Full text of Negro Women in the Population and in the Labor Force
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7
NEGRO WOMEN ...
in the Population and
in the Labor Force
u.s. DEPARTMENT OF
Y
1m
WAGE AND LABOR STANDARDS ADM I N I STRAT I ON
~
December 1967
LABOR
NEGRO WOMEN ...
in the Population and
in the Labor Force
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
Willard Wirtz, Secretary
WAGE AND LABOR STANDARDS ADMINISTRATION
Esther Peterson, Administrator
WOMEN'S BUREAU
Mary Dublin Keyserling, Director
CONTENTS
The Negro Population • • • • •
Education
. • . . . • • • . • •
Negro Women and Their Families • • • • • • • • • • •
Paverty
. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . • • . • .
Negro Women Workers • • • • • • • • • • ••
• • • •
Working Wives' Contribution to Family Income.
Working Mothers • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Child Care Arrangements •• • • • • • • • •
• • • •
Educational Attainment and Employment Status •
Occupations • • • • •
Unemployment • • • • •
Wage or Salary Income
Minimum Wage Coverage
Appendix--Chart sources
....
..........
1
1
3
3
3
5
6
6
8
8
9
11
11
41
Charts
A.
B.
C.
Educational Attainment of the Population, by Race and Sex,
March 1966 • • •
• • • • • •
• • • • • • • •
2
Families Living in Poverty in 1965, by Type of Family and
Color, March 1966
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
4
Wives' Contribution to Nonfarm Family Income in 1965, by
Color, March 1966 •• • • • • •
• • • • •
7
D.
Unemployment Rates, by Sex, Color, and Age, 1954-66
10
E.
Median Wage or Salary Income of Year-Round Full-Time Workers,
by Sex and Color, 1939 and 1955-65 • • • • ••
• • • •
12
Percent Increase in the Wage or Salary Income of Year-Round
Full-Time Workers, by Sex and Color, for Selected Periods
From 1939 to 1965 • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •
13
F.
iii
Tables
1.
Negro Population, by Age and Sex, 1966, 1960, and 1950 • • •
15
2.
Population, by Race, Farm or Nonfarm Residence, and Metropolitan or Nonmetropolitan Area, 1966, 1960, and 1950
16
Educational Attainment of the Population, by Race and Sex,
March 1966 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
17
School Enrollment of the Population, by Age, Race, and Sex,
October 1966
18
3.
4.
5.
6.
·...
School Enrollment, by Level of School, Race, and Sex,
......
Oc tober 1966 . . . . . . . . . . . · . . .
..
19
Marital Status of Women in the Civilian Population, by Race,
March 1966 • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • •
• • •
20
7.
Families, by Type of Family and Race, March 1966 •
21
8.
Families Living in Poverty in 1965, by Type of Family and
Color, March 1966
• • • • • • • • • • • •
22
Employment Status of the Civilian Population, by Sex and
Race, March 1966 •
• • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
23
Employment Status of the Civilian Population, by Sex and
Color, 1960 and 1950 • • • • • • • • • • • • •
24
9.
10.
11.
Women in the Civilian Labor Force, by Age and Race,
March 1966 . . • • . ,. . • . • . • . • . • . . . •
12.
13.
25
Marital Status of Negro Women in the Civilian Labor Force,
March 1966 • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • •
26
Negro Husband-Wife Families, by Total Family Money Income in
1965 and Labor Force Participation of Wife, March 1966 • •
27
14. Nonwhite Husband-Wife Couples in the Population, by Income
of Husband in 1965 and Labor Force Participation of Wife,
March 1966 . • • • • • • • • • • •
15.
·.........
28
Wives r Contribution to Nonfarm Family Income in 1965, by
Color, March 1966 . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
29
iv
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
Mothers in the Population and Labor Force, by Marital Status,
Ages of Children, and Color, March 1966 • • • • • • •
30
Child Care Arrangements of Working Mothers With Children
Under 14 Years of Age, by Ages of Children and Color,
February 1965 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
32
Labor Force Participation Rates of Women, by Educational
Attainment and Race, March 1966 • • • • • • • • • • •
34
Median Years of School Completed, by Employment Status, Sex,
and Color, Selected Years, 1952-66 • • • • • • • • • • •
35
Major Occupational Groups of Employed Negro Women and Men,
March 1966 . • • • • . • . . . • • • • • • • • . • • • .
21.
22.
23.
24.
36
Major Occupational Groups of Employed Nonwhite Women and Men,
1960 and 1950
• • • • • • • • • • • • ••
37
Unemployment Rates, by Sex, Color, and Age, Selected Years,
1954-66 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
38
Unemployment Rates, by Educational Attainment, Race, and Sex,
March 1966 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
39
Median Wage or Salary Income of Year-Round Full-Time Workers,
by Sex and Color, 1939 and 1955-65 • • • • • • • • • • • ••
40
v
NEGRO WOMEN IN THE POPULATION
AND IN THE LABOR FORCE
The Negro Population
The Negro population totaled 21,508,000 in 1966. (Table 1)
Slightly more than half (52 percent) were females. About twothirds of both the females and males were under 35 years of age.
The median (half above, half below) age of Negro women, however,
was higher than that of Negro men--22 years as compared with 20
years. In 1950 the median age was 26 years for both Negro women
and men.
More than 9 out of 10 Negroes in the population were nonfarm
residents in 1966, as they were in 1960. (Table 2) In contrast,
only about 8 out of 10 were nonfarm residents in 1950. In recent
years the concentration of Negroes in central city areas has increased--from 43 percent in 1950 to 56 percent in 1966. The
proportion of the Negro population living in metropolitan areas
outside the central city remained virtually unchanged during this
period. In contrast, the proportion of the white population living in central city areas decreased from 34 to 27 percent, while
the proportion living in metropolitan areas outside the central
city increased from 26 to 37 percent.
Education
Negro women have, on the average, slightly more schooling than
Negro men. (Chart A and Table 3) The median years of school completed by Negro women 18 years of age and over in March 1966 was
10.1; by Negro men, 9.4. White women and men had completed, on the
average, 12.2 and 12.0 years of schooling, respectively.
Relatively fewer Negro women than men had completed 8 years or
less of schooling--40 percent as compared with 47 percent. On the
other hand, the percentages of women and men who had completed 4 or
more years of college were almost identical--3.2 and 3.3 percent,
respectively.
Recent school enrollment figures present a more favorable picture for the Negro population as a whole and particularly for Negro
men and boys. In October 1966 the proportion of the Negro population 5 to 34 years of age who were enrolled in school was almost
identical with that of the total population of that age group.
