 4, 236 39, 983 1, 771 9, 411 987 7, 370 917 13, 376 41. 9 22. 6 8. 3 9. 5 13. 3 7. 6 4. 4 1. 3 2. 7 1. 8 1. 4 .3 IVB-10.—Percent Distribution of Employed Persons, by Occupation Group, Years of School Completed, Color and Sex, March 1959 and March 1965— Continued Years of school completed and color Elementary High school College Total 4 years 1 year or more 8 years or less 1 to 3 years Year, sex, and occupation group Non White Non White Non White Non White Non- White white white white white white T able 1959 FEMALE All occupation groups: Number (thousands) __ _ 2, 426 17, 539 1, 147 3, 733 537 3, 142 489 7, 229 253 3, 435 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 P ercen t___ ._ White-collar workers _ 17. 7 61. 3 5. 0 22. 9 7. 6 42. 0 29. 2 75. 1 74. 3 2. 3 4. 5 7. 9 52. 2 .2 1. 0 Professional and technical____ 6. 8 14. 2 1. 5 Managers, officials, and 2. 4 2. 3 5. 9 1. 4 proprietors. _ _ _ 6. 0 6. 0 1. 3 6. 1 3. 1 Clerical workers. _ 7. 4 33. 0 4. 1 23. 4 21. 5 52. 3 17. 0 .9 8. 2 1. 8 2. 8 8. 7 8. 1 .8 7. 7 . 7 10. 3 Sales workers. . 1. 2 14. 6 17. 1 13. 8 33. 5 19. 4 29. 0 15. 7 10. 7 5. 5 Blue-collar w orkers__ .2 1. 2 1. 2 1. 0 Craftsmen and foremen .5 1. 0 1. 7 .6 9. 4 5. 5 Operatives __ 13. 4 15. 7 13. 0 30. 9 18. 2 27. 4 13. 1 .7 .4 .4 Nonfarm laborers 1. 4 .3 .6 .8 .6 Service workers 64. 2 18. 4 75. 1 35. 7 70. 9 26. 2 54. 2 12. 3 20. 2 5. 0 21. 3 2. 2 10. 3 4. 8 53. 6 13. 6 36. 9 Private household workers___ 38. 8 9. 9 Other service workers__ 25. 4 13. 5 21. 6 22. 1 34. 1 21. 3 32. 9 10. 1 2. 8 Farm workers. _ 3. 5 3. 2 2. 0 .8 2. 0 6. 1 7. 9 .2 .2 .5 Farmers and farm managers .6 .5 1. 9 2. 3 2. 6 1. 7 Farm laborers and foremen___ 3. 3 2. 0 .8 5. 6 6. 1 100. 0 91. 8 52. 8 5. 9 28. 0 5. 2 2. 2 .3 1. 8 5. 0 .7 4. 4 1. 0 .2 .8 1965 FEMALE All occupation groups: Number (thousands) _ 452 4, 491 Percent... . ... 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 White-collar workers _ 26. 0 63. 0 3. 0 21. 5 12. 0 42. 2 34. 7 73. 1 80. 5 Professional and technical. 7. 5 52. 4 9. 7 15. 3 2. 5 3. 2 3. 1 .8 1. 1 Managers, officials, and 4. 4 4. 7 proprietors. 2. 0 1. 3 5. 5 5. 2 1. 1 4. 3 2. 3 Clerical workers__ 12. 6 34. 6 .5 8. 7 5. 6 22. 3 27. 7 51. 5 21. 2 2. 4 Sales workers___ ._ 2. 6 8. 6 1. 6 8. 1 .5 1. 6 11. 9 7. 4 4. 6 Blue-collar workers____ 16. 4 17. 5 17. 7 39. 9 19. 3 29. 7 18. 7 11. 7 .4 Craftsmen and foremen._ _ 1. 0 2. 1 1. 2 .4 .6 1. 3 .3 1. 8 3. 3 Operatives. 14. 9 15. 9 15. 9 37. 1 18. 1 27. 0 17. 3 10. 4 .2 .9 Nonfarm laborers __ __ .2 .4 .6 .9 1. 6 1. 0 .8 Service workers. _ 55. 9 17. 3 75. 0 32. 6 67. 8 26. 1 46. 2 13. 9 14. 6 3. 3 1. 7 Private household. . . . 4. 1 21. 0 3. 4 50. 1 10. 7 35. 4 31. 2 Other service workers. _ 24. 7 13. 9 24. 9 21. 9 32. 4 22. 0 25. 2 12. 2 11. 3 .2 Farm workers___ __ . . . . .4 1. 3 2. 1 1. 7 2. 1 4. 3 .8 6. 0 .2 .2 .7 .7 Farmers and farm managers .5 1. 5 .2 .4 1. 1 Farm laborers and foremen___ 1. 5 4. 5 .8 1. 4 1. 6 3. 5 100. 0 91. 4 51. 3 2, 969 20, 581 964 3, 479 709 3, 551 844 9, 060 5. 5 30. 2 4. 3 2. 4 .6 1. 7 .1 5. 4 .7 4. 7 .8 .4 .4 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of the individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for 1959 are from “Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1964,” Special Labor Force Rpt. No. 53, table 7, and unpublished data from the 1959 supplement to the Current Population Survey. Data for 1965 are unpublished from theMarch 1965 supplement to the Current Population Survey. 205 In 1965, unemployment rates for white and non white persons tended to decline with increasing age (up to 45 years) and were generally lower for high school graduates than for workers with less ed ucation. T able IVB-11.— Unemployment Rates of Persons 18 years Old and Over, by Years of School Completed, and by Age, Sex, and Color, March 1962 and March 1965 Yeai, sex, and years of school completed Total, 18 years 18 to 24 years and over 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 years and over Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white 1962 Total, male___________ - ___ Elementary: 8 years or less High school: 1 to 3 years . . ____ 4 years or more__________ Total, female. . _ ____________ Elementary: 8 years or less High school: 1 to 3 y e a r s .__ __ . _ _ 4 years or more_________ 12.7 12.8 5.2 7.5 18.3 19.2 11.2 18.6 11.2 7.5 4.9 9.8 12.5 13.4 3.9 6.9 11.6 13.0 4.5 6.4 16.6 9. 5 11.2 9. 6 6.7 3.5 5.2 6.2 15.3 8.5 9.2 17.4 19.2 8.0 12.0 13.6 6.5 3.3 5.6 8.4 14. 1 9.9 8.9 10.0 5.7 2. 1 4.7 6.7 8.6 8.0 6.0 5. 1 4.4 2.6 3.6 5.0 13.6 11. 1 8.3 4.0 23.4 12.7 24.0 (2) 26.7 19.2 17.3 7.0 15.4 9.2 9.2 4.3 10.2 6.8 7.5 3.5 5. 1 9.3 5. 1 2.2 4.0 5.5 13.2 5.9 8.6 11.8 7.9 8.3 3.1 7.0 6.5 8.4 3. 1 5.3 6.7 7.9 3.5 4.8 6.0 2.7 4.8 5.6 25.3 6. 1 18.4 (2) 31. 0 13. 1 12.2 7.0 8.9 13.3 10.9 6.2 10.4 15.8 5.4 1.9 5.5 7. 1 5.3 5.8 6.7 6. 1 5.1 1.8 4.0 8.4 5.9 2.5 5.1 4.9 4.4 2.0 3.0 4.3 19. 9 6.8 12. 7 7.5 6. 6 5. 1 9. 5 5.2 4. 2 3.0 10. 3 1.9 4. 4 1.9 1965 8. 1 Total, male _ _ _ _ _ _ Elementary: 8 years or less 1__ 7.8 High school: 12. 1 1 to 3 years. ___ 4 years or more _ 5.4 Total, female___ __ . ___________ 9.0 Elementary: 8 years or less L . 6.6 High school: 1 to 3 y e a rs ------------ ._ 15. 3 4 years or m ore.. ---------- 7.0 7. 1 3.9 1 Includes persons reporting no school years completed. 2 Rate not shown where base is less than 100,000. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for 1962 are from “Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1962”, Special Labor Force Rpt. No. 30, table K. Data for 1965 are unpublished from the March 1965 supplement to the Current Population Survey. 206 Among nonwhite workers, the drop in unemployment between 1962 and 1965 was relatively greater at the ends of the educational scale—among those with only grade school training (usually older workers with experience) and those who attended college—than among those who attended high school. Among whites, the decline was greatest among those with least schooling. T able IVB-12. Percent Distribution of Unemployed Persons 18 Years Old and Over, by Years of School Completed and by Age and Color, March 1962 and March 1965 Years of school Total, 18 years and over 18 to 24 years 25 to 34 years 35 to 44 years 45 to 54 years 55 years and over Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white white 1962 Total: Number (thousands)___ __ Percent._ _ Elementary: Less than 5 years __ 5 to 7 years______________ 8 years________ High school: 1 to 3 years______________ - 4 years____ College: 1 year or more_______ 911 3, 138 249 843 205 622 206 608 143 574 108 491 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 16.0 5.0 2.0 13.4 12. 5 11. 2 14.4 16r 4 14. 0 .8 6.5 7.5 4.9 2.7 19.4 3.0 25.2 7.5 51.9 9.2 10.0 14.6 11. 5 16. 1 20. 2 20.4 9.7 12.8 16.5 17.8 16. 1 24.4 17.6 14.9 17.5 25.3 29.4 26. 1 38.0 31.3 45.6 25.7 24.8 30. 1 16.8 22.0 21. 5 29.5 28. 4 43. 1 24.3 33.7 19.9 26.2 23. 1 18. 1 5.3 10.5 6.4 10.8 6.3 15. 1 4.9 11.5 2.8 7.8 4.6 .9 4.6 17.7 17.9 6.7 442 69 441 1965 Total: Number (thousands)___ 666 2, 700 206 Percent.. 100 . 0 Elementary: Less than 5 years 1________ 10. 8 5 to 7 years______________ 14. 0 8 years__ _____ 8. 1 High school: 1 to 3 years__ 39.6 __ 23.7 4 years________ College: 1 year or more_______ 3.8 834 167 475 124 508 100 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 4. 6 9.5 13. 9 1. 9 2. 9 1. 4 3. 6 2. 7 8. 9 3. 9 26. 3 6. 3 2.4 13.3 6.8 19.4 15. 1 25.3 14.7 5. 4 8. 4 11. 8 10. 5 12. 9 12. 1 19. 7 27.5 63.3 32.4 36. 1 24.7 29. 0 27. 1 24.2 27.7 32. 1 27.5 43. 2 33. 1 36. 3 26. 6 28. 0 12. 1 26. 1 12. 4 4.3 15. 2 5.4 17.7 5.6 12. 9 5.4 — (2) 100.0 11. 8 14. 5 27. 4 21. 5 17. 0 7.7 1 Includes persons reporting no school years completed. 2 Percent not shown where base is less than 100,000. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for 1962 are from “Educational Attainment of Workers, March 1962,” Special Labor Force Report No. 30, table L. Data for 1965 are unpublished from the March 1965 supplement to the Current Population Survey. 207 The median income of nonwhite men lagged behind that of white men at every educational level in both 1958 and 1963, but incomes in both groups increased substantially during that period. In both years, nonwhite men’s income more closely approximated the income of the least educated white men than that of men with some college education. T able IVB-13.— Median Yearly Income of Males 14- Years Old and Over With Income, by Color and Years of School Com pleted, 1958 and 1963 Years of school completed Nonwhite Total 1958 1963 1958 1963 Percent change 1958 to Nonwhite as 1963 a percent of white White 1958 1963 Elementary: Less than 8 years______ _ $1, 905 $2, 194 $1, 447 $1, 731 $2, 076 $2, 408 3, 214 3, 610 2, 328 2, 740 3, 276 3, 749 8 years _____ High school: 3, 594 3, 902 2, 224 2, 459 3, 774 4, 150 1 to 3 years 4 years _ ___ 4, 548 5, 482 2, 994 3, 821 4, 654 5, 600 College: 1 year or 5, 702 6, 674 3, 679 4, 070 5, 810 6, 829 more____ Total Non white White 1958 1963 15 12 20 18 16 14 70 71 72 73 9 21 11 28 10 20 59 64 59 68 17 11 18 63 60 N ote.—All income data are expressed in current dollars. Source: Data are from C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, C onsum er Incom e, “Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1958,” series P-60, No. 33, table 26, and C u rren t P o p u la tio n R ep o rts, C onsum er Incom e, “Income of Families and Persons in the United States: 1963,” series P-60, No. 43, table 21 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). At every income level a substantially larger proportion of housing occupied by nonwhite than white households was substandard (according to Census definition). At the lowest income level (under $3,000), only 30 percent of white housing was substandard, compared to 61 percent of nonwhite housing. T able IVC-1.— Condition of Housing by Income Class of Household in 1959 and by Color, United States, 1960 Total number (in thousands) Income class Nonwhite Total__________ ________ . White Perce nt in Standard 1 housing Nonwhite White Substandard housing Nonwhite White . ___ 5, 144 47, 880 56 87 44 13 Less than $3,000_____. . _______ $3,000 to $4,999______________________________ $5,000 to $6,999______________________________ $7,000 and over. _ _ _ ___ _________ _ 2, 755 1, 186 645 558 12, 047 9, 536 10,512 15, 786 39 67 81 89 70 85 93 97 61 33 20 12 30 15 7 3 1 Standard housing, as defined by the Census, had slight or no defects, hot and cold running water and exclusive use of a flush toilet and bathtub (or shower) within the unit. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 208 Source: 1960 C ensus o f H ou sin g, vol. II, M etro politan H ou sin g, pt. I, U nited States an d D ivision s, tables A-4, A-13 (U.S. Bureau of the Census), Among white and nonwhite households in all regions, the extent of substandard housing and over crowding was greatest outside of SMSA’s, and tended to be least in central cities of SMSA’s. T able IVC-2.