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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U.S. Department of Labor
Elizabeth Dole, Secretary
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner
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Federal Reserve
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OCT 1 0 1989
Monthly Labor Review
September 1989
Volume 112, Number 9
Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief
Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor
Articles
3
Occupational change: pursuing a different kind of work
More than half of those switching occupations did so because
of better pay, working conditions, or advancement opportunities
James P. Markey and William Parks II
13
Compensation for death and dismemberment
For the first time, the Bureau’s Employee Benefits Survey reports details
of employer-sponsored accidental death and dismemberment benefits
Cynthia Thompson
18
Job hazards underscored in woodworking study
Millwood manufacturing is on the upswing; the downside
is the industry’s persistent safety and health problems
Martin E. Personick and Elyce A. Biddle
24
Collective bargaining and private sector professionals
Researchers review history and current status of unionism and assess
prospects for bargaining among private industry professionals
Sar A. Levitan and Frank Gallo
34
How Poland’s Solidarity won freedom of association
Through 9 years of struggle, Solidarity and its supporters would not
compromise on the right to form independent and self-governing unions
Robert A. Senser
Reports
39
Employee representation on U.S., German boards
Everett M. Kassalow
Departments
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2
39
43
44
48
51
Labor month In review
Foreign labor developments
Major agreements expiring next month
Developments in industrial relations
Book reviews
Current labor statistics
Labor
month
in review
STATISTICS AND PUBLIC POLICY.
In her presidential address to the 150th
annual convention of the American
Statistical Association in Washington,
D C , Commissioner of Labor Statistics
Janet L. Norwood illustrated the in
teraction of statistics and public policy
with three examples:
• The need to adjust wages of
shipyard workers to the rising cost of
living during World War I led to
creation of a Consumer Price Index
representing a market basket of goods
and services purchased by the
average consumer.
• The need for new government
policies to deal with unemployment
during the Great Depression led to
development of a labor force survey
to measure unemployment in a struc
tured and systematic way.
• The availability of statistical in
formation on working conditions of
wom en in the labor f o r c e information b l s began collecting a
century ago—helped inform the coun
try of changes taking place in socie
ty and set the stage for the current na
tional debate on work-family issues.
These three examples, Commissioner
Norwood said, illustrate the variety of
different ways in which statistics have
interacted with public policy. The
development of data series sometimes
has been the result of public concern
over an issue, sometimes the effect of
new attitudes about government policy
responsibilities, and sometimes has
been needed to implement policies.
Over the last two decades, Norwood
added, the situation has changed
markedly. More and more, statistics
have become an integral part of public
policy. Data series are used to index en
titlement programs, to allocate Federal
funds to States and local areas, and to
2
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trigger programs on or off. Statistical
series are used for macroeconomic
decisionmaking and for microeconomic
programs. They are used by the people
of this country to evaluate the effec
tiveness of their government. We have
indeed become a country that is run by
the numbers.
1915-1990
D I A M O N D
A N N I V E R S A R Y
Statistical agencies. What does this all
mean for the Federal statistical agencies
that produce these data? Norwood sug
gested six principles:
1. Statistical agencies cannot operate
from ivory towers and expect the infor
mation they produce to be relevant to
current issues. Those who produce data
must also analyze them and maintain a
dialogue with users. This interaction
enhances the effective use of data to
understand emerging trends and enables
statistical agencies to keep their data
series relevant.
2. Change is a necessary part of a
good statistical system and we should
not fear it. Just as there is no absolute
certainty in statistical estimation, there
is no absolute perfection in statistical
methodology. We should always be
searching for improvements, and we
should not be afraid to adopt them.
3. Research on the concepts to be
measured and on survey design,
analysis, and error measurement must
be ongoing. It is impossible to maintain
a data system of high quality without an
adequate investment in survey research.
4. We must ensure the objectivity as
well as the accuracy of our data.
Statistics must also be relevant to the
needs of society, and they must be
issued in a manner which keeps them
free of political manipulation.
5. We must place at the head of each
of the country’s major statistical agen
cies a person with professional
qualifications and unquestioned integri
ty. Agency heads must be strongly com
mitted to independence from political
influence and have the courage to speak
out when that independence is threaten
ed. Within each statistical agency, a
climate where professionals can argue
differing positions, even unpopular
ones, must be established.
6. Statistical agencies must take full
responsibility for methodological deci
sions, even when those decisions pro
duce results that may be politically un
popular. Statistical methods are not a fit
subject for legislative determination.
Statistical data, Norwood concluded,
are inextricably intertwined with public
policy. We have come a long way in the
last 150 years. But the discipline that
we represent is so important to society
that much more needs to be done. Let
us join together to strengthen scientific
inquiry through the use of statistical
techniques and work to provide the data
required for the formulation, evaluation,
and implementation of public policy.
Norwood is the fourth Commissioner of
Labor Statistics to serve the American
Statistical Association as president.
(The others were Carroll D. Wright,
Isador Lubin, and Geoffrey H. Moore.)
Copies of her August 8 address are
available from Information Services,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 441 G St.,
□
NW, Washington, DC 20212.
RESEARCH LIBRARY
Federa! Reservo Bank
of St. Louis
Occupational change: pursuing
a different kind of work
More than half of the 10 million workers
who switched occupations in 1986 did so
because of better pay, working conditions,
or advancement opportunities; however,
about 1 in 8 of the workers changed occupations
because they lost their previous jobs
James P. Markey
and
William Parks II
James P. Markey and
William Parks II are
economists in the Office of
Employment and
Unemployment Statistics,
Bureau o f Labor Statistics.
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n important decision facing young job
seekers is the choice of an occupation.
The initial selection, though, is by no
means etched in stone, as most individuals are
likely to change occupations at some point in
their worklife. An occupational change can take
place for a variety of reasons— a teenager
changing summer jobs, an employee receiving a
promotion, a worker choosing to make a career
change, or an individual forced to change occu
pations after losing a job. The most recent meas
ure of such changes, from a January 1987 survey,
found that nearly 10 million persons were in
different occupations than a year earlier. The
majority had changed voluntarily, citing better
pay, advancement opportunity, or working con
ditions as their reason for switching. Some 1.3
million workers, however, were in different oc
cupations because they had lost their previous
jobs.
This article explores the characteristics of
those workers who make voluntary and involun
tary occupational changes, and examines the
pattern of their movement between occupations.
The data were obtained through a supplement to
the January 1987 Current Population Survey
( c p s ) , which asked questions on occupational
mobility, occupational tenure, and time with
current employer.1
A
The principal findings of this study are:
• Age is the key factor in determining occu
pational mobility. The high mobility rates
of young workers contrast sharply with low
rates among middle-age and older workers.
• Higher levels of education are generally
associated with higher rates of voluntary
mobility. However, very occupationspecific training, such as many profession
als receive, reduces occupational mobility.
• Career change— such as the kind that oc
curs when a person with some tenure in an
occupation changes both occupation and
employer— is not common.
• Involuntary occupational changes often lead
to lower pay in the new job. The majority
of workers changing occupations after job
displacement are leaving goods-producing
industries for jobs in the faster growing
service-providing sector.
The concept o f occupational m obility
The distribution of employment by occupation
reflects the choices of individual workers and
the demand structure of the overall economy.
Workers bring their experience, abilities, and
desires for certain types and conditions of work
to the marketplace. The occupational demand
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
3
Pursuing a Different Kind o f Work
Among workers
25 and older,
widespread
voluntary
occupational
changes are
relatively
uncommon.
they encounter reflects the technological and
economic conditions of the day. The present
demand for computer technicians, for instance,
would have been unimaginable just a few
decades ago; it represents the response of the
labor market to a rapidly expanding technology.
Changes in the economy’s mix of industries—
some growing and some declining— also
strongly affect the overall occupational distribu
tion, as each industry has unique needs in terms
of workers’ skills.
Occupational mobility can be thought of as a
process that helps ensure the smooth operation
of the economy. In most cases, it allows indi
vidual workers to improve their job satisfaction
through increased pay, status, and responsibil
ity, or through better working conditions. At the
same time, occupational mobility is a prime
means for the economy to adjust to new demand
conditions. Thus, relatively free movement of
workers between occupations can be beneficial,
from the standpoint of both the individual and
the economy.
The January 1987 c p s supplement measured
occupational mobility through a single question
regarding the labor force status of individuals.
Table 1.
Specifically, persons employed in January 1986
and January 1987 were first asked, “You told
me t hat . . . is now working as . . .;” then, “Was
. . . doing the same kind o f work a year ago, in
January 1986?” A negative response identified
individuals as occupationally mobile; the survey
revealed that nearly 10 million persons had
changed occupations during 1986.2
The occupational mobility rate expresses the
occupationally mobile population as a percent
age of the persons employed in both January
1986 and January 1987. The occupational mo
bility rate for this period was 9.9 percent, little
changed from 9.7 percent in January 1983,
when such data were last collected. In fact, rates
of occupational mobility have been fairly stable
over the last 20 years (table 1).
Data were also collected in January 1987 on
the reasons for changing occupations, permit
ting an examination of the motivations behind
occupational switches. More than half of those
who changed occupations said they had done so
for better pay, advancement opportunities, or
working conditions. And, in fact, nearly 7 of 10
workers who changed occupations voluntarily
reported receiving higher earnings in their new
Occupational mobility rates for employed civilians by sex and age,
selected years, 1965-87
[In percent]
Sex and age
1965-66
1972-73
1977-78
1980-81
1982-83
1986-87
18.9
9.0
12.0
11.0
9.7
9.9
19.9
11.9
35.9
27.3
15.5
8.1
4.5
3.4
2.0
10.3
28.7
23.8
12.4
7.4
4.4
3.5
1.6
9.4
25.6
21.3
11.5
6.7
4.8
3.1
1.9
9.6
29.4
22.2
11.4
7.0
4.7
2.7
1.2
Both sexes
Total, 16 years and older ................................................
Men
Total, 16 years and older ................................................
16 to 19 years ...............................................................
20 to 24 years ...............................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................................
55 to 64 years ...............................................................
65 years and older.........................................................
28.5
13.8
7.4
5.2
3.8
2.7
9.3
30.3
25.0
12.4
6.2
3.5
2.6
1.7
Total, 18 years and older, not in school.........................
9.8
9.0
11.5
9.9
9.0
9.2
16.9
12.2
36.0
22.9
14.4
9.3
5.1
3.6
2.5
12.0
32.6
22.8
13.9
8.9
5.8
2.7
1.8
10.2
24.6
20.1
11.9
7.8
4.9
3.8
1.4
10.4
28.7
21.0
11.8
8.5
4.9
3.2
1.1
11.7
11.4
9.9
10.0
—
Women
Total, 16 years and older ................................................
16 to 19 years ...............................................................
20 to 24 years ...............................................................
25 to 34 years ...............................................................
35 to 44 years ...............................................................
45 to 54 years ...............................................................
55 to 64 years ...............................................................
65 years and older.........................................................
14.9
8.5
5.3
4.7
2.4
1.8
8.4
26.4
18.9
9.9
6.3
3.3
2.4
2.5
Total, 18 years and older, not in school.........................
6.8
8.2
—
1 Data for 1965-66 are for persons 18 years and older.
Note: Occupational mobility rates are the number of persons employed in a different occupation in the prior year as a proportion
of the total employed in both years. Dash indicates data not available.
4
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Table 2.
Employed persons who changed occupations between January of 1986 and 1987, by
reason for change, age, sex, race, and Hispanic origin
[Percent distribution]
Job leavers
Job losers
Characteristic
Persons who
changed
occupations
(in thousands)
Total
Displaced
from
previous
job1
Other job
losers2
Wanted
better pay
or working
conditions
Changed
from parttime to full
time work
Changed
from full
time to
part-time
work
Moved to
different
residence
Other job
leavers
Total, 16 years and older .......................
9,957
100.0
9.5
3.4
53.0
2.5
1.3
6.6
23.9
Men, 16 years and o ld e r.....................
16 to 24 years ..................................
25 years and o ld e r...........................
25 to 34 years ..............................
35 to 44 years .............................
45 to 54 years .............................
55 years and o ld e r.......................
5,391
1,832
3,559
1,943
984
436
196
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
11.4
8.3
13.0
11.0
14.3
17.7
16.1
4.2
3.9
4.4
4.8
3.8
5.9
.7
52.3
54.5
51.1
56.4
49.8
37.9
33.8
2.0
2.8
1.6
2.2
.9
1.1
1.0
.8
1.2
.6
.2
.1
.3
7.8
5.3
7.5
4.2
4.9
3.3
3.7
2.5
23.9
21.8
25.0
20.5
27.7
33.2
38.0
Women, 16 years and o ld e r ...............
16 to 24 years ..................................
25 years and o ld e r...........................
25 to 34 years .............................
35 to 44 years ..............................
45 to 54 years .............................
55 years and o ld e r.......................
4,566
1,593
2,973
1,517
951
350
155
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
7.2
5.4
8.2
6.7
10.2
9.3
8.5
2.4
2.7
2.2
1.9
2.1
2.1
5.2
53.8
54.2
53.6
57.6
54.1
43.5
33.9
3.0
3.9
2.6
2.7
2.2
3.0
2.9
1.8
1.4
2.0
1.6
1.4
1.8
9.5
8.0
9.7
7.1
8.1
6.6
5.9
3.3
23.8
22.7
24.3
21.4
23.4
34.4
36.6
White .....................................................
B lack.......................................................
Hispanic orig in......................................
8,849
831
635
100.0
100.0
100.0
9.0
14.9
14.1
3.1
5.4
5.7
53.2
51.3
44.5
2.6
1.4
3.7
1.3
.6
1.0
6.6
6.5
8.0
24.1
20.0
22.9
Total, 25 years and older .......................
6,532
100.0
10.8
3.4
52.2
2.1
1.2
5.5
24.7
1 1ncludes persons who lost or were laid off from their previous job because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts.
2 Includes persons who lost or were laid off from their previous job because of the completion of seasonal work, failure of a self-operated business, or other reasons.
jobs. An additional one-fifth reported receiving
about the same earnings; they, along with the
small proportion who cited lower earnings in
their new occupation, most likely changed for
the prospect of better working conditions or ad
vancement opportunities which they expect will
lead to higher pay.
One in ten of those changing occupations had
switched after losing their job because of a plant
closing or relocation, slack work, or the abol
ishment of their positions or shifts. The list of
other reasons for occupational change also in
cluded “moved to different residence,” a reason
most often given by young persons. One in four
workers who changed occupations, including
more than a third of those age 55 and older,
cited “other reasons,” which most likely in
cluded retirement-related decisions. (See table
2 .)
V oluntary occupational change
Individuals change occupations for many rea
sons, both economic and noneconomic. Factors
of a noneconomic nature include the quest for
greater status, job satisfaction, or responsibility,
to name a few. Economic-based decisions in
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clude switching occupations in order to accumu
late marketable skills or to increase pay. Many
studies interpret occupational changes for the
latter reasons as signals of upward job mobility,
which often implies career-upgrading.
The notion of what constitutes a career is
surprisingly complex, and its precise definition
has often been debated. While some analysts
define a career as a certain number of years in
one occupation, most theorists go a step further
and look for a “succession of related occupa
tions”3 where “one job [leads] to another, re
lated in function and higher in status.”4 The
career distinction is found in the difference be
tween simple job switching and a long-term
commitment to upward movement through a se
quence of related occupations.5
The c p s occupational mobility data are of a
limited longitudinal nature and, therefore, are
not designed to provide information on the ca
reer paths of individual workers. However,
analysis of the data can contribute to the overall
career literature by examining, for a crosssection of workers, one of the crucial events in
career-building: an occupational change. Fol
lowing is a discussion of the characteristics of
the 5.3 million workers who voluntarily made
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
5
Pursuing a Different Kind o f Work
such a move sometime between January 1986
and 1987.
The occupational
mobility data
clearly indicate
that the higher
the risk involved
in a voluntary
employment
change, the fewer
the people who
will make it.
6
Who are they? The U.S. work force is consid
ered to be quite mobile, particularly in compari
son with many European nations. However,
among workers 25 and older, widespread volun
tary occupational changes, and by inference,
widespread career changes, are relatively un
common. This is shown by the low rates of
voluntary occupational mobility in table 3. Even
among younger workers, those under age 25,
only 1 in 8 switched occupations voluntarily
during 1986.
Age, in fact, is the single most salient deter
minant of voluntary occupational mobility. It
has been deemed a “socioeconomic law” that,
as the age of an individual increases, the likeli
hood of his or her experiencing occupational
mobility decreases (table 3).6 The vast majority
of workers making a voluntary change were
under age 45 (92 percent).
The widespread notion of substantial volun
tary occupational changes by middle-age per
sons— so-called midlife career changers— is not
supported by these data. There is no one age
group that breaks the pattern of reduced mobil
ity with higher age; the pattern holds, in fact,
among all groups, regardless of demographic or
educational characteristics. Also, while histori
cal data on voluntary mobility rates are not
available, comparing the January 1987 overall
mobility rates for middle-age persons to their
rates in the last 20 years provides no evidence
that the incidence of midlife career changing has
increased (or decreased) over time.
The age/mobility relationship can be ex
plained using human capital theory, which fo
cuses on individuals and their efforts to increase
their value in the marketplace. Simply stated,
workers consider any action they may take to
improve their earnings potential— education,
training, skill development— as an investment.
They gauge any current sacrifice for the invest
ment (such as foregoing earnings while in col
lege) against its future return. For example,
older workers with many years of seniority typ
ically face high costs when changing an occupa
tion because they may jeopardize accumulated
benefits and pension rights and, at least ini
tially, face substantial earnings losses. They
also face a relatively short time span in which to
realize a return on their investment; for them to
switch to another type of work, there must be
significant and rapid rewards. Older workers are
thus the least likely to change occupations (or
employers).
Younger workers, by contrast, have less of an
investment in their occupations and their com
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
panies and often have less attachment to their
geographic residences or even their lifestyles.
Many are engaged in early career exploration
and are testing the market. Younger workers,
generally at the lower end of the earnings scale,
have less to lose in switching occupations and
have more time to reap higher rewards later in
their new field. They face fewer constraints of
all types than their older counterparts and are
more likely to shop for occupations that will
maximize lifetime earnings and satisfaction.7
One measure of human capital investment is
occupational tenure, which is the total time a
worker has accumulated in an occupation.8 The
more time spent in a given field, the more op
portunity a worker has to increase his or her
stock of occupation- or firm-specific human
capital (generally through on-the-job training
and experience). However, occupational tenure
is not a conclusive measure of human capital,
because, as Jacob Mincer has cautioned, “it is
not the time spent in the labor market, but the
volume of investment activity taking place
during that time” which is important.9 Nonethe
less, persons with substantial tenure in one oc
cupation often make a significant change when
moving to a new one.
More than half of the workers age 25 and
older who changed occupations voluntarily had
3 years or more of experience in the occupations
they left during 1986; 16 percent had a decade
or more. Among those in the 35-44 age bracket,
Table 3.
Voluntary occupational
mobility rates by sex, age,
race, Hispanic origin, and
marital status, January
1987
Characteristic
Total
Men
Women
5.3
12.7
6.6
4.0
1.9
1.0
.3
5.0
13.0
6.4
3.5
1.8
.9
.4
5.6
12.4
6.8
4.6
2.1
1.1
.3
5.4
4.4
4.4
5.0
4.9
4.9
5.9
3.8
3.6
4.0
9.3
4.8
3.7
9.2
4.7
4.4
9.4
4.9
Age
Total, 16 years and older ........
16 to 24 years .....................
25 to 34 years .......................
35 to 44 years ...................
45 to 54 y e a r s .....................
55 to 64 years .......................
65 years and older.................
Race and Hispanic origin
White ...........................
Black ...............................
Hispanic origin.........................
Marital status
Married, spouse present..........
S in gle....................................
Other marital status...................
a group who have had the opportunity to accrue
significant amounts of tenure, a quarter had left
occupations in which they had spent 10 years or
more. Still, workers 25 and older with at least 3
years of experience in their occupations who
voluntarily changed occupations had a mobility
rate of only 2.2 percent.
An occupation change may also be accompa
nied by a change of employer. About 55 percent
of those who voluntarily changed occupations,
age 25 and older, had been with their present
firm less than 1 year. (In most cases, this would
mean that they had also changed employers.) It
seems reasonable to suggest that such dual employer/occupation changes caused a sharp break
from the workers’ past type of employment;
rather than changing occupations within their
present firm, they were starting what was, for
many, an entirely new line of work.
Because the workers discussed here are those
who said they switched occupations for better
pay, advancement, or improved working condi
tions, most of those staying with the same em
ployer were likely to have received promotions.
A “same-employer” occupational switch in
volves little of the risk of a complete employer/
occupation break, which could mean loss of
seniority and wages, accrued pension benefits,
or just the advantages of working in a familiar
environment.
The occupational mobility data clearly indi
cate that the higher the risk involved in a volun
tary employment change, the fewer the people
who will make it. About 3.4 million workers
age 25 and older voluntarily changed occupa
tions, producing an occupational mobility rate
of 4.0 percent. If that group is restricted to those
with 3 years or more of tenure in the occupation
they were leaving, the number falls to 1.9 mil
lion. By limiting the group further to those who
had also joined a new employer within the year,
the total number falls to 1 million. This particu
lar set of workers— those who switched occupa
tions and employers and had at least 3 years
invested in their old occupation— made up only
1.2 percent of all employed persons. Thus, each
year, only a very small proportion of workers 25
and older with some tenure in their occupation
voluntarily make a sharp break in their career
paths by changing both employer and occupa
tion. And, a few of these workers could have
been making a logical career-path change, such
as from a high-level “professional” position to
an executive position.
It should be noted that about 700,000 of those
workers making dual changes were switching to
a new occupation classified in a different broad
occupational category from their old occupa
tion. While it is tempting to consider them as
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even more definitive career changers, such a
concept may not be fully valid because a worker
can make a sharp break in occupation within the
same broad occupational category. Someone
switching, for instance, from being a psycholo
gist to a writer would still be in the professional
specialty category.
Other demographic characteristics. Unlike
age, gender seems, at least in recent years, to
have had a very small impact on mobility rates:
the voluntary mobility rates for women and men
in 1986 were 5.6 and 5.0 percent, respectively,
and the overall rate (persons changing for all
reasons) was 10.4 percent for women and 9.6
percent for men. This is in marked contrast to
the situation two decades earlier, when the over
all occupational mobility rate for women was
markedly lower than that for men (6.9 versus
9.9 percent). By 1978, and continuing through
out the 1980’s, the rates for women have risen
above those for men, indicating perhaps that
women were taking advantage of the growing
career opportunities available to them.
It is reasonable to speculate that the occupa
tional mobility rates and mobility behavior of
men and women will follow roughly similar pat
terns in the future. The increasing propensity of
women to work year round on full-time sched
ules will enable them to develop stronger and
more continuous career attachments, similar to
those of men. Their quicker pace of returning to
work after having children means, for many,
few, if any, career interruptions. Also, differ
ences in educational backgrounds of men and
women have narrowed. As educational levels
converge, the human capital stock women bring
to the job market in terms of knowledge and
training will become more similar to that of
male workers.
Looking at race and Hispanic ethnicity, white
workers voluntarily changed occupations at a
rate of 5.4 percent in 1986, while blacks and
Hispanics each changed at a rate 1 percentage
point lower. Again, occupational mobility rates
declined with advancing age among all race and
ethnic groups. Men changed occupations at vir
tually a uniform rate— around 5.0 percent—
regardless of race or ethnic origin. White
women, however, changed occupations at a no
tably higher rate (5.9 percent) than black (3.8
percent) or Hispanic (3.6 percent) women. Con
ceivably, the combined effects of lower educa
tional levels and the occupational segregation of
minority women contribute to the difference be
tween their rate and that of white women.10
In terms of marital status, single workers—
who made up nearly 40 percent of all workers
who changed occupations voluntarily in 1986—
It is reasonable to
speculate that the
occupational
mobility rates and
mobility behavior
of men and
women will follow
roughly similar
patterns in the
future.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
7
Pursuing a Different Kind o f Work
changed their type of work at twice the rate of
married workers. While this differential is
somewhat exaggerated, in that single workers
are, on average, younger than married workers,
unmarried workers had higher mobility rates
than married ones in virtually every age group.
This probably reflects a strong aversion by per
sons with family responsibilities to undertake
the risks inherent in job changing.
Generally, the lower one’s educational attain
ment, the less likely is that person to change
occupations. High school dropouts accounted
for 14 percent of all workers age 25 and older
employed in both January 1986 and 1987, but
made up slightly less than 10 percent of the
workers who voluntarily changed occupations.
Dropouts also had the lowest voluntary occupa
tional mobility rate, at less than 3 percent. The
following tabulation shows the rates of workers
who voluntarily changed occupations, by their
educational attainment, between January of
1986 and 1987:
High school
College
Less than 4 years 1 to 3 4 years
4 years
only years or more
)
years and
older ................ . .
25 to 34 years . . .
35 to 44 years . . .
45 to 54 years . . .
55 years and
older ........... . .
2.1
5.5
3.3
1.2
3.9
6.5
4.0
1.8
4.7
7.0
4.4
2.7
4.3
6.8
3.9
2.1
1.0
.7
1.0
.9
Workers completing high school had a volun
tary mobility rate of about 4 percent, while
those with at least some college changed occu
pations at a slightly higher rate— 4.7 percent for
those with 1 to 3 years of college and 4.3 per
cent for those with 4 years or more. The lower
mobility of persons with little formal education
reflects, in part, their higher average age.
Human capital theory might help explain the
higher mobility rates of college graduates who,
with their investment in higher education, tend
to have the widest range of skills to offer em
ployers and thus more flexibility in choosing
occupations. Such an advantage may be offset,
however, by the occupation-specific nature of
the education received by most college gradu
ates. An individual with academic training in a
career field such as nursing, accounting, or law,
for example, would lose much of the value of
that training in changing to another occupation.
And data on occupations, presented later, con
firm that such fields tend to have very low exit
rates— that is, few workers leave them for other
fields. Further, most professional jobs allow for
career advancement internally— not so much by
changing occupations outright (although man
agement positions are available in all profes
8
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sional fields) but by advancing in the same
occupation through increased responsibilities
and pay. Also, because professionals and man
agers are, on average, the highest paid workers,
they may often face the most substantial loss of
earnings in a new occupation.
Persons with less direct career-oriented bach
elor’s degrees, such as in the liberal arts or most
social sciences, may have less of an investment
in a specific career path. It might be ventured
that they would have relatively higher mobility
rates, reflecting their high skill level, coupled
with a comparatively small investment in a
specific career field. However, information is
not obtained in the c p s on the degree field of
college graduates, so that hypothesis cannot be
tested.
At the other extreme, the relatively low
wages of the least educated workers would
make the opportunity costs of job changing— in
effect, starting over— relatively low. While that
would exert upward pressure on their mobility
rates, their very lack of education would tend to
reduce the opportunities available to them to
switch occupations for higher pay, advancement
opportunity, or better working conditions. Also,
many of these workers acquire skills almost en
tirely through on-the-job training, and their rela
tively narrow range of skills may limit their
occupational mobility.
Patterns o f voluntary change
About a third of the voluntary job shifting dur
ing 1986 occurred within broad occupational
Table 4.
Voluntary entry and exit
rates for persons age 25
and older in selected
occupations, January 1987
Entry
rate
Exit
rate
Executive, administrative, and
managerial ................................................
Professional specialty..................................
Engineers..................................................
Health diagnosing ....................................
Health assessment ..................................
Teachers, college and university ...........
Lawyers and judges ...............................
5.6
2.6
2.2
.9
2.1
1.3
1.3
3.4
2.9
2.6
.6
2.3
2.0
.7
Technicians and related support ...............
Sales .............................................................
Administrative support, including clerical ..
Service...........................................................
Food service ............................................
4.3
4.2
4.9
3.4
3.6
3.1
5.3
4.7
4.8
6.9
Precision production, craft, and repair . . . .
Operators, fabricators, and laborers ........
Construction laborers .............................
Freight, stock, and material handlers . . .
Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................
3.1
4.6
7.4
6.8
.8
3.0
4.4
7.1
6.8
3.1
Occupation
Table 5.
Occupational tenure in previous job of displaced workers who
changed occupations by sex and age, January 1987
[Percent distribution]
3 years or more !
Total
Sex and age
Less than
1 year
1 to 2
years
Total
3 to 4
years
5 to 9
years
10 years
or more
34.9
66.2
25.2
(1)
56.0
19.4
67.0
(1)
17.0
15.6
18.2
(1)
19.2
3.8
24.1
(1)
19.8
0.0
24.7
(1)
10.1
14.5
9.3
(D
31.9
69.7
20.2
(1)
57.9
15.8
70.8
(1)
15.6
15.1
16.7
(1)
19.0
0.7
24.8
(1)
23.3
0.0
29.2
(1)
7.0
14.0
4.8
(D
40.6
59.3
34.6
(1)
52.4
25.6
60.2
(1)
20.0
17.4
21.2
(1)
19.1
8.1
23.4
(1)
13.3
0.0
16.5
(1)
Number
(in thousands)
Percent
Total, 16 years and older ...............
16 to 24 years ..............................
25 to 54 years ..............................
55 years and older.......................
945
237
664
45
100.0
100.0
100.0
(1)
9.1
14.8
7.8
(1)
Men, 16 years and o ld e r.............
16 to 24 years .........................
25 to 54 years .........................
55 years and o ld e r...................
615
152
431
32
100.0
100.0
100.0
(1)
Women, 16 years and older —
16 to 24 years .........................
25 to 54 years .........................
55 years and old e r...................
330
86
231
13
100.0
100.0
100.0
(1)
1 Percent not shown where base is less than 75,000.
groups.11 An inference could be made that such
activity represented “in-career” rather than
“new-career” movement. Much of the rest of
the occupational change was between closely
related fields, such as sales and management, or
between craft and repair occupations and ma
chine operators and inspectors. All of these
movements would make sense from a human
capital perspective, in that workers looking to
advance in a career would shift into related oc
cupations where their accumulated experience
would be of greatest value.12
Some occupations were characterized by a
higher proportion of persons entering them from
another occupation than leaving them for an
other occupation, and some were just the
opposite. Such flows are demonstrated by the
occupation’s voluntary entry and exit rates
(table 4). An entry rate is the percentage of
persons in an occupation in January 1987 who
had voluntarily entered it sometime in the
preceding year. An exit rate, conversely, is the
percentage of persons employed in a specific
occupation in January 1986 who subsequently
left it voluntarily for a new occupation.
It is difficult, though, to determine why
specific occupations had high or low entry or
exit rates. Particular rates probably resulted
from the combined effects of many factors—
the age distribution of the workers employed
in the occupation, the pay potential available,
the pace of overall employment growth or
decline in the occupation, the amount of em
ployee turnover due to the nature of the
work, and the educational requirements of the
field.
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Many of the occupations with both high entry
and exit rates employed large numbers of young
persons or required little formal education.
Among such occupations are construction labor
ers and freight and stock handlers. Occupations
characterized by low voluntary entry and exit
rates tend to include the most specialized work
ers, such as engineers, health-related profes
sionals, college teachers, and lawyers. These
occupations were also characterized by gener
ally high earnings levels. By contrast, the farm
ing, forestry, and fishing occupations had a low
entry and high exit rate; these occupations have
experienced slow growth or even declining em
ployment levels and are characterized by rela
tively low earnings.
Movements into the executive and manage
rial occupations can be considered in a some
what different light from the others. A rise into
management for a worker, while ostensibly rep
resenting an occupational switch, may not nec
essarily be a career switch, as such a move
could also be thought of as a logical career pro
gression, perhaps even a career culmination.
The increased pay and status associated with a
move into management certainly make that oc
cupation a goal for many employees, and, in
fact, its entry rate was much higher than its exit
rate.
Involuntary occupational change
Occupational change, of course, is not always
of a voluntary nature. About 1 in 8 persons who
change occupations, or nearly 1.3 million work
ers, lost their job or were laid off from a job.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
9
Pursuing a Different Kind o f Work
About three-fourths of those workers were dis the cause of the job displacement. Was losing
placed from their previous jobs as a result of a the job due to problems specific to the firm? If
plant closing or moving, slack work, or the so, the worker may not have to change industry
abolishment of their positions or shifts. This or occupation. However, if the displacement
latter group— displaced workers who changed was a result of an industrywide problem, or an
occupations— is the focus in the remainder of occupation-specific problem, then a new indus
the article.13
try or occupation might present greater employ
The displaced worker initially faces several ment opportunities.
labor market choices. One option is to withdraw
The survey of workers displaced between
from the labor force, and, according to a Janu 1983 and 1988 found that about half of the
ary 1988 c p s supplement on displaced workers, workers who had become reemployed were in
about 1 in 7 of the nearly 5 million workers occupations different than those they had lost.
displaced between 1983 and 1988 were out of This suggests that the declining demand for
the labor force as of the survey date.14 Not sur labor in the original occupation may have been
prisingly, half of those who left the labor force an important factor in the displacement, or that
were 55 years or older. The more common the lost occupations were concentrated in de
choice made by the displaced worker is to find clining industries. A secretary, for example, can
a new job. Again, the individual is faced with easily switch industries while staying in the
several decisions, such as whether to look to a same occupation; a metal-lathe operator cannot.
new industry or possibly a new occupation for
A trait common to many of the displaced
future employment. A factor influencing the de workers who change occupations is the consid
cision is the displaced worker’s perception of erable time invested in the occupations of their
lost jobs. As shown in table 5, more than half of
these workers had 3 years or more of tenure in
T a b le 6 .
In d u s tr y a n d o c c u p a tio n a l d is tr ib u tio n o f
the occupation of their lost job. Among persons
e m p lo y e d p e r s o n s a n d o f d is p la c e d w o r k e r s
ages 25 to 54— the bulk of the displaced
w h o c h a n g e d o c c u p a tio n s , a g e 2 5 a n d o ld e r ,
workers who changed occupations— about 2 of
J a n u a ry 1986
3 had invested at least 3 years in their previous
[Percent distribution]
occupation.
Industry and occupation
Total
employed
Displaced
workers
100
100
30
1
-|
53
1
5
23
10
35
70
8
47
6
7
32
6
3
2
100
100
14
15
3
1"J
11
4
3
16
*|*|
13
13
15
3
21
30
1
Industry in January 1986
Total wage and salary workers.....................
Goods-producing industries .................
Agriculture ................................
Mining................................
Construction...............................
Manufacturing .........................
Service-producing industries ...............
Transportation and public utilities.................
Trade ..................................
Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te .............
S ervices..............................
Public administration...................
■\j
Occupation in January 1986
Total, all workers...................
Executive, administrative, and managerial . . .
Professional specialty...............
Technicians and related support . . .
Sales ..................................
Administrative support, including clerical ..
Service........................................
Precision production, craft, and re p a ir.............
Operators, fabricators, and laborers ..........
Farming, forestry, and fishing.....................
Note : Data are for persons employed in both January 1986 and 1987. Industry employment for
total wage and salary workers employed on both dates is not available from the January 1987 cps
supplement. These data represent the number of wage and salary workers employed in January
1986 from the January 1986 cps .
10 Monthly Labor Review
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September 1989
After displacement. After losing their jobs,
displaced workers usually face a period of un
certainty. Although about a million of the work
ers displaced in 1986 had found jobs in new
occupations by January 1987, what had hap
pened during the time between their displace
ment and the new job?
Most displaced workers spent some time out
of work; however, more than a quarter of those
age 25 and older who had changed occupations
reported that they had started working again
“right away, within a week.” At the other ex
treme, about 1 in 4 had been out of work 15
weeks or more. The median number of weeks
out of work was 7.5 for both sexes. A higher
proportion of women than men were out of work
15 weeks or longer, 30 versus 22 percent. Time
out of work did not seem to be strongly related
to age.
The training of displaced workers in the skills
required by today’s economy is often cited as
being crucial to their future job market success.
In January 1987, displaced workers who changed
occupations were asked, “Has . . . completed an
education or training program since January
1986?” Just 1 in 10 said they had completed
such a program. Moreover, of those who had,
nearly 60 percent identified the program as em
ployer training; this suggests that very few such
displaced workers who changed occupations re
ceived training outside the workplace.
Industry and occupation. Not surprisingly,
many of the workers who changed occupations
upon displacement were leaving industries
where employment was stagnating or declining
and thus were gravitating toward more robust
industries. About a third of the displaced work
ers came from manufacturing, while a dispro
portionate share also came from mining and
construction (table 6). They were much less
likely to come from the more rapidly growing
service-producing sector, particularly the serv
ices industry.
Workers who had lost jobs as operators, fab
ricators, and laborers made up nearly one-third
of the displaced who changed occupations; this
was twice their representation among all em
ployed persons. In contrast, less than 5 percent
of the displaced workers in new occupations had
come from professional specialty occupations,
much lower than their representation of 15 per
cent among all workers.
When workers change occupations upon dis
placement, they often move to a new industry.
About two-thirds of these displaced workers
were in a different major industry group in their
new job. There was an overall shift of these
displaced workers who changed occupations
from the goods-producing to service-producing
industries (table 7). Retail trade experienced the
greatest numerical increase, while finance, in
surance, and real estate had the largest percent
age increase. About half of the net outflow of
displaced workers from the goods-producing
sector occurred in manufacturing, although the
mining and construction industries had the
highest percentage of employment decline
among the displaced who changed occupations.
The large gain among self-employed workers
shown in table 7 was, to some extent, the result
of our definition.15
Nearly a quarter of the 710,000 displaced
workers age 25 and older who changed occupa
tions found a job within their same major occu
pational grouping. The majority, however, took
a job outside of their previous major occupa
tional grouping. Particular occupations, such as
executive, administrative, and managerial; pre
cision production, craft, and repair; and techni
cians and related support, experienced a net
decline in employment among the displaced
workers who changed occupations (table 7). In
contrast, sales, service, and transportation and
material moving occupations saw net gains.
While qualitative judgments regarding partic
ular occupations are difficult to make, many of
those who lost jobs also appeared to suffer an
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Table 7.
Industry and occupational employment in
January 1986 and 1987 for displaced workers
age 25 and older who changed occupations
[Numbers in thousands]
Percent
change,
1986-87
January
1986
January
1987
Change,
1986-87
Total wage and salary workers.......................
Goods-producing Industries .......................
Agriculture ................................................
M ining.........................................................
Construction..............................................
Manufacturing ..........................................
697
369
7
48
68
246
661
228
8
14
37
169
-3 6
-141
1
-3 4
-31
-7 7
-5
-3 8
14
-71
-4 6
-31
Service-producing industries.......................
Transportation and public utilities..........
Trade, to ta l................................................
Wholesale tr a d e ....................................
Retail tra d e ............................................
Finance, insurance, and real estate . . . .
Services .....................................................
Public administration ...............................
327
40
115
29
86
18
141
13
434
60
153
35
118
49
161
11
107
20
38
6
32
31
20
-2
33
50
33
21
37
172
14
-1 5
Self employed1 ................................................
11
47
36
327
81
25
23
79
92
37
149
214
43
32
12
100
91
105
97
212
-3 8
-4 7
28
-4 8
27
-2
-1
97
61
-1 2
19
-1 1
Industry and occupation
Industry and class of worker
Occupation
Executive, administrative, and managerial ..
Professional specialty......................................
Technicians and related support ...................
Sales .................................................................
Administrative support, including clerical —
Service...............................................................
Precision production, craft, and re p a ir..........
Operators, fabricators, and laborers .............
Machine operators, assemblers, and
inspectors..................................................
Transportation and material moving...........
Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers,
and laborers..............................................
Farming, forestry, and fishing.........................
109
42
63
9
54
16
7
-11
21
-1
-1
68
-5 2
184
-3 5
-9
7
45
-1 4
78
1 Persons who were classified as losing their jobs because a “self-operated business failed” are
excluded from the displaced worker definition, which only includes persons who lost their jobs due
to a plant closing or moving, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or shifts. Thus, the
self-employed would not be included among the displaced workers who changed occupations in
January 1986 but would be identified in January 1987, as a result of displaced wage and salary
workers becoming self-employed. The small number of self-employed identified as displaced in
January 1986 were probably misclassified as losing their jobs due to plant closings or moves.
occupational downgrading. Data from the Janu
ary 1987 supplement showed that two-thirds of
the displaced workers with new occupations
cited lower earnings in their new jobs, while only
about 16 percent said their new jobs paid more.
h e m a j o r i t y of persons who change occupa
tions do so voluntarily, following the lures of
better pay, job advancement, or improved work
ing conditions. The incidence of such voluntary
occupational change decreases markedly with
age; other factors, such as educational attain
ment and accumulated occupational experience,
play more limited roles. Career change— such
as when a person with some tenure in an
T
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
11
Pursuing a Different Kind o f Work
occupation changes both occupation and em
ployer— is relatively uncommon.
Far fewer workers were forced to change oc-
cupations after being displaced from their previ
ous jobs. The majority of these workers had
lower earnings in their new occupation.
□
Footnotes
1 The Current Population Survey is a monthly survey of
approximately 56,000 households conducted for the Bureau
of Labor Statistics by the Bureau o f the Census. Information
on occupational mobility has been collected in the January
supplement periodically since 1966.
2 The data on occupational mobility are subject to certain
limitations, such as those stemming from differences in the
way respondents interpret “different kind of work,” and
limitations resulting from recall error. Note, too, that be
cause the survey refers to a worker’s occupation only in
January 1987 and January 1986, any intermediate changes
during the year are not included.
3 William H. Form, “Occupations and Careers,” in David
L. Sills, e d ., International Encyclopedia of Social Sciences,
Vol. 11 (New York, Macmillan Co. and The Free Press
1968), p. 252.
4 Harold L. Wilensky, “Orderly Careers and Social Par
ticipation: The Impact of Work History on Social Integra
tion in the Middle M ass,” American Sociological Review,
August 1961, p. 522.
5 It should be noted that a career, because it is occupation
based, can be carried across different firms or industries.
6 James J. Byrne, “Occupational mobility of workers,”
Monthly Labor Review, February 1975, p. 54.
7 Job change among the youngest workers (those 16 to 24
years of age) is often quite different than that for workers 25
and older. The inclusion o f a large number of students
complicates the analysis of data for the group. For many, the
two jobs may have been separated by some period out of the
labor force. As a result, such workers do not face the same type
of decision about whether to sever an occupational or employer
relationship in order to change their field of work, as those
relationships will have already been ended. Workers beyond
school age, in contrast, would be likely to be making a con
scious decision to leave one field of work to pursue another.
8 For a more detailed discussion o f the occupational
tenure data derived from the January 1987 cps supplement,
see Max L. Carey, “Occupational tenure in 1987: many
workers have remained in their fields,” Monthly Labor Re
view, October 1988, pp. 3 -1 2 .
9 Jacob Mincer, Schooling, Experience, and Earnings
(New York, Columbia University Press, 1974), p. 143.
10 In an important study, Finis Welch has written that he
knows o f no human capital theory of discrimination that
exists (“Human Capital Theory: Education, Discrimination,
and Life C y c l e s American Economic Review, May 1975,
p. 72). This is not to say that this topic has been ignored in
the human capital literature. See two works by Lester C.
Thurow, Poverty and Discrimination (Washington, d c , The
Brookings Institution, 1969) and Generating Inequality
(New York, Basic Books, 1975); and one by Glenn Cain,
The Challenge of Dual and Radical Theories of the Labor
Market to Orthodox Theories (Madison, University of W is
consin, The Institute for Research on Poverty, 1973). Some
labor market structural theorists have also addressed the
issue. In their view, the labor market is segmented by insti
tutional rules and habits into primary and secondary mar
kets, or multiple gradations thereof. They suggest that occu
pational mobility follows different patterns in each market.
Black workers, for instance, are found in some studies to be
disproportionately represented in “secondary,” or lower
12 Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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wage, lower skilled jobs, and that movement out o f such
jobs is difficult. For discussions of labor market theory and
its implications on mobility by race, see Michael J. Piore,
“Notes for a theory of labor market stratification,” in R.C.
Edwards, M. Reich, andD .M . Gordon, e d s Labor Market
Segmentation (Lexington, Massachusetts, Heath Books,
1975), pp. 125-50; Peter M. Doeringer and Michael J.
Piore, Internal Labor Markets and Manpower Analysis
(Lexington, M assachusetts, Heath B ooks, 1971); and
Michael L. Wachter, “Primary and Secondary Labor Mar
kets; A Critique o f the Dual Approach” (Washington, DC,
The Brookings Institution, Brookings Papers o f Economic
Activity, 1974).
11 A significant amount of occupational changing within
broad occupational groups— using overall occupational mo
bility rates— has been found in past studies o f the cps mo
bility supplement data. Byrne even referred to it as a
“traditional pattern.” (Byrne, “Occupational mobility of
workers,” pp. 55-5 6 ).
12 It should be noted that an occupational change can repre
sent the next incremental step in a career, or a change in
careers. The sharpness of the occupational switch is one of the
determinants of which activity is taking place. Hiestand names
two types of changes: The “45-degiee” change, where there is
relative continuity between the new and old occupations, and
the “90-degree” change, where there is little continuity between
them. (D.L. Hiestand, Changing Careers After 35, New
York, Columbia University Press, 1971). In a similar vein, Bell
speaks of changes where previous training needs to be built
upon, or where the previous training is rendered obsolete. (D.
Bell, ‘Training Potential Among Older Workers,” in W.H.
Dun and V.M. Thompson, eds., An Evaluation of Policy-
Related Research on Programs for Mid-Life Career Redi
rection, Vol. 2: Major Findings (Santa Monica, c a , Rand
Corporation, 1975).
13 The defimtion of displaced workers who change occu
pations is similar in construct to the definition of displaced
workers presented in previous bls studies. However, the dis
placed worker definition used in analyzing data from cps sup
plements conducted in January 1984, 1986, and 1988, required
that workers have 3 years or more of tenure in their lost jobs.
In this analysis, no such tenure requirement is placed on dis
placed workers, largely because of the relatively small sample
size. For information on displaced workers, see Francis W.
Horvath, “The pulse of economic change: displaced workers of
1981-85,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1987, pp. 3-17; and
Paul O. Flaim and Ellen Sehgal, “Displaced workers of 19791983: how well have they fared?,” Monthly Labor Review,
June 1985, pp. 3-16.
14 “ bls Reports on Worker Displacement,” usdl News, 8 8 611, Dec. 9, 1988.
15 Persons who were classified as losing their jobs because a
“self-operated business failed” are excluded from the displaced
worker defimtion, which only includes persons who lost their
jobs due to a plant closing or moving, slack work, or the
abolishment of their positions or shifts. Thus, the self-employed
would not be included among the displaced workers who
changed occupations in January 1986 but would be identified in
January 1987, as a result of displaced wage and salary workers
becoming self-employed. The small number of self-employed
identified as displaced in January 1986 (table 7) were probably
misclassified as losing their jobs due to plant closings or moves.
Compensation for death
and dismemberment
For the first time,
the Bureau’s Employee Benefits Survey
reports on the details of
accidental death and dismemberment benefits
sponsored by employers
Cynthia Thompson
Cynthia Thompson is an
economics assistant in the
Division o f Occupational
Pay and Employee Benefit
Levels, Bureau o f Labor
Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ith the potential for incurring lost
wages and large medical bills, acci
dents can create severe financial hard
ships for employees. To address these risks,
employers may include accidental death and
dismemberment (AD&d ) policies as part of an
employee benefits package. In this regard,
a d & d benefits are a common feature of life in
surance plans.
In 1988, 92 percent of full-time employees in
medium and large private firms participated in
life insurance plans, and 76 percent of those
workers had a d &d benefits. (Less than 0.5 per
cent of employees had a d &d coverage without
regular life insurance.) Unlike life insurance,
a d &d insurance provides payment only for
losses resulting from an accident— usually for
injuries occurring on or off the job. In instances
of accidental death, benefits are paid in addition
to regular life insurance coverage and, in the
large majority of cases, are equal to the regular
benefit. For this reason, a d &d is sometimes
called a “double-indemnity” benefit.1
Data in this article are from the 1988 Bureau
of Labor Statistics survey of benefits for full
time employees in medium and large private
firms. Information was obtained from a sample
of 2,500 establishments representing approxi
mately 107,000 business establishments em
W
ploying 31 million full-time workers.2 Data are
published for all types of workers combined and
separately for three broad occupational groups:
professional and administrative, technical and
clerical, and production and service employees.
The first two groups are often combined and
labeled white-collar workers, in contrast to the
blue-collar workers constituting the third group.
H ow benefits are determ ined
Where a d &d coverage is provided, it is almost
always a component of group life insurance.
a d &d plans provide cash benefits to an em
ployee in the case of dismemberment, such as
the loss of a limb or an eye, and to a stated
beneficiary in the case of death. Nearly all plan
participants in the 1988 survey were covered for
both accidental death and dismemberment; in a
few cases, only accidental death was covered.
a d &d benefits are determined by the type of
loss suffered. Plans generally specify a “princi
pal sum” upon which benefits are based. This
amount, usually equal to the amount of regular
life insurance, will generally be paid for loss of
life, both hands, both feet, the sight of both
eyes, one hand and one foot, one hand and the
sight of one eye, or one foot and the sight of one
eye. One-half the principal sum will be paid for
Monthly Labor Review
September 1989
13
Death and Dismemberment Benefits
loss of one hand, one foot, or the sight of one
eye, and in some instances, for loss of speech or
hearing. Some plans have a provision that will
pay one-fourth of the principal sum for loss of
the thumb and index finger of the same hand.
a d &d plans often include several limitations
on benefits. First, the loss must occur within a
specified period of time after the accident. The
most common time period is within 90 days
after an accident, but certain plans allow up to
365 days from the accident. Second, the total
payment for all losses due to any one accident
may not be more than the principal sum. For
instance, if an employee were to lose both hands
and the sight of one eye, the total benefit would
equal, but not exceed, the principal sum paid for
the loss of just both hands, or equivalently, one
hand and the sight of one eye. Finally, benefits
are paid only for a hand or foot that is severed
at or above the wrist or ankle, and for loss of
sight that is total and irrecoverable.
Under certain circumstances, benefits are not
paid at all. Coverage is not provided for losses
resulting from or caused directly or indirectly by
bodily or mental infirmity, disease, or illness of
any kind; suicide or attempted suicide while
sane or insane; an infection, other than a pyo
genic (pus-producing) infection of an accidental
cut or wound; taking part in, or as a result of
taking part in, the commission of a felony; any
Table 1.
act of war; or death due to drugs, unless pre
scribed by a physician.
Private-sector survey findings
Since the inception of the Employee Benefits
Survey in 1979, the incidence of both life in
surance and a d &d benefits has been fairly sta
ble.3 (See table 1.) Blue-collar workers were the
more frequent recipients of a d &d benefits, in
part a reflection of provisions for these benefits
in many major collective bargaining agree
ments. Another factor that may lead employers
to provide a d &d benefits more frequently to
blue-collar workers is the traditionally more
hazardous nature of blue-collar work. Benefits
generally are provided for accidents on as well
as off the job.
In 1988, 92 percent of all full-time employees
in medium and large firms had life insurance
coverage; 76 percent of employees with life in
surance also had a d &d protection. Eighty per
cent of the 13 million blue-collar workers with
life insurance had a d &d coverage, while 72 per
cent of the 15 million white-collar workers with
life insurance were covered.
Employees in life insurance plans paying a
flat dollar benefit were more likely to have
a d &d insurance than those in plans with benefits
linked to earnings, but the difference was slight.
Percent of full-time employees with employer-sponsored life
insurance, and percent of life insurance participants with accidental
death and dismemberment coverage, medium and large private firms,
1979-86 and 1988
Item
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
19881
19881
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
All employees................................................
Professional and administrative
employees ............................................
Technical and clerical employees..........
Production and service employees........
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
96
94
92
99
92
96
97
94
96
98
95
96
98
96
96
97
95
95
97
95
96
97
96
96
97
96
95
97
95
92
96
94
89
All insurance plan participants .........................
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
72
69
72
72
72
74
73
72
73
76
69
66
75
67
67
70
69
66
76
70
66
77
67
65
78
70
67
80
70
65
79
65
65
79
70
69
78
72
72
80
All full-time employees ......................................
With life insurance:
With accidental death and dismemberment
insurance:
All participants ............................................
Professional and administrative
participants ..........................................
Technical and clerical participants . . . .
Production and service participants . . .
1 In 1988, the Employee Benefits Survey was expanded to
include establishments employing 100 or more workers in all
private industries. From 1979 to 1986, the survey did not include
all service industries, and did not include establishments with
under 250 workers in certain industries. The first 1988 column
14 Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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represents the same size and industrial coverage as in prior
years; the second 1988 column provides data for the expanded
survey.
Note: In 1987, the survey was conducted in State and local
governments. Results of this survey are described in the text.
Seventy-nine percent of the workers whose life
insurance was a specified dollar benefit had
ad &d protection, while 74 percent of the work
ers in eamings-based life insurance plans were
covered. This finding can be explained largely
by differences between blue- and white-collar
workers. In addition to being more likely to
have ad &d protection, about half the production
and service workers in 1988 had flat dollar
amounts of life insurance, compared with less
than a fifth of the white-collar workers.
The large majority of ad &d plan participants
(93 percent) had benefits expressed in the same
manner as their regular life insurance benefit.
(See table 2.) For example, both life insurance
and ad &d benefits might be expressed as a mul
tiple of salary, or both might be a flat dollar
amount, such as $10,000. Eighty-two percent of
the nearly 22 million employees with ad &d cov
erage had a benefit equal to the amount of life
insurance coverage, 9 percent had lower cover
age, and 2 percent had greater protection. (In
deed, the last group had protection equal to two
or more times the life insurance benefit amount.)
The life insurance benefits from which the ad &d
amounts were derived averaged 1.5 times earn
ings in plans based on salary, and $11,300 for
flat dollar amount plans, in 1988.
Five percent of all ad &d participants were in
plans paying a flat dollar benefit, while the
amount of their life insurance was proportional
to earnings. Flat amounts ranged from less than
$2,000 to more than $30,000, but most com
monly ranged from $5,000 to $15,000.
Life insurance plans that pay a multiple of
earnings commonly specify a ceiling on dollar
payments. For example, a plan might pay
two times the annual salary, up to a maximum
of $100,000. In these instances, a maximum
other than the basic life insurance maximum
seldom applies to the ad &d benefit. Only 8 per
cent of all employees in plans with ad &d protec
tion had a specified maximum benefit different
from the life insurance maximum. White-collar
workers were more likely than blue-collar work
ers to have a dollar ceiling on benefits, largely
because white-collar workers’ insurance fre
quently was based on an earnings formula,
while blue-collar workers more commonly had a
flat dollar benefit.
Where separate maximum benefit amounts
for ad &d were provided, they varied widely,
ranging most commonly from $50,000 to
$500,000. (See table 3.) Where ad &d benefits
were limited to the basic life insurance maxi
mum, the maximums averaged about $225,000
in 1988. However, the largest group, approxi
mately 60 percent of participants in ad &d plans,
had no maximum limit placed on benefits.
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Table 2.
Percent of full-time participants in accidental
death and dismemberment plans by principal
benefit amount, medium and large private firms,
1988
Item
All
participants
Professional
and
administrative
participants
Technical
and
clerical
participants
Production
and
service
participants
100
100
100
100
93
9
82
94
9
82
94
85
93
10
81
2
3
3
2
Total ...................
Related to amount of life
insurance1 ...........................
Less than life insurance ..
Equal to life insurance . . .
Greater than life
insurance .....................
Separate flat amount...............
Less than $5,000 ...............
$5,000 to $9,999 ...............
$10,000 to $14,999 ............
$15,000 or greater...............
Others ......................................
6
5
3
4
(2)
(2)
(2)
7
(2)
3
1
2
2
4
1
(2)
1
1
1
(2)
(2)
1
2
2
1
1 1ncludes participants in plans that expressed both life insurance and ad &d benefits as a multiple
of salary or as a flat dollar amount.
2 Less than 0.5 percent.
3 Includes participants in plans that expressed life insurance benefits as a flat dollar amount and
benefits as a multiple of salary.
ad &d
N o te :
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
A note on the public sector
In 1987, the Employee Benefits Survey covered
full-time employees in State and local govern
ments. Data from this first-time survey were
published for workers in three occupational
groups: teachers, police and firefighters, and
regular employees (that is, all other employees).
Two out of three public-sector life insurance
participants had additional ad &d coverage,
slightly below the rate in medium and large
private firms the previous year. The following
tabulation shows the percent of full-time
employees in the State and local government
survey who participated in employer-sponsored
life insurance and the percent of life insurance
participants with ad &d protection:
With
life
insurance
All employees ...............
Regular employees . ..
Teachers.....................
Police and firefighters .
85
85
82
91
Life
insurance
participants
with
AD&D
coverage
66
67
70
71
Monthly Labor Review
September 1989
15
Death and Dismemberment Benefits
Table 3.
Percent of full-time participants in accidental death and
dismemberment plans by maximum benefit provision, medium and
large private firms, 1988
Provision
All
participants
Professional and
administrative
participants
Technical and
clerical
participants
Production
and service
participants
100
100
100
100
31
1
5
13
8
4
43
1
7
18
10
7
41
1
6
17
11
5
19
1
3
8
5
2
8
2
13
2
3
6
2
5
2
3
1
11
3
2
4
2
(D
61
46
47
76
T o ta l.....................................................
Subject to life insurance maximum ..................................
Less than $50,000 ....................................
$50,000-$99,999 ......................................
$ 1 00,000-$249,999
...............................
$250,000-$499,999 ....................................
$500,000 or more ..............................................
Separate a d & d maximum ........................................
Less than $50,000 ........................................
$50,000-$99,999 ..................................
$100,000-$249,999 ......................................
$250,000 or more ......................................
No maximum .....................................................
1
(1 )
2
1Less than 0.5 percent.
No t e :
Because of rounding, sums of individual items may not equal totals.
Benefits were more prevalent among teachers
and police and firefighters than among regular
employees. Provisions of a d & d benefits in the
public sector were nearly identical to those de
scribed for the private sector.4
V ariations in AD&D benefits
While a d & d benefits in both the private and
public sectors are nearly always combined in a
package with regular life insurance benefits,
variations are occasionally encountered in this
pattern. For example, employees who have the
opportunity to choose their benefits through a
flexible benefits program may be able to receive
life insurance without a d & d , or a d & d without
life insurance. A flexible benefits program gives
individual employees choices among a variety
of benefits, such as several health care options,
several levels of life insurance, and added vaca
tion days. In rare cases, employees surveyed
chose a d & d benefits and waived all life in
surance coverage.
Two insurance coverages that resemble a d & d
are not included in the preceding tabulations.
First, personal accident plans generally offer
employees the opportunity to purchase varying
amounts of protection against accidents. For
example, a plan might offer coverage from
$10,000 to $500,000, in multiples of $10,000,
16
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at the employee’s option. Benefits are paid to
the employee or a beneficiary should an acci
dent occur. But these plans are almost always
offered to employees at their own expense and,
therefore, are not included in this survey of ben
efits for which employers pay at least part of the
cost.
Second, travel accident insurance is not in
cluded in the tabulation of a d & d benefits.
Travel coverage protects an employee against
injury or death that occurs while traveling on
employer business. It is not a form of continu
ous protection. The Employee Benefits Survey
tabulated the availability of this benefit, which
is almost always completely employer paid, in
1987 and 1988. Sixteen percent of State and
local government full-time employees in 1987,
and 49 percent of employees in medium and
large private firms in 1988, had travel accident
insurance coverage while on business trips.
h e r a n g e o f a c c i d e n t p r o t e c t i o n — a d & d in
surance, personal accident plans, and travel ac
cident insurance— coupled with workers’ com
pensation benefits for occupational accidents,
provides substantial risk protection for em
ployees. These benefits have grown out of a
concern for worker safety and are likely to re
main common features of employee benefits
packages in the foreseeable future.
□
T
Footnotes
1 The policy o f paying greater benefits for accidental
death than for natural death is debated in Leonard L. Berekson, “Group Accidental Death Benefits: An Inherent Con
tradiction,” B e n e fits Q u a r te r ly , First Quarter 1985, pp.
65-68.
2 Key findings o f the 1988 survey are reported in E m
p lo y e e B e n e fits in M e d iu m a n d L a r g e F irm s, 1 9 8 8 , Bulletin
2336 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1989). In addition to ex
amining life insurance and accidental death and dismember
ment plans, the survey explores the incidence and detailed
characteristics o f health, short-term disability, and long
term disability insurance; retirement and capital accumula
tion plans; and a variety of paid time-off items. It also
reports on eligibility for numerous other benefits.
3 Employer-provided life insurance was introduced in
1911, but did not become widespread until after World War
II. AD&D coverage became a regular feature of employerprovided life insurance benefits beginning in the 1950’s,
after the Federal Government began offering such benefits
to its employees. For more details on life insurance history,
see 1 9 8 8 L ife I n su ra n c e F a c t B o o k (Washington, American
Council of Life Insurance, 1988).
4
M ajor fin d in g s o f the 1987 survey are reported in
E m p lo y e e B e n e fits in S ta te a n d L o c a l G o v e r n m e n ts , 1 9 8 7 ,
Bulletin 2309 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988). For com
parisons of public- and private-sector practices, see William
J. Wiatrowski, “Comparing employee benefits in the public
and private sectors”; Allan P. Blostin, Thomas P. Burke,
and Lora M. Lovejoy, “Disability and insurance plans in the
public and private sectors”; and Lora Mills Lovejoy, ‘T h e
comparative value of public and private pensions,” M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v ie w , December 1988.
The work-fam ily dilem m a
Working parents are involved in two vital enterprises; the production
of goods and services and the “production” of human beings. Each re
quires a substantial investment of time, energy, and personal commit
ment. The critical challenge confronting government, employers, and
unions in the 1980’s and beyond will be the development of strategies
to foster both activities so that neither flourishes at the expense of the
other.
There can be no doubt that the problems being experienced by
working parents will not disappear of their own accord. By now, more
than half of the mothers of preschoolers have joined the labor force,
with the most rapid increase in labor force participation occurring
among mothers of children under 1 year of age. The myth of “separate
worlds”— one of work and the other of family life— long harbored by
employers, unions, and even workers themselves has been effectively
laid to rest. Their inseparability is undeniable, particularly as twoearner families have become the norm where they once were the ex
ception and as a distressing number of single parents are required to
raise children on their own. The import of work-family conflicts— for
the family, for the workplace, and, indeed, for the whole of society—
will grow as these demographic and social transformations in the roles
of men and women come to be more fully clarified and appreciated.
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— P h y l l is M
oen
Work & Family:
A Changing Dynamic (W ash in gton,
“N e w Patterns o f W o rk ,”
T h e Bureau o f N ational A ffa irs, In c ., 1 9 8 6 ), p. 2 1 7 .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
17
Job hazards underscored
in woodworking study
Buoyed by surging markets for new housing
and home remodeling, millwork manufacturing
is on the upswing; the downside, though,
is persistent safety and health problems
facing the industry’s workers
Martin E. Personick
and
Elyce A. Biddle
“A man builds a fine house; and, now he
has a master, and a task for life. .
— Ralph Waldo Emerson
Society and Solitude (1870)
merson concludes his discourse on house
responsibilities in terms all too familiar to
today’s homeowner:
. .to furnish,
watch, show it, and keep it in repair the rest of
his days.” For many, repairs now include resi
dential upkeep and improvement, such as re
placing well-w orn windows, adding on a
garage, or even remodeling to create new
rooms. Clearly, structural improvements such
as these are designed to make a fine house even
finer.
This article profiles the work and working
conditions in millwork manufacturing— an in
dustry whose output of fabricated wood prod
ucts is primarily used both in maintaining,
remodeling, and renovating existing residences
and in constructing new homes. The industry’s
three major product categories— doors (includ
ing garage doors) and related parts, windows
and window parts, and standard molding and
trim— account for about four-fifths of the total
value of millwork shipments (about $8.4 billion
in 1987). Other millwork products include stair
cases and stairs, blinds and shutters, and orna
E
Martin E. Personick and
Elyce A. Biddle are
economists in the Division
o f Safety and Health
Statistics, Bureau o f Labor
Statistics.
18
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
mental woodwork, such as cornices and mantels.
Almost all millwork manufacturers specialize in
a particular class of product, for example, wood
window units. In addition to their primary prod
ucts, however, these plants typically fabricate
secondary woodwork items.1
In 1987, millwork manufacturers employed
about 100,000 workers nationwide. Seven
major millworking centers— the States of Cali
fornia, Wisconsin, Texas, Minnesota, Oregon,
Ohio, and Washington— accounted for one-half
of the industry’s employment that year.2 Small
millwork firms (fewer than 20 workers) are nu
merically important, constituting a clear major
ity of the industry’s more than 2,000 plants;
small firms, however, are but a fraction (about
one-tenth) of the millwork employment total.
Through the years, much of the industry has
experienced rates of workplace injuries and ill
nesses well above those for all manufacturing.
Not uncommonly, millwork cases resulted in
lost worktime or restricted work activity. Many
of these disabling cases took the form of back
sprains from lifting heavy lumber, doors, and
windows or serious finger or hand injuries in
curred in the operation of stationary saws and
other machines. The following sections exam
ine the injury and illness record of millwork
manufacturing in more detail and link that
record with certain industry characteristics,
such as staffing (including work experience)
and work requirements, that appear to be acci
dent related.
Safety and health m easures
As a group, mill work plants are hazardous
workplaces. At 19.4 per 100 full-time workers,
the 1987 incidence rate for injuries and illnesses
in millwork was three-fifths again as much as
that for all manufacturing (11.9) and more than
double that for the private sector (8.3).3 The
industry’s workplace accidents and exposures,
however, were centered in plants with medium
and large work forces: the injury and illness rate
was 20.0 per 100 full-time workers for plants
with at least 20 workers, compared with 14.3
for smaller millwork plants. Furthermore, a
large majority of these small plants reported no
recordable injuries or illnesses in 1987.
Over a recent 10-year period, injury and ill
ness rates generally trended lower in the private
sector, but rates for the millwork industry re
mained essentially unchanged. Table 1 shows,
for example, that the 1983-87 average rate for
all manufacturing (10.7 per 100 full-time work
ers) was 12 percent lower than the 1978-82 rate
for the same sector (12.1); in contrast, the corre
sponding rates for millwork manufacturing were
stable at 19.3 and 19.2, respectively. Similarly,
the broader industry group comprising millwork, kitchen cabinets, veneers/plywoods, and
structural wood members apparently fared no
better and, in fact, experienced an increase in its
occupational injury and illness rate from the one
period to the other. (This group includes one of
the Nation’s highest risk industries— manufac
turing fabricated roof trusses and other large
Table 1.
structural products of lumber.)4
Other Bureau safety and health measures re
flect the incidence of injuries severe enough to
require workers to take time off from work or to
be restricted in work activity. (See appendix for
definitions.) In 1987, these measures recorded
mixed results for the millwork industry. While
the industry’s rates for lost workday cases and
lost workdays were relatively high, its average
number of days lost per case was slightly lower
than that for the private sector and for all manu
facturing. (See table 2.) In addition, the propor
tion of total cases that involved lost workdays
(almost one-half) was the same in millwork as in
all manufacturing.
Separate data in the table for three west coast
centers of millwork manufacturing show con
siderable variation in workplace risk levels. The
overall 1987 injury and illness rate for Califor
nia (18.5), for example, was substantially
below the corresponding millwork rate for
Oregon (28.2) and for Washington (30.2). In
contrast, certain measures of accident severity,
namely, the proportion of cases involving lost
workdays and the average lost workdays per lost
workday case, were higher in California than in
the other two States that same year (table 2).
Rate variations among the three States did not
appear to be directly related to differences in the
types of millwork they produced.5
Injury and illness characteristics
The Bureau’s Supplementary Data System
categorizes, in considerable detail, injury
and illness case characteristics made available
through State workers’ compensation systems.
Unlike the annual survey, the s d s does not pro
duce nationwide estimates and lacks a uniform
(s d s )
Occupational injury and illness rates, BLS annual surveys, 1978-87
Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2
S IC
Industry
Code1
Annual average
1978-82
1983-87
1987
Private industry3 .......................................................................
-
8.7
7.9
8.3
Manufacturing ......................................................................................
-
12.1
10.7
11.9
17.5
19.2
16.0
17.3
13.2
26.6
17.9
19.3
16.7
16.5
12.5
27.4
18.0
19.4
15.7
18.4
13.2
25.6
Millwork, plywood, and structural m em bers..................................
Millwork...........................................................................................
Wood kitchen cabinets ...............................................................
Hardwood veneer and plywood . . . i ........................................
Softwood veneer and plywood .......................................... ..
Structural wood members, n.e.c.4 ..............................................
1S ta n d ard Industrial C lassification M anual,
1972 edition,
1977 supplement.
243
2431
2434
2435
2436
2439
3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees.
4 n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified.
2See footnote 3 to text for method of calculation.
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Monthly Labor Review September 1989
19
Job Hazards in Woodworking
The leading
sources of injury
and illness in
millwork were
wood items,
machines, and
building
structures.
treatment among States of what is a recordable
workplace injury or illness.6 However, despite
several analytical and statistical limitations, the
sds does help in spotting general patterns (or a
lack thereof) in the characteristics of workrelated injuries and illnesses.
In 1986, nearly 3,300 current cases in millwork manufacturing were reported to 22 State
agencies and the Virgin Islands, the participants
in the sds program. (Current cases are injuries
or illnesses which involved at least 1 lost work
day and which either occurred in 1986 or were
reported to the State agencies that year.)7 An
analysis of the millwork file and the file for all
sds cases in manufacturing points up several
similarities and differences in case characteris
tics. (Such comparisons, however, are subject
to the same types of limitations previously as
cribed to the sd s .)
Overexertion, mostly while lifting objects,
was the leading type o f workplace accident or
exposure, constituting about one-third of all sds
cases reported for manufacturing in general and
for millwork in particular. In millwork, being
struck by falling, flying, or swinging objects
was next in frequency (one-fifth of the cases),
followed by striking against stationary or mov
ing objects (one-eighth). Together, being struck
by or against an object was a somewhat more
common accident type in millwork than in all
manufacturing.
The leading sources o f injury and illness in
millwork were wood items (particularly lum
ber), machines (especially stationary power
saws), and building structures (including doors
and windows). Combined, the three sources
were cited in one-half of the industry’s sds recorded cases, compared with one-fifth of
those in all manufacturing. A wide variety of
Table 2.
other sources, ranging from unidentified parti
cles to industrial vehicles, were cited in millwork injury and illness cases, but none was
common.
Sprains and strains was the most frequent cat
egory under nature o f injury or illness sustained
in the workplace. The category accounted for
about two-fifths of the millwork cases and a
similar proportion in all manufacturing. Next in
frequency were cuts (including lacerations and
punctures), cited in one-fifth of the millwork
cases and one-eighth of those in all manufac
turing. Other “nature” categories, such as
fractures, occurred infrequently in millwork
operations.
The upper extremities and the trunk were the
most common major parts o f the body affected
by injuries or illnesses. Each was involved in
slightly more than one-third of the reported
millwork cases— roughly the same proportion
as in manufacturing as a whole. By specific body
part, back injuries were the most prevalent (onefourth of the millwork case total), closely fol
lowed by finger injuries (one-fifth).
In almost one-half of the millwork cases, the
major occupational group of the injured or ill
worker was “operators, fabricators, and inspec
tors.” An additional one-fourth were classified
as “handlers, helpers, and laborers,” and most
of the rest as production workers in other cate
gories. Woodworking machine operator was the
leading individual occupational grouping af
fected, constituting about one-fifth of sd s recorded cases in millwork manufacturing.
The major parts of the body sustaining injury
or illness in millwork manufacturing varied
little by occupation. To illustrate, most cases
relating to sawing machine operators and to in
dustrial laborers were about equally divided
Occupational injuries and illnesses by type of case, BLS annual
survey, 1987
Incidence rates per 100
full-time workers1
Industry
Private industry3 ................................................
Manufacturing ............................................
Millwork, U.S. total4 ..........................................
California ...................................................................
Oregon .............................................................
Washington .......................................................
Total
cases2
Nonfatal
cases without
lost workdays
Lost
workday
cases
Lost
workdays
Average lost
workdays per
lost workday
case
8.3
11.9
19.4
18.5
28.2
30.2
4.4
6.7
10.6
8.7
13.9
17.1
3.8
5.3
8.9
9.8
14.3
13.1
69.9
95.5
152.7
190.6
235.7
222.3
18
18
17
19
16
17
1 See footnote 3 to text for method of calculation.
2 Includes fatalities. Because of rounding, the difference
between the total and the sum of the rates for lost workday cases
and nonfatal cases without lost workdays may not reflect the
20
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
fatality rate.
3 Excludes farms with fewer than 11 employees,
4 includes data for States in addition to the three States shown
separately.
between those affecting the upper extremities them inexperienced in woodworking, were
and those involving the trunk. One notable ex added to industry payrolls during the first of
ception to this pattern relates to the following several years of sharply higher construction ac
jobs with widely disparate duties: The fingers tivity. With some annual fluctuations, the inci
and other upper extremities accounted for three- dence of safety and health cases in millwork
fifths of the cases involving carpenters, com manufacturing has remained at this post
pared with one-sixth of those pertaining to recession level.
Second, millwork manufacturing continues
truckdrivers. By contrast, back injuries and
other injuries to the trunk made up two-fifths of to be more labor intensive than manufacturing
the truckdrivers’ cases, compared with one-fifth as a whole and has an above-average proportion
of production workers. In 1986, the industry’s
of the carpenters’.