Moreover, a larger proportion of Negro males than females was enrolled in school--63 percent as compared with 57 percent. (Table 4)
- 1 -
Chart A. Educational Attainment of the Population,
by Race and Sex, March 1966
(Persons 18 years of age and over)
PERCENT
100
l~fftfl
COLLEGE
(4 years or more)
80
COLLEGE
(1 to 3 years)
~
60
HIGH SCHOOL
(4 years)
~
HIGH SCHOOL
(1 to 3 years)
40
RiA
ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
(8 years or less)1I
20
a
WHITE
NEGRO
WOMEN
WHITE
Ylncludes persons reporting no school years completed.
SOURCE: See Appendix.
NEGRO
MEN
- 2 -
The difference was particularly marked among boys and girls 18 and
19 years old--46 percent of the Negro boys but only 30 percent of the
Negro girls of this age were attending school. At ages 20 to 24, Negro
men were almost twice as likely as Negro women to be enrolled--ll and
6 percent, respectively.
A comparison of Negro male and female students by level of school
attended shows an almost i.dentical distribution, with more than 7 out
of 10 attending elementary school or kindergarten. (Table 5) A
slightly smaller proportion of Negro girls (4 percent) than boys
(5 percent) was enrolled in college.
Negro Women and Their Families
There were 6,273,000 Negro women 18 years of age and over in the
population in March 1966. (Table 6) More than half (52 percent) were
married and living with their husbands. About a third were widowed,
divorced, or separated from their husbands. This was true of only a
fifth of the white women.
Negro families numbered 4,426,000 in !-Iarch 1966. (Table 7)
One-fourth of these families were headed by a woman, as compared
with less than one-tenth of white families. The average Negro
family was larger (4.4 members) than the average white family
(3.6 members).
Poverty
Nearly 4 out of 10 or 1,871,000 nonwhite families were living
in poverty in 1965.11 (Table 8) (Comparable data for Negro families are not available.) This compares with a poverty ratio of
about lout of 10 in white families. The likelihood of poverty is
even greater among nonwhite families headed by a woman. In 1965,
62 percent of the 1,132,000 nonwhite families headed by a woman
were poor. (Chart B) Of the 3,860,000 white families headed by
a woman, 30 percent were poor.
Negro Women Workers
The proportion of Negro women who are working or seeking work
is increasing. Half of the Negro women 18 years of age and over
were in the labor force in March 1966. (Table 9) Figures for 1950
and 1960, while not strictly comparable since they refer to nonwhite
1/ Based on the Social Security Administration poverty-income
standard which tqkes into account family size, composition, and place
of residence. The index currently used classifies as poor those households where total money income is less than $1,570 for an unrelated
individual, $2,030 for a couple, and $3,200 for a family of four.
- 3 288-557
a .. 68
- 2
Chart B. Families Living in Poverty in 1965,
by Type of Family and Color, March 1966 .!I
FAMILIES WITH A MALE HEAD
WHITE FAMILIES
NONWHITE FAMILIES
(39,636,000)
(3,650,000)
FAMILIES WITH A FEMALE HEAD
WHITE FAMILIES
NONWHITE FAMILIES
(3,860,000)
(1,132,000)
POOR
4im
NONPOOR
YPreliminary data.
SOURCE: See Appendix.
l~
_
&...1
_-I
women 18 years of age and over, show that the proportions in the labor
force were 40 and 45 percent, respectively. (Table 10) White women
18 years of age and over are less likely to be in the labor force than
are Negro or nonwhite women. The labor force participation rate of
white women rose from 29 percent in 1950 to 35 percent in 1960 and to
39 percent in 1966.
More than half of all Negro women 25 to 54 years of age were working or seeking work in March 1966. (Table 11) Labor force participation
was higher for Negro women 25 to 34 years of age (50 percent) than for
those 18 to 24 years of age (47 percent). Among all women, on the other
hand, labor force participation was lower for those 25 to 34 years than
for those under 25 years. It was also lower among all women for those
25 to 34 years than for those 35 to 64 years of age. Highest labor
force participation among Negro women was 63 percent in the 35- to 44year age group. But among all women, the highest labor force participation was 51 percent in the 45- to 54-year age group.
Half of all Negro women workers 18 years of age and over were
married and living with their husbands in March 1966. (Table 12)
About a third (34 percent) were widowed, divorced, or separated from
their husbands. Only 15 percent were Single. The labor force participation rate for married women (48 percent) was almost the same as for
those who were widowed, divorced, or separated (49 percent).
Working Wives' Contribution to Family Income
The contribution made by Negro working wives to family income is
substantial. Nearly half of all wives in Negro husband-wife families
were in the paid labor _force in March 1966. (Table 13) The distribution of these families by family income shows that if the wife worked,
the family was half as likely to have income below poverty levels II
as when she did not--l9 percent as compared with 37 percent. Moreover,
the wife's earnings in many instances bring the family income above
~he level of modest adequacy (estimated at an annual income of $7,000
or more). In 1965 more than twice as high a proportion of Negro
husband-wife families had income~ of $7,000 or more when the wife
worked (37 percent) than when she did not (16 percent).
Another measure of the contribution of working wives is the number and distribution of husband-wife couples according to the income
of the husband alone. About 1,500,000 or 42 percent of all nonwhite
husband-wife couples would have been living in poverty in 1965 if
they had depended solely on the husband's income which was less than
~I In this discussion, families with incomes of less than $3,000
a year were considered to be living in poverty.
- 5
$3,000 a year. (Table 14) (Data are not available for Negro couples.)
But when the wife in Negro husband-wife families was an earner, only
19 percent or less than 300,000 families had incomes below poverty
levels in 1965. (Table 13)
In nonfarm families the earnings of nonwhite wives accounted for
a slightly larger share of family income in 1965 than did the earnings
of white wives--25.l percent as compared with 23.6 percent. (Chart C
and Table 15) Among nonwhite wives, 58 percent contributed 20 percent
or more of the family income, 43 percent contributed 30 percent or more,
and 27 percent contributed 40 percent or more. The comparable percentages for nonfarm white wives were 56 percent, 40 percent, and 24 percent,
respectively.
Horking Mothers
Information is not available on the number of Negro mothers who
are in the labor force. However, the tendency of Negro mothers to
seek paid employment is illustrated by recent figures on nonwhite
mothers. In March 1966, 1,460,000 nonwhite mothers with children
under 18 years of age were in the labor force. (Table 16) They represented 48 percent of all nonwhite mothers with children of this age.