— Selected Characteristics of Housing Units by Color of Household Head, by Region, Inside and Outside SM SA ’s Urban and Rural, 1960 Percent of units 1 Location Substandard 2 Non white United States. _ . __ __ _________ ______ __ _ _ _ ___ Inside SMSA . . . ___________________________________ .. _____ ______ In central cities__ Not in central cities.. __ _________ ____ . _. __ Outside SMSA. __ ___ _____________ Urban _ _ _ _. _______ _ _ _ ________ _____ Rural Nonfarm ________ ______________ _______ Farm __ __ __________ REGIONS Northeast__ _____ ____ _ . _____ . . . __ ____ Inside S M S A __ _ ____ __ In central cities _ _ ______ __ _ _ _ _ Not in central cities . ______ _ Outside SMSA . ____________________________ Urban _ _ _ ____ ______ ______________ . _____ _ _ ___ _______ _ Rural _ _ Nonfarm ... _ __ __ _ Farm _ __ .. _ _ _ _ . North Central ________________ ________ _ _ . _______ Inside SMSA__________________________________________________ . . . __ ______ ___ __ In central cities______ Not in central cities_. __ . . ___ __________ ________ Outside SMSA. _ ______ _ _ . ____ __ ________ ____ U rb a n ___ _ Rural__ . _ _ . ________ . _ _ Nonfarm ___ __ . ___ ___ _________ Farm ________ _______ . _ _ _______ South_______ ._ _ ___ __ ___ __________ Inside SMSA __ _ _ __ ________ _ _______ In central cities__ Not in central cities____ __ _________ _________ _ Outside SMSA_____________ _________________________________ Urban __ _ _ ____ __ Rural _ . ______ _ __________ Nonfarm _ _____ _ __ __ __________ Farm __ . . . . . . _____ _ _ _ See footnotes at end of table. White With 1.01 or more persons per room Nonwhite White 56. 0 43. 2 40. 8 53. 7 82. 8 46. 4 88. 6 86. 8 93. 9 23. 1 15. 6 16. 9 14. 1 35. 5 15. 6 40. 1 38. 8 45. 0 28. 3 24 7 23. 5 29. 8 36. 0 24 7 40. 8 38. 4 47. 6 9. 7 8. 8 8. 4 9. 0 11. 5 8. 5 12. 9 13. 5 11. 4 42. 1 41. 4 41. 3 42. 2 55. 1 41. 4 61. 3 60. 4 76. 0 43. 0 40. 4 39. 1 51. 1 69. 1 41. 5 76. 3 74. 8 18. 0 15. 3 17. 5 13. 0 26. 7 14. 9 28. 9 28. 4 34. 8 24. 5 16. 4 18. 3 14 2 34. 9 16. 6 39. 8 39. 4 40. 9 30. 3 17. 3 17. 2 17. 5 42. 5 17. 6 48. 9 46. 9 56. 3 20. 3 20. 2 20. 3 19. 9 22. 3 20. 2 24 6 24 3 29. 5 23. 7 23. 3 23. 0 25. 7 28. 1 23. 2 34 9 34. 9 7. 3 7. 2 8. 2 6. 3 7. 2 7. 0 8. 1 8. 4 5. 9 9. 2 9. 1 8. 2 10. 2 9. 2 8. 6 10. 2 11. 4 8. 6 12. 5 10. 4 10. 1 11. 1 14 5 8. 3 16. 5 16. 9 14 9 84. 6 69. 4 51. 8 46. 5 70. 4 85. 9 56. 6 91. 9 90. 5 95. 8 35. 0 33. 1 29. 5 27. 3 37. 1 36. 5 28. 6 41. 0 38. 3 48. 2 209 T able IVC-2.—Selected Characteristics of Housing Units by Color of Household Head, by Region, Inside and Outside S M S A ’s Urban and Rural, 1960—Continued Percent of units 1 Substandard 2 Location Non white regions —continued West____ ______________________ - - ________________ _________ Inside SMS A__________________________________________________ In central cities__________ __ ----- -----------Not in central cities________ _____ ____________ ______ _ _ - - ___ _____— Outside SMSA _ _____ U rb a n _______ _____________ _ _ _ _________________ ____ Rural__________ - _ __ _________________________________ Nonfarm__ _ ________ _ _ Farm __ _________ _______ _____ __ -- - - - 1 Occupied units in all instances except in the case of data on condition. The data for whites include vacant units. 2 Standard housing as defined by the Census had slight or no defects, hot and cold running water and exclusive use of a flus toilet and bathtub (or 210 33. 4 26. 5 26. 0 28. 0 63. 5 26. 7 67. 1 67. 2 66. 3 White 17. 1 19. 0 13. 2 12. 4 28. 2 12. 7 32. 4 33. 1 28. 6 With 1.01 or more persons per room Non white 25. 2 21. 5 19. 7 26. 3 41. 5 21. 2 45. 5 45. 5 45. 4 White 10. 3 8. 9 7. 1 10. 5 14. 0 8. 9 15. 9 16. 4 14. 3 shower) within the unit. Source: 1960 C ensus o f H ou sin g, HC(1) No. 1, tables 2, 22, and 23 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). Of the 16,836,000 housing units added to the “standard housing” supply between 1950 and 1960, almost 9 in 10 went to white occupants. In that period the number of white-occupied substandard units dropped by 50 percent compared to less than a 20-percent decline in the nonwhite-occupied substandard units. T able IVC-3.— Shifts in Housing Characteristics, by Color of Occupants, 1950-60 Nonwhite Occupied housing units and characteristic 1950 White 1960 Difference, 1950-60 1950 1960 Nonwhite __ 3, 868 5, 144 39, 101 47, 880 Standard1____________________ ______ Substandard-_ _ _ - _____ 1, 068 2, 800 2, 881 2, 263 26, 646 12, 455 41, 669 6, 211 _____ 100 100 100 100 Standard1 __ ________________ _ _ _____ _____ Substandard _ __ 28 72 56 44 68 32 85 15 Number (thousands of units)___ Percent______ - ___ _ Owner-occupied (percent) _ Northeast____ North Central______________ _ . South. _ ___ __________ _ West ________________ Tenant-occu'pied (percent) _ _ _ _ Northeast____ _ _ _ North Central. South. . West____ _________ ______ _- _____ 55 57 50 62 58 58 43 50 38 42 52 64 58 69 66 63 36 42 31 34 37 548 633 1, 450 442 106 156 477 18 $27 $3, 000 __ __ _ _____ 35 22 34 37 40 65 78 66 63 60 38 27 36 42 45 62 73 64 58 Seriously overcrowded,2 total number of non farm housing units (in thousands)__ _ ____ Owner-occupied Tenant-occupied______ _______ ________ Overcrowded as a percent of all occupied__ Median rent of tenant-occupiedMedian value of owner-occupied _ _______ ____________ __ __ __ __ _ White (number change) 1,276 8, 779 1,813 -5 3 7 15, 023 - 6 , 244 (percent change) 22 33 170 -1 9 56 -5 0 (percenta ge points chaiage) 3 7 5 8 2 7 5 8 5 —3 5 -7 -8 —5 —2 —5 —5 —8 1, 071 85 -3 7 9 480 970 439 632 50 35 —41 -3 3 8 13 4 2 $58 $6, 700 $44 $75 $12, 230 $7, 700 —7 -5 (numbei change) (percent change) 115 70 123 59 1 Standard housing, as defined by the Census, had slight or no defects, hot and cold running water, and exclusive use of a flush toilet and bathtub (or shower) within the unit. 2 With 1.51 persons per room. Source: O ur N o n w h ite P o p u la tio n an d Its H ou sing; The Change B etw een 1950 an d 1960, May 1963, pp. 12,13,16, and 19 (Housing and Home Finance Agency). 211 The sharpest decline in the proportion of substandard units among nonwhite households from 1950 to 1960 occurred in urban areas. There was little change in rural farm areas. T able IVC-4.— Housing Conditions Among Households With Nonwhite Heads, by Urban-Rural Location, United States, 1950 and 1960 1950 1 Location Number (in thou sands) United States ______ . . _ _ Urban___ _ _ ___ Rural nonfarm ___ Rural farm . 1960 Number (in thou sands) Percent Total Standard2 Sub standard Percent Total Standard2 Sub standard 3, 868 100 28 72 5, 144 100 56 44 2, 544 644 679 100 100 100 40 6 3 61 93 97 3, 978 866 299 100 100 100 68 17 8 32 83 92 1 1950 figures adjusted to include Alaska and Hawaii. 2 Standard housing as defined by the Census had slight or no defects, hot and cold running water, and exclusive use of a flush toilet and bathtub (or shower) within the unit. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: 1960 United States Census of H ousing, Vol. 1, States and Sm all A reas, United States Sum m ary, HC(1)-1, table 27; 1950 Census of H ousing, Vol. 1, General Characteristics, U .S . Sum m ary, Pt. 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census); Our N onw hite P opulation and Its H ousing, The Changes Between 1950 and 1960, table 24 (Housing and Home Finance Agency). A much larger proportion of the housing for nonwhites than for whites in 1960 was seriously over crowded (1.51 persons or more per room) regardless of location or tenure. Overcrowding was high in renter-occupied housing and highest of all among nonwhite household tenants in rural areas and outside of SMSA’s. T able IVC-5.— Percent of Housing Seriously Overcrowded,1 Inside and Outside SMSA’s, Urban and Rural, by Tenure and Color of Occupants, 1960 Renter-occupied Location Nonwhite United States total ... _______ Owner-occupied White Non white White 17 4 9 2 Inside SMSA’s . . _ ________ __ Outside SMSA’s_______________________________________ 13 27 3 6 6 14 i 2 Urban _____ _ ________ _ _ _____ . . _ _ _ Rural__ ________ . . . __________ 14 31 3 7 6 17 1 3 11.51 persons per room or more. Source: Our N onw hite P opulation and Its Housing; The Changes Between 1950 and 1960, May 1963, table 35 (Housing and Home Finance Agency). 212 Most of the owner-occupied nonwhite housing in 1960 was valued at less than $7,500 whereas most of the housing owned by whites was valued at $10,000 or more. Likewise, in renter-occupied housing, nonwhite families tended to live in low-rent houses or apartments. Home values and rents were highest in SMSA’s and lowest in rural areas for whites and nonwhites. T able IVC-6.— Percent Distribution of Owner- and Renter-Occupied Housing Units by Value or Gross Monthly Rent, Inside and Outside SM SA ’s, Urban and Rural, by Color of Occupants, 1960 Total Non white White Inside SMSA’s Outside SMSA’s Non white Non white White White Urban Rural Non white White Non white White Renter occupied GROSS RENT T o ta L __ __________ Less than $30_ $30-$49____________ $50-$59____________ $60-$69____________ $70-$79____________ $80-$99____________ $100-$119 _________ $120 or more _ _ _ N o c a sh re n t.. _ _ _ Median________ 100 12 21 12 12 10 12 5 3 14 100 4 15 12 14 13 19 10 9 6 100 6 22 15 15 13 16 7 4 4 100 2 11 11 14 13 21 11 11 4 100 28 20 5 3 2 2 1 (2) 38 100 9 21 13 13 11 14 5 3 10 100 9 23 14 14 12 15 6 4 3 100 2 13 12 14 13 21 10 10 4 100 25 10 3 2 1 2 (2) (2) 56 100 12 21 11 11 9 12 5 4 15 $58 $75 $64 $79 $33 $65 $61 $76 $27 $66 Owner occupied VALUE 1 Total_________________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Less than $5,000-__ $5,000-$7,400_______ $7,500-$9,900_______ $10,000-$12,400_____ $12,500-$14,900 ___ $15,000-$17,400_____ $17,500-$19,900_____ $20,000-$24,900 ___ $25,000 or more __ 36 20 15 11 7 5 2 2 2 11 12 13 16 14 11 8 8 8 19 21 19 15 10 6 3 3 3 5 8 12 16 16 13 9 9 10 68 17 7 4 2 1 1 1 22 18 16 15 10 7 4 4 3 27 21 17 13 9 6 3 3 2 6 10 13 17 16 13 9 9 9 72 15 5 3 1 1 1 1 25 18 14 13 9 7 4 5 5 Median. _ _ (2) (2) _____ $6,700 $12, 230 $8, 800 $13, 810 $5, 000 $9, 002 $7, 800 $13, 088 $5, 000 1 Single housing unit properties without business. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. N ote.—Because of rounding, sum of individual items may not equal totals. $8, 695 Source: Out N onw hite P opulation and Its Housing; The Changes Betw een May 1963, tables 38 and 40 (Housing and Home Finance Agency). 