Characteristics of workplace injuries and ill employers required 72 percent more production
nesses are useful to State and Federal agencies worker hours than did all manufacturing to
and to safety and health professionals in devel produce an additional $1 in value-added sales.10
oping and maintaining work standards, in And, the b l s employment and earnings series cur
targeting accident and disease prevention ef rently shows that production workers account
forts, in identifying areas for enforcement activ for 81 percent of the millwork work force, com
ities, and in developing educational and training pared with 70 percent of the all-manufacturing
materials for employers and employees. To il total. Also, the industry’s production work
lustrate, using the s d s files, the Bureau has con force is increasingly found in establishments
ducted several small-scale studies of specific without labor-management agreements: almost
work injuries to assist the Occupational Safety seven-tenths of the millwork work force cov
and Health Administration ( o s h a ) in evaluating ered by the Bureau’s Industry Wage Survey was
its safety standards on woodworking machinery in nonunion plants in 1984, up from slightly
more than one-half recorded in the 1979 study
and personal protective equipment.8
In the b l s cross-industry study on power saw of the industry.11
Third, although part of a labor-intensive
accidents, almost one-half of the injured work
process,
most millworking occupations are ma
ers interviewed said that their stationary saw did
not have a point-of-operation guard to help pre chine aided. The Bureau’s 1984 wage survey of
vent contact with the blade. The same study also millwork counted 16 machine operator titles—
found that one-third of the injured were wearing covering sanding, sawing, and shaping, to
no safety gear when their accidents occurred name a few woodworking functions— among its
and that slightly more than one-half received no 23 occupations selected for separate study. The
safety training on the type of saw they were same study also found that some jobs required
using.9 Obviously, a separate, broad-based that operators not only feed stock into their ma
study of millwork manufacturing would be re chines but also handle setup preparations, in
quired to track the underlying causes of and cluding sharpening or changing dull blades and,
attitudes toward the current safety and health at times, aligning “blank” stock and millwork
problems in the industry, including not only ac patterns.
Fourth, labor turnover rates, as tracked by the
cidents involving saws but also those related to
Bureau through 1981, typically were higher in
manual lifting and other activities.
millwork than in all manufacturing. Looking at
the last 5 years for which data are available, the
Industry characteristics
1977-1981 accession rates, which include new
Several other b l s data series (and a few outside hires and recalls, averaged 4.8 per 100 em
the Bureau) contain information that is useful in ployees in millwork, compared with 3.8 for all
profiling the millwork industry. In many in manufacturing. The separation rate, which in
stances, this information sheds some light on cludes quits and layoffs, was also higher, aver
aging 5.4 per 100 employees a year, compared
the industry’s safety and health problems.
First, the Bureau’s employment and earnings with 3.9 for all manufacturing. Another Bureau
series posted substantial gains in payroll em study on millwork summed up the effects of
ployment for millwork manufacturing since the work force movement this way: “High turnover
last recession ended. Sustained by buoyant rates mean a loss of trained and experienced
housing and home repair/remodeling markets, workers and more break-in periods required for
the millwork work force in 1987 was half again newly-hired workers, which may contribute to
as high as its 1982 recessionary level of 64,000. retarding productivity.”12 And, more to the
Predictably, the industry’s injury and illness point of this article, high labor turnover exacer
rate jumped in 1983, from 16.8 to 19.4 per 100 bates the safety and health problems associated
full-time workers, as 10,000 workers, many of with “green” workers.13
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
High labor
turnover
exacerbates the
safety and health
problems in
millwork.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
21
Job Hazards in Woodworking
A ccident prevention
Most types of industrial accidents are consid
ered preventable— through classroom and onthe-job training and by following safety standards
prescribed by Government, industry, and labor.
Heavy lifting and other manual exertions that
commonly lead to many millwork accidents,
however, are difficult to control.14 The Bu
reau’s cross-industry study of back injuries as
sociated with lifting, for example, showed that
most workers lifted without mechanical assis
tance, and that a clear majority of those studied
were injured while lifting objects weighing at
least the same as the heaviest weight normally
lifted on the job.15
Outside of accidents incurred through manual
lifting, the industry’s biggest safety problem, by
far, involves machinery and machine guard
ing— topics specifically addressed by estab
lished industry and Government standards.16
Many of the hazards involved can be avoided by
various preventive actions, such as providing
secure anchoring for fixed machinery, supply
ing special tools for handling materials that are
being machine processed, placing machine
guards around all “nonworking” portions of saw
blades, and providing easily accessible power
controls. These and other preventive measures,
such as installing proper wiring and other elec
trical system protection, are effective ways to
minimize safety and health hazards, especially
those facing workers in highly mechanized in
dustries like millworking.
□
Footnotes
1 See 1 9 8 2 C e n su s o f M a n u fa c tu re s'. M illw o r k , P ly w o o d ,
a n d S tr u c tu r a l W o o d M e m b e r s , n . e . c . (U .S. Department of
Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1985), table 5a, and
I n d u s tr y W a g e S u r v e y : M illw o r k , S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 , Bulletin
2244 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985), p. 2.
2 E m p lo y m e n t a n d W a g e s , A n n u a l A v e r a g e s , 1 9 8 7 , Bul
letin 2314 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1988), p. 151.
3 I n c id e n c e r a te s represent the number of injuries or ill
nesses, or both, per 100 full-time workers and were calcu
lated as
- f t - x 200,00
EH
where
N = number o f injuries and/or illnesses;
E H = total hours worked by all employees of the
industry during the calendar year; and
200,000 = base for 100 full-time equivalent workers
(working 40 hours per week, 50 weeks per
year).
A variety o f useful incidence rates may be computed by
making N equal to the number of injuries only, or the num
ber of lost workday cases, or the number of lost workdays,
and so forth. In each instance, the result is an estimate o f the
number of cases or days per 100 full-time workers.
4 The millwork industry has been designated number
2431 in the S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la s s if ic a tio n M a n u a l,
1972 edition, 1977 supplement o f the Office of Manage
ment and Budget. The industry accounts for about two-fifths
of the one-quarter million workers in the broader industry
group, designated number 243. The balance o f 1987 em
ployment in the latter group is distributed as follows: Onefourth each in wood kitchen cabinets and in veneers/
plywoods and one-tenth in structural wood members, not
elsewhere classified. The latter industry ranked among the
five most hazardous, as measured by the Bureau’s injury
and illness incidence rate, in 6 o f the last 7 years.
5 See M illw o r k , S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 , table 2, for employ
ment characteristics o f States included in that study. Under
“primary product,” the table shows that for California and
for Oregon, about one-half o f the production workers were
in establishments primarily making interior woodwork
(standard moldings, for example), and another one-fourth
were employed by wood door manufacturers; for Washing
22
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ton, however, door producers accounted for about seventenths of the millwork work force and interior woodwork
firms for about one-fifth.
6 The Supplementary Data System ( sds ) is not statisti
cally representative of the Nation as a whole because the
data cover only the jurisdictions participating in the system.
In 1986, the latest year for which detailed information is
available, these were the Virgin Islands and the following 22
States: Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Hawaii, In
diana, Iowa, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Michigan,
Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New M exico, Ohio, Ore
gon, Tennessee, Virginia, Washington, W isconsin, and
Wyoming.
States differ, moreover, in the kinds of cases they require
by law to be reported to workers’ compensation agencies.
While some States require reports for all occupational in
juries and illnesses, regardless o f the length of disability,
others require reports only for cases of sufficient duration to
qualify for indemnity compensation payments, and still
other States require reporting of cases involving a specific
number o f lost workdays, regardless o f the indemnity
“waiting period.” Thus, the sds file is not a complete census
of all “disabling” injuries and illnesses in the jurisdictions
studied.
The sd s , however, does standardize the classification of
data by using the 1 9 7 2 S ta n d a r d I n d u s tr ia l C la s s ific a tio n
M a n u a l, the 1 9 8 0 C e n su s o f P o p u la tio n , A lp h a b e tic a l In d e x
o f I n d u s tr ie s a n d O c c u p a tio n s , and the 1962 A m e r ic a n N a
tio n a l S ta n d a r d M e th o d o f R e c o r d in g B a s ic F a c ts R e la tin g
to th e N a tu r e a n d O c c u r r e n c e o f W o rk I n ju r ie s, published
by the American National Standards Institute ( a nsi ) and
often referred to as the Z 16.2-1962 Standards, or simply,
Z16.2.
7 The total for the 23 sds jurisdictions is two-fifths o f the
annual survey estimate of 8,000 lost workday cases in millwork manufacturing in 1986. See footnote 6 for some limi
tations pertaining to the range of cases included in s d s .
8 See, for example, W o r k -r e la te d H a n d I n ju r ie s a n d U p
p e r E x tr e m ity A m p u ta tio n s , Bulletin 2160 (Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1982) and A c c id e n ts I n v o lv in g E y e I n ju r ie s ,
Report 597 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1980).
9 The survey of power saw accidents was conducted by
the bls during the period from September through Novem
ber 1978. Highlights and tabular results are available upon
request.
10 1 9 8 6 A n n u a l S u r v e y o f M a n u fa c tu re s (U .S. Depart
ment o f Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1988).
11 See M illw o r k , S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 4 and the previous bul
letin for June 1979 (Bulletin 2083). Both studies only cov
ered millwork establishments employing eight workers or
more.
12 Jack V eigle and Horst Brand, “M illwork industry
shows slow growth in productivity,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e
v ie w , September 1982, pp. 21-26.
13 The 1986 sds data files for current cases in 15 States
that code for work experience show that about two-fifths of
disabled workers had one year’s time or less with their
employer (or on the job) when injured. See also Norman
Root and Michael Hoefer, “The first work injury data avail
able from new bls study,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , January
1979, pp. 76-80; footnote 3 in their article lists studies that
relate work injuries to work experience.
14 For a compendium of research papers on manual mate
rials handling, see S a f e ty in M a n u a l M a te r ia ls H a n d lin g ,
dhew ( nio sh ) Publication 78-185 (National Institute for Oc
cupational Safety and Health, 1978).
15 B a c k I n ju r ie s A s s o c ia te d w ith L if tin g , Bulletin 2144
(Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982).
16 See, for example, G e n e r a l I n d u s try : o s h a S a f e ty a n d
C F R 1 9 1 0 ) , OSHA 2206 (Occupational
Safety and Health Administration, Revised 1981), pp. 4 3 0 75. Many millwork plants did not fully comply with one or
more of these machinery and machine-guarding standards,
based on 397 inspections conducted by the U .S. Department
of Labor’s Occupational Safety and Health Administration
between April 1987 and March 1989.
H e a lth S ta n d a r d s (2 9
APPENDIX: W ork injury definitions
In this article, d efin ition s o f occu p ation al injuries and
illn e sses and lo st w orkd ays con form to the recording
and reporting requirem ents o f the O ccupational
S a fety and H ealth A ct o f 1970 and Part 1904 o f T itle
2 9 , C od e o f Federal R egu lation s. S u pp lem en tal in
form ation pertaining to th ese d efin ition s is in the
b o o k let, Recordkeeping Guidelines for Occupational
Injuries and Illnesses (B ureau o f L abor S tatistics,
198 6 ).
Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses are:
1. o ccu p ation al deaths, regardless o f the tim e b e
tw een injury and death, or the len gth o f the illn ess; or
2 . nonfatal occu p ation al illn esses; or
3 . nonfatal o ccu p ation al injuries w h ich in v o lv e
o n e or m ore o f the fo llo w in g : lo ss o f co n sc io u sn ess,
restriction o f w ork or m o tio n , transfer to another jo b ,
or m ed ica l treatm ent (other than first aid).
Occupational injury is any injury, su ch as a cut,
fracture, sprain, am putation, and so forth, w h ich re
sults from a w ork accid en t or from exp osu re in v o lv
ing a sin g le incid en t in the w ork en viron m en t.
Occupational illness is any abnorm al con d ition or
disorder, other than one resultin g from an o c cu
pational injury, cau sed by exp osu re to en viron
m ental factors associated w ith em p loym en t. It
in clu d es acute and chronic illn e sses or d isea se w h ich
m ay be cau sed by in h alation, absorp tion , in g estio n ,
or direct contact.
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Lost workday cases
are c a ses w h ich in v o lv e days
aw ay from w ork, or days o f restricted w ork activity,
or both.
1. Lost workday cases involving days away from
work are th ose c a ses w h ich result in days aw ay from
w ork, or a com b in ation o f d ays aw ay from w ork and
d ays o f restricted w ork activity.
2. Lost workday cases involving restricted work
activity are those ca ses w h ich result in restricted work
activity o n ly .
Lost workdays—awayfrom work are the num ber o f
w orkd ays (co n secu tiv e or not) on w h ich the e m
p lo y e e w ou ld have w orked but cou ld not b ecau se o f
occu pational injury or illn ess.
Lost workdays—restricted work activity are the
num ber o f w orkd ays (co n secu tiv e or not) on w h ich ,
b ecau se o f injury or illness:
1. T he e m p lo y ee w as a ssign ed to another jo b on a
tem porary basis; or
2. T he e m p lo y ee w orked at a perm anent jo b less
than fu ll tim e; or
3. T h e em p lo y ee w orked at a perm anently as
sign ed jo b but cou ld not perform all du ties norm ally
con n ected w ith it.
The number of days away from work or days of
restricted work activity d o es not in clu d e the day o f
injury or o n set o f illn ess or any d ays on w h ich the
e m p lo y ee w ou ld not h ave w orked e v en though able to
w ork.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
23
Collective bargaining
and private sector professionals
Researchers review the history
and current status of unionism
and assess the prospects for collective
bargaining among private sector professionals
Sar A. Levitan
and
Frank Gallo
Sar A. Levitan is research
professor o f economics
and director o f the George
Washington University
Center for Social Policy
Studies. Frank Gallo is a
research associate at the
Center.
he fact that unionization rates are now
higher among professionals than nonpro
fessionals— 26.8 percent versus 17.8
percent in 19881— has led to predictions that
professionals are ripe targets for unionization.
However, the increase in collective bargaining
by professionals is almost entirely caused by the
rise in government organization. More than 1 of
3 professionals is employed by the government
and 4 of 5 professionals represented in collec
tive bargaining work in the public sector. But
the influence of government unionization among
professionals is waning because public sector
unionization rates have declined in recent years,
and the government work force is growing
much more slowly than employment in private
industry.
Only 1 in 10 private sector professionals bar
gains collectively, a proportion which has re
mained basically unchanged in more than two
decades and is unlikely to change significantly
in the foreseeable future. Associations repre
senting physicians, lawyers, engineers, scien
tists, and other professionals historically have
perceived little conflict of interest between man
agement and labor, often because their members
are in both camps. Hence, major private sector
professional associations have shown little in
terest in collective bargaining.
T
24 Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Private sector professional associations in
clude in their memberships individuals in the
top income brackets, with little need for collec
tive bargaining. Also, job security is taken for
granted by most professionals as their unem
ployment rates in the 1980’s have been only a
third as high as those of the overall work force.
Although professional associations are often
concerned with educational and licensing stand
ards, ethical codes, and advancing the state of
knowledge in their professions, these activities
also serve the interests of their members. For
example, restricting access to a profession re
duces the supply of eligible personnel, benefit
ing those who obtain the coveted credentials.
O verview
The labor relations policies of a professional
association depend partly upon the extent that
the organization has gained control over the pro
fession. Physicians’ and attorneys’ associations
have been extremely successful in furthering
their members’ interests by controlling admit
tance to the profession and through recom
mended fee schedules. Although the American
Nurses’ Association is the only major private
sector association which bargains collectively,
it has been unable to raise educational require
ments for nurses. Other private sector profes-
sional associations have concentrated on the
subject matter of the profession rather than the
interests of the professionals. The distinction
between these types of professional associations
is rooted in the history of the respective profes
sions. Physicians and lawyers are members of
professions with longstanding power to regulate
professional practices, even those affecting
members employed in bureaucracies such as
hospitals, the court system, and large govern
ment agencies. In contrast, the engineering and
scientific professions were largely created by
the large industrial and government bureaucra
cies which employed them.
Major private sector professional occupations
and their median weekly earnings in 1987 are
shown in the following tabulation:
Number
(in
thousands)
T otal p ro fessio n a ls
..
.. .
E n g i n e e r s ..........................
R egistered n u r s e s .......... . . .
M ath and com puter
s c i e n t is t s ..........................
Natural s c i e n t i s t s ..........
L aw yers ............................
P h y sicia n s .......................
Median
weekly
earnings
1 4 ,4 2 6
$518
1,731
1 ,5 8 8
720
482
685
388
672
514
624
615
2 ,1 7 3 *
2 ,2 9 8 * *
* Partners, 1986
** Nonfederal physicians, 1986
From 1983 to 1987, employment for engineers,
natural scientists, and attorneys grew at a
slightly slower pace than did overall national
employment, and the number of physicians may
have reached a temporary plateau. (Data prior to
1983 are not comparable because the govern
ment agencies that collect the statistics revised
their occupational classifications.) In contrast,
the number of math and computer scientists rose
by 48 percent over these 4 years (compared with
11.5-percent growth in the total work force).
Pow er w ithout picket lines
Associations representing physicians and attor
neys are not thought of as labor organizations,
but they are more influential in determining the
compensation and working conditions of thenmembers than are most unions. These associa
tions employ rigorous educational requirements
and entrance examinations in order to regulate
the supply of professionals. They also control
access to the medical and legal systems, al
though their power in this area has been
narrowed somewhat in the last two decades.
Physicians control admissions of patients to
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hospitals, and insurance reimbursement is usu
ally contingent upon physician care. Although
citizens may act as their own attorneys, laws
and court regulations place them at a distinct
disadvantage if they do so.
Lawyers. Of the 672,000 lawyers employed in
1987, slightly more than half were members of
the American Bar Association, founded in
1878. In 30 States, practicing lawyers are re
quired by law to belong to the association.
Although the association has been remarkably
successful in maintaining the status and earning
power of attorneys, several Supreme Court de
cisions have weakened its control over the pro
fession by striking down “recommended” fee
schedules and bans on advertising.2 The median
salaried attorney who works full time, year
round earns about $50,000 annually. Law firm
partners, who account for about three-fourths of
the attorneys in private practice, had a median
income of $113,000 in 1986, while associates
received $46,000.3
The American Bar Association has never
considered bargaining collectively on behalf of
its members, but it has gradually accepted the
idea that lawyering and collective bargaining
are not incompatible. In 1947, the association
advised an insurance company attorney who
wished to join a union of claims adjusters that
the action would violate the profession’s ethics.
Two decades later, the association amended its
Code of Professional Responsibility, stating that
union membership was “not necessarily im
proper.” In 1975, an American Bar Association
committee concluded that strikes were permissi
ble in some cases.
Union contracts cover less than one-tenth of
lawyers, most commonly relatively low paid
government attorneys who represent the indi
gent. Most of these lawyers are represented by
the American Federation of State, County and
Municipal Employees, the Service Employees
International Union, and independent unions. A
United Auto Workers affiliate, the National Or
ganization of Legal Services Workers, repre
sents 4,000 legal aid attorneys. In a few cases,
some organizations that represent lawyers have
resorted to strikes. During 1983 and 1984, staff
attorneys of the federally-funded Legal Services
Corporation, which assists the poor in noncrim
inal cases, unsuccessfully attempted to union
ize. Staff lawyers of the California State Bar,
represented by the Service Employees Interna
tional Union, struck in May 1986.4
The distribution of lawyers by type of em
ployer has remained remarkably stable over the
past quarter century. In 1985, 70 percent of
attorneys were in private practice, 14 percent
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
25
Bargaining and Professionals in Private Industry
for antitrust violations. Several grand jury in
vestigations into price-fixing are now under
way, which may lead to the first criminal prose
cutions against individual physicians for violat
ing antitrust laws.8
In 1973, the a m a vehemently condemned col
lective bargaining by doctors, and its president
raised the specter of “strikes against sick peo
ple, of strong arm squads, picket lines, scabs,
and violence.” Two years later, the organization
backpedaled from its position and accepted col
lective bargaining for interns and residents. The
a m a remains opposed to physician unionism,
Physicians. More than 500,000 physicians but has abandoned the hostility voiced in the
were employed in 1987, almost half of whom early 1970’s.
were members of the American Medical Associ
Considering their pay and working condi
ation (AMA). Founded in 1847, the Association tions, interns and residents are obvious candi
has had a long, although not necessarily venera dates for organization. They work extremely
ble, record of controlling the professional stand long hours at low pay, sometimes not much
ards of health care. In 1938, officials of the a m a more than the Federal hourly minimum wage.
w e r e in d ic t e d a n d la te r c o n v i c t e d fo r v i o la t in g
The Committee of Interns and R esidents,
antitrust laws in pressuring hospitals to deny ad formed in 1957, currently represents about
mittance privileges to doctors belonging to a pio 5,000 individuals in the Northeast.9 However,
neer health maintenance organization. Although the temporary status of interns and residents
the U.S. Supreme Court in 1943 upheld the makes them difficult targets for organization.
a m a ’ s conviction, the association successfully
While they labor hard for low pay under onerous
blocked other cooperative and prepaid group working conditions, they are wary of jeopardiz
practice health plans for another three decades.6 ing their careers by challenging the medical
The a m a maintains that its practices are neces establishment. A 1976 U.S. National Labor Re
sary in establishing the highest standards.The lations Board ruling compounded the obstacles
profession has historically limited the number of
to unionizing interns and residents. The agency
entrants to medical schools and thus the supply
held that residents are students rather than em
of doctors, thereby indirectly influencing earn
ployees and thus are not subject to the National
ings. Although the a m a initially opposed Medi
Labor Relations Board’s jurisdiction.
care and Medicaid, its lobbying efforts have
Almost one-tenth of all physicians belong to
ensured that physicians would be reimbursed
organizations that directly address the working
handsomely by these Federal programs.
More recently, the Federal Government, conditions of their members; these organiza
large corporations, insurance companies, and tions do not necessarily bargain collectively be
consumer groups have challenged the a m a ’ s cause some include self-employed physicians.
domination in setting health care standards, in Post-resident physicians first began to form
cluding the costs of delivery. To constrain unions in the early 1970’s.10 Some 40,000 of
rapidly growing Federal Medicare and Medicaid the roughly 50,000 currently organized doctors
outlays, the government has set limits on reim are members of the Union of American Physi
bursable services as well as the level of reim cians and Dentists, founded in 1972. However,
bursement. Rising costs also have stimulated the organization has little in common with the
the expansion of health maintenance organiza traditional activities of unions because 70 per
tions ( h m o ’ s ) , which charge flat fees rather than cent of its members are self-employed physi
separate fees for each service. (Some plans cians, and even the remainder who are salaried
charge nominal fees per visit, in addition to employees are not necessarily represented in
the monthly payment.) Full-time h m o doc collective bargaining. The Union of American
tors are usually salaried employees rather than Physicians and Dentists assists members in
self-employed. These developments have di private practice by lobbying legislatures and by
minished the influence of the a m a , and the representing individuals in their dealings with
proportion of physicians belonging to the asso State licensing boards and third-party insurance
ciation has dropped from two-thirds in 1940 to payers. Although the organization is considered
a junior partner in the medical establishment,
less than half today.7
In late 1988, an assistant attorney general the a m a shows little tolerance for such competi
warned an a m a audience, “You can go to jail” tion. In a case of the pot calling the kettle black,
worked for the government, and 10 percent
were employed in private industry, proportions
virtually identical to those in 1960. This distri
bution is not likely to change in the near future.
Although law firms are increasing in size, twothirds of the lawyers in private practice labor in
firms with five attorneys or less, and solo prac
tices account for almost half of all lawyers in
private practice.5 It is not likely that attorneys
will unionize in order to advance their economic
status or to win a greater measure of job
security.
Almost one-tenth
o f all physicians
belong to
organizations that
directly address
the working
conditions of their
members.
26 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
September 1989
the ama charged the organization with trying to
influence the compensation o f self-employed
physicians in violating antitrust la w s.11
by financially strapped hmo ’s could also spur
some doctors to organize.
The largest doctors’ union— the American Registered nurses: a unique case
Federation of Doctors in the New York
metropolitan area— has only 3,500 members.12 Registered nurses, the largest single occupa
Doctors employed by the Group Health Associ tional group among the health professions,
ation in Washington, DC, who staged a 26-day outnumber physicians by about 3 to 1. This nu
strike in March 1986, also are represented by an merical advantage has not afforded them much
independent union. In addition, the Service influence, however, and in spite of halting steps
Employees International Union, the American toward the consolidation of the profession,
Federation of State, County and Municipal Em nurses remain subordinate to physicians.
ployees, and the American Federation of Teach
In 1896, when the American Nurses’ Associ
ers have organized a few doctors in their health ation (ana ) was founded, most nurses were self
care bargaining units.
employed. As health institutions assumed an in
The prospect of doctors engaging in collec creased role in caring for the sick, the nursing
tive bargaining on a broader scale is not profession shifted to hospitals. By 1950, onepromising. Physicians employed by hmo ’s half of all nurses were employed by hospitals or
might be thought of as likely candidates for or other health institutions.18 Low pay and onerous
ganizing, but only about 5 percent of doctors working conditions stimulated interest in collec
work full time for hmo’s , and most negotiate tive bargaining. During World War II, the War
their compensation and working conditions on Labor Board awarded a n a ’s California affiliate
an individual basis. One half of all physicians a 15-percent salary increase. Prompted by this
continue to work in solo practices.13 The profes feat, as well as the fact that union representa
sion is extremely lucrative, with the average tives were eager to enlist nurses, the ana in
physician working outside the Federal Govern 1946 reversed its opposition to collective
ment earning $119,500 in 1986. Salaried doc bargaining.19
tors earned $91,700, compared with $131,100
Negotiation of contracts proceeded very
for physicians in private practice. The differen slowly, even after the ana endorsed collective
tial may be explained by the younger ages of bargaining. In 1966, fewer than 17,000 of
salaried doctors.14 Although salaried physicians 200,000 nurses in the ana were covered by con
remain a minority, their proportion has in tracts. The absence of State legislative autho
creased slightly in recent years. The ama reports rization to bargain and the 1947 Taft-Hartley
that one-fourth of doctors are salaried em Act’s exclusion of nonprofit hospitals from the
ployees. Younger doctors are more likely to be protection of the law impeded bargaining. Al
salaried employees, but as they progress in their most three decades passed before the Congress
careers, many will probably move into private reversed itself, voting in 1974 to apply the Na
practice.15
tional Labor Relations Act to nonprofit hospi
The attitudes of doctors toward unionization tals. The law encouraged organizing efforts
and their ability to organize will be influenced among nurses, and reinforced laws in several
by their future autonomy and earning power. States that had been enacted during the preced
Thus far, the ama has succeeded in limiting the ing decade. Since the mid-1960’s, there has
supply of physicians, but analysts are divided as been a large increase in the number of nurses
to whether this situation will continue.16 Contin covered by ana contracts:20
ued aging of the population and expansion of
Nurses
Federal legislation to cover health care is likely
covered
to prevent a glut of physicians. However, earn
by ANA
ANA
ings may not remain as lucrative. Pressure to
year
contracts
membership
constrain medical care costs by all levels of gov
5 ,9 0 0
1 8 1 ,4 0 0
ernment and by other third-party payers will 1956 .................................
1 6 ,9 0 0
2 0 4 ,7 0 0
undoubtedly continue, which may cause physi 1966 .................................
6 6 ,0 0 0
1 9 6 ,0 0 0
cians to defend even more vigorously their 1974 .................................
1977 .................................
1 0 0 ,0 0 0 +
1 9 3 ,4 0 0
autonomy and earnings. Increases in the propor
1988 .................................
1 3 3 ,0 0 0
1 8 8 ,0 0 0
tion of salaried doctors are most likely to come
from the continued expansion of hmo ’s but
Competition by other unions, particularly the
given the financial losses many hmo ’s have ex Service Employees International Union and the
perienced recently, their long-term growth rates National Union of Hospital and Health Care
are uncertain. More than 29 million Americans Employees (both afl- cio affiliates), prompted
now belong to hmo ’s . 17 Cost-cutting measures ana to engage in collective bargaining. Foliow
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
27
Bargaining and Professionals in Private Industry
The American
Bar Association
has gradually
accepted the idea
that lawyering
and collective
bargaining are
not incompatible.
ing the enactment of the 1974 health care
amendments to the National Labor Relations
Act, more than 20 unions showed an interest in
organizing nurses.21
The a n a vests State affiliates with the power
to act as a bargaining agent for their members.
Only 17 State associations do so (some affiliates
have adopted and subsequently abandoned
collective bargaining), limiting both the associ
ation’s influence and the likelihood of dissen
sion. Currently, a little more than half of its
188,000 members are part of bargaining units.
ana
affiliates represent, under agency shop
agreements, another 30,000 nonmembers, as
well as an additional 5,000 health personnel not
in the nursing profession.22
In adopting collective bargaining, the a n a
had to resolve several controversial issues.
First, nurses’ strikes provoke negative publicity
and nurses concerned about denying care to the
sick are loath to strike. But by the mid-1960’s,
nurses in New York City, San Francisco, and
other cities were so frustrated by poor pay and
working conditions that they resigned en masse
in protest.23 In 1968, the a n a abandoned its
longstanding policy against strikes, but it
stopped short of endorsing such action where it
is illegal. Second was the issue of expanding the
association’s turf. The a n a decided to remain a
nurses’ organization, but allowed State affiliates
to include other health care workers in bargain
ing units. Continued raids by other unions re
sulted in a 1982 a n a ban on dual membership.
Finally, the a n a ’ s endorsement of bargaining as
an essential tool for nurses in “achieving and
retaining control over their practice” and in
ensuring “the welfare of patients and . . . the
quality of care,” has not settled the pre
sumed conflict between professonalism versus
unionism.24
A 1983 decision by the U.S. Court of Ap
peals for the Second Circuit ( nlrb v . North
Shore University Hospital) threatened the a n a ’ s
collective bargaining activities. The court held
that the New York affiliate’s inclusion of both
supervisory and nonsupervisory nurses violated
Federal labor relations law, and barred the orga
nization from representing nonsupervisory
nurses.25 In response to the court’s decision, the
association’s State affiliates insulated their
collective bargaining divisions from supervi
sory influence. The North Shore decision was
not appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, and
the National Labor Relations Board has not
found the decision applicable in any of seven
subsequent challenges brought by hospitals.26
The a n a remains the single largest organiza
tion representing nurses in collective bargain
ing, although other organizations collectively
Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for 28
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
September 1989
represent the majority of organized nurses.
About one-fifth of the 1.6 million registered
nurses are covered by collective bargaining con
tracts, a proportion which has changed little in
the last decade, a n a ’ s principal competitor is
the Service Employees International Union
which, following a late 1988 merger with the
National Union of Hospital and Health Care
Employees, represents about 50,000 nurses.27
The American Federation of Teachers repre
sents another 38,000 nurses.28 Possibly 100,000
nurses or more are represented by local unions
or associations. During the early 1980’s, the
nurses’ association won a higher proportion of
hospital elections than any of its major union
competitors.29
Continued poor pay and arduous working
conditions make nurses a prime prospect for
further organization. Most nurses are qualified
to perform some of the duties of a physician,
a n d o f t e n are a n “e x t e n s i o n ” o f th e p h y s ic ia n .
However, they say they do not receive the re
spect they deserve from doctors or the public.
Also, nurses maintain that they are denied the
rewards that normally come with experience in
other professions.30
While nurses’ educational attainment and
salaries have increased, their pay improved little
relative to the earnings of other professionals
since 1979, the earliest year for which informa
tion is available from the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.31 The salaries of full-time nurses are
comparable with teachers’ pay, but nurses’
work is generally more demanding. Hospitals
(where more than two-thirds of nurses work)
frequently require evening and weekend work,
but the shift differential pay is skimpy. These
conditions coexist with a serious nursing short
age, which could be compounded in future
years by decreases in enrollments in undergrad
uate nursing programs.32 The nursing shortage
should facilitate organizing efforts, but the
American Medical Association has endeavored
to establish a new low-paid occupation with the
imposing title of registered care technologist.33
The National Labor Relations Board also made
organizing easier in 1988 by allowing eight sep
arate categories of hospital employees to form
bargaining units.34 Previously, the board re
viewed appropriate bargaining units on an indi
vidual basis, often resulting in protracted, costly
legal battles because employers sought to lump
disparate workers who were unlikely to vote for
a union in a single unit. Smaller units of similar
workers are more readily organized.
Several obstacles impede what would nor
mally be fertile ground for organizing. No more
than a few hospitals dominate the local labor
markets for nurses. Absent competition by em-
ployers, nurses have limited bargaining lever
age. Many health care institutions employ
licensed practical nurses as substitutes for regis
tered nurses, paying them one-third less. Li
censed practical nurses, currently numbering
about half a million, generally receive no more
than 1 year of training. Rather than increase pay
to address the nursing shortage, hospitals also
recruit foreign nurses.35 Bargaining leverage is
also diminished because 27 percent of nurses
work part time, and 80 percent of nurses work
in the private sector where antiunion efforts are
most evident. Private sector health care em
ployment has been rising much faster than
government health care jobs, exacerbating the
organizing difficulties faced by nurses.
included in blue-collar unions was also instru
mental in the formation of the first engineering
unions. Until the passage of the 1947 TaftHartley Act, the National Labor Relations
Board sometimes placed employees with diver
gent skills, including professionals, in a single
bargaining unit. To maintain their identity and
separate bargaining, engineers formed exclu
sive unions, anticipating more favorable re
wards by separate bargaining. For example, the
Association of Professional Engineering Per
sonnel states explicitly that it was formed “for
the purpose of preventing the engineers [em
ployed by Radio Corp. of America ( r c a ) ] from
being included in various labor organizations
being formed at the corporation during the early
1940’s.”36 Altogether, 17 independent engi
neering unions were organized in the immediate
E ngineers, scientists eschew bargaining
postwar period. The Taft-Hartley Act’s prohi
Engineers’ and scientists’ associations have bition on including professionals against their
never attained the influence in labor relations of will in broader bargaining units of nonprofes
physicians and lawyers. Despite the importance sionals halted the growth of engineering unions
of engineers and scientists in an advanced econ formed to avoid mixing with the hoi polloi.
omy, and generally favorable public attitudes
Several independent engineers’ unions
towards these professionals, specialization has banded together to form the Engineers and Sci
fragmented their associations and limited then- entists of America, a confederation represent
power. Moreover, engineering and scientific so ing some 50,000 engineers in 1952. These
cieties have concentrated on the subject matter organized engineers expressed their antipathy
of their professions and largely ignored labor toward other unions saying, “We are not part
relations questions.
of the labor movement nor have we any particu
lar kinship with those who are.”37 By 1961,
Engineers. Engineers are the largest single the federation was disbanded, its ranks depleted
professional occupational group other than by raids of other unions, decertifications, and
teachers. The first engineering societies were internal dissension over whether to admit
formed more than a century ago and many oth technicians.
ers followed, but attempts to form a united engi
During the past three decades, employment
neers’ society have not been successful. The of engineers has been subject to the changing
Attempts to form
National Society of Professional Engineers fortunes of military spending and space explo
numbers 75,000 members— less than 5 percent ration. The space program and the Vietnam War a united
of engineers— in diverse specialties. A broad boosted demand for engineers in the 1960’s, but engineers society
variety of associations address the professional the curtailment of these endeavors in the 1970’s have not been
interests of mechanical, civil, aerospace, min generated layoffs and relatively high unemploy successful.
ing, electrical, metallurgical, and petroleum en ment. Job insecurity prompted organizing ef
gineers. Unlike doctors, who helped create forts, but only 2,500 engineers joined unions in
health care institutions and have retained influ the 1970’s, and the largest unit was decertified
ence over them, most engineers work for large within 2 years.38 Job opportunities for engineers
organizations in varied industries and conse subsequently improved in the late 1970’s and
quently never attained an independent source of 1980’s.
power. None of the specialty associations has
The difficulties of the early 1970’s stimulated
either engaged in collective bargaining or engineering associations to become more con
merged with a union, although some engineers cerned with job security issues. In 1973, the
working for a single employer have banded to National Society of Professional Engineers led a
gether to improve their working conditions. joint effort of 20 engineering associations to
Currently, unions represent approximately one- establish employment guidelines on salary and
tenth of engineers, a proportion which has not layoff questions. However, a survey by The
changed appreciably during the past decade.
Conference Board found that only one-third of
The expansion and bureaucratization of the the firms employing engineers claimed to have
profession during World War II spurred orga received the guidelines, and only half of those
nizing efforts. The reluctance of engineers to be reviewed them.39 The National Society of Pro
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
29
Bargaining and Professionals in Private Industry
If scientists
decide to bargain
collectively, they
will probably do
so either as
academics or
government
employees.
30
fessional Engineers was founded during the the Council of Engineers and Scientists Organi
Great Depression in response to the failure of zations, the average engineer has a negative im
other engineering associations to address unem age of unionism. The if p t e organizing director
ployment issues, but the society’s policy guide supports this view, maintaining that engineers
lines state that “collective bargaining is not the are “basically conservative people who identify
desirable, effective or appropriate mechanism to themselves with management.”44 A 1970’s sur
achieve the objectives of professional employ vey also indicated that engineers as well as sci
ment practices.” A former society president entists view unions negatively.45
However, engineers who have joined unions
probably reflected the sentiments of the mem
bership when he asserted, “One cannot be a have been satisfied with the arrangement, which
explains the longevity of the independent engi
professional and belong to a union.”40
In 1968, 10 engineering unions which had neers’ unions.46 By boosting salaries, protecting
survived since the 1940’s banded together to against dismissals, and defending seniority in
form the Council of Engineers and Scientists ways that are compatible with engineers’ views
Organizations. Its primary function is to lobby of professionalism, the independent unions have
for its constituent autonomous units. The Seattle demonstrated that collective bargaining is feasi
Professional Engineering Employees Associa ble for engineers. But it is not likely that many
tion, which represents approximately 24,000 engineers will band together to bargain collec
Boeing employees equally divided between en tively so long as other professionals in the forgineers and technicians, is the largest affiliate. , profit sector eschew unionism. Management
Other affiliates represent employees of the opposition and engineers’ identification with
Tennessee Valley Authority, the city of Los An management suggest that engineering will re
geles, McDonnell Douglas, Lockheed, and main largely a union-free profession.
Without clear educational or occupational
General Electric. The Council, which has
70,000 to 80,000 members, has experienced lit standards, it is not feasible to regulate entry into
the engineering profession, as the American
tle growth in the past decade.41
The International Federation of Professional Medical Association and the American Bar As
and Technical Engineers ( i f p t e ) is an a f l - c io sociation have done. A third of engineers do not
affiliate. Initially dominated by engineers and have degrees in engineering, and many with a
technicians in the private sector, the union’s more advanced educational background report
membership has changed dramatically during that they do not use much of what they have
the past 15 years. Many of its private sector learned. Unlike lawyers and, until recently,
members have left the organization, and its physicians, engineers must contend with the
organizing director claims that it has “become power of large firms. Moreover, the ethical pre
extremely difficult to even find leads” in the cepts which help to unite the professions of law
private sector, but there is little evidence that the and medicine are absent in engineering. Nor do
established unions, including the Federation, salary scales provide grounds for dissatisfac
tion.47 Historical comparisons indicate that en
have tried.
The union’s current 23,000 members make gineers’ salary trends have been comparable
up a peculiar amalgam of mostly government with other professions. Unless the profession is
workers, including engineers (7,000 at n a s a ) , jolted by the kind of major economic and polit
blue-collar workers (almost a third of dues ical changes which occurred in the early 1970’s,
payers), and even scholars at the Library of the status quo is likely to characterize labor rela
Congress’ Congressional Research Service. tions in engineering.
During one campaign, the International Federa
tion of Professional and Technical Engineers Scientists. A plethora of associations repre
failed to recruit civil engineers associated with a sent natural scientists in different specialties. Of
highway project but successfully organized the these, only the most numerous occupation—
road crews.42 A Service Employees Interna chemists— has demonstrated limited interest in
tional Union ( s e i u ) local in Michigan represents labor relations issues. The American Chemical
approximately 1,500 State engineers and scien Society ( a c s ) represents 130,000 of the nearly
tists, and the New York Public Employee Fed 200,000 chemists. Paralleling the experience of
eration, affiliated jointly with the SEIU and the the engineering societies, a c s sponsored em
American Federation of Teachers, may include ployment guidelines in response to widespread
three times as many engineers and scientists.43 terminations in the early 1970’s. The guidelines
The post-World War II interest by engineers cover conditions of employment as well as ter
in collective bargaining has long waned, and mination, and include a recommended mini
currently they display little inclination to engage mum of 4 weeks advance dismissal notice plus
in union activities. According to the founder of severence pay. The society investigates in-
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
stances where groups of chemists are terminated
and publicizes its findings twice annually in its
news magazine. In addition, it also conducts
independent investigations when members ex
perience problems with their employers. This
assistance differs from union grievance proce
dures in that the society acts as a neutral inves
tigator rather than as an advocate for members.
The potential publicity accorded to the results of
the investigation may deter some arbitrary
action, but the society uses its investigative ac
tivities sparingly. It accepts only about a dozen
cases annually, and in about a fourth of these the
employer refuses to allow the society to
intervene.
The membership has shown little interest in
collective bargaining and seems content with
the current limited agenda. According to the
head of the American Chemical Society’s de
partment of professional services, members
who are disgruntled with the organization favor
tactics similar to those of the American Medical
Association, such as restricting the number of
chemists. However, scientists’ associations
would have difficulty following models set by
the American Medical Association and the
American Bar Association because of the low
educational attainment of many scientists. Al
most half of all chemists and biologists have no
more than a bachelor’s degree. The ACS govern
ing board and council have not considered it
appropriate to take a position on collective bar
gaining, and apparently there is little clamor by
members to take a stand on the issue.
In short, there is little evidence that the Amer
ican Chemical Society or other associations of
scientists will resort to collective action to im
prove working conditions. A society official
noted, “If chemists aren’t engaging in collective
bargaining, it’s not likely other scientific associ
ations would.”48 An impediment to bargaining
is the fact that a fourth of natural scientists are
managers and administrators; undoubtedly a
much larger proportion rise to these positions by
the end of their careers.
Some chemists employed in academia or gov
ernment are members of unions, but they have
no independent organization. If scientists decide
to bargain collectively, they will probably do so
either as academics or government employees.
Three of five life scientists and 2 of 5 physical
scientists work for either educational institu
tions or the government.49
Problem s and prospects
The American labor movement has had limited
success in enticing professional organizations to
join the house of labor and individual private
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
sector association members have, with few ex
ceptions, shunned collective bargaining. The
only organizations of professionals that are part
of the a f l - c io — the American Federation of
Teachers, the Newspaper Guild, Associated Ac
tors and Artistes, and the American Federation
of Musicians— were organized prior to World
War H.
To date, the American Nurses’ Association is
the only major professional association to adopt
collective bargaining. Doctors and lawyers are
primarily self-employed, with no more than
about 1 in 4 working as salaried employees.
Historically, these professions have been repre
sented by powerful associations which, despite
recent challenges by government, business, and
consumer groups, remain much more effective
than unions in advancing the economic well
being of their members. The fragmentation of
engineering societies by specialty has prevented
any single association from attaining the influ
ence of either the American Medical Associa
tion or the American Bar Association. Virtually
all engineers are salaried employees, many of
whom work for large corporations or govern
ment agencies. But the fact that almost a third of
engineers are managers (and many more
become managers as they advance in their ca
reers) has inhibited collective bargaining, as
younger engineers can see the benefits of acqui
escing to existing labor-management relations.
Strident opposition to unions by private sector
employers also helps explain why the adoption
o f c o l l e c t i v e b a r g a in in g b y p r o f e s s io n a l a s s o c i a
tions has been concentrated in the public
sector.50
The issue of “professionalism” remains a
stubborn impediment to bargaining by associa
tions whose memberships are concentrated in
the private sector. The stumbling block is that
many professionals believe that bargaining
would cause conflict between managers and
professionals. Proponents of bargaining counter
that some conflict of interest is inherent in an
employment relationship, and that professionals
are hurting themselves in believing otherwise.51
But beyond a declaration in favor of collective
action, the afl- cio has not undertaken a serious
drive to organize professionals, possibly reflect
ing a belief that such an attempt would be futile.
The debate over perceptions- about the rela
tive costs and benefits of maintaining the status
quo or adopting collective bargaining cannot be
readily resolved. Some proponents of bargain
ing argue that employers have whittled the in
fluence of professionals so much that they are
becoming “proletarianized.” While there is little
evidence to support this proposition, it is clear
that management, not professionals, generally
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
31
Bargaining and Professionals in Private Industry
controls decisions concerning pricing, pur
chases, and the allocation of resources within
the firm.52
Professional associations have encountered
not only the difficulties common to organizing
nonprofessional workers, but other unique
barriers as well. The line of demarcation be
tween supervisory and subordinate professional
workers is frequently difficult to draw, resulting
in both legislative and judicial definitional
inconsistencies and internal association prob
lems. Employers have frequently emphasized
the dichotomy between supervisors and rankand-file workers, successfully persuading legis
lators, regulatory agencies, and the courts to
impede employee efforts to band together to
improve working conditions and job security.
The 1947 Taft-Hartley Act excluded supervi
sors from the jurisdiction of the National Labor
Relations Act, and the U.S. Supreme Court sub
sequently broadened the exclusion to include
managerial employees who do not necessarily
supervise other workers. Federal laws, adminis
trative interpretations, and court rulings have
created widespread confusion about the defini
tional differences between professionals, man
agers, and supervisors. In essence, according to
the concept enunciated by the U.S. Supreme
Court in the Yeshiva case, unions too successful
in controlling their working environment are
considered part of management, and therefore
are not entitled to the protection of laws regu
lating collective bargaining.53 This catch-22
doctrine impedes collective action by profes
sionals in securing workplace rights afforded to
other employees.
The transition to collective bargaining would
mean sweeping and probably unsettling changes
in professional associations. Many associations
have appealed— at least publicly—to the tradi
tional high-sounding ideals of the profession.
Appeals for pay increases and improved work
ing conditions fit uneasily into such rhetoric,
and many members are especially sensitive
about their public image. Turbulence would
also likely occur because the elite members
dominate most professional and employee asso
ciations. The National Education Association’s
acceptance of collective bargaining democra
tized the organization and placed the “little peo
ple” on top. The Association’s administrators
and classroom teachers clashed, and the huge
majority of teachers rejected the notion that col
lective action was antithetical to professional
aspirations. By the early 1970’s, most school
administrators had left the National Education
Association, a lesson which would not be lost
on the leaders of current private sector
associations.
Unions have shown little inclination to prose
lytize private sector professionals. Public ap
proval of unions has increased possibly signify
ing new organizing opportunities. During the
past decade, the proportion of adults who
looked favorably upon unions has risen from 55
to 61 percent, and the proportion rating unions
negatively has declined from 35 to 25 percent.
In the absence of more activist union leadership,
however, members of professional associations
are likely to depend in the foreseeable future on
individual rather than collective bargaining to
advance their interests.
□
Footnotes
1 Sar Levitan and Frank Gallo, “Government Employee
Associations: can they negotiate new growth?” M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v ie w , July 1989, pp. 5 -1 4 .
2 G o ld fa r b v V irg in ia S ta te B a r (1975); and B a te s v S ta te
o f A r iz o n a (1977).
3 Altman & W eil, Inc., “Lawyers’ Expenses, Fees Up,
Earnings Change Little” (Ardmore, p a , press release, May
1987).
4 Peter Waldman, “More Doctors and Lawyers Joining
Unions to Fight Large Institutions,” T h e W a ll S tr e e t J o u r
n a l, May 23, 1986, p. 21.
5 Barbara Curran, T h e L a w y e r S ta tis tic a l R e p o r t (Chicago,
American Bar Foundation, 1985), pp. 12-13; and S u p p le
m e n t to th e L a w y e r ’ S ta tis tic a l R e p o r t (Chicago, American
Bar Foundation, 1986), pp. 3 - 4 .
6 Paul Starr, T h e S o c ia l T r a n s fo r m a tio n o f A m e r ic a n
M e d ic in e (New York, Basic Books, 1982), pp. 3 05-06.
3 2 Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7 Robert Ohsfeldt, “The Effect of a m a Membership on
Physicians’ Earnings,” I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s R e
v i e w , October 1988, pp. 2 0 -3 3 .
September 1989
8 Ruth Marcus, “Doctors Hear Warning on Antitrust V io
lations,” T h e W a sh in g to n P o s t , Dec. 11, 1988, p. A4.
9 Testimony of William Ragen, Committee of Interns and
Residents, before the Senate Committee on Labor and
Human Resources, U .S. Cong., Subcommittee on Labor,
Jan. 29, 1988; and Don Colburn, “Medical Education: Time
for Reform?” T h e W a sh in g to n P o s t , Health section, Mar.
29, 1988, pp. 6 -7 .
10 Mario Bognanno, James Dworkin, and Omotayo
Fashoyin, “Physicians’ and Dentists’ bargaining organiza
tions: a preliminary look,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w , June
1975, pp. 3 3 -3 5 .
11 “Slow Growth in Physician Unionism Doesn’t Deter
Union Optimism for Future,” L a b o r R e la tio n s W ee k (Wash
ington, The Bureau o f National Affairs, Inc., Aug. 5,
1987) , pp. 721-24.
12 “Two New York City Doctors’ Unions Merge to Form
American Federation o f D octors,” D a i l y L a b o r R e p o r t
(Washington, The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., June 2,
1988) , pp. A 10-11.
13 David Emmons, “Changing Dimensions of Medical
Practice Arrangements,” M e d ic a l C a r e R e v i e w , Spring
1988, pp. 101-28.
33 “Over Protest from Nurses’ Group, am a Will Train
Hospital A ides,” T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s , Dec. 9, 1988,
p. B7.
14 Martin Gonzalez and David Emmons, S o c io e c o n o m ic
C h a r a c te r is tic s o f M e d ic a l P r a c tic e , 1 9 8 7 (Chicago, Amer
34 The Bureau of National Affairs, “Board Unveils Re
vamped Proposal on Health Care Bargaining Units,” D a ily
L a b o r R e p o r t { Washington, Sept. 1, 1988), pp. A 8 -9 .
ican Medical Association, 1987), p. 122.
15 “Slow Growth in Physician Unionism,” pp. 721 -2 4 .
16 Public Health Service, S ix th R e p o r t to th e P r e s id e n t
a n d C o n g r e s s o n th e S ta tu s o f H e a lth P e r s o n n e l in th e
U n ite d S ta te s (Washington, U .S. Department of Health and
Human Services, June 1988), pp. 3: 5 0 -3 , 117; and Harold
Schmeck, Jr., “Shortage of Doctors Viewed As Likely by
End o f Century, T h e N e w Y o r k T i m e s , Apr. 7, 1988, p. B7.
17 Malcolm Gladwell, “Growing Pains Plague Nation’s
h m o ’ s . ” T h e W a sh in g to n P o s t , Oct. 18, 1988, Health sec
tion, p. 5.
18 Charles Rosenberg, T h e C a r e o f S tr a n g e r s : T h e R is e o f
A m e r ic a ’s H o s p ita l S y s te m (New York, Basic Books, Inc.,
1987), p. 236; and Philip A. Kalisch and Beatrice J.
Kalisch, T h e A d v a n c e o f A m e r ic a n N u r sin g (Boston, Little,
Brown and C o., 1986), p. 575.
19 Lyndia Flanagan, B r a v in g N e w F r o n tie r s : AN A’s E c o
n o m ic a n d G e n e r a l W e lfa re P r o g r a m , 1 9 4 6 - 1 9 8 6 (Kansas
City,
mo
,
American Nurses’ Association, 1986), p. 11.
20 Anna Christine Alt-White, T h e E v o lu tio n o f C o lle c tiv e
B a r g a in in g in T h re e S ta te N u r s e s A s s o c ia tio n s , Ph.D. dis
sertation, University of Maryland, 1987, pp. 9 6 -123 (up
dated).
21 Flanagan, B r a v in g N e w F r o n tie r s , p. 15.
35 Sue Hong, “A Cure for the Nursing Shortage,” Th e
W a sh in g to n P o s t , Health section, Feb. 23, 1988, p. 10.
36 Harold J. Ammond, “Engineering Unions,” E x p o n e n t,
January 1981.
37 I b i d .
38 Geoffrey Latta, “Union Organization Among Engi
neers: A Current Assessment,” I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e l a
tio n s R e v i e w , October 1981, pp. 2 9 -4 2 .
39 Eileen Hoffman, U n io n iza tio n o f P r o f e s s io n a l S o c i
e tie s (New York, The Conference Board, 1976), p. 33.
40 NSPE P r o f e s s io n a l a n d A d m in is tr a tiv e P o lic ie s , 1 9 8 7 ,
p. 20; and Harry Bovay, Jr., “Engineers Are United,” H y
d r o c a r b o n P r o c e s s in g , September 1976 (reprint currently
distributed by the National Society of Professional Engi
neers).
41 Phone conversation with Harold J. Ammond, execu
tive director, Association of Scientists and Professional En
gineering Personnel, Mar. 18, 1988.
42 Phone conversation with Jack Dunne, director of orga
nization, International Federation o f Professional and Tech
nical Engineers, Mar. 21, 1988.
22 Phone conversation with Lawrence M acLachlan,
American Nurses’ Association labor counsel, Mar. 21,
1988.
43 Phone conversation with Jean Ross, assistant research
director, Service Employees International Union, Aug. 26,
1988.
23 Vem L. Buliough and Bonnie Bullough, T h e C a r e o f
th e S ic k (London, Croom Helm, 1979), pp. 2 10-11.
44 Phone conversation with Jack Dunne, Mar. 21, 1988.
24 American Nurses’ Association, T h e N a tu r e a n d S c o p e
a n a ’ s E c o n o m ic a n d G e n e r a l W e lfa re P r o g r a m (Kansas
City, m o , 1985), p. 4; American Nurses’ Association,
“Nurses Need Collective Bargaining,” a n a pamphlet (un
dated).
of
25 Barbara A. Lee and Joan Parker, “Supervisory Partici
pation in Professional Associations: Implications of N o rth
45 T. Roger Manley and Charles W. McNichols, “Scientists,
engineers, and unions, revisited,” M o n th ly L a b o r R e v i e w ,
November 1977, pp. 3 2 -3 3 .
46 Michael Gordon, Laura Beauvais, and Robert Ladd,
“The Job Satisfaction and Union Commitment of Unionized
Engineers,” I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s R e v ie w , April
1984, pp. 359-70.
S h o re U n iv e r s ity H o s p ita l,” I n d u s tr ia l a n d L a b o r R e la tio n s
R e v i e w , April 1987, pp. 3 64-81.
47 Robert Zussman, M e c h a n ic s o f th e M id d le C la s s :
W o rk a n d P o litic s A m o n g A m e r ic a n E n g in e e r s (Los Ange
26 Phone conversation with Lawrence MacLachlan, Mar.
21, 1988.
les, University o f California Press, 1985), pp. 6 2 -6 4 , 123,
128-32, 165.
27 Frank Swoboda, “Merger to Yield Largest Private
Health-Care U nion, T h e W a s h in g to n P o s t , N ov. 18,
1988, p. A10.
48 Interview with Robert Neuman and Terrence Russell,
American Chemical Society, Mar. 24, 1988.
28 Phone conversation with Phil Kugler, assistant to the
president o f the American Federation of Teachers, Mar. 6,
1989.
29 Edmund Becker and Jonathon Rakich, “Hospital Union
Election Activity, 1 974-85,” H e a lth C a r e F in a n c in g R e
v i e w , Spring 1988, pp. 5 9 -6 6 .
30 “Why Nurses Quit,” T h e W a sh in g to n P o s t , Health sec
tion, July 12, 1988, pp. 12-16.
31 Public Health Service, S ix th R e p o r t to th e P r e s id e n t
a n d C o n g r e s s o n th e S ta tu s o f H e a lth P e r s o n n e l in th e
U n ite d S ta te s (Washington, U .S. Department of Health and
Human Services, June 1988), pp. 10:15-18.
49 U .S. National Science Foundation, U .S . S c ie n tis ts a n d
E n g in e e r s : 1 9 8 6 (Washington, 1987), pp. 7 8 -7 9 , 8 3 -8 8 .
50 Richard Freeman, C o n tr a c tio n a n d E x p a n s io n : T h e
D iv e r g e n c e o f P r iv a te S e c to r a n d P u b lic S e c to r U n io n ism in
th e U .S . (Cambridge, m a , National Bureau o f Economic
Reasearch, October 1987), Working Paper No. 2399.
51 A FL -C IO , Department for Professional Employees, In
th e S e a r c h f o r P r o f e s s io n a l E x c e lle n c e , undated pamphlet;
and address by Dennis Chamot, afl - cio Department for
Professional Employees, to the American Chemical Soci
ety, Feb. 11, 1988.
52 Eliot Freidson, P r o f e s s io n a l P o w e r s (Chicago, Univer
sity o f Chicago Press, 1986), pp. 168-69.
32 U .S. Department o f Health and Human Services, S e c
r e t a r y ’s C o m m is s io n o n N u r s in g : F in a l R e p o r t, V o l. 1
(Washington, December 1988). pp. 3, 15-16.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
53 NLRB and Y e sh iv a U n iv e r s ity F a c u lty A s s o c ia tio n v .
Y e s h iv a U n iv e r s ity (1980).
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
33
How Poland’s Solidarity
won freedom of association
Through 9 years of dramatic struggle,
Solidarity and its supporters held firmly
to no compromise on the basic right
to form independent and self-governing unions
Robert A. Senser
I
n the summer of 1980, a trade union strike
committee, initially representing workers in
some 20 state-run enterprises in the Gdansk
region on Poland’s Baltic coast, debated for
days the formulation of a series of demands—
most of them beyond the province of local au
thorities— to make on the Communist Polish
government. The final list, posted in the huge
Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk, contained 21 de
mands. The first was the most important:
R eco g n itio n o f the Free Trade U n io n , in d e
pend en t o f the Party and em p lo y ers, based
on C o n ven tion 87 o f the International
Labor O rgan ization, referring to the free
d om to form trade u n io n s, w h ich has been
ratified by the P o lish P e o p le ’s R e p u b lic .1
Robert A. Senser, a free
lance writer specializing in
labor issues, formerly
served as a Labor Coun
selor in the U .S. Foreign
Service. Copyright 1989,
Robert A. Senser.
34
The regional Interenterprise Strike Commit
tee, which soon was popularly called Solidarity,
had other important demands, including in
creases in wages and benefits, recognition of the
right to strike, union access to the media, and
release of political prisoners— none of them as
sensitive as the one for the right of unions to
exist independent of the state-party apparatus.
The cry for freedom of association for workers
had been heard before in Communist Poland,
but never as resonantly as from Gdansk and
other industrial centers in August of 1980.
Faced with a series of sit-in strikes in Gdansk
and elsewhere in the country, the government
quickly bowed to Solidarity’s request not only
for the appointment of a high-level government
negotiating team but also for Gdansk rather than
a Warsaw ministry as the negotiating site. The
two sides talked on the Lenin Shipyard equiva
lent of a stage: a large room with one wall form
ing a glass partition, on the other side of which
hundreds of workers and dozens of Western re
porters watched, while thousands of shipyard
workers outside listened to the proceedings
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
broadcast over loudspeakers.
Throughout the negotiations and the long
struggle that followed— first for legalization
and then for survival underground— Solidarity
and its allies were unyielding on the primary
demand, freedom of association. At home and
abroad, Solidarity heard doubts expressed about
the wisdom of this tenacity. In August 1980,
even some of its own advisors, hastily sum
moned from Warsaw to bolster its negotiating
team, thought the demand for freedom of asso
ciation was too far-reaching, one that a Commu
nist government could never live with, and that,
therefore, it was worth trading for less radical
reforms. The committee rejected the idea.
The G dansk Accord
The defiant mood of the workers in Gdansk and
elsewhere, as well as a divisive crisis in the
uppermost ranks of the ruling Communist Party
(known as the Polish United Workers’ Party)
made the government representatives at Gdansk,
headed by a Deputy Prime Minister, extremely
anxious to settle. They quickly agreed to a very
generous wage increase and other concessions
in the hope that these would satisfy the strikers.
The government negotiators also promised re
forms of the party-dominated Central Council of
Trade Unions ( c r z z ) , as it was then called, to
make it more responsive to workers, but Soli
darity held firm for its central demand.
Finally, on August 31, the two sides signed
the historic Gdansk Accord. On the accord’s
first page, the government pledged to “guaran
tee and ensure complete respect for the independ
ence and self-government of the new trade
unions,”2 and reinforced that pledge with other
language, for example, basing the creation and
operation of the new unions on guarantees
found not only in International Labor Organiza the door saying INDEPENDENT SELFtion Convention 87 on the freedom of associa GOVERNING TRADE UNIONS.”6
tion, but also in il o Convention 98 on the right
to organize and to bargain collectively. (Both Fight for recognition
conventions had been ratified by Poland.)
The official name of the new organization (in The agreement at Gdansk (and a less-publicized
English) became the Independent Self-Govern one at Szczecin on the East German border)
ing Trade Union Solidarity, or n s z z Solidamosc became a pattern for settling strikes and near
for short in Polish. Originally, it was to be strikes throughout the country. Leaders of local
called a “free trade union,” after the term used founding committees of independent unions—
in earlier Baltic coast organizing attempts and in 35 at the start— moved swiftly to deal with or
the first item on the Gdansk strike committee’s ganizational issues. Little more than 2 weeks
list of demands, but this wording was dropped after the signing at Gdansk, they agreed to apply
after a government official said that the word jointly for official registration as n s z z Soli
“free,” as part of the Western labor world’s ter damosc. They established a new national coor
minology, might irritate Soviet authorities.3 dinating commission, unanimously choosing
Craftily, Solidarity chose a name that is actually Walesa as chairman. They formalized a struc
ture along regional lines, lines that contrasted
more explicit.
No matter what its name, the existence of sharply with that of the official party-dominated
Solidarity, even apart from the mass following central trade union council. Following the
it attracted, challenged the hegemony of Poland’s model of the U.S.S.R. labor organization, the
state-party establishment, including its labor Polish state-labor organization had its member
arm. As Jacek Kuron, a leading Solidarity advi ship divided into branches by industrial sec
sor, has pointed out, a Communist state like tors—the metal industry, railways, and so on—all
Poland asserts the right to a monopoly on orga subordinate to a Warsaw top echelon nominated
nization, information, and decisionmaking in a and controlled by the party. By contrast, Soli
nation, and bases that right on the claim that, as darity’s regional structure grouped members ge
a workers’ state, it alone is the legitimate repre ographically from all kinds of occupations, blue
sentative of workers.4 Thus, it would have been collar and white collar. The local origins of its
painful for the government to sign a document leaders in the regional structure gave visible
proof for the “self-governing” claim of its
that unequivocally violated its basic tenet.
After trying unsuccessfully to keep Solidarity name. Furthermore, in the thinking of its leadwithin a “reformed” labor organization and,
thereby, within the party fold, government ne
Solidarity chronology
gotiators switched to a face-saving formula. Both
sides agreed to a subordinate clause “recognizing
Workers at Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk launch sit-in strike,
Aug. 14, 1980
that the Polish United Workers’ Party play the
triggering strikes elsewhere
leading role in the state” [emphasis added].5
Government signs Gdansk Accord providing for freedom of
Aug. 31, 1980
Solidarity’s interpretation of the compromise
association
emphasized the last three words, “in the state,”
Solidarity files registration application in Warsaw court
Sept. 24, 1980
that is, the party did indeed have a leading role,
Court imposes unacceptable condition on registration of
but a restricted one that did not embrace “civil
Oct. 24, 1980
Solidarity
society,” the network of autonomous bodies (in
cluding unions) outside the state’s jurisdic
Supreme Court registers Solidarity
Nov. 10, 1980
tion— a distinction heretical to the regime.
Solidarity holds national congress in two sessions between
SeptemberThe ambiguous language removed the last
September 5 and October 7
October 1981
roadblock to the emergence of the first officially
“State of war” (martial law) declared forcing Solidarity under
Dee. 13, 1981
recognized free trade union movement in the
ground
Communist world. Not everyone in Solidarity
Parliament formally delegalizes Solidarity
Oct. 8, 1982
was happy with the compromise. In a Gdansk
Regime sets up national organization of officially sponsored
November 1984
hall where workers learned of this and related
unions (o p z z )
language in the new agreement, a furious dis
Two major strike waves cause government to agree to hold
April/May and
pute broke out over whether Lech Walesa, the
“round-table” talks with Solidarity
A u g u st1988
strike committee chairman, and their other rep
Government and Solidarity sign agreement to restore union's
Apr. 5, 1989
resentatives had betrayed the workers by
legal status and to hold elections for a new parliament
approving a concession that could continue
Warsaw
court restores Solidarity's legal status
Apr.
17,
1989
Communist control of worker organizations.
The revolt ended only after Walesa got up on a
Solidarity-endorsed slate wins all but 1 of 261 parliamentary
June 4 and 18, 1989
seats it was allowed to contest
table and spoke forcefully: “Listen, we’re going
to have our own building, with a large sign over
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
35
How Solidarity Won Its Freedom
Solidarity and its
allies were
unyielding on the
primary demand,
freedom of
association.
36
ers, the regional structure would serve as a
shield against the party’s asserting its traditional
“leading role.”7 Meanwhile, the regime held on
to its own ideas.
Compared to the speed with which Solidarity
was adapting itself to the new situation, the
large bureaucracy of the state-party-industrial
complex dragged its heels in implementing many
points in the Gdansk accord, thereby causing
mounting doubts about the government’s sincer
ity. Not surprisingly, the first major conflict
flared over Solidarity’s legal recognition as a
trade union, which in Poland requires judicial
approval.
A Warsaw judge took a month of reflection
and consultation to announce his decision on
Solidarity’s application. He was willing to ap
prove the registration, but only with a condition
unacceptable to Solidarity: altering Solidarity’s
constitution by inserting words paying defer
ence to the “leading role” of the Polish United
Workers’ Party. In his autobiography, Walesa
writes that Solidarity saw this action “as an indi
cation that the independent and self-governing
trade unions were to be subject to the control of
party officials: in other words, that we were
back where we started.”8
In reaction to the decision, Solidarity threat
ened a nationwide protest strike for November
12. There was no doubt that it could carry out
the threat. Once again, in private talks with Sol
idarity, the government worked out a face
saving formula which allowed Solidarity to be
registered by the Supreme Court on November
10, 1980: The objectionable words were re
moved from the body of the constitution, but
seven paragraphs excerpted from the beginning
of the Gdansk Accord— including the words
about the party’s leading role— were added as
an appendix.
The prolonged controversy contributed to a
growing polarization, although, as later became
known, the government had already secretly
been making plans for a military crackdown.9
Disputes, major and minor, local and national,
were so numerous that Walesa was on the road
almost constantly over a 13-month period. His
travels stopped abruptly in December 1981.
Ominously, Poland’s Communist neighbors,
at a Warsaw Pact summit meeting in Moscow
early that month, assured the Polish government
of “fraternal solidarity and support” in overcom
ing its “present difficulties.” 10 A week later, on
December 13, 1981, the Polish Prime Minister,
General Wojciech Jaruzelski, imposed a “state
of war” (equivalent to martial law). As part of a
well-planned takeover that required months of
secret preparations, the military arrested almost
all of Solidarity’s top leaders, including Walesa,
and shut down all their offices. Subsequently, in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
October 1982, the Polish Parliament rubberstamped the dissolution of Solidarity, and
opened the way to the confiscation of its prop
erty a short time later.11
After forcibly reasserting the regime’s mo
nopoly, leaders of the state-party apparatus
sought mightily to win popular support. Defen
sively, they justified the suppression by painting
Solidarity as a hopelessly radical threat to the
nation. At the same time, they took the offen
sive with conciliatory tactics that authoritarian
regimes often employ to woo public opinion
after brutal repression.
They made concession after concession, over
the months and years that followed, often on
demands they had previously rejected. They al
lowed the official and nonofficial press a degree
of freedom unmatched in the Communist world.
They sharply relaxed travel restrictions to the
West. They permitted an expansion of private
enterprise in a few selected areas of the service
sector. They granted new privileges to the
Catholic Church, Solidarity’s ally. They set up
consultative bodies, designed to appear as car
ing hands of a regime reaching out to the popu
lation. They increased the wages and benefits of
the workers. They even dangled before Walesa
the possibility of a top job, such as the presidency
of the government-sponsored labor organization.
Later, they allowed Walesa to travel within the
country, while monitoring his every move.
The Communist leaders even tolerated the
gradual proliferation of new private groups of
all kinds outside the party’s control, but drew
the line when it came to self-organization of
workers. The government steadfastly refused to
recognize Solidarity or even to dignify it by
having an official meeting with its representatives.
With Solidarity pushed underground, its ac
tivists persecuted, and a new state-party labor
arm (now called the Polish Trade Union Al
liance, o p z z ) established in Solidarity’s old of
fices in November 1984, even some West
European labor leaders thought it wise to “face
reality.” Their visits to Warsaw conferred re
spectability on the new labor organization and
lent credibility to the government line that Soli
darity, after providing an interesting phase in
Polish history, was now dead, and that it made
no sense for foreigners to try to give support to
a movement that no longer existed. The govern
ment spokesman, Jerzy Urban, repeatedly
scoffed at foreign press interest in Lech Walesa
and Solidarity by calling him “the former leader
of a former trade union.” 12
Support from W estern countries
From its birth, and continuing in its days of
adversity, Solidarity received vigorous support
from the American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-ciO).
Lane Kirkland, a f l -c io president, was sched
uled to lead a fraternal delegation to Solidarity’s
first national congress in September 1981, but,
shortly before his planned departure, he learned
that the Polish government had refused to grant
visas. In his speech, read to the congress in his
absence, Kirkland lauded Solidarity for its pio
neering, and declared:
F reed om o f a sso cia tio n , o f a ssem b ly , and o f
ex p ressio n are the in d isp en sab le m eans by
w h ich the p eo p le o f ea ch nation can d ecid e for
th e m se lv es w h ich form s o f social and e c o
n o m ic organization are m ost appropriate to
their n eed s, their traditions, and their aspira
tion s. R esp ect for w ork ers’ rights d o es not au
tom a tica lly flo w from any e co n o m ic sy stem . It
h u m an izes all e co n o m ic sy s te m s .13
Though barred from Poland then and again in
1987, the a f l -c io was able to demonstrate its
solidarity with Solidarity, most concretely by
assuring a stream of financial contributions,
from its own resources and from special appro
priations that it helped obtain from the U.S.
Congress.
To the regime’s great discomfort, the “Polish
Pope,” John Paul II, added his moral prestige to
Solidarity’s cause. In an encyclical letter (titled
“On Human Work”) distributed worldwide in
September 1981, John Paul restated the moral
case for trade unions and specifically called for
“new movements of solidarity of the workers
and with the workers.”14 (He spelled solidarity
with a small “s” but used it 10 times just to get
his point across.) That did not prevent the impo
sition of martial law, but, in heavily Catholic
Poland, the Pope’s words, as well as photo
graphs of Walesa and the Pope in friendly con
versation, lent a powerful legitimacy to the
Solidarity movement.
Blunter guidance came from a world leader
not known as a union crusader, Britain’s Prime
Minister Margaret Thatcher, who visited Poland
in early November 1988. At a state banquet in
Warsaw, she turned to General Jaruzelski and,
after referring to his plans for reforming
Poland’s badly ailing economy, said:
Y o u w ill o n ly a ch iev e h igh er grow th , o n ly re
lea se greater enterprise, o n ly spur p eo p le to
greater effo rt, o n ly obtain their full-hearted
co m m itm en t to reform , w h en p eo p le have the
d ign ity and enjoym en t o f p ersonal and political
lib erty, w h en they h ave the freed om o f ex p res
sio n , freed o m o f asso cia tio n , and the right to
form free and ind ep en dent trade u n io n s .15
Although Solidarity was still officially out
lawed, Thatcher visited Solidarity leaders in
Gdansk, placed flowers at a Solidarity monu
ment just outside the Lenin Shipyard, and, with
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Walesa at her side, told a throng of 5,000 Poles:
“Nothing can stop you.”16
The most important element in turning events
around in Poland was the firm, continuing loy
alty of Poland’s workers toward Solidarity. In
April and May and in August 1988, two waves
of strikes and demonstrations, the second larger
than the first, all demanded that the government
restore freedom of association by allowing Soli
darity to operate openly. Once again, in the
Lenin Shipyard in Gdansk, a thousand workers
surrounded by riot police chanted: “There is no
freedom without Solidarity.”
Another strong pressure on the Polish regime
was the refusal of the United States, other West
ern nations, and international agencies to grant
debt-ridden Poland much-needed economic as
sistance unless it first called off its war on Soli
darity. As a result, General Jaruzelski, putting
his own job on the line to overcome opposition
within the party, finally agreed to “round-table”
talks with Solidarity. After 2 months of dialog,
the two sides, on April 5, 1989, signed a series
of accords, almost 400 pages long, covering
sweeping political and economic reforms.17 In
the key reform, the regime recognized Solidar
ity— and without any provisos about the party’s
“leading role.” Solidarity supporters sang the
national anthem, “Poland Is Not Yet Lost,” in a
Warsaw courtroom April 17 after a three-judge
panel officially restored the movement’s status
as a legal entity.18
Political role
In the earlier Gdansk Accord, Solidarity had
willingly stipulated that it would not “play the
role of a political party.” Its leaders felt they had
enough to do building up a trade union move
ment— a view that pleased and reassured the
party at that time. But, facing the realities of
1989, the party reversed itself. Now the regime
needed Solidarity. In the round-table talks, it
was the regime that pressed a political role on The government
Solidarity. As the price for reinstituting its legal pledged to
status, Solidarity agreed to a limited amount of
“guarantee and
powersharing, including participation in the
ensure
complete
quasi-free June 1989 parliamentary elections,
respect
for the
where it captured all but 1 of the 261 seats it was
new
trade
allowed to contest.
Why, some asked, didn’t Solidarity take ad union.”
vantage of the worsening crisis by edging the
Communist Party completely out of power? For
one thing, such a strategy probably would have
tipped Poland into an abyss of chaos and vio
lence. In its long struggle, Solidarity had delib
erately hewed to a policy of nonviolence; it was
only the military regime that had resorted to
violence, including killings, and it still had the
power to order tanks out on the streets.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
37
38 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
How Solidarity Won Its Freedom
More fundamentally, as Jacek Kuron ex tion, which in the round-table talks opportunis
plained to a Washington conference of the tically pressed hard for wage indexation at 100
National Endowment for Democracy in May, percent of the inflation rate, whereas Solidarity
a totalitarian regime is “an artificially created accepted 80 percent. At the same time, Solidarity
system,” and destroying it overnight sim will have to temper the exaggerated expectations
ply “creates a new system that is artificial,” of its constituents while resisting the excessive
since there is no institutional infrastructure zeal of economic reformers advocating belt
sufficiently developed to replace it. “A demo tightening measures for labor. Organization
cratic revolution must be done in a gradual ally, in order to deal effectively with economic
process. 19
issues that cross geographic borders, Solidarity
As an example of this approach in the labor will have to adapt a structure that is essentially
field, Solidarity, while waging vigorous orga regional to one that is also sectoral. A move in
nizing campaigns against its government- that direction has already begun with the cre
sponsored rival, has not demanded its suppres ation of a nonregional union for hospital workers.
sion. In fact, in the April Accords, Solidarity
Solidarity expects its ranks to grow from the
had to swallow the government’s insistence that May level of 1 million to around 8 million, but
the state labor organization keep buildings and not at the rapid pace of the heady 1980-81 era.
other assets confiscated from Solidarity. How The mood today is less euphoric, partly because
ever, the government pledged to help find of worries that the Communist regime could
scarce office space for Solidarity’s local, re once again break a solenm agreement. Still,
gional, and national units. Further, the govern Solidarity quickly made strides not believed
ment agreed to reinstate some 50,000 Solidarity possible a few months earlier, the most publi
activists fired from their jobs during and after cized of which was its overwhelming success in
martial law and to reinstate Rural Solidarity, the June parliamentary election.
also previously outlawed.