Nonwhite mothers who are widowed, divorced, or separated are more
likely to work than are those living with their husbands. Their labor
force participation rates were 54 and 45 percent, respectively, in
Harch 1966. Many nonwhite mothers with young children (under 6 years
of age) are in the labor force. Such mothers numbered 723,000 in
March 1966 and constituted 40 percent of all nonwhite mothers with
young children.
White mothers are less likely to work than are nonwhite mothers.
Among white women with children under 18 years of age, 34 percent l-Tere
in the labor force in March 1966; among those with children under 6,
24 percent were working or seeking work.
Child Care Arrangements
Horking mothers (both white and nonwhite), most of whom work
because of economic need, often find it difficult to secure adequate
day care for their children. Of the 12.3 million children. under 14
years of age in February 1965 whose mothers worked for 27
or
more in 1964, the largest proportion were cared for in their own home,
usually by their father or another relative. (Table 17) This was
true for both the 10.1 million white children (46 percent) and the
2.2 million nonwhite children (44 percent). Nonwhite children were
cared for more frequently in someone else's home (22 percent) than
were white (15 percent). About 10 percent of all nonwhite and 8 percent of all white children looked after themselves; among those 12 or
-;eeks"
- 6 -
Chart C. Wives' Contribution to Nonfarm Family Income in 1965,
by Color, March 1966
PERCENT
50.--------------------------------------------------------~
~ WHITE
44.5
4 2 .3
V7T?';"77777.i1
. ..
~ •••
..
c•• c••
'.1
f'::'::;'':::::'::::.:':::] NONWHITE
40 t--_r/J'////.////P~\\~}\~~ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
::::.:.:.::::.:.:":
301--26.7
.~~~:~tt~:~:~:
20
I-----.V"//J
t---
2
: : : : : : : : : : :~: : : :
~----1-5.4---1-5.0-----1-5-.9--1-6.-0----~lj~if~wa!.1.~.I.~.l.~.l.~.l.i.i.l~- ~
.:.:::.::.::.::.:::.::.::.::.
::::.:.::::::.:.:::
10
24.
I
~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~
... "
"...
"
... : ...... ",.....
•..:..: :•.:.•.•..:•..:.:
••.:...:.:...:•.:.':'.':'.
•.......•...•.
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:.~.:........
:.I.
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:::.:.:.::.:.:.:.::
::::::::::
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;=:~:=~=?:.~~~~~%
:.:.:.:.~.:....:.$.:.$.:.:.:.~
1///
/-fA=·~~?~?·}M?
~~~:: ..::.. :.. :::. . .
':.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:,:.:/'.'
:. ~.:• .: ~.: : .: ~.: : .: ~•.::. :.•:~.: : .: ~.: : .:
_--I
. , " . .. .
.::::::::
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: : :~: : : : : : : : : : : : :
~t~t~l~~~
~~f.~}?{~~l~
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oL-~~~%d--~~~~~~~~L-~~~~~
LESS THAN
20 PERCENT
SOURCE: See Appendix.
20.0 TO 29.9
PERCENT
30.0 TO 39.9
PERCENT
40 PERCENT
OR MORE
13 years of age, 26 percent of the nonwhite and 20 percent of the white
children did so. Only 2 percent of both white and nonwhite children
were provided group care such as furnished by day care centers.
Educational Attainment and Employment Status
There is a direct relationship between the amount of education a
woman has attained and the likelihood that she will be in the labor
force. This is strikingly true of Negro women. Labor force participation rates of Negro ~~omen in ~1arch 1966 were generally higher with
each additional level of educational achievement, from 15 percent
among women with no schooling to 59 percent among those with a high
school education and to 87 percent among those with 5 years or more
of college. (Table 18) Labor force participation rates of white
women in March 1966 varied somewhat less according to educational
attainment, ranging from 9 percent for those with no schooling to 45
percent among high school graduates and to 67 -percent among those with
5 years or more of college.
Nonwhite men and women have made significant gains in educational
attainment since 1952. (Table 19) This is particularly true of nonwhite men and women in the labor force. (Comparable data for Negro
men and women are not available for earlier years.) The median years
of school completed by nomolhite lolomen 18 years of age and over in the
civilian labor force rose from 8.1 years in 1952 to 11.2 years in 1966.
The comparable figures for nonwhite men workers were 7.2 years in 1952
and 10.0 years in 1966.
The gap in the educational attainment of white and nonwhite women
workers has narrowed significantly since 1952. Nonwhite women uorkers
in that year averaged 4.0 years less schooling than white women workers.
In 1966 the gap was only 1.2 years. This reflects not only the gains
in educational achievement among nonwhite women but the increasing tendency of the better educated woman to be in the labor force.
Occupations
Most employed-Negro women are service workers. In March 1966,59
percent were private household workers or service workers outside the
home. (Table 20) In contrast, the majority of Negro men are operatives, craftsmen and foremen, or nonfarm laborers. Forty-one percent
of Negro men employed in March 1966 were operatives or craftsmen and
foremen; 22 percent were nonfarm laborers.
Despite the large percentage of Negro women in service work, an
increasing proportion of them are finding employment in white-collar
occupations. In 1966, 13 percent were clerical or sales workers, and
- 8 -
10 percent had other kinds of white-collar jobs.11 Figures for 1950
and 1960--although not strictly comparable since they relate to nonwhite
workers, of whom 93 percent are Negro--show a growth in the proportion
of women in white-collar jobs from 13 to 19 percent over the 10-year
period. (Table 21) The proportion in clerical or sales work increased
from 6 to 10 percent.
More nonwhite women than men hold professional or technical jobs.
Most of these women are working as school teachers. More than half of
the nonwhite women, but only one-fourth of the nonwhite men, in professional and technical occupations in 1960 were employed as teachers
(excluding college teachers).
Unemployment
Unemployment is more severe among Negro women than among Negro men.
In 1966 the unemployment rates for nonwhite women and men 14 years of
age and over were 8.8 and 6.6 percent, respectively. (Comparable data
for Negroes are not available.) Unemployment among white workers was
considerably less--4.3 percent among white women and 2.9 percent among
white men.
Unemployment is more widespread among teenagers than
nonwhite than white teenagers, and among girls than boys.
white girls 14 to 19 years of age had the highest rate of
(31.1 percent). (Chart D and Table 22) The unemployment
other teenagers were 21.2 percent for nonwhite boys, 11.0
white girls, and 9.9 percent for white boys.
adults, among
In 1966 nonunemployment
rates for
percent for
Unemployment among all adult workers has declined since 1961 but
at a more rapid rate among men than among women. Teenage unemployment
reached a peak in 1963. Since that time unemployment among white teenagers, both boys and girls, and among nonwhite boys has declined steadily.