1960 and 1960, 213 The greatest concentration of substandard housing in 1960 was in the South—over three-fifths of the units occupied by nonwhite households and one-fifth of those occupied by whites. The incidence of substandard housing rises with declining income in each region in each location (inside or outside SMSA’s). T able IVC-7. — Substandard Housing 1 Units by Income Class of Household in 1959, by Color, Region, and Residence Inside and Outside SMSA’s, I960 Total Location Under $3,000 $3,000 to 4,999 $5,000 to 6,999 $7,000 and over Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white Percent substandard United States________ . _ _ _ _ Inside SMSA’s __________ Outside SMSA’s _________ N ortheast.. ________ ____ Inside SMSA’s __________ Outside SMSA’s. _ _____ North Central . . __ _ _ Inside SMSA’s __________ Outside SMSA’s _________ South____ __ Inside SMSA’s __________ Outside SMSA’s __ ______ ___ __ ________ West Inside SMSA’s __________ Outside SMSA’s _________ 44 28 77 22 22 38 27 24 56 62 40 82 21 14 53 13 7 23 8 7 14 14 8 22 20 9 31 7 5 12 61 42 85 32 31 50 40 35 70 73 52 87 38 26 72 30 19 41 20 17 28 31 22 38 41 22 51 18 14 25 33 25 61 21 21 35 25 23 44 45 32 67 20 14 45 15 10 22 11 9 16 17 13 22 19 10 27 9 7 13 20 15 47 15 14 26 16 15 32 31 21 55 11 8 32 7 5 12 5 5 8 9 6 13 9 5 14 4 3 6 11 9 34 9 9 17 9 8 22 21 13 44 7 4 23 3 2 6 2 2 4 3 2 7 3 2 7 1 1 3 126 83 43 23 21 2 28 24 3 64 30 33 12 7 5 734 332 402 160 108 52 279 122 156 225 63 161 70 38 32 64 43 21 13 12 1 14 12 2 29 14 15 8 5 3 430 206 224 103 73 30 169 76 93 115 35 79 43 22 21 Number (in thousands) United States_________ Inside SMSA’s __________ Outside SMSA’s ______ Northeast___________________ Inside SMSA’s __________ Outside SMSA’s _________ North C e n tral_____ ______ Inside SMSA’s __________ Outside SMSA’s _____ __ South__________ __ __ Inside SMSA’s __________ Outside SMSA’s _________ West_______________________ Inside SMSA’s__________ Outside SMSA’s . _ __ 2, 263 982 1, 281 196 180 16 251 203 48 1, 697 535 1, 162 120 64 56 6, 210 1, 686 3, 615 2, 230 629 1, 143 3, 981 1, 057 2, 472 1, 054 107 515 686 97 330 368 9 185 2, 033 150 1, 106 693 324 116 34 1, 340 783 2, 556 1, 357 1, 668 549 379 314 2, 007 978 1, 354 72 568 326 302 36 176 266 36 150 388 1, 431 227 549 160 883 54 276 176 50 4 100 60 478 51 170 9 308 247 549 111 136 136 413 27 128 15 66 12 62 1 Substandard housing includes units lacking some or all plumbing facilities, and all delapidated units. N ote: Because of rounding, sum of individual items may not equal totals. Source: 1960, Census of Housing: vol. II, M etropolitan H ousing, pt. 1, United States and Divisions, tables A-4, B-4, C-4, A-13, B-13, C-13 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 214 A smaller proportion of nonwhite than white one-family homeowner properties were mortgaged in 1960. FHA or VA financing was less prevalent for nonwhite than white owners who had mortgages. T able IVC-8.— Mortgage and Government Insurance Status of 1-Unit Homeowner Properties, by Color of Household Head, 1960 Mortgage and Government insurance status Total 1-dwelling unit properties Nonwhite White Percent distribution Total properties.............. 100 100 100 Nonmortgaged properties Mortgaged properties___ 42 58 51 49 42 58 FHA _____ ________ VA________________ Conventional........... 11 14 34 5 9 35 11 14 34 Mortgaged properties___ 100 100 100 FHA ______________ VA________________ Conventional______ 19 23 58 10 19 71 19 24 58 Number (in thousands) Total properties................ 24, 954 1, 321 23, 633 Nonmortgaged properties Mortgaged properties___ 10, 501 14, 454 673 648 9, 828 13, 805 FH A ______________ VA........ ................... Conventional______ 2, 667 3, 381 8, 406 68 124 457 2, 600 3, 257 7, 949 N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of Individual Items may not equal total. Source: 1960 Census of H ousing, Residential Finance, Hom eow ner Properties, vol. V, pt. 1, tables 1, 2; R esidential Finance, H om eowner Properties, N onw hite fam ilies, vol. V, pt. 1, supplement, tables 1, 2 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 215 Most of the homes purchased or acquired by nonwhite occupants had been previously occupied (74 percent), according to the 1960 Census of Housing. Housing costs were over one-fourth of family income among nonwhite homeowners with conventionally financed mortgages, but only one-fifth among those with FHA or VA financing. T a bl e IVC-9.— Percent Distribution of Homes by Age of Owner and Financial Obligation Incurred, Nonwhite, 1960 Total and 1 Properties with All properties FHA first mortgage Owner characteristics Age of household head: Under 35 years_____________ 35 to 44 years _ . _. __ 45 to 64 years ._ _ __ _____ 65 years and over__ ___________ _ Median years___________________ Previous tenure: New____ _ __ _ _ __ Previously occupied. _____________ Manner of acquisition: By purchase or construction_______ Made new mortgage__ __ _____ Assumed mortgage from former owner. Assumed mortgage from former owner, made new second mortgage Borrowed, other than mortgage__ __ All cash ___ _ __ __ By gift, inheritance, or other nonpurchase transaction Total housing costs as a percent of income: Acquired before 1959 (number in thousands)_______________________ Less than 10 percent ________ 10-14 percent. _. _____________ 15-19 percent__________________ 20-29 percent _ _ ______ _ 30-39 percent _ _______________ 40 percent or more__________ . Median percent____ _________ . Purchase price-annual income ratio: Acquired by purchase 1957 to 1960 (part) (number in thousands)______ Less than 1.0 _____________ 1.0 to 1.4______________________ 1.5 to 1.9______________________ 2.0 to 2.4______________________ 2.5 to 2.9______________________ 3.0 to 3.9______________________ 4.0 or more . . . _________ Median ratio___________________ See footnotes at end of table. 216 VA first mortgage Conventional first mortgage Non white Total Non white Total Non white Total Non white 19 35 39 8 44 29 34 32 5 41 41 34 25 38 31 35 31 3 40 24 52 22 2 40 36 46 16 2 38 14 30 46 11 48 25 30 39 7 44 26 74 43 57 37 63 47 53 33 67 48 52 23 77 40 60 99 77 11 99 82 13 100 83 12 100 81 16 100 86 6 100 76 20 98 74 12 99 85 9 2 4 4 1 2 2 1 3 3 3 6 22 3 1 5 5 1 2 2 2 1 3, 042 4 24 31 32 6 3 19 383 5 10 17 27 17 25 27 7, 141 6 19 25 31 9 10 20 995 3 19 31 25 14 7 3 2. 0 141 7 23 18 16 15 9 12 2. 1 3, 122 10 17 23 22 12 9 7 2-0 (2) (2) 1 (2) 545 12, 333 4 6 21 14 27 20 31 29 8 14 7 20 19 24 50 7 22 29 27 5 10 19 2, 149 6 25 29 29 6 4 18 111 5, 274 7 17 27 24 12 8 6 2. 0 35 1, 157 2 17 35 26 13 5 3 2. 0 34 210 5 22 19 20 15 8 12 2. 1 (2) 26 22 29 14 3 5 22 25 38 6 8 21 14 22 23 16 10 15 Total T able IVC-9.— Percent Distribution of Homes by Age of Owner and Financial Obligation Incurred, Total and Nonwhite, 1960 1—Continued Properties with All properties Owner characteristics Non white Interest and principal payments on first mortgage as percent of income: Regular payments of interest and/or principal (number in thousands)___ Less than 5 percent___ _ __ 5 to 9 percent____ ______ 10 to 14 percent__________ __ 15 to 19 percent. _ _ _ _ _ 20 to 29 percent- __ ____ 30 to 39 percent__ __ 40 percent or more__ _____ Median percent____ _________ Real estate tax as percent of income: Acquired before 1959 (number in thousands). _ _ ----------- ----Less than 1.0 percent. _ . . . 1.1 to 1.9 percent._ __ _ __ 2.0 to 2.9 percent. ________ 3.0 to 3.9 percent. _ _________ __________ 4.0 to 4.9 percent 5.0 to 9.9 percent__ __'_________ 10 percent or more _ _ _ Median percent ______ ______ _____ FHA first mortgage VA first mortgage Conventional first mortgage Total Non white Total Non white 646 14, 402 5 6 25 36 35 28 12 16 14 6 2 6 7 3 14 11 68 5 42 37 8 6 3 2, 667 7 41 37 9 3 1 2 10 124 1 37 40 12 5 3 3 11 3, 381 3 44 39 9 3 1 1 10 455 6 19 23 18 18 7 9 15 8, 354 7 32 33 14 9 2 3 12 2, 149 12 21 25 17 9 13 3 2. 7 111 11 17 31 10 18 11 2 2. 7 3, 042 8 22 22 20 12 14 2 2. 9 383 30 18 19 9 5 13 6 2. 1 7, 141 16 22 20 14 10 14 5 2. 6 1 545 12, 333 24 13 22 20 21 21 10 16 8 10 13 14 4 5 2. 3 2. 7 11 50 7 34 21 23 4 11 2. 4 Total Non white Total 1 Financial and income statistics relate to annual data. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: 1960 Census of H ousing, R esidential Finance, H om eowner Properties, vol. V, pt. 1, table 2; Residential Finance, Hom eow ner Properties, N onw hite Fam ilies, vol. V, pt. 1, supplement, table 2 (U.S. Bureau of Census). 217 The m edian price paid for m ortgaged houses bought b y nonw hite hom eowners from 1957 to 1960 was more than the estim ated value in 1960. T w o-fifths of nonw hite-ow ned m ortgaged hom es had been built in 1929, or earlier, but relatively few were dilapidated. T able IVC-10.— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f M o rtga ged H om es fo r S elected P ro p e rty C h aracteristics, T o ta l a n d N o n w h ite, 1 9 6 0 Properties with— All mortgaged properties FHA first mortgage Property characteristics Non white Year built: 1958-59__________________________ 1955-57__________________________ 1950-54__________________________ 1940-49__________________________ 1930-39__________________________ 1929 or e a rlie r.,__ _____ _ _ Condition: Not dilapidated___ __ - ________ Dilapidated _ ------------------------Rooms: Less than 4 rooms____ ____ 4 rooms _ __ ---------------5 rooms___ - - _ — - -------- 6 rooms___ 7 rooms or more__ Median__ ______ _ _ Purchase price as percent of value: Purchased 1957 to 1960 (part) (number in thousands) Less than 80 percent___________ 80 to 89 percent. __ -------90 to 99 percent 1 0 0 percent or m ore_________ _ Median _ _ _ _ ______ _ _ Purchased 1950 to 1956 (number in thousands)______ — — Less than 60 percent___ 60 to 79 percent _______ - _ 80 to 89 percent. __ _ 90 to 99 percent. - _______ 1 0 0 percent or more________ Median ____ _______ __ Real estate tax per $1,000 value: Acquired before 1959____ _____ _ Less than $5_ _ _ _ _ __ $5 to $9 ____________________ $10 to $14____________________ $15 to $19____________________ $20 to $29____________ ______ $30 or more. . _____ Median ____ _ 7 9 17 14 13 40 93 7 4 17 31 29 20 5.5 210 10 15 26 50 Total 10 19 25 18 7 21 99 1 2 12 16 39 10 9 14 97 3 Total Non white 14 18 32 22 4 4 14 29 99 1 2 15 45 27 12 5.3 13 35 32 18 5.5 5, 274 35 16 42 42 1, 157 5 16 45 35 97 1, 221 3 26 33 20 19 87 2, 149 34 8 17 17 58 88 86 545 21 24 21 18 12 5 12, 333 11 19 28 22 16 4 14 31 6 46 17 12 20 50 18 9 38 9 19 7 13 8 21 6 26 35 17 4 75 16 21 33 30 94 111 10 27 22 19 3 14 than 0.5 percent. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: 1960 C ensus o f H ou sin g, R e sid en tia l F inance, H om eow n er P ro p erties, vol. v, pt. 1, table 2; R e sid en tia l F am ilies, vol. v, pt. 1, supplement, table 1 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 18 15 33 21 4 16 Non white 8 6 11 2 16 14 46 91 9 15 43 29 13 5.3 17 29 28 20 5. 5 995 141 13 14 24 50 12 98 1 19 36 26 19 5.3 11 20 Total 32 99 10 1 Conventional first mortgage 11 11 14 36 28 19 5.4 33 37 96 100 + 293 7, 028 5 6 25 27 23 29 19 20 28 18 11 Non white YA first mortgage (!) 6 20 38 36 96 2, 133 3 26 33 23 14 86 3,042 7 14 31 26 19 3 15 10 17 19 18 9 29 98 2 3 14 31 29 23 5. 6 6 100 186 7 25 25 14 28 87 383 24 27 20 15 9 5 10 Total + 3, 122 14 21 26 38 95 3,674 10 27 26 18 19 85 7, 141 14 21 26 20 15 5 13 1 Less 218 F in a n ce, H om eow n er P ro p erties, N o n w h ite A lthough m ortgage loans as a percent of purchase price for nonw hite hom eowners tended to be higher and the interest on their loans was higher than for w hite hom eowners, outstanding debt as a percent of the value of their hom es was about the sam e, according to the 1960 Census of H ousing. T able IVC-11.