Timothy Garton Ash, author of the Polish
Revolution: Solidarity and one of the most per
New challenges
ceptive writers on Poland in the English lan
guage, revisited the country this spring, and
Solidarity’s triumph creates new challenges for after observing how Solidarity was thriving in
it. It must cope with an entrenched Communist the new air of freedom, wrote: “I have to pinch
bureaucracy of 900,000 privileged members. myself to make sure I’m not dreaming.”20 Tem
Like unions in similar circumstances elsewhere, pering his awe, he added that the “great adven
it must strive to mesh its union program with ture” on which Poland has embarked is
that of its “Labor Party,” the members of parlia “perilous,”21 among other reasons because the
ment who won election on the Solidarity- country’s new-found freedom remains dependent
endorsed ticket. It faces increased competition on the restraint of those in Moscow (and Warsaw)
from a newly aggressive state labor organiza- who still control the guns and tanks.
□
Footnotes
1 Lech Walesa, L e c h W a le s a : A W a y o f H o p e (Henry
Holt, 1988), p. 131.
2 Harold D. N elson, e d ., P o l a n d : A C o u n tr y S tu d y
(Washington, American University, 1983), p. 419.
3 Denis MacShane, S o li d a r ity : P o l a n d ’s I n d e p e n d e n t
T r a d e U n io n (Spokesman, 1981). Though limited to Soli
darity’s premartial law life, this book is the best source in
English on Solidarity as a tr a d e u n io n .
4 Jacek Kuron in a talk at the National Endowment for
Democracy conference in Washington, May 1, 1989.
5 Nelson, A C o u n tr y S tu d y , p. 419.
10 Warsaw Pact communique quoted in Timothy Garton
Ash, P o lis h R e v o lu tio n , p. 99.
11 Walesa, L e c h W a le s a , p. 12.
12 Lawrence Weschler, T h e P a s s io n o f P o l a n d (New
York, Pantheon, 1984), p. 185.
13 AFL-cio press release, Sept. 25, 1981.
14 John Paul II, O n H u m a n W o rk (Washington, U .S.
Catholic Conference, 1981), p. 19.
15 Jackson Diehl, “Thatcher Tells Polish Leader: More
Liberty,” T h e W a sh in g to n P o s t, Nov. 4, 1988, p. A l.
6 Timothy Garton Ash, P o lis h R e v o lu tio n : S o li d a r ity
(New York, Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1983), p. 65.
16 Jackson Diehl, “Poles Cheer Thatcher During Visit to
Gdansk,” T h e W a sh in g to n P o s t, Nov. 5, 1988, p. A14.
7 Walesa, L e c h W a le s a , p. 142; and the author’s inter
view with a Solidarity official in May 1989.
17 News Release, 131, Solidarity coordinating office,
Brussels, dated April 1-1 5 , 1989.
8 Walesa, L e c h W a le s a , p. 162.
9 Leszek Kolakowski, Western representative of the Pol
ish Independent Committee for Culture, Science, and Edu
cation, in a talk May 18, 1988, at conference sponsored by
the National Endowment for Democracy. (See T h e C h a l
le n g e o f D e m o c r a c y , National Endowment for Democracy
report, p. 18.)
September 1989
18 T h e W a sh in g to n P o s t, Apr. 18, 1988.
19 Jacek Kuron in a talk at the National Endowment for
Democracy conference in Washington, May 1, 1989.
20 Timothy Garton Ash, “Revolution: The Springtime of
Two Nations,” T h e N e w Y o rk R e v ie w , June 15, 1989, p. 3.
21 I b id ., p. 8.
Foreign
labor
developments
E m p lo y e e r e p r e se n ta tio n
o n U .S ., G e r m a n b o a r d s
Everett M. Kassalow
In recent years, a small number of U .S.
companies have accepted employee or
union representation on their boards of
directors.1 However, the practice of
employee board representation has had
a fairly long history in the Federal
Republic of Germany, dating back to
the end of World War I. Employee
board representatives from both coun
tries met in the fall of 1988 for an
exchange of recent experiences in
“board-sitting.”2 This report compares
the employee board representation sys
tem in Germany with that of the United
States by viewing their structures, rela
tionships with unions, and influences
on management.
Structure
Germany. The origins of employee
board participation differ greatly be
tween the United States and Germany.
In Germany, legislation gives em
ployees the right to name board direc
tors. Three systems exist, varying by
size of company or industry, or both.
In the oldest system, employees
have parity with stockholders;3 they
nominate the same number of persons
to the board as do stockholders. This
system covers the coal and steel indus
try. In the second system found in
companies with 2,000 workers or
more, employees have “near parity”
with stockholders. Although emEverett M. Kassalow is visiting professor of In
dustrial Relations, University o f the District of
Columbia. Sylvia D. Kassalow assisted in the
preparation o f this report.
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ém
ployees in these companies elect as
many board representatives as do
stockholders, one employee represen
tative must be a managerial employee.
Moreover, the chairperson of the
board, who casts an extra vote in case
of a tie, is de facto chosen by the
stockholders.
The third system consists of compa
nies with 500-2000 employees. These
employees nominate one-third of the
board members; the stockholders
choose the remainder. All of the Ger
man participants agreed that although
the one-third arrangement limits real
power for the employees, it provides
access to company information which
might not otherwise be available to
them. However, employee representa
tives are sometimes kept off of key
subcommittees, bypassed for decisions
because such decisions had been
previously decided informally in stock
holders’ representatives caucus meet
ings, and so forth. Still, they are able
to bring employee problems to the
boards’ attention, and in many
companies, the other two-thirds do try
to reach a consensus with the employee
representatives.
This striving for consensus rather
than having split votes seems to be a
characteristic of all three types of
board representation. But except for
coal and steel industries where full par
ity is established, decisions tend to be
dominated by stockholders’ views, al
though employee representatives’
pressure does have influence, accord
ing to the German participants. In re
cent years, new economic difficulties,
competitive pressures, and restruc
turing of many companies do seem to
lead to somewhat more division be
tween employee and stockholder
representatives.
Some companies, outside of coal
and steel, try to avoid having any na
tional union officials serve on their
boards, preferring instead company
employees. The German Federation of
Trade Unions fears that not having a
union official on the board can lead to
too much “plant-only” concentrated
labor relations patterns. (In Germany,
collective agreements were usually ne
gotiated at the industry level, nation
ally, or regionally, depending on the
industry.)
United States. In contrast with the
legal foundation supporting employee
board membership in Germany, such
membership in the United States is
very much a product of the recent
“concession era” of collective bargain
ing. A number of companies accept
employee board representation, or are
pressed by unions to do so, as a trade
off for concessions made by unions
and workers to companies in economic
distress.
In some cases, the American em
ployees owe their positions on the
board to Employee Stock Ownership
Plans under which they could name
representatives to the company boards
(as well as become stockholders).
Without union pressure, it was pointed
out, Employee Stock Ownership Plans
often do not provide for employee
board membership. German partici
pants were surprised to learn how
widespread and growing Employee
Stock Ownership Plans were in the
United States. One U.S. union partici
pant indicated that Employee Stock
Ownership Plans had become one of
the accepted tools his union was pre
pared to use when faced with the
prospect of plant (or company) clo
sures. Of course, the national union
Monthly Labor Review
September 1989
39
Foreign Labor Developments
insisted local unions proceed with cau
tion to plants or companies that were
beyond saving.
Generally speaking, U.S. employee
representation on boards appears lim
ited to one to three members— a mod
est minority. An exception would be at
Weirton Steel (two of whose board
members participated) where em
ployees now own all of the stock (un
der an Employee Stock Ownership
Plan buyout). There is provision for
eventual full nomination of the board
by employee stockholders. (The com
pany’s precarious position at the time
of the employees’ purchase included
provision for board representation for
creditors, suppliers, and several out
siders, as well as a minority of union
nominees.)
A few U.S. airlines, in which a
number of craft unions have collective
bargaining representation, have gained
board representation in return for eco
nomic concessions. In these cases,
seats are provided to several unions, or
one rotating seat is provided for the
unions. On occasion, there have been
sharply different positions taken on
critical issues by the different unions,
and this has weakened their influence.
For the most part, U.S. participants
have not found great disadvantages in
their relatively small representation on
boards. The economic distress of many
of the companies involved has led their
board members and managers to rely
on employee board members to help
enlist greater cooperation from all the
employees when dealing with such
issues as concessions, work rule
changes, and so forth. In any event,
access to board membership provided
large amounts of information, and this
in itself was considered an important
gain to employee representatives. One
union participant noted that in one
company, the union negotiated a col
lective agreement which established
many employee/management commit
tees, scattered across several plants.
The purpose of these joint committees
was to improve the quality of work,
productivity, employee involvement,
and so forth. However, in his experi
ence, the agreement did not provide as
much access to company information
and top-level policies as did a board
seat.
40
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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One U.S. participant, however,
stated that he had served on boards in
which the company chief officer, who
was also chairperson of the board,
packed that board with his own ap
pointees (who in turn, always voted
with the chair); used board subcommit
tees to bring matters before the whole
board which, in effect, had already
been decided; and took other steps as
well to isolate the employee board
member. But this seemed to be the ex
ception, so far as U.S. employee
participants at this meeting were con
cerned. (The individual who cited that
case had more favorable experiences
on a couple of other boards on which
he was serving as union-appointed em
ployee representative.)
Other differences
In the U.S.board representation sys
tem, the chief operating officer of a
company is almost always a board
member and sometimes, its chairper
son. In the German systems, top oper
ating management is clearly separate,
having no seat on the board. However,
top management must be approved by
the board. This seems to allow greater
independence for the board.
While no absolutely clear policies
had been enunciated by the U.S.
Teamsters and the Steelworkers unions
(representatives named to boards by
both these unions were present), it did
appear that these two organizations
preferred to name sympathetic “out
siders,” rather than active trade
unionists to boards of directors. This
position is taken to avoid possible con
fusion of management and union roles,
and possibly to avoid any legal prob
lems arising out of charges of collusion
or antitrust violation. Still, a couple of
current officials of the Steelworkers
union are serving on boards of direc
tors. (One such employee director was
appointed at the company’s insistence,
when it was in the throes of some
difficult restructuring. In this case,
the union-nominated “outside” board
members also insisted that the director
serve.) However, most unions operat
ing in the airline industry tended to
appoint active unionists to board posi
tions, when they had nominating
rights.
The question as to the fees employee
board directors receive elicited a range
of responses. In the German case, a
large part of the fees received by
unionists are turned over to the Ger
man Federation of Trade Union’s
Bockler Foundation for research and
education. In the U.S. case, the situa
tions vary. For example, the “outside”
board members receive regular com
pany board member fees, one or two
unionists serve without compensation,
and so forth.
Relations with unions
Employee board members expressed
widely varying views on the kinds of
relationships they had with their re
spective unions. In the German case,
the basic local employee organization
is the works council. Under German
law, every private workplace with five
employees or more can elect represen
tatives to serve on a works council. In
practice, all larger companies and a
great majority of middle-sized compa
nies elect work councils, but a number
of very small companies do not. Mem
bers of the German Federation of
Trade Unions win a large majority of
the seats in these elections. They also
win a great majority of company board
seats in elections among employees.
All of the German participants in
sisted that their role as board members
would not be truly effective without
close contact with their counterpart
works councils. When questioned
about whether there was a possibility
of endangering the legal, confidential
ity obligation they had as board mem
bers, they expressed that the confiden
tiality issue could be exaggerated.
None personally had any experience of
being challenged on this issue. More
over, they indicated that in many
cases, the chairperson of the local
works councils is usually a member of
the company board, with the same ac
cess they had to board meetings and
information. All board and works
council members are, in any event, en
titled to participate, with voice, at gen
eral stockholder meetings. (Of course,
there are some matters in which sensi
tive information affecting a company’s
competitive position had to be treated
specially.) The German participants in-
sisted that unless their positions and
actions were closely linked to what the
works councils wanted and under
stood, their board roles would not have
much meaning.
On the U.S. side, participants ex
pressed differences of opinion on the
relationship between employee board
members and union officials. Some
took the position that U.S. law (which
seems to be stricter than German law in
its insistence that boards are strictly re
sponsible for the interests of the com
pany’s stockholders) makes it diffi
cult, if not impossible, to have any
substantial contact— such as report
ing— with local union officials. They
considered their roles as sympathetic
but “neutral” outsiders. One such em
ployee argued that if other board mem
bers believed he was consulting with
the local union, they would isolate
him, take him off key committees, and
he would lose his influence.
By contrast, two active union offi
cials, serving on boards, said they
could not imagine not having an ex
change with local union officers (not
on the board). The purpose of their
bringing employee views to the board
dictates this. Of course, when it was
“secret” information in which disclo
sure could hurt the company’s compet
itive position, they were cautious, but
generally, they believed they could not
serve unless they had close contact
with the local union.
One “outside” employee representa
tive maintained it was wrong not to
accept the fact that employee represen
tatives serve in some capacity as labor
representatives. Without good contact
with the local union, he would not be
able to serve his purpose, and indeed
would not be of any special use to the
nonemployee board representatives,
let alone to the union. He believed
board law in cases like these was
evolving, and that it was appropriate to
push the matter of confidentiality to the
limit. He too, was sensitive to disclo
sure of anything that might jeopardize
the company’s competitive position.
In practice, some of the actual expe
rience on these matters cut across these
U.S. participants’ general philosophi
cal views. Several of the participants’
companies were caught up, at one time
or another, in takeover or merger situa
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tions. Under these circumstances, it
was essential for the entire board to
have some knowledge of the union’s
views and reactions (in one instance,
the national union and in other cases,
the local unions) on these proposals.
While these were delicate matters, and
disclosure to the public could have
been fatal to the proposals, no confi
dentiality was breached.
In one U.S. company where a major
change in bargaining structure practice
had become essential in the eyes of the
management and the board, the outside
“employee” board representative was
the intermediary who explored this
matter with the national union in
volved, before any action was taken.
Generally, the U.S. participants
tend to stay out of collective bargain
ing operations, believing that this was
not their function as board members.
(Of course, with several companies in
a precarious economic position, it was
sometimes difficult to keep the board
and bargaining functions separate.)
Some key areas of influence
It was agreed by participants from both
countries that one important value of
employee board representatives came
from their ability to have a voice and
possible influence on such matters as
full or partial establishment closures.
In one U.S. case, an employee board
member was able to persuade a com
pany to keep open a department in an
old operation by inducing the company
to invest in new technology there,
rather than open a new plant elsewhere.
In a German case, a company was pre
paring to close an old operation and the
employee board members persuaded it
to branch into a new line of manufac
ture, retrain employees, and maintain
employment in the old location.
German participants indicated that
they were increasingly pressing com
panies to provide new employment op
portunities for their current employees
whose jobs were threatened, and,
whenever possible, to offer job oppor
tunities to young persons in the labor
market. While German law requires
that com panies planning to close
operations provide a “Sozial Plan”
for displaced employees (such plans
usually provide for early retirement,
retraining, and special severance bene
fits), employee board members some
times used their influence to make the
benefits of such “Sozial Plans” more
expansive. The German Federation of
Unions and its affiliated national
unions, however, were increasingly
pressing for companies to assume re
sponsibility for new employment as a
better alternative than other benefits
when plant closings are planned. This
was a fairly recent departure and had
not yet shown widespread results.
As part of their concern for employ
ment security, German board members
often argued for greater reinvestment
of company earnings in new plant and
equipment, while stockholders more
often argued for greater dividends.
Conclusion
The German participants with their
long experience of board representa
tion and codetermination generally
believe they are part of an important
institution. They believe “codeter
mination leads to a different kind of
capitalism,” one more sensitive and
responsive to employee needs.
The American participants were
careful to point out to their German
counterparts that employee board par
ticipation is a very new and limited
phenomenon in the United States, and
one that is confined to relatively few
companies, at least as yet. Moreover,
there seemed to be no real prospect of
legislation that would make such par
ticipation a widespread practice as in
Germany.
Generally speaking however, the
American participants were satisfied
their roles had been useful to their com
panies and to the employees and unions
who nominated them. A few of the U.S.
participants were confident that manage
ment would increasingly see the useful
ness of employee board representation to
itself as well as to employees.
□
Footnotes
1 In Germany, these are called boards o f su
pervisors or Aufsichstraat; hereafter the U .S.
term, “board of directors” is used.
2 For the U .S. participants, this meeting pro
vided an opportunity to learn more o f the Ger
man board experience, which is, o f course, more
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
41
Foreign Labor Developments
widespread than the U .S. case. Moreover, It also
provided an opportunity for Americans, new to
the phenomenon o f sitting on company boards,
to exchange experiences. (In 1988, one national
union, the United Steelworkers, did convene a
panel meeting o f three o f the employee board
members for whose appointments it was respon
sible.)
The conference was jointly finance by the
German Federation o f Trade Union’s HansBockler Stiftung o f Düsseldorf and the German
Marshall Fund o f the United States. It was held
at Linden Hall (the education and research center
o f the United Steelworkers of America, just out
side o f Pittsburgh, pa ), September 2 7 -2 8 , 1988.
Recruitment o f participants on the German side
was left to the Bockler Foundation, with Gerhard
Leminsky of that Foundation immediately responsi
ble. On the U .S. side, participants were selected
by the Carnegie Mellon University’s Center for
Studies, with Everett M. Kassalow (then on the
faculty o f c m u ) immediately responsible.
Five members o f German Federation of Trade
Unions affiliated union bodies, with experience
on a number of company boards (in a couple of
cases, an individual had served on more than one
board) were in attendance. Four o f them were
full-time staff officers of unions. One was an
employee-nominated member of the top operat
ing management— V o r s ta n d — of a steel com
pany; but he, of course, worked closely with the
board of his company.
On the U .S. side, seven employee board
members participated. Some of them were full
time union officials, local or national; but there
were also several “outside” employee board
members at the meetings. These are individuals
who are not union officials, but have been nom
inated to serve on boards by unions, presumably
because they are sympathetic to, and have an
understanding of workers and union needs. (In
one case, the outsider was a former, now retired,
union official.)
On the German side, the steel and auto indus
tries were represented, as well as one general
holding company with plants in a variety of in
dustries. The U .S. participants came from a gen
eral transportation company, as well as the steel
and air transport industries.
In advance of the meeting, a brief survey of
the German labor system including works coun
cils and board representation systems (taken to
gether these two are often called the codetermi
nation systems of employee representation in
Germany) was circulated to the U .S. partici
pants. A short memo on the relevant aspects of
the U .S. labor relations system, including a brief
account of the recent “rise” of employee board
representation, was provided in advance to the
Bockler Foundation for circulation to the Ger
man participants. A series of possible questions
and issues for discussion, as well as a tentative
agenda, was prepared and distributed in advance
to participants, more as a general guide, rather
than as a strict agenda.
3
The term “shareholders” is used in Ger
many, while “stockholders” is more common in
the United States and will be used throughout
this report.
A note on communications
The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement,
challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered
for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not
polemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Depart
ment of Labor, Washington, d c 20212.
2 Monthly Labor Review
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
September 1989
Major
agreements
expiring
next month
T h is list o f selected c o lle c tiv e bargaining
agreem en ts ex p irin g in O ctob er is based on
inform ation c o lle cte d by the B u reau ’s O f
fic e o f C om p en sation and W orking C on d i
tions. The list includes agreements covering
1 ,0 0 0 w orkers or m ore. Private industry is
arranged in order o f Standard Industrial
C la ssifica tio n . L abor organ ization s listed
are a ffilia te d w ith th e a f l - c io , e x c e p t
w h ere noted as ind ep en dent (In d .).
Glass
Owens-Illinois, Inc., Vineland,
Workers, 1,200 workers
Miscellaneous manufacturing
n j;
Flint Glass
Steel
CF&I Steel Corp., Pueblo, co; Steelworkers,
1,200 workers
Standard Steel Division, Freedom Forge Corp.,
Burnham, p a ; Steelworkers, 1,000 workers
Southeastern States Area Agreement, Interstate;
Boilermakers, 6,000 workers
Hughes Tool C o., Houston, t x ; Steelworkers,
1,300 workers
Rheem Manufacturing C o., Fort Smith, a r ;
Steelworkers, 1,400 workers
Timken C o., Canton, o h ; Steelworkers, 5,500
workers
Food products
Electrical and electronic equipment
Construction
A. E. Staley Manufacturing C o., Decatur, il ;
Allied Industrial Workers, 1,050 workers
General Foods Corp., Battle Creek, m i ; Retail,
Wholesale and Department Store Union, 1,200
workers
Paper
James River Dixie, Northern Division, Naheola,
a l ; Paperworkers, 1,500 workers
Printing
Printing Industries o f Metropolitan New York,
New York, n y ; Typographical Union, 3,000
workers
Chemicals
Hercules, Inc., Army Ammunition Plant, Rad
ford, v a : Oil, Chemical and Atomic Workers,
2,600 workers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
pa;
Transportation and utilities
Machinery, except electrical
P rivate ind ustry
Armstrong World Industries, Lancaster,
Rubber Workers, 1,500 workers
Bendix Corp., a Division of Amphenol, Inc.,
Sidney n y ; Machinists, 1,500 workers
Gibson Products Corp., a Division o f White
Consolidated Industries, Greenville, mi; Auto
mobile Workers, 3,000 workers
Transportation equipment
B oeing C o ., Interstate; M achinists, 4 0 ,0 0 0
workers
Boeing C o., Vertol Division, Philadelphia, p a ;
Automobile Workers, 3,300
Dana Corp., Parish D ivision , Reading, p a ;
Steelworkers, 2,000 workers
Lockheed Corp., Lockheed California Division,
California; Machinists, 10,000 workers
Lockheed Corp., Lockheed Georgia Co. Divi
sion, Interstate; Machinists, 10,000 workers
Lockheed Corp., Lockheed Missiles and Space
Division, California; Machinists, 6,600 workers
McDonnell Douglas Corp., California; Machin
ists, 3,500 workers
Brooklyn Union Gas C o ., Brooklyn and Queens,
Transport Workers, 2,300 workers
Dayton Power and Light C o., Dayton, o h ; Util
ity Workers, 1,900 workers
Duke Power C o., North Carolina; Electrical
Workers ( ibe w ), 2,050 workers
Jersey Central Power and Light Co., New Jersey;
Electrical Workers (ibe w ), 2,850 workers
Tennessee Valley Authority, Interstate; various
unions, 12,000 workers
ny;
Retail trade
A&P Food Stores, New York, n y , area; Food
and Commercial Workers, 10,000 workers
Greater New York Food Employers Labor Rela
tions Council, New York, n y , area; Food and
Commercial Workers, 4,000 workers
Kohl’s Food Stores, Wisconsin; Food and Com
mercial Workers, 4,000 workers
Kroger Food Stores, Cincinnati, o h ; Food and
Commercial Workers, 3,300 workers
Insurance
Prudential Insurance C o., Interstate; Life In
surance Agents (Ind.), 1,200 workers
P ublic activities
Education
Madison teachers, Madison, wi; National Educa
tion Association (Ind.), 1,700 workers
Memphis school custodial and cafeteria workers,
Memphis, t n ; State, County and Municipal Em
ployees, 1,800 workers
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
43
Developments
in industrial
relations
Eastern Air Lines
10 percent for the first 6 months and 5
percent for the second 6 months, delay
Difficulties continued at Eastern Air
of 1989 vacations to 1990, and a re
Lines, where a work stoppage threat
quirement that pilots fly 68 hours a
ened company efforts to reorganize un
month in 1990 and 60 hours a month in
der Chapter 11 of the Federal
the following years, up from 46 hours
Bankruptcy Code.
prior to the work stoppage.
In May, Eastern began efforts to sell
While the court was considering
its East Coast shuttle service, the only
Eastern’s request, the company and the
major unit profitable prior to the work
Air Line Pilots resumed negotiations,
stoppage which began on March 4.
raising hopes of a settlement. How
(See Monthly Labor Review, June
ever, the union rejected a proposal; a
1989, p. 40.) Initially, there were sev
major factor in the decision was that
eral bidders, but entrepreneur Donald
only about 1,400 of the 3,400 pilots
Trump won after the bankruptcy court
would be recalled because of Eastern’s
rejected the other offers.
plan to cut operations.
In conjunction with the purchase,
Eastern formally filed a reorganiza
Trump signed labor contracts with the
tion plan with the court in July, but still
Air Line Pilots, Transport Workers,
had to refined that plan in 60 days of
and Machinists unions, and 800 of the
negotiations with unsecured creditors.
1,000 jobs at the new carrier went to Meanwhile, the work stoppage was
former Eastern employees. The new
continuing and the unions were at
contracts were described as modified
tempting to step up their pressure, and
extensions of the unions’ contracts
Eastern was attempting to increase its
with Eastern.
number of flights by hiring new em
After the sale of the shuttle, Eastern
ployees and persuading participants in
said it still planned to sell off $1.5 bil
the stoppage to cross picket lines.
lion of assets and reform into a smaller
Throughout the crisis, a major barrier
airline. The unions, facing the possi
to a settlement has been the unions’
bility of a sharp cut in jobs, acted to aid
insistence that Frank Lorenzo, presi
a prospective purchaser who promised
dent of Eastern’s parent Texas Air
to buy all of Eastern and not cut its
Corp., is antiunion and should be ex
size. However, this effort ended when
cluded from any role in the operation
the bankruptcy judge ruled that the
of Eastern.
purchase offer was inadequately fi
nanced.
Airline industry update
Eastern then requested the court to
end its contract with the Air Line Pilots
At United Air Lines, the Air Line Pi
and implement its last offer to the
lots revived its 1987 offer to buy the
union. The offer included pay cuts of
parent u a l Corp., joining other
prospective purchasers. Acquisition at
tempts were spurred by United’s 1988
“Developments in Industrial Relations” is pre
profit of $1.12 billion. The move to
pared by George Ruben o f the Division of Devel
buy u a l Corp. also was impelled by 18
opments in Labor-Management Relations, Bu
months of unsuccessful negotiations on
reau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on
information from secondary sources.
a new labor contract and by a court
44
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
invalidation of provisions in the Ma
chinists’ 1987 labor contract with
United that were intended to thwart
purchase offers from any source. The
provisions gave the Machinists the
right to match or exceed any outside
purchase offer. If anyone, including
the Air Line Pilots, acquired control of
50 percent of United’s stock, the Ma
chinists had the option to reopen the
contract or to extend it for 3 years,
during which employees would receive
wage increases totaling 11 percent and
pension improvements totaling 12 per
cent.
Meanwhile, United was entering the
third year of negotiations with the As
sociation of Flight Attendants for
13,500 employees. The parties had
tentatively settled late in 1987, but
union members rejected the proposal,
apparently because it called for cuts in
wages and benefits and retention of a
lower pay scale for new employees.
In another matter, United settled a
5-year legal dispute with a group of
pilots over whether they should accrue
pension credits for work beyond the
federally-mandated age limit of 60 for
pilots and co-pilots. Under the settle
ment, United made unspecified cash
payments and became responsible for
larger pensions to the 141 active and
retired employees who had switched to
flight engineer jobs at age 60. Prior to
a 1986 amendment to the Age Discrim
ination in Employment Act, employers
were not required to give employees
pension service credit for years worked
beyond the usual retirement age.
Earlier in the case, a U.S. district
judge had rejected the pilot’s con
tention that they could receive pay and
pensions at the same time.
At American Airlines, a new con
tract with the Transport Workers pro-
vided for total wage increases ranging
up to 95.9 percent over the 4-year con
tract term. The total increases con
sisted of general increases of 80 cents
an hour effective May 13, 1989, and
50 cents on September 1, 1990, and
February 29, 1992, increased license
and skill premiums, and accelerated
progression to maximum rates for job
categories. Within job categories, total
increases were largest for employees
hired after December 31, 1988, and
smallest for those hired prior to Janu
ary 2, 1983. Ranges for the categories
were 95.9 percent ($5.80 an hour) to
11.6 percent ($1.80) for fleet service
employees, 77.7 percent ($8.94) to
14.2 percent ($2.80) for mechanics
with two Federal licenses, 81.3 percent
($8.94) to 14.6 percent ($2.80) for me
chanics with one license, and 89.9 per
cent ($9.44) to 17.7 percent ($3.30)
for unlicensed mechanics with particu
lar skills.
All employees also received retroac
tive pay equal to 8 percent of their
gross earnings from March 1, 1989,
through May 12, 1989.
Employees also will be eligible for
quarterly payments contingent on pro
ductivity levels under a new Leader
ship Excellence Advancement Appre
ciation Pay plan. Quarterly payments
will range from 20 cents an hour for
meeting station or base goals to
40 cents for exceeding goals by 20
percent.
Other provisions included:
• Extension of the career job guar
antee to all employees hired prior
to January 1, 1987.
• Adoption of a flexible health plan
permitting emHoyees to select
their benefits. (American’s pre
mium cost will be set on June 1,
1990, and the company will pay
any later premium increase up to
5 percent and above 12 percent,
with employees paying the inter
mediate amount).
• Increased lifetime major medical
coverage to $500,000, from
$300,000 (employee deductible
and coinsurance payments also
were increased).
• Increased pension benefits result
ing from the higher pay scales.
Other benefits changes included
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
pension vesting after 5 years in
the plan, and a requirement that
employees “prefund” their post
retirement health benefits by
making contributions during their
career (minimum 10 years) rang
ing from $12 a month at age 30 to
$91.50 at age 40 or older. These
contributions are subject to an
nual increases similar to premium
increases in the employees’ active
service coverage.
• Payment at retirement for up to
150 days of unused sick leave
(formerly, 140 days).
Northwest Airlines’ parent, n w a ,
Inc., was involved in fending off un
welcome purchase offers from a num
ber of suitors. Also participating in the
complex series of events were the Air
Line Pilots and Machinists unions,
which at times criticized purchase pro
posals and even moved toward making
their own proposals. Finally, n w a ac
cepted a $3.65 billion offer from a
group of investors, subject to govern
ment approval. The Air Line Pilots
condemned the proposal, contending it
would burden n w a with excessive
debt. Instead, the union backed a cor
porate recapitalization plan that n w a
had developed as an alternative if the
purchase plan was not successful. The
Air Line Pilot’s position was signifi
cant because the union was involved in
3 years of intermittent labor contract
negotiations with Northwest Airlines
that could result in a work stoppage.
During the series of purchase pro
posals, Northwest Airlines settled with
the Machinists for 10,500 ticket clerks,
reservation clerks, and clerical em
ployees. The agreement terminates
April 30, 1992, the same date as the
union’s agreement with the company
for mechanics, baggage handlers, and
airplane cleaners.
The 1989 accord provides an $80 to
$100 signing bonus, an immediate 2.7percent wage increase, a 3-percent in
crease in 1990, and a 3.5-percent in
crease in 1991. About 500 former
employees of Republic Airlines—
which merged into Northwest in
1986—received additional increases of
about 7 percent to bring their pay to the
level of other Northwest employees.
The contract also provides for in
creased pension benefits, a new 401(k)
savings plan, and a new long-term dis
ability plan financed equally by the
company and employees.
Changes beneficial to Northwest in
clude increases in the number of parttime employees and in their workweek
(to 25 hours, from 20), greater flexibil
ity in assigning overtime work and
hiring relief workers for peak travel
periods, and for continuing nego
tiations on expanding employees’ job
assignments.
The other union at Northwest is the
Teamsters, which settled in 1988 for
7,000 flight attendants. This contract
terminates December 31, 1992.
At Pan Am Corp.— which was one
of the entities seeking to purchase
n w a , Inc., the parent of Northwest
Airlines— union-management atten
tion centered on a company proposal to
cease direct funding of its pension
plans. Instead, the company was
asking the Department of Labor for
permission to meet its past and future
obligations by turning over income
from its Worldport facility at
Kennedy International Airport in New
York.
The proposal was opposed by the
four unions involved— the Teamsters,
Transport Workers, Air Line Pilots,
and Association of Flight Attendants.
According to the Teamsters, the switch
would increase the danger to employee
benefits stemming from existing un
derfunding totaling more than $621
million.
Air traffic controllers
In a move to strengthen the Nation’s air
traffic control system, the Federal Avi
ation Administration has begun paying
bonuses to attract and retain highly
qualified employees at its busiest air
ports and regional centers. Under the
5-year experimental plan, 2,100 flight
controllers, inspectors, and technicians
at 13 hard-to-staff locations will re
ceive extra pay of 20 percent. Eligible
controllers, who had earned about
$62,000 a year, will now receive
$74,400 and, with overtime work,
could earn $90,000.
The Federal Aviation Administra
tion had received 500 formal bids and
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
45
Developments in Industrial Relations
450 inquiries regarding 140 job vacan
cies at the 13 locations since the pro
gram was announced in October 1988.
Secretary of Transportation Samuel
Skinner, after visiting the hard-to-staff
flight control centers, commented, “I
think those jobs deserve that kind of
compensation.”
The executive vice president of the
National Air Traffic Controllers Asso
ciation, Ray L. Spickler, called the
program “a band-aid on a hemor
rhage,” contending that the program
would hurt morale because it benefited
relatively few of the 16,000 controllers
the union represents. Spickler, while
conceding that the premium pay will
help ease traffic control difficulties,
complained that the selection of sites to
be covered was arbitrary and that the
union had been limited to an advisory,
rather than a collective bargaining, role
in developing the plan. Under law,
unions representing Federal employees
are generally permitted to bargain on
working conditions, but not on pay and
benefits.
The National Air Traffic Controllers
Association announced membership
ratification of its initial contract with
the Federal Aviation Administration.
(See Monthly Labor Review, March
1989, pp. 43-44.) The tally was 3,920
to 748, with about 68 percent of the
union’s members voting. The union is
the successor to the defunct Profes
sional Air Traffic Controller Organiza
tion, which represented controllers in
1981, when President Ronald Reagan
fired 11,400 controllers for striking in
violation of Federal law.
Inland Steel Corp.-Steelworkers
Following settlements with Bethlehem
Steel Corp. and National Steel Corp.
(Monthly Labor Review, July 1989,
pp. 43-44), the Steelworkers settled
with Inland Steel Corp. The 4-year ac
cord covers 11,000 employees at the
company’s mill in East Chicago, i n , a
taconite mine in Virginia, m n , and a
lime and stone operation in Gulliver,
m i . Only Armco, Inc. is left to settle in
the 1989 round of bargaining. The
union’s 1987 contract with usx Corp.,
the Nation’s largest steel producer, ex
pires in January 1991.
46
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Terms at Inland were largely com
parable to those in the lead-off accord
at Bethlehem. One difference was that
there was no immediate “make whole”
or “recovery” wage increase at Inland
because its 1986 settlement did not re
duce wages. The “new money” wage
increases totaled the same as at Bethle
hem, but the effective dates differed.
At Inland, the $1.50 an hour total con
sists of a 75-cent increase on August 1,
1989, 50 cents on January 1, 1991, and
25 cents on January 1, 1992; Bethle
hem’s increases consist of $1 on Janu
ary 1, 1991, and 50 cents on January 1,
1992.
A difference in benefits is that each
Inland employee will receive a special
1-week vacation during the contract
term. The week off will be scheduled
by seniority, with one-fourth of the
workers taking their time off in each
contract year. The schedule of regular
annual vacations— ranging up to 5
weeks after 25 years of service— re
mained the same as at Bethlehem.
Longshore workers at 36 ports
Faced with lack of resolution of bar
gaining issues and an impending con
tract expiration, the International
Longshoremen’s Association and
cargo handling firms in 36 Atlantic and
Gulf coast ports agreed to extend exist
ing terms 14 months, to December 1,
1990. In the announcement, union and
management agreed that changes in
contractual work rules were necessary
to preserve jobs and the financial
health of employers. Reportedly,
union president John Bowers had said
that the contract extension was neces
sary because union members could not
be persuaded, at the present, to accept
changes in work rules and cuts in
compensation.
Initially, employers had proposed
paying premium rates only for work in
excess of 40 hours a week (currently
premium rates are paid for all hours in
excess of the normal workday or work
week), freezing new employees pay at
$18 an hour, linking veteran employees’
pay levels to gains in productivity,
freezing management’s financing of
employee benefits, and cutting the size
of crews handling container cargo.
The problems facing the longshore
employers and employees include
adapting to changes in cargo handling,
growing competition from nonunion
operators, and shifts in cargo destina
tion among the covered ports and to the
west coast, where employees are repre
sented by the International Longshore
men’s and Warehousemen’s Union.
Probably the most difficult problem
facing the International Longshore
men’s Association and employers is
the Federal Maritime Commission’s
1987 invalidation of their rules on con
tainer cargo, which was upheld by the
Supreme Court in 1989. The parties
acted to counter resulting job cuts by
financially aiding employers who hire
unemployed longshore workers. (See
Monthly Labor Review, June 1989,
p. 40.)
UAW convention
The paramount issue confronting dele
gates to the United Auto Workers
triennial convention was whether to
continue moving toward a more coop
erative relationship with management
or reverting to the more adversarial ap
proach that prevailed prior to the
1980’s. In his keynote speech, union
president Owen Bieber defended the
current strategy, explaining, “Our par
ticipation is motivated by only one
consideration: the universal desire of
workers to have a say over their jobs
and to have a more satisfying and se
cure situation at work.” He also as
sured the delegates that the union
would not hesitate to call strikes or
withdraw from cooperative relation
ships that deteriorate, saying, “where
the power of persuasion fails, we will
use the persuasion of power without
hesitation.”
The call for a more adversarial rela
tionship with management, which had
been developing well before the con
vention, was centered in a group of the
union’s members named “New Direc
tions,” led by Jerry Tucker, a regional
director of the union. New Directions
contended that the cooperative ap
proaches— which generally
give
employees a greater voice in plant op
eration in return for broadening and ro
tating job assignments— are too often
dominated by management, resulting
in increased output without commen
surate benefit to employees.
After some contentious discussions,
the delegates backed the current policy
by a wide margin. Backing of the cur
rent policy was also indicated by the
unopposed reelection of Bieber and
other union leaders by acclamation, by
election of a Bieber-backed candidate
to succeed Tucker, and by approval of
a plan to press management to accept
union officers as members of their
boards of directors. (Currently, only
Bieber is a director, at Chrysler Corp.)
In other election matters involving
union vice presidents, Donald F.
Ephlin retired and Steven Yokich suc
ceeded him as head of the General Mo
tors Corp. Department, Ernest Lofton
succeeded Yokich as head of the Ford
Motor Co. Department, and Stan Mar
shall succeeded Marc Stepp, who re
tired as head of the Chrysler Corp.
Department.
Despite the defeat, Tucker and other
New Directions leaders contended that
their effort was useful because it will
increase scrutiny of current and future
labor-management cooperative efforts,
possibly resulting in better terms for
employees. The leaders also vowed to
continue their organization and to hold
a meeting convention when the union
conducts a special convention in prepa
ration for 1990 collective bargaining
with the three auto manufacturers.
Plans for reversing the Auto Work
ers’ decline in membership and in
creasing its collective bargaining and
political strength were presented to the
convention in “A Strong Union in a
Changing World,” a report prepared
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
els comparable to those of workers the
union represented elsewhere in the
industry, and that the workers were
assured of jobs, even during sales
slowdowns.
An Auto Workers’ spokesman
called the election results a “stinging
defeat,” but explained, “we have to
take the long view of these things,”
noting past organizing struggles that fi
nally were successful. A plant manager
contended that the union lost the elec
tion because it had little to offer em
ployees that they were not already
receiving directly from Nissan.
Despite the defeat, the Auto Work
ers indicated that it would continue its
organizing drives at two other
Japanese-owned plants— the Toyota
plant in Georgetown k y , and the Subaru-Isuzu plant in Lafayette, i n .
To date, the union’s organizing suc
cesses in the automobile industry have
been limited to 6,400 employees of
plants operated jointly by Japanese and
American companies, such as New
Nissan employees reject union
United Motors Manufacturing Inc. in
Fremont, ca (operated by General Mo
The organizing challenge facing the
tors Corp. and Toyota Motor Co.) and
United Auto Workers and other unions
Mazda Motors Manufacturing in Flat
was demonstrated in a representation
Rock, mi (partly owned by Ford Motor
election at the Nissan Motors Manu
Co.).
facturing Corp., USA automobile and
The Auto Workers first major orga
truck plant in Smyrna, t n . The tally
nizing effort at a Japanese-owned plant
was 1,622 for “no union” and 711 for
involved the Honda of America Manu
the Auto Workers. During the pre
facturing Corp. operation in Marys
election campaign, the Auto Workers
ville, o h . This effort ended in 1986,
stressed its claim that the 2,400 pro
when the union withdrew its petition to
duction workers needed a union be
the National Labor Relations Board for
cause Nissan production goals were
an election, presumably because of
too high, exhausting and endangering
doubts that it could gamer a majority of
employees. Nissan contended that the
votes (sqq Monthly Labor Review, May
work pace was not excessive, that em
1986, p. 51).
□
ployees already had compensation lev
by The Commission on the Future of
the uaw. The Commission, consisting
of union officials and rank-and-file
members, was authorized at the 1986
commission.
The report, which included a call for
closer study of labor-management
cooperative programs by the union’s
International Executive Board, also
indicated that the union must empha
size the organizing of white-collar and
service workers because of the chang
ing economy and increase its appeal to
the general public through campaigns
in the media and schools. In May
1989, the Auto Workers had 966,000
members, compared with 1.5 million
in 1979.
In a legal matter following the June
convention, Tucker, in a complaint
filed with the Department of Labor,
charged that union officers had im
properly aided Roy Wyse in his drive
to replace Tucker as head of District 5.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
47
Book
reviews
Valuable information
are for Puerto Ricans. With the highest
panic origin groups in 1960, 1970, and
incidence of unemployment and a
1980— an endeavor marked by
The Hispanic Population o f the United
rapidly falling labor force participation
changes in questions, wording, and
States. By Frank D. Bean and Marta
rate, they were the most disadvantaged
sampling. Appendix A describes the
Tienda. New York, Russell Sage
of all the groups. Among employed
criteria
used by Bean and Tienda to
Foundation, 1987. 456 pp., bibliog
Puerto Ricans, however, occupational
maximize
comparability across the
raphy. $42.50.
upgrading was quite substantial, sug
three censuses, including caveats re
gesting that those “most likely to suc
garding data limitations.
This book is the most comprehen
ceed have remained in the labor force,
This is an excellent reference book
sive overview to date of recent demo
while those with limited prospects for
with wide coverage. Its detailed find
graphic and labor force trends for
occupational mobility have dropped
ings and careful analyses make it an
Hispanics in the United States. Part of
out altogether” (p. 331). This type of
invaluable source of data on an impor
the Russell Sage Census Monograph
attention to variations among and
tant and rapidly growing segment of
Series, The Hispanic Population o f the
within the Hispanic populations char
the U.S. population.
United States synthesizes census infor
acterizes Bean and Tienda’s analyses
mation from past decades, focusing on
throughout the monograph.
—Peter Cattan
1970 and 1980. The book’s theme is
The findings frequently challenge
D iv isio n o f Labor F orce Statistics
the variation among Hispanic popula
stereotypes. For example, several find
Bureau o f L abor S tatistics
tions in their sociodemographic char
ings in a chapter on marital status con
acteristics, including geographical and
tradict the notion that Hispanics are
residential distribution, marital status,
more traditional than non-Hispanics in
fertility, educational attainment, and
their orientations toward marriage and
economic well-being. Professors Frank
family. Other parts of the book defy
D. Bean and Marta Tienda make ample
simplistic explanations for socioeco
Publications received
use of findings from their previous re
nomic achievement. Chapter 8, for ex
search as well as from more than 200
ample, finds that among students with
other studies.
similar class backgrounds (as indicated
Economic and social statistics
Early in the monograph, Hispanic
by parents’ educational attainment and
groups— Mexicans, Puerto Ricans,
income levels), those who spoke
American Demographics Staff, “ 1990
Cubans, Dominicans, Central and
Spanish at home were not less likely to
Census Questionnaire,” American
South Americans, and descendants of
succeed in school than those who
Demographics, April 1989, pp. 24the Spaniards who settled in the
spoke English. “Contrary to popular
31.
present-day Southwest— are described
belief, these results show that home
as having very different social origins,
bilingualism did not hinder students’
Bemdt, Ernst and Melvyn A. Fuss,
immigration histories, and age distri
school performance,” the authors note
Economic Capacity Utilization and
butions. Later chapters show that,
(p. 269).
Productivity Measurement fo r Mul
partly as a result of these fundamental
In addition to a wealth of tables and
tiproduct Firms with Multiple Quasidifferences, substantial variation exists
data analyses, this study contains in
Fixed Inputs. Cambridge, m a , Na
among the groups in their socioeco
formative summaries of conceptual
tional Bureau of Economic Research,
nomic makeup. Census data confirm
and measurement issues. The opening
Inc., 1989, 36 pp. (Working Paper
that Cubans have tended to fare better
chapters describe social and historical
Series, 2932.) $2, paper.
than the others, and Puerto Ricans the
factors which led to a commonality of
worst, although Bean and Tienda show
identification among Hispanics. In
Bound, John and others, Measurement
that even this generalization overlooks
cluded in these discussions is a con
Error in Cross-Sectional and Longi
important variations within the groups.
structive assessment of the Census
tudinal Labor Market Surreys: Re
Perhaps the most striking findings
Bureau’s methods to delineate His
sults from Two Validation Studies.
48
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of
Economic Research, Inc., 1989, 58
pp. (Working Paper Series, 2884.)
$2, paper.
Corcoran, Mary and others, Effects of
Family and Community Background
on Men’s Economic Status. Cam
bridge, m a , National Bureau of Eco
nomic Research, Inc., 1989, 25 pp.
(Working Paper Series, 2896.) $2,
paper.
Cutler, Blayne, “Up the Down Stair
case,” American Demographics,
April 1989. beginning on p. 32.
Ehrenberg, Ronald G. and others,
School District Leave Policies,
Teacher Absenteeism, and Student
Achievement. Cambridge, m a , Na
tional Bureau of Economic Re
search, Inc., 1989, 48 pp. (Working
Paper Series, 2874.) $2, paper.
Schwartz, Joe, “The Census Means
Business,” American Demograph
ics, July 1989, pp. 18-23.
Thomas, G. Scott, “Micropolitan
America,” American Demograph
ics, May 1989, pp. 20-24.
Waldrop, Judith, “How to Get to the
Grass Roots,” American Demo
graphics, May 1989, pp. 42-43.
Health and safety
Feinberg, Phyllis, “Tightening the Lid
on Health-Care Costs,” Pension
World, July 1989, pp. 12-15.
Thomas, Richard K. and Wiliam Sehnert, “The Dual Health-Care Mar
ket,” American Demographics,
April 1989, pp. 46-47.
Industrial relations
Gray, Wayne B. and John T. Scholz, A
Behavioral Approach to Compli
ance: OSHA Enforcement’s Impact on
Workplace Accidents. Cambridge,
m a , National Bureau of Economic
Research, Inc., 1989, 36pp. (Work
ing Paper Series, 2813.) $2, paper.
“Changing the Rules of the Game:
Pension Plan Terminations and
Early Retirement Benefits,” Michi
gan Law Review, April 1989, pp.
1034-72.
Haurin, Donald R., “Women’s Labor
Market Reactions to Family Disrup
tions,” The Review o f Economics
and Statistics, February 1989, pp.
54-61.
Doherty, Robert E., Industrial and
Labor Relations Terms: A Glossary.
5th ed., rev. Ithaca, n y , Cornell
University, New York State School
of Industrial and Labor Relations,
1989, 40 pp. ( i l r Bulletin, 44.)
$2.95, paper, i l r Press, Ithaca, n y .
O’Hare, William, “How to Use In
come Statistics,” American Demo
graphics , April 1989, pp. 50-51.
Pakes, Ariel and Richard Ericson, Em
pirical Implications o f Alternative
Models o f Firm Dynamics. Cam
bridge, m a , National Bureau of Eco
nomic Research Inc., 1989, 33 pp.
(Working Paper Series, 2893.) $2,
paper.
Riche, Martha Farnsworth, “Psycho
graphics for the 1990s,” American
Demographics, July 1989, begin
ning on p. 25.
Robinson, John P., ‘Time’s Up,” Amer
ican Demographics, July 1989, pp.
32-35.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Farber, Henry S. Trends in Worker
Demand fo r Union Representation.
Cambridge, m a , National Bureau of
Economic Research, Inc., 1989, 13
pp. (Working Paper Series, 2857.)
$2, paper.
Gold, Michael Evan, An Introduction
to Labor L aw . Ithaca, n y , Cornell
University, New York State School
of Industrial Relations, 1989, 72 pp.
( i l r Bulletin, 66.) $3.95, paper, i l r
Press, Ithaca, n y .
Grenig, Jay E. and R. Wayne Estes,
Labor Arbitration Advocacy: Effec
tive Tactics and Techniques. Stoneham, m a , Butterworth Legal Pub
lishers, 1989, 362 pp. $80.
Hartigan, John A. and Alexandra K.
Wigdor, eds., Fairness in Employ
ment Testing: Validity Generaliza
tion, Minority Issues, and the Gen
eral
Aptitude
Test
Battery.
Washington, National Academy
Press, 1989, 354 pp. $29.95, paper.
Kelly, Diana, “Towards Tripartism:
Industrial Relations in the Steel In
dustry, 1978 to 1987,” The Journal
o f Industrial Relations, December
1988, pp. 511-32.
Industry, government organization
Morrison, Steven A. and Clifford Win
ston, “Enhancing the Performance
of the Deregulated Air Transporta
tion System,” Brookings Papers on
Economic Activity, 1989, pp. 61123.
Peltzman, Sam, “The Economic The
ory of Regulation After a Decade of
Deregulation,” Brookings Papers on
Economic Activity, 1989, pp. 1-59.
International economics
Bennett, Thomas and Craig S. Hakkio,
“Europe 1992: Implications for U.S.
Firms,” Economic Review, Federal
Reserve Bank of Kansas City, April
1989, pp. 3-17.
Carter, Colin, Alex F. McCalla, An
drew Schmitz, Canada and Interna
tional Grain Markets: Trends, Poli
cies, and Prospects. Ottawa,
Economic Council of Canada, 1989,
107 pp. $9.95, Canada; $11.95,
other countries. Available from
Canadian Government Publishing
Center, Supply and Services
Canada, Ottawa.
Kahn, George A. and Kristina Jacob
son, “Lessons from West German
Monetary Policy,” Economic Re
view , Federal Reserve Bank of Kan
sas City, April 1989, pp. 18-35.
Peterson, Willis, “Rates of Return on
Capital: An International Compari
son,” Kyklos, Vol. 42, 1989, Fasc.
2, pp. 203-17.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
49
Book Reviews
Labor and economic history
Amesen, Eric, “Learning the Lessons
of Solidarity: Work Rules and Race
Relations on the New Orleans
Waterfront, 1880-1901,” Labor’s
Heritage, January 1989, pp. 26-45.
Gabin, Nancy, “Women and the
United Auto Workers in the 1940’s
and 1950’s: Reconstructing Their
Story,” Labor’s Heritage, January
1989, pp. 56-67.
Olzak, Susan, “Labor Unrest, Immi
gration, and Ethnic Conflict in
Urban America, 1880-1914” Amer
ican Journal o f Sociology, May
1989, pp. 1303-33.
Rose, Nancy E., “Work Relief in the
1930’s and the Origins of the Social
Security Act,” Social Service Re
view, March 1989, pp. 63-91.
Wilson, Joseph F., Tearing Down the
Color Bar: A Documentary History
and Analysis o f the Brotherhood of
Sleeping Car Porters. New York,
Columbia University Press, 1989,
$45.
Labor force
Belous, Richard S., The Contingent
Economy: The Growth o f the Tem
porary, Part-Time and Subcon
tracted Workforce. Washington,
National Planning Association,
1989, 121 pp. $15, paper.
Blank, Rebecca and David Card, Re
cent Trends in Insured and Unin
sured Unemployment: Is There an
Explanation? Cambridge, m a , Na
tional Bureau of Economic Re
search, Inc., 1989, 59 pp. (Working
Paper Series, 2871.) $2, paper.
Hansen, Gary B., “Layoffs, Plant
Closings, and Worker Displacement
in America: Serious Problems that
Need a National Solution,” Journal
o f Social Issues, Vol. 44, No. 4,
1988, pp. 153-71.
Holzer, Harry J ., Unemployment, Va
cancies and Local Labor M arkets.
Kalamazoo, mi, W.E. Upjohn Insti
tute for Employment Research,
1989, 87 pp. $8.95, paper.
50
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Leigh, Duane E., Assisting Displaced
Workers: Do the States Have a Bet
ter Idea? Kalamazoo, mi, W.E. Up
john Institute for Employment
Research, 1989, 172 pp. $18.95,
cloth; $11.95, paper.
Lynch, Lisa M., “The Youth Labor
Market in the Eighties: Determinants
of Reemployment Probabilities for
Young Men and Women,” The Re
view o f Economics and Statistics,
February 1989, pp. 37-45.
Maxwell, Nan L., “Labor Market Ef
fects from Involuntary Job Losses in
Layoffs, Plant Closings: The Role of
Human Capital in Facilitating
Reemployment and Reduced Wage
Losses,” The American Journal of
Economics and Sociology, April
1989, pp. 1 2 9 -4 1 .
1987,” The Review o f Economics
and Statistics, February 1989, pp.
1-14.
Tabellini, Guido and Vincenzo La Via,
“Money, Deficit and Public Debt in
the United States,” The Review of
Economics and Statistics, February
1989, pp. 15-25.
Wages and compensation
Burgess, Leonard R., Compensation
Administration. 2d ed. Columbus,
o h , Merrill Publishing Co., 1989,
486 pp. $35.95.
McCarthy, Eugene and William McGaughey, Nonfinancial Economics:
The Case fo r Shorter Hours of
Work. New York, Praeger Publish
ers, 1989, 232 pp., bibliography.
$39.95.
Rosenbaum, James E. and Takehiko
Kariya, “From High School to
Work: Market and Institutional
Mechanisms in Japan,” American
Journal o f Sociology, May 1989,
pp. 1334-65.
Short, Christine, “The Relationship
Between Youth and Adult Award
Wages from 1930 to 1985,” Journal
o f Industrial Relations, December
1988, pp. 491-510.
Management, organization theory
Welfare, social insurance
Anderson Consulting, The Changing
Role o f the Human Resource Execu
tive. Chicago, Anderson Consult
ing, Arthur Anderson & Co., 1989,
10 pp.
Levitan, Sar A., Garth L. Mangum,
Marion W. Pines, A Proper Inheri
tance: Investing in the Self-Suffi
ciency o f Poor Families. Washing
ton, The George Washington
University, Center for Social Policy
Studies, 1989, 59 pp.
Blyton, Paul and others, Time, Work
and Organization. New York,
Routledge, 1989, 154 pp. $57.50,
U.S., $74.95, Canada.
Kilmann, Ralph H. with Ines Kilmann,
Managing Beyond the Quick Fix: A
Completely Integrated Program for
Creating and Maintaining Organi
zational Success. San Francisco,
c a , Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1989,
228 pp., bibliography. $20.95
Mitchell, Daniel J. B., Human Re
source Management: An Economic
Approach. Boston, m a , p w s - k e n t
Publishing Co., 1989, 528 pp.
$51.50.
Monetary and fiscal policy
Cox, W. Michael and Cara S. Lown,
“The Capital Gains and Losses on
U.S. Government Debt: 1942-
Schram, Sanford F. and Paul H.
Wilken, “It’s No ‘Laffer’ Matter:
Claim That Increasing Welfare Aid
Breeds Poverty and Dependence
Fails Statistical Test,” American
Journal o f Economics and Sociol
ogy,” April 1989, pp. 203-17.
Worker training and development
Camevale, Anthony P. and Janet W.
Johnston, Training America: Strate
gies fo r the Nation. Alexandria, v a ,
American Society for Training and
Development, 1989, 74 pp.
Lynch, Lisa M., Private Sector Train
ing and Its Impact on the Earnings
o f Young Workers. Cambridge, m a ,
National Bureau of Economic Re
search, Inc., 1989, 35 pp. (Working
Paper Series, 2872.) $2, paper. □
Current
labor
statistics
Tt™
Notes on C urrent L abor Statistics
.......................
m xj
iim in in iix x x u
m
mmmmmTttm
52
C om parative indicators
26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments,
bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more . . . .
27. Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining situations
covering 1,000 workers or m o r e ................................................
28. Specified compensation and wage adjustments,
State and local government bargaining situations
covering 1,000 workers or m o r e ................................................
29. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more ..............
1. Labor market indicators.........................................................
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation,
prices, and productivity .......................................................
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation
changes ......................................................................................
L abor force data
4 . E m p lo y m e n t status o f th e total p o p u la tio n ,
data se a s o n a lly ad ju sted
..........................................................
64
Price data
65
30. Consumer Price Index: U .S. city average, by expenditure
category and commodity and service groups .......................
31. Consumer Price Index: U .S. city average and local data,
5 . E m p lo y m e n t status o f th e c iv ilia n p o p u la tio n ,
data se a s o n a lly ad ju sted
..........................................................
6 . S e le c te d e m p lo y m e n t in d ica to r s,
data se a s o n a lly ad justed
66
........................................................
7 . S e le c te d u n e m p lo y m e n t in d ica to r s,
data se a s o n a lly ad ju sted
67
........................................................
8 . U n e m p lo y m e n t rates b y s e x and a g e ,
d ata se a s o n a lly ad ju sted
........................................................
68
9 . U n e m p lo y e d p erso n s b y re a so n fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t,
data se a s o n a lly ad ju sted
........................................................
1 0 . D u ration o f u n e m p lo y m e n t, data s e a s o n a lly ad justed
11. U n e m p lo y m e n t rates o f c iv ilia n w o rk ers, b y S tate
12. E m p lo y m e n t o f w ork ers b y S tate
.
.....................................
69
69
70
71
1 3 . E m p lo y m e n t o f w ork ers b y in d u stry,
data se a s o n a lly ad ju sted
........................................................
73
15. A v e r a g e h ou rly ea r n in g s b y in d u stry,
d ata se a s o n a lly ad ju sted
........................................................
16. A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s b y in d u stry
.............................
1 7 . A v e r a g e w e e k ly ea rn in g s b y in d u s t r y .............................
74
74
75
1 8 . D iffu s io n in d e x e s o f e m p lo y m e n t c h a n g e ,
d ata s e a s o n a lly ad ju sted
........................................................
76
19. A n n u a l data: E m p lo y m e n t status
o f th e n o n in stitu tio n a l p o p u la tio n .....................................
2 0 . A n n u a l data: E m p lo y m e n t le v e ls b y in d u stry
...........
77
77
2 1 . A n n u a l data: A v e r a g e hours and e a r n in g s le v e ls
b y in d u stry ........................................ ....................... .. ................
Labor com pensation
and collective bargaining data
22. Employment Cost Index, compensation,
by occupation and industry g r o u p .............................................
23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries,
by occupation and industry g r o u p ...........................................
24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers,
by bargaining status, region, and area size .........................
25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments
from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments,
situations covering 1,000 workers or more .........................
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
83
83
84
84
all items ........................................................................................
32. Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items
and major g r o u p s.........................................................................
33. Producer Price Indexes by stage of processing ..................
34. Producer Price Indexes, by durability of product ................
35. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes
by stage of p ro cessin g ..................................................................
36. U .S. export price indexes
by Standard International Trade Classification .....................
37. U .S. import price indexes
by Standard International Trade Classification
.....................
91
91
92
93
72
.............................................
14. A v e r a g e w e e k ly hours b y in d u stry,
data se a s o n a lly ad ju sted
Labor com pensation
and collective bargaining data— Continued
78
38. U .S. export price indexes by end-use category
39. U .S. import price indexes by end-use category
40. U .S. export price indexes
by Standard Industrial Classification .......................................
41. U .S. import price indexes
by Standard Industrial Classification .......................................
95
95
Productivity data
42. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
and unit costs, data seasonally a d ju sted ..................................
43. Annual indexes of multifactor productivity ...........................
44. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation,
unit costs, and p r ic e s ....................................................................
96
97
98
International com parisons data
45. Unemployment rates in nine countries,
data seasonally adjusted ..................................................
46. Annual data: Employment status
of civilian working-age population, 10 countries
47. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures,
12 countries . . . ' ..................................................................
Injury and illness data
48. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness
incidence rates ....................................................................
51
Notes on Current Labor Statistics
T h is sectio n o f the Review presents the
principal statistical series c o lle cte d and ca l
cu lated by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics:
series
on
labor force;
em p loym en t;
un em p loym ent; c o lle c tiv e bargaining set
tlem ents; consu m er; producer; and interna
tional prices; productivity; international
com parisons; and injury and illn ess statis
tics. In the no tes that fo llo w ; the data in
ea ch group o f tables are briefly described;
k ey d efin itio n s are g iv en ; n otes on the data
are set forth; and sou rces o f additional in
form ation are cited .
General notes
T he fo llo w in g n otes apply to several tables
in this section:
Seasonal adjustment. Certain m onth ly
and quarterly data are adjusted to elim in ate
the e ffe c t on the data o f su ch factors as
clim a tic co n d itio n s, industry production
sch ed u les, op en in g and c lo sin g o f sc h o o ls,
h o lid a y b u yin g p eriod s, and vacation prac
tice s, w h ich m igh t prevent short-term e v a l
uation o f the statistical series. T ables
con tain in g data that h a v e been adjusted are
id en tified as “sea so n a lly ad ju sted .” (A ll
other data are not sea so n a lly adju sted.)
S ea so n a l e ffe c ts are estim ated on the basis
o f past ex p erien ce. W hen n ew season al fa c
tors are com p u ted ea ch year, rev isio n s m ay
a ffect sea so n a lly adjusted data for several
p reced in g years.
S ea so n a lly adjusted data appear in tables
1 - 3 , 4 - 1 0 , 1 3 - 1 5 , 1 7 - 1 8 , 4 2 , and 4 5 .)
S ea so n a lly adjusted labor force data in ta
b les 12 and 4 - 1 0 w ere revised in the Febru
ary 1989 issu e o f the Review and reflect the
ex p erien ce through 1 9 8 8. S ea so n a lly ad
ju sted estab lish m en t su rvey data sh ow n in
tables 1 3 - 1 5 and 1 7 - 1 8 w ere revised in the
July 1989 Review and reflect the exp erien ce
through M arch 1 9 8 9 . A b rief explanation
o f the season al adjustm ent m eth o d o lo g y
appears in “N o tes on the d ata.”
R e v isio n s in the produ ctivity data in
table 4 2 are u su ally introduced in the S e p
tem ber issu e. S ea so n a lly adjusted in d exes
and p ercent ch a n g es from m onth -to-m onth
and quarter-to-quarter are p u blished for nu
m erou s C on su m er and Producer P rice In
d ex series. H o w ev er, sea son ally adjusted
in d ex es are not p u blished for the U .S . aver
age A ll Item s CPI. O n ly sea so n a lly adjusted
percent ch a n g es are a vailab le for this
series.
Adjustments
for
price
52
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
n .e .s .
=
not elsew h ere sp ecified .
p
=
prelim inary. T o increase the
tim elin ess o f som e series,
prelim inary figu res are is
su ed based on representa
tive but in co m p lete returns.
r
=
revised . G en erally, this re
v isio n reflects the av a il
ability o f later data but
m ay also reflect other
adjustm ents.
Additional information
D ata that su pp lem en t the tables in this s e c
tion are p u b lish ed by the Bureau in a vari
ety o f sou rces. N e w s releases provide the
latest statistical inform ation p u b lish ed by
the Bureau; the m ajor recurring releases are
p u b lish ed according to the sch ed u le pre
ced in g th ese general n otes. M ore inform a
tion about labor fo rce, em p lo y m en t, and
u n em p loym en t data and the h o u seh old and
estab lish m en t su rveys u n derlying the data
are availab le in Employment and Earnings,
a m on th ly p u b lication o f the Bureau. M ore
data from the h o u seh old su rvey are pu b
lish ed in the data b o o k s— Revised Sea
sonally Adjusted Labor Force Statistics,
B u lletin 2 3 0 6 , and Labor Force Statistics
Derived From the Current Population Sur
vey, B u lletin 2 3 0 7 . M ore data from the e s
tablish m ent su rvey appear in tw o data
b o o k s— Employment, Hours, and Earn
ings, United States, and Employment,
Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas,
and the su p p lem en ts to th ese data b ook s.
M ore d etailed inform ation on em p lo y ee
com p en sation and c o lle c tiv e bargaining
settlem en ts is p u b lish ed in the m on th ly p e
riod ical, Current Wage Developments.
M ore detailed data on con su m er and pro
ducer prices are p u b lish ed in the m onth ly
p eriod icals, The CPI Detailed Report, and
Producer Price Indexes. D eta iled data on
all o f the series in this sectio n are p rovided
in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, w h ich
is p u b lish ed b ien n ally by the B ureau, b l s
bu lletin s are issu ed cov erin g p rod u ctivity,
injury and illn e ss, and other data in this
section . F in a lly , the Monthly Labor Review
carries analytical articles on annual and
lon ger term d ev elop m en ts in labor force,
em p lo y m en t, and un em p loym en t; e m
p lo y e e com p en sation and c o lle c tiv e bar
gaining; prices; productivity; international
com parisons; and injury and illn ess data.
changes.
S o m e data— su ch as the “real” earnings
sh o w n in table 15— are adjusted to e lim i
nate the e ffe c t o f ch a n g es in price. T h ese
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
adjustm ents are m ade by d ivid in g currentd ollar v a lu es b y the C on su m er P rice Index
or the appropriate com p on en t o f the in d ex,
then m u ltip lyin g by 100. For ex a m p le,
g iv en a current hou rly w a g e rate o f $3 and
a current price in d ex num ber o f 150, w here
1977 = 100, the hourly rate ex p ressed in
1977 dollars is $2 ($ 3 /1 5 0 x 100 = $ 2 ).
T he $ 2 (or any other resultin g valu es) are
d escrib ed as “r ea l,” “co n sta n t,” or “ 1 9 7 7 ”
dollars.
Symbols
n .e .c .
=
not elsew h ere c la ssified .
C o m p a r a tiv e In d ic a to r s
(T ables 1 - 3 )
C om parative indicators tables provid e an
o v e rv iew and com p arison o f m ajor b l s
statistical series. C o n seq u en tly, although
m any o f the in clu d ed series are availab le
m on th ly, all m easures in th ese com parative
tables are p resented quarterly and annually.
L abor m arket ind icators in clu d e em
p loym en t m easures from tw o m ajor sur
v e y s and inform ation on rates o f ch an ge in
com p en sation p rovided by the E m p loym en t
C ost In dex ( e c i ) program . T he labor force
participation rate, the em p loym en t-to p op ulation ratio, and u n em p loym en t rates
for m ajor d em ographic groups b ased on the
Current P opulation (“h o u seh old ”) S u rvey
are presen ted , w h ile m easures o f e m p lo y
m ent and average w e ek ly hours by m ajor
industry sector are g iv en usin g non agricultural payroll data. T he E m p loym en t C ost
In dex (co m p en sation ), by m ajor sector and
by bargaining status, is ch o sen from a vari
ety o f b l s com p en sation and w a g e m ea
sures b ecau se it p rovid es a com p reh en siv e
m easure o f em p loyer co sts for hiring labor,
not ju st ou tlays for w a g e s, and it is not
a ffected by em p loym en t sh ifts am on g o c
cupations and industries.
D ata on changes In compensation,
prices, and productivity are presented in
table 2 . M easures o f rates o f ch an ge o f
com p en sation and w a g es from the E m p lo y
m ent C ost Index program are provid ed for
all civ ilia n nonfarm w orkers (ex clu d in g
Federal and h o u seh old w orkers) and for all
private nonfarm w orkers. M easures o f
ch an ges in: con su m er prices for all urban
consu m ers; producer prices by stage o f
p rocessin g; and the overall export and im
port price in d ex es are g iv en . M easures o f
p rodu ctivity (output per hour o f all persons)
are p rovided for m ajor sectors.
Alternative measures of wage and
compensation rates of change, w h ich
reflect the overa ll trend in labor c o sts, are
su m m arized in table 3. D ifferen ces in
co n cep ts and sc o p e , related to the sp ec ific
pu rp oses o f the series, contribute to the
variation in ch a n g es am on g the ind ividu al
m easures.
Notes on the data
D efin itio n s o f ea ch series and n otes on the
data are con tain ed in later sectio n s o f th ese
no tes d escrib in g each set o f data. For d e
tailed d escrip tion s o f each data series, see
bls Handbook of Methods, B u lletin 228 5
(B ureau o f Labor S tatistics, 1 9 8 8 ), as w e ll
as the additional b u lletin s, articles, and
other p u b lication s noted in the separate se c
tion s o f the Review's “Current Labor
S tatistics N o te s .” U sers m ay also w ish to
co n su lt Major Programs, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, R eport 7 1 8 (B ureau o f Labor
S ta tistics, 1 9 8 5 ).
Employment
and Unemployment Data
(T a b les 1; 4 - 2 1 )
H ousehold survey data
Description of the series
em ploym ent data
in this sectio n are o b
tained from the Current P opulation S u rvey,
a p rogram o f p e r so n a l in te r v ie w s c o n
d u cted m onth ly by the B ureau o f the C en
sus for the B ureau o f Labor S tatistics. T he
sa m p le c o n sists o f abou t 5 5 ,8 0 0 h o u se
h o ld s selected to represent the U .S . p op u la
tion 16 years o f age and older. H ou seh old s
are in terv iew ed on a rotating b a sis, so that
three-fourths o f the sam p le is the sam e for
any 2 c o n se c u tiv e m onth s.
Definitions
Employed persons in clu d e (1 ) all c iv il
ians w h o w orked for pay any tim e during
the w e ek w h ich in clu d es the 12th day o f the
m onth or w h o w orked unpaid for 15 hours
or m ore in a fa m ily -o p era ted enterp rise
and (2 ) th o se w h o w ere tem porarily absent
from their regular jo b s b ecau se o f illn e ss,
va ca tio n , industrial d isp u te, or sim ilar rea
so n s. M em b ers o f the A rm ed F orces sta
tio n ed in the U n ited States are a lso in clu d ed
in the e m p lo y ed total. A person w orking at
m ore than o n e jo b is cou n ted o n ly in the job
at w h ich h e or sh e w ork ed the greatest
num ber o f hours.
Unemployed persons are th ose w h o did
not w ork during the su rvey w e e k , but w ere
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availab le for w ork ex cep t for tem porary ill
n ess and had loo k ed for jo b s w ithin the
preceding 4 w e ek s. P erson s w h o did not
lo o k for w ork b ecau se they w ere on la y o ff
or w aitin g to start n ew jo b s w ith in the next
30 days are a lso cou n ted am on g the u n em
p lo y ed . T he overall unemployment rate
rep resents the num ber u n em p lo y ed as a
percent o f the labor fo rce, in clu d in g the
resid en t A rm ed F orces. T he civilian un
employment rate represents the num ber
u n em p lo y ed as a percent o f the civ ilia n
labor force.
T he labor force con sists o f all em p lo y ed
or u n em p loyed civ ilia n s plu s m em b ers o f
the A rm ed F orces stationed in the U n ited
States. P erson s not in the labor force are
th ose not c la ssifie d as e m p lo y ed or u n em
p loyed ; this group in clu d es p ersons w h o are
retired, th ose en gaged in their o w n h o u se
w ork , th ose not w orking w h ile attending
sc h o o l, th ose unable to w ork b ecau se o f
lon g-term illn e ss , th ose d iscou raged from
seek in g w ork b ecau se o f personal or job m arket factors, and th ose w h o are voluntar
ily id le. T he noninstitutional population
com p rises all persons 16 years o f age and
older w h o are not inm ates o f penal or m en
tal in stitu tion s, sanitarium s, or h o m es for
the aged , infirm , or n eed y , and m em b ers o f
the A rm ed F orces stationed in the U n ited
States. T he labor force participation rate
is the p roportion o f the n on in stitu tion al
p op ulation that is in the labor force. T he
employment-population ratio is total em
p lo y m en t (in clu d in g the resid en t A rm ed
F orces) as a percent o f the noninstitutional
population.
Notes on the data
From tim e to tim e, and esp e c ia lly after a
d ecen n ial cen su s, adjustm ents are m ade in
the Current P opulation S u rvey figures to
correct for estim atin g errors during the intercensal years. T h ese adjustm ents affect
the com parability o f historical data. A d e
scription o f th ese adjustm ents and their e f
fect on the various data series appear in the
E x p la n a to ry N o te s o f Employment and
Earnings.
Labor force data in tables 1 and 4 - 1 0 are
season ally adjusted based on the exp eri
en ce through D ecem b er 1988. S in ce Janu
ary 1 9 8 0 , national labor force data have
b een season ally adjusted w ith a procedure
called X - l l ARIMA w h ich w as d ev elo p ed
at Statistics Canada as an ex ten sio n o f the
standard X - l l m eth od p reviou sly u sed by
b l s . A d etailed descrip tion o f the p roce
dure appears in the X -ll ARIMA Seasonal
Adjustment Method , by E stela B e e D agu m
(S ta tis tic s C a n a d a , C a ta lo g u e N o . 1 2 5 6 4 E , February 1980).