On the other hand, unemployment among nonwhite girls 14 to 19 years of
age increased from 1965 to 1966 and was almost as high in the latter year
as it had been in 1963.
According to the March 1966 survey of the Negro population, Negro
women were less likely than Negro men to have suffered long periods of
unemployment--26 percent of unemployed Negro women had been seeking
work for 15 weeks or more as compared with 33 percent of unemployed
Negro men. (Table 9) But in comparison with white women, Negrowomen had suffered longer periods of unemployment--only 17 percent of
unemployed white women had been out of work for 15 weeks or more in
March 1966.
1/ White-collar workers incl~de professional and technical workers;
nonfarm managers, officials, and proprietors; clerical workers; and
sales workers.
- 9 -
Chart D. Unemployment Rates, by Sex, Color, and Age, 1954-66
(Persons 14 years of age and over)
PERCENT
40
Id TO ig YE~RS bF A~E
35
NONWHITE GIRLS
\
30
25
20
15
10
. . --:.r-r
.,_~
/.
I
1
~----~~~
.",..:/
Kb
,
L
~!JIo..
~
V"~ ~
,
~
1
,..
~J--~
I .
I
~~-->'~
NONrlTEtOYS
WHITE BOYS __ ....
I
/
\
~
~
/""",
.",.1--
-"'~
...........
'~"""J
I \
.t
-
III!
-'),
WHITE GIRLS
5
o
1954
1951
1960 '61
'62
'63
'64
'65
'66
20r--'--~--1r--'---r--'---.--~--~--~--~~
20 YEARS OF AGE AND OVER
15r--;--~---r--~--r-~---+--~--~--+---~~
~~54~~--~~~~--~~~~~~~~---'~64---'6L5---'~66
SOURCE: See Appendix.
- 10
In March 1966 unemployment was higher among Negro workers than
among white workers at each level of educational achievement except
among Negro women with 8 years or less of school completed. (Table 23)
Furthermore, among workers with at least 1 year of high school, unemployment rates of Negro women exceeded those of Negro men. However,
Negro women who had completed 8 years or less of school were less likely
to be unemployed than either Negro men, white women, or white men with
this much education.
Wage or Salary Income
Among year-round full-time workers, the median wage or salary
income of nonwhite women was consistently lower than that of all other
workers from 1939 to 1965. (Chart E and Table 24) However, the gap
has narrowed. The 1939 median earnings of nonwhite women who worked
year round full time were only 38 percent of those of white women
and 51 percent of those of nonwhite men. But between 1939 and 1965
the median earnings of nonwhite women (in 1960 constant dollars) almost
quadrupled, while those of nonwhite men almost tripled and those of white
men and women somewhat more than doubled. (Chart F) In 1965 median
earnings of nonwhite women were 71 percent of those of white women and
66 percent of those of nonwhite men.
Minimum Wage Coverage
There were 5,960,000 Negroes employed in nonsupervisory jobs in
February 1967--2,604,000 women and 3,356,000 men.!! Of these, 40 percent of the women and 82 percent of the men were subject to the
minimum wage provisions of the Federal Fair Labor Standards Act, as
amended in 1966. The 1966 amendments substantially increased the proportion of Negro workers subject to Federal minimum wage provisions.
Newly covered employees included 372,000 Negro women and 457,000 Negro
men.
Some of the remaining 1,556,000 Negro women and 594,000 Negro men
not subject to Federal legislation were covered by State minimum wage
legislation. However, many Negroes, and especially women, work in lowpaying occupations in States which lack minimum wage laws, or in others
in which very low rates are in effect, or in still others in which many
occupations are exempted. Minimum wage coverage of private household
work is practically nonexistent.
!! U.S. Department of Labor, Wage and Hour and Public Contracts
Divisions: Minimum Wage and" Naximum Hours Standards Under the Fair
Labor Standards Act, January 1967.
... 11 -
Chart E. Median Wage or Salary Income of Year -Round
Full-Time Workers, by Sex and Color, 1939 and 1955-65
(Median wage or salary income in 1960 constant dollars1
MEDIAN WAGE OR
SALARY INCOME
$7,000 ....-----.
$6,000
1----1
WHIT~Vi
$5,000
~---"
$4,000
1----1
'-'
~
r'
V
.""..-"..-1
...........
I_
1
/1
~
NONWHITE MEN,.....
I
I
~;j-o .... ~
$3,000
I
I
F-~"
1------"
$2,000
~
~
I
WHITE WOMEN
NO!WHITE WOMEN
r.-"""
, .....
\I,------.. . . . . . . . . . . . --~
" '.......
~."
1I/
$1,000
o
'---o...J
1939
,
1955 56
,
57
,
58
SOURCE: See Appendix.
- 12 -
'59
'60
'61 '62
'63
'64 1965
Chart F. Percent Increase in the Wage or Salary Income of Year-Round
Full-Time Workers, by Sex and Color, for Selected Periods From 1939 to 1965
(Median wage or salary income in 1960 constant dollars)
o
.-.
w
PERCENT INCREASE
100
200
NONWHITE
WOMEN
ff.AA~~~",,",,~~~LLU..~~LLU..~~~~~~~~~~~
NONWHITE
MEN
~~~~~~~~""'""""""~~
WHITE
MEN
.........."""":"""".................................
I++U~~~~~~""""""~
~ 1939-65
11tt:J 1955-65
WHITE
W0 MEN
~~~~~~~~~
1IiIiIir'o.:..:.l
SOURCE: See Appendix,
.1960-65
300
279
NOTE
Data relate to persons 14 years of age and
over in the civilian noninstitutional population unless otherwise noted. Because
of rounding, numbers and percentages in
statistical tables do not necessarily add
to totals.
- .14 -
Table l.--Negro Population, by Age and Sex, 1966, 1960, and 1950
(Percent distribution)
Age
1966
Women
1960
1950
1/
1966
Men
1960
1950
17
11,153
9,751
9,098
!Q.2.:.Q
7,758
1Q.Q..&
10,355
!Q.2.:.Q
lQQ.&
lQQ.&
7,269
!QQ..&
Under 5 years
5 to 13 years
14 to 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
35 to 44 years
45 to 54 years
55 to 64 years
65 years and over
13.3
21.9
11.5
7.0
5.9
5.7
11.6
9.6
6.9
6.6
13.9
20.7
9.4
6.6
6.5
6.8
12.6
10.0
7.0
6.4
12.2
17.0
9.8
8.6
8.6
7.6
14.3
10.3
5.7
5.9
14.9
23.7
12.0
6.5
5.4
5.3
10.7
9.1
6.7
5.8
15.0
22.2
9.9
6.3
6.0
6.2
11.8
9.7
6.9
5.9
13.0
18.0
9.9
7.8
8.0
7.0
13.7
10.6
6L3
5.7
Median age
22.4
24.5
26.4
19.7
22.3
25.8
Number (in thousands)
Percent
1/ Excludes Alaska and Hawaii.