— P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f H om eow n er P ro p e rties, by M ortgage C h aracteristics, a n d O w ner ( T otal a n d N o n w h ite), 196 0 Mortgage characteristics All properties Non white Total Properties with FHA first mortgage VA first mortgage Conventional first mortgage Non white Non white Non white Total Total Number of mortgages: 84 1 mortgage ____ _ ____ 87 93 90 95 95 85 2 mortgages or more _ _ _ _ _ _ i 16 1 10 5 13 7 5 15 First mortgage loan: (2) Less than $2,000___ __ ____ ___ 12 3 17 11 1 3 3 $2,000-$3,999_____________________ 19 26 21 $4,000-$5,999_____________________ 16 16 15 13 7 22 34 $6,000-$7,999_____________________ 17 16 23 18 17 11 $8,000-$9,999_____________________ 19 23 22 18 17 33 14 $10,000-$l 1,999___________________ 18 10 7 15 15 23 5 4 14 4 $12,000-$13,999___________________ 12 16 19 2 12 ___ _ ____ 3 12 9 3 11 $14,000 or more 2 Median amount. __ _______ _ __ $5, 900 $8 , 700 $8 , 800 $9, 500 $8 , 0 0 0 $ 1 0 , 2 0 0 $4, 600 Term of first mortgage: 1 3 Indefinite. ________ _____ ______ _ 5 1 1 On demand___ _ _______ ___ _ 2 (2) Less than 8 years _ _ 17 8 25 1 3 (2) 8 to 1 2 years _____ __ ____ 25 16 36 18 3 18 13 to 17 years_______________ ____ 15 5 6 20 34 18 to 2 2 years__ _ _ ____ ____ 17 32 30 26 12 28 29 43 23 to 27 years 10 20 31 39 2 11 22 21 28 to 32 years____ ___ ___ ____ 6 19 28 1 1 33 years or more_______________ _ 10 (2) Median____ ____ ____ _ 14 yrs. 2 0 yrs. 25 yrs. 24 yrs. 23 yrs. 25 yrs. 11 yrs. Selected interest rates of first mortgage: 11 4 34 38 4.0 percent._ _ _ __ ____________ 7 24 16 4.5 percent _ __ --------50 43 49 56 2 1 (i) 5.0 percent _ _________ _ 5 15 5 7 5.1 to 5.4 percent____ ___ 5 7 43 28 3 3 5.5 percent___ _ __________ 6 8 9 0) 22 6 . 0 percent_______ ________ __ 39 55 11 4 6.1 to 7.9 percent._______ ___ _ 15 1 8 . 0 percent or more__ _ ________ 6 9 4 All other rates___ ______ ___ 8 7 19 8 7 3 Median amount _ _______ __ 4. 6 4. 6 6. 0 5. 1 4. 5 4. 5 6. 1 Year first mortgage made or assumed: 1959 and 1960 (part). _ _ _ 23 19 25 20 10 10 26 24 1957 and 1958____________________ 27 25 26 17 27 19 1955 and 1956____________________ 22 23 23 20 22 28 30 24 1950 to 1954______________________ 34 25 25 25 33 23 1949 or earlier___ _ ____ ___ __ 6 3 10 5 10 7 3 See footnotes at end of table. 217-817 0 -6 6 -1 5 Total 92 8 5 17 18 15 13 11 8 13 $7, 300 2 2 13 27 22 27 6 1 (2) 15 yrs. 4 5 24 1 13 39 7 2 5 5. 6 23 30 22 21 4 219 T able IVC-11.—Percent Distribution of Homeowner Properties, by Mortgage Characteristics, and Owner (Total and Non white), 1960—Continued Mortgage characteristics All properties FHA first mortgage VA first mortgage Conventional first mortgage Total Non white Total Non white Non white 7 35 7 7 26 14 14 16 34 15 7 25 16 15 33 8 17 12 34 17 5 11 4 19 17 12 21 Non white Holder of first mortgage: Commercial bank or trust company__ Mutual savings bank__ __ _ _ Savings and loan associations______ Life insurance company____________ Federal or State agency____ _ ___ Individual or individual’s estate____ Other_____ ________ — _ Total outstanding debt as a percent of value: Less than 20 percent. . ________ 20-39 percent_________ _______ 40-59 percent__ ______ -----60-79 percent___ — ----- -------80-99 percent __ ___ __— 1 0 0 percent or more______________ Median-------------- ----------All mortgage loans as a percent of purchase price: 3 than percent __ 50-69 percent._ ______ — 70-79 percent. ---------80-89 percent______ _____ — . .. 90-99 percent___ ______ — — 1 0 0 percent or more... _____ _____ Median_________________________ T jp ss 50 Properties with 11 22 22 17 4 54 4 15 13 23 24 21 88 26 26 14 1 53 3 3 25 21 41 8 78 21 21 11 81 4 5 13 27 29 26 1 64 18 13 32 26 6 69 2 8 23 16 6 10 26 36 22 93 16 17 32 28 5 85 15 24 25 11 20 35 7 24 4 6 Total 6 3 7 14 11 39 27 94 22 12 (i) 10 3 37 3 1 37 Total 15 6 44 9 2 20 10 4 3 14 21 37 23 2 67 24 19 24 19 11 3 46 17 27 28 20 7 1 44 2 8 10 6 20 2 25 34 21 91 14 26 16 19 85 14 35 19 14 10 8 70 1 Second mortgages are not permitted at the time FHA insures a first trust. FHA cannot exercise control, however, over second mortgages assumed at a later date. 2 Less than 0.5 percent. • Acquired by purchase with first mortgage made or assumed at time of purchase. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal total. Source: 1960 C en su s o f H o u sin g , Vol. V, pt. 1, R e sid en tia l F in a n ce, H om ew orker P ro p erties, table 2 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 220 D eath rates in 1964 were higher for nonw hites than for w hites in all age groups except 75 or over. A lthough death rates for the nonw hite have im proved m ore on the average than for the w hite population since 1900, they were m ore than double the w hite rates for the prim e ages 25 to 44 in 1964. T a ble IVD-1.—Death Rates, by Age and Color, 1900 and 1964 [Rates per 1,000 population in each age group] Percent decrease 1964 1900 1 1900-1964 Age Non white 25.0 333.9 43.5 9.0 11.5 1 2 .1 14.8 24.3 42. 1 68.9 120.9 215.2 All ages_ ______ Under 1_____ 1-4______________ 5-14_____________ 15-24____________ 25-34____________ 35-44____________ 45-54____________ 55-64____________ 65-74____________ 75-84____________ 85 and over_____ Nonwhite to white ratio of rates per 1 , 0 0 0 population White Non white 17.0 159.4 19.4 3.8 5.7 8.1 10. 1 14. 8 27.0 56.2 123.3 262. 0 White Non white 9.4 21. 5 .8 .4 1 .0 1.3 9.7 40.9 1 .6 .6 1 .6 3.3 6 .6 13.2 27. 1 50.6 69.9 126. 5 2 .6 6 .8 15.9 36.7 82. 8 206. 5 i Death Registration States included 10 States and the District of Columbia. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, White an d N o n w h ite published data for 1964 from the same agency. White 61.2 87.8 96.3 93.3 86.1 72.7 55.4 45.7 35.6 26.6 42.2 41.2 1900 44.7 86.5 95.9 89.5 82.5 84.0 74.3 54. 1 41.1 34.7 32.8 1964 1.47 2.09 2. 24 2.37 2 . 02 1.49 1.47 1.64 1.56 1.23 .98 .82 2 1 .2 M ortality D ifferen tials in the U n ited S tates, 1.03 1.90 2 . 00 1.50 1.60 2.54 2. 54 1.94 1.70 1.38 .84 .61 June 1965, table 2, and un A ge-adjusted death rates have decreased steadily from 1947 to 1964, but the nonw hite/w hite gap has rem ained substantial for both m en and wom en. T able IVD-2.-—Age-adjusted 1 Death Rates, by Color and Sex, 1947-64 [Rates per 1,000 population in specified group] Year 1947__ 1948— 1949______ _____ 1950___ 1951___ 1952_____________ 1953___ . 1954___ -1955_____________ Nonwhite Male Female 13. 6 13. 8 13. 5 13. 6 13. 3 13. 2 13. 0 12. 0 11. 8 11. 4 . . 10. 9 10. 6 10. 3 10. 0 9. 3 9. 1 11 2 11 1 White Male . . 9. 7 9. 6 9. 6 9. 4 9. 4 9. 0 9. 0 10 1 10 0 Female 7. 1 .8 .6 .5 .3 .2 .1 5. 7 5. 7 6 6 6 6 6 6 >Population groups differ in age composition among groups as well as from year to year. Since death rates tend to be higher in some age groups than in others (see table IVD-1) differences in age composition are important in analyzing overall ueath rates for a population group. The age adjustment eliminates the difference in age composition as a factor in analyzing overall death rates. Year 1956___________ 1957____________ 1958_____________ 1959_____________ 1960_____________ 1961_____________ 1962 2 ___________ 1963 2 ___________ 1964_____________ Nonwhite White Male Female 11. 9 12. 3 12. 1 11. 8 12. 1 11. 6 12. 0 12. 5 12. 2 9. 1 9. 4 9. 2 8. 8 8. 9 8. 6 8. 7 8. 9 8. 6 Male 9. 0 9. 2 9. 1 9. 0 9. 2 8. 9 9. 0 9. 2 9. 0 Female 5. 7 5. 7 5. 6 5. 5 5. 6 5. 4 5. 4 5. 5 5. 3 2 Excludes New Jersey, which did not require reporting of color in 1962-63. N ote.—Alaska included beginning 1959, and Hawaii, 1960. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, V ita l S tatistics of the U n ited S tates, 1963, vol. II, pt. A, table 1-2, and unpublished data for 1964 from the same agency. 221 T he m aternal death rate for nonw hites was still 4 tim es that of w hite w om en in 1964. In fant m ortality was also m uch higher in the nonw hite than the w hite population. T able IVD-3.— M a te rn a l a n d I n fa n t M o rta lity R ates, by C olor, S elected P erio d s, 1 9 1 5 -6 4 Mortality Period Nonwhite 1915-19_________________________ 1, 253. 5 1920-24 _ _____ ________ _____ 1, 134. 3 \ , 163.7 1925-29 ____ ____ 1930-34 ____________ _______ 1, 080. 7 875. 5 1935-39 ______ ____ _________ 596.4 1940-44_________________________ 328.4 1945-49_____ __________ _____ 1950-54 _____ ______ . . . _ __ 182.7 112. 4 1955-59_______________________ . 97.9 1960 ____ _______ _____ 101.3 1961 ______ ______ _ - ________ 95.9 1962 5 _____________ ________ 96.9 1963 s_ _ _____________________ 89.9 ___ _ _______ 1964 1 Deaths per 100,000 live births. 2 Deaths under 1 month (or 28 days) 222 Neonatal2 White Nonwhite 700. 3 649. 2 615. 0 575. 4 439. 9 238.0 1 1 0 .8 48.9 28.2 26.0 24.9 23.8 24.0 22.3 per 1,000 live births. * Deaths from 1 month (or 28 days) through 11 months of age per 1,000 live births. «Average for 1916-19. 1915 data not available by age. 6 Excludes New Jersey since no provision was made for white-nonwhite Infant Maternal1 4 58. 1 51. 1 47. 9 48.2 41.4 35.6 30. 3 27.4 27.7 26. 9 26.2 26. 1 26. 1 26. 5 Postneonatal3 White 4 42.3 38.7 36. 0 32. 5 29. 5 24. 9 2 1 .8 18.6 17.6 17. 2 16.9 16. 9 16. 7 16. 2 Nonwhite 4 89. 5 64. 2 57. 6 47. 5 39.9 31.3 19. 1 17.3 15. 9 16. 4 14. 5 15. 3 15.4 14. 6 White 4 49. 6 34. 5 29. 1 22. 9 19.7 14. 1 9.2 6.8 5. 8 5.7 5. 5 5.5 5.5 5.4 distinction on birth and death certificates. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, White an d N o n w h ite M ortality D ifferen tials in the U nited S tates, Washington, D.C., June 1965, table 3; Advance Report, Final Mortality Statistics, 1964, 1964 from M onth ly V ita l S ta tistics R e p o rt, vol. 14, No. 10, Supplement, Jan. 14,1966, table 1 and p. 1 2 . N onw hites show ed a considerably higher death rate for selected com m unicable diseases than w hites in 1964, particularly for tuberculosis, syphilis, and influenza and pneum onia. T able IVD-4.— A g e -A d ju ste d D ea th R ates fo r S elected C om m u n icab le D isea se s, b y C olor, S elected Y ea rs, 1 9 3 0 -6 4 [Rates per 100,000, adjusted for age distribution to 1940 population] 1930 Cause of death 1940 1950 1960 1963 1 1964 Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white white Tuberculosis, all forms________ 199. 4 60. 6 132. 9 36. 1 67. 5 16. 6 15. 1 4. 4 1 2 . 8 3. 4 11. 5 Syphilis and its sequelae. 60. 2 12. 5 61. 6 9. 7 18. 3 2 3. 3 2 5. 2 1 . 0 4. 3 . 9 3. 8 Typhoid fever____ _ ___ 14. 0 3. 6 3. 0 . 8 2. 3 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 .0 Dysentery, all forms_________ 7. 6 2. 4 4. 2 1 . 6 2 1 . 2 . 4 2. 5 2 . 1 2 . 5 2 . 1 . 4 Diphtheria__ _____ 4. 4 2 1. 5 1 . 0 2.4 2 . 2 2. 1 . 0 2 . 1 2 . 0 2 3. 8 .0 Whooping cough_____________ 2 8 . 6 2 3. 6 2 4. 9 2 1 . 8 2 1 . 6 2.4 2 . 2 2 . 0 .2 .0 .2 Meningococcal infections______ 6 . 2 3. 0 2. 6 . 5 2. 7 . 5 2. 5 2. 3 2. 5 2.3 .6 Acute poliomyelitis___________ 2 1 . 