A t the end o f each calendar year, se a so n
ally adjusted data for the p reviou s 5 years
are rev ised , and projected seaso n a l adjust
m ent factors are calcu lated for u se during
the J a n u a ry -J u n e p e r io d . In J u ly , n e w
season al adjustm ent factors, w h ich incor
porate the ex p e rien ce through Ju n e, are
produ ced for the J u ly -D e c e m b e r p eriod but
n o révison s are m ade in the h istorical data.
Additional sources of information
For d etailed exp lan ation s o f the data, see
BLS Handbook of Methods, B u lletin 2 2 8 5
(B ureau o f Labor S tatistics, 19 8 8 ). H istori
cal unadjusted data from 1948 to 1987 are
availab le in Labor Force Statistics Derived
from the Current Population Survey, B u l
letin 2 3 0 7 (B ureau o f Labor S tatistics,
1 9 8 8 ). H istorical sea so n a lly adjusted data
appear in Labor Force Statistics Derived
from the Current Population Survey: A
Databook, V o l. II, B u lletin 2 0 9 6 (Bureau
o f Labor S tatistics, 1 9 8 2 ), and Revised
Seasonally Adjusted Labor Force Statis
tics, 1978-87, B u lletin 2 3 0 6 (B ureau o f
Labor S tatistics, 1 988).
A com p reh en sive d iscu ssio n o f the d if
feren ces b etw een h o u seh old and esta b lish
m ent data on em p loym en t appears in G loria
P. G reen , “C om p aring em p lo y m en t e sti
m ates from h ou seh old and payroll sur
v e y s ,” Monthly Labor Review, D ecem b er
1 9 6 9 , pp. 9 - 2 0 .
Establishm ent survey data
Description of the series
EM PLO YM ENT, HOURS, A ND EARNINGS DATA
in this sectio n are co m p iled from payroll
records reported m onth ly on a voluntary
b asis to the B ureau o f Labor Statistics and
its cooperating State a g en cies by m ore than
3 0 0 ,0 0 0 estab lish m en ts representing all in
dustries e x cep t agriculture. In m o st in d u s
tries, the sam p lin g probab ilities are based
on the siz e o f the establishm ent; m ost large
estab lish m en ts are therefore in the sam p le.
(A n estab lish m en t is not n ecessa rily a firm;
it m ay b e a branch plant, for ex a m p le, or
w areh o u se.) S e lf-em p lo y e d persons and
others not on a regular civ ilia n payroll are
ou tsid e the sco p e o f the su rvey b eca u se
they are ex clu d ed from estab lish m en t
records. T h is largely accou nts for the d if
feren ce in em p loym en t figures b etw een the
h ou seh old and estab lish m en t su rveys.
Definitions
A n establishment is an eco n o m ic unit
w h ich produ ces go o d s or serv ices (su ch as
a factory or store) at a sin g le lo ca tio n and is
Monthly Labor Review
September 1989
53
Current Labor Statistics
en g a g ed in one type o f eco n o m ic activity.
Employed persons are all p erson s w h o
receiv ed pay (in clu d in g h olid ay and sick
pay) for any part o f the payroll period in
clu d in g the 12th o f the m onth . P ersons
h old in g m ore than o n e jo b (about 5 percent
o f all persons in the labor force) are
counted in ea ch estab lish m en t w h ich re
ports them .
Production workers in m anufacturing
in clu d e w ork in g su pervisors and nonsuperv iso ry w orkers c lo s e ly associated w ith
production op eration s. T h ose w orkers
m en tio n ed in tables 1 2 - 1 7 in clu d e produc
tion w orkers in m anufacturing and m ining;
construction w orkers in construction; and
n on su p ervisory w orkers in the fo llo w in g
industries: transportation and p u b lic utili
ties; w h o le sa le and retail trade; fin a n ce, in
su ran ce, and real estate; and serv ices.
T h ese groups accou nt for about four-fifth s
o f the total em p lo y m en t on private nonagricultural payrolls.
Earnings are the p aym ents production
or non su p ervisory w orkers receiv e during
the su rvey p eriod , in clu d in g prem iu m pay
for o vertim e or late-sh ift w ork but e x clu d
ing irregular b on u ses and other sp ecial p ay
m en ts. Real earnings are earn in gs adjusted
to reflect the e ffe c ts o f ch an ges in c o n
sum er p rices. T h e d eflator for this series is
d erived from the C on su m er P rice In dex for
Urban W a g e Earners and C lerical W orkers
(C P I-W ).
Hours represent the average w e ek ly
m ent (ca lled “benchm arks”). T he latest ad
ju stm en t, w h ich incorporated M arch 1988
benchm arks, w as m ade w ith the release o f
M ay 1989 data, p u b lish ed in the July 1989
issu e o f the Review. C oin cid en t w ith the
b en ch m a rk a d ju stm e n ts, s e a s o n a lly ad
ju sted data w ere revised to reflect the e x p e
rien ce through M arch 1 9 8 9 . U n ad ju sted
data have b een revised back to A pril 1987;
sea so n a lly adjusted data back to January
1984. T h ese rev isio n s w ere p u b lish ed in
the Supplement to Employment and Earn
ings (B ureau o f L abor S ta tistics, 19 8 9 ).
U n adju sted data from A pril 1988 forward
and sea so n a lly adjusted data from January
1985 forw ard are su bject to rev isio n in fu
ture benchm arks.
T h e BLS a ls o u s e s th e X - l l ARIM A
m eth o d o lo g y to sea so n a lly adjust estab lish
m ent su rvey data. B eg in n in g in June 198 9 ,
projected season al adjustm ent factors are
calcu lated o n ly for the first 6 m onth s after
b enchm arking, rather than for 12 m onths
(A p ril-M a rch ) as w as p reviou sly d on e. A
seco n d set o f projected factors, w h ich in
corporate the ex p erien ce thou gh S ep tem
ber, w ill be produced for the su bseq uent
period and introduced w ith the p u blication
o f data for O ctob er. T he ch an ge m ak es the
procedure u sed for the estab lish m en t sur
v e y data m ore parallel to that u sed in ad
ju stin g the h o u seh old su rvey data. R e v i
sion s o f historical data w ill con tin u e to be
m a d e o n c e a y ea r c o in c id e n t w ith the
benchm ark revision s.
In the estab lish m en t su rv ey , estim ates
for the 2 m ost recen t m onths are based on
in co m p lete returns and are p u b lish ed as
prelim inary in the tables (13 to 18 in the
Review). W hen all returns h ave been re
c e iv e d , the estim ates are revised and pub
lish ed as “fin al” (prior to any benchm ark
revisio n s) in the third m onth o f their ap
pearance. T h u s, D ecem b er data are pub
lish ed as prelim inary in January and Febru
ary and as final in M arch. For the sam e
reason s, quarterly estab lish m en t data (table
1) are prelim inary for the first 2 m onth s o f
p u blication and final in the third m onth.
T h u s, fourth-quarter data are p u b lish ed as
prelim inary in January and February and
fin al in M arch.
hours o f production or n on su pervisory
w orkers for w h ich pay w as receiv ed , and
are d ifferent from standard or sch ed u led
hours. Overtime hours represent the por
tion o f average w e ek ly hours w h ich w as in
e x c e s s o f regular hours and for w h ich ov er
tim e p rem iu m s w ere paid.
The Diffusion Index represents the per
cen t o f in d u stries in w h ich em p lo y m en t
w as risin g o v er the in d icated p eriod , plu s
o n e -h a lf o f the industries w ith u n ch anged
em p loym en t; 5 0 percent in d icates an equal
b alan ce b etw een industries w ith increasing
and d ecrea sin g em p lo y m en t. In lin e w ith
Bureau p ractice, data for the 1-, 3 -, and
6 -m o n th sp a n s are s e a so n a lly ad ju sted ,
w h ile th ose for the 12-m onth span are un
adjusted. D ata are cen tered w ith in the span.
T he M arch 1989 Review introduced an e x
p an ded in d ex o n private n on agricultural
em p lo y m en t based on 3 4 9 ind ustries, and a
n ew m anufacturing in d ex based on 141 in
dustries. T h ese in d ex es are u sefu l for m ea
suring the d isp ersion o f e co n o m ic gain s or
lo sse s and are a lso e co n o m ic indicators.
D eta iled national data from the estab lish
m ent su rvey are p u b lish ed m on th ly in the
BLS p eriod ical, Employment and Earnings.
Earlier com parable unadjusted and se a so n
a lly adjusted data are p u b lish ed in Employ
Notes on the data
ment, Hours, and Earnings, United States,
1909—84, B u lle tin 1 3 1 2 —12 (B u reau o f
E stab lish m en t su rvey data are annually ad
ju sted to co m p reh en siv e cou n ts o f e m p lo y
L abor S tatistics, 1 985) and its annual sup
p lem en t. For a d etailed d iscu ssio n o f the
m eth o d o lo g y o f the su rvey, see BLS Hand
54
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Additional sources of information
book of Methods, B u lletin 2 2 8 5 (Bureau o f
Labor S tatistics, 1988).
A com p reh en sive d iscu ssio n o f the d if
feren ces b etw een h ou seh old and esta b lish
m ent data on em p loym en t appears in G loria
P. G reen , “C om paring em p loym en t e sti
m ates from h o u se h o ld and p ayroll sur
v e y s ,” Monthly Labor Review, D ecem b er
19 6 9 , pp. 9 - 2 0 .
U nem ploym ent data by State
Description of the series
D ata p resented in this sectio n are obtained
from tw o m ajor sou rces— the Current P o p
ulation Su rvey ( c p s ) and the L ocal A rea
U n em p lo y m en t Statistics ( l a u s ) program ,
w h ic h is c o n d u cted in coo p era tio n w ith
State em p loym en t security a g en cies.
M on th ly estim a tes o f the labor fo rce,
em p lo y m en t, and u n em p loym en t for States
and sub-State areas are a k ey indicator o f
lo ca l e co n o m ic con d ition s and form the ba
sis for determ ining the e lig ib ility o f an area
for b en efits under Federal eco n o m ic a ss is
tance program s su ch as the Job T raining
Partnership A ct and the Public W orks and
E c o n o m ic D e v e lo p m e n t A c t. In sofa r as
p o ssib le , the con cep ts and d efin ition s un
d erlyin g th ese data are th ose used in the
national estim ates obtained from the c p s .
Notes on the data
D ata refer to State o f resid en ce. M onthly
data for 11 States— C aliforn ia, F lorida, Il
lin o is , M a s s a c h u s e tts , M ic h ig a n , N e w
Y ork, N e w Jersey, North C arolina, O h io ,
P en n sylvan ia, and T ex a s— are obtained d i
rectly from the CPS, b ecau se the siz e o f the
sam p le is large en ou gh to m eet b l s stand
ards o f reliab ility. D ata for the rem aining
39 States and the D istrict o f C olu m b ia are
d erived u sin g standardized procedures e s
tablish ed by b l s . O n ce a year, estim ates for
the 11 States are revised to n ew pop ulation
con trols. For the rem aining States and the
D is tr ic t o f C o lu m b ia , d ata are b e n c h m arked to annual average c p s le v e ls.
Additional sources of information
Inform ation on the c o n cep ts, d efin itio n s,
and tech n ical procedures u sed to d ev elo p
labor force data for States and sub-State
areas as w e ll as additional data on subStates are provid ed in the m onth ly Bureau
o f L abor Statistics p eriod ical, Employment
and Earnings, and the annual report, Geo
graphic Profde of Employment and Unem
ployment (B ureau o f Labor S tatistics). S ee
a lso bls Handbook of Methods, B u lletin
2 2 8 5 (B ureau o f Labor S tatistics, 198 8 ).
are gath
ered by the Bureau from b u sin ess estab lish
m en ts, State and lo ca l govern m en ts, labor
u n io n s, c o lle c tiv e bargaining agreem en ts
on file w ith the B ureau, and secondary
so u rces.
ing status, region , and m etropolitan/non m etropolitan area series, h o w ev er, e m p lo y
m ent data by industry and occu p ation are
not availab le from the cen su s. Instead, the
1980 em p loym en t w eigh ts are reallocated
w ith in th ese series each quarter based on
the current sam p le. T h erefore, th ese in
d ex es are not strictly com parable to th ose
for the aggregate, industry, and occu p ation
series.
E m ploym ent Cost Index
Definitions
Description of the series
Total compensation costs in clu d e w a g e s,
Compensation and Wage Data
(T ab les 1 - 3 ; 2 2 - 2 9 )
c o m p e n s a t io n a n d w a g e d a t a
T he Employment Cost Index ( e c i ) is a
quarterly m easure o f the rate o f ch an ge in
com p en sa tio n per hour w orked and in
clu d es w a g e s, sa laries, and em p lo y er costs
o f e m p lo y ee b en efits. It u ses a fix ed m arket
basket o f labor— sim ilar in co n cep t to the
C on su m er P rice In d ex ’s fix ed m arket b as
ket o f g o o d s and serv ices— to m easure
ch an ge over tim e in em p lo y er co sts o f e m
p lo y in g labor. T he in d ex is not season ally
adjusted.
Statistical series on total com p en sation
c o sts, on w a g e s and salaries, and on b en efit
co sts are a vailab le for private nonfarm
w orkers ex clu d in g proprietors, the selfe m p lo y ed , and h ou seh old w orkers. T he
total co m p en sa tio n co sts and w a g es and
salaries series are a lso availab le for State
and lo ca l g overn m en t w orkers and for the
civ ilia n nonfarm e c o n o m y , w h ich con sists
o f private industry and State and lo ca l g o v
ernm ent w orkers co m b in ed . Federal w ork
ers are ex clu d ed .
T h e E m p lo y m en t C ost In dex probability
sam p le co n sists o f about 3 ,4 0 0 private n on
farm
estab lish m en ts
provid in g
about
1 8 ,0 0 0 o ccu p ation al ob servation s and 7 0 0
State and lo ca l g o vern m en t estab lish m en ts
p rovid in g 3 ,5 0 0 o ccu p ation al observations
selected to represent total em p loym en t in
ea ch sector. O n average, each reporting
unit p rovid es w a g e and com p en sation in
form ation on fiv e w e ll-sp e c ifie d occu p a
tio n s. D ata are c o lle cte d each quarter for
the pay period in clu d in g the 12th day o f
M arch, June, S ep tem b er, and D ecem b er.
B eg in n in g w ith June 1986 data, fix ed
em p lo y m en t w eig h ts from the 1980 C ensus
o f P opulation are u sed each quarter to ca l
culate the civ ilia n and private in d ex es and
the in d ex for State and lo ca l govern m en ts.
(Prior to June 1 9 8 6 , the em p loym en t
w eig h ts are from the 1970 C en su s o f P opu
la tio n .) T h ese fix ed w e ig h ts, a lso u sed to
d erive all o f the industry and occu p ation
series in d ex e s, ensu re that ch an ges in these
in d ex es reflect o n ly ch an ges in co m p en sa
tio n , not em p lo y m en t sh ifts am on g ind us
tries or occu p a tio n s w ith d ifferent le v e ls o f
w a g e s and co m p en sation . For the bargain
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salaries, and the em p lo y er ’s co sts for em
p lo y e e b en efits.
Wages and salaries co n sist o f earnings
before payroll d ed u ction s, in clu d in g pro
du ction b o n u ses, in cen tive earn in gs, c o m
m issio n s, and c o st-o f-liv in g adjustm ents.
Benefits in clu d e the c o st to em p loyers
for paid lea v e , su pp lem en tal pay (in clu d in g
nonproduction b o n u ses), insu ran ce, retire
m ent and savin gs p lan s, and leg a lly
required b en efits (su ch as S o cia l Secur
ity, w ork ers’ com p en sation , and u n em
p loym en t insu ran ce).
E xclu d ed from w a g es and salaries and
e m p lo y ee b en efits are su ch item s as paym en t-in -k in d , free room and board, and
tips.
Notes on the data
T he E m p loym en t C ost Index for ch an ges in
w a g es and salaries in the private nonfarm
eco n o m y w as p u b lish ed b egin n in g in 1975.
C h anges in total com p en sation c o st—
w a g es and salaries and b en efits c o m
b in ed — w ere p u b lish ed b egin n in g in 1980.
T he series o f ch an ges in w a g e s and salaries
and for total com p en sation in the State and
lo ca l govern m en t sector and in the civ ilia n
nonfarm eco n o m y (ex clu d in g Federal e m
p lo y e es) w ere p u blished b egin n in g in
1981. H istorical in d ex es (June 1981 = 100)
o f the quarterly rates o f ch an ge are pre
sented in the M arch issu e o f the b l s period
ica l, Current Wage Developments.
Additional sources of information
For a m ore d etailed d iscu ssio n o f the E m
p loym en t C ost In d ex, see the Handbook of
Methods, B u lletin 2 2 8 5 (B ureau o f Labor
S tatistics,
1 9 8 8 ),
and the fo llo w in g
Monthly Labor Review articles: “E m p lo y
m ent C ost Index: a m easure o f ch an ge in
the ‘price o f labor’ ,” July 1975; “H o w
b en efits w ill b e incorporated into the E m
p loym en t C ost In d e x ,” January 1978;
“E stim a-tion procedures for the E m p lo y
m ent C ost In d e x ,” M ay
1982; and
“Introducing n ew w eig h ts for the E m p lo y
m ent C ost In d e x ,” June 1985.
D ata on the ECI are also availab le in BLS
quarterly press releases issu ed in the m onth
fo llo w in g the reference m onth s o f M arch,
June, Septem ber, and D ecem b er; and from
the Handbook of Labor Statistics, B u lletin
2 2 1 7 (B ureau o f Labor S tatistics, 198 5 ).
C ollective bargaining settlem ents
Description of the series
Collective bargaining settlements data
provide statistical m easures o f negotiated
adjustm ents (in crea ses, d ecrea ses, and
freezes) in com p en sation (w a g e and b en efit
co sts) and w a g es alo n e, quarterly for pri
vate industry and sem ian n u ally for State
and lo ca l govern m en t. C om p en sation m ea
sures co v er all c o lle c tiv e bargaining situa
tion s in v o lv in g 5 ,0 0 0 w orkers or m ore and
w a g e m easures co v er all situations in v o lv
in g 1 ,0 0 0 w orkers or m ore. T h ese data,
cov erin g private nonagricultural industries
and State and lo ca l govern m en ts, are ca lcu
lated u sin g inform ation obtained from bar
gain in g agreem en ts on file w ith the B ureau,
parties to the agreem en ts, and secondary
sou rces, su ch as new sp ap er accou n ts. T he
data are not sea son ally adjusted.
S ettlem en t data are m easured in term s o f
future sp ecified adjustm ents: th ose that w ill
occu r w ith in 12 m onth s o f the contract e f
fe ctiv e date— first-year— and all adjust
m ents that w ill occu r over the life o f the
contract ex p ressed as an average annual
rate. A d justm ents are w orker w eig h ted .
B oth first-year and over-th e-life m easures
e x clu d e w a g e ch an ges that m ay occu r
under c o st-o f-liv in g cla u ses that are trig
gered by future m o vem en ts in the C o n
sum er PTice In dex.
Effective wage adjustments m easure all
adjustm ents occurring in the referen ce p e
riod , regardless o f the settlem en t date. In
clu d ed are ch an ges from settlem ents
reached during the p eriod , ch a n g es d e
ferred from contracts n egotiated in earlier
p eriod s, and ch an ges under c o st-o f-liv in g
adjustm ent c la u se s. E ach w a g e ch an ge is
w orker w eig h ted . T h e ch an ges are prorated
o v er all w orkers under agreem en ts during
the reference period yield in g the average
adjustm ent.
Definitions
Wage rate changes are calcu lated by d i
vid in g n ew ly n egotiated w a g es by the aver
age straight-tim e hourly w a g e rate plus
sh ift prem ium at the tim e the agreem en t is
reached. C om p en sation ch an ges are ca lcu
lated by d ivid in g the ch an ge in the valu e o f
the n e w ly n egotiated w a g e and b en efit
pack age b y ex istin g average hourly co m -
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
55
Current Labor Statistics
p en sation , w h ich in clu d es the c o st o f p revi
o u sly n egotiated b en efits, leg a lly required
so cia l insurance program s, and average
hourly earnings.
Compensation changes are calcu lated
by p la cin g a va lu e on the b en efit portion o f
the settlem ents at the tim e they are reached.
T he co st estim a tes are b ased on the a s
su m ption that co n d itio n s ex istin g at the
tim e o f settlem en t (for ex a m p le, m eth od s
o f fin a n cin g p en sio n s or com p o sitio n o f
labor force) w ill rem ain constan t. T h e data,
therefore, are m easures o f negotiated
ch a n g es and not o f total ch an ges o f e m
p lo y er co st.
Contract duration runs from the e ffe c
tiv e date o f the agreem en t to the expiration
date or first w a g e reop en in g date, i f app li
ca b le. A v era g e annual percent ch an ges
o v er the contract term take accou nt o f the
co m p o u n d in g o f su c c e ssiv e ch an ges.
Notes on the data
C om p arison s o f m ajor c o lle c tiv e bargain
ing settlem en ts for State and lo ca l gov ern
m ent w ith th ose for private industry sh ould
note d ifferen ces in occu p ation al m ix ,
bargaining p ra ctices, and settlem en t char
acteristics. P ro fessio n a l and w h ite-collar
e m p lo y e e s, for ex a m p le, m ake up a m uch
larger proportion o f the w orkers co v ered by
g o vern m en t than by private industry settle
m en ts. L u m p -su m p aym en ts and c o st-o fliv in g adjustm ents ( c o l a ) cla u se s, on the
other hand, are rare in govern m en t but
co m m o n in private industry settlem en ts.
A ls o , State and lo ca l govern m en t bar
g a in in g freq uently e x clu d es item s su ch as
p en sio n b en efits and h o lid a y s, that are pre
scrib ed by la w , w h ile th ese item s are typ i
cal bargaining issu es in private industry.
Additional sources of information
For a m ore d etailed d iscu ssio n on the s e
ries, see the bls Handbook of Methods,
B u lletin 2 2 8 5 (Bureau o f L abor S tatistics,
1 9 8 8 ). C om p reh en sive data are p u blished
in p ress relea ses issu ed quarterly (in Janu
ary, A p ril, Ju ly, and O ctob er) for private
industry, and sem ian n u ally (in February
and A u g u st) for State and lo ca l gov ern
m ent. H istorical data and additional d e
tailed tabulations for the prior calend ar year
appear in the A pril issu e o f the b l s period
ica l, Current Wage Developments.
W ork stoppages
Description of the series
D ata on work stoppages m easure the num
ber and duration o f m ajor strikes or lo ck
outs (in v o lv in g 1 ,0 0 0 w orkers or m ore)
56
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
occu rrin g during the m onth (or year), the
num ber o f w orkers in v o lv ed , and the
am ount o f tim e lost b ecau se o f stop p age.
D ata are largely from new sp ap er ac
cou n ts and co v er o n ly estab lish m en ts d i
rectly in v o lv ed in a stop p age. T h ey d o not
m easure the indirect or secondary e ffe c t o f
stop p ages on other estab lish m en ts w h o se
e m p lo y ee s are id le o w in g to m aterial short
ag es or lack o f serv ice.
Area Wage Surveys annually provide
data for selected o ffic e , clerica l, p ro fes
sio n a l, tech n ical, m aintenance, toolro o m ,
pow erp lan t,
m aterial m o v em en t,
and
cu stod ial occu p ation s com m o n to a w id e
variety o f industries in the areas (labor m ar
k ets) su rveyed . R eports are issu ed through
out the year as the su rveys are com p leted .
Su m m aries o f the data and sp ecial an alyses
a lso appear in the Review.
Definitions
The National Survey of Professional,
Administrative, Technical, and Clerical
Pay p rovid es d etailed inform ation annually
Number of stoppages: T he num ber o f
strikes and lock ou ts in v o lv in g 1 ,0 0 0 w ork
ers or m ore and lasting a fu ll sh ift or longer.
Workers involved: T h e num ber o f
w orkers d irectly in v o lv ed in the stop page.
Number of days idle: T h e aggregate
num ber o f w orkd ays lo st by w orkers in
v o lv e d in the stop p ages.
Days of idleness as a percent of esti
mated working time: A ggregate w ork
d ays lost as a percent o f the aggregate
num ber o f standard w orkd ays in the period
m u ltip lied by total em p loym en t in the
period.
Notes on the data
T his series is not com parable w ith the one
term inated in 1981 that co vered strikes in
v o lv in g six w orkers or m ore.
Additional sources of information
D ata for ea ch calendar year are reported in
a b l s p ress release issu ed in the first quarter
o f the fo llo w in g year. M on th ly and histori
cal data appear in the b l s p eriod ical, Cur
rent Wage Developments. H istorical data
appear in the Handbook of Labor Statistics,
B u lletin 2 2 1 7 (B ureau o f L abor S tatistics,
1 985).
O ther com pensation data
O ther b l s data on pay and b en efits, not
inclu ded in the Current Labor S tatistics se c
tion o f the Monthly Labor Review, appear
in and c o n sist o f the fo llo w in g :
Industry Wage Surveys p rovid e data for
sp ec ific occu p ation s selected to represent
an ind ustry’s w a g e structure and the types
o f a ctivities perform ed by its w orkers. T he
Bureau c o lle cts inform ation on w eek ly
w ork sc h e d u le s, sh ift operation s and pay
d ifferen tials, paid h olid ay and vacation
p ractices, and inform ation on in cid en ce o f
health , insu ran ce, and retirem ent plan s.
R eports are issu ed throughout the year as
the su rveys are co m p leted . Sum m aries o f
the data and sp ecial an alyses a lso appear in
the Monthly Labor Review.
on salary le v e ls and distributions for the
typ es o f jo b s m en tion ed in the su rv e y ’s title
in private em p loym en t. A lth ou gh the d e fi
n ition s o f the jo b s su rveyed reflect the du
ties and resp on sib ilities in private industry,
they are d esig n ed to m atch sp ec ific pay
grades o f Federal w h ite-collar em p lo y ee s
under the G eneral S ch ed u le pay sy stem .
A cco rd in g ly , this su rvey p rovid es the le
g a lly required inform ation for com parin g
the p ay o f salaried e m p lo y ee s in the Federal
c iv il service w ith pay in private industry.
(S e e Federal Pay C om parability A ct o f
1 9 7 0 , 5 U .S .C . 5 3 0 5 .) D ata are pu blished
in a b l s n ew s release issu ed in the sum m er
and in a b u lletin each fall; su m m aries and
analytical articles a lso appear in the
Review.
Employee Benefits Survey
p rovid es na
tion w id e inform ation on the in cid en ce and
characteristics o f e m p lo y ee b en efit plan s in
m ed iu m and large estab lish m en ts in the
U n ited S tates, ex clu d in g A lask a and
H aw aii. D ata are p u b lish ed in an annual
BLS n ew s release and bu lletin , as w e ll as in
sp ecial articles appearing in the Review.
Price Data
(T ab les 2; 3 0 - 4 1 )
P r i c e d a t a are gathered by the Bureau o f
Labor S tatistics from retail and prim ary
m arkets in the U n ited States. P rice in d ex es
are g iv en in relation to a base period
(1 9 8 2 = 100 for m any Producer P rice In
d e x e s or 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = 100 for m any C o n
su m er P rice In d ex es, u n less oth erw ise
noted).
Consum er Price Indexes
Description of the series
T he Consumer Price Index ( c p i ) is a m ea
sure o f the average ch an ge in the prices
paid by urban con su m ers for a fix ed m arket
basket o f g o o d s and serv ices. T h e CPI is
calcu lated m on th ly for tw o pop ulation
groups, o n e con sistin g o n ly o f urban
h o u seh o ld s w h o se prim ary sou rce o f in
c o m e is derived from the em p loym en t o f
w a g e earners and clerical w orkers, and the
other co n sistin g o f all urban h ou seh o ld s.
T h e w a g e earner in d ex (C P i-w ) is a co n tin
uation o f the historic in d ex that w as intro
d u ced w e ll o v er a half-cen tury ago for use
in w a g e n eg o tia tio n s. A s n ew u ses w ere
d e v e lo p ed for the c p i in recen t years, the
n eed for a broader and m ore representative
in d ex b eca m e apparent. T h e all urban c o n
sum er in d ex (C P I-U ), introduced in 1 9 7 8 , is
representative o f the 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 b u ying
habits o f about 8 0 percent o f the non institutional pop u lation o f the U n ited States at
that tim e, com pared w ith 32 percent repre
sented in the C P I-W . In addition to w a g e
earners and clerica l w orkers, the C P I-U c o v
ers p ro fessio n a l, m anagerial, and tech n ical
w orkers, the se lf-em p lo y e d , short-term
w orkers, the u n em p lo y ed , retirees, and
others not in the labor force.
T h e c p i is based on prices o f fo o d , clo th
in g , sh elter, fu e l, drugs, transportation
fares, d o cto rs’ and d en tists’ fe e s , and other
g o o d s and serv ices that p eo p le bu y for dayto-d ay liv in g . T he quantity and quality o f
th ese item s are kept e ssen tia lly unch anged
b etw een m ajor rev isio n s so that o n ly price
ch a n g es w ill be m easured. A ll taxes di
rectly asso cia ted w ith the purchase and u se
o f item s are in clu d ed in the in d ex.
D ata c o lle cte d from m ore than 2 1 ,0 0 0
retail estab lish m en ts and 6 0 ,0 0 0 h ou sin g
units in 91 urban areas across the country
are u sed to d e v e lo p the “U .S . city aver
a g e .” Separate estim ates for 27 m ajor urban
cen ters are presented in table 3 1 . T he areas
listed are as ind icated in fo otn ote 1 to the
table. T h e area in d ex es m easure o n ly the
average ch a n g e in prices for ea ch area sin ce
the base p eriod , and do not ind icate d iffer
e n ces in the le v e l o f prices am on g c ities.
Notes on the data
In January 1 9 8 3 , the Bureau ch an ged the
w a y in w h ich h o m eow n ersh ip co sts are
m easured for the C P I-U . A rental eq u iv a
len ce m eth od rep laced the asset-p rice ap
proach to h o m eo w n ersh ip c o sts for that
series. In January 1 9 8 5 , the sam e change
w a s m ade in the C P i-w . T he central purpose
o f the ch a n g e w as to separate shelter costs
from the in vestm en t co m p on en t o f h om eow n ersh ip so that the in d ex w o u ld reflect
o n ly the co st o f sh elter services p rovided by
o w n er-o ccu p ied h o m es. A n updated CPI-U
and C P i-w w ere introduced w ith release o f
the January 1987 data.
Additional sources of information
For a d iscu ssio n o f the general m eth od for
com p u tin g the c p i , see b l s Handbook of
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Methods,
B u lletin 2 2 8 5 (Bureau o f Labor
S tatistics, 1988). T h e recent ch an ge in the
m easurem ent o f h om eow n ersh ip co sts is
d iscu ssed in R obert G illin gh am and W alter
L ane, “C h anging the treatm ent o f shelter
co sts for h om eow n ers in the C P I,” Monthly
Labor Review, July 1 9 8 2 , pp. 9 - 1 4 . A n
o v e rv iew o f the recen tly introduced revised
c p i , reflectin g 1 9 8 2 - 8 4 expenditure pat
terns, is con tain ed in The Consumer Price
Index: 1987 Revision, Report 7 3 6 (B ureau
o f Labor S tatistics, 1987).
A d d ition al d etailed CPI data and regular
a n alyses o f con su m er price ch an ges are
p rovided in the c p i Detailed Report, a
m onth ly p u blication o f the Bureau. H istori
cal data for the overall CPI and for selected
groupin gs m ay b e foun d in the Handbook
of Labor Statistics, B u lletin 2 2 1 7 (Bureau
o f Labor S tatistics, 1985).
Producer Price Indexes
Description of the series
Producer Price Indexes ( p p i ) m easure av
erage ch an ges in prices receiv ed b y d o m e s
tic producers o f co m m od ities in all stages
o f p ro cessin g. T he sam p le u sed for ca lcu
lating th ese in d exes currently contains
about 3 ,1 0 0 co m m o d ities and about 7 5 ,0 0 0
quotations per m onth selected to represent
the m o vem en t o f prices o f all co m m od ities
produced in the m anufacturing, agricul
ture, forestry, fish in g , m in in g , gas and
electricity , and pu blic utilities sectors. T he
stage o f p ro cessin g structure o f Producer
P rice In d exes organ izes products by cla ss
o f buyer and d egree o f fabrication (that is,
fin ish ed g o o d s, interm ediate g o o d s, and
crude m aterials). T he traditional co m m o d
ity structure o f p p i organ izes products by
sim ilarity o f end u se or m aterial c o m p o si
tion.
T o the exten t p o ssib le , prices u sed in
calcu latin g Producer P rice In d exes apply to
the first sign ifican t com m ercial transaction
in the U n ited States from the production or
central m arketing poin t. P rice data are g e n
erally c o lle cte d m on th ly, prim arily by m ail
q u estion naire. M ost prices are obtained d i
rectly from produ cin g com p an ies on a v o l
untary and con fid en tial b a sis. P rices gen er
ally are reported for the T u esd ay o f the
w e ek con tain in g the 13th day o f the m onth.
S in ce January 19 8 7 , price ch an ges for
the variou s co m m o d ities have been aver
aged togeth er w ith im p licit quantity
w eig h ts representing their im portance in
the total net se llin g valu e o f all c o m
m o d ities as o f 1982. T he d etailed data are
aggregated to obtain in d ex es for sta ge-ofp ro cessin g grou p in gs, co m m od ity group
in g s, du rab ility-of-produ ct grou p in gs, and
a num ber o f sp ecial c o m p o site groups. A ll
Producer P rice In dex data are subject to
rev isio n 4 m onth s after original p u blica
tion.
Notes on the data
B eg in n in g w ith the January 1986 issu e, the
is no lon ger presenting tables o f
P roducer P rice In d exes for co m m o d ity
grou p in gs, sp ecial c o m p o site groups, or
s i c ind ustries. H o w ev er, th ese data w ill
con tin u e to be presented in the B u reau ’s
m onth ly p u blication Producer Price In
Review
dexes .
T h e B ureau has com p leted the first m ajor
stage o f its co m p reh en sive overh aul o f the
theory, m eth od s, and procedures u sed to
construct the P roducer P rice In d ex es.
C h an ges in clu d e the rep lacem ent o f ju d g
m ent sam p lin g w ith probability sam p lin g
tech niques; ex p an sion to system atic co v er
age o f the net output o f virtually all in
dustries in the m in in g and m anufacturing
sectors; a sh ift from a com m o d ity to an
industry orientation; the e x clu sio n o f im
ports from , and the in clu sio n o f exports in ,
the su rvey universe; and the resp ecifica tio n
o f co m m o d ities p riced to con form to B u
reau o f the C en su s d efin ition s. T h ese and
other ch an ges have b een ph ased in gradu
ally sin ce 1978. T he result is a sy stem o f
in d ex es that is easier to u se in conjun ction
w ith data on w a g e s, p rod u ctivity, and e m
p loym en t and other series that are orga
n ized in term s o f the Standard Industrial
C la ssification and the C en su s product cla ss
d esign ation s.
Additional sources of information
For a d iscu ssio n o f the m eth o d o lo g y for
com p u tin g Producer P rice In d ex es, see b l s
Handbook of Methods, B u lletin 2 2 8 5 (B u
reau o f Labor S tatistics, 1988).
A d d ition al d etailed data and ana ly ses o f
p rice ch an ges are provided m on th ly in Pro
ducer Price Indexes. S elected historical
data m ay b e foun d in the Handbook of
Labor Statistics, B u lletin 2 2 1 7 (B ureau o f
Labor S tatistics, 1985).
International Price Indexes
Description of the series
T h e b l s International Price Program
produ ces quarterly export and im port price
in d ex es for nonm ilitary g o o d s traded b e
tw een the U n ited States and the rest o f the
w orld . T h e export price in d ex p rovid es a
m easure o f price ch an ge for all products
sold by U .S . residents to foreig n buyers.
(“R esid en ts” is d efin ed as in the national
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
57
Current Labor Statistics
in co m e accounts: it in clu d es corp orations,
b u sin e sses, and in d ivid u als but d o es not
require the organizations to be U .S . o w n ed
nor the in d ivid u als to h ave U .S . c itize n
sh ip .) T he im port price in d ex p rovid es a
m easure o f price ch a n ge for g o o d s pur
ch ased from other countries by U .S . resi
dents. W ith pu b lication o f an all-im port
in d ex in February 1983 and an all-export
in d ex in February 1 9 8 4 , all U .S . m erchan
d ise im ports and exports n ow are repre
sented in th ese in d ex es. T h e reference
period for the in d ex es is 1985 = 1 00, un
le s s o th erw ise ind icated .
T h e product un iverse for both the im port
and export in d ex es in clu d es raw m aterials,
agricultural produ cts, sem ifin ish ed m anu
factu res, and fin ish ed m anu factu res, in
clu d in g both capital and con su m er g o o d s.
P rice data for th ese item s are c o llected
quarterly by m ail q u estion naire. In nearly
all c a se s, the data are c o lle cte d directly
from the exporter or im porter, although in
a fe w c a se s, prices are obtained from other
sou rces.
T o the exten t p o ssib le , the data gathered
refer to prices at the U .S . border for exports
and at eith er the foreig n border or the U .S .
border for im ports. For nearly all products,
the prices refer to transactions com p leted
during the first 2 w eek s o f the third m onth
o f ea ch calend ar quarter— M arch, June,
Septem ber, and D ecem b er. Su rvey resp on
dents are ask ed to ind icate all d iscou n ts,
a llo w a n c es, and rebates ap p licab le to the
reported p rices, so that the price u sed in the
calcu la tio n o f the in d ex es is the actual price
for w h ich the product w as bou ght or sold .
In addition to general in d ex es o f prices
for U .S . exports and im ports, in d ex es are
a lso p u b lish ed for d etailed product ca te
g o ries o f exports and im ports. T h ese ca te
g o ries are d efin ed by the 4 - and 5-d ig it
le v e l o f detail o f the Standard Industrial
Trade C la ssifica tio n S y stem (sr rc ). T he
calcu la tio n o f in d ex es by s i t c category fa
cilita tes the com p arison o f U .S . price
trends and sector production w ith sim ilar
data foi. other countries. D eta iled in d exes
are a lso com p u ted and p u b lish ed on a
Standard Industrial C la ssifica tio n (SIC b ased ) b a sis, as w e ll as by en d -u se c la ss.
B eca u se a price in d ex depend s on the
sam e item s b ein g priced from period to p e
riod, it is n ecessary to r eco g n ize w h en a
p rodu ct’s sp ecifica tio n s or term s o f trans
action h ave b een m o d ified . For this reason,
the B u reau ’s quarterly questionnaire re
qu ests d etailed d escrip tion s o f the p h ysical
and fu n ction al characteristics o f the prod
ucts b ein g priced, as w e ll as inform ation on
the num ber o f units bou ght or so ld , d is
cou n ts, credit term s, p ack agin g, cla ss o f
buyer or seller, and so forth. W h en there
are ch an ges in eith er the sp ecifica tio n s or
term s o f transaction o f a product, the dollar
valu e o f each ch an ge is d eleted from the
total price ch an ge to obtain the “pure”
ch an ge. O n ce this valu e is determ ined, a
lin k in g procedure is e m p lo y ed w h ich al
lo w s for the con tin u ed repricing o f the
item .
For the export p rice in d ex e s, the pre
ferred pricing b asis is f .a .s . (free alon gsid e
sh ip ) U .S . port o f exportation . W h en firm s
report export prices f .o .b . (free on board),
production p oin t inform ation is c o lle cte d
w h ich en ab les the Bureau to calcu late a
sh ip m en t c o st to the port o f exportation . A n
attem pt is m ade to c o lle c t tw o prices for
im ports. T he first is the im port price f .o .b .
at the fo reign port o f exportation , w h ich is
co n sisten t w ith the b asis for valuation o f
im ports in the national accou n ts. T he s e c
ond is the im port price c .i .f . (c o st, in
su ran ce, and freight) at the U .S . port o f
im portation , w h ich a lso in clu d es the other
co sts a ssociated w ith bringing the product
to the U .S . border. It d o es n ot, h o w ev er,
in clu d e duty ch arges. For a g iv en product,
o n ly o n e p rice b asis series is u sed in the
con stru ction o f an in d ex.
B eg in n in g in 1 9 8 8 , the B ureau has also
been p u b lish in g a series o f in d ex es w h ich
represent the price o f U .S . exports and im
ports in foreign currency term s.
Notes on the data
T h e export and im port price in d ex es are
w eig h ted in d ex es o f the L asp eyres typ e.
P rice relatives are a ssign ed equal im por
tance w ith in ea ch w eig h t category and are
then aggregated to the s it c le v e l. T h e v a l
u es a ssig n ed to ea ch w eig h t category are
based o n trade va lu e figu res co m p iled
by the B ureau o f the C en su s. T h e trade
w eig h ts currently u sed to com p u te both in
d ex es relate to 1 985.
58
Monthly Labor Review
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September 1989
Additional sources of information
For a d iscu ssio n o f the general m eth od o f
com p u tin g International P rice In d ex es, see
bls Handbook of Methods , B u lletin 22 8 5
(B ureau o f Labor S tatistics, 1 988).
A d d ition al detailed data and an alyses o f
international price d ev elop m en ts are pre
sented in the B u reau ’s quarterly p u blication
U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes and
in o cca sio n a l Monthly Labor Review arti
c le s prepared b y bls an alysts. S e lec ted h is
torical data m ay be foun d in the Handbook
of Labor Statistics, B u lletin 2 2 1 7 (B ureau
o f Labor S tatistics, 1 9 8 5 ). For further in
form ation on the fo reign currency in d ex es,
se e “ b l s p u b lish es average exch a n g e rate
and foreign currency price in d e x e s,”
Monthly Labor Review,
D ecem b er 1 9 8 7 ,
pp. 4 7 - 4 9 .
Productivity Data
(T ab les 2; 4 2 - 4 4 )
U. S. productivity and related
data
Description of the series
T h e p rodu ctivity m easures relate real p h y s
ical output to real input. A s su ch , they en
co m p ass a fam ily o f m easures w h ich in
clu d e sin gle-factor p rodu ctivity m easu res,
su ch as output per unit o f labor input (ou t
put per hour) or output per unit o f capital
input, as w e ll as m easures o f m ultifactor
produ ctivity (output per unit o f com b in ed
labor and capital inp uts). T h e B ureau in
d e x e s sh ow the ch an ge in output relative
to ch an ges in the variou s inputs. T he
m easures co v er the b u sin ess, nonfarm b u si
n e ss, m anufacturing, and n on fin an cial cor
porate sectors.
C orresponding in d ex es o f hourly c o m
p en sation , unit labor c o sts, unit nonlabor
p aym en ts, and prices are also provided.
Definitions
Output per hour of all persons (labor pro
d u ctivity) is the valu e o f g o o d s and serv ices
in constan t prices produced per hour o f
labor input. Output per unit of capital
services (capital produ ctivity) is the valu e
o f g o o d s and serv ices in constan t dollars
produced per unit o f capital serv ices input.
Multifactor productivity is output per
unit o f com b in ed labor and capital inputs.
C h an ges in this m easure reflect ch an g es in
a num ber o f factors w h ich a ffect the pro
du ction p ro cess, su ch as ch an ges in tech
n o lo g y , sh ifts in the com p o sitio n o f the
labor fo rce, ch an ges in capacity utilization ,
research and d ev elo p m en t, sk ill and efforts
o f the w ork fo rce, m an agem en t, and so
forth. C h an ges in the output per hour m ea
sures reflect the im pact o f th ese factors as
w e ll as the substitution o f capital for labor.
Compensation per hour is the w a g es
and salaries o f e m p lo y ee s plus e m p lo y er s’
contrib utions for social insurance and pri
vate b en efit p lan s, and the w a g e s, salaries,
and supplem entary paym ents for the selfem p lo y ed (ex cep t for n on fin an cial cor
porations in w h ich there are no selfe m p lo y ed )— the su m d ivid ed by hours paid
for. Real compensation per hour is
com p en sation per hour deflated by the
C on su m er P rice In dex for A ll Urban
C on su m ers.
Unit labor costs are the labor co m p en sa
tion co sts ex p en d ed in the production o f a
unit o f output and are d erived by d ivid in g
com p en sa tio n by output. Unit nonlabor
payments in clu d e p rofits, d ep reciation , in
terest, and indirect taxes per unit o f output.
T h ey are com p u ted by subtracting co m p en
sation o f all persons from current-dollar
valu e o f output and d iv id in g by output.
Unit nonlabor costs contain all the co m p o
nents o f unit non labor p aym ents except unit
profits.
Unit profits in clu d e corporate profits
w ith inventory valuation and capital c o n
su m ption adjustm ents per unit o f output.
Hours of all persons are the total hours
at w ork o f payroll w orkers, self-em p lo y ed
p erso n s, and unpaid fam ily w orkers.
Capital services is the flo w o f services
from the capital sto ck u sed in production. It
is d ev elo p ed from m easures o f the net stock
o f p h y sica l a ssets— eq u ip m en t, structures,
land, and in v en to ries— w eigh ted by rental
prices for ea ch type o f asset.
Labor and capital inputs com b in ed are
d erived by co m b in in g ch an ges in labor and
capital inputs w ith w eigh ts w h ich represent
ea ch c o m p o n en t’s share o f total output.
T h e in d ex es for capital serv ices and c o m
b in ed units o f labor and capital are based on
ch an g in g w eig h ts w h ich are averages o f the
shares in the current and preced in g year
(the T o m q u ist ind ex-nu m ber form ula).
Notes on the data
C on stant-d ollar output for the business
sector is equal to constan t-dollar gross na
tional product but ex clu d es the rental valu e
o f o w n er-o ccu p ied d w e llin g s, the rest-ofw orld sector, the output o f nonprofit in sti
tu tion s, the output o f paid e m p lo y ee s o f
private h o u seh o ld s, general govern m en t,
and the statistical d iscrep an cy. O utput o f
the nonfarm business sector is equal to
b u sin ess sector output less farm ing. T he
m easures are derived from data su p p lied by
the Bureau o f E co n o m ic A n a ly sis, U .S .
D epartm ent o f C o m m erce, and the Federal
R eserv e Board. Q uarterly m anufacturing
output in d ex es are adjusted by the Bureau
o f Labor S tatistics to annual m easures o f
m anufacturing output (gross product orig
inating) from the Bureau o f E con om ic
A n a ly sis. C o m p en sation and hours data are
d ev elo p ed from data o f the Bureau o f Labor
S tatistics and the Bureau o f E con om ic
A n a ly sis.
T he produ ctivity and a ssociated co st
m easures in tables 4 2 - 4 4 d escrib e the rela
tionsh ip b etw een output in real term s and
the labor tim e and capital serv ices in v o lv ed
in its produ ction. T h ey sh o w the ch an ges
from period to period in the am ount o f
g o o d s and serv ices produced per unit o f
input. A lth o u g h th ese m easures relate ou t
put to hours and capital ser v ic es, they do
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
not m easure the contributions o f labor, cap
ital, or any other sp ecific factor o f produ c
tion. Rather, they reflect the jo in t e ffe c t o f
m any in flu en ces, in clu d in g ch an ges in
tech n ology; capital investm ent; lev e l o f
output; u tilization o f cap acity, en ergy, and
m aterials; the organization o f production;
m anagerial skill; and the characteristics and
efforts o f the w ork force.
Additional sources of information
D escrip tion s o f m eth od ology underlying
the m easurem ent o f output per hour and
m ultifactor produ ctivity are foun d in the
BLS Handbook of Methods, B u lletin 22 8 5
(Bureau o f Labor S tatistics, 1988). H istori
cal data for selected industries are provided
in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, B u l
letin 2 2 1 7 (B ureau o f Labor S tatistics,
1985).
International Comparisons
(T ab les 4 5 - 4 7 )
Labor force and unem ploym ent
Description of the series
T ables 45 and 4 6 present com parative m ea
sures o f the labor fo rce, em p loym en t, and
u n em p loym en t— approxim ating U .S . c o n
cep ts— for the U n ited States, C anada, A u s
tralia, Japan, and several E uropean co u n
tries. T he u n em p loym en t statistics (and, to
a lesser exten t, em p loym en t statistics) pub
lish ed by other industrial countries are not,
in m ost c a se s, com parable to U .S . u n em
p loym en t statistics. T h erefore, the Bureau
adjusts the figures for selected cou n tries,
w h ere n ecessa ry , for all k n ow n m ajor d e fi
n itional d ifferen ces. A lth ou gh p recise c o m
parability m ay not be a ch iev ed , th ese ad
ju sted figures provide a better b asis for
international com p arison s than the figures
regularly p u blished by each country.
Definitions
For the principal U .S . defin ition s o f the
labor force, employment, and unemploy
ment, see the N o tes sectio n on E M P L O Y
M ENT A N D UN EM PLO YM ENT DATA:
H ou seh o ld Su rvey D ata.
Notes on the data
T he adjusted statistics have b een adapted to
the age at w h ich com p u lsory sch o o lin g
en d s in each country, rather than to the
U .S . standard o f 16 years o f age and over.
T herefore, the adjusted statistics relate to
the pop ulation age 16 and ov er in France,
S w ed en , and from 1973 onw ard, the
U n ited K in gdom ; 15 and over in C anada,
A ustralia, Japan, G erm any, the N ether
land s, and prior to 19 7 3 , the U n ited K in g
dom ; and 14 and o v er in Italy. T he institu
tional p op ulation is in clu d ed in the
denom inator o f the labor force participation
rates and em p loym en t-p op u lation ratios for
Japan and G erm any; it is ex clu d ed for the
U n ited States and the other countries.
In the U .S . labor force su rvey, persons
on la y o ff w h o are aw aiting recall to their
jo b are c la ssifie d as u n em p loyed . European
and Japanese la y o ff practices are quite d if
ferent in nature from th ose in the U n ited
States; therefore, strict application o f the
U .S . d efin ition has not been m ade on this
poin t. For further inform ation , see Monthly
Labor Review, D ecem b er 198 1 , pp. 8 - 1 1 .
T he figu res for on e or m ore recen t years
for France, G erm any, Italy, the N ether
lan d s, and the U n ited K in gd om are ca lcu
lated u sin g adjustm ent factors based on
labor force su rveys for earlier years and are
con sid ered prelim inary. T he recen t-year
m easures for th ese countries are, therefore,
su bject to revision w h en ever data from
m ore current labor force su rveys b eco m e
availab le.
There are breaks in the data series for
G erm any (1 9 8 3 and 1 9 8 7 ), Italy (1 9 8 6 ),
the N etherlan ds (1 9 8 3 ), and S w ed en
(1 9 8 7 ). For both G erm any and the N ether
lan d s, the 1983 breaks reflect the rep lace
m ent o f labor force su rvey results tabulated
by the national statistical o ffic e s w ith th ose
tabulated b y the E uropean C om m u nity
Statistical O ffic e ( e u r o s t a t ) . T he D u tch
figures for 1983 onw ard a lso reflect the
rep lacem ent o f m an-year em p loym en t data
w ith data from the D u tch Su rvey o f E m
p lo y ed P erson s. T he im pact o f the ch an ges
w as to lo w er the adjusted u n em p loym en t
rate by 0 .3 p ercentage poin t for G erm any
and by about 2 p ercentage poin ts for the
N etherlan ds. T he 1987 break for G erm any
reflects the incorporation o f em p lo y m en t
statistics based on the 1987 Population
C en su s, w h ich ind icated that the lev e l o f
em p loym en t w as about on e m illio n higher
than p reviou sly estim ated . T he im pact o f
this ch an ge w as to lo w er the adjusted un
em p loym en t rate by 0 .3 p ercentage point.
W hen h istorical data benchm arked to
the 1987 C en su s b ecam e availab le, BLS w ill
revise its com parative m easures for
G erm any.
For Italy, the break in series reflects
m ore accurate enum eration o f tim e o f last
jo b search. T his resulted in a sign ifican t
in crease in the num ber o f p eo p le reported
as seek in g w ork in the last 30 d ays. T he
im pact w as to increase the Italian u n em
p loym en t rates approxim ating U .S . c o n
cep ts by about 1 p ercentage point.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
59
Current Labor Statistics
S w ed en introduced a n ew qu estion naire.
Q u estio n s regarding current availab ility
w ere added and the period o f a ctive w ork
seek in g w as reduced from 6 0 days to 4
w e ek s. T h ese ch a n g es result in low erin g
S w e d e n ’s u n em p loym en t rate by 0 .5 per
cen t point.
Additional sources of information
International
Comparisons of Unemployment, B u lletin
For further in form ation , se e
1979 (B ureau o f Labor S tatistics, 1 9 7 8 ),
A p p en d ix B , and Su p p lem en ts to A p p en d ix
B . T he statistics are a lso an alyzed p eriod i
ca lly in the Monthly Labor Review. A d d i
tional h istorical data, gen erally b egin n in g
w ith 1 9 5 9 , are pu b lish ed in the Handbook
of Labor Statistics and are availab le in
statistical su p p lem en ts to B u lletin 1979.
su b sid ies), e v en if they are not for the d i
rect b en efit o f w orkers, b ecau se su ch taxes
are regarded as labor c o sts. H o w ev er, c o m
pen sation d oes not in clu d e all item s o f
labor c o st. T h e co sts o f recruitm ent, e m
p lo y e e training, and plant fa cilities and ser
v ic e s — su ch as cafeterias and m ed ical
c lin ic s— are not co v ered b ecau se data
are not availab le for m ost countries. S elfem p lo y ed w orkers are in clu d ed in the U .S .
and C anadian com p en sation figu res by as
su m in g that their hourly com p en sation is
equal to the average for w a g e and salary
e m p lo y ee s.
M anufacturing productivity and
labor costs
Description of the series
T able 4 7 presents com parative m easures
o f m a n u fa c tu r in g la b o r p r o d u c tiv ity ,
hourly com p en sa tio n c o sts, and unit labor
c o sts for the U n ited S tates, C anada, Japan,
and nin e European cou n tries. T h ese m ea
sures are lim ited to trend com p arison s—
that is , intercountry series o f ch an ges over
tim e— rather than le v e l com p arison s b e
ca u se reliable international com p arison s o f
the le v e ls o f m anufacturing output are
un availab le.
For m ost o f the cou n tries, the m easures
refer to total m anufacturing as d efin ed by
the International Standard Industrial C la ssi
fication . H o w ev er, the m easures for France
(b egin n in g 1 9 5 9 ), Italy (b egin n in g 19 7 0 ),
and the U n ited K in gd om (b egin n in g 19 7 1 ),
refer to m anufacturing and m in in g less en
ergy-related products and the figu res for the
N etherlan ds ex clu d e petroleum refining
from 1969 to 197 6 . For all cou n tries, m an
ufacturing in clu d es the activities o f g o vern
m ent enterprises.
T he figu res for on e or m ore recen t years
are gen erally b ased on current indicators o f
m anufacturing output, em p lo y m en t, hours,
and hourly com p en sation and are c o n sid
ered prelim inary until the national accou nts
and other statistics u sed for the lon g-term
m easures b e co m e availab le.
Additional sources of information
Definitions
Output is constan t valu e output (value
ad d ed ), g en erally taken from the national
accou n ts o f ea ch country. W h ile the na
tional a ccou n tin g m eth od s for m easuring
real output differ co n sid erab ly am on g the
12 co u n tries, the u se o f d ifferent proce
dures d o es not, in itse lf, con n ote lack o f
com parability— rather, it reflects differ
e n ces am on g countries in the availab ility
and reliability o f u n derlying data series.
Hours refer to all em p lo y ed p ersons in
clu d in g the se lf-em p lo y e d in the U n ited
States and Canada; to all w a g e and salary
e m p lo y ee s in the other countries. T he U .S .
hours m easure is hours paid; the hours m ea
sures for the other countries are hours
w orked.
Compensation (labor cost) in clu d es all
p aym ents in cash or kind m ade directly to
e m p lo y ee s plus em p lo y er expenditures for
leg a lly required insurance program s and
contractual and private b en efit plan s. In ad
d itio n , for so m e cou n tries, com p en sation is
adjusted for other sig n ifican t taxes on p a y
rolls or em p lo y m en t (or red uced to reflect
0 Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for 6FRASER
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Notes on the data
September 1989
For additional inform ation , se e the bls
B u lletin 2 2 8 5 (B u
reau o f Labor S tatistics, 1 9 8 8 ), and peri
od ic Monthly Labor Review articles. H is
torical data are provid ed in the Handbook
of Labor Statistics, B u lletin 2 2 1 7 (Bureau
o f Labor S tatistics, 1 985). T he statistics are
issu ed tw ic e per year— in a n ew s release
(gen erally in June) and in a Monthly Labor
Review article.
Handbook of Methods,
Occupational Injury and
Illness Data
(T able 4 8 )
Description of the series
T h e A n nu al Su rvey o f O ccu p ation al In
ju ries and Illn esses is d esig n ed to c o lle ct
data on injuries and illn e sses b ased on
records w h ich em p loyers in the fo llo w in g
industries m aintain under the O ccup ation al
S afety and H ealth A ct o f 1970: agriculture,
forestry, and fishin g; o il and gas extraction;
construction; m anufacturing; transportation
and pu blic utilities; w h o le sa le and retail
trade; fin a n ce, insu ran ce, and real estate;
and serv ices. E xclu d ed from the survey are
se lf-em p lo y e d ind ivid u als, farmers w ith
few er than 11 e m p lo y e e s, em p loyers regu
lated b y other F ederal safety and health
la w s, and F ed eral, State, and lo ca l g o v ern
m ent agen cies.
B eca u se the su rvey is a Fed eral-S tate c o
operative program and the data m ust m eet
the n eed s o f participating State a g e n c ie s, an
ind ep en dent sam p le is selected for each
State. T he sam p le is selected to represent
all private industries in the States and terri
tories. T he sam p le siz e for the su rvey is
d epend en t upon (1 ) the characteristics for
w h ich estim ates are needed; (2) the ind us
tries for w h ich estim ates are desired; (3 ) the
characteristics o f the p op ulation b ein g sam
pled; (4) the target reliab ility o f the e sti
m ates; and (5 ) the su rvey d esig n em p lo y ed .
W h ile there are m any characteristics
upon w h ich the sam p le d esig n cou ld be
b ased , the total recorded ca se in cid en ce
rate is u sed b ecau se it is on e o f the m ost
im portant characteristics and the least vari
able; therefore, it requires the sm allest sam
p le siz e.
T h e su rvey is based on stratified random
sam p lin g w ith a N ey m a n allocation and a
ratio estim ator. T h e characteristics u sed to
stratify the estab lish m en ts are the Standard
Industrial C la ssification (sic) co d e and size
o f em p loym en t.
Definitions
Recordable occupational injuries and ill
nesses are: (1) occu p ation al deaths, regard
less o f the tim e b etw een injury and death,
or the len gth o f the illn ess; or (2) nonfatal
occu p ation al illn esses; or (3 ) nonfatal o c c u
pational injuries w h ich in v o lv e on e or m ore
o f the fo llo w in g : lo ss o f c o n sc io u sn ess, re
striction o f w ork or m o tio n , transfer to an
other jo b , or m ed ical treatm ent (other than
first aid).
Occupational injury is any injury such
as a cu t, fracture, sprain, am putation, and
so forth, w h ich results from a w ork a cci
dent or from exp osu re in v o lv in g a sin g le
incid en t in the w ork environ m en t.
Occupational illness is an abnorm al
co n d ition or disorder, other than on e result
ing from an occu p ation al injury, cau sed by
exp osu re to environ m en tal factors a ss o c i
ated w ith em p loym en t. It in clu d es acute
and chronic illn e sses or d isea se w h ich m ay
be cau sed by in h alation, absorp tion , in g e s
tion , or direct contact.
Lost workday cases are c a ses w h ich in
v o lv e days aw ay from w ork , or days o f
restricted w ork a ctivity, or both.
Lost workday cases involving re
stricted work activity are th ose ca ses
w h ich result in restricted w ork activity
o n ly .
Lost workdays away from work are the
num ber o f w orkd ays (co n secu tiv e or not)
on w h ich the e m p lo y ee w o u ld have w orked
but co u ld not b eca u se o f occu p ation al in
jury or illn ess.
Lost workdays— restricted work ac
tivity are the num ber o f w orkd ays (c o n se c
utiv e or not) o n w h ic h , b ecau se o f injury or
illn ess: (1 ) the e m p lo y ee w as a ssign ed to
another jo b on a tem porary basis; or (2) the
e m p lo y ee w orked at a perm anent jo b less
than fu ll tim e; or (3 ) the e m p lo y ee w orked
at a perm anently a ssign ed jo b but co u ld not
perform all du ties norm ally co n n ected w ith
it.
The number of days away from work
or days of restricted work activity d oes
not in clu d e the day o f injury or o n set o f
illn ess or any days on w h ich the em p lo y ee
w o u ld not h ave w orked ev en though able to
w ork.
Incidence rates represent the num ber o f
injuries and/or illn e sses or lost w orkdays
per 100 fu ll-tim e w orkers.
Notes on the data
E stim ates are m ade for industries and
em p lo y m en t-size c la sse s and for severity
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
classification : fa talities, lo st w orkday
c a se s, and nonfatal c a ses w ithou t lost
w ork d ays. L ost w orkday c a ses are sep a
rated into th ose w h ere the em p lo y ee w ou ld
h ave w orked but cou ld not and th ose in
w h ich w ork activity w as restricted. E sti
m ates o f the num ber o f c a ses and the
num ber o f days lo st are m ade for both
categories.
M ost o f the estim ates are in the form o f
in cid en ce rates, d efin ed as the num ber o f
injuries and illn e ss e s , or lost w ork d ays, per
100 fu ll-tim e e m p lo y ee s. For this pu rp ose,
2 0 0 ,0 0 0 e m p lo y ee hours represent 100 e m
p lo y e e years (2 ,0 0 0 hours per e m p lo y ee ).
O nly a fe w o f the availab le m easures are
in clu d ed in the Handbook of Labor Statis
tics . F ull detail is presented in the annual
bu lletin , Occupational Injuries and Ill
nesses in the United States, by Industry.
C om parable data for in d ividu al States
are availab le from the BLS O ffic e o f S a fety ,
H ealth, and W orking C on d ition s.
M in in g and railroad data are furnished to
BLS by the M in e S afety and H ealth A d m in
istration and the Federal R ailroad A d m in is
tration, resp ectiv ely . D ata from these
organizations are inclu ded in BLS and State
p u b lication s. Federal e m p lo y ee exp erien ce
is c o m p iled and p u blished by the O ccu p a
tional S afety and H ealth A dm inistration.
D ata on State and lo ca l govern m en t e m
p lo y e es are c o lle cte d by about h a lf o f the
States and territories; th ese data are not
co m p iled nationally.
Additional sources of information
T h e Supplem entary D ata S y stem pro
vid es d etailed inform ation d escrib in g vari
ou s factors associated w ith w ork-related
injuries and illn e sse s. T h ese data are o b
tained from inform ation reported by
employers to State w ork ers’ com p en sation
a g e n c ie s. T he W ork Injury Report program
ex a m in es selected typ es o f accidents
through an e m p lo y ee su rvey w h ich fo c u se s
on the circu m stan ces surrounding the in
jury. T h ese data are not inclu ded in the
Handbook of Labor Statistics but are a v a il
able from the BLS O ffic e o f S a fety , H ealth,
and W orking C on d ition s.
T h e d efin ition s o f occu p ation al injuries
and illn e sses and lo st w orkd ays are from
Recordkeeping Requirements under the Oc
cupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
For additional data, see Occupational In
juries and Illnesses in the United States, by
Industry, annual B ureau o f Labor Statistics
bulletin; BLS Handbook of Methods , B u l
letin 2 2 8 5 (B ureau o f Labor S tatistics,
1988); Handbook of Labor Statistics, B u l
letin 2 2 1 7 (B ureau o f Labor S tatistics,
1 9 8 5 ), pp. 4 1 1 - 1 4 ; annual reports in the
Monthly Labor Review, and annual U .S .
D epartm ent o f Labor press relea ses.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
61
Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators
1. Labor market indicators
1988
1987
In d ic a to rs
1989
1988
1987
S e le c te d
IV
III
I
IV
III
II
I
II
E m p lo y m e n t d a ta
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
(h o u se h o ld
o f th e
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te
2 5
to
2 4
y e ars
p o p u la tio n
6 5 .6
6 5 .9
6 5 .6
6 5 .7
6 5 .8
6 5 .8
6 5 .9
6 6 .1
6 6 .4
6 6 .5
r a t i o ...............................................................................................................
6 1 .5
6 2 .3
6 1 .7
6 1 .9
6 2 .1
6 2 .2
6 2 .3
6 2 .5
6 2 .9
6 3 .0
..........................................................................................................................................
6 .2
5 .5
6 .0
5 .9
5 .7
5 .5
5 .5
5 .3
5 .2
5 .3
6 .2
5 .5
6 .0
5 .8
5 .6
5 .4
5 .4
5 .4
5 .2
5 .1
1 2 .6
1 1 .4
1 2 .2
1 1 .9
1 1 .8
1 1 .2
1 1 .4
1 1 .3
1 1 .2
i i . i
4 .1
4 .1
4 .0
3 .9
................................................................................................................................................
o v e r ....................................................................................................................................
4 .8
4 .2
4 .6
4 .4
4 .3
4 .2
..........................................................................................................................................................................
6 .2
5 .6
6 .0
6 .0
5 .8
5 .6
5 .6
5 .3
5 .2
5 .4
................................................................................................................................................
1 1 .7
1 0 .6
1 1 .4
1 1 .2
1 1 .0
1 0 .7
1 0 .5
1 0 .3
1 0 .2
1 0 .4
o v e r .....................................................................................................................................
4 .8
4 .3
4 .7
4 .6
4 .5
4 .3
4 .4
4 .2
4 .0
4 .3
1 .3
1 .3
1 .2
1 .1
1 .1
1 0 8 ,3 2 4
y e ars
W o m en
n o n in s titu tio n a liz e d
r a t e .............................................................................................................
p a rtic ip a tio n
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
16
c iv ilia n
s u rv e y ):'
L ab o r fo rc e
16
to
2 5
y e ars
an d
2 4
y e a rs
an d
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te ,
15
w ee k s
an d
o v e r .....................................................................
1 .7
1 .3
1 .6
1 .5
1 .4
1 0 2 ,2 0 0
1 0 5 ,5 8 4
1 0 2 ,5 0 0
1 0 3 ,4 9 1
1 0 4 ,3 5 5
1 0 5 ,1 8 4
1 0 5 ,9 7 6
1 0 6 ,7 9 9
1 0 7 ,6 8 0
8 5 ,1 9 0
8 8 ,2 1 2
8 5 ,4 8 1
8 6 ,3 3 6
8 7 ,1 1 1
8 7 ,8 5 1
8 8 ,5 7 7
8 9 ,2 8 8
9 0 ,1 0 4
9 0 ,6 5 5
2 4 ,7 0 8
2 5 ,2 4 9
2 4 ,7 5 1
2 4 ,9 6 1
2 5 ,0 2 2
2 5 ,2 0 2
2 5 ,3 1 3
2 5 ,4 5 2
2 5 ,6 3 4
2 5 ,6 6 5
E m p l o y m e n t , n o n a g r i c u l t u r a l ( p a y r o l l d a t a ) , in t h o u s a n d s : 1
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .......................................................................................................................................................
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g
A v erag e
...............................................................................................................................................
1 9 ,0 2 4
1 9 ,4 0 3
1 9 ,0 6 1
1 9 ,1 9 9
1 9 ,2 7 1
1 9 ,3 6 0
1 9 ,4 3 5
1 9 ,5 5 0
1 9 ,6 5 9
1 9 ,6 6 5
7 7 ,4 9 2
8 0 ,3 3 5
7 7 ,7 4 9
7 8 ,5 3 0
7 9 ,3 3 3
7 9 ,9 8 3
8 0 ,6 6 3
8 1 ,3 4 6
8 2 ,0 4 7
8 2 ,6 5 9
3 4 .8
3 4 .7
3 4 .8
3 4 .8
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
i
h o u rs:
M a n u fa c tu rin g
.................................................................................................................................................
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 0 .9
3 .7
3 .9
3 .8
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x
P e rce n t c h a n g e
in t h e
A ll w o r k e r s ( e x c l u d i n g
P riv a te
in d u s try
!
3 4 .7
3 4 .7
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
3 .9
3 .8
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .8
E C I, c o m p e n s a tio n :
F e d e r a l w o r k e r s ) ...........
3 .6
5 .0
1 .2
.8
1 .4
1 .1
1 .3
1 .0
1 .2
1 .1
..........................................................................................................................
3 .3
4 .9
1 .0
.7
1 .5
1 .2
1 .0
1 .0
1 .3
1 .2
1 .8
1 .1
.6
.8
1 .0
1 .1
fa rm , h o u s e h o ld , a n d
w o rk e rs
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g 2 ......................................................................................................................................
3 .1
4 .4
.8
1 .0
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g 2
...................................................................................................................................
3 .7
5 .1
1 .0
.5
1 .3
1 .4
1 .2
1 .2
1 .5
1 .2
l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ....................................................................................
4 .4
5 .6
2 .3
.9
1 .3
.3
2 .7
1 .1
1 .2
.6
U n i o n ....................................................................................................................................................................................
2 .8
3 .9
.6
1 .1
1 .6
1 .0
.7
.5
.8
1 .0
N o n u n io n
3 .6
5 .1
1 .1
.6
1 .5
1 .3
1 .1
1 .2
1 .5
1 .2
S ta te
an d
W o rk e rs by
b a rg a in in g
s ta tu s
(p riv a te
in d u s try ) :
.......................................................................................................................................................................
1
Q u a rte rly
2
G o o d s - p ro d u c ln g
d a ta
s e a s o n a lly
a d ju s te d .
In d u s trie s
2 Monthly Labor Review
Digitized for6 FRASER
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In c lu d e
p ro d u c in g
m in in g ,
c o n s tru c tio n ,
September 1989
an d
m a n u fa c tu rin g .
S e rv ic e -
In d u s trie s in c lu d e
a ll o t h e r p r i v a t e s e c t o r in d u s t r i e s .
2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity
1987
S e le c te d
C o m p e n s a tio n
d a ta
m e a su re s
1, 2
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - c o m p e n s a tio n
(w a g e s , s a la rie s ,
b e n e fits ):
C iv ilia n
n o n f a r m ..........................................................................................................................
P riv a te
n o n farm
........................................................................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - w a g e s
C iv ilia n
n o n farm
P riv a te
an d
.................................................................................................
n o n farm
3 .6
5 .0
3 .3
4 .9
1.2
1.0
0.8
1.1
1.2
1 .4
.7
1 .5
1.0
1.0
1 .3
1.0
1.0
1.1
1.1
1 .3
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.2
s a la r ie s
................................................. ................................................................
3 .5
4 .3
1 .3
.7
1 .0
3 .3
4 .1
1 .0
.6
1.0
.9
1 .3
1.1
1.0
P r ic e d a t a 1
C o n su m er
P ric e
P r o d u c e r P ric e
F in is h e d
In d ex
c o n s u m e r s ) : A l l i t e m s ...........
4 .4
c o n s u m e r g o o d s ........................................................
C a p ita l e q u ip m e n t
I n te rm e d ia te
4 .4
1 .3
.6
•3
1 .0
1 .3
1 .5
.1
.5
1 .3
.8
.4
1 .4
1 .0
.4
1 .8
1 .5
1 .5
1 .3
1 .9
1.1
2.2
1.8
2.2
In d ex :
g o o d s ........................ ...................................................................
F in is h e d
C ru d e
(A ll u r b a n
.......................................... .....................................
m a te ria ls , s u p p lie s , c o m p o n e n ts
m a t e r i a l s ...........................................................................................
2.2
2.6
4 .0
.3
1 .3
3 .6
-.2
5 .4
5 .6
1 .2
.9
8 .9
3 .1
.6
- 1 .4
.2
4 .0
- .2
1.1
.7
.6
1.1
2.6
- .3
4 .0
1.2
- 1 .2
.9
.9
.6
1 .9
1.0
.6
6.1
.7
P ro d u c tiv ity d a ta 3
O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s :
B u sin e ss
1.2
s e c t o r .................................................................................................................................
1 .8
3 .9
1.1
2 .9
s e c t o r ................................................................................................................
2 .1
3 .6
2 .7
N o n f i n a n c i a l c o r p o r a t i o n s 4 ..........................................................................................................
2 .2
2 .6
5 .3
1 .9
N o n fa rm
1
a re
b u s in e s s
A nnual c h a n g e s
c a lc u la te d
d a ta
a re
u s in g
a re
th e
n o t s e a s o n a lly
2
E x c lu d e s
3
A n n u al ra te s
D e c e m b e r-to -D e c e m b e r c h a n g e .
la s t m o n th
a d ju s te d
F e d e ra l a n d
an d
p riv a te
of c h an g e
a re
of e a c h
th e
p ric e
h o u s e h o ld
c o m p u te d
Q u a rte rly
q u a rte r. C o m p e n s a tio n
d a ta
a re
c h a n g e s
an d
Q u a rte rly
p ric e
w o rk e rs.
by
c o m p a rin g
3 .0
p e rc e n t
d e x es. T h e
n o t c o m p o u n d ed .
2 .7
d a ta
- 2 .0
3 .1
- 1 .5
3 .4
1 .9
.6
1 .4
- .4
4 .3
c h a n g e s
a re
r e fle c t
s e a s o n a lly
an n u al
.2
ra te s
of
1 .0
.9
- 1 .3
.2
- 1 .8
c h a n g e
in
q u a rte rly
in -
a d ju s te d .
4
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll e m p l o y e e s .
-
D a ta
n o t a v a ila b le .
an n u al a v erag e s.
3. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes
Q u a rte rly
C o m p o n e n ts
F o u r q u a rte rs
1988
I
A v erag e
a v erag e
II
1989
III
IV
I
e n d e d -
1988
II
I
II
1989
III
IV
I
II
h o u r ly c o m p e n s a t i o n : 1
A ll p e r s o n s , b u s i n e s s
A ll p e r s o n s ,
n o n farm
s e c t o r ...............................................................................................................................
b u s in e s s
s e c t o r ..................................................................................................