Source: U.S, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census: Current Population Reports, P-20, No. 168, and ~950 U.S. Census of Population.
- 15
Table 2.--Population, by Race, Farm or Non~arm Residence, and Metropolitan
or Nonmetropolitan Area, 1966, 1960, and 1950
(Percent distribution)
1960
1966
Type of residence
Number (in thousands)
lh950
Negro
White
White
Negro
White
Negro
170,774
21,508
158,838
18,849
134,942
15,042
Farm or Nonfarm
Percent
Nonfarlll
Farm
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
!QQ..Jl
!QQ..Jl
93.9
6.1
93.4
6.6
92.5
7.5
92.1
7.9
85.4
g/14.6
79.0
g/2l.0
Metropolitan or Nonmetropolitan Area
Percent
~tropolitan
area
In central city
Outside central city
Nonmetropolitan area
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1.QQ..:Q
100.0
6"3 .. 8
68.8
62.6
64 .. 7
59.5
55.6
27.2
36.6
56.2
12.6
30.0
32.7
51.5
13.2
33.7
25.8
42.9
12.7
36.2
31.2
37.4
35.3
40.5
44.4
1/ Exc1ud.. Alaska aDd Hawaii.
The •• figure I exclude urban-farm residents.
2/
Source:
(Among whites this amounted to 0.2 percent.)
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census:
P-20, Ro. 157, and 1950 and 1960 U.S. Census of Population.
Current Population RepDrts.
Table 3.--Educationa1 Attainment of the Population,
Race and Sex, March 1966
!l by
(Persons 18 years of age and over)
Years of school
completed
White
Women
Negro
Hen
Women
Hen
57,973,000
52,608,000
6,335,000
!QQd!
!QQ.&
~
5,471,000
100.0
Elementary school:
None
Less than 8 years
8 years
1.3
10.7
13.1
1.3
12.5
13.9
2.3
26.6
10.7
3.8
30.7
12.2
High school:
1 to 3 years
4 years
18.6
38.4
17.8
30.6
27.1
23.3
23.9
20.3
College:
1 to 3 years
4 years
5 years or more
10.6
5.4
1.9
11.5
7.3
5.0
6.7
2.3
.9
5.8
2.2
1.1
12.2
12.0
10.1
9.4
Number
Percent
Median years of school
eompleted
11
IDclucles __ ers of the Armed Forces.
Source: U.S. DeparbleDt of Coaaerce, Bureau of the Census:
reut PopUlation Reports, P-20, No. 158 •
.. 17 ..
Cur-
Table 4.--Schoo1 Enrollment of the Population,
by Age, Race, and Sex, October 1966 y
(Students 5 to 34 years of age)
Age
Girls and women
As percent
of
Number
population
Boys and men
As percent
of
Number
population
Total school enrollment
Total
26z337z000
56.1
28z7332000
64.1
5 years
6 years
7 to 13 years
14 to 17 years
18 and 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
1,539,000
1,998,000
13,756,000
6,523,000
1,335,000
880,000
214,000
92,000
74.1
97.6
99.5
92.9
37.7
12.4
3.6
1.7
1,548,000
2,071,000
14,139,000
6,770,000
1,841,000
1,667,000
506,000
191,000
71.5
97.7
99.2
94.4
57.8
29.2
9.6
3.8
Ne~ro
school enrollment
Total
3 z325 1000
57.2
3 2354 1 000
63.2
5 years
6 years
7 to 13 years
14 to 17 years
18 and 19 years
20 to 24 years
25 to 29 years
30 to 34 years
198,000
294,000
1,826,000
810,000
124,000
48,000
13,000
12,000
65.1
98.3
99.3
90.0
30.3
6.0
2.0
2.0
191,000
278,000
1,794,000
828,000
162,000
74,000
14,000
13,000
63.9
96.9
99.1
92.9
46.3
11.3
2.6
2.7
Y Includes schools in regular school system· that is , public ,
paroch ~' al , and private schools offering a diploma ' or a degree.
Curre~~~~:u.a~i~~ ~::r~~~n~_~~, C~:.e~6;:
- 18 -
Bureau of the Census:
Table 5.--School Enrollment, by Level of School,
Race, and Sex, October 1966 !I
(Students 5 to 34 years of age)
Level of school
Girls and women
Percent
Number
distribution
BOIs and men
Percent
Number distribution
Total school enrollment
Total
Elementary school or
kindergarten
High school
College
26,337,000
100.0
28,733.000
100.0
17,425,000
6,574,000
2,337,000
66.2
25.0
8.9
18,197,000
6,791,000
3,749,000
63.3
23.6
13.0
Negro school enrollment
Total
Elementary school or
kindergarten
High school
College
3,325.000
100.0
3,354,000
100.0
2,390,000
806,000
128,000
71.9
24.2
3.8
2,408,000
794,000
154,000
71.8
23.7
4.6
!I Includes schools in regular school system; that is, public,
parochial, and private schools offering a diploma or a degree.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census:
Current Population Reports, P-20, No. 167.
- 19
Table 6.--Marita1 Status of Woman in the Civilian Population,
by Race, March 1966
(Women 18 years of age and over)
White
Marital status
Total
Single
Married (husband present)
Other 11
Negro
Number
Percent
distribution
57.258.000
.lruhQ
6,273,000
.!mkQ
6,968,000
39,092,000
11,196,000
12.2
68.3
19.6
857,000
3,252,000
2,164,000
51.8
34.5
Number
Percent
distribution
13.7
11 Refers to women who are widowed, divorced. or separated, or whose husbands
are absent for other reasons.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census:
tion Reports, unpublished data.
- 20
Current Popula-
Table 7.--Families, by Type of Family and Race,
March 1966
White
Type of family
Number
Percent
Husband-wife
Other male head
Female head
Average (mean) number
of members per family
Negro
43,495,000
100.0
4,426,000
88.8
2.3
8.9
71.5
3.6
24.9
3.6
4.4
!Q.Q..&
Source: u.s. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
the Census:' Current Population Report.s" P..,20t.. Nos. 157
and 168.