0 1 . 1 2. 5 . 8 2. 5 1. 4 2 . 1 2 . 1 2 . 0 2 . 0 . 0 Measles____________________ 2 2 . 6 2. 9 2.7 2. 5 2 .4 2 . 2 . 3 . 1 2 . 2 2. 1 . 2 Influenza and pneumonia, except pneumonia of newborn. _ 194. 3 99. 1 138. 1 63. 0 56. 9 22. 9 55. 2 24. 6 55. 4 24. 4 40. 8 1 Excludes New Jersey which did not require reporting of color in 1963. 2 More than half of the age-specific rates are based on frequencies of less than 20 deaths. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, W hite an d N o n w h ite M o rta lity 1964, from unpublished data provided by the same agency. 3. 0 .9 .0 .1 .0 .0 .3 .0 .2 20. 3 June 1965, table 4, and, for D ifferen tials in the U n ited S tates, Life expectancy in 1964 was lower for nonw hites than w hites at all ages in prim e working years (ages 25-55). N onw hite-w hite differences were greater am ong w om en than m en at each age level. T able IVD-5.—L ife E x p ecta n cy in P rim e W o rk in g Y ea rs, by C olor a n d S ex, [Average number of years of life remaining at given ages, 1964] Both sexes Age 25_________ 30_________ 35_________ 40_________ 45_________ 50........ ......... 55_________ Non white 43. 4 38.9 34. 6 30. 5 26. 6 22. 9 19.6 Males White Difference nonwhite to white (in years) 48. 6 43. 9 39.2 34.6 30. 1 25.8 -5 .2 -5 .0 -4 .6 -4 . 1 -3 .5 -2 .9 - 2.2 2 1 .8 Non white 40.9 36. 6 32.4 28.5 24.7 21.2 18.0 Females White Difference nonwhite to white (in years) 45. 6 41.0 36.3 31.8 27.4 23.2 19. 4 -4 .7 -4 .4 -3 .9 -3 .3 -2 .7 - 2 .0 -1 .4 Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, L ife sec. 5, table 5-4. 1964 Non white 45.9 41.4 36.9 32.7 28.7 24. 8 21.4 Difference nonwhite to white (in years) White 51.8 47. 0 42.2 37. 5 32.9 28.5 24. 2 T ables, V ita l S ta tistics o f the U nited S tates, -5 .9 -5 .6 -5 .3 -4 .8 -4 .2 -3 .7 - 2 .8 1964, vol. II, 223 T he disadvantage of the nonw hite com pared to the w hite population w ith respect to life expectancy is greatest in the South A tlantic and W est N orth Central States, both for m ales and fem ales. T able IVD- 6 .—Life Expectancy 1in Prime Working Years, by Age, Color, and Sex, United States and Geographical Divisions, 1 9 5 9 -6 1 Males Non white United States. . __ _____ _____ New England. . Middle Atlantic________ _________ East North Central___ West North Central . . . South Atlantic_________ __________ East South Central.. West South Central __ . Mountain_________________________ Pacific___________ ________ ____ 40-41 30-31 Divisions 37. 05 37. 71 36. 42 37. 37 36. 69 35. 35 36. 89 38. 14 39. 07 41. 35 White 40. 98 40. 77 40. 43 41. 01 42. 08 40. 67 41. 07 41. 40 41. 25 41. 18 Difference nonwhite to white (in years) Non white -3 . 93 -3 . 06 -4 . 01 -3 . 64 -5 . 39 -5 . 32 -4 . 18 -3 . 26 - 2 . 18 + . 17 White Difference nonwhite to white (in years) 28. 72 29. 12 28. 14 28. 85 28. 37 27. 21 28. 71 29. 87 31. 10 32. 54 31. 73 31. 42 31. 09 31. 71 32. 81 31. 52 32. 02 32. 25 32. 16 31. 94 -3 . 01 -2 . 30 -2 . 95 - 2. 86 -3 . 44 - 4 31 -3 . 31 -2 . 38 - 1 . 06 +. 60 32. 16 33. 32 32. 31 32. 06 31. 80 31. 28 31. 69 32. 95 34 6 6 35. 95 37. 13 36. 6 8 36. 0 2 36. 83 38. 11 37. 61 37. 67 38. 36 37. 74 37. 64 - 4 97 -3 . 36 -3 . 71 - 4 77 - 6 . 31 - 6 . 33 -5 . 98 -5 . 41 -3 . 14 -1 . 69 Females United States_____ . ______________ New England___ ________ Middle Atlantic____________________ East North Central______ ___ _. West North Central___ _____ South Atlantic_____________ ___ East South Central. _ _ . West South Central __ Mountain________________ _____ Pacific____________________________ 40. 83 42. 10 40. 97 40. 8 8 40. 48 39. 76 40. 15 41. 62 43. 14 45. 04 • Average number of years of life remaining at beginning of age interval. Source U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, U nited States L ife, tables: 1950-61, vol. 1, No. 1, December 224 46. 63 46. 20 45. 53 46. 34 47. 63 47. 09 47. 14 47. 85 47. 16 47. 11 -5 . 80 -4 . 10 -4 . 56 -5 . 46 -7 . 15 -7 . 33 - 6 . 99 - 6 . 23 —4 0 2 -2 . 07 1964, tables 6 , 6 , 8 ,9, and U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare Public Health Service, L ife T ables for the Geographic D ivision s o f the U n ited Slates: 1959-61, vol. 1, No. 3, May 1965, tables 1-36. W hite suicide rates are far higher than nonw hite b u t in recent years the difference has decreased slightly. Suicide rates are consistently low est am ong nonw hite wom en. T a b l e IVD-7.— S u ic id e R ates, by S ex a n d C olor, 1 9 4 7 -6 3 [Rate per 100,000 population In specified group excluding deaths among Armed Forces overseas] Year Nonwhite Male 1947________ 1948_________ 1949________ 1950_________ 1951_________ 1952_________ 1953_________ 1954________ 1955_________ 6.5 6.9 7. 1 7.0 6 .6 6.1 6.4 6 .8 6.1 White Female 1 .6 1.5 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.3 1.3 1. 5 1.5 Male 18.9 18.4 19.1 19. 0 17.3 16.9 17. 2 17. 5 17.2 Year Female 6 .0 5.7 5.5 5. 5 5.0 4.7 4. 6 4. 5 4.9 Nonwhite Male 1956_________ 1957_________ 1958_________ 1959_________ 1960_________ 1961_________ 1962 1 _______ 1963 1 _ 1964_________ . 7.0 7.4 7.2 7.6 7. 2 8.3 7.2 6 1 6 .8 White Female 1 .6 1.4 1 .8 1.9 2 .0 1.9 2 .2 2.0 2 .2 Male 16.9 16.5 18.0 17.8 17.6 17. 1 17. 8 17. 3 17.2 Female 4.8 4.6 5.1 5.0 5.3 5.3 5. 9 5.9 6 .1 1 Excludes New Jersey, which did not require reporting of color in 1962 and 1963. Source: Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, V ita l S ta tis tic s -S p e c ia l R ep o rts, vol. 43, No. 30; V ita l S ta tistics of the U n ited S tates (annual reports, 1950-62); M onthly V ita l Statistics R e p o rts, vol. 12, No. 13, Annual Summary for the United States, 1963; M onth ly V ita l Statistics R ep o rt, Advance Reports, vol. 14, No. 10, Supplement, 1964. 225 A m ong the nonw hite as well as w hite population the proportion w ith hospital or surgical insurance increases w ith incom e. R elatively fewer nonw hites had insurance at each incom e level, according to a 1962-63 national survey, but the gap lessens w ith rising incom e. T able IVD- 8 .— D is tr ib u tio n o f P o p u la tio n , by H o sp ita l a n d S u rg ic a l In su ra n c e C overage, F a m ily In com e, a n d C olor, J u ly 1 9 6 2 -J u n e 1 96 8 1 [Data are based on household interviews of the civilian, noninstitutional population] Total pop- Percent Family income and race ulation (in with hosthousands) pital insurance All incomes: Total ___ _______ 183, 146 Nonwhite ___ 21, 402 White__________ 161, 744 Under $2,000: 22, 590 Total 6 , 249 Nonwhite ___ ____ 16, 341 White $2,000-3,999: Total __________ 32, 485 6 , 352 Nonwhite White ____ __ _ 26, 133 $4,000-6,999: Total____ ______ 61, 675 Nonwhite_______ 5, 281 W hite_________ 56, 394 1 Includes persons Percent with surgical insurance 70 45 74 65 40 69 34 25 38 29 19 33 52 39 55 47 34 50 79 74 60 75 66 80 Total pop- Percent Percent Family income and race ulation (in with hos- with surthousands) pital in- gical insurance surance $7,000-9,999: Total________ _____ Nonwhite. ___ W hite_________ $1 0 , 0 0 0 + : Total ___ ________ Nonwhite______ White. ________ Income unknown: Total______________ Nonwhite ___ White. _ ______ of unknown insurance status. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, H ealth In su ra n ce 1964, table 2. 226 32, 652 1, 481 31, 171 24, 430 854 23, 576 9, 314 1 , 186 8 , 128 87 74 88 83 71 84 81 88 83 77 83 59 37 62 51 31 54 88 Coveraqe, U n ited S tates, J u ly 196t~J u n e 1963, August, A larger proportion of the w hite than nonw hite population reported chronic health conditions in a 1957-61 survey, but of those w ith chronic conditions, relatively more nonw hites had activity lim itations. T able IVD-9 .— N u m b e rs a n d P ercen t o f P e rso n s in the P o p u la tio n W ith O ne or M o re C h ron ic C o n d itio n s a n d A c tiv ity L im ita tio n s , by C olor a n d A ge, J u ly 1 9 5 7 -J u n e 1 9 6 1 1 [Numbers in thousands] Population: Both sexes Age, condition, activity limitations Nonwhite Males White Non white White Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent Num Percent ber ber ber ber All persons aged 17 and over______ ___ With 1+ chronic conditions ________ With activity limitations 2_ ___ 17 to 44 _______________ __________ With 1 -f chronic conditions._______ With activity limitations 2 ___ __ 45 to 64___________ ________ ________ With 1 + chronic conditions..______ With activity limitations 2 ___ _ 65 and over________ _ _ _____________ With 1 + chronic conditions _______ With activity limitations 2 ______ 11, 300 5, 218 1, 745 7, 009 2, 491 515 3, 248 1, 917 685 1, 043 809 545 46. 2 33. 4 35. 5 20. 7 59. 0 35. 7 77. 5 67. 4 1Average number of persons with one or more chronic conditions during 4-ycar period July 1957 through June 1963. The qualitative measure of health behavior is the prevalence of one or more chronic conditions or permanent impairments, ranging in severity from disabilities which would have little or no effect on employment (depending on job requirements) to disabilities which would result in total incapacity. Subjects with one or more chronic conditions reported whether or not these conditions resulted in activity limitations. 2 Percentage cells for activity limitations show percent of all persons with one or more chronic conditions reporting activity limitations. N ote.—Health Interview Survey data represent health behavior, rather 101, 491 55, 740 15,312 55, 404 25, 324 3, 835 32, 128 19, 521 5, 467 13, 959 10, 895 6, 010 54. 9 27. 5 45. 7 15. 1 60. 8 28. 0 78. 0 55. 2 5, 267 , 186 792 3,217 962 216 1, 558 854 310 492 370 267 2 41. 5 36. 2 29. 9 22. 5 54. 8 36. 3 75. 2 72. 2 48, 207 25, 415 7, 404 26, 354 11, 411 1, 795 15, 552 9, 161 2, 690 6 , 301 4, 842 2, 919 52. 7 29. 1 43. 3 15. 7 58. 9 29. 4 76. 8 60. 3 than the state of health in an “objective” clinical sense. The survey repre sents a series of self-appraisals of physical capabilities in functional terms: what the subject himself believes he can or cannot do. The Health Interview Survey is based on household interviews conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The present data are based on the cumulative sample for 8 quarters of interviewing during the period July 1961 through June 1963, covering approximately 80,000 house holds containing about 259,000 persons. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Health Interview Statistics. 227 A higher proportion of chronic conditions was reported for w hite m en in the labor force than for nonw hite m en in 1962-63, am ong both the em ployed and unem ployed. H ow ever, in all age groups, activ ity lim itations, resulting in absence from work, were m ore prevalent am ong the em ployed nonw hite than w hite men. T able IVD-10.