2 .8
5 .9
5 .8
5 .2
4 .8
6 .6
4 .4
5 .2
5 .4
4 .9
5 .4
5 .6
2 .7
5 .5
5 .5
5 .9
4 .8
5 .5
4 .3
5 .1
5 .2
4 .9
5 .4
5 .4
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - c o m p e n s a tio n :
C iv ilia n
n o n farm
P riv a te
2 ................................................................................................................................................................
n o n farm
................................................................................................................................................................
U n i o n ...................................................................................................................................................................
N o n u n i o n ................................................................................................................................................................................
S ta te
an d
l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s ........................................................................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x - w a g e s
C iv ilia n
an d
1 .1
1 .3
1 .0
1 .2
1 .5
1 .2
1 .0
1 .0
1 .3
1 .2
3 .9
4 .5
4 .5
4 .9
4 .6
4 .5
1 .6
1 .0
.7
.5
.8
1 .0
3 .9
4 .3
4 .5
3 .9
3 .0
3 .1
1 .5
1 .3
1 .1
1 .2
1 .5
1 .2
4 .0
4 .5
4 .5
5 .1
5 .1
5 .0
1 .3
.3
2 .7
1 .1
1 .2
.6
4 .9
5 .0
5 .4
5 .6
5 .5
5 .8
1 .1
4 .1
4 .6
4 .7
5 .0
4 .8
4 .8
s a la rie s :
n o n farm 2
..................................................................................................................................................................
1 .0
.9
1 .3
1 .0
1 .1
.8
3 .5
3 .9
3 .9
4 .3
4 .4
4 .3
n o n farm
................................................................................................................................................................
1 .0
1 .1
1 .0
1 .0
1 .1
1 .0
3 .3
3 .7
3 .7
4 .1
4 .2
4 .1
.4
.8
.7
.4
.7
.8
2 .6
2 .5
2 .6
P riv a te
U n io n
................................................................................................................................................................
N o n u n i o n ............................................................................................................................................................................
S ta te
1 .4
an d
T o ta l e ff e c tiv e
2 .9
2 .9
2 .2
1 .0
1 .2
1 .0
1 .1
1 .3
1 .0
3 .5
4 .0
3 .9
4 .5
4 .8
4 .6
l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t s ..........................................................................................................................
.9
.3
2 .6
1 .0
.8
.5
4 .4
4 .4
4 .7
4 .8
4 .8
5 .0
w ag e
.4
.9
.8
.5
.5
1 .0
3 .2
3 .0
2 .9
2 .6
2 .7
2 .8
a d j u s t m e n t s 3 ..........................................................................................................................
F ro m
c u r r e n t s e t t l e m e n t s ........................................................................................................................................
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.3
.8
1 .0
1 .0
.7
.7
.7
F ro m
p r io r s e t t l e m e n t s
.3
.5
.4
.2
.3
.5
1 .8
1 .6
1 .4
1 .3
1 .3
1 .3
F ro m
c o s t- o f- liv in g
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.5
.5
.5
.6
.6
.8
.................................................................................................................................................
2 .1
2 .6
2 .7
2 .6
3 .2
3 .9
2 .4
2 .4
2 .5
2 .5
2 .7
3 .2
o v e r l i f e o f c o n t r a c t ...................................................................................................................
2 .3
2 .2
2 .8
2 .2
3 .1
3 .3
2 .2
2 .0
2 .2
2 .4
2 .5
2 .9
.....................................................................................................................................................
1 .8
3 .1
3 .4
3 .5
3 .2
5 .0
3 .1
3 .0
3 .1
3 .1
3 .3
3 .8
o v e r l i f e o f c o n t r a c t ...................................................................................................................
1 .8
2 .4
3 .2
2 .1
3 .4
3 .4
2 .5
2 .3
2 .5
2 .5
2 .6
3 .0
N e g o tia te d
w ag e
p r o v i s i o n ...............................................................................................................................
a d ju s tm e n ts fro m
F irs t-y e a r a d ju s tm e n ts
A n n u a l ra te
N e g o tia te d
w ag e
an d
1
S e a s o n a lly
2
E x c lu d e s F e d e ra l a n d
3
L im ite d
to
s e ttle m e n ts :3
b e n e fit a d ju s tm e n ts fro m
F irs t-y e a r a d ju s tm e n t
A n n u a l ra te
............................................................................................................................................
s e ttle m e n ts :4
a d ju s te d .
m a jo r
m o st re c e n t d a ta
h o u s e h o ld
c o lle c tiv e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
w o rk e rs.
b a rg a in in g
u n its
4
of
1 ,0 0 0
w o rk e rs
o r
m o re.
T h e
L im ite d
to
a re
m a jo r
m o s t re c e n t d a ta
a re
p r e lim in a ry .
c o lle c tiv e
b a rg a in in g
u n its
of
5 ,0 0 0
w o rk e rs
o r
m o re.
T he
p r e lim in a ry .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
63
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
4. Employment status of the total population, by sex, monthly data seasonally adjusted
( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v erag e
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
D ec.
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
1988
1987
Ja n .
A p r.
M a r.
F eb.
J u ly
M ay
TOTAL
1 8 6 ,3 2 2
1 8 6 ,4 0 2
1 8 6 ,5 2 2
1 8 6 ,6 6 6
1 8 6 ,8 0 1
1 8 6 ,9 4 9
1 8 7 ,0 9 8
1 8 7 ,3 4 0
1 8 7 ,4 6 1
1 8 7 ,5 8 1
1 8 7 ,8 5 4
1 8 7 ,9 9 5
1 8 8 ,1 4 9
1 8 4 ,4 9 0
1 8 7 ,7 0 8
’ , 2 .............
1 2 3 ,3 7 8
1 2 3 ,3 3 1
1 2 3 ,6 9 2
1 2 3 ,6 8 8
1 2 3 ,7 7 8
1 2 4 ,2 1 5
1 2 4 ,2 5 9
1 2 5 ,1 2 4
1 2 4 ,8 6 5
1 2 5 ,3 4 3
1 2 5 ,2 8 3
1 2 5 ,7 6 8
1 2 5 ,6 2 2
1 2 1 ,6 0 2
1 2 4 ,9 4 8
L a b o r f o r c e 2 ..................................................................
6 6 .7
6 6 .9
1 1 8 ,8 8 8
1 1 9 ,2 0 7
N o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n
P a rtic ip a tio n
3 ...............................
6 5 .9
6 6 .2
6 6 .2
6 6 .3
6 6 .3
6 6 .3
6 6 .4
6 6 .4
2 ..............................................
1 1 4 ,1 7 7
1 1 6 ,6 7 7
1 1 6 ,7 0 7
1 1 6 ,8 9 5
1 1 7 ,0 7 4
1 1 7 ,2 6 0
1 1 7 ,6 5 2
1 1 7 ,7 0 5
ra te
T o ta l e m p lo y e d
66.8
1 1 8 ,4 0 7
66.6
1 1 8 ,5 3 7
66.6
1 1 8 ,8 2 0
66.8
1 1 8 ,7 9 7
66.8
1 1 9 ,1 2 5
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
6 3 .4
6 3 .3
1,666
1,666
6 1 .9
6 2 .6
6 2 .6
6 2 .7
6 2 .7
6 2 .8
6 2 .9
6 2 .9
6 3 .2
6 3 .2
6 3 .3
6 3 .3
6 3 .3
1 ,7 3 7
1 ,7 0 9
1 ,6 7 3
1 ,6 9 2
1 ,7 0 4
1 ,6 8 7
1 ,7 0 5
1 ,6 9 6
1 ,6 9 6
1 ,6 8 4
1 ,6 8 4
1 ,6 8 4
1 ,6 7 3
1 .............
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
1 1 5 ,0 3 4
1 1 5 ,2 0 3
1 1 5 ,3 7 0
1 1 5 ,5 7 3
1 1 5 ,9 4 7
1 1 6 ,0 0 9
1 1 6 ,7 1 1
1 1 6 ,8 5 3
1 1 7 ,1 3 6
1 1 7 ,1 1 3
1 1 7 ,2 1 5
C i v i l i a n e m p l o y e d ......................................
3 ,2 0 8
3 ,1 6 9
3 ,0 6 0
3 ,1 4 2
3 ,1 7 6
3 ,2 3 8
3 ,2 3 8
3 ,1 9 3
3 ,3 0 0
3 ,2 2 3
3 ,2 0 6
3 ,1 0 4
3 ,1 1 2
3 ,0 9 6
3 ,2 1 9
1 1 4 ,2 4 0
6 ,4 9 7
R e s id e n t A rm e d
A g ric u ltu re
F o rc es
.......................................................
N o n a g r l c u l t u r a l i n d u s t r i e s .........
1 0 9 ,2 3 2
1 1 1 ,9 7 4
1 1 1 ,8 0 0
1 1 2 ,0 6 1
1 1 2 ,1 9 4
1 1 2 ,3 3 5
1 1 7 ,5 4 1
1 1 2 ,7 0 9
1 1 2 ,8 1 6
1 1 3 ,4 1 1
1 1 3 ,6 3 0
1 1 3 ,9 3 0
1 1 4 ,0 0 9
1 1 4 ,1 0 2
1 1 4 ,4 4 5
6 ,7 1 6
6 ,3 2 8
6 ,1 2 8
6 ,5 4 6
6 ,3 9 5
6 ,5 6 1
1 1 7 ,4 5 9
7 ,4 2 5
6 ,7 0 1
6 ,6 2 4
6 ,7 9 7
6 ,6 1 4
6 ,5 1 8
6 ,5 6 3
6 ,5 5 4
5 .4
5 .4
5 .5
5 .3
5 .3
5 .3
5 .3
5 .4
5 .1
4 .9
5 .2
5 .2
5 .2
6 .1
5 .1
5 ......................
6 2 ,9 4 4
6 3 ,0 7 1
6 2 ,8 3 0
6 2 ,9 7 8
6 3 ,0 2 3
6 2 ,7 3 4
6 2 ,8 3 9
6 2 ,2 1 6
6 2 ,5 9 6
6 2 ,3 6 5
6 2 ,5 7 1
6 2 ,2 2 8
6 2 ,5 2 7
6 2 ,8 8 8
6 2 ,6 3 3
................................................
8 9 ,4 0 4
8 9 ,4 4 5
8 9 ,5 0 4
8 9 ,5 7 7
8 9 ,6 3 7
8 9 ,7 1 6
8 9 ,7 9 2
8 9 ,9 1 4
8 9 ,9 7 3
9 0 ,0 3 2
9 0 ,1 6 7
9 0 ,2 3 7
9 0 ,3 1 5
8 8 ,4 7 6
9 0 ,0 9 4
1 , 2 .............
6 8 ,4 7 4
6 8 ,4 6 1
6 8 ,6 8 5
6 8 ,6 0 4
6 8 ,5 6 9
6 8 ,6 8 6
6 8 ,6 3 8
6 9 ,0 3 2
6 9 ,1 1 3
6 9 ,3 6 0
6 9 ,1 1 4
6 9 ,5 0 7
6 9 ,2 4 5
6 7 ,7 8 4
6 9 ,1 9 0
L a b o r f o r c e 2 .................................................................
7 6 .6
7 6 .6
7 6 .5
7 6 .7
7 6 .6
7 6 .5
7 6 .6
7 6 .4
7 6 .8
7 6 .8
7 6 .9
7 7 .0
7 6 .7
7 7 .0
3 ...............................
6 3 ,6 8 4
6 4 ,8 2 0
6 4 ,9 4 1
6 4 ,9 3 1
6 5 ,0 1 5
6 4 ,9 7 6
6 5 ,0 7 4
6 5 ,0 5 5
6 5 ,3 2 2
6 5 ,5 7 2
6 5 ,9 2 0
6 5 ,7 6 7
6 5 ,7 1 3
2 ..............................................
U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te
N o t in l a b o r f o r c e
M en, 16 y e a rs a n d
over
N o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n
P a rtic ip a tio n
ra te
T o ta l e m p lo y e d
66,110
7 6 .7
6 5 ,9 6 1
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
7 2 .5
7 2 .6
7 2 .5
7 2 .6
7 2 .5
7 2 .5
7 2 .5
7 2 .6
7 2 .9
7 3 .2
7 3 .0
7 2 .9
7 3 .3
7 3 .0
7 2 .0
1 ,5 4 7
1 ,5 1 2
1 ,5 2 9
1 ,5 4 0
1 ,5 2 6
1 ,5 4 2
1 ,5 3 4
1 ,5 3 2
1 ,5 2 1
1 ,5 2 1
1 ,5 1 1
1 ,5 0 1
1 ,4 9 9
1 ,5 7 7
1 ,5 2 1
1 .............
6 3 ,2 7 3
6 3 ,4 2 9
6 3 ,4 0 2
6 3 ,4 7 5
6 3 ,4 5 0
6 3 ,5 3 2
6 3 ,5 2 1
6 3 ,7 9 0
6 4 ,0 5 1
6 4 ,3 9 9
6 4 ,2 0 2
6 4 ,6 0 9
6 4 ,4 6 2
6 2 ,1 0 7
6 4 ,2 4 6
......................................
3 ,6 5 5
3 ,5 2 0
3 ,7 5 4
3 ,5 8 9
3 ,5 9 3
3 ,6 1 2
3 ,5 8 3
3 ,7 1 0
3 ,5 4 0
3 ,2 7 0
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,3 9 7
3 ,2 8 4
4 ,1 0 1
3 ,5 9 3
U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................
5 .2
5 .4
5 .1
4 .7
5 .2
4 .9
4 .9
4 .7
R e s id e n t A rm e d
F o rc e s
C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d
6 .1
5 .3
5 .1
5 .5
5 .2
5 .2
5 .3
9 6 ,9 1 8
9 6 ,9 5 7
9 7 ,0 1 8
9 7 ,0 8 9
9 7 ,1 6 4
9 7 ,2 3 4
9 7 ,3 0 6
9 7 ,4 2 7
9 7 ,4 8 8
9 7 ,5 5 0
9 7 ,6 8 7
9 7 ,7 5 8
9 7 ,8 3 4
9 6 ,0 1 3
9 7 ,6 1 4
.............
5 4 ,9 0 4
5 4 ,8 7 0
5 5 ,0 0 7
5 5 ,0 8 4
5 5 ,2 0 9
5 5 ,5 2 9
5 5 ,6 2 1
5 6 ,0 9 1
5 5 ,7 5 2
5 5 ,9 8 3
5 6 ,1 6 9
5 6 ,2 6 1
5 6 ,3 7 7
5 3 ,8 1 8
5 5 ,7 5 8
L a b o r f o r c e 2 .................................................................
5 7 .2
5 7 .2
5 7 .4
5 7 .5
5 7 .6
5 7 .6
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te
5 ......................
W o m en , 16 y e a rs a n d o v e r
N o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n
1, 2
3 ...............................
5 6 .1
5 6 .6
5 6 .6
5 6 .7
5 6 .7
5 6 .8
5 7 .1
5 7 .2
5 7 .6
5 1 ,8 5 8
5 1 ,7 6 6
5 1 ,9 6 4
5 2 ,0 5 9
5 2 ,2 8 4
5 2 ,5 7 8
5 2 ,6 5 0
5 3 ,0 8 5
5 2 ,9 6 5
5 3 ,0 2 9
5 3 ,1 7 5
5 3 ,0 9 7
5 3 ,1 6 4
5 0 ,4 9 4
5 2 ,9 0 0
T o t a l e m p l o y e d 2 ...............................................
5 4 .3
P a rtic ip a tio n
ra te
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
5 2 .6
5 3 .5
5 3 .4
5 3 .6
5 3 .6
5 3 .8
5 4 .1
5 4 .1
5 4 .5
5 4 .3
5 4 .2
5 4 .3
5 4 .4
5 4 .3
162
161
163
164
161
163
162
164
163
163
162
165
167
160
163
.............
5 1 ,6 9 6
5 1 ,6 0 5
5 1 ,8 0 1
5 1 ,8 9 5
5 2 ,1 2 3
5 2 ,4 1 5
5 2 ,4 8 8
5 2 ,9 2 1
5 2 ,8 0 2
5 2 ,7 3 7
5 3 ,0 1 3
5 2 ,9 3 2
5 2 ,9 9 7
5 0 ,3 3 4
5 2 ,8 6 6
......................................
3 ,0 4 6
3 ,1 0 4
3 ,0 4 3
3 ,0 2 5
2 ,9 2 5
2 ,9 5 1
2 ,9 7 1
3 ,0 0 6
2 ,7 8 7
2 ,8 5 8
2 ,9 9 4
3 ,1 6 4
3 ,2 1 3
3 ,3 2 4
2 ,9 5 3
U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................
5 .5
5 .7
5 .5
5 .5
5 .3
5 .3
5 .3
5 .4
5 .0
5 .1
5 .3
5 .3
5 .6
5 .7
6 .2
r a tio
4 ...................................................................
R e s id e n t A rm e d
F o rc es
C iv ilia n e m p l o y e d
U n e m p lo y m e n t r a te
T h e
p o p u la tio n
I n c lu d e s
5 ......................
A rm e d
m e m b e rs o f th e
L ab o r fo rc e
64
an d
a s
a
1
F o r c e s fig u re s a r e
A rm e d
p e rc e n t o f th e
F o rc es
n o t a d ju s te d
s ta tio n e d
in t h e
T o ta l e m p lo y e d
fo r s e a s o n a l v a ria tio n .
U n ite d
6
S ta te s .
n o n in s tltu tio n a l p o p u la tio n .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
É
a s
U n e m p lo y m e n t a s
a
a
p e rc e n t o f th e
n o n in s titu tio n a l p o p u la tio n .
p e rc e n t o f th e
la b o r f o r c e
( in c lu d in g
th e
re s id e n t A rm e d
F o rc es).
5. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally
adjusted
( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v erag e
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
N ov.
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
1988
1987
J u ly
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M a r.
F eb .
Ja n .
D ec.
TOTAL
C iv ilia n
n o n in s titu tio n a l
1 8 4 ,8 3 0
1 8 4 ,9 6 2
1 8 5 ,1 1 4
1 8 5 ,2 4 4
1 8 5 ,4 0 2
1 8 5 ,7 7 7
1 8 5 ,8 9 7
1 8 6 ,3 2 9
1 8 6 ,4 8 3
1 8 4 ,7 2 9
1 8 6 ,1 8 1
1 8 4 ,6 1 3
1 8 6 ,0 2 4
1 8 2 ,7 5 3
1 8 5 ,6 4 4
p o p u l a t i o n ' ...................................................
1 2 2 ,0 0 0
1 2 1 ,9 8 4
1 2 2 ,0 9 1
1 2 2 ,5 1 0
1 2 2 ,5 6 3
1 2 3 ,1 8 1
1 2 3 ,2 6 4
1 2 4 ,1 0 2
1 2 3 ,9 5 6
1 2 1 ,6 5 8
1 2 3 ,6 1 0
1 2 1 ,6 6 9
1 2 3 ,6 5 9
1 1 9 ,8 6 5
1 2 3 ,4 2 8
C iv ilia n
6 6 .4
6 6 .6
6 6 .5
1 1 7 ,2 1 5
1 1 7 ,5 4 1
1 1 7 ,4 5 9
l a b o r f o r c e ............................
6 5 6
6 5 .9
6 6 .0
6 6 .0
6 6 .0
6 6 .1
6 6 .1
6 6 .5
6 6 .3
6 6 .3
.................
6 5 .9
6 6 .5
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
1 1 5 ,0 3 4
1 1 5 ,2 0 3
1 1 5 ,3 7 0
1 1 5 ,5 7 3
1 1 5 ,9 4 7
1 1 6 ,7 1 1
1 1 6 ,8 5 3
1 1 7 ,1 3 6
1 1 7 ,1 1 3
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
1 1 6 ,0 0 9
E m p l o y e d ..................................................
P a rtic ip a tio n
ra te
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
6 2 .3
6 2 .4
6 2 .4
6 2 .6
6 2 .9
6 2 .9
6 3 .0
6 3 .1
6 3 .0
6 2 .3
6 3 .0
6 2 .3
6 3 .0
6 1 .5
6 2 .6
r a t i o 2 ....................................................
6 ,7 9 7
6 ,6 1 4
6 ,5 1 8
6 ,5 6 3
6 ,7 1 6
6 ,3 2 8
6 ,1 2 8
6 ,5 6 1
6 ,4 9 7
6 ,6 2 4
6 ,3 9 5
6 ,7 0 1
6 ,5 4 6
7 ,4 2 5
6 ,5 5 4
U n e m p l o y e d ..........................................
5 .1
5 .0
5 .3
5 .2
5 .3
5 .2
6 2 ,6 3 3
6 2 ,3 6 5
6 2 ,5 7 1
6 2 ,2 2 8
6 2 ,5 2 7
U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e .........
N o t in l a b o r f o r c e
M en, 20 y e a rs an d
C iv ilia n
.............................
6 2
5 .5
5 .4
5 .6
5 .4
5 .3
5 .4
5 .3
5 .4
6 2 ,8 8 8
6 2 ,9 4 4
6 3 ,0 7 1
6 2 ,8 3 0
6 2 ,9 7 8
6 3 ,0 2 3
6 2 ,7 3 4
6 2 ,8 3 9
6 2 ,2 1 6
6 2 ,5 9 6
over
n o n in s titu tio n a l
8 0 ,6 6 9
8 0 ,7 5 1
8 0 ,8 5 1
8 0 ,9 2 4
8 1 ,1 6 2
8 1 ,2 5 6
8 1 ,3 3 3
8 1 ,5 9 2
8 1 ,6 7 9
8 0 ,6 0 8
8 1 ,5 2 4
8 0 ,5 5 3
8 1 ,4 1 3
7 9 5 6 5
8 1 ,0 0 1
p o p u l a t i o n ' .....................................................
6 2 ,9 1 6
6 2 .8 8 4
6 2 ,9 1 5
6 2 ,9 9 5
6 3 ,3 5 8
6 3 ,4 9 0
6 3 ,5 5 7
6 3 ,5 0 3
6 3 ,6 5 6
6 2 ,7 2 9
6 3 ,8 3 1
6 2 ,7 6 8
6 3 ,7 0 9
6 2 ,0 9 5
6 3 ,0 0 2
C iv ilia n
7 8 .0
7 7 .9
7 7 .8
7 7 .8
7 7 .8
7 8 .1
7 8 .1
7 8 .2
7 7 .9
7 7 .8
7 7 .9
7 7 .9
7 8 .3
7 8 .0
7 8 .1
...................
5 9 ,8 3 9
5 9 ,9 7 9
6 0 ,0 0 4
5 9 ,9 9 9
6 0 ,4 2 0
6 0 ,6 3 6
6 0 ,8 6 9
6 1 ,0 9 3
6 0 ,9 2 1
5 9 ,8 9 7
6 0 ,7 9 8
5 9 ,7 8 1
6 0 ,7 5 7
5 8 ,7 2 6
6 0 ,0 4 9
E m p l o y e d ...................................................
l a b o r f o r c e ..............................
P a rtic ip a tio n
ra te
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
7 4 .2
7 4 .3
7 4 .2
7 4 .1
7 4 .4
7 4 .6
7 4 .8
7 4 .6
7 4 .6
7 4 .3
7 4 .9
7 4 .2
7 4 .6
7 3 .8
7 4 .1
r a t i o 2 ............. ; .....................................
2 ,2 4 9
2 ,3 1 5
2 ,3 1 3
2 ,2 7 7
2 ,3 2 0
2 ,3 1 7
2 ,3 4 2
2 ,2 7 3
2 ,2 5 6
2 ,2 5 2
2 ,2 8 4
2 ,2 7 1
2 ,2 5 2
2 3 2 9
2 ,2 9 2
A g r i c u l t u r e ............................................
5 7 ,7 3 0
5 7 ,6 8 9
5 7 ,6 8 6
5 7 ,7 5 7
5 8 ,1 4 3
5 8 ,3 1 6
5 8 ,5 5 2
5 8 ,5 1 4
5 8 ,5 7 9
5 7 ,6 4 5
5 7 ,5 6 6
5 8 ,8 3 7
5 7 ,5 1 0
5 8 ,5 0 5
5 6 3 9 7
2 ,9 0 5
2 ,9 1 1
2 ,9 9 6
2 ,9 3 8
2 ,8 5 3
2 ,6 8 8
2 ,7 0 5
2 ,7 3 4
2 ,8 3 2
3 ,0 7 7
2 ,7 3 7
2 ,9 8 7
2 ,9 5 2
3 ,3 6 9
2 ,9 5 3
U n e m p l o y e d ............................................
4 .3
4 .3
U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ...........
5 .4
4 .2
4 .3
4 .8
4 .6
p o p u l a t i o n ' .....................................................
8 8 ,5 8 3
C iv ilia n
4 9 ,7 8 3
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s
W om en, 20 y e a rs o n d
C iv ilia n
4 .5
4 .6
4 .6
4 .8
4 .7
4 .6
8 9 ,7 3 5
8 9 ,8 0 7
8 9 ,8 8 7
8 9 ,9 5 4
9 0 ,0 7 2
9 0 ,1 5 3
9 0 ,2 4 2
9 0 ,3 1 8
9 0 ,4 3 2
9 0 ,5 2 6
9 0 ,6 0 7
8 9 ,6 7 0
5 0 ,9 9 1
5 1 ,2 0 1
5 1 ,5 5 8
5 1 ,5 8 7
5 1 ,9 9 8
5 1 ,8 2 1
5 1 ,8 5 1
5 1 ,9 9 2
5 2 ,1 7 1
5 2 ,2 3 1
5 2 ,4 6 3
5 0 ,9 5 9
5 7 .9
4 9 ,8 5 0
4 .5
4 .9
8 9 ,5 3 2
8 9 ,5 8 8
5 0 ,8 7 0
5 0 ,8 0 7
over
n o n in s titu tio n a l
l a b o r f o r c e ..............................
P a rtic ip a tio n
ra te
5 6 .2
...................
5 6 .8
5 6 .7
5 6 .8
5 6 .8
5 7 .0
5 7 .4
5 7 .3
5 7 .7
5 7 .5
5 7 .5
5 7 .6
5 7 .7
5 7 .7
4 9 ,5 4 4
4 9 ,6 9 0
4 9 ,6 6 1
4 7 ,0 7 4
4 8 ,3 8 3
4 8 ,2 4 2
4 8 ,4 9 2
4 8 ,5 3 5
4 8 ,7 8 8
4 9 ,1 1 3
4 9 ,1 6 5
4 9 ,5 4 3
4 9 ,5 1 4
4 9 ,4 8 4
5 3 .1
5 4 .0
5 3 .8
5 4 .1
5 4 .1
5 4 .3
5 4 .6
5 4 .7
5 5 .0
5 4 .9
5 4 .8
.....................................................
6 38
640
6 40
6 4 6
66 6
664
62 7
6 0 9
610
5 49
628
6 2 5
61 5
6 2 2
7 15
A g r i c u l t u r e ............................................
4 9 ,0 6 2
4 9 ,0 5 1
4 9 ,2 2 3
E m p l o y e d ...................................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ra tio 2
5 4 .9
5 4 .9
5 5 .0
5 4 .9
4 6 ,4 5 3
4 7 ,7 5 7
4 7 ,6 9 3
4 7 ,8 8 3
4 7 ,8 9 7
4 8 ,1 4 8
4 8 ,4 7 3
4 8 ,5 1 9
4 8 ,8 2 7
4 8 ,8 4 9
4 8 ,8 1 9
4 8 ,9 2 9
2 ,4 5 6
2 ,4 1 3
2 ,4 4 5
2 ,4 2 2
2 ,4 5 5
2 ,3 6 7
2 ,4 8 0
2 ,6 1 3
2 ,5 6 5
2 ,4 6 7
2 ,5 7 0
2 ,4 8 7
2 ,4 4 8
2 ,7 0 9
2 ,3 0 6
U n e m p l o y e d ............................................
4 .8
4 .7
4 .7
4 .7
4 .7
4 .6
5 .0
4 .8
4 .9
5 .0
4 .8
4 .9
4 .7
5 .4
4 .5
U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ...........
1 4 ,4 9 1
1 4 ,4 7 7
1 4 ,4 5 6
1 4 ,4 3 3
1 4 ,4 4 7
1 4 ,4 1 0
1 4 ,3 6 7
1 4 ,3 2 3
1 4 ,2 9 3
1 4 ,1 9 6
1 4 ,5 3 3
1 4 ,2 1 1
1 4 ,5 2 7
1 4 ,2 2 4
1 4 ,6 0 6
8 ,1 2 5
7 ,9 7 5
7 ,9 5 7
7 ,9 7 4
8 ,0 7 1
7 ,8 7 1
7 ,8 5 6
7 ,9 3 6
7 ,8 3 7
8 ,1 2 2
8 ,1 0 9
8 ,0 4 0
8 ,0 3 1
7 ,9 5 8
7 ,9 8 8
5 5 .2
5 5 .1
5 5 .2
5 6 .0
5 4 .8
5 5 .7
5 5 .2
5 6 .1
5 6 .0
5 6 .6
5 5 .3
5 5 .9
5 5 .8
5 4 .7
5 4 .9
...................
6 ,8 5 6
6 ,7 8 1
6 ,8 3 5
6 ,7 9 5
6 ,7 4 8
6 ,7 8 3
6 ,8 1 2
6 ,6 8 7
6 ,8 7 2
6 ,7 8 6
6 ,8 0 5
6 ,8 9 5
6 ,7 2 6
6 ,6 4 0
6 ,7 0 3
E m p l o y e d ...................................................
4 7 .4
4 7 .4
4 6 .9
4 7 .4
4 7 .0
4 6 .8
4 7 .4
4 7 .7
4 7 .8
4 6 .8
4 7 .4
4 7 .3
4 5 .5
4 6 .7
.....................................................
2 89
283
285
25 5
307
22 4
23 7
24 9
26 0
230
2 73
2 5 9
20 0
2 5 8
237
A g r i c u l t u r e ............................................
6 ,3 8 2
6 ,5 3 2
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s
B o th s e x e s , 16 to
C iv ilia n
19 y e a rs
n o n in s titu tio n a l
p o p u l a t i o n ' .....................................................
C iv ilia n
l a b o r f o r c e .............................
P a rtic ip a tio n
ra te
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
ra tio 2
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s
6 ,6 3 6
6 ,6 1 2
6 ,5 6 7
6 ,4 9 8
6 ,5 5 0
6 ,5 4 0
6 ,4 4 1
6 ,4 6 6
4 7 .1
6 ,5 5 9
6 ,5 7 5
6 ,5 2 6
6 ,5 5 6
6 ,4 3 8
1 ,2 1 0
1 ,2 5 4
1 ,1 5 0
1 5 .2
1 5 .6
1 4 .7
1 ,2 2 6
1 ,2 2 7
1 ,2 5 3
1 ,2 5 3
1 ,1 9 4
1 ,1 2 2
1 ,1 7 9
1 ,3 2 3
1 ,1 6 8
1 ,0 7 3
U n e m p l o y e d ............................................
1 ,3 4 7
1 ,1 4 6
1 5 .3
1 5 .1
1 5 .4
1 5 .5
1 5 .0
1 4 .1
1 4 .8
1 6 .4
1 4 .8
1 4 .4
1 6 .9
1 3 .7
U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ...........
W h ite
C iv ilia n
n o n in s titu tio n a l
1 5 8 ,4 2 2
1 5 8 ,5 2 4
1 5 8 ,6 0 3
1 5 8 ,7 0 5
1 5 8 ,8 6 5
1 5 8 ,9 4 7
1 5 9 ,0 9 8
1 5 9 ,4 0 0
1 5 8 ,2 7 9
1 5 8 ,3 4 0
1 5 9 ,2 9 7
1 5 8 ,1 9 4
1 5 9 ,2 0 0
1 5 6 ,9 5 8
1 5 9 ,0 2 0
p o p u l a t i o n ' ...................................................
1 0 5 ,0 3 6
1 0 5 ,0 5 1
1 0 5 ,3 9 5
1 0 5 ,4 1 1
1 0 6 ,1 0 6
1 0 5 ,7 9 8
1 0 6 ,3 1 2
1 0 6 ,4 2 4
1 0 5 ,0 1 3
1 0 6 ,4 5 5
1 0 4 ,7 5 6
1 0 4 ,6 5 1
1 0 6 ,1 6 4
1 0 3 ,2 9 0
1 0 5 ,9 8 8
C iv ilia n
6 6 .3
6 6 .3
6 6 .3
6 6 .5
6 6 .4
6 6 .8
6 6 .6
6 6 .8
6 6 .8
6 6 .2
6 6 .1
6 6 .7
6 5 .8
6 6 .7
.................
9 9 ,9 0 7
1 0 0 ,0 5 8
1 0 0 ,1 9 9
1 0 0 ,5 4 3
1 0 0 ,5 6 7
1 0 1 ,1 8 3
1 0 1 ,5 5 4
1 0 1 ,4 5 8
1 0 1 ,6 9 3
9 9 ,8 1 2
9 9 ,7 6 1
1 0 1 ,4 6 5
9 7 ,7 8 9
1 0 1 ,2 7 8
.................................................
l a b o r f o r c e ...........................
P a rtic ip a tio n
E m p lo y e d
ra te
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
66.8
1 0 1 ,5 8 1
6 3 .2
6 3 .2
6 3 .4
6 3 .4
6 3 .7
6 3 .9
6 3 .8
6 3 .7
6 3 .0
6 3 .1
6 3 .8
6 3 .1
6 3 .7
6 2 .3
6 3 .7
r a t i o 2 ...................................................
4 ,9 7 8
4 ,8 5 2
4 ,8 5 2
4 ,8 4 4
4 ,9 2 3
4 ,5 2 1
4 ,6 9 9
4 ,8 4 3
4 ,8 9 0
5 ,1 0 6
4 ,7 6 2
4 ,9 4 4
4 ,8 5 4
5 ,5 0 1
4 ,4 3 4
U n e m p l o y e d ..........................................
4 .7
4 .6
4 .6
4 .6
4 .6
4 .3
4 .6
4 .6
4 .9
4 .5
4 .7
4 .7
4 .4
5 .3
4 .2
U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e .........
2 0 ,7 6 2
2 0 ,7 8 6
2 0 ,8 1 1
2 0 ,8 4 2
2 0 ,8 7 7
2 0 ,9 3 0
2 0 ,9 8 8
2 1 ,0 3 8
2 0 ,7 1 5
2 0 ,7 3 6
2 1 ,0 1 2
2 0 ,6 9 2
2 0 ,9 5 6
2 0 ,3 5 2
2 0 ,9 0 5
p o p u l a t i o n ' ......................................................
1 3 ,2 0 1
1 3 ,2 9 0
1 3 ,3 3 0
1 3 ,4 0 8
1 3 ,4 7 7
1 3 ,4 2 5
1 3 ,2 8 7
1 3 ,5 5 5
1 3 ,2 3 6
1 3 ,6 0 0
1 3 ,2 0 5
1 3 ,2 8 3
1 3 ,4 4 4
1 2 ,9 9 3
1 3 ,4 7 6
C iv ilia n
6 3 .6
6 3 .9
6 4 .1
6 4 .3
6 4 .6
6 4 .1
6 4 .4
6 3 .8
6 4 .7
6 4 .1
6 4 .1
6 3 .8
6 3 .4
6 3 .8
6 4 .5
...................
1 1 ,9 6 8
1 1 ,9 8 2
1 2 ,0 8 2
...................................................
1 1 ,3 0 9
B la c k
C iv ilia n
n o n in s titu tio n a l
l a b o r f o r c e .............................
P a rtic ip a tio n
E m p lo y e d
ra te
1 1 ,6 5 8
1 1 ,7 6 1
1 1 ,7 3 3
1 1 ,7 5 8
1 1 ,8 0 7
1 1 ,8 3 1
1 1 ,8 5 8
1 1 ,8 6 0
1 1 ,8 7 3
1 1 ,9 6 1
1 1 ,8 4 6
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
5 6 .6
5 6 .8
5 6 .8
5 6 .E
5 6 .6
5 7 .1
5 7 .C
5 7 .4
5 6 .8
5 6 .6
5 7 .0
5 6 .C
5 6 .5
5 5 .6
5 6 .Ë
r a t i o 2 .....................................................
1 ,4 4 3
1 ,4 8 3
1 ,4 9 9
1 ,5 4 9
1 .6 0 C
1 ,4 6 ^
1 ,4 4 2
1 ,4 7 3
1 ,5 2 2
1 ,5 0 3
1 ,6 1 8
1 ,5 4 7
1 ,4 7 8
1 .6 8 4
1 ,6 1 7
U n e m p l o y e d ............................................
1 0 .8
1 1 .C
1 1 .9
1 0 .9
U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ...........
S e e
fo o tn o te s a t e n d
...|
1 3 .C
1 1 .7
1 1 .8
1 1 .4
1 0 .E
1 1 .2
1 1 .2
1 1 .8
1 2 .C
1 1 .S
1 0 .E
o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
65
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
5. Continued— Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally
adjusted
( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
A nnual a v erag e
1988
1989
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
1987
1988
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Ja n .
F eb .
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
Ju n e
J u ly
1 2 ,8 6 7
H is p a n ic o r ig in
C iv ilia n
n o n in s titu tio n a l
p o p u l a t i o n 1 .....................................................................
C iv ilia n
1 3 ,3 2 5
1 3 ,3 4 4
1 3 ,3 8 1
1 3 ,4 1 9
1 3 ,4 5 8
1 3 ,4 9 5
1 3 ,5 3 3
1 3 ,5 6 4
1 3 ,6 0 6
1 3 ,6 4 9
1 3 ,6 9 0
1 3 ,7 3 1
1 3 ,7 7 2
1 3 ,8 1 3
8 ,5 4 1
8 ,9 8 2
8 ,9 9 7
8 ,9 6 3
9 ,0 6 1
9 ,0 7 5
9 ,1 4 8
9 ,1 3 3
9 ,2 0 5
9 ,2 1 9
9 ,2 1 0
9 ,2 6 2
9 ,4 2 8
9 ,2 7 2
9 ,4 3 3
...................................
6 6 .4
6 7 .4
6 7 .4
6 7 .0
6 7 .5
6 7 .4
6 7 .8
6 7 .5
6 7 .9
6 7 .8
6 7 .5
6 7 .7
6 8 .7
6 7 .3
6 8 .3
...................................................................
7 ,7 9 0
8 ,2 5 0
8 ,2 6 5
8 ,2 1 4
8 ,3 7 8
8 ,3 6 8
8 ,4 1 9
8 ,4 4 1
8 ,4 3 4
8 ,5 9 6
8 ,6 0 7
8 ,4 9 5
8 ,6 8 6
8 ,5 2 4
8 ,5 8 7
l a b o r f o r c e ..............................................
P a rtic ip a tio n
E m p lo y e d
r a te
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
r a t i o 2 .....................................................................
6 0 .5
6 1 .9
6 1 .9
6 1 .4
6 2 .4
6 2 .2
6 2 .4
6 2 .4
6 2 .2
6 3 .2
6 3 .1
6 2 .1
6 3 .3
6 1 .9
6 2 .2
U n e m p l o y e d ............................................................
751
7 3 2
7 32
74 9
6 83
707
7 29
69 2
771
62 4
6 03
76 7
74 2
74 8
84 6
U n e m p l o y m e n t r a t e ...........................
8 .8
8 .2
8 .1
8 .4
7 .5
7 .8
8 .0
7 .6
8 .4
6 .8
6 .5
8 .3
7 .9
8 .1
9 .0
n o t s e a s o n a lly
a d ju s te d .
T h e
p o p u la tio n
C iv ilia n
N O T E :
fig u re s a r e
e m p lo y m e n t a s
D e ta il
fo r
th e
a
p e rc e n t o f th e
a b o v e
rac e
an d
c iv ilia n
b e c a u se
n o n in s titu tlo n a l p o p u la tio n .
H is p a n ic -o rlg ln
g ro u p s
w ill
n o t
in
su m
to
b o th
d a ta fo r th e
th e
w h ite
an d
“ o th e r r a c e s ” g ro u p s a re
b la c k
p o p u la tio n
n o t p re s e n te d
a n d
H is p a n ic s a re
In c lu d e d
g ro u p s.
to ta ls
6. Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In t h o u s a n d s )
A nnual a v erag e
S e le c te d
1988
1989
c a te g o rie s
1987
1 988
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Ja n .
F eb .
M a r.
1 1 7 ,1 3 6
A p r.
M ay
Ju n e
J u ly
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
C iv ilia n e m p lo y e d ,
16
y e ars
an d
o v e r .......................................................................................
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
1 1 5 ,0 3 4
1 1 5 ,2 0 3
1 1 5 ,3 7 0
1 1 5 ,5 7 3
1 1 5 ,9 4 7
1 1 6 ,0 0 9
1 1 6 ,7 1 1
1 1 6 ,8 5 3
M e n ..................................................................................
6 2 ,1 0 7
6 3 ,2 7 3
6 3 ,4 2 9
6 3 ,4 0 2
6 3 ,4 7 5
6 3 ,4 5 0
6 3 ,5 3 2
6 3 ,5 2 1
6 3 ,7 9 0
6 4 ,0 5 1
6 4 ,3 9 9
6 4 ,2 4 6
6 4 ,2 0 2
6 4 ,6 0 9
6 4 ,4 6 2
W o m en
.......................................................................
5 0 ,3 3 4
5 1 ,6 9 6
5 1 ,6 0 5
5 1 ,8 0 1
5 1 ,8 9 5
5 2 ,1 2 3
5 2 ,4 1 5
5 2 ,4 8 8
5 2 ,9 2 1
5 2 ,8 0 2
5 2 ,7 3 7
5 2 ,8 6 6
5 3 ,0 1 3
5 2 ,9 3 2
5 2 ,9 9 7
M a rr ie d
m en , sp o u se
..
4 0 ,2 6 5
4 0 ,4 7 2
4 0 ,5 1 8
4 0 ,5 1 1
4 0 ,5 1 3
4 0 ,5 0 4
4 0 ,4 0 7
4 0 ,4 8 3
4 0 ,9 2 5
4 0 ,9 2 8
4 1 ,0 8 3
4 0 ,8 9 0
4 0 ,9 0 2
4 1 ,1 0 2
4 1 ,0 8 9
M a rr ie d
w o m en , sp o u se
p r e s e n t .....................................................................
2 8 ,1 0 7
2 8 ,7 5 6
2 8 ,6 6 9
2 8 ,8 0 9
2 8 ,8 3 6
2 8 ,8 9 0
2 8 ,9 9 5
2 9 ,0 5 3
2 9 ,5 8 9
2 9 ,4 1 2
2 9 ,5 6 9
2 9 ,6 5 6
2 9 ,7 3 9
2 9 ,4 8 1
2 9 ,5 5 2
6 ,0 6 0
6 ,2 1 1
6 ,1 7 0
6 ,2 8 0
6 ,2 5 3
6 ,3 4 4
6 ,3 7 5
6 ,3 9 9
6 ,4 1 6
6 ,3 8 5
6 ,2 5 6
6 ,2 4 3
6 ,3 3 1
6 ,4 0 3
6 ,4 5 6
W o m en
M A JO R
w h o
p re se n t
m a in ta in
fa m ilie s
.
1 1 7 ,1 1 3
1 1 7 ,2 1 5
1 1 7 ,5 4 1
1 1 7 ,4 5 9
IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S
O F W ORKER
A g ric u ltu re :
W ag e
an d
s a la ry
U n p a id
w o rk e rs
...............
1 ,6 3 2
1 ,6 2 1
1 ,5 7 2
1 ,6 0 7
1 ,6 1 2
1 ,6 6 1
1 ,6 7 2
1 ,6 9 8
1 ,6 8 4
1 ,6 4 5
1 ,6 5 6
1 ,5 5 4
1 ,6 1 0
1 ,5 5 0
1 ,6 9 5
w o r k e r s ........................
1 ,4 2 3
1 ,3 9 8
1 ,3 6 2
1 ,4 1 1
1 ,4 2 1
1 ,4 0 5
1 ,4 5 0
1 ,3 4 9
1 ,3 8 7
1 ,4 1 9
1 ,4 0 3
1 ,4 1 9
1 ,3 5 8
1 ,4 1 2
1 ,4 3 4
f a m i l y w o r k e r s ..........................
153
150
149
158
137
177
125
149
189
150
138
124
127
126
1 0 3 ,1 8 9
1 0 3 ,2 0 7
1 0 3 ,5 0 1
1 0 3 ,7 3 3
1 0 3 ,7 7 0
1 0 3 ,9 0 4
1 0 4 ,5 1 0
1 0 4 ,7 9 7
1 0 4 ,9 8 2
1 0 4 ,9 8 5
1 0 5 ,2 4 5
1 0 5 ,5 1 9
S e lf-e m p lo y e d
126
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s :
W ag e
an d
s a la ry
G o v ern m e n t
w o rk e rs
...............
1 0 0 ,7 7 1
1 0 3 ,0 2 1
1 0 5 ,3 2 1
...................................................
1 6 ,8 0 0
1 7 ,1 1 4
1 7 ,0 3 1
1 7 ,1 1 1
1 7 ,1 4 5
1 7 ,2 4 0
1 7 ,3 8 7
1 7 ,4 2 3
1 7 ,3 9 3
1 7 ,3 1 1
1 7 ,3 8 2
1 7 ,1 8 0
1 7 ,2 3 0
1 7 ,2 6 1
1 7 ,5 1 9
i n d u s t r i e s ....................................
8 3 ,9 7 0
8 5 ,9 0 7
8 6 ,1 5 8
8 6 ,0 9 6
8 6 ,3 5 6
8 6 ,4 9 3
8 6 ,3 8 3
8 6 ,4 8 1
8 7 ,1 1 7
8 7 ,4 8 6
8 7 ,6 0 0
8 7 ,8 0 6
8 8 ,0 1 5
8 8 ,2 5 9
8 7 ,8 0 3
h o u s e h o l d s ..........................
1 ,2 0 8
1 ,1 5 3
1 ,1 3 2
1 ,1 2 8
1 ,1 1 9
1 ,1 5 2
1 ,2 0 9
1 ,2 1 0
1 ,1 9 6
1 ,1 3 5
1 ,1 6 3
1 ,1 1 7
1 ,1 2 8
1 ,1 4 0
1 ,0 9 3
O t h e r ...................................................................
P riv a te
P riv a te
8 2 ,7 6 2
8 4 ,7 5 4
8 5 ,0 2 6
8 4 ,9 6 8
8 5 ,2 3 7
8 5 ,3 4 1
8 5 ,1 7 4
8 5 ,2 7 1
8 5 ,9 2 1
8 6 ,3 5 0
8 6 ,4 3 7
8 6 ,6 8 9
8 6 ,8 8 7
8 7 ,1 1 8
8 6 ,7 1 0
w o r k e r s ........................
8 ,2 0 1
8 ,5 1 9
8 ,5 3 1
8 ,5 0 8
8 ,5 7 0
8 ,4 7 9
8 ,6 1 9
8 ,6 0 2
8 ,7 1 8
8 ,5 1 7
8 ,6 4 5
8 ,6 7 1
8 ,5 1 6
8 ,5 7 0
8 ,6 0 6
f a m i l y w o r k e r s ..........................
2 6 0
2 6 0
251
241
23 0
23 2
3 0 0
2 6 6
29 8
2 85
33 2
281
32 2
241
239
S e lf-e m p lo y e d
U n p a id
PER SO N S AT W ORK
P A R T T IM E 1
A ll i n d u s t r i e s :
P a r t tim e fo r e c o n o m ic
.
5 ,4 0 1
5 ,2 0 6
5 ,3 4 1
5 ,1 9 2
5 ,0 9 7
............................................................
2 ,3 8 5
2 ,3 5 0
2 ,4 7 1
2 ,3 1 5
2 ,2 6 6
2 ,2 2 0
2 ,2 7 9
2 ,5 4 9
2 ,3 0 2
2 ,3 0 3
2 ,2 3 2
2 ,3 7 3
2 ,2 9 6
2 ,3 1 8
2 ,3 1 1
2 ,6 7 2
2 ,4 8 7
2 ,5 3 8
2 ,4 7 3
2 ,3 8 9
2 ,3 9 9
2 ,3 7 5
2 ,4 1 0
2 ,3 5 2
2 ,3 3 3
2 ,3 9 3
2 ,4 2 5
2 ,3 4 3
2 ,2 8 9
2 ,1 3 8
1 4 ,3 9 5
1 4 ,9 6 3
1 5 ,0 2 6
1 4 ,9 9 9
1 5 ,2 7 0
1 5 ,1 6 1
1 5 ,4 4 6
1 5 ,3 6 3
1 5 ,4 0 1
1 5 ,1 2 6
1 5 ,5 6 1
1 5 ,4 9 8
1 5 ,3 1 6
1 5 ,4 1 6
1 5 ,6 5 2
5 ,1 2 2
4 ,9 6 5
5 ,1 0 2
4 ,9 7 2
4 ,8 6 2
4 ,7 2 7
4 ,8 1 9
5 ,0 3 3
4 ,8 3 7
4 ,6 9 7
4 ,7 0 9
4 ,9 3 0
4 ,6 0 9
4 ,8 0 1
S la c k
w o rk
C o u ld
o n ly f in d
V o lu n ta ry
re a so n s
p a rt-tim e
p a rt tim e
w o rk
........................................
4 ,9 6 3
5 ,0 6 1
5 ,3 2 1
5 ,0 9 7
4 ,9 8 1
4 ,9 6 8
5 ,1 4 3
4 ,8 3 7
4 ,9 5 7
4 ,7 5 0
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l in d u s trie s :
P a r t tim e fo r e c o n o m ic
S la c k
w o rk
C o u ld
o n ly fin d
V o lu n ta ry
1
66
re a so n s
.
............................................................
p a rt-tim e w o rk
p a rt tim e
........................................
E x c lu d e s p e rs o n s
“ w ith
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
a jo b
4 ,5 0 5
2 ,2 0 1
2 ,1 9 9
2 ,3 3 4
2 ,1 7 1
2 ,1 0 2
2 ,0 9 5
2 ,1 1 6
2 ,3 7 7
2 ,1 4 4
2 ,1 0 5
2 ,0 4 8
2 ,2 4 3
2 ,1 0 2
2 ,1 9 0
2 ,1 8 5
2 ,5 8 7
2 ,4 0 8
2 ,4 9 3
2 ,4 0 8
2 ,3 1 7
2 ,3 1 9
2 ,2 8 8
2 ,3 0 7
2 ,2 8 3
2 ,2 7 2
2 ,3 1 7
2 ,3 6 9
2 ,3 0 1
2 ,2 3 6
2 ,0 5 7
1 3 ,9 2 8
1 4 ,5 0 9
1 4 ,6 0 6
1 4 ,5 6 4
1 4 ,8 1 9
1 4 ,6 7 9
1 4 ,9 8 6
1 4 ,9 2 8
1 4 ,9 7 0
1 4 ,6 8 8
1 5 ,1 2 7
1 5 ,0 6 0
1 4 ,9 7 6
1 4 ,9 7 7
1 5 ,2 1 9
b u t n o t a t w o rk ” d u rin g
September 1989
th e
su rv ey
p e rio d
fo r su c h
re a so n s
a s
v a c a tio n , illn e s s , o r in d u s tria l d is p u te s .
7.
Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v erag e
S e le c te d
c a te g o rie s
1 9 8 8
1987
J u ly
A ug.
O c t.
S e p t.
N ov.
Ja n .
D ec.
F eb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
Ju n e
J u ly
C H A R A C T E R IS T IC
T o ta l, a ll c iv ilia n
B o th
se x es,
M en, 2 0
y e ars
W om en , 2 0
B o th
to
a n d
1 6
M en, 16
to
W o m en ,
1 6
y e a rs
W om en , 2 0
B o th
5 .5
5 .4
5 .6
5 .4
5 .3
5 .4
5 .3
5 .4
5 .1
5 .0
5 .3
5 .2
5 .3
5 .2
1 6 .9
1 5 .3
1 5 .1
1 5 .4
1 5 .5
1 5 .0
1 4 .1
1 4 .8
1 6 .4
1 4 .8
1 3 .7
1 4 .4
1 5 .2
1 5 .6
1 4 .7
o v e r .......................................................................
19
y e a rs a n d
se x e s,
M en, 2 0
6 .2
y e a r s ..............................................................
w o r k e r s ................................................................................
16
to
5 .4
4 .8
4 .5
4 .9
4 .6
4 .6
4 .8
4 .7
4 .6
4 .5
4 .2
4 .6
4 .3
4 .3
4 .3
o v e r ..............................................................
5 .4
4 .9
5 .0
4 .8
4 .8
4 .7
4 .7
4 .7
4 .7
4 .5
4 .6
4 .7
4 .8
4 .9
5 .0
5 .3
4 .7
4 .7
4 .9
'4 . 7
4 .6
4 .6
4 .6
4 .6
4 .3
4 .6
4 .4
4 .5
4 .6
y e a r s .........................................................
1 4 .4
1 3 .1
1 2 .9
1 3 .7
1 3 .4
1 2 .9
1 1 .9
1 2 .6
1 4 .1
1 2 .1
1 1 .3
1 2 .3
1 3 .1
1 3 .0
1 2 .8
1 6 .4
1 4 .0
1 2 .3
1 3 .1
1 4 .8
1 3 .4
1 2 .4
19
1 3 .9
1 4 .3
1 3 .9
1 4 .5
1 4 .4
1 2 .6
1 3 .4
1 2 .3
1 1 .4
1 3 .5
1 2 .3
1 1 .3
1 1 .3
1 1 .8
1 1 .7
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
1 1 .5
1 1 .2
1 2 .6
1 3 .4
..................................................................
4 .8
4 .1
3 .9
4 .3
4 .1
4 .1
4 .2
4 .1
4 .0
3 .8
3 .6
4 .0
3 .6
3 .7
3 .8
o v e r .........................................................
4 .6
4 .1
4 .3
4 .1
4 .1
4 .0
4 .0
3 .9
3 .9
3 .6
3 .8
4 .1
4 .1
4 .1
4 .3
1 3 .0
1 1 .7
1 1 .5
1 1 .4
1 0 .9
1 1 .2
1 1 .2
1 1 .6
1 2 .0
1 1 .9
1 0 .9
1 0 .8
1 1 .0
1 1 .9
1 0 .9
y e a r s ........................................................
3 4 .7
3 2 .4
3 1 .7
3 2 .1
3 1 .9
3 0 .9
3 1 .1
2 9 .6
3 4 .5
3 2 .4
3 1 .6
3 0 .8
3 2 .4
3 6 .5
2 7 .4
3 6 .7
3 3 .1
2 8 .6
3 5 .5
3 6 .9
3 3 .5
2 2 .1
3 3 .1
19
y e a r s ...................................................................
1 5 .5
to
1 9 y e a r s ..........................................................
an d
o v er
y e ars a n d
se x es,
16
to
19
4 .2
1 3 .4
3 2 .7
3 1 .2
3 2 .1
3 1 .9
3 2 .8
3 2 .1
2 9 .8
3 4 .9
3 2 .0
3 2 .4
3 2 .0
3 1 .9
2 8 .6
2 9 .9
2 9 .3
3 2 .0
3 1 .6
3 4 .8
2 6 .2
2 8 .4
4 0 .2
..................................................................
1 1 .1
1 0 .1
9 .6
9 .7
9 .1
9 .6
9 .8
1 0 .0
1 0 .4
1 0 .5
9 .8
1 0 .0
9 .4
9 .4
9 .3
o v e r .........................................................
1 1 .6
1 0 .4
1 0 .3
1 0 .0
9 .7
9 .8
9 .8
1 0 .5
1 0 .4
1 0 .3
9 .1
8 .8
9 .5
1 0 .5
9 .9
H i s p a n i c o r i g i n , t o t a l ....................................................................................
8 .8
8 .2
8 .1
8 .4
7 .5
7 .8
8 .0
7 .6
8 .4
6 .8
6 .5
8 .3
7 .9
8 .1
9 .0
3 .9
3 .3
3 .1
3 .4
3 .1
3 .1
3 .3
3 .1
3 .1
3 .1
2 .9
3 .2
2 .9
2 .8
2 .9
4 .3
3 .9
4 .0
4 .0
3 .8
3 .7
3 .8
3 .7
3 .6
3 .4
3 .5
4 .0
3 .8
3 .8
3 .8
7 .9
8 .7
M en,
16
to
W o m en ,
M en, 2 0
W o m en , 2 0
...................................................................
3 4 .4
1 9 y e a r s ..........................................................
19 y e a rs
16
to
y e a rs
an d
o v er
y e ars a n d
M a rr ie d
m en , sp o u se
M a rr ie d
w o m en , sp o u se
p r e s e n t .......................................................
p r e s e n t ..............................................
7 .9
7 .6
8 .3
8 .0
8 .0
F u l l - t i m e w o r k e r s .............................................................................................
5 .8
5 .2
5 .0
5 .3
5 .1
5 .0
5 .0
5 .1
5 .0
4 .8
4 .8
5 .0
4 .8
4 .8
4 .9
P a rt-tim e w o rk e rs
8 .4
7 .6
8 .0
7 .4
7 .4
7 .4
7 .1
7 .0
7 .9
7 .3
6 .2
7 .2
6 .9
7 .7
7 .2
W o m en
w h o
U n e m p lo y e d
m a in ta in
15
f a m i l i e s .....................................................
...........................................................................................
8 .5
7 .5
7 .9
8 .1
7 .7
8 .2
o v e r ..............................................
1 .7
1 .3
1 .3
1 .3
1 .3
1 .3
1 .2
1 .2
1 .2
1 .1
1 .1
1 .2
1 .1
1 .0
1 .2
l o s t 1 ...............................................................................
7 .1
6 .3
6 .4
6 .4
6 .3
6 .1
6 .2
6 .3
6 .2
5 .9
5 .8
6 .0
5 .9
6 .1
6 .0
w ee k s
L a b o r f o r c e tim e
8 .1
9 .2
an d
IN D U S T R Y
N o n a g ric u ltu ra l p r iv a te w a g e
an d
s a la ry
w o r k e r s ....
C o n s t r u c t i o n ...........................................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g
......................................................................................................
6 .2
5 .5
5 .4
5 .6
5 .4
5 .4
5 .5
5 .4
5 .6
5 .1
5 .0
5 .4
5 .2
5 .3
5 .4
1 0 .0
7 .9
5 .4
7 .0
8 .6
8 .8
8 .9
7 .7
6 .1
8 .0
7 .0
5 .6
4 .5
3 .7
5 .5
1 1 .6
1 0 .6
1 0 .4
1 0 .7
9 .6
1 0 .0
1 0 .6
1 0 .4
1 0 .4
1 0 .0
9 .3
1 0 .0
1 0 .5
6 .0
5 .3
5 .2
5 .5
5 .4
5 .3
5 .1
5 .2
5 .3
4 .9
4 .8
4 .9
4 .9
5 .2
5 .0
4 .9
5 .0
5 .0
4 .4
4 .7
4 .7
4 .5
4 .6
4 .7
6 .1
b .b
4 .9
5 .0
5 .2
5 .0
6 .3
5 .7
5 .6
6 .3
5 .8
5 .7
5 .3
5 .5
5 .7
5 .5
4 .9
5 .2
5 .5
4 .5
3 .9
3 .6
3 .8
3 .8
3 .5
4 .0
3 .8
3 .8
3 .9
3 .9
4 .0
4 .0
4 .4
4 .2
6 .2
5 .8
N o n d u ra b le
g o o d s
T ra n s p o rta tio n
a n d
W h o le s a le
F in a n c e
an d
an d
....................................................................................
u tilitie s
..........................................
r e t a i l t r a d e ................................................................
s e rv ic e
i n d u s t r i e s ...................................................
G o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ...........................................................................................
A g ric u ltu ra l w a g e
1
A g g re g a te
an d
s a la ry
w o rk e rs
h o u rs lo s t b y th e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
........................................
u n e m p lo y e d
a n d
9 .7
5 .0
D u r a b l e g o o d s ................................................................................................
p u b lic
9 .4
6 .2
6 .9
6 .2
6 .4
6 .2
6 .0
6 .2
6 .3
6 .3
5 .6
5 .6
5 .9
b .b
6 .0
4 .1
4 .7
4 .3
4 .1
4 .8
4 .7
4 .3
4 .4
4 .5
4 .6
3 .5
2 .8
3 .0
2 .9
2 .7
2 .6
2 .5
2 .7
2 .7
2 .7
2 .6
2 .7
2 .9
3 .0
2 .8
1 0 .5
1 0 .6
1 1 .0
1 1 .0
1 0 .8
1 0 .2
9 .3
8 .8
9 .5
8 .9
8 .9
1 0 .5
1 0 .3
1 1 .0
8 .5
4 .5
4 .9
p e rso n s
o n
4 .5
4 .4
p a rt tim e fo r e c o n o m ic
4 .4
re a so n s
a s
a
p e r c e n t o f p o te n tia lly
a v a ila b le
la b o r f o rc e
h o u rs.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
67
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
8. Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(C iv ilia n w o r k e r s )
A n nual
S ex
an d
a g e
1 987
T o ta l,
16
16 y e ars
to
2 4
16
to
6 .2
y e a r s ........
19 y e ars
..
1988
5 .5
J u ly
5 .4
A ug.
5 .6
S e p t.
5 .4
O c t.
5 .3
N ov.
5 .4
D ec.
5 .3
Ja n .
5 .4
F eb.
5 .1
M a r.
5 .0
A p r.
5 .3
M ay
5 .2
5 .3
5 .2
1 2 .2
1 1 .0
1 0 .9
1 1 .0
1 0 .9
1 0 .9
1 0 .6
1 0 .9
1 1 .9
1 0 .5
9 .8
1 0 .5
1 0 .4
1 1 .3
1 0 .7
1 6 .9
1 5 .3
1 5 .1
1 5 .4
1 5 .5
1 5 .0
1 4 .1
1 4 .8
1 6 .4
1 4 .8
1 3 .7
1 4 .4
1 5 .2
1 5 .6
1 4 .7
1 6 to
17
y e ars
1 9 .1
1 7 .4
1 7 .5
1 8 .5
1 9 .6
1 7 .2
1 5 .8
1 6 .6
1 8 .3
1 8 .2
1 5 .3
1 4 .9
1 6 .2
19
y e ars
1 7 .5
1 7 .8
1 5 .2
1 3 .8
1 3 .1
1 3 .7
1 2 .8
1 3 .3
1 2 .9
1 3 .3
1 5 .4
1 2 .7
1 2 .5
1 3 .8
1 4 .5
1 4 .9
1 2 .4
9 .7
8 .7
8 .5
8 .4
8 .4
8 .6
8 .7
8 .7
9 .3
to
2 4
y e ars
y e ars
an d
2 5
5 4
to
5 5
16
16
to
16
an d
2 4
....
o v er
an d
y e ars
o v er
...
7 .7
8 .9
8.6
4 .8
4 .3
4 .2
4 .4
4 .2
4 .1
4 .2
4 .1
4 .1
4 .0
3 .9
4 .1
4 .0
4 .0
4 .0
5 .0
4 .5
4 .4
4 .5
4 .4
4 .3
4 .4
4 .3
4 .2
4 .2
4 .1
4 .4
4 .2
4 .1
4 .2
3 .3
3 .1
3 .1
3 .2
2 .9
2 .8
2 .8
3 .0
3 .1
3 .1
2 .6
2 .9
2 .9
3 .3
3 .1
6 .2
5 .5
5 .3
5 .6
5 .4
5 .4
5 .4
5 .3
5 .5
5 .2
4 .8
5 .3
5 .0
5 .0
8 .1
7 .7
8 .4
4 .8
...........................
1 2 .6
1 1 .4
1 1 .3
1 1 .4
1 1 .3
1 1 .8
1 0 .9
1 1 .1
1 2 .8
1 1 .1
9 .7
1 0 .7
1 1 .0
1 9 y e a r s ........................
1 1 .5
1 0 .4
1 7 .8
1 6 .0
1 6 .3
1 6 .0
1 6 .4
1 6 .5
1 4 .8
1 5 .4
1 8 .6
1 6 .7
1 4 .2
1 5 .5
1 7 .0
1 5 .8
1 3 .4
16
to
17
y e a r s ..................
2 0 .2
1 8 .2
1 8 .1
1 7 .7
2 0 .8
1 8 .5
1 7 .3
1 7 .3
2 0 .6
1 9 .6
1 5 .8
1 7 .0
1 8 .8
18
to
1 9 y e a r s ...................
20.0
1 7 .4
1 6 .0
1 4 .6
1 4 .4
1 4 .5
1 3 .5
1 5 .0
1 3 .0
1 3 .5
1 7 .9
1 5 .1
1 3 .2
1 4 .6
1 5 .7
y e a r s ........................
1 3 .6
1 0 .7
9 .9
8 .9
8 .5
8 .9
8 .5
9 .2
8 .8
8 .7
9 .6
8 .1
7 .2
8 .0
7 .7
9 .2
8 .7
3 .7
3 .7
3 .9
to
2 4
y e ars
an d
2 5
to
5 4
5 5
y e ars
W o m en ,
1 6 to
2 4
2 0
to
4 .8
4 .2
4 .0
4 .4
4 .1
4 .0
4 .2
4 .1
4 .0
4 .0
3 .8
4 .2
3 .7
5 .0
4 .4
4 .2
4 .5
4 .3
4 .2
4 .4
4 .3
4 .2
4 .1
4 .0
4 .4
3 .9
3 .7
o v e r ........
3 .5
3 .3
3 .2
3 .4
2 .9
3 .0
3 .2
3 .3
3 .0
3 .4
2 .8
3 .2
2 .9
3 .0
3 .1
6 .2
5 .6
5 .7
5 .5
5 .5
5 .3
5 .3
5 .4
5 .4
5 .0
5 .1
5 .3
5 .3
5 .6
5 .7
an d
to
1 0 .6
1 0 .5
1 0 .4
1 0 .5
9 .9
1 0 .3
1 0 .7
1 0 .9
1 5 .9
1 4 .4
1 3 .8
1 4 .8
1 4 .5
1 3 .3
1 3 .3
1 4 .2
1 4 .0
1 2 .8
1 3 .1
1 3 .2
1 3 .4
........................
1 5 .4
1 6 .0
1 8 .0
1 6 .6
1 6 .8
1 9 .2
1 8 .2
1 5 .8
1 4 .1
1 5 .8
1 5 .9
1 6 .8
1 4 .8
1 2 .7
1 3 .4
1 4 .7
1 8 .3
1 4 .3
1 2 .9
1 1 .6
1 2 .8
1 2 .0
1 1 .6
1 2 .8
1 3 .1
1 2 .7
1 0 .0
1 1 .7
1 2 .8
1 3 .3
1 6 .2
1 4 .4
19 y e ars
2 4
y e ars
y e ars
an d
54
5 5
1 1 .7
.............................
17 y e a rs
2 5
to
o v e r .
y e a r s ..................................
19 y e ars
1 6 to
18
o v e r .................
y e a r s ...................
16 y e a rs a n d
1 6 to
2 5
o v er
y e ars
to
2 0
2 5
..
y e a rs
y e ars
M en,
68
o v er
1989
1 8 to
2 0
2 5
an d
1988
a v e ra g e
y e ars
........................
.............................
o v e r ........................
y e ars
an d
........................
o v e r .............
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9 .4
9 .7
1 0 .0
1 0 .4
9 .8
11.0
11.1
8 .5
8 .6
8 .0
8 .2
7 .9
8 .6
8 .7
9 .1
8 .0
7 .7
8.6
8 .4
4 .8
4 .3
4 .4
4 .3
4 .3
4 .2
4 .2
4 .1
4 .1
3 .9
4 .0
4 .1
4 .4
4 .4
4 .4
5 .1
4 .6
4 .7
4 .6
4 .5
4 .5
4 .4
4 .4
4 .3
4 .2
4 .3
4 .4
4 .6
4 .5
4 .6
3 .0
2 .8
2 .9
2 .8
2 .9
2 .4
2 .4
2 .6
3 .1
2 .5
2 .3
2 .6
3 .0
3 .8
3 .2
8 .3
8 .9
9. Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
1989
1988
A nnual a v erag e
R e a so n
fo r u n e m p lo y m e n t
1988
1987
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
N ov.
O c t.
Ja n .
D ec.
A p r.
M a r.
F eb.
Ju n e
M ay
2 ,7 6 5
2 ,9 2 0
3 ,5 6 6
3 ,0 9 2
3 ,0 8 5
3 ,1 1 2
3 ,0 7 9
2 ,9 5 1
3 ,0 3 1
3 ,0 6 6
3 ,1 2 1
2 ,8 7 6
2 ,8 3 1
2 ,9 8 4
9 4 3
851
8 53
880
833
84 4
81 4
81 9
827
774
80 8
847
790
8 0 6
82 2
1 ,9 5 8
2 ,0 9 7
2 ,6 2 3
2 ,2 4 1
2 ,2 3 2
2 ,2 3 2
2 ,7 2 4
J u ly
2 ,2 4 6
2 ,1 0 7
2 ,2 1 7
2 ,2 4 7
2 ,2 9 4
2 ,1 0 2
2 ,0 2 3
2 ,1 3 7
1 ,9 3 4
96 3
99 8
98 5
985
88 5
978
1 ,1 1 4
1 ,0 2 3
1 ,0 1 0
9 6 5
9 8 3
9 2 3
98 6
985
984
1 ,9 7 4
1 ,8 0 9
1 ,8 8 3
1 ,8 4 3
1 ,7 6 7
1 ,7 4 7
1 ,7 6 6
1 ,7 2 5
1 ,8 3 5
1 ,7 4 0
1 ,7 3 0
1 ,8 9 4
1 ,8 5 2
2 ,0 5 1
1 ,9 3 4
9 20
8 1 6
7 9 9
80 0
761
747
799
799
78 0
7 65
713
671
683
74 2
72 4
4 8 .0
4 6 .1
4 6 .1
4 6 .2
4 6 .7
4 5 .9
4 6 .2
4 6 .5
4 6 .4
4 5 .2
4 6 .0
4 5 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .0
1 2 .7
1 2 .7
1 2 .8
1 3 .1
1 2 .6
1 3 .1
1 2 .4
1 2 .4
1 2 .3
1 2 .2
1 3 .1
1 3 .0
1 2 .4
1 2 .3
1 2 .5
3 2 .8
3 3 .8
3 4 .1
3 4 .1
3 3 .0
3 2 .8
3 2 .7
3 0 .3
2 9 .8
3 1 .8
PE R C E N T O F U N EM PLO Y ED
3 5 .3
3 3 .4
3 3 .4
3 3 .1
3 4 .1
4 4 .3
1 3 .0
1 4 .7
1 3 .8
1 4 .6
1 4 .9
1 5 .3
1 4 .7
1 5 .1
1 4 .7
1 5 .5
1 4 .4
1 5 .0
1 7 .5
1 5 .5
1 5 .3
2 6 .6
2 7 .0
2 8 .1
2 7 .3
2 6 .8
2 7 .2
2 6 .9
2 6 .2
2 7 .3
2 7 .3
2 8 .1
2 9 .0
2 9 .1
3 1 .2
2 9 .4
1 1 .3
1 1 .0
2 .4
1 2 .4
1 2 .2
1 1 .9
1 1 .9
1 1 .5
1 1 .6
1 2 .2
1 2 .1
1 1 .6
1 2 .0
1 1 .6
1 0 .3
1 0 .7
PER CEN T OF
C IV IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E
Jo b
le a v e rs
R e e n tra n ts
N ew
3 .0
2 .5
2 .5
2 .6
2 .5
2 .4
2 .5
2 .5
2 .5
2 .3
2 .3
2 .4
2 .2
2 .2
........................................................................................................................
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.7
.8
.9
.8
.8
1 .6
1 .5
1 .5
1 .5
1 .4
1 .4
1 .4
1 .4
1 .5
1 .4
1 .4
1 .5
1 .5
1 .7
1 .6
..........................................................................................................................
.5
.6
.6
.6
.7
.6
.6
.7
.7
.7
.8
e n t r a n t s ...................................................................................................................
.6
.6
.6
.7
10. Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted
( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
1988
A nnual a v erag e
1989
W e e k s o f u n e m p lo y m e n t
1987
L e s s th a n
5 to
15
14
a n d
3 ,1 5 8
3 ,1 1 6
...................................................................................................
2 ,1 9 6
o v e r ....................................................................................
27
w ee k s a n d
M e d ia n
S e p t.
2 ,9 8 5
to
O c t.
3 ,0 5 9
N ov.
D ec.
Ja n .
3 ,1 1 7
3 ,0 2 9
3 ,1 8 1
F eb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
3 ,2 4 7
3 ,0 5 5
3 ,0 9 0
3 ,0 4 1
Ju n e
J u ly
3 ,3 0 9
3 ,1 4 9
2 ,0 0 7
2 ,0 4 1
1 ,9 5 6
1 ,8 9 6
1 ,8 3 5
1 ,9 3 5
2 ,0 3 9
2 ,0 8 1
1 ,8 6 5
1 ,8 2 1
2 ,0 3 4
2 ,0 1 7
1 ,9 9 9
1 ,9 2 7
1 ,9 8 3
1 ,6 1 0
1 ,6 1 9
1 ,6 3 6
1 ,5 6 8
1 ,5 5 4
1 ,5 0 2
1 ,4 9 5
1 ,5 1 2
1 ,3 0 4
1 ,3 1 0
1 ,4 2 6
1 ,3 1 3
1 ,2 5 8
1 ,4 7 2
..........................................................................................
9 43
801
8 2 6
831
775
78 8
7 87
75 8
75 7
66 5
64 8
6 89
702
65 9
8 46
o v e r ..............................................................................
1 ,0 4 0
8 0 9
79 3
805
79 3
76 6
7 15
73 7
75 5
6 39
663
737
611
599
6 2 6
i n w e e k s .....................................................................
1 4 .5
1 3 .5
1 3 .5
1 3 .5
1 3 .5
1 3 .4
1 2 .6
1 2 .8
1 2 .7
1 2 .1
1 2 .4
1 2 .7
1 1 .8
1 1 .1
1 2 .0
6 .5
5 .9
6 .2
5 .9
5 .7
5 .7
5 .6
5 .8
5 .7
5 .3
5 .4
5 .4
5 .3
5 .5
5 .6
w ee k s
d u ra tio n
A ug.
3 ,0 8 4
15
M ean
2 6
J u ly
3 ,2 4 6
w ee k s
w ee k s
1988
....................................................................................
5 w ee k s
d u ra tio n
I n w e e k s ................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
69
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers by State, data not seasonally adjusted
S ta te
D i s t r i c t o f C o l u m b i a .........................................................................