- 21
Table 8. --Families Living in Poverty in 1965,
by Type o~ Family and Color, March 1966 11
Poor
.
As percent
~amilies
All
Type
o~ ~amily
~amilies
o~
Number
all
~amilies
White
Total
Male head
Female head.
43,496,000
4,766,000
11.0
39,636,000
3,860,000
3,599,000
1,167,000
9.1
30.2
4,782,000
1,871,000
39.1
3,650,000
1,132,000
1,171,000
700,000
32.1
61.8
Nonwhite
Total
Male head.
Female head.
11 Preliminary
data.
Source: U.S. Department o~ Health, Education, and
Social Security Administration.
We1~are,
- 22 -
Table 9.--Emp1oyment Status of the Civilian Population, by Sex and Race,
March 1966
(Persons 18 years of age and over)
White
Employment
Negro
Percent
distribution
Number
Percent
distribution
Number
Women
Population
57,258,000
100.0
6.273.000
100.0
Civilian labor force
22,255,000
38.9
3.105.000
~
21,425,000
830,000
37.4
1.4
2,896,000
209,000
46.2
3.3
683,000
145,000
1.2
.3
155,000
54,000
2.5
.9
35,003,000
61.1
3,168,000
50.5
Employed
Unemployed
Less than 15 weeks
15 weeks or more
Not in the labor force
~
Population
50,960,000
::z.::ooo=
100.0
5,216.000
100.0
===
Civilian labor force
41,709,000
81.8
4.229.000
.§bl
40,451,000
1,258,000
79.4
2.5
3,924,000
305,000
75.2
5.8
896,000
363,000
1.8
.7
203,000
102,000
3.9
2.0
9,251,000
18.2
987,000
18.9
Employed
Unemployed
Less than 15 weeks
15 weeks or more
Not in the labor force
Source: U. S. Department of COIImerce, Bureau of the Census:
tion Reports, P-20, No. 168, and unpublished data.
- 23
Current Popula-
Table lO.--Bmployment Statu. of tbe Civilian Population, by Sex and Color, 1960 and 1950
(Persons 18 years of age and over)
!g
Employment status
1960
Women
Men
White
Nonwhite White
Nonwhite
Number (in thousands)
Percent
53,183
100.0
6,177
100.0
48,5 09
100.0
5,447
100.0
47,731
1,00.0
5,159
100.0
44,665
100.0
4,716
100.0
Civilian labor force
35.3
45.3
82.6
78.1
29.3
39.6
83.4
81.2
Employed
Unemployed
33.7
1.7
41.5
3.8
78.9
3.7
71.4
6.7
28.2
1.1
36.5
3.1
79.7
3.8
74.9
6.3
64.7
54.7
17.4
21.9
70.7
60.4
16.6
18.8
Not in the labor force
1950
Men
Women
Nonwhite
White
Nonwhite
White
Source: u.s. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Ceuau.: 1960 Ceuaua of Population, Special Report
PC(2)--6A.J and 1950 Census of Population, Special Report P-E, lio. l-A.
Table ll.--Women in the Civilian Labor Force, by Age and Race,
March 1966
(Women 18 years of age and over)
All women
Age
Total
N
VI
18
25
35
45
55
65
to 24
to 34
to 44
to 54
to 64
years
years
years
years
years
years
and over
Negro women
Number
Percent
distribution
As percent
of woman
population
Number
Percent
distribution
As percent
of woman
population
25260~IOOO
100.0
40.0
3z10520oo
1.00.0
49.5
5,018,000
4,400,000
5,715,000
5,786,000
3,654,000
1.,030,000
19.6
17.2
22.3
22.6
14.3
4.0
48.6
39.0
46.4
51.1
41.3
10.4
546,000
647,000
805,000
626,000
369,000
112,000
17.6
20.8
25.9
20.2
11.9
3.6
46.9
50.3
62.5
59.3
48.6
15.5
Source: U. S. Department of Conmerce, Bureau of the Census: Current Population Reports, unpublished data; and U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: Employment and Earnings,
April 1966.
Table l2.--Marital Status of Negro Women in the Civilian Labor Force,
March 1966
(Women 18 years of age and over)
As percent
Marital status
Total
Single
Married (husband present)
Other !I
Number
Percent
distribution
of woman
population
3.105,000
100.0
49.5
478,000
1,558,000
1,069,000
15.4
50.2
34.4
55.8
47.9
49.4
11 Refers to women who are widowed, divorced, or separated, or
whose-husbands are absent for other reasons.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census:
Current Population Reports, unpublished data.
- 26 -
Table 13.--Negro Husband-Wife Families, by Total Family Money Income in 1965 and Labor Force
Participation of Wife, March 1966
Number ~in thousands) Ii
Wife in
Wife not in
paid
paid
Total
labor force
labor force
Family income
Total
•
N
"-I
Under $2,000
$2,000 to $2,999
$3,000 to $4,999
$5,000 to $6,9~9
$7,000 to $8,999
$9,000 to $9,999
$10,000 and over
Median income
Percent distribution
Wife in
Wife not in
paid
paid
Total
labor force
labor force
Labor force
participation
rate of
wives
3.164
1,499
1.665
100.0
!.QQ.&
.!Q.Q.&.
47.4
478
421
832
614
396
120
304
124
153
340
319
229
94
237
353
266
491
295
168
27
67
15.1
13.3
26 3
19.4
12.5
3.8
9.6
8.3
10.2
22.7
21 3
15.3
6.3
15.8
21.2
16.0
29.5
17.7
10.1
1.6
4.0
25 .. 9
36 3
40.9
52.0
57.8
78.3
78 0
$4,616
$5,709
$3,785
0
0
0
0
11 The numbers were derived from the percent distribution.
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census:
Current Population Reports,P-20, No. 168.
Table 14.--Nonwhite Husband-Wife Couples in the Population, by
Income of Husband in 1965 and Labor Force Participation of
Wife, March 1966
Income of
husband
Total
Under $3,000
$3,000 to $4,999
$5,000 to $6,999
$7,000 and over
Number Y
(in thousands)
Percent
distribution
Labor force
participation
rate of wives
1:./3,604
.!Q.Q.&
47.6
1,503
1,009
663
425
41.7
28.0
18.4
11.8
43.5
48.8
56.5
49.4
1/ The numbers were derived from the percent distr~bution.
2/ Includes 3,476,000 husband-wife families and 128,000 married
couples where the husband was not head of the household.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census: Current
Population Reports, P-20, No. 164; U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics: Special Labor Force Report No. 80 and unpublished data.