— N u m ber a n d P ercen t o f M a le s in the L abor Force W ith One or M o re C h ron ic C o n d ition s, a n d A c tiv ity L im ita tio n s, by Color, A ge, a n d E m p lo ym en t S ta tu s, J u ly 1 9 6 1 -J u n e 196 3 1 [Numbers in thousands] Labor force Age, condition, activity limitations All males aged 17 and over_ _______ With 1+ chronic contions__ ________ With activity limitations 21 ___ _ 17 to 24______________ With 1+ chronic conditions____ _ With activity limitations 2 __ 25 to 44___ __________ With 1-(- chronic conditions__________ With activity limitations 2 __ 45 to 64 _ _____ With 1+ chronic conditions____ _ With activity limitations 2 65 and over___________ With 1+ chronic conditions_________ With activity limitations 2 ______ Non white White Num- Per- Number cent ber 4, 699 1,980 510 853 214 38 2 , 186 843 166 1,482 793 240 178 131 67 42. 1 25.8 25. 1 17.8 38.6 19.7 53.5 30.3 73.6 51.1 Currently employed 42, 008 2 2 , 267 4, 989 5, 908 2 , 111 277 18, 998 9, 495 1,580 14,905 9, 059 2, 383 2, 197 1,611 749 228 White Per- Num- Per- Numcent ber cent ber 53.0 22. 4 35.7 13. 1 49.9 16. 7 60.8 26.3 73.3 46.5 1 Average number of persons with one or more chronic conditions during 2-year period July 1961 through June 1963. The qualitative measure of health behavior is the prevalence of one or more chronic conditions or permanent impairments, ranging in severity from disabilities which would have little or no effect on employment (depending on job requirements) to disabilities which would result in total incapacity. Subjects with one or more chronic conditions reported on whether or not these conditions resulted in activity limitations. 2 Percentage cells for activity limitations show percent of all persons with one or more chronic conditions reporting activity limitations. 3 Not shown where number of persons is less than 30,000. N ote.—Health Interview Survey data represent health behavior, rather than the state of health in an “objective” clinical sense. The survey repre Nonwhite 4, 268 1 , 801 456 692 170 31 2, 035 778 149 1,372 729 213 168 124 64 42.2 25.3 24. 6 18. 2 38.2 19.2 53. 1 29. 2 73.8 51.6 Currently unemployed 40, 366 21,430 4, 690 5, 421 1,944 251 18, 416 9,203 1,491 14, 423 8 , 743 2, 240 2 , 106 1,539 709 Nonwhite White Per- Num- Per- Num- Percent ber cent ber cent 53. 1 21.9 35.9 12.9 50.0 16.2 60.6 25. 6 73. 1 46. 1 1,642 431 179 41. 5 837 54 30.2 299 161 487 44 27.3 167 (3) (3) 151 65 43.0 (3) 110 (3) 64 58.2 (3) (3) (3) (3) 582 282 89 482 316 143 91 72 40 51.0 35.7 24.3 (3) 48.5 31.6 65.5 45.3 79. 1 55.6 sents a series of self-appraisals of physical capabilities in functional terms: what the subject himself believes he can or cannot do. The Health Interview Survey is based on household interviews conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The present data are based on the cumulative sample for 8 quarters of interviewing during the period July 1961 through June 1963, covering approximately 80,000 households containing about 259,000 persons. The Health Interview Survey data are not intended as official labor force estimates, and procedural differences, in the collection of data concerning employment status result in a lower estimated rate of unemployment in the Health Interview Survey than in the Current Population Survey. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Health Interview Statistics. A fter age 25, nonw hite persons reported a higher rate of restricted activity, bed disability, and a greater num ber of days lost from work than w hite persons in 1961-63. T able IVD-11 — N u m ber o f D is a b ility D a y s 1 a n d R ates P er P erso n P e r Y ea r by S ex, A ge, a n d C olor, J u ly 1 9 6 1 -J u n e 196 3 [Numbers in thousands] Sex, age, and color Restricted activity Days ALL PERSONS All a g e s _____________ ___________________ 2, 968, 965 Under 17____ _ ______ _ __ _ 706, 649 17 to 24________________________ 196,644 25 to 44_________________________ 630, 318 45 to 64________________________ 809, 329 65 and over_______ _____ _ _ _ 626, 026 Nonwhite: All a g e s____ - ___ ______ 389, 876 82, 156 Under 17__________ ________ ___ 21, 944 17 to 24________________________ 25 to 44________________________ 95, 858 45 to 64_________ _ _ _ _ _ — 117, 989 65 and over______________________ 71, 929 White: All ages. _____ ______ _____ 2, 579, 089 Under 17____ _____________ _____ 624, 492 17 to 24________________________ 174, 700 25 to 44________________________ 534, 460 45 to 64________________________ 691, 340 554, 097 65 and o v e r.____ _______________ Bed disability Rate 16.2 10.9 10.4 13.9 21.9 37.1 18.2 8.9 9.4 18.9 33.7 54.9 15. 9 11.2 10.5 13.3 2 0 .6 35.6 Days , , 843 317, 553 89,015 247, 116 291,458 267,700 172,683 41, 622 11,410 40, 153 46, 967 32, 531 1, 040, 159 275, 932 77,605 206,963 244, 490 235, 168 1 212 Work loss Rate 6 .6 4.9 4.7 5.4 7.9 15.9 8.1 4.5 4.9 7.9 13.4 24.9 6.4 4.9 4.7 5. 1 7.3 15. 1 Days Rate 415, 414 6 .1 (2) 42, 833 157,775 184, 841 29, 966 63,912 (2) (2) 4, 079 27, 277 29, 400 3, 156 351,502 (2) (2) 38,754 130, 498 155, 441 26, 809 (2) 4.1 5.3 7.6 9.3 8.7 3.5 7.6 12.4 1 1 .0 5.8 4.1 5.0 7.1 9. 1 See footnotes at end of table. 229 T able IVD-11 — N u m ber o f D is a b ility D a y s 1 a n d R ates P e r P erso n P e r Y ea r by S ex, A ge, a n d C olor, J u ly 1 9 6 1 -J u n e 1963 —Continued [Numbers in thousands] Sex, age, and color Restricted activity Days ALL MALE All ages ______ _ ________________ _ 1,291,455 375, 115 Under 17___ _ ________________ 17 to 24________________________ 65, 749 25 to 44________________________ 217,164 45 to 64________________________ 368,086 65 and over_______ ______ _____ 265, 341 Nonwhite: All ages__ _______________ 163,303 40, 005 Under 17___ _ ____ ___ _____ 17 to 24_________________________ 6 , 448 25 to 44________________________ 32, 870 45 to 64 ________________________ 53, 743 65 and over. ______ _ . . . __ 30, 237 White: All ages ______ ______________ 1, 128, 152 335, 111 Under 17_____________ _________ 17 to 24________________________ 59, 301 25 to 44________________________ 184, 294 314, 342 45 to 64_________________________ 235, 104 65 and over____________ _ ____ 1 Disability days are estimated annual average for 2 years, July 1961 through June 1963. Disability days are the quantitative measure of health which include days of restricted activity, bed disability days, and work loss days. Disability days reflect short-term illnesses as well as chronic impairments. The rates based on disability days represent approximate attributes of an entire population (or a sublcass thereof), since they are computed as the total number of disability days accumulated by a group as a whole, rather than as the sums of individual rates. 2 Not shown where number of days is less than 500,000. N ote.—Health Inverview Survey data represent health behavior, rather than the state of health in an “objective” clinical sense. The survey repre sents a series of self-appraisals of physical capabilities in functional terms: what the subject himself believes he can or cannot do. 230 Rate 14. 5 11.4 7. 5 1 0 .0 2 0 .6 35.3 15.9 8.7 6 .0 14.4 32.0 49.8 14.4 1 1 .8 7.7 9.5 19.4 34. 1 Bed disability Days 507, 304 165, 780 25, 063 84, 326 124, 820 107,314 67, 308 21,616 2 , 628 11,471 19, 608 11,986 439,996 144, 164 22, 435 72,856 105, 212 95, 328 Work loss Rate 5.7 5.0 2.9 3.9 7.0 14.3 6 .6 4.7 2.4 5.0 11.7 19.7 5.6 5. 1 2.9 3.8 6.5 13.8 Days Rate 5.9 261, 824 (12) 23, 029 93, 553 120,903 24, 339 38, 370 (2) (2) 2 , 662 15, 979 17, 029 2, 701 223, 454 (2) (2) 20, 367 77, 574 103, 875 21,638 (2) 3.7 4.6 7.6 10.9 9.0 4.0 7.8 12.5 14.1 5.5 3.7 4.2 7.2 1 0 .6 The Health Interview Survey is based on household interviews conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The present data are based on the cumulative sample for 8 quarters of interviewing during the period July 1961 through June 1963, covering approximately 80,000 house holds, containing about 259,000 persons. H.I.S. data are not intended as official labor force estimates, and procedural differences in the collection of data concerning employment status result in a lower estimated rate of un employment in the H.I.S. than in the Current Population Survey. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Health Interview Statistics. For all persons in the labor force and for the employed, days of restricted activity, bed disability, and work loss were proportionately higher for nonwhites than whites after age 25. Among the unem ployed, however, days of restricted activity as well as bed disability were generally lower among non whites than whites. T a b l e IVD-12.— N u m ber o f D is a b ility D a y s 1 a n d R ates P er P erso n P er Y ea r fo r N o n w h ite a n d W h ite M a les in the L abor F orce, by A g e G rou p a n d E m ploym en t S ta tu s, J u ly 1 9 6 1 -J u n e 1963 [Days in millons, rate per person per year] For persons in the labor force Age group Restricted Bed disability activity Work loss For currently employed persons For currently unemployed persons Work loss Restricted Bed disactivity ability Restricted Bed disactivity ability Days Rate Days Rate Days Rate Days Rate Days Rate Days Rate Days Rate Days Rate All nonwhite males aged 17 and over. ____ 17 to 24_____. . . . 25 to 44________ 45 to 6 4 _____ 65 years and over. All white males aged 17 and over___ 17 to 24_________ 25 to 44_________ 45 to 64______ 65 years and over. 64 5 26 29 4 13.7 5.5 12. 1 19. 5 24. 7 21 4.5 2 2 .1 9 4.2 9 6.0 1 7.7 33 7. 1 2 2 .6 14 6.4 15 10.4 2 10.5 56 3 24 25 4 13.2 4.8 11. 7 18.3 25. 1 19 4. 5 2 8 8 1 2 .2 4.1 5.8 8.1 33 7.6 2 3.2 14 6 . 8 15 1 0 . 6 2 11. 1 472 1 1 . 2 160 3.8 230 5. 5 440 10. 9 150 3.7 224 5. 6 40 6 . 8 16 2 . 6 19 3.2 37 6 . 8 14 2.7 19 3.4 169 8.9 64 3.4 81 4.3 158 8 . 6 60 3.2 79 4.3 217 14. 5 65 4.4 109 7.3 2 0 1 13.9 61 4. 2 106 7.4 47 2 1 . 2 15 7. 0 2 1 9.7 44 20.9 14 6 . 8 2 1 9.8 8 18. 4 1 8 .6 3 17.8 4 33.6 (2) (2) 33 4 10 16 3 2 (2) 4.9 1 1 (2) (2) 4.8 9.7 (2) 10 6 .2 19. 8 7.4 17.9 32.8 29.8 1 4 4 1 2 .2 7.0 8.4 12.2 Differences in rates between non white and white males (excess of nonwhite, + ) All males aged 17 and over______ 17 to 24_________ 25 to 44________ 45 to 64_________ 65 years and over. + 2.5 -1 .3 + 3.2 + 5.0 + 3.5 + 0.7 - .5 + .8 + 1 .6 + .7 + 1 .6 -.6 + 2 .1 + 3.1 + .8 1 Disability days are estimated annual average for 2 years, July 1961 through June 1963. Disability days are the quantitative measure of health which include days of restricted activity, bed-disability days, and work-loss days. Disability days reflect short-term illnesses as well as chronic impairments. The rates based on disability days represent approximate attributes of an entire population (or a subclass thereof), since they are computed as the total number of disability days accumulated by a group as a whole, rather than as the sums of individual rates. 2 Not shown where number of days is less than 500,000. N ote.—Health Interview Survey (HIS) data represent health behavior, rather than the state of health in an “objective” clinical sense. The survey represents a series of self-appraisals of physical capabilities in functional + 2.3 - 2 .0 + 3.1 + 4.4 + 4.2 + 0 .8 -. 5 + .9 + 1 .6 + 1.3 + 2 .0 -.2 + 2.5 + 3.2 + 1.3 -1 .4 + 1 .2 -. 1 + .8 (2) -1 .3 (2) - 2 .2 + 1.3 (2) terms: what the subject himself believes he can or cannot do. The Health Interview Survey is based on household interviews conducted in cooperation with the U.S. Bureau of the Census. The present data are based on the cumulative sample for 8 quarters of interviewing during the period July 1961 through June 1963, covering approximately 80,000 households, containing about 259,000 persons. HIS data are not intended as official labor force estimates, and procedural differences in the collection of data concerning employment status result in a lower estimated rate of unemployment in the HIS than in the Current Population Survey. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Health Interview Statistics. 231 Family income influenced the relative number of persons who visited a doctor in 1963-64, among both nonwhites and whites, regardless of color. T a b l e IVD-13.'—N u m b e r a n d P ercen t o f P erso n s W ith L a st P h y sic ia n V is it W ith in a Y ea r, b y Sex, F a m ily In com e, C olor, a n d A ge, J u ly 1 9 6 3 -J u n e 1964 [Data are based on household interviews of the civilian noninstitutional population] Both sexes Family income, color, and age All persons Under $4,000: All ages___ _ __ 51, 599 Under 15 years __ __ 14, 217 15-44 years ____ 16, 896 45-64 years _______ 10, 145 65+ years _ _ _ _ 10, 341 Nonwhite: All ages__ ___ 12, 438 Under 15 years _ _ 5, 038 15-44 years 4, 382 45-64 years 2 , 021 65+ years____ __ 998 White: All ages_ _ __ 39, 161 Under 15 years 9, 180 15-44 years 12, 514 45-64 years 8 , 124 65+ years.. __ 9, 343 $4,000+: All ages _ _ _____ 124, 257 42, 238 Under 15 years . 15-44 years 51, 898 45-64 years _ . ____ 24, 726 65+ years___ ____ 5, 395 Nonwhite: All ages._____ _____ 7, 994 Under 15 years ____ 3, 064 15-44 years. . _ 3, 453 _____ 1, 246 45-64 years. 65+ years 231 White: All ages 116, 263 Under 15 years ___ 39, 174 15-44 years __ 48, 445 45-64 years . _ 23, 480 65+ years 5, 164 Male With visit within a year Number Percent 31, 375 7, 875 10, 360 6 , 103 7, 038 6 , 657 2, 354 2, 524 1, 122 656 24, 718 5, 520 7, 836 4, 980 6 , 382 85, 493 30, 621 34, 793 16, 216 3, 863 4, 859 1, 889 2, 099 729 142 80, 634 28, 732 32, 693 15, 487 3, 721 60. 8 55. 4 61. 3 60. 2 68. 1 53. 5 46. 7 57. 6 55. 5 65. 7 63. 1 60. 1 62. 6 61. 3 68. 3 68. 8 72. 5 67. 0 65. 6 71. 6 60. 8 61. 7 60. 8 58. 5 61. 5 69. 4 73. 3 67. 5 66. 0 72. 1 N ote.—For official population estimates for more general use, see Bureau of the Census reports on the civilian population of the United States, in Current Population Reports: Series P-20, P-2S, and P-60. Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. 232 All males Female With visit within a year Number Percent All females With visit within a year Number Percent 13, 152 4, 015 3, 996 2, 234 2, 907 2, 791 1, 192 857 443 299 10, 361 2, 823 3, 139 1, 790 2 , 608 40, 787 15, 748 15, 459 7, 869 1, 710 2, 328 988 905 373 56. 3 56. 0 52. 8 54. 6 64. 0 49. 1 48. 2 45. 8 50. 5 64. 6 58. 6 60. 2 55. 1 55. 7 63. 9 65. 8 73. 3 61. 3 61. 6 67. 5 57. 5 63. 8 53. 3 53. 8 28, 233 7, 051 9, 327 6 , 057 5, 799 6 , 750 2, 563 2, 508 1, 144 535 21, 483 4, 488 6 , 819 4, 913 5, 264 62, 225 20, 744 26, 667 11, 953 2 , 861 3, 946 1, 514 1, 755 533 18, 233 3, 860 6 , 364 3, 869 4, 131 3, 8 6 6 1 , 162 1, 668 679 357 14, 357 2, 698 4, 696 3, 190 3, 774 44, 707 14, 873 19, 333 8 , 347 2, 153 2, 531 901 1, 195 356 64. 5 54. 7 68. 2 63. 9 71. 2 57. 3 45. 3 66. 5 59. 4 66. 7 66. 8 60. 1 68. 9 64. 9 71. 7 71. 8 71. 7 72. 5 69. 8 75. 3 64. 1 59. 5 68. 1 64. 4 57, 984 38, 459 19, 944 14, 760 23, 534 14, 555 12, 079 7, 496 2, 427 1, 648 66. 3 74. 0 61. 8 62. 1 67. 9 58, 279 42, 175 19, 230 13, 972 24, 912 18, 139 11, 400 7,991 2, 737 2, 073 72. 4 72. 7 72. 8 70. 1 75. 7 23, 366 7, 167 7, 569 4, 088 4, 542 5, 6 8 8 2, 474 1, 873 877 463 17, 678 4, 692 5, 696 3, 211 4, 079 62, 032 21, 494 25, 231 12, 773 2, 534 4, 048 1, 549 1, 698 693 Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Physician Visits, Interval of Visits and Children’s Routine Checkup, United States, July 1968-June 1961, June 1965, table 17. Nonwhite as well as white persons saw physicians most frequently at the office in 1963-64, and this number rose with income. Regardless of income, however, a much larger proportion of nonwhite than white patients sought medical attention at hospital clinics. T a b l e IVD-14.—P ercen t D istrib u tio n o f P h y sic ia n V isits, by P la ce o f V is it, F a m ily In com e, a n d Color, J u ly 1 9 6 3 -J u n e 1964 Place of visit Family income and color Under $2,000: Total____ _ — __ . Nonwhite __ ________ __ White_________ ____ ___ $2,000-$3,999: T o ta l.___ _ _____________ Nonwhite__ _ __ ____ White. ___ ___ $4,000-$6,999: Total--------- -----------------------Nonwhite.. ___ White__ ___ _ _____ $7,000-$9,999: Total___ __ ___ . . Nonwhite _ _ _____ White__________________ $ 1 0 , 0 0 0 plus: Total Nonwhite. __ W h ite .__ _ _____ _ Unknown: Total____ ___ _ _. Nonwhite __ _ ________ White_____ ____________ All places . . . 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100 0 100 0 100 0 Office 65. 2 54. 3 67. 9 66.4 56. 3 68. 3 69. 8 57. 0 70. 8 72. 3 66. 0 72. 5 73. 5 68. 9 73. 6 68. 5 47. 0 71. 0 Home 8.3 4. 8 9. 2 6. 0 5. 0 6. 2 4. 6 2. 8 4. 7 4. 1 4. 9 4. 0 5. 1 1. 1 5. 2 9. 0 9. 3 8. 9 Company Hospital or indus Telephone Other and clinic try health unknown units 19. 3 36. 2 15. 1 19. 7 34. 7 16. 8 11. 2 29. 9 9. 7 7. 5 15. 9 7. 3 6. 7 22. 4 6. 2 11. 6 37. 8 8. 6 . . . .3 .4 .3 .6 1. 0 .5 1. 1 2. 9 1. 1 .7 2.2 .7 .5 1. 0 .4 0 2 2 1 5. 4 3. 5 5. 9 6. 5 2. 5 7. 3 11. 8 5. 3 12. 3 13. 6 7. 8 13. 8 12. 6 5. 4 12. 8 8. 5 3. 6 9. 1 1. 5 . 1. 7 1. 1 1. 2 1. 1 2. 1 4. 0 2. 0 1. 4 2. 4 1. 4 1. 4 1. 5 1. 9 1. 3 2. 0 1 0 N ote—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Volume of Physician Visits by Place of Visit and Type of Service, United States, July 1963-June 1964, June 1965, table B. 233 Reaction to syphilis tests was considerably higher among Negroes (particularly Negro men) than whites in 1960-62. T able I VD- 1 5 . -—P revalen ce Race and sex o f R eaction to T ests fo r S y p h ilis in A d u lts, by R ace, Sex, a n d T est U sed, 1 9 6 0 -6 2 VDRL 2 KRP 1 KRP 1 Race and sex Reac Weakly Reac Weakly tive reactive tive reactive Reac Weakly Reac Weakly tive reactive tive reactive Number of positive reactions per 1 0 0 adults in specified group Negro m ales_____ Negro fem ales___ . 16. 20 2 1 3. 0 .3 .3 5. 4 6 Number of positive reactions per 1 0 0 adults in specified group 11. 3 White males ___ 5. 5 White fem ales___ i Kolmer Reiter Protein, a method of determining serologic evidence of syphilis. 4 Venereal Disease Research Laboratory, a method of determining serologic evidence of syphilis. VDRL 2 . . 2 0 1 6 .3 .5 2. 5 3. 3 .9 .5 N ote.—Sample too small to permit adequate representation of other races. Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, Findings on the Serologic Test for Syphilis in Adults, United States, 1960-62, June 1965, table A. Nonwhite male war veterans in all age groups were about 20 percent less likely than white vet erans to have had year-round full-time work in 1964, and were much more likely to have been partyear or part-time workers, or without work. T a b l e IVE- 1 .— W o rk E xp erien ce o f M a le W a r V eteran s ( N o n in stitu tio n a l) by A ge G rou p a n d C olor, 196 4 Age in March 1965 Work experience in 1964 All ages Under 30 years Ratio, Ratio, Ratio, Non non Non non non Non white White white white White white white White white to to to white white white Total (in thousnads)__ ____ 1 , 608 19, 260 Percent____ ___ _______________ _ 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0 Year-round, full-time workers____ 61. 9 75. 0 Part-time, full-time workers____ 2 0 . 1 13. 4 Part-time workers_________ 7. 3 3. 2 Did not work___ ______ _ 10. 7 8 . 4 48 . 62. 5 29. 2 8. 3 0) 100 0 . 83 1. 50 2 . 28 1. 27 40-49 years ____ Total (in thousands)__ 623 7, 840 Percent__ _ _ ___ 100. 0 100. 0 Year-round, full-time workers____ 65. 8 82. 3 Part-year, full-time workers____ 2 1 . 8 14. 4 Part-time workers. 7. 7 1. 5 Did not work. ________ 4. 7 1 . 8 1 Less than 0.05 percent. Source: U.S. Veterans Administration, Office of Controller. 234 30-39 years 415 . 79. 3 16. 6 2. 9 1. 2 . 79 1. 76 2. 86 . 82 . 61 3. 46 4. 36 1 173 2, 317 . 100. 0 17. 9 23. 4 5. 8 8. 5 16. 8 14. 4 59. 5 53. 7 100 0 100 0 . 80 1. 51 5. 13 2 . 61 , 162 . 84. 2 13. 4 1. 3 1. 1 6 100 0 60 years and over 50-59 years 226 2, 526 . 100. 0 67. 7 76. 8 14. 1 20. 8 5. 3 3. 2 6. 2 5. 9 538 . 69. 1 21. 6 4. 5 4. 8 100 0 100 0 . . 48 . 1. 05 88 1 1 66 . 76 . 68 1. 17 1 . 11 A larger proportion of nonwhite than white war veterans had availed themselves of GI bill training by early 1961, but proportionately fewer had received other benefits, such as VA compensation, pension, or military retirement pay; GI life insurance; or VA home, farm, or business loans. T a b l e IVE-2.— M a le W a r V eteran s 1 P a r tic ip a tio n in L ife In su ra n c e a n d B en efit P ro g ra m s, by P ro g ra m a n d C olor U n ited S ta tes, L ate 1 9 6 2 -E a r ly 1 9 6 3 Life insurance and benefit programs All war veterans All war veterans participating (percent)___ VA compensation, pension, or military retirement pay: Receiving___ ___ Not receiving__ _____ _ ___ _ _ __ GI life insurance: Insured__ __ ______________ _ _ _ ___ Not insured____ _________ _ _ ___ ___ GI bill training and vocational rehabilitation programs: 2 Trained___ _ _________ Did not tr a in __ ____ _______ ___ ___________ VA home, farm, or business loan: Obtained loan.. _ _ ____ __ _ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ Did not obtain loan___ ______ Nonwhite 100 100 11 7 100 5 7 5 11 8 92 19 81 53 47 14 89 29 71 46 54 33 67 Percent non white of all war veterans participating White 89 30 70 45 55 35 65 86 8 8 6 3 9 * World War II and Korean war (noninstitutional). 2 Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944, as amended. Source: U.S. Veterans Administration, Office of the Controller. Nonwhite war veterans were less than half as likely as white war veterans to have obtained a GI home loan by 1962-63, and less than % as likely in the South. Of those who did not get a GI home loan, relatively more nonwhite than white veterans tried but failed. T a b l e IVE-3.— M a le W a r V eteran s’ 1 U se o f G I L o a n E n titlem e n t, by C olor, U n ite d S ta tes, a n d S ou th , L ate 1 9 6 2 -E a r ly 1 96 3 GI loan program and use of entitlement __ All war veterans 1 (percent)________ Obtained GI home loan 2 ____ _____ Never obtained GI home loan. _ Tried but failed__ Bought home otherwise (including some who tried but failed) _. . _ _ _____ Have not bought home since service 3 _ _ United States Nonwhite 100 14 86 12 26 53 Percent of nonwhite war veterans in group South White 100 34 66 7 37 25 Non white 100 10 91 10 26 56 White 100 34 7 40 23 66 United States South 3 9 12 5 14 3 14 15 7 23 1 World War II and Korean war (noninstitutional). Farm and business loans not included. 