- 28 -
Table lS.--Wives' Contribution to Nonfarm Family Income
in 1965, by Color, March 1966
(Percent distribution)
Contribution to
family income
White
Nonwhite
Total
.!QQ.&
.!QQ.&
22.1
7.9
14.5
15.4
15.9
12.6
8.7
2.9
17.4
8.8
16.1
15.0
16.0
23.6
25.1
Less than 5.0 percent
5.0 to 9.9 percent
10.0 to 19.9 percent
20.0 to 29.9 percent
30.0 to 39.9 percent
40.0 to 49.9 percent
50.0 to 74.9 percent
75.0 percent and over
Median percent
11.8
10.7
4.2
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics: Special Labor Force Report No. 80.
- 29
Table 16.--Mothers in the Population and Labor Force, by Marital Status,
Ages of Children, and Color, March 1966
(Mothers 14 years of age and over)
Number (in thousands)
Labor
Population
force
Marital status and
ages of children
Percent distribution
Labor
Population
force
Percent
in
labor force
~
w
0
Mothers with children under
18 years
24.443
8,390
Married, husband present
Other women ever married
22,298
2,145
7,136
1,254
11.728
1/
Mothers with children 6 to 17
(none under 6)
Married, husband present
Other women ever married 11
Mothers with children under 6
1:/
Married, husband present
Other women ever married 11
100.0
--
34.3
85.1
14.9
32.0
58.5
~
63.2
45.2
4,471
835
42.9
5.1
53.3
10.0
42.7
66.6
12.715
3.084
1L.Q
36.8
24.3
11,823
892
2,665
419
48.4
3.6
31.8
5.0
22.5
47.0
--
5.306
10,475
1,253
See footnotes at end of table.
100.0
91.2
8.8
Table l6.--Mothers in the Population and Labor Force, by Marital Status,
Ages of Children, and Color, March 1966--Continued
(Mothers 14 years of age and over)
~in
thousands}
Labor
force
Population
Number
Marital status and
ages of children
Percent distribution
Labor
Population
force
Percent
in
labor force
Nonwhite
Mothers with children under
18 years
w
Married, husband present
Other women ever married 11
-100.0
-lQQ..J!
47.7
72.1
27.9
68.4
31.6
45.2
53.9
ill.
41.0
i2.:.1
58.5
852
407
478
259
27.8
13.3
32.7
17.7
56.1
63.6
~
.ill.
a.&.2.
!2.a.2
40.1
1,357
448
521
202
44.3
14.6
35.7
13.8
38.4
45.1
3,064
1.460
2,209
855
999
461
.L.lli.
~
Mothers with children 6 to 17
(none under 6)
Married, husband present
Other women ever married 11
Mothers with children under 6 '£1
Married, husband present
Other women ever married 11
11 Refers to women who are widowed, divorced,or separated, or whose husbands are absentfor other reasons.
!I Hay also have older children.
Source:
No. 80.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics:
Special Labor Force Report
Table 17 • --Child Care Arrangements of Working MotheraY With Children Under 14 Years of Age,
by' Ages of Children and Color. February 1965
Type of arrangement
Number of children
(in thousands)
Under 6 Iears
White Nonwhite
gf chlldl::en
6 to 11 Iears
White Nonwhite
10,056
3,066
4,953
730
- - - -
- - - -
100
47
!!l
~
~
16
22
6
12
4
11
31
9
20
15
21
5
12
22
3
3
9
28
5
20
3
3
3
2
4
9
6
4
4
1
1
6
1
8
1
5
1
2
12.
22
28
41
10
14
!
!
7
8
12
10
13
15
24
18
5
7
8
3
1
4
5
46
!!
~
~
Father
Other relative
Under 16 years
16 to 64 years
65 years and over
Nonrelative who only looked
after child
Nonrelative who a180 did
household chores
16
19
4
16
15
1
4
10
28
7
19
2
5
Care in someone else's home by
365
100
100
See footnote at end ot table.
2,037
100
100
Relative
Nonre1ative
1,137
12 and 13 Iears
White Nonwhite
100
100
Care in child' 8 own home by
w
2,231
100
Percent
N
Aa:~&i
Total
White Nonwhite
11
11
9
17
4
Table 17.--Child Care Arrangements of Working MOthers!! With Children Under 14 Years of Age,
by Ages of Children and Color, February 1965--Continued
Total
White Nonwhite
Type of arrangement
Other arrangements
w
w
Group care (day care
center, etc.)
Child looked after self
Mother looked after child
while working
Mother worked only during
child's school hours
Other arrangements
!I Worked 27 weeks
Under b years
White
Nonwhite
Ages of children
b to 11 rears
White
Nonwhite
12 and 13 years
White
Nonwhite
39
34
24
15
43
39
57
60
2
8
2
10
6
1
6
1
7
(y)
12
(y)
20
1
26
14
8
16
9
14
7
11
9
15
13
1
1
(y)
1
21
(y)
18
1
24
1
23
2
(gJ)
or more in 1964.
g; Less than 1 percent.
Source: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Children'S
Bureau; and U.S. Department of Labor, Women's Bureau.
Table 18.--Labor Force Participation Rates of
Women, by Educational Attainment and
Race, March 1966
(Women 18 years of age and over)
Years of school
completed
White
Negro
38.9
49,,5
Elementary school:
None
Less than 8 Years
8 years
9.0
22.0
28.4
15.4
40.1
49.6
High school:
1 to 3 years
4 years
36.4
45.3
45.6
59.3
College:
1 to 3 years
4 years
5 years or more
41.8
49.8
67.1
59.5
89.2
86.9
Total
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census: Current Population Reports,
unpublished data.
- 34 -
Table 19.--Median Years of School Completed, by Employment Status, Sex, and Color,
Selected Years, 1952-66
(Persons 18 years of age and over)
Month
and
year
w
I.Jt
March 1966
March 1965
March 1.964
March 1962
March 1959
March 1957
October 1952
In labor force
Men
Women
White Nonwhite
White Nonwhite
12.4
12.3
12.3
12.3
12.2
12.2
12.1
11.2
11.1
10.8
10.5
9.4
8.9
8.1
12.3
12.2
12.2
12.1
11.9
11.5
10.8
10.0
10.0
9.7
9.0
8.3
8.0
7.2
Not in tbe labor force
Women
Men
White Nonwhite
White Nonwbite
12.0
12.0
11.8
11.6
11.2
11.0
10.6
9.5
9.0
9.2
8.7
8.5
8.2
7.7
9.0
8.9
8.8
8.7
8.6
8.6
8.6
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: Special Labor Force
Report Nos. 83, 65, 53, 30, and 1; and U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census:
Current Population Reports, P-50, Nos. 49 and 78.
7.7
7.1
6.8
6.4
5.8
4.6
5.0
Table 20.--Major Occupational Groups of Employed Negro Women and
Men, March 1966
(Persons 18 yeara of age and over)
Major occupational group
Number
Total
Professional, technical workers
Managers, officials, proprietors
(except farm)
Clerical, sales workers
Craftsmen, foremen, operatives
Nonfarm laborers
Service workers (including
private household)
Farm workers
Total
Professional, technical wo;kers
Managers, officials, proprietors
(except farm)
Clerical, sales workers
Craftsmen, foremen
Oper~tives
Nonfarm laborers
Service workers (including
private- household)
Farm workers
Percent
distribution
1/2,896.000
100.0
246,000
8.5
41,000
385,000
459,000
28,000
13.3
15.8
1.0
1,694,000
43,000
58.5
1.5
113--1-924.000
100.0
171,000
4.4
102,000
309,000
405,000
1,217,000
878,000
2.6
7.9
10.3
31.0
22.4
588,000
254,000
15.0
6.5
1.4
1/ Civilian noninstitutional population.
Source: U.S. Department of Coamerce, Bureau of the Census:
Current Population Reports, p-2e. No. 168.
- 3.6 -
Table 2l.--Major Occupational Groups of Employed Nonwhite
Women and Hen. 1960 and 1950
(Persons 18 years of age and over)
Major occupational group
Number
Percent
Professional, technical workers
Teachers (except college)
Managers, officials, proprietors (except farm)
Clerical, kindred workers
Sales workers
Craftsmen, foremen
Operatives
Nonfarm laborers
Service workers (except private
household)
Private household workers
Farmers, farm managers
Farm laborers, foremen
Occupation not reported
Women
1960
Men
1950
1960
1950
2,565,000
!QQ.&
1,882,000
3,887,000
.!Q.Q.&
.!Q.Q.&
3,528,000
!QQ..:.Q
7.6
4.2
5.6
3.6
4.0
.9
2.3
.5
1.2
8.7
1.7
.7
13.0
1.0
1.4
4.5
1.4
.6
14.9
1.5
2.3
5.2
1.4
10.4
23.8
19.3
2.4
3.2
1.2
8.0
21.1
23.1
21.0
33.9
.6
2.7
7.9
18.9
40.9
1.8
6.9
1.5
13.7
.7
4.5
6.4
8.2
13.5
1.1
13.9
8.8
1.3
Source: u.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census: 1960 U.S. Census
of Population, Special Report PC(2)*-7Aj 1950 u.s. Census of Population, Special
Report P-E, No.1-B.
- 37
Table 22.--Unemployment Rates, by Sex, Color, and Age, Selected Years, 1954-66
(Persons 14 years of age and over)
Color and age
1966
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1957
1954
~
•
w
White
14-19 yean
20 years and over
11.0
3.3
12.6
4.0
13.2
4.6
13.6
4.8
11.5
4.1
13.5
5.7
11.9
4.6
9.1
3.8
9.9
5.1
Nonwhite
14-19 years
20 year. and over
31.1
6.6
29.8
7.4
30.6
9.0
33.1
9.4
28.2
9.6
26.6
10.6
22.7
8.3
18.9
6.3
18.4
8.5
00
!!!!!
White
14-19 years
20 years and over
9.9
2.2
11.8
2.9
13.4
3.4
14.2
3.9
12.3
4.0
14.1
5.1
12.9
4.2
10.5
3.2
11.7
4.4
Nonwhite
14-19 years
20 years and over
21.2
4.9
22.6
6.0
23.3
7.7
25.4
9.2
20.7
10.0
24.7
11.7
22.0
9.6
17.5
7.5
12.5
9.9
Source: Manpower Report of the President and A Report on Manpower Requirements,
Resources, Utilisation, and Training by the U.S. Department of Labor, March 1966; and
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics: unpublished data.
Table 23. --Unemployment Rates, by Educational Attainment,
Race, and Sex, March 1966
(Persons 18 years of age and over)
Years of scbool
completed
White
Negro
8 years or less 11
High school, 1 to 4 years
College, 1 year or more
4.9
4.0
2.1
8.6
4.8
8 years or less 11
High school, 1 to 4 years
College, 1 year or more
4.6
2.9
1.7
7.1
8.4
2.1
4.4
11 Includes no scbool years completed.
Source: u.s. Department of Commerce, Bureau of
tbe Census: Current Po.pulation Reports, unpublished
data.
- 39 -
Table 24.--Median Wage or Salary Income of Year-Round Full-Time
Workers, by Sex and Color, 1939 and 1955-65
(Median wage or salary income in 1960 constant dollars)
Year
Consumer
Price Index
(1960=100)
11
Median wage or sa1a!I income
Men
Women
White Nonwhite
White Nonwhite
1965
1964
1963
1962
1961
1960
1959
1958
1957
1956
1955
106.6
104.8
103.5
102.2
101.1
100.0
98.4
97.7
95.1
91.9
90.5
$6,289
6,199
6,065
5,895
5,816
5,662
5,545
5,308
5,205
5,125
4,926
$4,012
4,089
3,965
3,717
3,841
3,789
3,393
3,447
3,299
3,169
3,128
$3,744
3,682
3,597
3,523
3,442
3,410
3,360
3,301
3,267
3,219
,171
$2,642
2,552
2,288
2,229
2,300
2,372
2,232
2,035
1,962
1,781
1,809
1939
46.9
3,026
1,362
1,840
697
1/ Bureau of Labor Statistics Consumer Price Index (195759=100) converted to 1960 base.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census:
Current Population Reports, P-60, Hos. 51, 47, 43, 41, 39, 37,
35, 33, 27, and 23.
- 40
Appendix--Chart sources
Chart A.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census:
Population Reports, P-20, No. 158.
Chart B.
U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social
Security Administration. (Preliminary unpublished data)
Chart C.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics:
Special Labor Force Report No. 80.
Chart D.
Manpower Report of the President and A Report on Manpower
Requirements, Resources, Utilization, and Training by
the U.S. Department of Labor, March 1966; and U.S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, unpublished data.
Chart E.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census: Current
Population Reports, p-60, Nos. 51, 47, 43, 41, 39, 37, 35,
33, 27, and 23.
Chart F.
U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census:
Population Reports, p-60, Nos. 51, 37, and 23.
Current
Current
- 41 U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1968 0 " 288-557
@FedFRASER