8 Includes small proportion who already owned homes before service. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U.S. Veterans’ Administration, Office of the Controller. 2 217-817 0 -6 6 -1 6 235 Proportionately twice as many nonwhite as white war veterans received VA or Armed Forces hospitalization between 1947 and 1963, but the proportions receiving VA outpatient care were similar. T a b l e IVE-4.— Male War Veterans 1 Receipt ofVA Medical Benefits Since 1947, by Color, Late 1962-Early 1963 Color Received VA (or Armed Forces) hospitalization 2 Since 1947 All war veterans 1 (percent)______________________________ Nonwhite____________ _ _ -------------- --------------White______________________________________ _____ i W orld W ar I I a n d K o rea n co n flict. (N o n in stitu tio n a l.) J R e la tiv e ly few v e te r a n s w ere p a tie n ts in A rm ed F orces h o sp ita ls. Source: U .S . V etera n s A d m in istra tio n , O ffice o f th e C on troller. 236 10 18 9 Received VA outpatient care Since November 1961 2 6 2 Within 2 Since 1947 months prior to survey 16 18 16 1 1 1 T he incom e advantage of fam ilies headed by m ale w ar veterans, com pared to all other fam ilies w ith a m ale head, was m uch greater am ong nonw hites than w hites at all age levels, according to the 1960 Census. T able IVE-5.—Income in 1959 of All Families With Male Head and Families With Male War Veteran Head, by Age and Color, 1960 Income in 1959 Head, all ages Under 35 years 35-44 years 45-64 years 65 and over Non White Non White Non White Non White Non White white white white white white 100 100 100 100 All families, male h e a d ________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 41 17 Under $3,000_____________ 39 13 31 8 41 14 70 47 44 44 49 57 50 44 $3,000 to $6,999 ___________ 43 40 23 33 14 12 42 34 28 18 $7,000 to $14,999___________ 15 39 6 16 1 2 1 $15,000 and over...................... 5 0) 6 1 8 1 4 Median income____________ $3, 610 $6 , 007 $3, 621 $5, 672 $4, 275 $6 , 854 $3,672 $6 , 664 $1, 857 $3, 249 Ratio: Nonwhite to white 60.1 62.4 median income_______ _ 63.8 57.2 55.1 100 100 100 100 War veteran head..................... 1 0 0 100 100 100 100 100 24 32 28 9 25 7 6 11 Under $3,000______________ 60 33 51 46 56 56 53 43 49 39 $3,000 to $6,999 ___________ 31 39 22 19 39 19 35 21 45 18 40 8 $7,000 to $14,999___________ 1 1 2 1 6 1 $15,000 and over__________ 1 6 10 6 Median income___ _____ ___ $4, 557 $6 , 593 $4, 636 $6 , 2 1 0 $4, 935 $7, 003 $4, 352 $6 , 943 $2, 420 $4, 441 Ratio: Non white to white 69.1 74.7 70.5 62.7 54.5 median income___________ Percent difference between median income of families with war veteran head and 9.5 15.4 2 . 2 18.5 4.2 30.3 36.7 of all families with male head_ 26.2 9.8 28.0 i L ess th a n 0.5 p ercen t. N ote.— B eca u se o f ro u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l ite m s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls. Source: 1960 Census of P opulation: Subject R eports, Veterans, P C (2 )-8 C , ta b le s 21, 22; 1960 Census of P opulation: D etailed Characteristics, United States Sum m ary, P C (1 )-1 D , ta b le 224 (U .S . B u rea u o f th e C e n su s). 237 E ducational attainm ent for both w hite and nonw hite m ale war veterans w as higher in 1960 than am ong all m ales (w hite and nonwhite) in every occupational category. L evel of schooling and m edian earnings, how ever, tended to be lower for nonw hite than w hite m ales in each occupation group, regardless of veteran status. T able IVE-6 .—Earnings, Educational Attainment, and Age of All Males and Male War Veterans, by Occupation Group and Color, 1960 Median Major occupation group and war veteran status Earnings Non white Total, males 1------------- -------------------------------Professional, managerial, and kindred work ers___________ _ ___ _ ____ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers___ Operatives and kindred workers_________ Clerical and sales workers. ____ __ Service workers _ -------------------— Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers.. Laborers, except farm and mine____ ____ War veterans 1________ ______ ___________ Professional, managerial and kindred work . ___________ _ ers _______ __ Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers___ Operatives and kindred workers_____ — Clerical and sales workers________ _ Service workers__ ______________ Farmers, farm managers, farm laborers.. _ _ Laborers, except farm and mine_______ — Years of school Ratio: Nonwhite to white medians for— Age White Non W hite Non- W hite white white $2, 566 $4,735 8 . 6 11.4 4, 220 6 , 634 1 2 . 6 14. 0 3, 400 5, 281 8.9 1 0 . 6 2, 958 4, 392 8.5 9.8 3,738 4, 846 1 2 . 1 12.3 2, 365 3, 443 8 . 8 9.9 706 1,689 5.4 8 . 0 2, 285 3, 076 7.4 8.7 3, 372 5, 479 1 0 . 0 1 2 . 2 4, 757 7, 002 15.4 14.6 3, 852 5, 603 10.3 11.5 3, 485 4, 949 9.6 10.4 4, 381 5, 507 12.4 1 2 . 6 2, 926 4, 416 1 0 . 0 1 1 . 2 883 2, 304 6 . 2 1 0 . 0 2, 914 4, 075 8 . 1 9.3 39 40 40 38 35 41 42 39 39 38 39 38 37 40 42 39 41 42 42 38 39 44 48 36 39 39 39 38 39 41 41 39 Years Earn- of Age ings school .54 .64 .64 .67 .77 .69 .42 .74 .62 .6 8 .69 .70 .80 .6 6 .38 .72 .75 .90 .84 .87 .98 .89 .6 8 .85 .82 1.05 .90 .92 .98 .89 .62 .87 .95 .95 .95 1 .0 0 .90 .93 .8 8 1.08 1 .0 0 .97 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 .95 .98 1 .0 2 1 .0 0 1 In c lu d e s d a ta for p erson s w ith o ccu p a tio n n o t rep orted , for w h o m d a ta are n o t sh o w n sep a ra tely . Source: C en su s o f P o p u la tio n : 1960, Su bject R ep o rts, V eteran s, PC(2)-8C, tables 16, 17; D etailed C haracteristics, U n ited States S u m m a ry , PC(1)-1D, tables 205, 208; and Su bject R e p o rts, O ccu pation al C haracteristics, PC(2)-7A, tables 9, 10; unpublished tables 14 and 15; and Su bject R e p o rts, E d u ca tio n a l A tta in m e n t, PC(2)-5B, table 8 (U.S. Bureau of the Census). 238 T he nonw hite lag in m edian years of schooling in 1960 tended to be less am ong m ale war veterans than am ong all m ales. In the group 25-29 years old, m edian years of schooling for nonw hite war veterans were virtually the sam e as for w hite war veterans, in contrast w ith a 2-year gap am ong all m ales in that age group. T able IVE-7 .— E d u c a tio n a l A tta in m e n t o f A ll Years of school completed M e n a n d o f W a r V eteran s, b y A g e a n d C olor, 196 0 25-29 years 30-34 years 35-44 years 45-54 years 55 and over Non White Non White Non W hite Non White Non White white white white white white Total males__________ _____ _______ ____ 1 0 0 1 0 0 Less than 4 years high school_____ ___ 64 37 High school, 4 years_______ 23 33 14 College, 1-3 years___ _ ____________ 8 College, 4 years or more__ _____ ___ 5 16 Median years___ ________ __ 10.5 1 2 . 6 War veterans___ ____ ___ ___ ___ _ 100 100 Less than 4 years high school__________ 50 33 High school, 4 years_______ _______ 32 37 College, 1-3 years_____ ______ _ 13 17 College, 4 years or more_______________ 6 13 Median years___ __ ______ __ 1 2 . 0 12. 5 100 100 100 100 70 18 44 29 11 16 76 15 5 4 47 30 1 2 .8 100 8 .2 100 12 1 100 61 39 23 30 9 13 7 18 11. 0 12.7 69 20 7 5 43 32 11 14 6 6 9.7 100 1 1 .2 10 12 . 1 2 .8 100 100 100 100 62 21 3 9 9 3 6 .2 10.7 92 4 78 2 2 10 6 6 100 100 5.3 7.6 79 12 5 4 7.5 53 23 11 13 9.5 89 5 3 3 5.6 69 13 9 86 8 100 100 10 8.4 N otes.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: I960 Census of P opulation: Subject R eports, Educational A ttainm ent, P C (2 )-5 B , ta b le 2; 1960 Census of P opulation: Subject R eports, Veterans, P C (2 )8 C , ta b le 7 (U .S . B u rea u o f th e C e n su s). 239 V eterans’ housing was generally superior to that of nonveterans in 1960, but the im provem ent was m ore pronounced am ong nonw hites. T able IVE- 8 .— Characteristics of Housing Among All Families With Male Head and Families Headed by War Veterans, by Tenure and Color, 1960 Households—families with male head Total Housing characteristics In owner-occupied units War veteran head In renter-occupied units In owner-occupied units In renter-occupied units Nonwhite White Nonwhite White Non white White Non white White Total------------------------------------------ - Cooking equipment for exclusive use and direct access in: Sound and deteriorating housing units. With all plumbing. _ __________ Lacking some or all plumbing----Dilapidated housing units__________ Without cooking equipment for exclusive use and direct access.______________ Lacks flush toilet for exclusive use_______ Lacks hot running water_______________ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 89 65 24 98 91 7 2 80 54 26 19 95 84 11 5 92 76 16 7 99 94 5 7 7 30 37 82 63 19 14 4 22 25 93 84 9 4 3 11 0 ) 26 31 0 ) 2 0 ) 11 11 1 16 20 1 0 ) 5 4 1 L ess th a n 0.5 p ercen t. N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals. Source: U .S . V e te r a n s’ A d m in istra tio n ; 1960 Census of P opulation: Subject R eports, Fam ilies, P C (2 )-4 A , ta b le 34 (U .S . B u r e a u o f th e C en su s.) 11 8 In all age groups the m edian value of hom es ow ned by nonw hite war veterans was m uch low er .than those owned by w hite nonveterans in 1960. T able IVE-9.— Value of Nonfarm Owner-Occupied Housing Units of War Veterans and Others, by Age and Color, 1960 Head, all ages Value of unit Nonwhite White Under 35 years Non white White 35-44 years Non white White War Other 1 War Other 1 War Other 1 War Other 1 War Other 1 War Other 1 veteran veteran veteran veteran veteran veteran All units. _____ _________ _____ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Less than $7,500_______________ 41 57 15 25 34 57 14 25 37 13 21 51 $7,500 to $14,900_______________ 44 32 44 34 43 49 49 43 41 33 48 46 $15,000 to $24,900______________ 13 9 32 25 14 32 8 34 23 15 11 29 $25,000 to $34,900______________ 2 1 6 5 1 4 1 3 2 2 7 6 $35,000 or more. ______________ 1 1 3 3 (2) 1 1 1 1 3 3 (2) Median value______ _______ ____ $8 , 774 $6 , 550 $13, 629 $11, 960 $9, 412 $6 , 557 $13,265 $11, 505 $9, 313 $7, 323 $14, 101 $12,946 45-54 years 55-64 years 65 years and over U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1966 All units. _ _ ______________ ___ 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Less than $7,500_______________ 43 54 16 21 24 51 58 19 65 69 25 33 $7,500 to $14,900_______________ 42 41 42 33 37 42 24 44 31 43 27 43 $15,000 to $24,900______________ 13 10 31 27 11 9 24 27 8 6 23 18 $25,000 to $34,900______________ 1 1 7 2 6 1 7 5 (2) 5 3 (2) $35,000 or more. ______ _ 1 4 (2) 5 2 1 4 (2) 1 6 5 (2) Median value. _ ___________ ___ _ $8,511 $7, 006 $13, 896 $12,855 $7, 303 $6 , 510 $13, 210 $12, 035 $5, 914 $5, 449 $11,891 $ 1 0 , 282 O — 2 1 7 -8 1 7 1 H e a d n o t a w a r v e te r a n . * L e ss th a n 0.5 p e r cen t. N o t e . — B e ca u se o f r o u n d in g , su m s o f in d iv id u a l item s m a y n o t e q u a l to ta ls. Source: 1960 C ensus of P opulation: Subject R eports, Veterans, P C (2 )-8 C , ta b le s 23, 24 ( U .8 . B u r e a u o f C e n su s). H*