Ju n e
Ju n e
1988
1989
7 .6
7 .4
9 .1
7 .0
3 .6
3 .6
7 .1
5 .7
5 .2
5 .3
8 .3
8 .4
2 .5
3 .4
5 .4
5 .5
p u b lis h e d
70
d a ta
e ls e w h e re
in
th is
b e c a u se
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of
ta b le
th e
m ay
1989
6 .4
6 .0
3 .6
4 .1
6 .7
9 .3
7 .4
3 .4
3 .4
4 .7
2 .8
3 .8
3 .5
3 .7
4 .5
5 .3
4 .8
4 .5
4 .8
6 .1
6 .1
5 .8
6 .2
6 .0
3 .6
3 .0
4 .9
6 .9
5 .8
4 .3
3 .3
7 .1
5 .6
O r e g o n .............................................................................................................
5 .9
5 .3
P e n n s y l v a n i a ...........................................................................................
5 .6
4 .6
3 .0
3 .7
4 .6
5 .0
4 .4
4 .4
3 .6
4 .2
5 .1
4 .9
7 .2
5 .5
9 .1
7 .3
8 .0
7 .1
4 .7
4 .0
1 1 .3
9 .5
3 .2
3 .8
4 .6
4 .3
3 .4
3 .9
U ta h
.....................................................................................................................
2 .4
3 .8
3 .7
3 .6
6 .2
5 .4
7 .1
7 .5
9 .9
8 .1
4 .1
4 .9
3 .8
4 .5
8 .9
9 .8
5 .1
5 .5
d if f e r
c o n tin u a l
........................................................................................................
Ju n e
1988
3 .2
5 .6
S o m e
M o n ta n a
Ju n e
6 .4
5 .1
N O TE :
S ta te
5 .3
fro m
u p d a tin g
d a ta
of
th e
d a ta b a s e ,
12. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted
(In t h o u s a n d s )
Ju n e
S ta te
M ay
1 9 8 8
1 5 6 4 3
A la s k a
??1
..................................................................*.............................................
1 ,3 9 1 .2
A r i z o n a ...............................................................................................................
A rk a n sa s
..........................................................................................................
C a l i f o r n i a ............... ............... .........................................................................
In d ia n a
1 ,5 7 8 .7
1 ,5 8 1 .1
N e b r a s k a ......................................................................................................
2 2 1 .3
2 3 1 .5
N e v a d a ............................................................................................................
1 ,4 4 0 .7
8 8 6 .5
8 8 8 .6
1 2 ,4 5 5 .8
N ew
N ew
1988
6 9 2 .8
M ay
1989
Ju n e
1 9 8 9 p
7 1 8 .8
7 1 5 .5
5 3 8 .8
5 7 0 .2
5 7 4 .7
5 3 2 .7
5 3 3 .4
5 4 0 .4
J e r s e y ...............................................................................................
3 ,6 9 2 .6
3 ,6 8 5 .5
5 4 1 .2
5 5 3 .7
5 5 7 .4
Y o r k ......................................................................................................
8 ,2 6 2 .9
8 ,2 7 7 .2
8 ,3 4 5 .3
3 ,0 3 5 .8
1 ,4 0 9 .8
1 2 ,3 9 0 .6
3 ,7 2 8 .9
1 4 3 6 6
1 ,4 4 2 .2
1 ,4 5 1 .4
1 69 3 0
1 6 9 4 .7
1 ,7 0 8 .8
N o rth
C a ro lin a
......................................................................................
2 ,9 8 3 .3
3 ,0 2 0 .2
3 4 2 .3
3 4 8 .0
N o rth
D a k o t a ..........................................................................................
2 6 0 .8
2 6 0 .9
2 6 2 .6
3 3 6 3
6 7 7 .3
6 8 5 .5
6 9 2 .8
4 ,7 1 5 .4
4 ,8 1 1 .3
4 ,8 3 1 .2
1
5 ,2 6 8 .0
5 ,2 5 7 .4
O h io
2 ,9 3 4 .2
2 ,9 3 7 .6
O r e g o n .............................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................
4 7 8 .9
4 9 2 .7
4 9 3 .1
P e n n s y l v a n i a ...........................................................................................
3 5 4 .1
3 6 0 .2
3 6 4 .9
R h o d e
I s l a n d ...........................................................................................
5 ,0 9 3 .2
5 ,1 5 6 .7
5 ,1 7 2 .1
S o u th
D a k o t a .........................................................................................
1 ,2 0 1 .6
1 ,1 9 9 .2
...............................................................................................................
1 ,0 3 9 .8
1 ,0 6 1 .1
1 ,0 6 0 .2
K e n t u c k y ..........................................................................................................
1 ,3 7 7 .2
1 ,3 9 8 .5
1 .4 0 0 .2
L o u i s i a n a ..........................................................................................................
1 ,5 0 1 .1
1 ,5 1 7 .9
1 .5 1 9 .3
5 3 0 .9
5 2 4 .7
5 3 5 .3
2 7 2 .7
6 ,8 1 1 .4
..................................................................................................
6 6 4 .4
6 8 3 .1
6 8 9 .3
V e r m o n t ..........................................................................................................
2 5 3 .6
2 5 4 .7
2 5 6 .7
V i r g i n i a .............................................................................................................
2 .8 0 1 .3
2 ,8 8 6 .2
2 .9 1 6 .1
1 .9 6 1 .3
2 ,0 3 4 .2
2 .0 5 3 .2
U ta h
W a s h in g to n
2 .0 9 0 .4
2 ,1 0 5 .1
8 f)7 4
9 1 5 .1
9 1 3 .7
2 ,2 8 1 .5
2 ,2 7 9 .3
28 3 9
2 8 3 .2
2 8 8 .4
1 ,5 1 5 .9
1 ,5 1 2 .2
6 .7 7 4 .8
W e s t V i r g i n i a ...........................................................................................
2 2 5 0 2
4 6 2 .2
2 ,0 7 9 .1
.................................................................................................
2 ,1 4 0 .2
2 ,0 5 0 .1
4 6 1 .3
6 ,6 5 8 .3
T e n n e sse e
3 ,1 7 6 .0
M i n n e s o t a ......................................................................................................
5 ,1 1 2 .4
4 5 9 .0
2 ,0 8 2 .0
2 ,1 2 6 .5
3 ,8 8 2 .3
5 ,0 7 7 .2
2 6 9 .0
3 ,1 5 4 .9
3 .8 8 9 .4
1 ,2 1 0 .7
5 ,1 3 4 .0
2 .0 8 7 .8
2 ,1 0 6 .2
3 ,8 1 6 .4
1 ,1 4 6 .1
1 ,1 9 3 .3
2 7 1 .7
3 ,1 5 3 .5
M i c h i g a n ...........................................................................................................
1 ,1 4 6 .0
1 ,1 4 1 .0
1 ,1 6 3 .6
1 ,4 5 9 .5
2 ,4 7 7 .0
...............................................................................................................
1 ,1 6 9 .2
K an sa s
Ju n e
S ta te
1 9 8 9 p
8 6 3 .9
? 8 8 8 2
.............................................................................................................
Ju n e
1 ? 1 24 0
5 0 5 9
G e o rg ia
9
1989
...............................................................................................
6 1 5 .5
6 1 7 .3
6 1 5 .8
2 ,1 7 9 .4
2 ,2 0 2 .4
2 ,2 2 3 .1
W y o m i n g ........................................................................................................
1 9 1 .7
1 9 0 .0
1 9 4 .5
P u e rto
8 4 0 .4
8 2 5 .6
8 5 6 .0
4 1 .2
4 1 .6
V irg in
R i c o ...............................................................................................
Is la n d s
.........................................................................................
4 1 .3
—
p
_
p r e |jm |n a r y
N O T E :
S o m e
b e c a u se
d a ta
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in
th is
ta b le
m ay
d if f e r
fro m
d a ta
p u b lis h e d
o f th e
c o n tin u a l u p d a tin g
o f th e
d a ta b a s e .
e ls e w h e re
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
71
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
13. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted
(In t h o u s a n d s )
A nnual av erag e
I n d u s tr y
1987
1988
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Ja n .
F eb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
J u ly P
1 0 6 ,2 0 7
0 6 ,4 7 5
1 0 6 ,8 2 4
0 7 ,0 9 7
0 7 ,4 4 2
0 7 ,7 1 1
0 8 ,5 6 0
0 8 ,7 2 9
1 0 5 ,9 5 4
0 8 ,3 1 0
0 5 ,7 6 8
0 8 ,1 0 1
1 0 5 ,5 8 4
1 0 7 ,8 8 8
1 02 2 00
8 8 ,7 3 6
8 8 ,9 9 1
8 9 ,2 9 9
8 9 ,5 7 4
8 9 ,8 9 7
9 0 ,1 2 4
9 0 ,8 6 8
9 1 ,0 6 2
8 8 ,5 7 8
9 0 ,6 2 3
8 8 ,4 1 8
9 0 ,4 7 5
88^212
9 0 ,2 9 1
8 5 ,1 9 0
2 5 ,3 8 4
2 5 ,4 6 0
2 5 ,5 1 3
2 5 ,6 2 6
2 5 ,6 4 6
2 5 ,6 8 0
2 5 ,3 1 3
2 5 ,6 5 1
2 5 ,3 0 3
2 5 ,6 7 2
2 5 ,2 4 9
2 5 ,3 2 3
2 5 ,6 7 1
24 70 8
2 5 ,6 2 9
....
717
7 12
711
711
70 4
719
71 5
7 2 5
722
7 25
72 0
721
71 4
71 7
711
M i n i n g ...........................................
401
401
4 02
5 ,3 1 8
TOTAL
..........................
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
G O O D S -P R O D U C IN G
O il a n d
4 0 6
4 0 8
40 4
40 0
39 6
39 4
393
394
397
4 0 2
4 1 0
40 0
5 ,1 6 3
5 ,1 6 2
5 ,1 9 1
5 ,2 1 3
5 ,2 6 7
5 ,2 7 0
5 ,2 5 2
5 ,2 8 1
5 ,1 5 0
5 ,2 7 9
5 125
5 ,1 5 3
5 ,2 8 3
4 9 67
1 ,3 7 4
1 ,3 6 3
1 ,3 7 5
1 ,3 8 0
1 ,4 0 4
1 ,3 9 8
1 ,3 8 5
1 ,3 9 3
1 ,3 7 2
1 ,3 8 8
1 ,3 7 2
1 ,3 7 7
1J368
1 ,3 8 0
L 3 2 0
1 9 ,6 4 8
1 9 ,6 8 0
1 9 ,6 7 2
1 9 ,6 6 7
1 9 ,6 5 5
1 9 ,6 5 8
1 3 ,4 2 6
1 3 ,4 4 2
1 3 ,4 3 0
1 3 ,4 2 6
1 3 ,4 0 5
1 3 ,4 2 7
1 1 ,5 6 7
1 1 ,5 4 9
7 ,7 0 6
7 ,7 0 2
g a s e x tra c tio n
C o n s tru c tio n
..........................................
G e n e r a l b u ild in g
c o n tra c to rs .
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............
P ro d u c tio n
w o rk e rs
P ro d u c tio n
F u rn itu re
1 9 ,4 2 5
1 9 ,4 3 1
1 9 ,5 0 5
1 9 ,5 5 7
1 9 ,5 8 9
1 3 ,2 9 5
1 3 ,2 7 0
1 3 ,2 6 3
1 3 ,3 2 4
1 3 ,3 6 5
1 3 ,3 8 5
1 3 ,4 2 3
11 4 3 7
1 1 ,4 7 5
1 1 ,4 6 2
1 1 ,4 6 4
1 1 ,5 0 9
1 1 ,5 4 5
1 1 ,5 6 5
1 1 ,6 0 5
1 1 ,5 9 4
1 1 ,6 0 4
1 1 ,6 0 0
194
7 ,6 5 8
7 ,6 5 3
7 ,6 9 0
7 ,7 1 7
7 ,7 3 0
7 ,7 5 8
7 ,7 4 9
7 ,7 4 9
7 ,7 3 5
7 ,6 7 2
7 ,7 4 4
7^635
7 63
770
7 75
7 84
778
77 2
7 69
76 7
7 6 2
761
771
7 65
7 77
741
78 0
p r o d u c t s ................
531
532
53 2
534
53 5
530
534
5 2 9
53 4
531
537
530
53 5
5 16
532
f i x t u r e s ...................................
60 8
607
6 0 6
60 4
6 03
601
78 6
788
78 8
78 7
788
78 8
S to n e , c la y , a n d
P rim a ry
1 9 ,4 4 8
13^254
7^439
w o o d
a n d
19 4 03
12^970
11
w o rk e rs
L um ber an d
19 0 24
1 9 ,6 4 8
1 1 ,5 9 4
D u r a b l e g o o d s ...........
g la s s
p r o d u c ts
m e ta l in d u s trie s
B la s t f u rn a c e s a n d
..
...........................
b a s ic
586
6 00
6 0 2
6 0 0
60 0
60 3
60 5
60 7
60 7
7 47
7 74
7 80
7 7 6
77 9
783
784
78 5
78 6
s te e l
277
277
277
2 76
27 6
276
27 6
2 77
27 4
2 77
2 75
2 7 7
27 8
27 6
268
1 ,4 3 6
1 ,4 4 2
1 ,4 4 5
1 ,4 5 8
1 ,4 5 8
1 ,4 4 9
1 ,4 5 0
1 ,4 3 5
1 ,4 5 2
1 ,4 3 8
1 ,4 5 4
1 ,4 3 1
1 ,4 5 7
1 ,4 0 1
1 ,4 4 9
m e t a l p r o d u c t s ....................
2 ,0 9 8
2 ,1 1 0
2 ,1 2 0
2 ,1 3 4
2 ,1 3 8
2 ,1 5 0
2 ,1 5 6
2 ,0 9 4
2 ,1 5 1
2 ,0 9 2
2 ,1 4 4
2 ,0 8 2
2 ,1 4 3
2 ,0 0 8
2 ,1 2 6
M a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l ...............
2 ,0 7 2
2 ,0 7 3
2 ,0 7 5
2 ,0 6 7
2 ,0 6 5
2 ,0 6 2
2 ,0 6 0
2 ,0 4 0
2 ,0 3 2
2 ,0 7 3
2 ,0 5 0
2 ,0 7 0
2 ,0 7 2
2 ,0 5 8
2 0 6 9
2 ,0 4 4
2 ,0 5 5
2 ,0 6 0
2 ,0 6 3
2 ,0 7 9
2 ,0 6 7
2 ,0 7 1
2 ,0 6 2
2 ,0 5 0
2 ,0 5 2
2 ,0 7 6
2 ,0 5 1
2 ,0 5 8
2 ,0 7 3
2 051
84 8
78 2
p r o d u c t s .........................................................................
F a b ric a te d
E le c tr ic a l a n d
e le c tro n ic
e q u i p m e n t ...................................................................
T ra n s p o rta tio n
e q u i p m e n t ......................
M o to r v e h ic le s
an d
In s tru m e n ts a n d
e q u ip m e n t
re la te d
8 6 2
8 5 9
86 5
8 67
867
88 2
871
86 9
87 5
8 7 6
85 7
85 9
8 60
7 5 5
7 56
75 8
762
76 7
77 0
77 2
77 8
7 7 9
751
77 7
7 49
7 7 6
7 0 6
38 4
38 7
38 9
39 0
391
391
3 88
38 6
39 2
3 8 9
3 8 7
39 2
3 8 6
39 0
371
8 ,0 7 6
8 ,0 7 2
8 ,0 7 3
8 ,0 8 8
8 ,1 0 9
5 ,6 9 3
5 ,6 8 6
5 ,6 9 1
5 ,6 9 9
5 ,7 2 5
1 ,6 5 6
1 ,6 6 4
1 ,6 7 5
...
p r o d u c ts
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g
i n d u s t r i e s .....................................................................
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s
P ro d u c tio n
F o o d
an d
T e x tile
w o rk e rs .
k in d re d
T o b ac co
p r o d u c ts
m a n u fa c tu re s
7 8 3 0
7 ,9 6 7
7 ,9 7 3
7 ,9 6 3
7 ,9 6 7
7 ,9 9 6
8 ,0 1 2
8 ,0 2 4
8 ,0 4 3
8 ,0 5 4
5 ,5 3 1
5 ,6 1 9
5 ,6 2 3
5 ,6 1 2
5 ,6 1 0
5 ,6 3 4
5 ,6 4 8
5 ,6 5 5
5 ,6 6 5
5 ,6 7 7
1 ,6 3 6
1 ,6 2 8
1 ,6 2 9
1 ,6 2 7
1 ,6 4 4
1 ,6 4 8
1 ,6 4 6
1 ,6 5 0
1 ,6 5 0
1 ,6 5 5
1 ,6 5 7
56
56
56
56
56
54
53
55
55
53
55
55
53
56
7 2 6
72 5
72 4
7 28
72 8
73 0
72 6
72 9
7 23
7 28
7 30
7 2 8
7 29
7 29
7 2 6
1 ,0 8 3
1 ,0 8 8
1 ,0 9 0
1 ,0 9 2
1 ,0 9 6
1 ,0 9 8
1 ,0 8 5
1 ,0 9 3
1 ,0 8 5
1 ,0 9 5
1 ,0 9 1
1 ,0 9 8
1 09 2
1 ,1 0 1
1 0 9 9
6 95
6 9 6
69 6
69 6
69 9
693
69 5
69 7
6 9 4
697
6 9 5
6 9 6
69 3
69 7
6 8 0
1 ,6 0 9
1 ,6 1 1
1 ,0 9 4
1 6 2 0
.
............
m i l l p r o d u c t s .....................
A p p arel a n d
o th e r te x tile
p r o d u c t s .......................................................
P a p e r an d
P r in tin g
a llie d
an d
P e tro le u m
p r o d u c ts
...
p u b l i s h i n g ........................
C h e m ic a ls a n d
an d
R u b b er an d
a llie d
p r o d u c ts .
c o a l p r o d u c ts
1 561
1 ,5 6 4
1 ,5 7 3
1 ,5 7 7
1 ,5 8 1
1 ,5 8 8
1 ,5 9 5
1 ,5 9 5
1 ,6 0 0
1 ,6 0 1
1 5 06
1 ,5 6 8
1 ,6 0 3
1 ,0 7 4
1 ,0 7 5
1 ,0 7 9
1 ,0 8 4
1 ,0 8 5
1 ,0 9 6
1 ,0 7 1
1 ,0 7 2
1 ,0 9 4
1 ,0 6 8
1 ,0 9 0
1 ,0 6 5
1 ,0 8 8
1 0 2 6
162
160
161
161
162
162
163
163
162
162
84 2
8 44
162
164
...
162
162
162
m is e , p la s tic s
8 29
8 3 6
83 0
8 36
839
8 40
83 9
84 3
84 5
84 3
811
8 3 2
8 43
144
143
143
143
144
142
144
142
144
142
144
143
144
144
143
8 1 ,0 9 1
8 1 ,3 6 4
8 1 ,5 8 4
8 1 ,8 1 6
8 2 ,0 8 2
8 3 ,0 4 9
8 0 ,8 9 4
8 2 ,9 0 9
8 0 ,6 5 1
8 2 ,6 3 8
8 0 ,4 4 5
8 2 ,4 3 0
8 0 ,3 3 5
8 2 ,2 4 2
7 7 ,4 9 2
5 ,6 6 6
5 ,6 8 2
5 ,7 0 0
5 ,7 1 6
5 ,7 3 9
3 ,4 5 2
3 ,4 6 7
3 ,4 8 4
3 ,5 0 0
3 ,5 2 4
2 ,2 1 4
2 ,2 1 5
2 ,2 1 6
2 ,2 1 6
2 ,2 1 5
p r o d u c t s .................................................................
L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p ro d u c ts
S E R V IC E -P R O D U C IN G
T r a n s p o rta tio n a n d
..
.
...........
p u b lic
u t i l i t i e s ...................................................
5 3 72
5 ,5 4 8
5 ,5 5 7
5 ,5 7 2
5 ,5 8 1
5 ,5 9 6
5 ,6 1 6
5 ,6 3 4
5 ,6 5 4
5 ,6 6 7
3 ,1 6 4
3^334
3 ,3 4 0
3 ,3 5 3
3 ,3 6 5
3 ,3 8 1
3 ,4 0 2
3 ,4 2 1
3 ,4 3 9
3 ,4 5 3
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n ......................................
C o m m u n ic a tio n
an d
p u b lic
2 ,2 0 8
u t i l i t i e s ............................................................
D u ra b le
2 ,2 1 9
2 ,2 1 6
2 ,2 1 5
2 ,2 1 4
2 ,2 1 3
2 ,2 1 5
2 ,2 1 4
6 ,0 8 6
6 ,1 0 4
6 ,1 2 5
6 ,1 4 6
6 ,1 7 1
6 ,1 9 7
6 ,2 0 6
6 ,2 3 4
6 ,0 5 1
6 ,0 7 1
6 ,2 2 9
6 ,0 2 9
6 ,0 3 8
6 ,2 2 2
5 84 4
3 ,5 9 9
3 ,6 1 2
3 ,6 2 6
3 ,6 3 8
3 ,6 5 7
3 ,6 7 6
3 ,6 9 6
3 ,5 9 0
3 ,6 9 3
3 ,5 6 9
3 ,5 7 8
3 ,6 8 5
3^561
3 ,6 7 6
3 ,4 2 7
2 ,5 3 0
2 ,5 3 7
2 ,5 3 6
2 ,5 3 8
1 9 ,4 8 9
1 9 ,6 0 0
g o o d s
R e t a i l t r a d e ....................................................
F o o d
2 ,2 1 7
...
N o n d u ra b le
G e n e ra l
2 ,2 1 4
g o o d s ............
W h o le s a le tr a d e
m e rc h a n d ise
2 ,4 1 7
2 ,4 6 7
2 ,4 6 9
2 ,4 7 3
2 ,4 8 1
2 ,4 8 7
2 ,4 9 2
2 ,4 9 9
2 ,5 0 8
2 ,5 1 4
2 ,5 2 1
1 9 ,1 8 2
1 9 ,1 8 8
1 9 ,2 2 9
1 9 ,2 8 2
1 9 ,3 2 8
1 9 ,4 0 7
1 9 ,4 6 0
1 9 ,4 8 8
1 9 ,5 4 8
1 9 ,1 1 0
1 9 ,1 3 9
1 9 ,5 2 8
1 8 ,4 8 3
2 ,4 5 2
2 ,4 4 7
2 ,4 5 2
2 ,4 6 0
2 ,4 7 2
2 ,4 8 1
2 ,4 9 0
2 ,4 9 2
2 ,4 8 8
2 ,4 5 4
2 ,4 9 0
2 ,4 6 1
2 ,4 5 7
2 ,4 9 1
2 ,4 1 2
3 ,2 0 0
3 ,2 1 2
3 ,2 2 3
3 ,2 3 3
3 ,2 4 5
3 ,2 6 2
3 ,2 7 5
s t o r e s .........
s t o r e s ............................................................
A u to m o tiv e
d e a le rs
an d
2^962
3 ,0 9 8
3 ,1 0 5
3 ,1 1 7
3 ,1 2 2
3 ,1 4 9
3 ,1 6 5
3 ,1 8 2
se rv ic e
2 ,1 1 5
2 ,1 2 4
2 ,1 3 1
2 ,1 3 6
2 ,1 4 3
2 ,1 5 0
2 ,1 5 5
2 ,1 5 9
2 ,1 5 7
2 ,1 0 7
2 ,1 5 4
2 ,0 9 0
2 ,0 9 6
2 ,1 5 9
2 ,0 0 4
6 ,2 9 6
6 ,3 1 4
6 ,3 2 2
6 ,3 2 8
6 ,3 2 3
6 ,3 3 2
6 ,3 2 2
6 ,3 3 5
6 ,3 7 0
6 ,3 0 2
6 ,3 6 2
6 ,2 8 2
6 ,2 8 4
6 ,3 4 8
6 ,1 0 6
6 ,6 9 5
6 ,7 1 0
6 ,7 2 6
6 ,7 4 4
6 ,7 4 6
6 ,7 7 4
6 ,7 7 6
6 ,8 1 2
6 ,6 8 6
6 ,8 0 1
6 ,6 7 6
6 ,6 7 8
6 ,7 9 0
6 5 47
6 ,7 6 3
e s t a t e ............................................................
3 ,2 8 8
3 ,2 9 3
3 ,2 9 9
3 ,3 0 7
3 ,3 0 8
3 ,3 1 6
3 ,3 1 2
3 ,3 2 2
3 ,2 8 5
3 ,3 1 8
3 ,2 9 0
3 ,2 8 4
3 ,3 2 0
3 ,2 7 0
3 ,3 1 1
F in a n c e
2 ,1 1 7
2 ,1 1 9
2 ,1 2 3
2 ,1 2 8
2 ,1 3 1
1 ,3 4 1
1 ,3 4 5
1 ,3 4 7
1 ,3 5 5
1 ,3 5 9
2 6 ,9 2 3
2 6 ,9 9 7
5 ,8 0 2
s t a t i o n s .......................................................................
E a tin g
an d
d r in k in g
p l a c e s ...............
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d
real
..................................................................
............................................................
2 ,0 2 4
2 ,0 8 2
2 ,0 8 4
2 ,0 8 7
2 ,0 9 2
2 ,0 9 8
2 ,1 0 2
2 ,1 1 0
2 ,1 0 9
2 ,1 1 6
1 ,2 5 3
1 ,3 0 4
1 ,3 1 0
1 ,3 1 4
1 ,3 1 5
1 ,3 1 9
1 ,3 2 5
1 ,3 2 7
1 ,3 2 9
1 ,3 3 6
R e a l e s t a t e .......................................................
In su ra n c e
S e r v i c e s ..........................
B u s in e s s
H e a lth
s e rv ic e s
se rv ic e s
2 5 ,6 0 0
2 5 ,6 8 3
2 5 ,7 8 4
2 5 ,8 8 8
2 5 ,9 8 6
2 6 ,1 1 1
2 6 ,2 3 0
2 6 ,3 1 8
2 6 ,4 3 4
2 6 ,5 2 0
2 6 ,6 5 1
2 6 ,7 1 1
2 4 2 3 6
5 ,5 9 5
5 ,6 1 7
5 ,6 5 1
5 ,6 6 7
5 ,6 8 2
5 ,7 1 5
5 ,7 0 7
5 ,7 2 9
5 ,7 3 6
5 ,7 6 0
5 ,7 9 9
5 ,5 7 1
5 ,7 7 6
5 ,1 9 5
7 ,2 2 8
7 ,2 6 7
7 ,3 1 3
7 ,3 5 9
7 ,3 9 6
7 ,4 4 2
7 ,4 8 8
7 ,5 2 8
7 ,5 7 0
7 ,6 1 5
7 ,6 4 4
1 7 ,6 2 6
1 7 ,6 8 7
1 7 ,6 9 2
1 7 ,6 6 7
.
6 ,8 0 5
.......
G o v ern m e n t
..
p
=
7 ,1 5 3
7 ,1 8 7
S e e
n o te s
o n
th e
1 7 ,3 7 6
1 7 ,5 2 3
1 7 ,5 4 5
2 ,9 6 7
2 ,9 8 5
2 ,9 8 6
2 ,9 8 3
2 ,9 8 1
2 ,9 7 8
2 ,9 8 2
2 ,9 8 2
2 ,9 8 2
2 ,9 9 9
2 ,9 9 4
2 ,9 5 8
4 ,0 7 9
4 ,0 8 8
4 ,0 8 1
4 ,0 8 5
4 ,0 8 5
4 ,0 8 4
4 ,0 9 5
4 ,1 0 2
4 ,1 1 1
4 ,1 1 9
4 ,1 3 4
4 ,1 3 8
1 0 ,5 6 4
1 0 ,5 5 3
3 96 7
4 ,0 6 3
1 0 ,1 0 0
1 0 Í3 3 9
d a ta fo r a
d e s c r ip tio n
o f th e
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 7 ,5 9 7
1 7 ,3 5 0
2 ,9 7 1
4 ,0 7 1
1 0 ,3 2 1
1 0 ,3 3 0
1 7 ,4 7 1
1 0 ,3 9 8
1 7 ,4 8 4
1 0 ,4 1 7
p r e lim in a ry
N O T E :
1 7 ,5 8 7
1 7 ,3 7 2
2 ,9 4 3
S t a t e ......................
L o c a l ......................
7 ,1 4 4
1 7 ,0 1 0
F e d e r a l ...............
72
Ju n e p
m o st re c e n t b e n c h m a rk
re v is io n .
1 7 ,5 2 5
1 0 ,4 5 7
1 0 ,4 5 7
1 0 ,4 8 3
1 0 ,5 1 0
1 0 ,5 1 3
1 0 ,5 3 3
1 0 ,5 6 9
2 ,9 7 6
14.
Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry,
A nnual
1989
1988
a v erag e
In d u s try
Ju n e 1 988
1987
P R IV A TE S EC TO R
...........................................
...................................................
m a n u f a c t u r in g
3 4 .7
3 4 .8
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N
A N D P U B L IC U T IL IT IE S
S ER VIC E S
p
=
F eb .
3 4 .6
3 4 .8
M a r.
3 4 .7
A p r.
M ay
J u ly P
P
3 4 .9
3 4 .6
3 4 .6
3 4 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .2
4 1 .2
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .3
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
4 .0
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
3 .9
4 .0
3 .9
3 .8
3 .8
3 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .8
4 1 .8
4 1 .7
4 1 .9
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
3 .8
4 .1
4 .1
4 .1
4 .1
4 .2
4 .2
4 .1
4 .1
4 .1
4 .1
4 .1
3 .9
3 .9
4 .0
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
3 9 .6
4 0 .0
4 0 .5
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .8
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .4
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 2 .5
4 1 .9
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 3 .2
4 3 .3
4 3 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 0 .6
4 0 .3
4 0 .0
4 2 .3
4 3 .6
4 3 .5
4 3 .5
4 3 .9
4 3 .7
4 3 .7
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .4
4 3 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .8
4 4 .0
4 3 .8
4 4 .1
4 3 .5
4 3 .6
4 3 .6
4 3 .2
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 1 .9
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 3 .4
4 4 .0
4 4 .0
4 4 .1
4 4 .5
4 4 .2
4 4 .0
4 1 .6
4 1 .9
4 1 .9
4 1 .8
4 2 .0
4 1 .9
4 2 .1
4 2 .2
4 2 .6
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .6
4 2 .5
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .8
4 0 .9
4 0 .9
4 0 .6
4 1 .0
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 0 .7
4 2 .0
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .7
4 3 .0
4 3 .1
4 3 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .8
4 3 .1
4 3 .1
4 2 .8
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 2 .2
4 3 .5
4 2 .9
4 3 .6
4 4 .1
4 3 .9
4 4 .1
4 3 .7
4 3 .6
4 3 .9
4 3 .9
4 3 .3
4 2 .8
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 1 .6
4 2 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .5
4 1 .7
4 1 .5
4 1 .6
4 1 .8
4 1 .6
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .5
4 1 .1
4 1 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .3
3 9 .2
3 9 .1
3 9 .3
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .5
3 9 .8
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 8 .9
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .0
4 0 .1
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 0 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
3 .6
3 .7
3 .7
3 .6
3 .7
3 .7
3 .6
3 .6
3 .6
3 .7
3 .8
3 .8
3 .7
3 .6
3 .8
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .6
4 1 .3
4 1 .4
4 1 .4
4 0 .2
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .3
4 0 .3
4 0 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .2
4 0 .1
4 1 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 1 .0
4 0 .5
4 0 .9
4 0 .8
4 1 .1
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
3 7 .0
3 7 .0
3 7 .0
3 6 .9
3 7 .1
3 6 .9
3 7 .0
3 6 .8
3 7 .0
3 7 .1
3 6 .9
3 7 .6
3 7 .1
3 7 .0
3 7 .1
4 3 .3
4 3 .4
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .1
4 3 .2
4 3 .2
4 3 .1
4 3 .3
4 3 .4
3 8 .0
3 8 .0
3 8 .0
3 8 .0
3 8 .1
3 8 .0
3 7 .9
3 7 .8
3 8 .0
3 8 .0
3 7 .9
3 7 .9
3 7 .7
3 7 .8
3 7 .6
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .2
4 2 .3
4 2 .5
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .3
4 2 .6
4 2 .1
4 2 .5
4 2 .5
4 1 .4
4 1 .3
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .7
4 1 .4
4 1 .7
4 1 .7
4 1 .6
4 1 .6
4 1 .5
3 8 .2
3 7 .5
3 7 .2
3 7 .5
3 7 .5
3 7 .8
3 7 .3
3 7 .7
3 8 .0
3 8 .6
3 8 .0
3 8 .3
3 7 .4
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
3 9 .3
3 9 .4
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .4
4 0 .1
3 9 .5
3 9 .4
3 9 .9
3 8 .3
3 7 .9
3 8 .0
3 8 .1
3 7 .5
3 7 .5
3 7 .4
3 8 .1
3 7 .9
3 8 .1
3 8 .1
3 8 .0
3 8 .1
3 8 .1
3 8 .1
2 9 .2
2 9 .1
2 9 .3
2 9 .0
2 9 .1
2 9 .2
2 9 .0
2 9 .1
2 9 .1
2 8 .9
2 8 .9
2 9 .1
2 8 .9
2 8 .9
2 9 .2
.............................................................................
3 2 .6
3 2 .8
3 2 .5
3 2 .5
3 2 .8
“ N o te s
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 4 .7
Ja n .
................................................
...............................................................
S e e
3 4 .7
D ec.
3 .7
3 2 .5
3 2 .6
l
3 2 .7
3 2 .5
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
b e n c h m a rk
o n
th e
d a ta ”
fo r
a
d e s c r ip tio n
3 2 .5
3 2 .7
3 2 .5
3 2 .7
—
p r e lim in a ry
N O T E :
3 4 .8
3 4 .7
N ov.
3 8 .1
W H O LE S A LE T R A D E
R E T A IL T R A D E
p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s .........
3 4 .6
O c t.
S e p t.
4 1 .0
4 3 .4
m is c e lla n e o u s
3 4 .8
A ug.
4 1 .0
4 3 .1
R u b b er an d
J u ly
of
th e
m o st
a d ju s tm e n t.
rec en t
Monthly Labor Review
September 1989
73
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry,
seasonally adjusted
A nnual
1988
a v erag e
1989
In d u s try
Ju n e 1 987
1 988
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Ja n .
F eb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
p
P R I V A T E S E C T O R ( i n c u r r e n t d o l l a r s ) 1 ....................
$ 8 .9 8
$ 9 .2 9
$ 9 .3 1
$ 9 .3 2
$ 9 .3 7
$ 9 .4 3
$ 9 .4 2
$ 9 .4 5
$ 9 .4 9
$ 9 .5 2
$ 9 .5 4
$ 9 .6 1
$ 9 .6 0
$ 9 .6 2
$ 9 .7 0
C o n s t r u c t i o n ...............................................................................................................
1 2 .7 1
1 3 .0 1
1 3 .0 5
1 3 .0 3
1 3 .0 7
1 3 .0 8
1 3 .1 0
1 3 .1 5
1 3 .1 8
1 3 .2 2
1 3 .2 6
1 3 .3 3
1 3 .3 2
1 3 .3 1
1 3 .4 1
9 .9 1
1 0 .1 8
1 0 .1 8
1 0 .2 1
1 0 .2 5
1 0 .2 9
1 0 .3 0
1 0 .3 1
1 0 .3 3
1 0 .3 7
1 0 .4 0
1 0 .4 0
1 0 .4 2
1 0 .4 5
1 0 .4 8
9 .4 8
9 .7 2
9 .7 2
9 .7 5
9 .7 8
9 .8 0
9 .8 3
9 .8 5
9 .8 7
9 .8 9
9 .9 2
9 .9 2
9 .9 7
9 .9 9
1 0 .0 1
1 2 .0 3
1 2 .3 2
1 2 .3 5
M a n u fa c tu rin g
E x c lu d in g
.........................................................................................................
o v e rtim e
.....................................................................................
J u ly p
1 2 .3 7
1 2 .3 7
1 2 .4 1
1 2 .3 9
1 2 .3 6
1 2 .4 5
1 2 .4 8
1 2 .5 0
1 2 .5 2
1 2 .5 4
1 2 .5 3
1 2 .6 3
t r a d e ....................................................................................................
9 .6 0
9 .9 4
9 .9 8
9 .9 5
1 0 .0 3
1 0 .1 4
1 0 .0 6
1 0 .1 1
1 0 .1 9
1 0 .1 8
1 0 .2 1
1 0 .3 6
1 0 .2 8
1 0 .3 2
1 0 .4 5
R e t a i l t r a d e ..................................................................................................................
6 .1 2
6 .3 1
6 .3 2
6 .3 3
6 .3 6
6 .3 8
6 .4 0
6 .4 3
6 .4 4
6 .4 5
6 .4 7
6 .5 1
6 .4 9
6 .5 1
6 .5 3
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d
......................................
8 .7 3
9 .0 9
9 .1 1
9 .0 9
9 .1 8
9 .3 5
9 .2 6
9 .3 5
9 .4 0
9 .3 5
9 .3 6
9 .5 4
9 .4 5
9 .5 2
9 .6 7
S e r v i c e s ...........................................................................................................................
8 .4 9
8 .9 1
8 .9 3
8 .9 5
9 .0 0
9 .0 7
9 .0 5
9 .1 0
9 .1 5
9 .1 9
9 .2 4
9 .3 2
9 .3 3
9 .3 4
9 .4 6
P R IV A T E S E C T O R ( in c o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s ) 1
4 .8 6
4 .8 4
4 .8 4
4 .8 2
4 .8 3
4 .8 4
4 .8 2
4 .8 2
4 .8 1
4 .8 1
4 .8 0
4 .8 0
4 .7 7
4 .7 7
T ra n s p o rta tio n
W h o le s a le
1
an d
p u b lic u tilitie s
rea l e s ta te
I n c lu d e s m in in g , n o t s h o w n
-
D a ta
p
=
..............................................
s e p a ra te ly
N O T E :
n o t a v a ila b le .
b e n c h m a rk
S e e
“ N o te s
o n
th e
d a ta ”
fo r
a
d e s c r ip tio n
of
th e
m o st
-
rec en t
re v is io n .
p r e lim in a ry
16. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by
industry
A nnual
1988
a v erag e
1989
In d u s tr y
Ju n e 1988
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Jan .
F eb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
p
J u ly P
P R I V A T E S E C T O R ...............................................................................
$ 8 .9 8
$ 9 .2 9
$ 9 .2 4
$ 9 .2 4
$ 9 .4 0
$ 9 .4 5
$ 9 .4 6
$ 9 .4 6
$ 9 .5 4
$ 9 .5 5
$ 9 .5 6
$ 9 .6 2
$ 9 .5 9
$ 9 .5 8
$ 9 .6 3
M I N I N G .............................................................................................................
1 2 .5 4
1 2 .7 5
1 2 .7 2
1 2 .6 9
1 2 .8 2
1 2 .7 9
1 2 .8 9
1 3 .0 3
1 3 .2 0
1 3 .2 2
1 3 .1 5
1 3 .1 9
1 3 .1 3
1 3 .0 4
1 3 .0 7
C O N S T R U C T I O N ...................................................................................
1 2 .7 1
1 3 .0 1
1 2 .9 6
1 2 .9 9
1 3 .1 6
1 3 .1 7
1 3 .0 8
1 3 .1 9
1 3 .2 6
1 3 .2 1
1 3 .2 6
1 3 .3 0
1 3 .2 8
1 3 .2 3
1 3 .3 2
M A N U F A C T U R I N G ..............................................................................
9 .9 1
1 0 .1 8
1 0 .1 7
1 0 .1 3
1 0 .2 5
1 0 .2 5
1 0 .3 1
1 0 .3 7
1 0 .3 7
1 0 .3 8
1 0 .4 1
1 0 .4 1
1 0 .4 2
1 0 .4 4
1 0 .4 7
1 0 .4 4
1 0 .7 1
1 0 .6 7
1 0 .6 5
1 0 .7 8
1 0 .7 9
1 0 .8 5
1 0 .9 0
1 0 .9 0
1 0 .9 1
1 0 .9 3
1 0 .9 3
1 0 .9 4
1 0 .9 8
1 0 .9 9
D u ra b le g o o d s
L um ber an d
F u rn itu re
........................................................................................
p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
8 .4 0
8 .6 1
8 .6 6
8 .5 8
8 .6 9
8 .7 7
8 .6 9
8 .7 6
8 .7 1
8 .6 9
8 .6 8
8 .7 6
8 .7 9
8 .8 6
8 .9 2
f i x t u r e s ..................................................................................
7 .6 7
7 .9 4
7 .9 9
8 .0 2
8 .0 9
8 .0 6
8 .0 2
8 .0 6
8 .1 0
8 .0 8
8 .1 3
8 .1 2
8 .1 6
8 .2 2
8 .2 6
1 0 .5 3
1 0 .4 5
1 0 .5 5
1 0 .5 7
1 0 .6 0
1 0 .5 7
1 0 .5 9
w o o d
an d
S t o n e , c la y , a n d
P r im a r y
g la s s
p r o d u c t s .................................................
m e ta l in d u s trie s
B la s t f u rn a c e s a n d
F a b ric a te d
.........................................................................
b a s ic
s t e e l p r o d u c t s ...................
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
.................................................................
M a c h in e ry , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l
E le c tr ic a l a n d
1 2 .2 4
1 2 .1 9
1 2 .2 2
1 2 .2 6
1 2 .2 7
1 2 .2 7
1 2 .2 7
1 2 .2 6
1 2 .2 5
1 2 .3 2
1 2 .3 5
1 3 .9 6
1 4 .0 7
1 4 .0 3
1 4 .0 1
1 4 .0 7
1 4 .0 4
1 4 .1 3
1 0 .6 2
1 4 .1 3
1 0 .6 2
1 4 .0 6
1 0 .7 1
1 4 .0 6
1 0 .6 9
1 4 .1 5
1 0 .7 4
1 4 .1 7
1 0 .7 8
1 0 .0 0
1 0 .2 6
1 0 .2 0
1 0 .2 1
1 0 .3 4
1 0 .3 4
1 0 .3 6
1 0 .4 4
1 0 .4 5
1 0 .4 6
1 0 .4 7
1 0 .4 8
1 0 .4 9
1 0 .5 0
1 0 .5 4
1 0 .7 2
1 1 .0 1
1 0 .9 8
1 0 .9 7
1 1 .0 9
1 1 .1 1
1 1 .2 2
1 1 .2 4
1 1 .2 1
1 1 .2 3
1 1 .2 5
1 1 .2 6
1 1 .2 9
1 1 .3 2
1 1 .3 4
1 0 .1 3
1 0 .1 3
1 0 .1 5
1 0 .1 9
1 0 .1 6
1 0 .2 4
1 0 .2 9
1 0 .2 7
1 0 .2 6
1 0 .3 0
1 0 .3 1
1 0 .3 3
1 0 .3 8
1 0 .4 4
1 3 .3 1
1 3 .1 9
1 3 .2 1
1 3 .4 4
1 3 .4 5
1 3 .5 6
1 3 .5 9
1 3 .5 8
1 3 .5 9
1 3 .6 5
1 3 .6 0
1 3 .5 8
1 3 .6 5
1 3 .5 7
1 3 .5 3
1 4 .0 0
1 3 .7 9
1 3 .8 3
1 4 .1 0
1 4 .0 9
1 4 .1 8
1 4 .2 3
1 4 .2 0
1 4 .1 9
1 4 .2 8
1 4 .2 0
1 4 .1 7
1 4 .2 2
1 4 .0 2
p r o d u c t s ............................................
9 .7 2
9 .9 8
9 .9 6
9 .9 4
9 .9 9
1 0 .0 8
1 0 .0 7
1 0 .1 3
1 0 .1 2
1 0 .1 4
1 0 .1 7
1 0 .1 7
1 0 .1 7
1 0 .2 5
1 0 .3 2
m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..........................................................
7 .7 6
8 .0 1
7 .9 8
7 .9 5
8 .0 1
8 .1 0
8 .1 2
8 .2 0
8 .2 2
8 .2 3
8 .2 3
8 .2 1
8 .2 4
8 .2 3
8 .3 1
e q u i p m e n t .................................................
re la te d
.............................................................................
9 .1 8
9 .4 3
9 .4 6
9 .4 1
9 .5 0
9 .4 9
9 .5 4
9 .6 1
9 .6 2
9 .6 2
9 .6 6
9 .6 5
9 .6 8
9 .6 9
9 .7 7
p r o d u c t s ................................................................
8 .9 3
9 .1 0
9 .1 2
9 .0 2
9 .1 1
9 .0 3
9 .1 5
9 .2 5
9 .2 7
9 .2 6
9 .3 3
9 .3 2
9 .3 4
9 .3 7
9 .3 5
1 4 .0 7
1 4 .6 8
1 5 .7 8
1 4 .9 7
1 4 .0 9
1 4 .0 1
1 4 .5 6
1 4 .3 1
1 4 .3 9
1 4 .7 5
1 5 .3 4
1 5 .8 7
1 6 .1 3
1 6 .4 8
1 6 .2 4
k in d re d
m i l l p r o d u c t s .....................................................................................
A p p arel a n d
P a p e r an d
P rin tin g
1 2 .1 0
1 4 .0 9
m a n u f a c t u r e s ............................................................................
an d
T e x tile
1 2 .2 2
1 3 .9 7
9 .8 8
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s
F o o d
1 2 .1 5
1 2 .9 4
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d
T o b ac co
1 0 .4 7
1 3 .7 7
e q u i p m e n t ......................................
I n s tr u m e n ts a n d
M is c e lla n e o u s
............................................................
1 0 .2 5
1 1 .9 4
e q u i p m e n t .....................................................................
e le c tr o n ic
T ra n s p o rta tio n
an d
7 .1 7
7 .3 7
7 .3 1
7 .3 7
7 .4 3
7 .4 5
7 .4 7
7 .5 2
7 .6 0
7 .5 9
7 .5 9
7 .6 0
7 .6 2
7 .6 5
7 .6 4
p r o d u c t s ..........................................
5 .9 4
6 .1 2
6 .0 3
6 .0 9
6 .2 1
6 .2 2
6 .2 5
6 .2 9
6 .3 2
6 .3 2
6 .3 4
6 .3 2
6 .3 2
6 .3 3
6 .3 1
p r o d u c t s ...................................................................
1 1 .4 3
1 1 .6 5
1 1 .7 2
1 1 .6 5
1 1 .7 2
1 1 .6 8
1 1 .7 4
1 1 .8 1
1 1 .7 8
1 1 .8 0
1 1 .8 4
1 1 .8 3
1 1 .8 9
1 1 .9 0
1 2 .0 8
p u b l i s h i n g ..............................................................................
1 0 .2 8
o th e r te x tile
a llie d
1 0 .5 2
1 0 .4 8
1 0 .5 4
1 0 .7 0
1 0 .6 8
1 0 .6 7
1 0 .7 0
1 0 .7 3
1 0 .7 4
1 0 .7 9
1 0 .7 3
1 0 .7 6
1 0 .7 4
1 0 .8 0
C h e m ic a ls a n d
a llie d
p r o d u c t s .......................................................
1 2 .3 7
1 2 .6 7
1 2 .7 0
1 2 .6 2
1 2 .7 5
1 2 .7 8
1 2 .8 6
1 2 .9 0
1 2 .8 5
1 2 .8 8
1 2 .9 1
1 2 .9 2
1 2 .9 8
1 2 .9 7
1 3 .1 1
P e tro le u m
c o a l p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
1 4 .5 8
1 4 .9 8
1 4 .9 3
1 4 .8 4
1 5 .0 1
1 5 .1 4
1 5 .1 8
1 5 .2 1
1 5 .2 4
1 5 .4 5
1 5 .4 6
1 5 .5 0
1 5 .3 4
1 5 .2 4
1 5 .3 5
p r o d u c t s .........
8 .9 2
9 .1 4
9 .1 5
9 .1 7
9 .2 2
9 .2 3
9 .2 6
9 .3 1
9 .3 2
9 .3 1
9 .3 3
9 .3 5
9 .4 0
9 .4 0
9 .4 7
........................................................
6 .0 8
6 .2 7
6 .1 9
6 .2 2
6 .3 0
6 .3 3
6 .4 1
6 .4 4
6 .4 8
6 .4 9
6 .5 4
6 .5 5
6 .5 8
6 .5 8
6 .5 5
T R A N S P O R T A T I O N A N D P U B L I C U T I L I T I E S ......
1 2 .0 3
1 2 .3 2
1 2 .3 2
1 2 .3 5
1 2 .4 0
1 2 .4 2
1 2 .4 6
1 2 .4 2
1 2 .4 7
1 2 .5 0
1 2 .4 6
1 2 .5 1
1 2 .4 9
1 2 .4 7
1 2 .6 0
W H O L E S A L E T R A D E .......................................................................
9 .6 0
9 .9 4
9 .9 5
9 .9 1
1 0 .0 4
1 0 .1 0
1 0 .0 7
1 0 .1 4
1 0 .2 3
1 0 .2 3
1 0 .2 1
1 0 .3 6
1 0 .2 8
1 0 .3 0
1 0 .4 1
R E T A IL T R A D E
......................................................................................
6 .1 2
6 .3 1
6 .2 8
6 .2 6
6 .3 8
6 .3 9
6 .4 3
6 .4 3
6 .4 8
6 .4 7
6 .4 8
6 .5 2
6 .4 9
6 .4 8
6 .4 8
F I N A N C E , I N S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E ......
8 .7 3
9 .0 9
9 .0 3
9 .0 3
9 .1 4
9 .2 9
9 .2 7
9 .3 2
9 .4 6
9 .4 7
9 .4 3
9 .5 9
9 .4 8
9 .4 7
9 .5 8
S E R V IC E S
8 .4 9
8 .9 1
8 .8 0
8 .8 1
9 .0 0
9 .0 9
9 .1 1
9 .1 6
9 .2 5
9 .2 8
9 .2 9
9 .3 4
9 .3 0
9 .2 6
9 .3 3
an d
R u b b er an d
m is c e lla n e o u s
L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p r o d u c ts
p
=
p la s tic s
....................................................................................................
p re lim in a ry
N O TE :
74
1987
S e e
“ N o te s
b e n c h m a rk
o n
th e
d a ta "
fo r
a
d e s c r ip tio n
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
of
th e
m o st
rec en t
re v is io n .
17.
Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry
A nnual a v erag e
1988
1989
In d u s try
1 987
1 988
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Ja n .
F eb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
J u n e p
J u ly ”
$ 3 1 2 .5 0
$ 3 2 2 .3 6
$ 3 2 4 .3 2
P R IV A T E S E C T O R
C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ..................................................................................................
$ 3 2 3 .4 0
$ 3 2 7 .1 2
$ 3 2 9 .8 1
$ 3 2 8 .2 6
$ 3 3 0 .1 5
$ 3 2 9 .1 3
$ 3 2 7 .5 7
$ 3 2 8 .8 6
$ 3 3 4 .7 8
$ 3 3 0 .8 6
$ 3 3 3 .3 8
$ 3 3 8 .0 1
3 2 3 .9 9
3 2 2 .4 7
3 2 5 .1 4
3 2 8 .1 6
3 2 6 .8 7
3 2 7 .9 2
3 3 0 .2 5
3 2 9 .3 9
3 3 1 .0 4
3 3 5 .3 9
3 3 2 .1 6
3 3 2 .8 5
3 3 8 .5 3
.....................................................................
1 6 9 .2 8
1 6 7 .8 1
1 6 8 .5 7
1 6 7 .3 0
1 6 8 .1 0
1 6 8 .9 6
1 6 7 .9 9
1 6 8 .7 0
1 6 7 .4 1
1 6 5 .9 4
1 6 5 .7 6
1 6 7 .3 9
1 6 4 .5 3
1 6 5 .3 7
M I N I N G .............................................................................................................
5 3 1 .7 0
5 3 9 .3 3
5 3 9 .3 3
5 3 2 .9 8
5 4 1 .0 0
5 4 4 .8 5
5 4 0 .0 9
5 5 7 .6 8
5 5 7 .0 4
5 5 1 .2 7
5 5 2 .3 0
5 6 4 .5 3
5 5 1 .4 6
5 5 8 .1 1
5 6 7 .2 4
C O N S T R U C T I O N ...................................................................................
4 8 0 .4 4
4 9 3 .0 8
5 0 0 .2 6
5 0 1 .4 1
5 0 5 .3 4
5 1 4 .9 5
4 9 4 .4 2
4 9 1 .9 9
4 8 3 .9 9
4 7 8 .2 0
4 9 5 .9 2
5 0 4 .0 7
5 0 0 .6 6
5 0 2 .7 4
5 1 9 .4 8
4 2 4 .0 4
S e a s o n a lly
a d j u s t e d ............................................................................
C o n s ta n t (1 9 7 7 ) d o lla rs
-
-
-
M A N U F A C T U R IN G
C u r r e n t d o l l a r s ....................................................................................................
4 0 6 .3 1
4 1 8 .4 0
4 1 3 .9 2
4 1 4 .3 2
4 2 3 .3 3
4 2 3 .3 3
4 2 7 .8 7
4 3 2 .4 3
4 2 5 .1 7
4 2 3 .5 0
4 2 6 .8 1
4 2 6 .8 1
4 2 6 .1 8
4 2 9 .0 8
C o n s t a n t ( 1 9 7 7 ) d o l l a r s .........................................................................
2 2 0 .1 0
2 1 7 .8 0
2 1 5 .1 4
2 1 4 .3 4
2 1 7 .5 4
2 1 6 .8 7
2 1 8 .9 7
2 2 0 .9 7
2 1 6 .2 6
2 1 4 .5 4
2 1 5 .1 3
2 1 3 .4 1
2 1 1 .9 2
2 1 2 .8 4
D u r a b l e g o o d s ........................................................................................
L um ber an d
F u rn itu re
4 3 9 .6 0
4 3 9 .8 5
4 5 3 .1 8
4 5 7 .8 7
4 6 3 .2 5
4 5 5 .6 2
4 5 2 .7 7
4 5 5 .7 8
4 5 5 .7 8
4 5 4 .0 1
p r o d u c t s ..............................................................
3 4 1 .0 4
3 4 6 .9 8
3 4 9 .0 0
3 4 5 .7 7
3 5 0 .2 1
3 5 9 .5 7
3 4 7 .6 0
3 5 3 .9 0
3 4 5 .7 9
3 3 8 .9 1
3 4 5 .4 6
3 5 4 .7 8
3 5 2 .4 8
3 5 7 .9 4
3 5 0 .5 6
f i x t u r e s ..................................................................................
3 0 6 .8 0
3 1 2 .8 4
3 1 0 .8 1
3 1 5 .1 9
3 2 4 .4 1
3 2 3 .2 1
3 2 0 .0 0
3 2 6 .4 3
3 1 9 .1 4
3 1 5 .9 3
3 2 1 .9 5
3 1 9 .1 2
3 1 8 .2 4
3 2 3 .0 5
3 1 6 .3 6
4 5 6 .2 5
w o o d
an d
S to n e , c la y , a n d
P r im a r y
g la s s
p r o d u c t s .................................................
4 4 7 .6 8
4 4 9 .4 9
4 3 3 .5 8
4 4 2 .8 8
4 4 4 .1 3
4 5 1 .5 4
4 5 2 .6 2
4 4 6 .0 5
4 3 9 .4 9
4 3 6 .4 8
4 4 4 .9 8
4 5 3 .2 6
4 5 7 .5 2
4 5 8 .1 5
5 1 4 .6 1
5 2 9 .7 4
5 2 6 .6 8
5 2 1 .5 1
5 3 8 .5 6
5 3 1 .4 8
5 3 6 .4 6
5 4 0 .6 7
5 3 6 .2 0
5 3 2 .5 2
5 3 3 .7 5
5 2 9 .6 3
5 2 7 .9 8
5 3 3 .4 6
5 2 7 .3 5
s t e e l p r o d u c t s ..................
5 9 7 .6 2
6 1 4 .6 8
6 1 9 .9 6
6 0 8 .6 6
6 2 8 .9 3
6 1 5 .9 2
6 1 6 .4 4
6 2 1 .8 9
6 1 7 .7 6
6 1 7 .4 8
6 2 1 .7 2
6 1 3 .0 2
6 1 3 .0 2
6 1 9 .7 7
6 1 2 .1 4
m e ta l p r o d u c ts
.................................................................
4 1 6 .0 0
4 2 9 .8 9
4 1 9 .2 2
4 2 3 .7 2
4 3 5 .3 1
4 3 4 .2 8
4 4 1 .3 4
4 4 5 .7 9
4 3 8 .9 0
4 3 5 .1 4
4 3 6 .6 0
4 3 7 .0 2
4 3 5 .3 4
4 3 7 .8 5
4 2 8 .9 8
M a c h in e ry , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l
............................................................
4 5 4 .5 1
4 5 7 .8 7
.........................................................................
an d
4 4 6 .4 7
4 5 2 .7 6
b a s ic
m e ta l in d u s trie s
B la st f u rn a c e s
F a b ric a te d
4 3 3 .2 6
-
4 5 2 .3 8
4 6 9 .0 3
4 6 4 .4 5
4 6 0 .7 4
4 7 3 .5 4
4 7 3 .2 9
4 8 0 .2 2
4 7 7 .5 5
4 7 7 .2 8
4 7 9 .2 5
4 7 8 .5 5
4 7 7 .5 7
4 8 2 .2 3
4 7 4 .0 1
e q u i p m e n t ......................................
4 0 4 .0 9
4 1 5 .3 3
4 0 9 .2 5
4 1 2 .0 9
4 1 7 .7 9
4 1 6 .5 6
4 2 3 .9 4
4 3 0 .1 2
4 2 2 .1 0
4 1 6 .5 6
4 1 7 .1 5
4 1 9 .6 2
4 1 7 .3 3
4 2 3 .5 0
4 1 8 .6 4
e q u i p m e n t .....................................................................
5 4 3 .4 8
5 6 8 .3 4
5 5 0 .0 2
5 5 2 .1 8
5 7 7 .9 2
5 7 9 .7 0
5 9 1 .2 2
5 9 1 .1 7
5 8 2 .5 8
5 8 4 .3 7
5 9 1 .0 5
5 8 4 .8 0
5 7 9 .8 7
5 8 1 .4 9
5 6 5 .8 7
e q u i p m e n t .................................................
5 7 0 .9 7
6 0 9 .0 0
5 7 5 .0 4
5 8 3 .6 3
6 2 1 .8 1
6 1 9 .9 6
6 3 2 .4 3
6 3 3 .2 4
6 1 9 .1 2
6 2 1 .5 2
6 3 1 .1 8
6 2 0 .5 4
6 1 3 .5 6
6 1 1 .4 6
5 7 9 .0 3
............................................
4 0 2 .4 1
4 1 4 .1 7
4 0 9 .3 6
4 0 9 .5 3
4 1 5 .5 8
4 2 0 .3 4
4 2 2 .9 4
4 2 5 .4 6
4 2 0 .9 9
4 2 0 .8 1
4 1 9 .0 0
4 2 0 .0 2
4 1 4 .9 4
4 2 3 .3 3
4 2 3 .1 2
M i s c e l l a n e o u s m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..........................................................
3 0 5 .7 4
3 1 3 .9 9
3 0 8 .0 3
3 1 0 .0 5
3 1 4 .7 9
3 2 0 .7 6
3 2 3 .1 8
3 2 5 .5 4
3 2 3 .0 5
3 2 2 .6 2
3 2 4 .2 6
3 2 5 .1 2
3 2 4 .6 6
3 2 4 .2 6
3 1 7 .4 4
3 6 9 .0 4
3 7 8 .1 4
3 7 7 .4 5
3 7 8 .2 8
3 8 4 .7 5
3 8 2 .4 5
3 8 6 .3 7
3 8 9 .2 1
3 8 3 .8 4
3 8 2 .8 8
3 8 5 .4 3
3 8 6 .9 7
3 8 7 .2 0
3 9 0 .5 1
3 9 0 .8 0
E le c tric a l a n d
T ra n s p o rta tio n
e le c tro n ic
M o to r v e h ic le s a n d
In s tru m e n ts a n d
re la te d
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s
F o o d
an d
k in d re d
3 6 6 .7 3
3 6 7 .5 4
3 6 8 .0 2
m a n u f a c t u r e s ............................................................................
5 4 8 .7 3
5 8 4 .2 6
6 2 0 .1 5
6 0 0 .3 0
5 8 0 .5 1
5 7 8 .6 1
5 8 6 .7 7
5 7 0 .9 7
5 4 6 .8 2
5 5 7 .5 5
5 5 6 .8 4
6 0 4 .6 5
6 3 7 .1 4
6 4 1 .0 7
5 6 1 .9 0
2 9 9 .7 1
3 0 2 .9 1
2 9 5 .3 2
3 0 4 .3 8
3 0 7 .6 0
3 0 6 .9 4
3 0 9 .2 6
3 0 8 .3 2
3 0 9 .3 2
3 0 7 .4 0
3 1 1 .1 9
3 1 3 .1 2
3 1 3 .9 4
3 1 8 .2 4
3 1 1 .7 1
p r o d u c t s ..........................................
2 1 9 .7 8
2 2 6 .4 4
2 2 1 .3 0
2 2 5 .3 3
2 3 0 .3 9
2 3 0 .7 6
2 3 3 .1 3
2 3 3 .9 9
2 3 2 .5 8
2 3 3 .2 1
2 3 3 .9 5
2 3 4 .4 7
2 3 3 .8 4
2 3 6 .1 1
2 3 2 .2 1
p r o d u c t s ...................................................................
4 9 6 .0 6
5 0 3 .2 8
5 0 2 .7 9
4 9 9 .7 9
5 1 2 .1 6
5 0 5 .7 4
5 0 9 .5 2
5 1 9 .6 4
5 0 8 .9 0
5 0 6 .2 2
5 0 9 .1 2
5 0 9 .8 7
5 1 2 .4 6
5 1 5 .2 7
5 1 8 .2 3
p u b l i s h i n g ..............................................................................
3 9 0 .6 4
3 9 9 .7 6
3 9 6 .1 4
4 0 1 .5 7
4 1 1 .9 5
4 0 6 .9 1
4 0 6 .5 3
4 1 0 .8 8
4 0 4 .5 2
4 0 4 .9 0
4 0 8 .9 4
4 0 5 .5 9
4 0 2 .4 2
4 0 1 .6 8
4 0 3 .9 2
5 5 3 .2 4
A p p arel a n d
P a p e r an d
P r in tin g
.............................................................................
m i l l p r o d u c t s .....................................................................................
T o b ac co
T e x tile
p ro d u c ts
o th e r te x tile
a llie d
an d
p r o d u c t s ................................................................
3 5 8 .9 9
4 8 8 .9 4
3 7 1 .6 9
3 6 7 .5 2
3 7 4 .2 4
3 7 7 .4 0
3 6 9 .8 7
3 6 6 .7 0
3 7 2 .2 7
3 7 2 .8 0
3 7 7 .3 4
3 8 0 .4 2
3 8 5 .2 2
C h e m ic a ls a n d
a llie d
p r o d u c t s .......................................................
5 2 3 .2 5
5 3 5 .9 4
5 3 3 .4 0
5 2 8 .7 8
5 3 9 .3 3
5 4 0 .5 9
5 4 7 .8 4
5 5 3 .4 1
5 4 4 .8 4
5 4 4 .8 2
5 4 6 .0 9
5 4 9 .1 0
5 4 6 .4 6
5 5 1 .2 3
P e tro le u m
c o a l p r o d u c t s ..........................................................
6 4 1 .5 2
6 6 5 .1 1
6 7 6 .3 3
6 6 1 .8 6
6 7 2 .4 5
6 7 6 .7 6
6 7 0 .9 6
6 7 3 .8 0
6 6 2 .9 4
6 7 9 .8 0
6 6 7 .8 7
6 8 6 .6 5
6 7 3 .4 3
6 8 4 .2 8
7 0 9 .1 7
3 7 1 .0 7
3 8 1 .1 4
3 7 6 .0 7
3 7 8 .7 2
3 8 4 .4 7
3 8 4 .8 9
3 8 8 .9 2
3 9 1 .9 5
3 9 0 .5 1
3 8 7 .3 0
3 8 7 .2 0
3 8 8 .0 3
3 9 0 .1 0
3 9 0 .1 0
3 8 5 .4 3
2 3 2 .2 6
2 3 5 .1 3
2 3 0 .8 9
2 3 4 .4 9
2 3 6 .2 5
2 3 9 .9 1
2 3 9 .7 3
2 4 6 .6 5
2 4 4 .9 4
2 4 5 .3 2
2 4 4 .6 0
2 4 7 .5 9
2 4 7 .4 1
2 5 4 .6 5
2 4 6 .2 8
U T I L I T I E S ....................................................................................................
4 7 1 .5 8
4 8 4 .1 8
4 9 0 .3 4
4 9 0 .3 0
4 8 9 .8 0
4 9 0 .5 9
4 8 9 .6 8
4 9 0 .5 9
4 9 0 .0 7
4 8 8 .7 5
4 8 8 .4 3
4 9 7 .9 0
4 9 0 .8 6
4 9 3 .8 1
5 0 7 .7 8
W H O L E S A L E T R A D E .......................................................................
3 6 5 .7 6
3 7 8 .7 1
3 8 1 .0 9
3 7 6 .5 8
3 8 2 .5 2
3 8 5 .8 2
3 8 2 .6 6
3 8 7 .3 5
3 8 7 .7 2
3 8 6 .6 9
3 8 6 .9 6
3 9 5 .7 5
3 8 9 .6 1
3 9 2 .4 3
3 9 8 .7 0
R E T A IL T R A D E
1 7 8 .7 0
1 8 3 .6 2
1 8 8 .4 0
1 8 6 .5 5
1 8 5 .6 6
1 8 5 .9 5
1 8 5 .1 8
1 9 0 .3 3
1 8 4 .0 3
1 8 3 .1 0
1 8 4 .6 8
1 8 8 .4 3
1 8 6 .9 1
1 8 9 .2 2
1 9 3 .7 5
3 1 6 .9 0
3 2 6 .3 3
3 2 5 .9 8
3 2 2 .3 7
3 2 7 .2 1
3 3 4 .4 4
3 3 0 .9 4
3 3 3 .6 6
3 4 1 .5 1
3 3 9 .0 3
3 3 7 .5 9
3 4 8 .1 2
3 3 7 .4 9
3 3 9 .0 3
3 4 8 .7 1
2 7 5 .9 3
2 9 0 .4 7
2 9 0 .4 0
2 8 8 .9 7
2 9 2 .5 0
2 9 7 .2 4
2 9 6 .0 8
2 9 8 .6 2
3 0 1 .5 5
3 0 0 .6 7
3 0 1 .0 0
3 0 6 .3 5
3 0 1 .3 2
3 0 2 .8 0
3 0 8 .8 2
an d
R u b b er an d
p la s tic s
m is c e lla n e o u s
p r o d u c t s ...........................................................................................
L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p r o d u c ts
T R A N S P O R T A T IO N
........................................................
A N D P U B L IC
......................................................................................
F IN A N C E , IN S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L
ESTA TE
.........................................................................................................
S E R V IC E S
-
D a ta
p
=
....................................................................................................
n o t a v a ila b le .
p re lim in a ry
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N O TE :
S e e
“ N o te s
o n
th e
d a ta ”
fo r
a
d e s c rip tio n
of
th e
m o st
re c e n t
b e n c h m a rk
re v is io n .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
75
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
18.
Diffusion indexes of employment change, seasonally adjusted
(In p e r c e n t )
Ja n .
T im e
an d
O v e r 1 -m o n th
M a r.
F eb.
A p r.
M ay
Ju n e
S e p t.
A ug.
N ov.
O c t.
D ec.
P riv a te
n o n a g ric u ltu ra l p a y ro lls , 3 4 9
in d u s trie s
sp an :
1 9 8 7
......................................................................................................................................
5 5 .6
5 9 .3
6 1 .0
6 1 .9
5 8 .6
5 9 .7
6 5 .3
6 0 .6
6 3 .0
6 7 .8
6 4 .5
6 0 .7
1988
......................................................................................................................................
6 0 .7
6 3 .5
6 3 .0
6 2 .8
6 1 .3
6 7 .2
6 3 .6
5 8 .0
5 5 .4
6 3 .9
6 8 .2
6 4 .6
1 9 8 9
......................................................................................................................................
6 8 .3
6 0 .5
6 1 .0
5 8 .2
5 5 .6
5 7 .7
5 7 .4
“
“
-
O v e r 3 -m o n th
sp an :
6 5 .2
6 5 .8
6 5 .9
6 7 .8
7 1 .1
7 1 .2
7 2 .3
7 0 .9
6 5 .9
1 9 8 8
......................................................................................................................................
6 4 .8
6 5 .6
6 9 .5
7 0 .2
7 1 .1
7 1 .9
7 1 .2
6 4 .2
6 5 .3
7 0 .1
7 3 .4
7 4 .6
1 9 8 9
......................................................................................................................................
7 1 .6
7 0 .1
6 4 .5
6 1 .9
6 1 .3
5 9 .9
-
-
-
1 9 8 7
6 0 .7
......................................................................................................................................
O v e r 6 -m o n th
6 2 .0
6 6 .6
sp an :
1 9 8 7
......................................................................................................................................
6 7 .3
6 5 .8
6 4 .8
6 6 .8
6 7 .6
6 9 .5
7 1 .3
7 3 .5
7 3 .2
7 1 .5
7 1 .8
7 2 .2
1 9 8 8
......................................................................................................................................
6 9 .9
7 0 .2
7 1 .5
7 3 .9
7 3 .9
6 9 .1
7 0 .2
7 4 .6
7 3 .5
7 3 .9
7 4 .5
7 5 .8
1 9 8 9
......................................................................................................................................
7 5 .1
6 9 .5
6 8 .2
6 3 .3
-
-
-
-
“
-
-
-
O v e r 1 2 -m o n th
sp an :
1 9 8 7
......................................................................................................................................
6 6 .6
6 8 .2
6 8 .2
7 1 .8
7 1 .9
7 2 .5
7 2 .2
7 4 .1
7 5 .4
7 2 .5
7 3 .8
7 6 .9
1 9 8 8
......................................................................................................................................
7 6 .2
7 6 .1
7 4 .8
7 4 .6
7 5 .8
7 4 .9
7 8 .1
7 5 .5
7 5 .5
7 4 .8
7 4 .9
7 4 .2
......................................................................................................................................
7 1 .5
"
-
“
-
”
-
“
“
-
1 9 8 9
M a n u fa c tu rin g
O v er
1 -m o n th
p a y ro lls ,
141
in d u s trie s
sp an :
1 9 8 7
......................................................................................................................................
4 4 .3
5 3 .9
5 4 .3
5 5 .7
5 5 .3
5 4 .3
6 2 .8
5 9 .9
6 3 .8
5 9 .9
6 5 .6
5 6 .4
1 9 8 8
......................................................................................................................................
5 8 .5
5 6 .0
5 5 .0
5 9 .9
5 8 .5
6 1 .7
5 9 .6
5 1 .1
4 9 .3
6 2 .8
6 4 .9
5 8 .5
1 9 8 9
......................................................................................................................................
6 2 .4
5 3 .5
5 3 .2
4 9 .6
4 6 .8
4 8 .2
5 0 .7
-
“
-
-
-
O v e r 3 -m o n th
sp an :
......................................................................................................................................
5 2 .1
5 1 .4
5 9 .6
6 1 .3
5 8 .5
6 2 .8
6 7 .0
7 1 .6
6 8 .4
7 0 .6
6 7 .7
6 4 .5
1 9 8 8
......................................................................................................................................
6 3 .1
6 1 .0
6 2 .4
6 4 .9
6 7 .4
6 7 .0
6 4 .5
5 8 .2
6 2 .1
6 6 .7
7 1 .3
7 0 .9
1 9 8 9
......................................................................................................................................
6 7 .4
6 3 .8
5 5 .7
5 1 .8
4 8 .6
4 7 .5
-
“
“
1 9 8 7
O v e r 6 -m o n th
sp an :
1987
......................................................................................................................................
5 7 .4
5 6 .7
5 5 .3
6 2 .4
6 4 .9
6 7 .0
6 7 .4
7 0 .6
7 1 .3
6 9 .5
6 9 .5
6 8 .1
1 9 8 8
......................................................................................................................................
6 6 .3
6 6 .3
6 7 .7
6 9 .5
6 6 .7
6 4 .2
6 6 .0
7 0 .9
6 8 .8
6 9 .9
7 1 .6
7 4 .1
1 9 8 9
......................................................................................................................................
6 9 .5
5 8 .5
5 5 .7
4 9 .6
-
“
-
“
“
-
"
“
O v e r 1 2 -m o n th
sp an :
1987
......................................................................................................................................
5 5 .3
5 8 .5
5 8 .5
6 3 .5
6 6 .3
6 7 .4
7 1 .6
7 2 .7
7 1 .6
6 9 .1
6 8 .4
7 2 .3
1 9 8 8
......................................................................................................................................
7 3 .8
7 0 .2
7 0 .9
7 1 .6
7 2 .0
6 9 .9
7 0 .9
6 9 .1
7 1 .6
7 0 .2
6 9 .9
6 7 .4
1 9 8 9
......................................................................................................................................
6 1 .3
-
D a ta
N O T E :
76
J u ly
sp a n
y ear
F ig u re s
a re
o n e -h a lf
of
th e
in d ic a te s
a n
eq u al
th e
e m p lo y m e n t.
p e rc e n t
in d u s trie s
b a la n c e
w ith
of
in d u s trie s
u n c h an g e d
b e tw e e n
w ith
e m p lo y m e n t
e m p lo y m e n t,
in d u s trie s
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
-
-
n o t a v a ila b le .
w ith
in c re a s in g
w h ere
in c re a s in g
an d
50
p lu s
p e rc e n t
d e c re a s in g
p r e lim in a ry .
d e s c rip tio n
-
D a ta
S e e th e
o f th e
fo r
th e
“
2
m o st
“
“
rec en t
m o n th s
“ D e f in it io n s ” in t h i s s e c t i o n . S e e
m o st re c e n t b e n c h m a rk
re v is io n .
sh o w n
in
e a c h
“
sp a n
“ N o te s o n th e d a ta ” fo r a
a re
19.
Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population
( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
N o n i n s t i t u t i o n a l p o p u l a t i o n .......................................................................
1 6 9 ,3 4 9
1 7 1 ,7 7 5
1 7 3 ,9 3 9
1 7 5 ,8 9 1
1 7 8 ,0 8 0
1 7 9 ,9 1 2
1 8 2 ,2 9 3
1 8 4 ,4 9 0
1 8 6 ,3 2 2
T o t a l ( n u m b e r ) ..................................................................................................
1 0 8 ,5 4 4
1 1 0 ,3 1 5
1 1 1 ,8 7 2
1 1 3 ,2 2 6
1 1 5 ,2 4 1
1 1 7 ,1 6 7
1 1 9 ,5 4 0
1 2 1 ,6 0 2
1 2 3 ,3 7 8
P e r c e n t o f p o p u l a t i o n ............................................................................
6 4 .1
6 4 .2
6 4 .3
6 4 .4
6 4 .7
6 5 .1
6 5 .6
6 5 .9
6 6 .2
1 1 6 ,6 7 7
L a b o r fo rc e :
E m p lo y e d :
1 0 0 ,9 0 7
1 0 2 ,0 4 2
1 0 1 ,1 9 4
1 0 2 ,5 1 0
1 0 6 ,7 0 2
1 0 8 ,8 5 6
1 1 1 ,3 0 3
1 1 4 ,1 7 7
.................................................................
5 9 .6
5 9 .4
5 8 .2
5 8 .3
5 9 .9
6 0 .5
6 1 .1
6 1 .9
6 2 .6
F o r c e s .......................................................
1 ,6 0 4
1 ,6 4 5
1 ,6 6 8
1 ,6 7 6
1 ,6 9 7
1 ,7 0 6
1 ,7 0 6
1 ,7 3 7
1 ,7 0 9
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
T o t a l ( n u m b e r ) .......................................................................................
P e r c e n t o f p o p u la tio n
R e s id e n t A rm e d
C iv ilia n
...........................................................................................................
9 9 ,3 0 3
1 0 0 ,3 9 7
9 9 ,5 2 6
1 0 0 ,8 3 4
1 0 5 ,0 0 5
1 0 7 ,1 5 0
1 0 9 ,5 9 7
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
A g r i c u l t u r e .....................................................................................
3 ,3 6 4
3 ,3 6 8
3 ,4 0 1
3 ,3 8 3
3 ,3 2 1
3 ,1 7 9
3 ,1 6 3
3 ,2 0 8
3 ,1 6 9
N o n a g r i c u l t u r a l i n d u s t r i e s ........................................
9 5 ,9 3 8
9 7 ,0 3 0
9 6 ,1 2 5
9 7 ,4 5 0
1 0 1 ,6 8 5
1 0 3 ,9 7 1
1 0 6 ,4 3 4
1 0 9 ,2 3 2
1 1 1 ,8 0 0
T o t a l ( n u m b e r ) ......................................................................................
7 ,6 3 7
8 ,2 7 3
1 0 ,6 7 8
1 0 ,7 1 7
8 ,5 3 9
8 ,3 1 2
8 ,2 3 7
7 ,4 2 5
6 ,7 0 1
P e r c e n t o f l a b o r f o r c e ..............................................................
7 .0
7 .5
9 .5
9 .5
7 .4
7 .1
6 .9
6 .1
5 .4
6 0 ,8 0 6
6 1 ,4 6 0
6 2 ,0 6 7
6 2 ,6 6 5
6 2 ,8 3 9
6 2 ,7 4 4
6 2 ,7 5 2
6 2 ,8 8 8
6 2 ,9 4 4
T o ta l
U n e m p lo y e d :
N o t in
20.
la b o r f o rc e
(n u m b er)
..............................................................
Annual data: Employment levels by industry
( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
In d u s try
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
T o t a l e m p l o y m e n t .....................................................................................................................................
9 0 ,4 0 6
9 1 ,1 5 6
8 9 ,5 6 6
9 0 ,2 0 0
9 4 ,4 9 6
9 7 ,5 1 9
9 9 ,5 2 5
P riv a te
s e c t o r ..............................................................................................................................................
G o o d s - p ro d u c in g
.............................................................................................................................
1987
1 0 2 ,2 0 0
1988
1 0 5 ,5 8 4
7 4 ,1 6 6
7 5 ,1 2 6
7 3 ,7 2 9
7 4 ,3 3 0
7 8 ,4 7 2
8 1 ,1 2 5
8 2 ,8 3 2
8 5 ,1 9 0
8 8 ,2 1 2
2 5 ,6 5 8
2 5 ,4 9 7
2 3 ,8 1 3
2 3 ,3 3 4
2 4 ,7 2 7
2 4 ,8 5 9
2 4 ,5 5 8
2 4 ,7 0 8
2 5 ,2 4 9
9 66
927
7 77
717
721
4 ,3 8 3
4 ,6 7 3
4 ,8 1 6
4 ,9 6 7
5 ,1 2 5
M i n i n g .....................................................................................................................................................
1 ,0 2 7
1 ,1 3 9
1 ,1 2 8
95 2
C o n s tru c tio n
.................................................................................................................................
4 ,3 4 6
4 ,1 8 8
3 ,9 0 5
3 ,9 4 8
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .............................................................................................................................
2 0 ,2 8 5
2 0 ,1 7 0
1 8 ,7 8 1
1 8 ,4 3 4
1 9 ,3 7 8
1 9 ,2 6 0
1 8 ,9 6 5
1 9 ,0 2 4
1 9 ,4 0 3
6 9 ,7 6 9
7 2 ,6 6 0
7 4 ,9 6 7
7 7 ,4 9 2
8 0 ,3 3 5
5 ,5 4 8
6 4 ,7 4 8
6 5 ,6 5 9
6 5 ,7 5 3
6 6 ,8 6 6
u t i l i t i e s ...................................................................
5 ,1 4 6
5 ,1 6 5
5 ,0 8 2
4 ,9 5 4
5 ,1 5 9
5 ,2 3 8
5 ,2 5 5
5 ,3 7 2
........................................................................................................................
5 ,2 7 5
5 ,3 5 8
5 ,2 7 8
5 ,2 6 8
5 ,5 5 5
5 ,7 1 7
5 ,7 5 3
5 ,8 4 4
6 ,0 2 9
......................................................................................................................................
1 5 ,0 3 5
1 5 ,1 8 9
1 5 ,1 7 9
1 5 ,6 1 3
1 6 ,5 4 5
1 7 ,3 5 6
1 7 ,9 3 0
1 8 ,4 8 3
1 9 ,1 1 0
r e a l e s t a t e ............................................................
5 ,1 6 0
5 ,2 9 8
5 ,3 4 1
5 ,4 6 8
5 ,6 8 9
5 ,9 5 5
6 ,2 8 3
6 ,5 4 7
6 ,6 7 6
S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................................................
1 7 ,8 9 0
1 8 ,6 1 9
1 9 ,0 3 6
1 9 ,6 9 4
2 0 ,7 9 7
2 2 ,0 0 0
2 3 ,0 5 3
2 4 ,2 3 6
2 5 ,6 0 0
1 6 ,0 2 4
1 6 ,3 9 4
1 6 ,6 9 3
1 7 ,0 1 0
1 7 ,3 7 2
2 ,9 7 1
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ...........................................................................................................................
T ra n s p o rta tio n
W h o le s a le
a n d
tra d e
R e ta il tr a d e
p u b lic
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d
G o v e r n m e n t ................................................................................................................................. .
1 6 ,2 4 1
1 6 ,0 3 1
1 5 ,8 3 7
1 5 ,8 6 9
F e d e r a l ........................................................................................................................................
2 ,8 6 6
2 ,7 7 2
2 ,7 3 9
2 ,7 7 4
2 ,8 0 7
2 ,8 7 5
2 ,8 9 9
2 ,9 4 3
S t a t e ...............................................................................................................................................
3 ,6 1 0
3 ,6 4 0
3 ,6 4 0
3 ,6 6 2
3 ,7 3 4
3 ,8 3 2
3 ,8 9 3
3 ,9 6 7
4 ,0 6 3
L ocal
9 ,7 6 5
9 ,6 1 9
9 ,4 5 8
9 ,4 3 4
9 ,4 8 2
9 ,6 8 7
9 ,9 0 1
1 0 ,1 0 0
1 0 ,3 3 9
N O TE :
S e e
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
..............................................................................................................................................
“ N o te s
o n
th e
d a ta ”
fo r
a
d e s c rip tio n
of
th e
m o st
re c e n t b e n c h m a rk
re v is io n .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
77
Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data
21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural
payrolls, by industry
In d u s try
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
P riv a te s e c to r :
A v erag e
w e e k ly
A v erag e
h o u r ly
A v erag e
w e e k ly
h o u r s .........................................................
e a r n in g s
( i n d o l l a r s ) .......................................................................
e a rn in g s
( in d o l l a r s )
..........................................................
3 5 .3
3 5 .2
3 4 .8
3 5 .0
3 5 .2
3 4 .9
3 4 .8
3 4 .8
3 4 .7
6 .6 6
7 .2 5
7 .6 8
8 .0 2
8 .3 2
8 .5 7
8 .7 6
8 .9 8
9 .2 9
2 3 5 .1 0
2 5 5 .2 0
2 6 7 .2 6
2 8 0 .7 0
2 9 2 .8 6
2 9 9 .0 9
3 0 4 .8 5
3 1 2 .5 0
3 2 2 .3 6
M in in g :
A v erag e
w e e k ly
h o u rs
..............................................................................
A v erag e
h o u r ly e a r n i n g s
A v erag e
w e e k ly
(In d o l l a r s )
e a rn in g s
................................................
( I n d o l l a r s ) ........................................
4 3 .3
4 3 .7
4 2 .7
4 2 .5
4 3 .3
4 3 .4
9 .1 7
1 0 .0 4
1 0 .7 7
1 1 .2 8
1 1 .6 3
1 1 .9 8
1 2 .4 6
1 2 .5 4
1 2 .7 5
3 9 7 .0 6
4 3 8 .7 5
4 5 9 .8 8
4 7 9 .4 0
5 0 3 .5 8
5 1 9 .9 3
5 2 5 .8 1
5 3 1 .7 0
5 3 9 .3 3
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 2 .3
C o n s tru c tio n :
A v erag e
w e e k ly
A v erag e
h o u r l y e a r n i n g s ( in d o l l a r s )
A v e ra g e w e e k ly
h o u rs
.....................................................................
e a rn in g s
.......................................................
( i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................
3 7 .0
3 6 .9
3 6 .7
3 7 .1
3 7 .8
3 7 .7
3 7 .4
3 7 .8
9 .9 4
1 0 .8 2
1 1 .6 3
1 1 .9 4
1 2 .1 3
1 2 .3 2
1 2 .4 8
1 2 .7 1
1 3 .0 1
3 6 7 .7 8
3 9 9 .2 6
4 2 6 .8 2
4 4 2 .9 7
4 5 8 .5 1
4 6 4 .4 6
4 6 6 .7 5
4 8 0 .4 4
4 9 3 .0 8
37 9
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
A v erag e
w e e k ly
A v erag e
h o u r ly e a r n in g s
h o u rs
A v e r a g e w e e k ly
A v erag e
w e e k ly
h o u rly
A v erag e
w e e k ly
3 9 .7
3 9 .8
3 8 .9
4 0 .1
4 0 .7
4 0 .5
4 0 .7
4 1 .0
4 1 .1
..............................................................
7 .2 7
7 .9 9
8 .4 9
8 .8 3
9 .1 9
9 .5 4
9 .7 3
9 .9 1
1 0 .1 8
( i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................
2 8 8 .6 2
3 1 8 .0 0
3 3 0 .2 6
3 5 4 .0 8
3 7 4 .0 3
3 8 6 .3 7
3 9 6 .0 1
4 0 6 .3 1
4 1 8 .4 0
(In d o l l a r s )
e a rn in g s
T r a n s p o rta tio n a n d
A v erag e
............................................................
p u b lic u tilitie s :
h o u rs
...........................................................................
e a r n i n g s ( i n d o l l a r s ) ..............................................................
e a rn in g s
( i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................
3 9 .6
3 9 .4
3 9 .0
3 9 .0
3 9 .4
3 9 .5
3 9 .2
3 9 .2
3 9 .3
8 .8 7
9 .7 0
1 0 .3 2
1 0 .7 9
1 1 .1 2
1 1 .4 0
1 1 .7 0
1 2 .0 3
1 2 .3 2
3 5 1 .2 5
3 8 2 .1 8
4 0 2 .4 8
4 2 0 .8 1
4 3 8 .1 3
4 5 0 .3 0
4 5 8 .6 4
4 7 1 .5 8
4 8 4 .1 8
3 8 .5
W h o le s a le tra d e :
A v e ra g e w e e k ly
h o u rs
..............................................................................
A v erag e
h o u rly e a r n i n g s
A v erag e
w e e k ly
( i n d o l l a r s ) ..........................................................
e a rn in g s
( i n d o l l a r s ) ............................................................
3 8 .5
3 8 .5
3 8 .3
3 8 .5
6 .9 6
7 .5 6
8 .0 9
8 .5 5
8 .8 9
9 .1 6
9 .3 5
9 .6 0
9 .9 4
2 6 7 .9 6
2 9 1 .0 6
3 0 9 .8 5
3 2 9 .1 8
3 4 2 .2 7
3 5 1 .7 4
3 5 8 .1 1
3 6 5 .7 6
3 7 8 .7 1
3 8 .4
3 8 .3
3 8 .1
3 8
1
R e ta il tr a d e :
A v erag e
w e e k ly
A v erag e
h o u rly
A v e r a g e w e e k ly
h o u rs
......................................................................................
e a rn in g s
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d
A v e ra g e w e e k ly
A v erag e
h o u rs
3 0 .1
2 9 .9
2 9 .8
2 9 .8
2 9 .4
2 9 .2
2 9 .2
2 9 .1
4 .8 8
5 .2 5
5 .4 8
5 .7 4
5 .8 5
5 .9 4
6 .0 3
6 .1 2
6 .3 1
1 4 7 .3 8
1 5 8 .0 3
1 6 3 .8 5
1 7 1 .0 5
1 7 4 .3 3
1 7 4 .6 4
1 7 6 .0 8
1 7 8 .7 0
1 8 3 .6 2
re a l e s ta te :
............................................................................
h o u r ly e a r n in g s
A v e ra g e w e e k ly
3 0 .2
..........................................................
( i n d o l l a r s ) .........................................................
( in d o l l a r s )
e a rn in g s
( in d o l l a r s )
..............................................................
e a r n i n g s ( i n d o l l a r s ) .................................................
3 6 .2
3 6 .3
3 6 .2
3 6 .2
3 6 .5
3 6 .4
3 6 .4
3 6 .3
3 5 .9
5 .7 9
6 .3 1
6 .7 8
7 .2 9
7 .6 3
7 .9 4
8 .3 6
8 .7 3
9 .0 9
2 0 9 .6 0
2 2 9 .0 5
2 4 5 .4 4
2 6 3 .9 0
2 7 8 .5 0
2 8 9 .0 2
3 0 4 .3 0
3 1 6 .9 0
3 2 6 .3 3
3 2 .6
3 2 .6
3 2 .6
3 2 .7
5 .8 5
6 .4 1
6 .9 2
7 .3 1
7 .5 9
7 .9 0
8 .1 8
8 .4 9
8 .9 1
1 9 0 .7 1
2 0 8 .9 7
2 2 5 .5 9
2 3 9 .0 4
2 4 7 .4 3
2 5 6 .7 5
2 6 5 .8 5
2 7 5 .9 3
2 9 0 .4 7
S e rv ic e s :
A v e ra g e w e e k ly
78
h o u rs
...............................................
A v erag e
h o u r ly e a r n i n g s
A v erag e
w e e k ly
e a rn in g s
( in d o l l a r s )
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
..............................................
( i n d o l l a r s ) .......................................
3 2 .6
3 2 .5
3 2 .5
3 2 .5
3 2 .6
22. Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and industry group
(Ju n e
1981 =
100)
P e rce n t c h an g e
S e rie s
Ju n e
S e p t.
M a r.
D ec.
Ju n e
S e p t.
M a r.
D ec.
Ju n e
3
12
m o n th s
m o n th s
e n d ed
e n d ed
Ju n e
1 3 5 .9
C i v i l i a n w o r k e r s 2 .......................................
W o rk e rs, b y
1 3 7 .5
1 4 0 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 4 2 .1
1 4 4 .0
1 4 5 .5
1 4 7 .3
1 4 8 .9
1 .1
1989
4 .8
o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
.............................
1 3 9 .3
1 4 1 .2
1 4 2 .2
1 4 4 .2
1 4 5 .7
1 4 7 .9
1 4 9 .7
1 5 1 .9
1 5 3 .4
1 .0
5 .3
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ...................................
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .5
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .2
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .6
1 4 1 .3
1 .2
3 .7
1 3 8 .5
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .8
1 4 2 .9
1 4 4 .3
1 4 7 .2
1 4 8 .5
1 5 0 .0
1 5 1 .2
.8
4 .8
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .3
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .7
1 4 2 .3
1 .1
3 .6
3 .9
W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e r s
S e rv ic e
o c c u p a t i o n s ...............................
W o rk e rs, b y
in d u s tr y
d iv is io n :
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ............................................
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 4 .1
1 3 6 .8
1 3 8 .1
1 3 9 .0
1 4 0 .1
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .5
1 .1
........................................
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .7
1 4 3 .6
1 4 5 .1
1 4 7 .6
1 4 9 .2
1 5 1 .4
1 5 2 .9
1 .0
S e r v i c e s ..................................................................
1 4 5 .8
1 4 9 .2
1 5 0 .6
1 5 2 .8
1 5 3 .8
1 5 7 .7
1 5 9 .7
1 6 1 .8
1 6 3 .1
.8
6 .0
1 .2
6 .2
M a n u fa c tu rin g
..................................................
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g
H e a lth
-
s e r v i c e s ......................................
H o s p i t a l s ..........................................................
P u b lic a d m in is t r a tio n
1 4 4 .7
3 ......................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................
P r i v a t e i n d u s t r y w o r k e r s .....................................................................................
E x c lu d in g
s a le s
W o rk e rs, b y
o c c u p a t i o n s ....................................................................................
1 4 6 .4
E x c lu d in g
s a le s
o c c u p a t i o n s .......................................... .................................
P r o f e s s io n a l s p e c ia lty
an d
-
m a n a g e ria l o c c u p a tio n s
o c c u p a t i o n s .............................................. ............................... ...............................
A d m in is tra tiv e
P re c is io n
p ro d u c tio n , c ra ft, a n d
an d
an d
m a te ria l m o v in g
1 .3
6 .5
1 4 8 .1
1 5 0 .3
1 5 1 .2
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .4
1 5 6 .7
1 5 7 .9
.8
4 .4
1 4 3 .9
1 4 6 .1
1 4 7 .7
1 4 9 .7
1 5 1 .2
1 .0
5 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .0
1 3 8 .1
1 3 9 .8
1 4 1 .2
1 4 2 .6
1 4 4 .4
1 4 6 .1
1 .2
4 .5
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .6
1 3 8 .7
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .9
1 4 4 .7
1 4 6 .2
1 .0
4 .3
1 4 3 .0
1 4 4 .6
1 4 6 .3
1 4 8 .6
1 5 0 .3
1 .1
5 .1
1 4 4 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 4 7 .6
1 4 9 .9
1 5 1 .4
1 .0
4 .7
.9
4 .4
-
1 .8
6 .9
_
1 .1
4 .9
1 3 7 .0
1 3 8 .5
1 3 9 .3
1 4 1 .2
1 3 8 .2
1 4 0 .0
1 4 1 .1
1 4 3 .0
»
_
i n s p e c t o r s ....................
la b o re rs
...
in d u s tr y
E x c lu d in g
s a le s
N o n d u r a b l e s ...........................................................................
-
-
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 3 4 .1
1 3 1 .8
_
_
_
_
1 3 6 .7
1 3 3 .2
1 3 5 .6
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .0
1 4 0 .4
1 4 2 .0
1 .1
3 .6
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .6
1 3 8 .7
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .7
1 .1
3 .6
1 .0
3 .7
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 4 .1
1 3 6 .8
1 3 8 .1
1 3 9 .0
1 4 0 .1
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .5
1 .1
3 .9
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
4 .6
1 4 7 .7
1 4 9 .5
1 .2
5 .2
1 5 0 .4
1 .1
4 .8
1 .3
3 .3
1 .3
3 .2
p u b lic
u t i l i t i e s .............
_
s a n ita ry
_
se rv ic e s
r e t a i l t r a d e .................................
o c c u p a t i o n s .....................
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
..............................................................
o c c u p a tio n s
.................
_
_
s a le s
rea l e s ta te
_
_
....
-
o c c u p a t i o n s ....................
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
in d u s tr y
-
-
-
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
_
-
a n d
p er
ho u r
w o rk e d )
o f w a g e s , s a la rie s , a n d
p riv a te
in d u s try
m e asu re d
w o rk e rs
(e x c lu d in g
lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t (e x c lu d in g
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
in
th e
farm
4 .4
.8
3 .9
5 .6
1 .1
3 .9
.9
3 .9
.2
-
1 .7
7 .8
1 .6
5 .7
1 .2
4 .1
1 .7
-
1 .0
5 .8
1 .9
5 .4
1 .1
6 .2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1 .2
6 .9
1 3 5 .1
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .8
1 4 2 .4
1 4 3 .9
1 4 5 .9
1 4 7 .6
1 .2
4 .8
1 4 6 .3
1 4 9 .7
1 5 1 .1
1 5 3 .1
1 5 3 .6
1 5 7 .8
1 5 9 .6
1 6 1 .5
1 6 2 .5
.6
5 .8
1 6 4 .6
.5
6 .1
.7
4 .9
1 4 7 .5
1 5 1 .2
1 5 2 .7
1 5 4 .8
1 5 5 .2
1 5 9 .6
1 6 1 .8
1 6 3 .7
1 4 1 .3
1 4 3 .3
1 4 4 .3
1 4 5 .9
1 4 5 .9
1 4 8 .4
1 4 9 .1
1 5 1 .9
1 5 3 .0
1 5 5 .2
1 5 5 .6
1 6 0 .5
1 6 3 .0
1 6 4 .6
6 .4
1 5 3 .1
.5
1 5 1 .8
1 6 5 .5
1 4 7 .6
1 5 0 .3
1 5 0 .4
1 5 3 .2
1 5 5 .2
1 5 7 .2
5 .5
1 4 6 .3
1 .0
1 4 5 .1
1 5 8 .7
1 4 3 .3
1 .3
5 .9
E m p lo y m e n t
1 5 4 .1
1 5 6 .5
1 4 6 .4
C o st
In d ex
b e n e fits .
an d
1 .1
1 .5
1 3 7 .1
1 4 4 .7
e m p lo y e r c o s t o f e m p lo y e e
-
-
1 5 0 .7
a d m i n i s t r a t i o n 3 ............................................
3 .4
-
.8
1 3 6 .4
1 4 9 .1
s e c o n d a r y .................
1 .2
1 .5
-
s e r v i c e s .......................................................
S c h o o l s ................................................................................
-
-
d iv is io n :
o t h e r s e r v i c e s 4 ..............
_
-
o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
S e r v i c e s .....................................................................................
_
_
_
-
lo a n
lo c a l g o v e rn m e n t w o rk e r s
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
-
s e r v i c e s ......................................................
of
3 .6
1 .2
1 4 8 .8
s e r v i c e s .................................................................
an d
1 .0
1 4 5 .5
o t h e r c r e d i t a g e n c i e s ........................
C o n sist
-
1 4 6 .7
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s .....................................................
S ta te
-
1 4 3 .8
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s .................................................
2
-
1 4 5 .4
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g
and
_
_
_
-
1 4 2 .1
............................................................................
(c e n ts
4 .6
1 4 3 .5
H o s p i t a l s .................................................................................
C o st
.8
1 3 2 .9
_
S e r v i c e .............................................................................................
1
3 .1
4 .0
1 4 0 .2
s a le s
E le m e n ta ry
1 .0
1 .2
1 3 1 .9
I n s u r a n c e ................................................................................
H e a lth
3 .4
4 .3
1 4 1 .9
an d
H o s p ita ls a n d
3 .7
1 .3
1 .1
1 4 0 .0
B a n k in g , s a v in g s a n d
W o rk e rs, b y
1 4 6 .5
1 4 5 .4
1 4 3 .9
1 .2
1 3 1 .6
s t o r e s .....................................................................
W o rk e rs, b y
-
1 3 8 .4
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d
B u s in e s s
-
-
1 3 7 .7
tr a d e
E x c lu d in g
1 4 2 .2
1 4 0 .6
1 3 8 .9
1 3 7 .6
1 3 9 .1
s a le s
R e ta il tr a d e
1 4 0 .1
_
_
-
4 .8
1 3 6 .3
E le c tric , g a s , a n d
E x c lu d in g
1 3 8 .6
1 3 6 .5
1 .0
1 3 7 .4
C o m m u n i c a t i o n s .........................................................
W h o le s a le
_
_
_
_
-
..............................................................
P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s .......................................................................
a n d
1 3 5 .6
_
_
_
_
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .....................................................................
E x c lu d in g
-
o c c u p a t i o n s ......................
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g
W h o le s a le
-
1 3 0 .8
_
D u r a b l e s ......................................................................................
T ra n s p o rta tio n
-
1 3 0 .5
_
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .........................................................................
s a le s
-
d iv is io n :
o c c u p a t i o n s .......................
C o n s t r u c t i o n .............................................................................
E x c lu d in g
_
_
_
_
_
_
_
1 3 5 .9
1 3 5 .2
_
_
-
1 3 0 .6
_
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ...................................................................
in s is ts
5 .4
1 3 4 .1
1 2 9 .5
o c c u p a t i o n s .............................................................................................................
W o rk e rs, b y
P u b lic
-
1 3 3 .8
o c c u p a t i o n s ..................
H a n d le rs , e q u ip m e n t c le a n e r s , h e lp e rs , a n d
S ta te a n d
-
1 4 0 .5
-
r e p a i r o c c u p a t i o n ...............
M a c h in e o p e ra to r s , a s s e m b le r s ,
T ra n s p o rta tio n
H e a lth
-
1 3 9 .6
s u p p o r t o c c u p a t i o n s , in c lu d in g
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s .................................................................................................................
an d
-
1 3 7 .8
c l e r i c a l ................................................................................................................................................
F o o d
-
1 4 2 .3
_
_
t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s .................
E x e c u tiv e , a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d
S e rv ic e
-
o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ..........................................................................................................
S a le s
-
h o u s e h o ld
1 5 7 .3
1 5 6 .8
1 5 5 .5
1 5 9 .4
1 5 8 .9
1 5 7 .8
1 5 1 .2
1 5 0 .3
1 4 8 .1
of
1 6 3 .1
1 6 5 .7
1 6 7 .2
1 6 7 .8
.4
6 .7
6 .6
4 .4
1 6 5 .4
1 6 8 .3
1 6 9 .3
1 6 9 .9
.4
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .4
1 5 6 .7
1 5 7 .9
0 .8
3
C o n sist
4
I n c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p l e , lib ra ry , s o c ia l , a n d
le g is la tiv e ,
ju d ic ia l,
a d m in is tra tiv e ,
-
D a ta
h e a lth
an d
re g u la to ry
a c tiv itie s .
se rv ic e s .
n o t a v a ila b le .
w o rk e rs)
F e d e ra l G o v e rn m e n t) w o rk e rs .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
79
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group
(Ju n e
1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 )
1987
1988
1989
P e rce n t c h a n g e
S e rie s
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
Ju n e
3
12
m o n th s
m o n th s
e n d ed
e n d ed
Ju n e
C iv ilia n
w o rk e rs
1 .................................................................................................................
1 3 3 .5
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .1
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .7
1 4 0 .5
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .4
1 4 4 .6
1 3 7 .3
1 3 9 .4
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .5
1 4 3 .0
1 4 5 .2
1 4 6 .8
1 4 8 .6
1989
0 .8
4 .3
4 .8
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h ite -c o lla r w o rk e r s
.................................................................................................................
1 4 9 .8
.8
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ......................................................................................................................
1 2 7 .1
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .6
1 3 6 .0
1 .0
3 .3
S e rv ic e
1 3 4 .7
1 3 6 .0
1 3 6 .6
1 3 8 .0
1 3 9 .3
1 4 1 .8
1 4 2 .9
1 4 3 .9
1 4 4 .8
.6
3 .9
1 2 9 .8
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .2
3 .2
o c c u p a t i o n s ..................................................................................................................
W o rk e rs, b y
in d u s try
d iv is io n :
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ...............................................................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g
S e r v ic e s
H e a lth
1 2 8 .5
.........................................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
................................................................................................
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .7
1 .0
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .8
1 .0
3 .3
1 3 6 .5
1 3 8 .5
1 3 9 .2
1 4 0 .5
1 4 1 .9
1 4 4 .2
1 4 5 .8
1 4 7 .5
1 4 8 .7
.8
4 .8
1 4 3 .4
1 4 6 .8
1 4 8 .2
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .4
1 5 4 .0
1 5 5 .7
1 5 7 .4
1 5 8 .4
-
s e r v i c e s ...............................................................................................................
H o s p i t a l s .....................................................................................................................................
P u b lic a d m in is tr a tio n
2
................................................................................................
_
_
-
_
_
_
_
_
_
.6
1 1
5 .3
6
1
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .6
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .5
1 4 6 .4
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .4
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .8
.6
3 7
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g .........................................................................................................................
1 3 5 .2
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .8
1 3 9 .0
1 4 0 .5
1 4 2 .7
1 4 4 .1
1 4 5 .8
1 4 7 .0
.8
4 .6
P riv a te
1 3 1 .7
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .8
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .8
1 4 2 .2
1 .0
4 .1
1 3 5 .4
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .6
1 3 9 .0
1 4 0 .8
1 4 2 .4
1 4 4 .0
1 4 5 .9
1 4 7 .3
1 .0
4 .6
1 3 9 .1
1 4 1 .2
1 4 2 .6
1 4 4 .0
1 4 5 .8
1 4 8 .1
1 4 8 .9
1 5 1 .0
1 5 2 .1
.7
4 .3
in d u s try
w o r k e r s .....................................................................................
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ................................................................................................
P r o f e s s io n a l s p e c ia lty
an d
t e c h n i c a l o c c u p a t i o n s ...........
E x e c u tiv e , a d m in is tra tiv e , a n d
m a n a g e ria l
o c c u p a t i o n s .............................................................................................................
1 3 6 .4
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .9
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .5
1 4 4 .4
1 4 6 .2
1 4 7 .3
.8
4 .2
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .0
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .5
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .5
1 3 4 .4
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .7
1 .5
6 .0
c l e r i c a l ...........................................................................................................
1 3 5 .5
1 3 7 .1
1 3 8 .1
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .2
1 4 3 .2
1 4 4 .1
1 4 6 .0
1 4 7 .4
1 .0
4 .4
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ..................................................................................
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .4
1 .0
3 .3
1 2 8 .8
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .1
1 3 7 .8
1 .2
3 .3
i n s p e c t o r s ...............
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .5
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .9
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .9
1 .0
3 .6
o c c u p a t i o n s .............
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .7
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .7
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .7
.7
2 .6
1 2 2 .6
1 2 3 .7
1 2 5 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .6
.9
3 .2
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .6
1 3 9 .1
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .9
.6
3 .8
S a le s
o c c u p a t i o n s ...........................................................................................................
A d m in is tra tiv e
P re c is io n
s u p p o r t o c c u p a t i o n s , in c lu d in g
p ro d u c tio n , c ra ft, a n d
re p a ir
o c c u p a t i o n s ..............................................................................................
M a c h in e
o p e ra to r s , a s s e m b le r s ,
T ra n s p o rta tio n
an d
an d
m a te r ia l m o v in g
H a n d le rs , e q u ip m e n t c le a n e r s , h e lp e rs , a n d
l a b o r e r s .......................................................................................................
S e rv ic e
o c c u p a t i o n s ..............................................................................
W o rk e rs, b y
in d u s try
d iv is io n :
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ..........................................................................
C o n s tru c tio n
1 2 8 .3
.........................................................................
M a n u f a c t u r i n g .........................................................................
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .2
1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .1
1 3 7 .4
1 .0
3 .2
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .9
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .6
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .6
.9
3 .1
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .8
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .8
1 .0
3 .3
D u r a b l e s ..................................................................................................
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .9
1 3 7 .3
1 .0
3 .2
N o n d u r a b l e s .......................................................................
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .8
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .6
1 3 9 .1
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .6
1 .0
3 .6
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .5
1 3 9 .3
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .6
1 4 4 .5
1 4 5 .8
.9
4 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .0
_
_
1 3 0 .2
_
_
1 3 1 .3
_
_
1 3 2 .5
_
_
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .3
.5
2 .1
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .9
1 3 4 .6
1 3 6 .0
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g .................................................................
T ra n s p o rta tio n
an d
p u b lic
u t i l i t i e s ............................................................
T r a n s p o r t a t i o n .......................................................................
P u b lic
u t i l i t i e s ...................................................................
W h o le s a le
an d
W h o le s a le
r e t a i l t r a d e ..................................................................................
tr a d e
......................................................
R e t a i l t r a d e ............................................................................
F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d
r e a l e s t a t e .....................................................
S e r v i c e s ..............................................................................
H e a lth
s e rv ic e s
l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s ........................
_
1 3 6 .9
1 3 8 .6
6
1 9
.5
2 5
3 .9
1 3 9 .9
.9
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .5
1 3 9 .0
1 4 1 .7
1 4 3 .2
1 4 3 .6
1 4 7 .5
1 4 9 .0
1 .0
5 .2
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .8
1 2 7 .7
1 2 9 .2
1 3 1 .7
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .3
.9
3 .5
1 3 1 .5
1 3 1 .8
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .9
1 3 9 .9
1 4 2 .7
1 4 5 .2
1 .8
7 .6
1 4 2 .8
1 4 5 .9
1 4 7 .1
1 4 8 .6
1 4 9 .8
1 5 2 .9
1 5 4 .4
1 5 6 .4
1 5 7 .8
.9
5 .3
.9
5 .9
1 .1
6 .4
.9
4 .4
-
-
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..........................................................
a n d
1 2 9 .9
-
......................................................................................................
H o s p i t a l s .........................................................................................
S ta te
-
-
1 3 2 .8
1 3 4 .2
1 4 2 .8
1 4 4 .1
-
_
-
-
_
-
1 3 4 .8
1 3 6 .0
1 4 6 .1
1 4 7 .4
1 4 8 .7
1 4 9 .1
1 4 7 .7
1 4 9 .3
1 5 0 .5
1 5 0 .8
1 3 7 .8
_
-
1 3 9 .4
_
-
_
-
-
1 4 0 .8
1 4 2 .6
1 5 3 .0
1 5 4 .5
1 5 5 .8
1 5 6 .6
.5
5 .0
1 5 4 .9
1 5 6 .8
1 5 8 .0
1 5 8 .7
.4
5 .2
.5
4 .0
1 4 3 .9
W o rk e rs , b y o c c u p a tio n a l g ro u p :
W h i t e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ............................................................
B l u e - c o l l a r w o r k e r s ............................................................
W o rk e rs, b y
S e rv ic e s
in d u s try
H o s p ita ls a n d
H e a lth
o th e r s e rv ic e s
3 ..............................................................
s e r v i c e s ...........................................................................
S c h o o l s ...........................................................................................
E le m e n ta r y
an d
s e c o n d a r y .......................................................
P u b lic a d m in is tr a tio n
C o n s is ts
an d
2
80
S ta te
an d
C o n s is ts
of
p riv a te
2 ...............................................................................
in d u s try
w o rk e rs
(e x c lu d in g
lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t (e x c lu d in g
of
le g is la tiv e ,
ju d ic ia l,
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .6
1 4 1 .1
1 4 1 .1
1 4 3 .5
1 4 4 .1
1 4 6 .1
1 4 6 .8
1 4 8 .2
1 4 9 .5
1 5 0 .7
1 5 1 .1
1 5 5 .6
1 5 7 .6
1 5 8 .6
1 5 9 .3
1 3 9 .4
1 4 1 .2
1 4 2 .2
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .7
1 4 7 .4
1 4 8 .7
1 5 0 .2
1 5 1 .5
farm
an d
-
_
an d
_
_
_
.4
5 .4
.9
4 .7
1 1
5 9
1 4 5 .6
1 5 0 .3
1 5 1 .8
1 5 2 .6
1 5 3 .0
1 5 8 .0
1 4 6 .6
1 5 2 .0
1 5 3 .4
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .3
1 5 9 .7
1 6 2 .1
1 6 2 .8
1 6 3 .3
.3
5 .8
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .6
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .5
1 4 6 .4
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .4
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .8
.6
3 .7
h o u s e h o ld
w o rk e rs)
F e d e ra l G o v e rn m e n t) w o rk e rs .
a d m in is tra tiv e ,
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 3 6 .9
1 4 4 .2
d iv is io n :
.....................................................................................
r e g u la to ry
a c tiv itie s .
1 6 0 .3
3
I n c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p l e , lib ra ry , s o c ia l a n d
-
D a ta
n o t a v a ila b le .
1 6 1 .2
h e a lth
1 6 1 .7
se rv ic e s,
.3
5 .7
24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size
(Ju n e
1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 )
P e rce n t c h an g e
1989
1987
12
3
m o n th s
m o n th s
S e rie s
Ju n e
M a r.
D ec.
S e p t.
Ju n e
S e p t.
M a r.
D ec.
e n d ed
e n d ed
Ju n e
Ju n e
1989
C O M P E N S A T IO N
W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s '
U n io n
..........................................................................................................................
G o o d s -p ro d u c in g
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .4
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .7
1 4 1 .1
1 .0
1 2 9 .5
1 3 1 .3
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .2
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .4
1 .1
3 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 3 5 .9
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 3 9 .4
1 4 0 .5
1 4 0 .9
1 4 2 .6
1 4 3 .9
.9
3 .2
1 3 5 .2
1 .0
3 .7
2 .5
..................................................................................
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g
...........................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............................................................................
N o n u n i o n ...............................................................................................................
G o o d s - p r o d u c i n g ..................................................................................
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g ................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g
...........................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ..............................................................................
W o rk e rs , b y re g io n
S o u th
........................................................................................................
M id w e s t (fo rm e rly
W
N o rth
C e n t r a l ) ....................
e s t ...........................................................................................................
W o rk e rs , b y a r e a s iz e
M e tro p o lita n
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .5
1 3 1 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .0
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .9
1 4 1 .3
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .6
1 3 8 .9
1 3 9 .5
1 4 1 .0
1 .1
1 3 4 .6
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .9
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .7
1 4 2 .2
1 4 3 .9
1 4 6 .0
1 4 7 .7
1 .2
5 .0
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .1
1 3 6 .2
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .7
1 3 9 .9
1 4 1 .6
1 4 3 .2
1 .1
3 .9
1 4 4 .4
1 4 6 .3
1 4 8 .6
1 5 0 .5
1 .3
5 .6
1 4 0 .1
1 4 1 .3
1 4 3 .1
1 4 4 .8
1 .2
4 .0
5 .4
6 .6
1 3 6 .4
1 3 7 .9
1 3 8 .6
1 4 0 .5
1 4 2 .5
1 3 3 .2
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 3 7 .8
1 3 9 .2
1 3 5 .3
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .5
1 3 9 .4
1 4 1 .5
1 4 3 .2
1 4 5 .0
1 4 7 .3
1 4 9 .1
1 .2
1 3 8 .6
1 4 0 .3
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .7
1 4 5 .9
1 4 7 .8
1 5 0 .4
1 5 3 .5
1 5 5 .5
1 .3
1 3 4 .2
1 3 5 .4
1 3 7 .1
1 3 9 .3
1 4 0 .4
1 4 1 .3
1 4 2 .7
1 4 4 .1
1 .0
3 .4
1 3 3 .2
1 4 0 .9
1 .1
4 .0
1
N o r t h e a s t ..............................................................................................
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .7
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 3 9 .3
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .3
1 3 8 .3
1 3 9 .5
1 4 0 .6
1 4 1 .5
1 4 3 .2
1 4 4 .9
1 .2
3 .9
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .8
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .5
1 4 2 .0
1 4 3 .6
1 4 5 .6
1 4 7 .4
1 .2
4 .9
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .6
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .3
'
a r e a s .....................................................................
O t h e r a r e a s ...........................................................................................
3 .1
.6
2.1
.8
2.6
W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S
W o rk e rs , b y b a rg a in in g s ta tu s 1
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .4
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .5
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .4
1.1
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .4
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .7
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .4
.4
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .0
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .6
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .0
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .0
1 3 4 .4
1.1
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .5
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .2
1 3 2 .8
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .4
1 3 8 .1
1 3 9 .5
1 4 1 .1
1 4 2 .9
1 4 4 .4
1 2 9 .6
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .6
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .7
1 3 6 .8
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .5
1 3 4 .6
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 4 0 .0
1 4 1 .8
1 4 3 .6
1 4 5 .6
1 4 7 .2
S e rv ic e -p ro d u c in g
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .7
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .9
M a n u fa c tu rin g
1 3 1 .5
1 4 1 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .9
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .8
1 3 8 .8
1 4 0 .4
1 4 2 .2
1 4 4 .1
U n io n
...........................................................................................................................
G o o d s -p ro d u c in g
...................................................................................
S e r v i c e - p r o d u c i n g .................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g
............................................................................................
N o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...............................................................................
N o n u n i o n .............................
G o o d s - p ro d u c in g
.
.........
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g
W o rk e rs , b y re g io n
1
W
1 4 2 .9
1 4 4 .6
1 4 7 .3
150.1
152.0
1 3 4 .0
1 3 6 .1
1 3 7 .1
1 3 7 .8
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .0
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .6
1 2 9 .9
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .1
1 3 3 .3
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .9
C e n t r a l ) ........................
O t h e r a r e a s ...................
1
T h e
6 .4
1 4 0 .9
1 3 3 .0
in d e x e s
g ro u p s.
a re
F or
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
c a lc u la te d
a
d e ta ile d
d iffe re n tly
d e s c r ip tio n
fro m
of
th o s e
th e
fo r
in d e x
th e
3 .4
4 .9
.8
2 .9
1.0
3 .6
3 .5
.9
1 3 1 .1
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .5
1 3 4 .9
1 3 6 .0
1 3 7 .4
1 3 8 .1
1 3 9 .4
1 4 0 .7
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .3
1 3 8 .7
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .9
1 4 3 .4
4 .4
1 3 2 .4
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .9
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .6
1 3 5 .2
1 .7
1 2 7 .8
W o rk e rs, b y a re a s iz e 1
in d u s try
1.3
1 3 9 .7
a re a s
4 .6
1 4 5 .6
1 3 2 .1
M e tro p o lita n
1.0
5 .1
1 3 8 .3
e s t ...............................................................................................................
2.2
3 .3
1 3 1 .1
N o rth
3 .1
.6
1.1
1.1
1.0
1 3 6 .6
M id w e s t (fo rm e rly
2.2
.9
............................................................................................................
N o r t h e a s t .................................................................................................
S o u th
2 .9
o c c u p a tio n
c a lc u la tio n ,
s e e
an d
Monthly Labor Review
th e
E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x ,”
T e c h n ic a l
M ay
N o te ,
" E s tim a tio n
p ro c e d u re s
fo r
th e
1982.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
81
Current Labor Statistics: Compensation & Industrial Relations
25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, private
industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent)
A nnual a v erag e
Q u a rte rly
M e asu re
a v erag e
1988
1989
S p e c ifie d a d ju s tm e n ts :
T o ta l c o m p e n s a tio n
c o v e rin g
5 ,0 0 0
1 a d ju s tm e n ts ,
w o rk e rs o r m o re:
F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ...............................
3 .0
3 .1
2 .5
3 .4
A n n u a l r a te
2.6
2 .5
2.1
2 .4
1.8
1.8
W ag e
o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t
a d ju s tm e n ts , s e ttle m e n ts
c o v e rin g
3 .1
3 .4
3 .5
3 .2
5 .0
2 .4
3 .2
2.1
3 .4
3 .4
2.6
2 .7
2.6
3 .2
3 .9
3 .1
3 .3
1 ,0 0 0
w o rk e rs o r m o re:
F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ....................................................................................
2 .2
2 .5
2 .1
2 .4
2.1
A n n u a l r a te
2 .1
2 .4
2 .0
1.8
2 .3
o v e r l i f e o f c o n t r a c t .................................................
2.2
2.8
2.2
E f fe c tiv e a d ju s tm e n ts :
T o ta l e ffe c tiv e w a g e
F ro m
s e ttle m e n ts
D eferred
fro m
a d j u s t m e n t 3 .................................................
rea ch e d
s e ttle m e n ts
in p e r i o d
re a c h e d
.....................................
1
c o s t - o f - l i v i n g - a d j u s t m e n t s c l a u s e s ..........................
C o m p e n s a tio n
b e n e fits w h e n
2
82
in c lu d e s
w ag es,
2 .6
.9
.8
.4
.9
.8
.5
.5
.7
.7
.2
.3
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.3
1 .8
1 .3
.6
.3
.3
.5
.4
.2
.3
.1
.2
.5
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
s a la rie s ,
an d
.6
.5
e m p lo y e rs ’
c o st
of
e m p lo y e e
c o n t r a c t is n e g o tia t e d .
A d ju s tm e n ts
a re
th e
n e t
re su lt
c o m p e n s a tio n
3
of
in c re a s e s ,
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .0
in e a r l i e r
p e r i o d s ..............................................................................................................................
F ro m
3 .1
d e c re a se s,
an d
no
c h a n g e s
in
p
B e c a u se
=
or w ag e s.
o f ro u n d in g , to ta l m a y
p r e lim in a ry .
no t eq u al su m
o f p a rts .
26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, major collective bargaining settlements in private
industry situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
A v e ra g e fo r fo u r q u a rte rs
S p e c ifie d
to ta l c o m p e n s a tio n
a d ju s tm e n ts , s e ttle m e n ts c o v e rin g
IV P
III
II
I
IV
III
1989
1988
1987
M e asu re
e n d in g --
IF
F
5 ,0 0 0
w o r k e r s o r m o r e , a ll in d u s t r ie s :
F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ..................................................................................................................................................
2 .7
3 .0
3 .1
3 .0
3 .1
3 .1
3 .3
3 .8
A n n u a l ra te
2 .6
2 .6
2 .5
2 .3
2 .5
2 .5
2 .6
3 .0
2 .7
S p e c ifie d
o v e r l i f e o f c o n t r a c t .................................................................................................................
w ag e
a d ju s tm e n ts , s e ttle m e n ts
c o v e rin g
1 ,0 0 0
w o rk e rs o r
m o re:
A ll i n d u s t r i e s :
F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .....................................................................................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith
C O LA
c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................
2 .2
2 .4
2 .4
2 .5
2 .5
2 .3
2 .2
2 .4
2 .4
2 .4
2 .4
2 .2
3 .4
2 .9
.............................................................................................
2 .0
2 .1
2 .5
2 .4
2 .6
2 .7
2 .9
o v e r l i f e o f c o n t r a c t ..................................................... .............................................
2 .2
2 .1
2 .2
2 .0
2 .2
2 .4
2 .5
1 .7
1 .5
1 .4
1 .5
1 .5
1 .8
1 .8
1 .8
2 .5
2 .5
2 .7
2 .5
2 .8
2 .8
2 .9
3 .2
1 .1
2 .1
2 .4
2 .5
2 .6
2 .2
2 .2
2 .6
2 .1
2 .4
2 .4
2 .5
2 .4
2 .1
2 .1
2 .0
2 .5
C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A
A n n u a l ra te
3 .2
2 .0
2 .1
C o n t r a c t s w ith
C O LA
c la u s e s
c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................
C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A
c la u s e s
.............................................................................................
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ......................................................................................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith
C O L A
c l a u s e s ......................................................................................... ..............
1 .3
2 .4
3 .0
2 .5
2 .5
3 .1
1 .0
1 .3
1 .5
1 .6
1 .9
2 .1
2 .1
2 .4
1 .0
1 .0
1 .0
1 .3
1 .4
1 .8
1 .8
1 .7
.............................................................................................
1 .2
2 .1
2 .7
2 .5
3 .1
2 .6
2 .8
3 .1
......................................................................................................................................
2 .4
2 .3
2 .3
2 .3
2 .4
2 .8
3 .0
3 .5
c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................
2 .1
1 .9
1 .6
2 .2
2 .4
2 .9
2 .9
2 .9
C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A
A n n u a l r a te
- .1
....................................................................... ............................................................................
c la u s e s
o v e r l i f e o f c o n t r a c t ......................................................................................... • ........
C o n t r a c t s w ith
C O L A
c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................
C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A
c la u s e s
N o n m a n u fa c tu rin g :
F irst y e a r o f c o n tra c t
C o n t r a c t s w ith
C O L A
.............................................................................................
2 .6
2 .4
2 .5
2 .4
2 .5
2 .7
3 .0
3 .5
o v e r l i f e o f c o n t r a c t ....................................................................................................
2 .8
2 .7
2 .7
2 .4
2 .4
2 .5
2 .7
3 .2
1 .7
2 .3
3 .0
3 .3
C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A
A n n u a l ra te
C o n t r a c t s w ith
C O LA
c la u s e s
c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................
C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A
c la u s e s
.............................................................................................
2 .4
2 .7
2 .4
1 .9
1 .8
1 .7
2 .9
2 .7
2 .7
2 .6
2 .7
2 .8
C o n s tru c tio n :
C o n t r a c t s w ith
C O L A
c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................
C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A
A n n u a l ra te
c la u s e s
C O L A
c l a u s e s ........................................................................................................
C o n tr a c ts w ith o u t C O L A
1
D a ta d o
B e tw e e n
c la u s e s
n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n
- 0 .0 5
an d
0 .0 5
.............................................................................................
0 )
( ')
3 .1
3 .1
3 .2
( ')
s ta n d a rd s .
p
=
2 .1
2 .2
2 .4
2 .7
2 .4
2 .6
2 .7
2 .9
( 2)
2 .9
2 .7
2 .6
2 .4
2 .4
(2)
( 2)
( 2)
2 .7
( ')
( 1)
O
( 2>
( 2)
( 2)
2 .6
( 2)
( ')
( 1)
2 .4
2 .4
2 .2
2 .1
(2)
( 2)
( 1)
O
( ')
o v e r l i f e o f c o n t r a c t ....................................................................................................
C o n t r a c t s w ith
2
.............................................................................................
( 1)
2 .6
2 .9
2 .9
3 .0
F i r s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ......................................................................................................................................
p r e lim in a ry .
p e rc e n t.
27. Average effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000
workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent)
A v erag e
E ffe c tiv e w a g e
a d ju s tm e n t
fo r fo u r q u a rte rs
e n d in g -
1989
1988
1987
IV
I
II
III
IV P
3 .1
3 .2
3 .0
2 .9
2 .6
IF
P
F o r a ll w o r k e r s : 1
T o t a l ......................................................................................................................................................................................................
F ro m
2 .8
.8
1 .0
1 .0
.7
.7
.7
..............................................
1 .8
1 .8
1 .6
1 .4
1 .3
1 .3
1 .3
c o s t - o f - l i v i n g - a d j u s t m e n t s c l a u s e s ....................................................................................
.5
.5
.5
.5
.6
.6
.8
3 .6
3 .8
3 .7
3 .5
3 .3
3 .5
3 .7
2 .9
2 .9
2 .9
2 .9
3 .1
3 .2
3 .5
3 .0
3 .2
3 .2
2 .7
2 .9
3 .2
D eferred
F ro m
2 .7
.7
s e ttle m e n ts
fro m
rea ch e d
s e ttle m e n ts
in p e r i o d
rea ch e d
...............................................................................................
in e a r l i e r p e r i o d
F o r w o rk e r s re c e iv in g c h a n g e s :
T o t a l ......................................................................................................................................................................................................
F ro m
s e ttle m e n ts
1
in p e r i o d
...............................................................................................
..............................................
3 .3
3 .3
3 .3
3 .0
c o s t - o f - l i v i n g - a d j u s t m e n t s c l a u s e s ....................................................................................
2 .6
2 .7
2 .3
2 .5
D eferred
F ro m
rea ch e d
fro m
B e c a u se
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s e ttle m e n ts
rea ch e d
o f ro u n d in g , to ta l m a y
in e a r l i e r p e r i o d
n o t eq u al su m
o f p a rts .
p
=
p r e lim in a ry .
Mdnthly Labor Review September 1989
83
Current Labor Statistics:
Compensation & Industrial Relations
28. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, State and
local government collective baraainina situation« rnvorinn 1 nnn umri/an, » .
____ i>
A nnual a v erag e
M e asu re
S p e c ifie d
1 a d ju s tm e n ts , 2 s e ttle m e n ts
F irst y e a r o f c o n tra c t
A n n u a l r a te
4 .8
5 .3
5 .1
4 .7
5 .1
5 .3
4 .7
1989
a d ju s tm e n ts , s e ttle m e n ts
F irst y e a r o f c o n tra c t
c o v e rin g
5 ,0 0 0
w o rk e rs o r m o re:
.................................
o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t
A n n u a l r a te
E ffe c tiv e
1988
a d ju s tm e n ts :
T o ta l c o m p e n s a tio n
W ag e
1987
.4 .3
..
c o v e rin g
1 ,0 0 0
4 .4
w o rk e rs o r m o re:
.................................
o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t
...
a d ju s tm e n ts :
T o ta l e ff e c tiv e w a g e
a d ju s tm e n t3
4 .9
F ro m
s e ttle m e n ts
D eferred
F ro m
fro m
rea ch e d
s e ttle m e n ts
in
at
iu cnifjiuycia
uuat ui employee
(4)
(4)
B e c a u se
o f ro u n d in g , to ta l m a y
n o t eq u al su m
.5
1 .1
(4 )
o f p a rts .
c o n t r a c t is n e g o t i a t e d .
L ess
A d ju s tm e n ts
c o m p e n s a tio n
2 .3
2 .4
...
>----------- -------------- 2
2 .7
2 .2
in e a r l i e r p e r i o d s
c o s t- o f- liv in g - a d ju s tm e n t c la u s e s
b e n e fits w h e n
1 .6
p e r i o d .........
rea ch e d
a re
th e
n e t
re su lt
of
in c re a s e s ,
d e c re a se s,
an d
no
c h a n g e s
th a n
0 .0 5
p e rc e n t.
in
or w ag es.
29. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more
A n n u a l to ta ls
-------------------
1988
-
M e asu re
1987
1988
J u ly
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Ja n .
F eb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
Ju n e
J u ly
—
N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s :
B e g in n in g
i n p e r i o d ........................................
In e f f e c t d u r in g
p e r i o d ........................
4 6
40
51
43
7
14
18
14
5
0
3
0
2
4
7
0
4
1
4
2
4
8
13
5
9
W o r k e r s in v o lv e d :
B e g in n in g
in p e r i o d
( in
t h o u s a n d s ) .............................................
In e f f e c t d u r in g
p e rio d
D ays
1 7 4 .3
1 1 8 .3
2 1 .0
4 .0
8 .6
2 .3
.0
7 .4
.0
3 0 .3
6 .6
5 4 .7
.0
4 3 .3
2 1 4 .6
1 2 1 .9
4 7 .4
3 4 .0
2 5 .9
1 0 .6
2 .5
9 .9
7 .7
3 7 .0
4 3 .6
9 4 .3
4 4 .7
1 4 5 .0
1 5 2 .7
1 3 7 .8
9 4 9 .6
1 ,0 6 4 .2
1 ,2 2 7 .1
9 3 8 .2
1 ,3 6 3 .5
.0 1
.0 4
.0 5
.0 5
.0 4
( in
t h o u s a n d s ) ..........................................
id le :
N u m b e r ( i n t h o u s a n d s ) ...............
P e r c e n t o f e s tim a te d
tim e '
4 ,3 6 4 .3
.0 2
.0 2
........................................
-
v*
w o rk in g
4 ,4 6 8 .8
tim e :
p riv a te
7 2 5 .9
7 1 3 .1
2 9 3 .2
7 7 .9
5 2 .5
.0 1
.0 4
.0 2
w o rk in g
-------
j
------1------ --------~
h o u s e h o ld , fo re s try , a n d
■■
.0 2 j
III I I i w i a i
f is h e ry
e m p lo y e e s
a re
c m p iu y c u
e x c lu d e d .
a ilU
A n
lU ld l
p p . 5 4 -5 6 .
e x p la p
n a tio n
in
84
o f th e
m e a s u r e m e n t o f id le n e s s
“ T o ta l e c o n o m y ’ m e a s u re
M o n th ly L a b o r R e v ie w
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o f s trik e
a s
a
p e rc e n ta g e
id le n e s s ,”
o f th e
to ta l tim e
Monthly Labor Review,
S e p te m b e r 1 9 8 9
w o rk e d
O c to b e r
is f o u n d
1968,
=
p re lim in a ry
.0 1
.0 4
30. Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
(1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 1 0 0 ,
u n le s s o th e rw is e
in d ic a te d )
1988
A n n u al
av era g e
S e rie s
J u ly
1987
CO N SU M ER
A ll i t e m s ( 1 9 6 7 =
a n d
100)
b e v e ra g e s
..........................................
F o o d .......................................................................................
F o o d
a t h o m e .....................................................
C e re a ls
an d
b a k ery
p r o d u c ts
M e a ts , p o u ltr y , fis h , a n d
D a iry
..
e g g s .
p r o d u c t s ...............................................
F ru its a n d
v e g e t a b l e s ..........................
O t h e r f o o d s a t h o m e ...........................
S u g ar an d
F a ts
an d
s w e e t s ...............................
o i l s ...............................................
N o n a lc o h o lic
b e v e r a g e s ............
O th e r p r e p a re d
F o o d
aw ay
A lc o h o lic
H o u s in g
fro m
f o o d s ....................
h o m e
.........................
b e v e r a g e s ......................................
........................................................................................................................
S h e l t e r .......................................................................................................................
R e n te rs ’ c o s ts
( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................
R e n t , r e s i d e n t i a l ................................................................................
O th e r r e n te r s ’ c o s ts
H o m e o w n e rs ' c o s ts
...................................................................
( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .............................
O w n e r s ’ e q u i v a l e n t r e n t ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ...........
H o u se h o ld
in s u ra n c e
M a in te n a n c e
an d
M a in te n a n c e
F uel an d
(1 2 /8 2 =
1 0 0 ) ....................
r e p a i r s ..........................................................
an d
M a in te n a n c e
F u e ls
re p a ir s e r v ic e s
an d
...........................
r e p a i r c o m m o d i t i e s ...............
o t h e r u t i l i t i e s .......................................................................
......................................................................................................................
F u e l o il, c o a l , a n d
G as
(p ip e d ) a n d
O th e r u tilitie s a n d
H o u se h o ld
b o ttle d
g a s ....................................
e le c tric ity
p u b l i c s e r v i c e s ...............................
f u rn is h in g s a n d
H o u se k e e p in g
o p e r a t i o n s ......................
s u p p l i e s ...............................................................
H o u se k e e p in g
A p p arel a n d
s e r v i c e s ...............................................................
u p k e ep
................................................................................
Apparel commodities .........................................
M e n ’s a n d
W o m e n ’s
b o y s ’ a p p a r e l ........................................................
an d
In fa n ts ' a n d
g ir ls ’ a p p a r e l
...............................................
t o d d l e r s ’ a p p a r e l ..........................................
F o o t w e a r .......................................................... ’• .............................................
O t h e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s .................................................
A p p a r e l s e r v i c e s .......................................................................................
T ra n s p o rta tio n
N ew
U sed
..................................................................................................
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .........................................................................
v e h i c l e s .............................................................................................
N ew
N ov.
J an.
D ec.
F eb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
J u ly
J
c a r s ...................................................................................................
c a rs
.....................................................................................................
M o to r f u e l
.....................................................................................................
M a in te n a n c e
an d
O th e r p riv a te
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .............................................
O th e r p riv a te
O th e r p riv a te tr a n s p o rta tio n
P u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .........................................................................
M e d i c a l c a r e .............................................................
M e d ic a l c a r e
M e d ic a l c a r e
c o m m o d itie s
..............
s e r v i c e s ............................
P r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s ........................
H o s p ita l a n d
r e la te d
se rv ic e s
E n t e r t a i n m e n t ..............................................
E n te rta in m e n t c o m m o d itie s
E n t e r t a i n m e n t s e r v i c e s .............
O th e r g o o d s
T o b ac co
an d
se rv ic e s
p r o d u c ts
..............................................................
..................................................................................
P e r s o n a l c a r e ................................................................................................
T o ile t g o o d s
an d
p e rso n a l c a re
a p p lia n c e s
Personal care services...................................
P e rso n a l a n d
e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e n s e s ............................
S ch o o l b o o k s
P erso n al an d
an d
s u p p l i e s .................................................
e d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s ..........................
fo o tn o te s a t e n d
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .6
3 5 8 .9
3 6 0 .1
3 6 0 .5
3 6 0 .9
33 6 2 . 7
3 6 4 .1
3 6 6 .2
3 6 8 .8
3 7 2 .7
3 5 6 .6
3 7 0 .8
3 5 4 .9
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .6
1 2 2 .0
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .4
1 1 9 .4
1 2 4 .0
1 1 8 .8
1 2 3 .3
1 1 8 .2
1 2 2 .7
1 1 3 .5
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .7
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .9
1 2 5 .5
1 1 9 .4
1 2 4 .9
1 1 8 .8
1 2 4 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 2 3 .5
1 1 3 .5
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 1 6 .6
1 1 8 .1
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .1
1 2 1 .2
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .7
1 1 1 .9
1 1 7 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 3 1 .5
1 3 3 .3
1 2 4 .0
1 3 0 .4
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .1
1 2 9 .7
1 1 4 .8
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .4
1 1 6 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .1
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .2
1 2 0 .7
121.6
1 1 6 .5
1 2 0 .6
1 1 4 .3
1 2 0 .5
1 1 0 .5
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .6
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .6
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .1
1 0 8 .2
1 1 3 .8
1 0 7 .6
1 1 4 .1
1 0 8 .4
1 1 3 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 4 0 .1
1 1 9 .1
1 2 8 .1
1 1 9 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .9
1 3 3 .2
1 3 1 .7
1 2 9 .5
1 3 4 .8
1 3 1 .0
1 3 7 .1
1 3 5 .7
1 3 8 .0
1 4 2 .7
1 1 9 .0
1 1 8 .9
1 1 0 .5
1 1 3 .1
1 1 3 .1
1 1 3 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .8
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .3
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .1
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .9
1 1 6 .7
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 1 4 .0
1 1 8 .0
1 1 1 .0
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .9
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .1
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .6
1 1 2 .6
1 2 1 .6
1 1 3 .1
1 2 0 .4
120.1
121.6
1 0 8 .1
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .1
1 0 8 .2
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .6
1 1 1 .3
1 1 1 .3
1 1 2 .3
1 0 7 .0
1 1 1 .5
1 0 7 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 1 1 .8
1 0 7 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .9
1 2 3 .0
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .9
1 1 8 .3
1 2 5 .2
1 1 8 .0
1 2 3 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .7
1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .3
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .5
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .1
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .2
1 1 4 .1
1 1 8 .6
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .3
1 2 1 .1
1 2 7 .8
1 1 9 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .1
1 2 2 .9
1 2 3 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 2 2 .1
1 1 9 .1
1 2 1 .6
1 1 8 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 1 4 .2
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .3
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .8
1 3 3 .6
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .4
1 3 2 .3
1 2 7 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 2 7 .1
1 3 1 .2
1 2 1 .3
1 3 4 .7
1 3 4 .8
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .1
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .9
1 4 1 .5
1 3 5 .6
1 3 8 .7
1 3 4 .7
1 3 7 .8
1 3 3 .6
1 3 8 .6
1 2 8 .1
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .8
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .9
1 3 2 .3
1 3 3 .0
1 2 9 .1
1 3 1 .7
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .4
1 3 1 .4
1 2 7 .8
1 3 1 .1
1 2 3 .1
1 3 4 .8
1 3 1 .1
1 3 0 .0
1 3 2 .7
1 3 6 .2
1 5 0 .5
1 3 5 .5
1 4 1 .5
1 4 1 .3
1 3 9 .7
1 3 9 .2
1 4 0 .7
1 3 4 .8
1 4 4 .7
1 2 7 .4
1 3 7 .3
1 2 4 .8
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .8
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 3 4 .4
1 3 4 .7
1 3 5 .0
1 3 5 .4
1 3 6 .2
1 3 6 .5
1 3 5 .1
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .7
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1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .1
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1 3 4 .8
1 3 0 .4
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .6
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1 3 1 .2
1 3 3 .1
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1 3 2 .8
1 3 0 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .4
1 2 9 .0
1 3 1 .3
1 2 4 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .4
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .1
1 1 7 .1
1 1 8 .4
1 1 5 .3
1 1 8 .3
1 1 5 .0
1 1 7 .4
1 1 4 .5
1 1 7 .3
1 1 4 .7
1 1 7 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 1 7 .9
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .1
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .4
121.1
1 1 4 .8
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .9
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .2
121.0
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .7
1 1 5 .0
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .7
1 1 1 .6
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .4
1 1 3 .8
1 0 7 .8
1 1 0 .1
1 1 4 .1
1 0 5 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 5 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 5 .9
1 0 9 .7
1 0 6 .4
1 0 9 .2
1 0 6 .1
1 0 7 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 6 .2
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .9
1 0 3 .0
9 8 .6
9 6 .8
9 7 .4
9 8 .7
9 8 .6
1 0 3 .7
1 0 1 .0
1 0 3 .2
1 0 0 .9
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .8
9 8 .8
9 8 .0
9 8 .5
9 7 .3
7 4 .6
7 5 .0
7 6 .8
8 0 .5
8 1 .4
8 1 .5
7 9 .7
7 5 .9
8 0 .2
7 6 .3
8 2 .5
7 8 .1
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8 1 .5
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1 1 0 .5
111.1
1 0 4 .6
1 0 8 .1
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .5
1 0 5 .8
1 0 3 .7
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .9
1 0 4 .8
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1 0 6 .1
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .1
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1 1 0 .3
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111.1
1 1 1 .4
1 0 9 .7
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1 1 0 .7
1 0 7 .1
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1 0 6 .1
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1 0 5 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .0
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121.2
1 2 1 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .3
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1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .3
1 0 5 .7
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1 1 4 .7
1 1 5 .2
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .5
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1 2 4 .4
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .5
1 1 0 .6
1 1 4 .3
1 1 5 .0
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1 1 5 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 1 5 .9
1 1 6 .6
1 1 6 .8
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1 1 5 .1
1 1 7 .1
1 2 0 .7
1 1 9 .9
1 1 8 .0
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .3
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1 1 7 .8
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1 2 0 .4
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1 1 0 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 9 .3
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1 1 9 .3
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1 1 6 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 1 5 .8
1 1 2 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 1 8 .6
1 1 3 .7
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1 1 9 .3
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1 0 9 .1
1 1 3 .4
1 1 1 .9
1 1 5 .2
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .2
1 1 7 .3
114.7
.
1 1 1 .6
115.9
1 1 5 .1
1 1 4 .2
1 1 5 .9
117.2
117.8
1 1 9 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 1 9 .5
1 1 4 .8
1 0 9 .6
1 2 5 .4
1 2 3 .9
1 1 7 .9
1 1 4 .0
1 1 3 .4
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1 1 0 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 0 9 .8
1 0 9 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 2 1 .9
1 2 0 .2
1 1 6 .5
1 1 1 .6
1 1 1 .4
1 1 6 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .0
1 1 8 .1
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .3
1 1 5 .6
1 1 8 .5
1 2 3 .6
1 1 2 .1
1 1 6 .4
1 1 8 .8
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1 0 7 .4
1 1 2 .2
1 1 5 .9
1 1 4 .5
1 1 3 .5
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .9
1 0 8 .2
1 1 5 .3
1 0 5 .1
1 0 9 .9
1 1 4 .1
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1 2 2 .5
..
1 0 8 .0
1 1 6 .0
121.6
1 3 0 .0
1 2 9 .4
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .2
1 2 3 .7
1 2 3 .4
1 2 4 .0
1 0 5 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .6
1 0 4 .2
1 0 7 .6
1 0 7 .8
1 0 8 .6
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1 1 9 .6
..
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1 1 7 .4
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .2
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .5
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .9
1 1 9 .1
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .3
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .1
1 1 1 .6
1 1 1 .9
1 1 4 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .9
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1 0 9 .7
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1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 1 3 .6
1 1 5 .0
1 1 4 .9
1 1 4 .3
1 0 8 .6
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .9
1 1 8 .5
1 2 4 .4
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1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .1
1 1 5 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .1
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1 1 9 .6
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1 1 6 .8
1 1 9 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .3
1 1 9 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 1 9 .6
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1 1 9 .9
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 2 1 .0
121.1
1 1 7 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 1 3 .1
1 1 8 .0
1 2 0 .5
..
9 6 .0
9 4 .4
8 0 .2
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c o m m o d itie s
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1 2 0 .3
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1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .2
1 2 4 .4
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1 2 3 .8
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1 2 2 .3
1 1 3 .6
1 2 5 .9
G a s o l i n e .....................................................................................................
S e e
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3 4 0 .4
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...............................................
H o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s .................................................................................
P riv a te
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P R IC E IN D E X F O R A L L U R B A N C O N S U M E R S :
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F o o d
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....
o f ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
85
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
30. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers:
U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
(1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 1 0 0 ,
u n le s s
o th e rw is e
in d ic a te d )
A nnual
988
1989
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1 987
1988
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113
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1 1 6 .S
se rv ic e s
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s e r v i c e s ........................
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....................................
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123. 3
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S p e c ia l in d e x e s :
A l l i t e m s l e s s f o o d ........................
1 1 3 .6
A ll i t e m s l e s s
s h e l t e r .............................
A ll i t e m s
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............................................................
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s h e l t e r ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................
re n t o f
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m e d i c a l c a r e ...............................................................................................................
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.....................................
1 1 2 .6
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P u rc h a sin g
p o w e r o f th e
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1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .5
1 1 1 .7
1 1 3 .6
1 1 3 .8
1 1 1 .8
1 1 3 .7
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .4
1 1 3 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .1
1 1 3 .9
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .0
1 2 3 .1
1 2 8 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .4
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .1
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .4
1 3 4 .0
1 1 9 .1
1 3 5 .2
1 3 5 .8
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .6
1 2 7 .3
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .9
8 9 .3
1 3 0 .8
9 1 .4
9 2 .3
9 1 .9
8 9 .9
8 8 .9
8 8 .7
8 9 .0
8 9 .3
8 9 .8
9 4 .9
9 7 .4
9 9 .0
9 8 .5
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .3
1 0 6 .0
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .8
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .6
1 1 8 .2
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .0
1 1 5 .8
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .2
1 1 6 .9
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .0
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .3
1 1 8 .8
8 1 .9
8 3 .4
8 2 .5
8 1 .0
8 0 .9
8 0 .1
7 9 .9
8 0 .6
8 1 .7
9 1 .2
9 5 .0
9 4 .4
9 2 .9
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .6
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .0
1 3 2 .7
1 3 2 .9
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .9
1 3 4 .8
1 1 1 .8
1 2 2 .0
1 2 0 .0
c o n s u m e r d o lla r:
1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = $ 1 . 0 0 ..................
8 8 .0
8 3 .1
8 3 .0
8 2 .6
8 2 .3
8 1 .8
8 1 .2
8 0 .8
8 0 .6
8 0 .4
2 7 .7
2 7 .7
2 7 .6
2 7 .5
2 7 .3
2 7 .1
2 7 .0
2 6 .9
2 6 .8
1 9 6 7 = $ 1 . 0 0 ......................
CO N SU M ER
1 2 0 .8
1 2 3 .5
1 0 7 .5
8 0 .2
l e s s e n e r g y ........................
S e rv ic e s
1 1 7 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 0 1 .8
E n e r g y ..........................................
A ll i t e m s l e s s
1 1 8 .3
1 1 1 .6
(1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )
P R IC E IN D E X F O R U R B A N
W AGE EARN ERS
A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S :
A ll i t e m s
........................................
1 1 8 .5
A ll i t e m s
F o o d
(1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 )
an d
.................
b e v e ra g e s
3 3 5 .0
oO U . /
a t h o m e
C e re a ls
an d
.............................
b a k ery
1 1 6 .2
p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................................
M e a ts , p o u ltry , fis h , a n d
D a iry
F ru its a n d
v e g e t a b l e s ...
S u g a r an d
F a ts
aw ay
H o u s in g
........................
1 1 8 .7
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .2
3 6 5 .9
3 6 6 .8
1 2 0 .0
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .1
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .4
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .6
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .8
1 2 5 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .2
1 2 4 .0
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 2 0 .3
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .1
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .5
1 3 1 .5
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .3
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .3
1 1 6 .6
1 1 6 .1
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 0 8 .1
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 1 2 .4
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .8
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .6
1 3 2 .8
1 3 1 .4
1 2 9 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 3 4 .3
1 3 6 .8
1 3 5 .4
1 3 7 .7
1 4 2 .5
1 4 0 .0
1 3 9 .9
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .1
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .9
1 1 8 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .1
1 2 2 .1
1 2 4 .1
1 2 4 .8
1 2 5 .7
1 0 7 .5
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 1 3 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .6
1 1 5 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 1 3 .0
1 1 2 .5
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .8
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 1 8 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 0 7 .7
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .6
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .7
. i o n
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .7
1 1 6 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 2 1 .5
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .0
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .1
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .6
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .6
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .3
1 2 1 .1
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .5
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .5
1 2 3 .0
1 2 2 .7
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .6
1 2 5 .7
1 3 0 .4
........................................
(1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 )
O th e r r e n te r s ’ c o s ts
H o m e o w n e rs’ c o s ts
1 1 4 .6
..
( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................................
O w n e r s ’ e q u iv a le n t re n t ( 1 2 /8 4 =
H o u se h o ld
M a in te n a n c e
in s u ra n c e
an d
M a in te n a n c e
M a in te n a n c e
F uel a n d
1 0 0 ) ..................................................................
( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ...........................................................................
r e p a i r s .............
an d
re p a ir s e rv ic e s
an d
r e p a i r c o m m o d i t i e s ...
o t h e r u t i l i t i e s .............................
(p ip e d ) a n d
O th e r u tilitie s a n d
H o u se h o ld
b o ttle d
g a s
e le c tric ity
p u b lic
fu rn is h in g s a n d
..
......................................................................................................
s e r v i c e s ......................................................................................
o p e r a t i o n s ............................................................................
H o u s e f u r n i s h i n g s ......................
H o u se k e e p in g
s u p p l i e s ...............
H o u se k e e p in g
s e r v i c e s ....................
A p p arel a n d
u p k e e p ...............................
fo o tn o te s a t e n d
o f ta b le .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 1 9 .2
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .7
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .9
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .4
1 2 9 .7
1 3 0 .1
1 3 0 .7
1 3 1 .0
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .8
1 2 8 .2
1 3 5 .2
1 4 0 .8
1 4 3 .0
1 3 6 .1
1 3 5 .1
1 3 1 .4
1 2 9 .2
1 3 1 .8
1 3 5 .2
1 4 4 .2
1 4 0 .9
1 3 9 .9
1 4 2 .3
1 1 3 .8
1 5 3 .7
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .4
1 2 4 .1
1 2 4 .4
1 2 5 .2
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .5
1 2 5 .2
1 2 1 .8
1 1 3 .7
1 1 9 .5
1 1 4 .1
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 2 0 .2
1 3 2 .5
1 1 8 .6
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .5
1 1 1 .3
1 1 4 .0
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 1 4 .1
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .6
1 1 6 .7
1 1 6 .7
1 1 6 .7
1 1 6 .9
1 1 4 .7
1 1 7 .9
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .8
1 2 1 .0
1 2 1 .2
1 0 8 .0
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .2
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .1
1 1 2 .1
1 1 2 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .2
1 0 5 .7
1 0 5 .7
1 0 9 .4
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .3
1 0 2 .7
......................................
F u e l o il, c o a l , a n d
86
1 2 2 .5
3 6 4 .9
1 1 4 .1
1 1 6 .9
R e n t , r e s i d e n t i a l .....................................
S e e
1 2 1 .8
3 6 2 .9
1 1 3 .6
b e v e r a g e s ..........
R e n te rs ’ c o s ts
G as
1 2 0 .8
3 6 0 .0
I 1o . O
f o o d s ........................
h o m e
1 1 7 .8
S h e l t e r .................................
F u e ls
1 2 0 .2
3 5 8 .0
1 2 2 .2
1 1 8 .8
b e v e r a g e s .......................................................................................
fro m
1 1 9 .7
3 5 6 .7
1 1 0 .4
s w e e t s ........................
O th e r p r e p a re d
A lc o h o lic
1 1 9 .2
3 5 5 .0
1 1 4 .8
o i l s .............................
an d
1 1 6 .9
a t h o m e ................
N o n a lc o h o lic
F o o d
e g g s .............................................................................................
p r o d u c t s ............................................
O th e r f o o d s
1 1 9 .0
3 5 4 .6
...............
F o o d .............................................
F o o d
1 1 8 .9
3 5 4 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .1
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .7
1 0 5 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 0 9 .0
9 7 .1
9 7 .7
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .8
9 8 .3
9 6 .6
9 7 .2
9 8 .4
9 8 .3
9 8 .2
9 8 .5
9 9 .2
1 0 3 .0
7 7 .6
7 7 .9
7 6 .7
7 6 .2
7 5 .9
7 4 .6
7 5 .0
7 6 .7
8 0 .3
8 1 .0
8 1 .2
8 2 .1
8 1 .2
8 0 .1
7 9 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .8
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .8
1 2 2 .5
1 2 3 .3
1 2 4 .7
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .3
1 0 3 .6
|
1 0 4 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 0 3 .4
1 2 0 .1
1 2 2 .9
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .1
1 1 0 .1
1 0 3 .1
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .8
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .9
1 0 4 .5
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .6
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .4
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 0 4 .8
1 1 5 .1
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .9
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .9
1 2 0 .0
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .6
1 2 2 .0
1 1 1 .8
1 1 5 .1
1 2 2 .4
1 1 5 .5
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .9
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .5
1 1 6 .9
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .4
1 1 0 .4 J
1 1 4 .9
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 2 0 .1
1 1 9 .5
1 1 7 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 1 4 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 2 0 .0
1 1 9 .4
1 1 6 .9
1 1 4 .4
30. Continued— Consumer Price Indexes for All Urban Consumers and for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers: U.S. city
average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group
(1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s
o th e rw is e
in d ic a te d )
1989
1988
A n n i al
a v era g e
S e rie s
1988
1987
A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s .........................................................................
M e n ’s
an d
b o y s ’ a p p a r e l .........................................................
W o m e n ’s
an d
I n fa n ts ’ a n d
g irls ’ a p p a r e l
...............................................
t o d d l e r s ’ a p p a r e l ..........................................
F o o t w e a r .........................................................................................................
A p p a r e l s e r v i c e s .......................................................................................
T ra n s p o rta tio n
..................................................................................................
P r i v a t e t r a n s p o r t a t i o n .........................................................................
N ew
v e h i c l e s ............................................................................................
N ew
U sed
c a r s ....................................................................................................
c a r s ......................................................................................................
M o to r f u e l
an d
r e p a i r ............................................................
O th e r p riv a te
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ...............................................
O th e r p riv a te tr a n s p o r ta tio n
c o m m o d itie s
O th e r p riv a te
s e r v i c e s ...............
tr a n s p o rta tio n
.
P u b l i c t r a n s p o r t a t i o n ..........................................................................
M e d i c a l c a r e .......................................................................................................
M e d ic a l c a r e
c o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................
M e d ic a l c a r e
s e r v i c e s .....................................................................
P r o f e s s i o n a l s e r v i c e s .................................................................
H o s p ita l a n d
re la te d
s e r v i c e s ........................................
E n t e r t a i n m e n t ..................................................................................................
E n t e r t a i n m e n t c o m m o d i t i e s ...................................................
E n t e r t a i n m e n t s e r v i c e s .................................................................
O th e r g o o d s
T o b ac co
an d
s e r v i c e s ............................................................
p r o d u c ts
................................................................................
P e r s o n a l c a r e ..............................................................................................
T o ile t g o o d s
an d
P erso n al c are
P e rso n al a n d
p e rso n a l c a re
s e rv ic e s
a p p lia n c e s
............................................................
e d u c a t i o n a l e x p e n s e s ..........................
S ch o o l b o o k s an d
P e rso n a l a n d
s u p p l i e s ...............................................
e d u c a t i o n a l s e r v i c e s ........................
A l l i t e m s .....................................................................................................................................................
C o m m o d i t i e s ...................................................................................................................................
F o o d
an d
b e v e r a g e s ......................................................................................................
C o m m o d itie s le s s fo o d
an d
N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d
b e v e r a g e s .............................................
an d
b e v e ra g e s
........................................
A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ...........................................................................................
N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d , b e v e r a g e s , a n d
a p p arel
....
D u r a b l e s ......................................................................................................................................
F eb .
Ja n .
D ec.
J u ly
Ju n e
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 1 7 .7
1 1 0 .5
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 1 2 .3
1 1 0 .6
1 1 5 .0
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .4
1 1 6 .9
1 1 7 .5
1 1 6 .5
1 1 4 .4
1 1 3 .4
1 1 5 .1
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .9
1 1 3 .7
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 1 2 .8
1 1 1 .3
1 1 0 .7
1 1 8 .3
1 2 0 .2
1 1 8 .1
1 1 3 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 2 6 .7
1 2 8 .3
1 2 6 .7
1 2 1 .9
1 1 3 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 2 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 4 .5
1 0 9 .5
1 0 9 .5
1 1 7 .6
1 2 1 .5
1 1 9 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 1 4 .0
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .6
1 2 0 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 2 0 .6
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 2 1 .8
1 2 1 .7
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 1 6 .3
1 1 5 .0
1 1 4 .0
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .1
1 1 4 .1
1 1 5 .0
1 1 4 .1
1 1 0 .4
1 1 5 .2
1 05 5
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .7
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .2
1 1 4 .9
1 1 6 .2
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .2
1 1 3 .9
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .7
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .0
1 2 8 .6
1 1 1 .6
1 1 4 .5
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .0
1 1 5 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 2 3 .0
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .4
1 0 5 .1
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .7
1 1 1 .2
1 0 8 .6
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .5
1 0 9 .5
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .6
1 1 5 .3
1 1 4 .6
1 0 7 .7
1 1 5 .2
1 0 7 .5
1 1 3 .7
1 04
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .0
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .3
1
1 1 4 .0
1 1 6 .2
1 1 5 .8
1 1 5 .5
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .8
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .3
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .4
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 1 8 .4
1 1 6 .2
1 1 8 .9
1 1 6 .6
1 1 9 .3
1 1 4 .3
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .5
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .9
1 2 0 .9
1 1 7 .8
1 2 1 .1
1 1 7 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 1 3 .1
9 4 .5
8 0 .9
8 2 .3
8 4 .3
8 3 .1
8 1 .6
8 1 .5
7 9 .6
8 0 .4
8 0 .3
8 1 .5
9 2 .3
9 6 .7
9 6 .1
9 2 .3
9 6 .9
9 6 .3
9 4 .7
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .8
8 0 .8
8 2 .3
8 4 .3
8 3 .2
8 1 .6
8 1 .5
8 0 .4
7 9 .5
8 0 .2
8 1 .4
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .0
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 1 5 .1
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .9
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .4
1 3 1 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 3 3 .5
1 1 9 0
9 7 .9
9 8 .8
9 9 .3
9 8 .8
9 9 .0
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .7
9 9 .8
1 0 0 .4
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .0
9 8 .6
1 0 1 .1
9 6 .7
1 3 9 .8
1 4 0 .7
1 4 1 .2
1 4 1 .0
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .3
1 5 0 .1
1 5 0 .3
8 0 2
G a s o l i n e ......................................................................................................
M a in te n a n c e
N ov.
O c t.
1 08 8
8 0 3
......................................................................................................
S e p t.
108 5
1 0 7 .4
O t h e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s .................................................
A ug.
J u ly
1 2 3 .4
1 3 1 .7
1 3 1 .3
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .2
1 3 5 .5
1 3 6 .8
1 3 7 .1
1 3 8 .2
1 3 9 .2
1 3 9 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 2 2 .5
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .1
1 2 6 .8
1 2 6 .9
1 3 9 .0
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .8
1 4 4 .2
1 4 5 .6
1 4 6 .5
1 4 7 .2
1 4 7 .9
1 3 0 .2
1 3 9 .6
1 4 8 .8
1 3 9 .4
1 4 0 .0
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .1
1 4 2 .2
1 4 3 .1
1 4 3 .9
1 4 4 .7
1 4 6 .0
1 4 7 .4
1 4 9 .9
1 3 9 .0
1 4 8 .9
1 3 0 .2
1 3 9 .6
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .6
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .7
1 4 4 .2
1 4 5 .8
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .2
1 4 8 .6
1 3 9 .0
1 4 7 .6
1 3 0 .3
1 3 8 .9
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .6
1 4 1 .0
1 4 2 .4
1 4 3 .7
1 4 4 .7
1 4 5 .1
1 4 7 .3
1 3 8 .5
1 4 6 .4
1 3 7 .7
1 4 5 .5
1 2 9 .0
1 3 1 .1
1 4 3 .3
1 4 3 .8
1 4 5 .4
1 4 6 .3
1 5 0 .0
1 4 7 .8
1 4 8 .9
1 5 0 .0
1 5 1 .9
1 5 4 .2
1 5 4 .8
1 5 5 .6
1 5 6 .2
1 5 7 .3
1 5 9 .7
1 2 2 .2
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .1
1 2 4 .8
1 2 4 .9
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .2
1 2 6 .1
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .8
1 2 5 .5
1 1 4 .8
1 2 1 .7
1 1 5 .4
1 1 5 .5
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .5
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .1
1 1 5 .1
1 1 9 .5
1 1 0 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .3
1 3 1 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 3 3 .8
1 3 5 ./
1 2 7 .2
1 3 4 .6
1 2 7 .2
1 3 3 .6
1 2 1 .8
1 4 7 .5
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .2
1 3 9 .3
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .6
1 4 3 .0
1 4 3 .7
1 4 4 .0
1 4 4 .4
1 4 6 .3
1 3 6 .5
1 4 5 .2
1 2 7 .8
1 4 8 .9
1 4 9 .2
1 4 9 .5
1 4 9 .9
1 5 0 .2
1 5 6 .9
1 5 8 .2
1 5 8 .9
1 5 9 .2
1 6 7 .3
1 4 7 .9
1 6 3 .8
1 4 6 .0
1 6 0 .7
1 3 3 .7
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .6
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .0
1 2 4 .4
1 1 9 .3
1 2 4 .7
1 1 5 0
1 2 2 .9
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .8
1 1 3 .9
1 1 8 .0
1 1 7 .8
1 1 7 .4
1 1 8 .8
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .7
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .7
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 2 6 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 2 6 .7
1 1 6 .1
1 4 7 .4
1 5 1 .1
1 5 1 .7
1 5 2 .0
1 5 2 .3
1 5 3 .3
1 5 3 .7
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .3
1 5 5 .7
1 4 6 .0
1 b b .3
1 4 7 .4
1 5 4 .6
1 3 8 .2
1 4 6 .0
1 5 0 .0
1 5 0 .8
1 5 0 .9
1 5 1 .1
1 5 2 .0
1 5 3 .9
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .1
1 5 4 .7
1 4 5 .6
1 5 4 .5
1 4 7 .1
1 5 4 .1
1 3 7 .9
1 5 4 .9
1 5 5 .7
1 5 6 .1
1 3 8 .4
1 4 7 .7
1 4 6 .3
1 1 2 .5
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .1
1 1 3 .3
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .5
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 0 0 .8
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .3
1 5 1 .5
1 5 2 .0
1 5 2 .3
1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .0
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .0
1 1 9 .9
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .9
1 4 7 .8
1 0 4 .9
1 0 6 .6
1 0 7 .2
1 5 3 .7
1 5 4 .0
1 5 4 .1
1 5 4 .6
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .2
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .2
1 1 3 .0
1 1 3 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 1 4 .7
1 1 6 .4
1 1 7 .1
1 1 6 .9
1 1 6 .8
1 2 0 .3
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .4
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .1
1 0 8 .6
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 0 9 .5
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .6
1 1 1 .7
1 5 2 .7
1 0 7 .1
1 0 6 .3
1 0 5 .9
1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .1
1 1 2 .1
1 1 3 .4
1 1 3 .0
1 1 2 .8
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 1 7 .7
1 1 5 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 0 8 .8
1 1 3 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .5
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 1 6 .0
1 0 4 .7
1 0 4 .7
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .5
1 1 1 .6
1 1 3 .9
1 0 3 .7
1 1 4 .0
1 0 2 .9
1 1 3 .9
9 9 .2
1 0 8 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .7
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .0
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .5
1 1 0 .7
1 1 0 .8
1 0 8 .9
1 1 0 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 2 5 .1
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .7
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .4
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .7
1 3 1 .6
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .7
1 3 0 .6
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .2
125A
1 1 9 .6
1 2 4 .2
1 1 9 .4
1 2 3 .7
1 1 4 .0
1 2 1 .4
R e n t o f s h e l t e r ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ..........................................................................
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 0 7 .2
1 0 6 .2
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .3
1 1 0 .2
1 0 4 .0
1 0 7 .5
H o u se h o ld
1 0 7 .4
1 1 0 .5
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .4
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .9
1 3 1 .2
1 3 2 .2
1 3 3 .1
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 3 4 .«
1 2 7 .1
1 3 4 .8
1 2 7 .1
1 3 4 .4
1 2 0 .8
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .8
1 4 1 .6
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .7
1 4 4 .2
1 4 5 .8
1 4 6 .7
1 4 7 .2
1 4 7 .6
150.
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .6
1 4 8 .6
1 3 0 .3
1 3 1 .6
1 3 3 .6
1 3 4 .2
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .5
1 3 7 .0
1 3 7 .6
1 3 7 .9
1 3 9 .1
1 3 1 .4
1 3 0 .8
1 3 8 .6
1 2 4 .7
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .3
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .2
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .«
1 1 6 .7
1 2 2 .0
1 1 2 .2
1 1 5 .9
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .1
1 2 0 .4
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .'
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 2 1 .3
1 1 1 .0
1 1 4 .1
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .1
116.
S e r v i c e s .................................................................................................................................................
se rv ic e s
T ra n s p o rta tio n
M e d ic a l c a r e
le s s
re n t o f s h e lte r (1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 )
s e r v i c e s ............................................................................................
s e r v i c e s ................................................................................................
O th e r s e rv ic e s
......................................................................................................................
S p e c ia l in d e x e s :
A ll i t e m s l e s s f o o d
.........................................................................................................
A ll i t e m s l e s s
s h e lte r
1 0 0 ) ...............
1 1 0 .7
1 1 1 .1
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .0
h o m e o w n e rs ’ c o s ts
1 1 0 .4
1 1 2 .4
A ll I t e m s l e s s
1 0 6 .4
1 1 3 .4
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .5
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .5
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .5
m e d i c a l c a r e ................................................................................
1 1 1 .5
1 1 7 .9
A ll i t e m s
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .4
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .2
1 0 8 .9
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .0
1 0 9 .9
1 1 2 .1
112.
1 0 7 .0
1 1 2 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 1 2 .9
1 0 3 .9
1 1 3 .0
112.
le s s
C o m m o d itie s le s s
N o n d u ra b le s
..................................................................................................
(1 2 /8 4 =
f o o d .............................................................................................
le s s fo o d
N o n d u ra b le s le s s fo o d
1 0 5 .3
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .6
1 0 7 .2
1 0 7 .8
.............................................................................................
1 0 1 .4
an d
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .5
1 0 5 .3
1 0 5 .3
1 0 4 .9
1 0 7 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 1 3 .4
1 1 3 .8
a p p arel
.....................................................
N o n d u r a b l e s .............................................................................................................................
121.
1 0 6 .9
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .7
1 1 2 .4
1 1 3 .6
1 0 5 .1
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .2
1 1 1 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .0
113.
1 1 3 .7
1 1 3 .6
1 1 4 .C
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .1
1 1 9 .1
1 1 8 .8
118.
1 0 7 .6
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .1
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .7
1 2 1 .9
122.
( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ...............................
1 1 6 .1
1 1 9 .8
re n t o f s h e lte r
1 1 5 .6
1 1 9 .5
le s s
1 1 0 .8
1 1 9 .C
S e rv ic e s
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .3
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .3
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .9
129.
m e d i c a l c a r e ................................................................................
1 2 3 .3
1 2 6 .C
le s s
1 1 8 .2
1 2 5 .6
S e rv ic e s
8 8 .4
8 8 .1
8 8 .6
8 9 .2
9 4 .8
9 7 .4
9 8 .9
1 2 5 .C
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .2
E n e r g y ...............................................................................................................................................
A ll i t e m s l e s s
A ll i t e m s
C o m m o d itie s
E n erg y
e n erg y
le s s fo o d
le s s fo o d
c o m m o d itie s
S e rv ic e s
P u rc h a sin g
le s s
..................................................................................................
an d
en erg y
an d
...................................................................
e n e r g y .....................................................
..................................................................................................
e n e r g y ..................................................................................................
p o w e r o f th e
8 8 .C
8 8 .6
1 1 6 .C
1 2 1 -C
1 1 6 .8
1 2 1 .9
1 10 8
8 0 .C
1 2 1 .2
1 1 4 .7
8 8 .C
9 1 .8
9 1 .3
8 9 .3
1 2 1 .C
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .2
1 2 4 .7
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .2
1 2 3 .1
1 2 4 .C
1 2 4 .C
1 2 4 .- :
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .C
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .8
127.
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .2
117.
9 0 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .C
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .8
8 0 .9
8 2 .1
8 3 .8
8 2 ."
8 1 .2
1 2 7 .C
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .'
1 2 9 .1
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .C
8 1 .3
8 0 .:
1 2 9 .E
1 2 9 .E
1 1 6 .6
7 9 .6
8 0 .6
8 1 .'
9 1 .6
9 5 .6
9 4 .9
1 3 0 .E
1 3 1 .1
1 3 1 .6
1 3 1 .6
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .2
8 1 .6
8 1 .'
c o n s u m e r d o lla r:
1 9 8 2 - 8 4 = $ 1 . 0 0 .................................................................................................................
1 9 6 7 = $ 1 . 0 0 ...........................................................................................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 9 .C
8 5 .E
8 5 .:
8 4 .S
8 4 .'
8 4 .1
8 4 .C
8 3 .'
8 3 .v
8 3 .:
8 2 .«
8 2 .1
2 9 .5
2 8 .'
2 8 .6 j
28.
2 8 .:
2 8 .2
2 8 .:
28.
2 8 .6
2 7 .5
2 7 .«
2 7 .6
27/
81
27 . :
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
87
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
31.
Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: ail items
( 1 9 8 2 -8 4 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o th e rw is e
in d ic a te d )
A ll U r b a n
C o n su m ers
U rb a n
W ag e
E a rn e rs
P ric in g
s c h e
A re a 1
1 988
1989
1988
1989
d u le 2
J u ly
U .S . c ity
a v e r a g e ....................................
R e g io n a n d
a re a
........................................................
B - 5 0 0 ,0 0 0
S iz e C
- 5 0 ,0 0 0
5 0 0 ,0 0 0
A
B
S iz e C
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
Ju n e
J u ly
M
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .0
1 2 2 .3
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .1
1 2 4 .4
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .7
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .2
M
1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .5
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .5
1 2 9 .0
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .9
M
1 2 2 .6
1 2 3 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .0
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .3
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .4
1 2 5 .2
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .3
M
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .9
1 2 5 .1
1 2 6 .1
1 2 7 .2
1 2 7 .0
1 2 8 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 9 .7
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .9
1 2 6 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 2 7 .8
M
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .9
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .9
1 2 7 .8
1 2 8 .6
1 3 0 .0
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .3
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .0
1 1 4 .7
1 1 5 .3
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .1
.........................................................
M
1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .3
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .2
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .5
1 1 5 .1
1 1 5 .7
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .5
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .7
M
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .5
1 1 9 .2
1 2 0 .6
1 2 0 .8
1 2 0 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .2
1 1 6 .8
1 1 8 .2
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .5
D
M
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .2
1 1 9 .9
1 2 1 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 1 6 .1
1 1 8 .7
1 2 0 .1
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .0
1 2 0 .8
to
........................................................
to
..............................................................
- N o n m e tro
p o lita n
( le s s
.............................................
M
1 1 3 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .5
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .5
1 1 3 .2
1 1 3 .7
1 1 5 .1
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .4
u r b a n .......................................................
M
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .0
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .5
1 1 9 .1
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .5
M
1 1 7 .7
1 1 8 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .4
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .6
1 1 6 .9
1 1 7 .2
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .7
1 2 1 .9
th a n
5 0 ,0 0 0 0
S iz e A
- M o re th a n
1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
S iz e
A ug.
M
- 5 0 ,0 0 0
3 6 0 ,0 0 0
S o u th
J u ly
.............................
- 3 6 0 ,0 0 0
1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
S iz e
J u ly
- M o re th a n
1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
S iz e
Ju n e
to
..............................................................
C e n tra l u rb a n
S iz e
M ay
to
........................................................
1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
N o rth
A p r.
- M o re th a n
1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
S iz e
M a r.
s iz e 3
N o r t h e a s t u r b a n ..........................................
S iz e A
A ug.
........................................................
B - 4 5 0 ,0 0 0
to
M
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .6
1 2 1 .0
1 2 2 .2
1 2 2 .4
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .5
1 1 5 .2
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .0
1 2 1 .4
M
1 1 5 .6
1 1 5 .9
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .5
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .4
1 1 9 .0
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .2
...............................................
M
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .3
1 1 8 .0
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .4
1 2 0 .1
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 2 0 .2
1 2 1 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 2 0 .9
W e s t u r b a n ........................................................
M
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .6
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .8
1 2 4 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 2 5 .1
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .3
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .8
1 ,2 0 0 ,0 0 0
S iz e C
S iz e
D
S iz e
to
..............................................................
- N o n m e tro
p o lita n
th a n
........................................................
- 5 0 ,0 0 0
4 5 0 ,0 0 0
( le s s
5 0 ,0 0 0 )
A
- M o re th a n
M
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .1
1 2 4 .7
1 2 5 .3
1 2 6 .2
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .9
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .5
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .2
M
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 2 0 .7
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .5
1 2 0 .1
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .9
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .0
( 1 2 / 8 6 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................
M
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .2
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .1
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .1
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .0
B ...................................................................................
M
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .0
1 2 1 .5
1 2 2 .6
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .9
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .7
1 2 0 .0
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .6
1 ,2 5 0 ,0 0 0
S iz e
C
S iz e
A
.........................................................
- 5 0 ,0 0 0
3 3 0 ,0 0 0
to
..............................................................
c la s s e s :
C
..................................................................................
M
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .5
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .6
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .5
1 2 2 .7
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .8
1 2 0 .8
1 2 2 .0
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .0
D
..................................................................................
M
1 1 5 .4
1 1 5 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 1 6 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .8
1 2 0 .9
......................................
M
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .1
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .6
1 2 3 .9
1 2 5 .7
1 2 6 .4
1 1 6 .2
1 1 6 .4
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .1
1 2 1 .8
1 2 2 .6
B e a c h , A n a h e i m , C A ......................
S e le c te d
C h ic a g o ,
lo c a l a r e a s
IL -
N o rth w e s te rn
IN
L o s A n g e le s -L o n g
M
1 2 2 .1
1 2 2 .6
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .5
1 2 2 .9
1 2 4 .0
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .7
J ......................................
M
1 2 3 .6
1 2 4 .2
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .5
1 3 0 .2
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .6
1 2 1 .7
1 2 2 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .5
1 2 8 .2
1 2 8 .7
1 2 8 .7
P h i l a d e l p h i a , P A - N J ...............................
M
1 2 3 .2
1 2 3 .9
1 2 6 .0
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .8
1 2 9 .3
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .6
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .7
1 2 7 .9
1 2 8 .9
1 2 9 .3
O a k l a n d , C A ...................................................
M
1 2 0 .9
1 2 2 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 2 4 .8
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .6
1 2 6 .4
B a l t i m o r e , M D ...............................................
M
1 1 9 .9
_
1 2 2 .8
_
1 2 4 .1
_
1 2 4 .9
1 1 9 .7
_
1 2 2 .3
1
1 2 3 .8
-
1 2 9 .7
-
1 3 0 .5
-
1 3 0 .3
1 2 3 .7
-
N ew
Y o rk , N Y -
N o rth e a s te rn
S a n
N
F r a n c is c o -
B o sto n ,
M A
.......................................................
1 2 3 .7
_
1 2 4 .6
1 2 9 .7
-
1 3 0 .6
-
1 3 0 .8
1 1 8 .8
C l e v e l a n d , O H ...............................................
1
1 1 7 .6
-
1 2 1 .5
-
1 2 2 .8
-
1 2 4 .4
1 1 2 .6
-
1 1 6 .2
-
1 1 7 .7
-
M i a m i , F L ..............................................................
1
1 1 6 .8
-
1 1 9 .8
-
1 2 0 .9
-
1 2 1 .6
1 1 6 .0
-
1 1 8 .7
-
1 2 0 .0
-
1 2 0 .6
S t.
1
1 1 6 .0
-
1 1 9 .4
-
1 2 1 .5
-
1 2 3 .1
1 1 5 .7
-
1 1 9 .1
-
1 2 1 .2
-
1 2 2 .8
.................
1
1 2 0 .7
-
1 2 6 .1
-
1 2 7 .1
-
1 2 7 .8
1 1 9 .9
-
1 2 5 .6
-
1 2 6 .6
-
1 2 7 .3
D a l l a s - F t . W o r t h , T X .............................
1
_
1 1 7 .2
_
1 1 8 .7
_
1 2 0 .0
_
_
1 1 7 .0
_
1 1 8 .6
_
1 2 0 .0
_
D e t r o i t , M l ............................................................
2
-
1 1 7 .6
-
1 2 1 .7
-
1 2 2 .1
-
-
1 1 4 .6
-
1 1 9 .0
-
1 1 9 .3
-
H o u s to n , T X
.....................................................
2
-
1 1 0 .3
-
1 1 3 .2
-
1 1 4 .1
-
-
1 1 0 .6
-
1 1 3 .5
-
1 1 4 .5
-
...............................................
2
-
1 1 5 .3
-
1 1 9 .2
-
1 2 0 .4
-
-
1 1 0 .7
1 1 5 .9
-
L o u is ,
M O - I L ..........................................
W a s h in g t o n , D C -M D -V A
P itts b u rg h , P A
1
A re a
c lu s iv e
th e
of
is t h e
C o n s o lid a te d
fa rm s
a n d
O ff ic e
of
k e e , W l A re a
c lu d e
2
a re a s;
M
M A -N H
(in c lu d e s
r e v is io n s
F o o d s,
m a d e
fu e ls ,
A re a
an d
A re a
o n ly
s in c e
a n d
m o s t o th e r g o o d s
- E v ery
M e tro p o lita n
m ilita ry .
M an ag em en t
L a w re n c e -S a le m ,
88
_
( e x c lu d e s
th e
S ta tis tic a l
d e fin itio n s
B u d g et
in
a re
M o n ro e
M ilw a u k e e
A re a
th o s e
1 983,
an d
o th e r
Ite m s
se rv ic e s
p ric e d
an d
M ilw a u
p ro g ra m .
p ric e d
D e f in itio n s
e v ery
in d ic a te d :.
m o n th .
N o v em b er.
D e c em b er.
- F e b r u a r y , A p ril, J u n e , A u g u s t , O c t o b e r , a n d
September 1989
D a ta
C o u n ty );
M S A ).
a s
R e g io n s a re
-
N O T E :
d o
n o t
in
in
a ll
1983.
se v eral
3
B o s to n -
1 - J a n u a r y , M a rc h , M a y , J u ly , S e p t e m b e r , a n d
Monthly Labor Review
by
fo r
2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(C M S A ), e x
e s ta b lis h e d
e x ce p t
m o n th
dex,
d e fin e d
a s
1 1 4 .7
th e
fo u r C e n s u s
re g io n s .
n o t a v a ila b le .
L ocal
a re a
B e c a u se
it h a s
tia lly
m o re
dex.
A s
a
a
e a c h
s m a lle r
s a m p lin g
re s u lt,
tio n a l in d e x ,
C PI
th e
B u re au
th e
n a tio n a l a v e r a g e
a re
lo c a l in d e x
s a m p le
a n d
lo c a l
a lth o u g h
in d e x e s
s iz e
o th e r
a re a
is a
an d
th e ir lo n g -te rm
is , th e r e f o r e ,
sh o w
th e
u rg es
a re
q u ite
u se rs
n a tio n a l
th e
to
in e s c a l a t o r c l a u s e s .
C PI
n a tio n a l In
s u b je c t to
th a n
g r e a t e r v o la tility
tre n d s
s tro n g ly
C PI fo r u s e
of
s m a ll s u b s e t o f th e
m e a s u re m e n t e rro r
in d e x e s
o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s
b y p ro d u c ts
s u b s ta n
n a tio n a l
th a n
th e
in
n a
s im ila r. T h e r e f o r e ,
c o n s id e r a d o p tin g
32.
Annual data: Consumer Price Index, U.S. city average, all items and major groups
(1 9 8 2 -8 4 =
100)
1980
S e rie s
C o n s u m e r P ric e
In d ex
f o r A ll U r b a n
1981
1983
1982
1984
an d
1987
1986
9 0 .9
9 6 .5
9 9 .6
1 0 3 .9
1 0 7 .6
1 0 9 .6
1 1 3 .6
1 3 .5
1 0 .3
6 .2
3 .2
4 .3
3 .6
1 .9
3 .6
4 .1
1 1 8 .2
8 6 .7
9 3 .5
9 7 .3
9 9 .5
1 0 3 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 9 .1
1 1 3 .5
8 .5
7 .8
4 .1
2 .3
3 .7
2 .3
3 .3
4 .0
4 .1
8 1 .1
9 0 .4
9 6 .9
9 9 .5
1 0 3 .6
1 0 7 .7
1 1 0 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 1 8 .5
1 5 .7
1 1 .5
7 .2
2 .7
4 .1
4 .0
3 .0
3 .0
3 .8
9 0 .9
9 5 .3
9 7 .8
1 0 0 .2
1 0 2 .1
1 0 5 .0
1 0 5 .9
1 1 0 .6
1 1 5 .4
7 .1
4 .8
2 .6
2 .5
1 .9
2 .8
.9
4 .4
4 .3
1 0 3 .7
1 0 6 .4
1 0 2 .3
1 0 5 .4
1 0 8 .7
4 .4
2 .6
- 3 .9
3 .0
3 .1
1 3 0 .1
1 3 8 .6
H o u s in g :
u p k eep :
T ra n s p o rta tio n :
8 3 .1
9 3 .2
9 7 .0
9 9 .3
1 7 .9
1 2 .2
4 .1
2 .4
M e d ic a l c a r e :
7 4 .9
8 2 .9
9 2 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 1 3 .5
1 2 2 .0
1 1 .0
1 0 .7
1 1 .6
8 .8
6 .2
6 .3
7 .5
6 .6
6 .5
8 3 .6
9 0 .1
9 6 .0
1 0 0 .1
1 0 3 .8
1 0 7 .9
1 1 1 .6
1 1 5 .3
1 2 0 .3
9 .0
7 .8
6 .5
4 .3
3 .7
3 .9
3 .4
3 .3
4 .3
7 5 .2
8 2 .6
9 1 .1
1 0 1 .1
1 0 7 .9
1 1 4 .5
1 2 1 .4
1 2 8 .5
1 3 7 .0
9 .1
9 .8
1 0 .3
1 1 .0
6 .7
6 .1
6 .0
5 .8
6 .6
8 2 .9
9 1 .4
9 6 .9
9 9 .8
1 0 3 .3
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 2 .5
1 1 7 .0
1 3 .4
1 0 .3
6 .0
3 .0
3 .5
3 .5
1 .6
3 .6
4 .0
E n te rta in m e n t:
O th e r g o o d s a n d
C o n s u m e r P ric e
In d ex
s e rv ic e s:
fo r U rb a n
W ag e
1 1 8 .3
8 2 .4
b e v erag e s:
A p p arel a n d
1988
C o n su m ers:
A ll i t e m s :
F o o d
1985
E a rn e rs a n d
C le r ic a l W o r k e r s :
A ll i t e m s :
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
89
Current Labor Statistics:
Price Data
33.
Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1 9 8 2 =
100)
A nnual a v erag e
1988
1989
G ro u p in g
1987
F in is h e d
g o o d s
..................................................................................
1988
1 0 5 .4
1 0 8 .0
A ug.
S e p t.
O c t.
N ov.
D ec.
Jan .
F eb.
M a r.
A p r.
M ay
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .1
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .1
Ju n e
J u ly
1 1 3 .0
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .1
1 1 4 .0
...............................................
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .1
1 0 7 .0
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .1
1 1 0 .6
1 1 1 .8
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .0
1 1 2 .8
F in is h e d
c o n s u m e r f o o d s ..............................................
1 0 9 .5
1 1 2 .6
1 1 3 .6
1 1 5 .1
1 1 4 .6
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .1
1 1 6 .7
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .3
1 1 7 .8
1 1 9 .1
1 1 8 .4
1 1 9 .0
F in is h e d
c o n s u m e r g o o d s e x c lu d in g
F in is h e d
fo o d s
co n su m er g o o d s
.......................................................................................................
1 0 0 .7
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .0
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 0 6 .8
1 0 8 .9
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .3
1 0 9 .7
.............................
9 4 .9
9 7 .3
9 8 .4
9 7 .6
9 7 .7
9 8 .4
9 8 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .3
1 0 4 .3
1 0 6 .1
1 0 5 .9
1 0 5 .3
.........................................................................
1 1 1 .5
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .8
1 1 2 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .0
1 1 6 .6
1 1 6 .4
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .2
1 1 6 .7
C a p i t a l e q u i p m e n t .........................................................................
1 1 1 .7
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .5
1 1 4 .3
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .4
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .5
1 1 7 .5
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .6
1 1 8 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 1 1 .0
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .6
N o n d u ra b le
D u ra b le
g o o d s
g o o d s
In te rm e d ia te
le s s fo o d
m a te ria ls , s u p p lie s , a n d
c o m p o n e n t s ...........................................................................................
M a te ria ls a n d
1 0 1 .5
1 0 7 .1
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 0 8 .9
..................................................................................
1 0 5 .3
1 1 3 .2
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .5
1 1 6 .2
m a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................
c o m p o n e n ts fo r
m a n u fa c tu rin g
1 1 6 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .9
1 1 8 .9
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 0 0 .8
1 0 6 .0
1 0 8 .9
1 0 9 .5
1 0 8 .3
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .5
1 1 2 .4
1 1 2 .1
1 1 2 .9
.
1 0 2 .2
1 1 2 .9
1 1 4 .5
1 1 5 .2
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .5
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .6
1 2 0 .5
1 1 9 .6
1 1 8 .9
m a n u f a c t u r i n g .............
1 0 6 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .3
1 2 1 .8
1 2 3 .2
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .3
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .7
1 2 4 .9
1 2 3 .6
1 2 3 .0
C o m p o n e n t s f o r m a n u f a c t u r i n g ...........................
1 0 8 .8
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .2
1 1 3 .5
1 1 3 .8
1 1 4 .1
1 1 4 .9
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .5
1 0 9 .8
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .7
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .4
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 2 1 .0
1 2 1 .5
1 2 1 .4
1 2 1 .5
M a te ria ls fo r fo o d
M a te ria ls fo r n o n d u r a b le
M a te ria ls fo r d u ra b le
M a te ria ls a n d
m a n u fa c tu rin g
c o m p o n e n ts fo r
c o n s t r u c t i o n .........................................................................................
P ro c e sse d
f u e ls a n d
l u b r i c a n t s .................................
7 3 .3
7 1 .2
7 3 .5
7 2 .6
6 9 .7
6 9 .0
6 9 .8
7 1 .6
7 2 .1
7 3 .2
7 6 .7
7 8 .1
7 9 .3
7 8 .7
C o n t a i n e r s ................................................................................................
1 1 4 .5
1 2 0 .1
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .4
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .7
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .9
1 2 4 .4
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .0
S u p p l i e s .......................................................................................................
1 0 7 .7
1 1 3 .7
1 1 5 .1
1 1 5 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .2
1 1 6 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .4
1 1 8 .0
1 1 7 .9
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .4
9 3 .7
9 6 .0
9 6 .9
9 6 .7
9 5 .9
9 4 .5
9 7 .3
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .2
1 0 4 .1
1 0 6 .3
1 0 3 .9
1 0 3 .7
C ru d e
m a te ria ls
fo r fu rth e r
p ro c e s s in g
...
F o o d s tu ffs a n d
f e e d s tu f fs
..............................................
9 6 .2
1 0 6 .1
1 1 0 .4
1 1 2 .0
1 1 1 .9
1 0 8 .0
1 0 9 .5
1 1 2 .5
1 1 1 .0
1 1 3 .7
1 1 1 .4
1 1 5 .0
1 1 1 .4
1 0 9 .7
C ru d e
m a t e r i a l s .................................................
8 7 .9
8 5 .5
8 4 .4
8 3 .0
8 1 .9
8 2 .0
8 5 .4
9 0 .0
9 0 .7
9 2 .2
9 4 .9
9 6 .2
9 4 .6
9 5 .3
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .6
n o n fo o d
S p e c ia l g ro u p in g s
F in is h e d
g o o d s , e x c lu d in g
F in is h e d e n e r g y
f o o d s .................................
1 0 4 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .1
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .1
..............................................................
6 1 .8
5 9 .8
6 1 .1
5 8 .8
5 8 .7
6 0 .0
5 9 .2
6 0 .8
6 1 .8
6 2 .3
6 8 .3
7 2 .0
7 0 .1
6 8 .4
e n e r g y ...............................................
1 1 2 .3
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 1 6 .7
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .2
1 1 9 .2
1 1 9 .8
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .8
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .2
1 1 2 .5
1 1 6 .3
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .9
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .1
1 2 1 .0
1 2 1 .8
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .1
1 1 3 .3
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .8
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .4
1 2 0 .1
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .9
1 2 1 .3
1 2 2 .0
1 2 1 .9
1 1 4 .2
1 1 8 .5
1 1 9 .1
1 1 8 .9
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .6
1 2 1 .2
1 2 1 .9
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .3
1 2 4 .0
1 2 3 .9
1 1 6 .3
1 2 2 .0
1 2 3 .0
1 2 3 .3
1 2 3 .6
1 2 3 .9
1 2 5 .0
1 2 5 .9
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .1
1 2 7 .5
1 2 7 .9
1 2 9 .0
1 2 9 .2
g o o d s
F in is h e d
g o o d s
le s s
F in is h e d
co n su m er g o o d s
F in is h e d
g o o d s
F in is h e d
c o n su m er g o o d s
le s s
fo o d
le s s
an d
e n e r g y ...............
e n erg y
le s s fo o d
.................
g o o d s
le s s fo o d
m a te ria ls
le s s fo o d s
an d
f e e d s ................................................................................................
I n te rm e d ia te f o o d s
I n te rm e d ia te
e n erg y
an d
1 0 1 .7
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .1
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .3
1 0 8 .7
1 0 9 .2
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .6
1 1 2 .5
9 9 .2
1 0 9 .5
1 1 4 .5
1 1 5 .5
1 1 4 .7
1 1 3 .4
1 1 3 .0
1 1 5 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 1 5 .2
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .2
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .3
.................................................
7 3 .0
7 0 .9
7 3 .1
7 2 .3
6 9 .4
6 8 .7
6 9 .5
7 1 .2
7 1 .8
7 2 .9
7 6 .3
7 7 .7
7 8 .9
7 8 .3
e n e r g y ...................................
1 0 7 .3
1 1 4 .6
1 1 5 .7
1 1 6 .3
1 1 6 .8
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .1
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .0
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 1 5 .2
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .7
1 1 7 .3
1 1 8 .0
1 1 8 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .3
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .8
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .3
7 5 .0
6 7 .7
6 6 .1
f e e d s ..........................................
g o o d s
le s s
I n te rm e d ia te
g o o d s
In te rm e d ia te
m a te ria ls le s s f o o d s
an d
e n e r g y ..............................................................................................................
90
C ru d e
e n erg y
C ru d e
m a te ria ls
C ru d e
n o n fo o d
m a t e r i a l s ..............................................................
le s s e n e rg y
m a te ria ls le s s
6 4 .7
6 3 .3
6 2 .9
6 6 .6
7 1 .2
7 2 .0
7 3 .5
7 7 .0
7 8 .7
7 7 .3
7 8 .9
.............................................
1 0 0 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .0
1 1 4 .7
1 1 6 .1
1 1 9 .3
1 1 8 .1
1 2 0 .4
1 1 8 .5
1 2 1 .0
1 1 7 .8
1 1 5 .8
e n e r g y ...................
1 1 5 .7
1 3 3 .0
1 3 3 .9
1 3 3 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 3 5 .6
1 3 6 .9
1 4 0 .3
1 4 0 .3
1 4 1 .3
1 4 0 .3
1 3 9 .8
1 3 7 .7
1 3 4 .9
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 1 2 .3
an d
e n e r g y .............................................................................................................
I n te rm e d ia te
1 1 2 .7
an d
e n e r g y ...............................................................................................................
C o n s u m e r n o n d u ra b le
1 0 9 .2
34. Producer Price indexes, by durability of product
(1 9 8 2 =
100)
1989
A nnual a v erag e
G ro u p in g
1987
T o ta l d u r a b le
1 0 9 .9
g o o d s .........
T o ta l n o n d u r a b le
g o o d s
T o ta l m a n u f a c tu r e s
N o n d u ra b le
T o ta l ra w
o r s lig h tly
p ro c e sse d
g o o d s
D u r a b l e .................... ................................................................
N o n d u ra b le
............. ............................................................
A p r.
M ay
Ju n e
J u ly
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .8
1 1 6 .8
1 1 8 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 1 5 .2
102.0
102.8
1 0 5 .2
1 0 6 .1
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 0 8 .1
1 0 8 .0
1 0 4 .8
9 7 .5
1 0 1 .1
102.6
1 0 2 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 1 0 .5
111.0
1 1 4 .6
110.1
1 1 4 .8
110.0
1 1 2 .5
1 0 9 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 0 4 .4
1 1 7 .6
1 1 8 .1
1 1 4 .4
1 1 7 .1
1 1 7 .4
1 1 4 .1
1 1 6 .4
1 1 8 .1
1 1 6 .0
1 1 8 .0
1 1 5 .6
1 1 7 .7
1 1 4 .5
1 0 8 .3
111.6
1 1 0 .9
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 0 4 .1
1 0 6 .1
111.2
1 0 5 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 0 5 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 0 5 .6
9 9 .2
.................
N ov.
102.2
1 0 9 .6
D u r a b l e .............................
1 1 5 .1
1 1 4 .7
O c t.
S e p t.
A ug.
1988
9 9 .9
100.1
1 0 2 .4
1 0 2 .5
9 4 .8
1 0 3 .5
9 7 .5
9 6 .5
1 0 1 .3
9 7 .2
101.1
9 5 .9
9 6 .7
9 4 .2
1 6 2 .6
1 4 5 .0
1 2 2 .6
1 5 7 .5
1 5 1 .3
1 5 4 .8
1 5 6 .5
1 5 0 .1
1 5 8 .3
1 4 9 .5
1 6 1 .0
1 5 0 .6
1 6 1 .9
1 4 8 .0
101.0
1 0 0 .5
9 3 .9
100.1
9 3 .9
9 2 .0
9 8 .6
9 5 .0
9 8 .2
9 4 .7
9 7 .2
9 3 .4
9 7 .0
9 2 .9
35. Annua! data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing
(1 9 8 2 = 1 0 0 )
F in is h e d g o o d s :
T o ta l
..............................................
C o n su m er g o o d s
1982
1980
In d ex
.
C a p ita l e q u ip m e n t
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1 0 8 .0
88.0
88.6
101.6
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .7
1 0 3 .2
1 0 1 .3
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .8
1 0 1 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .2
9 6 .6
100.0
100.0
1 0 5 .4
9 6 .1
100.0
102.8
1 0 5 .2
1 0 7 .5
1 1 1 .7
1 1 4 .3
9 4 .6
1 0 9 .7
8 5 .8
100.0
100.6
1 0 3 .1
1 0 2 .7
1 0 1 .5
1 0 7 .1
9 8 .6
9 9 .1
9 0 .3
1 0 3 .3
1 1 3 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .1
1 0 9 .8
1 1 6 .1
9 7 .9
101.2
102.8
1 0 4 .1
9 1 .3
100.6
9 5 .7
9 2 .8
7 2 .7
7 3 .3
7 1 .2
8 5 .0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1 0 5 .3
9 8 .7
1 0 2 .2
9 1 .7
1 1 4 .5
1 2 0 .1
1 0 7 .7
1 1 3 .7
I n te r m e d ia te m a te ria ls , s u p p lie s , a n d
c o m p o n e n ts :
T o ta l
............................................................................. ................................ ....................
M a te ria ls a n d
c o m p o n e n ts fo r
m a n u f a c t u r i n g ............. .......................................................... ...................
M a te ria ls a n d
P ro c e sse d
c o m p o n e n ts fo r c o n s tru c tio n
fu e ls a n d
....
l u b r i c a n t s ............................................
C o n t a i n e r s .........................................................................................................
S u p p lie s
............................................................ .....................................................
8 9 .1
9 6 .7
100.0
1 0 0 .4
1 0 5 .9
1 0 9 .0
1 1 0 .3
9 6 .9
100.0
101.8
1 0 4 .1
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .6
8 9 .9
1 0 1 .3
1 0 3 .5
9 5 .8
8 7 .7
101.8
1 0 4 .7
9 4 .8
9 3 .2
9 6 .2
1 0 6 .1
1 0 3 .9
100.0
100.0
9 6 .0
1 0 3 .0
9 3 .7
9 5 .3
1 0 4 .6
100.0
100.0
1 0 0 .7
1 0 2 .2
9 6 .9
8 1 .6
8 7 .9
8 5 .5
1 0 5 .1
1 0 5 .1
1 0 2 .7
9 2 .2
84.1
82.1
C ru d e m a te ria ls fo r f u rth e r p ro c e s s in g :
T o ta l
.................................................................................................................................
F o o d s tu ffs a n d
f e e d s t u f f s ................................................. ..........
Nonfood materials except fuel ..........................
F uel
.............................................................................................................................1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9 5 .4
8 4 .6
101.8
6 9 .4
8 4 .8
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
91
Current Labor Statistics: Price Data
36.
U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
(1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 ,
u n le s s o th e rw is e
in d ic a te d )
1986
1987
1988
1974
C a te g o ry
1989
S IT O
D ec.
A L L C O M M O D I T I E S .............................................................................
F o o d ............................................................................................................
M eat an d
F is h
m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s .............................................................................................
an d
G ra in
0
an d
g ra in
V e g e ta b le s
an d
an d
h id e s
D ec.
M a r.
Ju n e
1 1 1 .9
1 1 1 .6
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .2
9 0 .1
8 7 .3
8 9 .9
8 6 .7
9 4 .6
9 5 .2
1 0 3 .4
1 1 8 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 1 7 .6
1 1 5 .5
1 1 5 .0
1 2 1 .2
1 1 8 .8
1 1 6 .8
1 2 2 .8
1 3 1 .0
1 3 7 .0
1 3 0 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 2 7 .9
04
7 ? 5
f r u i t ..........................................................................................................................
05
u n m ille d
c e r e a l s .............................................................................................
p r o d u c t s .....................................................
to b a c c o
s k i n s ..............................................................................................................................................................
1 1 3 .5
08
1 1 9 .7
1 1 7 .0
1 2 3 .8
1 2 3 .1
1 4 5 .2
1 3 4 .6
1 5 8 .1
1 6 1 .0
1 5 7 .0
1 5 4 .1
1 4 4 .1
09
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .3
1 0 0 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 2 .8
1 0 5 .2
1 0 4 .9
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 1 7 .6
...........................................................................................
p r o d u c t s ...................................................................
1 5 9 .8
6 7 .8
1
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .6
1 0 5 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .0
1 0 9 .6
1 1 0 .6
1 1 2 .0
1 1 1 .7
1 1 7 .2
12
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .6
1 0 5 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .0
1 0 9 .8
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 1 7 .6
1 1 7 .9
2
1 0 2 .4
1 0 5 .7
1 1 4 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 2 5 .2
1 3 0 .0
1 3 9 .9
1 4 0 .8
1 3 5 .8
1 4 2 .6
1 4 2 .9
21
1 1 5 .9
1 3 1 .9
1 4 9 .6
1 4 7 .7
1 5 7 .1
1 7 1 .4
1 6 6 .8
1 5 6 .7
1 3 6 .8
1 4 6 .7
1 5 0 .0
22
9 5 .2
9 0 .4
1 0 1 .6
9 5 .1
1 0 9 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 4 3 .0
1 5 4 .7
1 3 5 .7
1 3 9 .3
1 2 9 .8
C ru d e
23
9 8 .9
9 9 .9
1 0 1 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 0 5 .3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 6 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .9
r u b b e r ......................................................................................................................................................................................
1 1 1 .1
1 1 2 .2
W o o d .............................................................................................................
24
1 0 7 .9
1 1 1 .2
1 1 6 .2
1 4 1 .7
1 4 6 .0
1 5 0 .2
1 4 9 .6
1 5 0 .0
1 4 8 .6
1 5 7 .3
1 7 1 .2
P u lp
25
1 2 9 .4
1 4 4 .2
1 4 9 .9
1 5 3 .0
1 6 0 .4
1 7 1 .2
1 7 9 .5
1 8 1 .7
1 8 2 .1
1 9 2 .9
1 9 3 .6
1 1 2 .4
an d
T e x tile
w a s te
f i b e r s .........................................................................................................
F u e ls a n d
an d
m e t a l s c r a p ...........................................................................................
re la te d
C oal an d
C ru d e
c o k e
an d
p e tro le u m
fa ts
v e g e ta b le
C h e m ic a ls a n d
p r o d u c t s ................................................................
re la te d
f a t s ............................................................................
c o lo rin g
m a t e r i a l s ..................................................................................
p h a rm a c e u tic a l
E s s e n tia l o ils , p o lis h , a n d
p r o d u c ts
c le a n in g
(1 2 /8 5 =
100)
...............
p r e p a r a t i o n s .....................................
F e r t i l i z e r s , m a n u f a c t u r e d ..................................................................................
A rtific ia l r e s i n s , p l a s t i c s a n d
C h e m ic a l m a te r ia ls a n d
c e l l u l o s e ........................................................
p r o d u c t s , n . e . s .............................................................
I n t e r m e d i a t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c t s .............................
L e a th e r a n d
fu rs k in s
P ap er an d
.................................................................................................................................................
p a p erb o ard
p r o d u c ts
..........................................................................................................................
T e x t i l e s ..........................................................................
N o n -m e ta llic
m in e ra l m a n u f a c tu r e s
( 9 / 8 5 = 1 0 0 ) .........................................................................
s t e e l ...................................................................................
N o n fe rro u s
m e t a l s ..................................................................................................................................................................
M e t a l m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s .......................................................
M a c h in e ry a n d tr a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t, e x c lu d in g
M a c h in e ry
m a c h in e ry
s p e c ia liz e d
M e ta lw o r k in g
m a c h in e s
an d
an d
m a c h in e ry
a u to m a tic
an d
an d
p a rts
p a rts ,
d a ta
n . e . s ..................................
p ro c e s s in g
re c o rd in g
an d
e q u ip m e n t
re p ro d u c in g
e q u ip m e n t
e q u i p m e n t ......................
.....................................................
O th e r tr a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t, e x c lu d in g
m ilita ry
an d
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u f a c tu r e d
an d
a r t i c l e s .................
p a r t s .................................................................
P r o f e s s io n a l, s c ie n tific , a n d
c o n tro llin g
in s tru m e n ts
9 4 .8
9 4 .8
9 8 .8
9 9 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 3 1 .8
1 4 6 .0
1 4 5 .0
1 5 0 .4
1 6 3 .5
1 5 6 .9
P h o to g ra p h ic
a p p a ra tu s
an d
a r t i c l e s , n . e . s ....................................
n o t a v a ila b le .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 1 1 .6
1 0 7 .5
1 0 9 .9
1 0 0 .8
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 1 5 .8
3
7 7 .8
8 1 .3
8 2 .8
8 4 .6
8 2 .5
7 9 .3
8 2 .1
32
9 2 .0
9 2 .6
8 8 .2
9 1 .0
8 9 .8
9 0 .6
9 2 .0
9 2 .9
9 3 .4
9 3 .7
9 4 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 0 .8
9 7 .2
8 9 .2
8 8 .4
9 4 .5
1 0 5 .3
33
-
-
7 9 .5
7 9 .4
8 1 .7
8 6 .0
7 1 .8
7 3 .9
7 8 .8
7 8 .5
8 1 .6
9 2 .7
9 7 .3
1 0 1 .5
9 1 .5
9 0 .3
8 7 .1
41
7 9 .9
8 1 .1
8 6 .7
8 6 .7
8 8 .7
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .6
1 0 4 .3
9 5 .7
9 1 .8
8 9 .6
42
6 4 .6
6 7 .3
7 1 .9
7 1 .2
7 5 .4
8 5 .7
9 3 .7
9 9 .1
8 7 .1
8 8 .2
8 4 .1
5
9 5 .2
9 9 .6
51
9 2 .4
1 0 1 .9
1 1 8 .4
1 1 6 .1
1 2 3 .5
1 3 5 .1
1 4 4 .6
1 5 3 .3
1 5 0 .8
1 4 9 .6
1 4 4 .2
53
1 0 1 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .1
1 1 0 .1
1 1 1 .5
1 1 3 .0
1 1 5 .5
1 1 6 .2
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 1 7 .9
1 2 1 .6
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 1 .7
54
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .4
1 0 9 .0
1 0 8 .8
55
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 1 3 .6
1 2 0 .2
1 2 2 .4
1 2 5 .3
1 2 4 .6
56
7 7 .4
8 5 .6
9 1 .6
1 0 0 .9
1 0 6 .5
1 1 0 .6
1 0 9 .8
1 1 6 .4
1 1 9 .9
1 1 9 .4
1 0 8 .7
57
9 9 .5
1 0 4 .8
1 1 1 .9
1 1 6 .4
1 2 4 .8
1 2 9 .4
1 3 7 .5
1 3 8 .2
1 3 2 .5
1 2 5 .8
1 1 8 .0
58
9 7 .3
9 7 .5
9 7 .7
9 7 .1
9 8 .2
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .7
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .4
1 0 8 .4
1 0 9 .4
1 0 4 .2
1 0 6 .4
1 0 7 .9
1 0 2 .2
1 0 5 .4
1 0 9 .3
1 0 6 .3
1 0 5 .9
1 0 7 .5
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .2
1 1 4 .4
1 1 7 .7
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .6
1 2 2 .6
1 2 3 .1
61
1 0 7 .8
1 2 3 .6
1 2 6 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 1 8 .0
1 2 5 .7
1 2 5 .1
1 2 8 .6
1 2 5 .0
1 1 8 .3
1 2 0 .7
62
1 0 0 .9
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .5
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .2
1 0 8 .8
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .4
1 1 3 .0
1 1 3 .1
64
1 1 0 .8
1 1 4 .7
1 1 7 .0
1 2 0 .1
1 2 2 .4
1 2 6 .2
1 2 9 .0
1 3 0 .2
1 3 1 .1
1 3 2 .5
1 3 3 .7
65
1 0 1 .8
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .2
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .6
1 1 1 .6
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .2
66
1 0 8 .0
1 0 6 .8
1 0 8 .7
1 1 0 .4
1 1 1 .3
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .1
1 1 5 .6
1 1 6 .8
1 2 0 .4
1 2 2 .6
67
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .9
1 0 2 .9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 2 .9
1 0 6 .1
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .1
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .7
68
1 0 2 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 1 3 .0
1 2 3 .0
1 2 4 .4
1 3 4 .0
1 4 3 .5
1 4 9 .1
1 5 0 .0
1 5 1 .7
1 4 6 .0
69
1 0 0 .8
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .3
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .4
1 0 4 .5
1 0 7 .6
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 1 2 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .1
1 0 2 .4
1 0 3 .2
1 0 4 .0
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .2
71
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .6
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .2
1 0 7 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .3
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .3
72
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .1
1 0 0 .5
1 0 0 .9
1 0 2 .1
1 0 3 .6
1 0 4 .7
1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .3
1 0 8 .7
73
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .8
1 0 8 .2
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .0
1 1 4 .4
1 1 5 .7
117 4
74
1 0 3 .3
1 0 4 .2
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .6
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .7
1 0 8 .1
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .3
75
9 8 .2
9 6 .0
9 6 .1
9 5 .7
9 5 .5
9 5 .8
9 5 .7
9 6 .8
9 6 .4
9 5 .8
9 4 9
76
1 0 1 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .8
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .1
1 0 5 .1
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .9
77
1 0 0 .3
1 0 1 .7
1 0 2 .1
1 0 2 .5
1 0 1 .8
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .4
1 0 5 .3
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .1
106 4
78
1 0 3 .3
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .5
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .6
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .8
1 0 7 .2
1 0 7 .8
79
1 0 3 .5
1 0 4 .5
1 0 5 .5
1 0 5 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 0 7 .4
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .7
1 1 1 .9
1 1 3 .5
1 1 4 .9
8
1 0 3 .8
1 0 4 .6
1 0 5 .2
1 0 5 .4
1 0 5 .6
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .1
1 0 8 .9
1 1 0 .5
1 1 1 .4
1 1 2 .9
82
1 0 3 .5
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .6
1 0 7 .6
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .3
118
87
1 0 3 .5
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .1
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .1
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .5
1 1 8 .3
88
1 0 2 .1
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .5
9 9 .0
9 7 .9
9 7 .6
1 0 0 .1
9 9 .4
9 9 .9
9 8 .5
9 9 .3
89
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .2
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .9
1 0 5 .8
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .5
1 0 6 .5
1 0 8 .7
1 1 0 .2
1 1 0 .0
1
s u p p lie s , o p tic a l g o o d s , w a tc h e s , a n d
c l o c k s ..........................................................................................
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu re d
1 1 6 .5
an d
a p p a r a t u s ............................................................................
D a ta
9 4 .2
1 1 7 .4
c o m m e rc ia l
a v i a t i o n .....................................................................................
F u rn itu re
9 2 .8
1 0 7 .0
7
e q u i p m e n t ...................................
m a c h i n e r y .........................................................
T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n s , s o u n d
v e h ic le s
an d
f o r p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s t r i e s ........................................
G e n e ra l in d u s tria l m a c h in e s
R o ad
9 1 .6
9 8 .8
m ilita ry a n d
c o m m e r c i a l a i r c r a f t ........................................................
P o w e r g e n e ra tin g
E le c tr ic a l
9 1 .6
9 6 .8
6
...............................................................................................................................................
R u b b e r m a n u fa c tu re s
O ff ic e
9 4 .0
28
p r o d u c t s ............................................................
c h e m i c a l s ...........................................................................................................
M e d ic in a l a n d
an d
9 7 .8
9 4 .4
4
..................................................................................................
o ils a n d
D y e in g , ta n n in g , a n d
Iro n
9 0 .9
9 6 .8
o i l s ...................................................................................
A n im a l o ils a n d
O rg a n ic
26
27
p r o d u c t s ...............................................................
....................................................................................................................................
p e tro le u m
F a ts a n d
F ix e d
p a p e r ..........................................................................................................................................................
m i n e r a l s ................................................................................................
M e ta l o r e s
92
S e p t.
1 0 9 .5
O i l s e e d s .................................................................................................................................
C ru d e
-
Ju n e
1 0 6 .5
p r e p a r a t i o n s ....................................................................................................
to b a c c o
an d
M a r.
1 0 4 .9
1 1 4 .5
C r u d e m a t e r i a l s .................................................................................................
R aw
D ec.
1 0 2 .8
115 9
M is c e lla n e o u s fo o d
T o b ac co
S e p t.
1 0 2 .2
01
A n im a l f e e d s , e x c lu d in g
B e v era g es an d
Ju n e
9 9 .9
03
c r u s t a c e a n s ......................................................................................
M a r.
9 9 .0
37.
U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification
(1 9 8 5 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s
o th e rw is e
in d ic a te d )
1989
1988
1987
1974
C a te g o ry
M eat an d
D a iry
S IT C
m e a t p r e p a r a t i o n s .................................................................................................................................
p ro d u c ts
an d
e g g s
............................................................................................................................................
g o o d s, p a s ta
p r o d u c ts , g ra in , a n d
g ra in
p r e p a r a t i o n s .............................
B e v e ia g e s
S e p t.
D ec.
c ru d e
M e ta llife ro u s o r e s a n d
m i n e r a l s ..........................................................................................................
m e t a l s c r a p .............................................................................................................
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .8
1 1 6 .8
1 1 5 .3
1 1 7 .6
1 1 9 .7
1 2 0 .7
1 1 7 .5
1 2 0 .8
1 2 3 .7
1 2 6 .7
1 2 6 .1
1 2 9 .1
1 2 9 .6
1 2 8 .6
0
1 0 8 .3
1 0 9 .1
1 1 2 .5
1 1 4 .1
1 1 4 .0
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .3
1 1 4 .1
1 1 1 .4
1 0 8 .0
1 1 4 .4
1 1 3 .4
1 1 1 .5
1 0 7 .0
1 1 1 .2
1 0 8 .7
1 1 1 .2
1 0 9 .3
02
1 2 2 .3
1 2 1 .7
1 2 5 .1
1 2 5 .6
1 2 5 .0
1 2 2 .2
1 2 5 .8
1 2 4 .0
1 2 0 .1
1 2 7 .0
1 2 3 .0
1 2 6 .0
m id
w o o d
N o n m e ta llic
1 4 2 .2
1 4 0 .4
1 4 0 .1
1 2 6 .2
1 2 4 .8
1 3 0 .7
05
1 1 0 .1
1 1 0 .0
1 1 6 .2
1 1 5 .4
1 2 0 .3
1 2 3 .7
1 2 7 .7
1 2 3 .4
1 2 3 .3
06
1 0 9 .6
1 0 9 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 0 9 .6
1 1 0 .0
1 1 2 .1
1 1 0 .8
1 0 9 .8
1 1 1 .8
9 1 .2
8 5 .3
9 0 .6
07
8 7 .0
8 5 .1
1
1 1 2 .8
1 1 2 .2
1 1 3 .5
11
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .8
1 1 6 .2
9 3 .3
8 7 .4
9 0 .6
1 1 6 .0
1 1 6 .2
1 1 5 .3
1 1 6 .2
1 1 7 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .7
1 2 0 .0
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .7
9 4 .3
2
1 1 6 .2
1 2 0 .3
1 2 2 .1
1 2 9 .2
1 3 7 .8
1 3 5 .4
1 4 3 .2
1 4 6 .2
1 4 4 .2
23
1 0 3 .7
1 1 0 .7
1 2 0 .1
1 2 1 .7
1 5 1 .1
1 3 3 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 2 3 .0
1 0 3 .4
1 1 2 .1
1 1 2 .4
24
1 1 0 .2
1 1 7 .4
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .4
1 0 9 .7
1 0 7 .8
25
1 3 2 .0
1 3 3 .4
1 4 1 .0
1 5 1 .0
1 6 0 .5
1 6 9 .6
1 7 4 .7
1 8 4 .7
1 9 0 .2
1 3 5 .2
1 3 7 .8
1 4 5 .5
1 4 1 .9
1 4 5 .6
1 5 1 .5
1 4 b .3
1 1 8 .4
1 2 8 .1
1 1 2 .4
27
9 9 .6
9 9 .2
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .4
1 0 1 .0
9 7 .2
1 0 0 .2
1 0 3 .3
1 0 4 .3
28
1 2 4 .5
1 2 8 .7
1 3 7 .9
1 5 1 .2
1 6 7 .6
1 7 2 .2
2 0 5 .4
2 0 4 .3
2 1 2 .3
1 4 8 .2
1 2 2 .0
1 3 9 .5
1 3 8 .5
1 1 0 .1
1 0 9 .0
1 0 7 .6
1 1 8 .3
1 3 5 .8
3
7 4 .1
7 4 .3
6 7 .2
6 0 .6
6 3 .4
5 7 .7
5 6 .4
6 6 .8
7 8 .8
33
7 4 .4
7 5 .2
6 7 .8
6 0 .4
6 3 .6
5 7 .7
5 6 .1
6 7 .3
8 0 .3
4
8 7 .9
9 6 .4
1 0 2 .1
1 0 6 .4
1 1 1 .2
1 1 4 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 1 2 .5
1 1 7 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 5 .7
1 1 1 .1
1 1 6 .1
1 1 9 .2
1 1 7 .4
1 1 7 .3
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .2
1 2 3 .6
1 2 0 .3
1 1 4 .0
_
5
1 0 4 .8
1 0 5 .6
1 1 0 .1
1 1 4 .2
1 1 6 .4
1 1 9 .2
51
9 9 .8
9 8 .2
1 0 3 .0
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .3
1 1 1 .3
1 1 5 .1
1 1 7 .6
52
8 9 .8
8 9 .8
9 0 .1
9 2 .0
9 2 .3
9 3 .0
9 6 .1
9 3 .1
8 6 .6
54
1 2 3 .4
1 2 4 .3
1 2 6 .3
1 3 5 .3
1 4 0 .3
1 4 5 .4
1 4 6 .4
1 5 4 .9
1 6 3 .5
1 2 6 .2
1 2 7 .5
1 3 0 .5
1 3 0 .3
1 3 0 .4
1 4 2 .1
1 1 7 .8
1 1 9 .2
1 2 3 .0
1 2 5 .7
56
9 4 .6
1 0 9 .3
1 3 3 .6
1 3 3 .7
1 3 6 .3
1 3 6 .5
1 3 9 .9
1 4 3 .5
58
1 1 4 .7
1 1 4 .4
1 1 7 .6
1 2 1 .6
1 2 4 .3
1 2 7 .6
1 2 9 .5
1 2 9 .5
1 2 9 .8
59
1 1 7 .7
1 2 0 .6
1 2 4 .8
1 3 8 .7
1 4 8 .5
1 5 3 .4
1 5 6 .5
1 5 4 .8
1 4 9 .8
1 3 6 .3
6
1 1 2 .5
1 1 6 .3
1 1 9 .8
1 2 4 .4
1 3 2 .2
1 3 2 .3
1 3 5 .0
1 3 7 .3
61
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 2 4 .4
1 3 1 .8
1 3 7 .0
1 3 6 .6
1 3 4 .9
1 3 4 .6
1 3 4 .6
62
1 0 4 .6
1 0 3 .2
1 0 4 .6
1 0 6 .0
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .1
1 1 1 .1
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .2
1 3 4 .1
1 3 6 .9
1 3 9 .8
1 2 4 .3
1 2 8 .3
1 2 8 .2
1 3 3 .8
1 3 8 .2
64
1 0 4 .9
1 1 0 .3
1 1 2 .3
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .3
1 1 9 .5
1 1 9 .9
1 2 0 .6
65
1 1 1 .8
1 1 4 .6
1 1 8 .6
1 2 0 .0
1 2 0 .6
1 1 9 .1
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .5
1 2 2 .3
f o r p a r t i c u l a r i n d u s t r i e s ..........................................................................
an d
P r o f e s s io n a l, s c ie n tific , a n d
a p p a ra tu s
an d
p a r t s , n . e . s ...............................................................................
re c o rd in g
T rav e l g o o d s, h a n d b a g s , a n d
1 2 6 .7
66
an d
s im ila r g o o d s
c o n tro llin g
re p ro d u c in g
( 6 /8 5 =
a p p a r a t u s ...........
100)
......................................
1 3 0 .4
1 3 3 .4
1 3 7 .4
1 2 0 .9
1 4 2 .5
1 3 9 .7
1 4 1 .9
1 4 7 .5
1 4 9 .6
1 3 0 .7
1 3 2 .6
1 3 3 .9
67
1 0 6 .6
1 0 9 .4
1 1 4 .0
1 2 0 .0
1 2 7 .2
1 2 9 .9
68
1 1 2 .4
1 2 0 .9
1 2 5 .8
1 3 2 .7
1 5 9 .7
1 5 8 .9
1 6 9 .1
1 7 2 .8
1 5 9 .1
69
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 2 1 .1
1 2 6 .9
1 2 7 .5
1 3 0 .7
1 3 2 .4
1 3 2 .5
1 2 7 .3
1 2 6 .7
1 2 9 .9
1 3 0 .1
1 2 9 .3
1 1 9 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 2 3 .1
1 2 5 .4
7hyb
1 1 9 .1
1 1 8 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 4 .6
1 2 6 .4
1 2 5 .9
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .2
1 2 8 .4
72
1 3 6 .1
1 3 4 .3
1 4 2 .1
1 4 6 .8
1 4 9 .8
1 4 3 .7
1 5 0 .8
1 4 9 .1
1 4 5 .7
73
1 2 8 .1
1 3 0 .2
1 3 5 .5
1 3 9 .9
1 4 2 .4
1 3 9 .7
1 4 4 .1
1 4 2 .9
1 3 9 .7
1 4 0 .4
1 4 3 .7
1 3 9 .6
1 4 4 .2
1 4 4 .7
1 4 3 .0
74
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .1
1 3 7 .0
75
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .8
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .1
1 1 9 .5
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .6
1 1 9 .1
76
1 1 0 .3
1 1 0 .2
1 1 2 .1
1 1 2 .8
1 1 3 .8
1 1 3 .9
1 1 5 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 1 5 .5
1 2 9 .3
1 3 0 .5
1 2 9 .8
77
1 1 5 .8
1 1 5 .1
1 1 8 .2
1 2 2 .2
1 2 4 .2
1 2 5 .9
78
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .6
1 2 2 .6
1 2 5 .5
1 2 7 .6
1 2 7 .1
1 3 0 .8
1 3 0 .5
1 2 9 .7
8
1 1 7 .8
1 1 8 .5
1 2 1 .8
1 2 4 .2
1 2 5 .7
1 2 4 .2
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .7
81
1 1 7 .0
1 1 6 .2
1 2 1 .0
1 2 3 .4
1 2 6 .9
1 2 4 .5
1 2 7 .2
1 3 0 .0
1 3 1 .5
82
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .4
1 2 9 .6
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .1
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .0
83
9 9 .8
9 8 .2
1 0 3 .0
1 0 5 .8
1 0 7 .3
1 1 1 .3
1 1 5 .1
1 1 7 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 1 7 .2
1 1 8 .5
1 2 0 .5
84
1 0 9 .2
1 1 1 .9
1 1 2 .3
1 1 5 .6
1 1 4 .9
1 1 6 .7
85
1 1 9 .8
1 1 9 .0
1 2 4 .3
1 2 5 .4
1 2 9 .6
1 2 8 .0
1 2 9 .1
1 2 7 .2
1 2 8 .0
87
1 3 5 .9
1 3 2 .7
1 3 8 .7
1 4 0 .0
1 4 2 .5
1 3 5 .8
1 4 1 .9
1 4 1 .1
1 3 6 .9
in s tru m e n ts a n d
s u p p lie s , o p tic a l g o o d s , w a tc h e s , a n d
88
1 2 6 .0
1 2 2 .1
1 2 7 .3
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .3
1 2 5 .4
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .2
1 2 7 .9
89
1 2 1 .1
1 2 2 .3
1 2 7 .3
1 2 9 .2
1 3 2 .1
1 2 8 .2
1 3 1 .4
1 3 1 .7
1 3 1 .4
I
D a ta
1 3 6 .9
63
T e le c o m m u n ic a tio n s , s o u n d
-
1 2 5 .9
1 3 9 .8
..........................................
G e n e r a l in d u s tria l m a c h in e r y
P h o to g ra p h ic
1 2 9 .3
p r o d u c t s ......................................................................................................................
m i n e r a l m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s ..............................................................................................
s p e c ia liz e d
1 3 2 .5
04
7
M a c h in e ry
1 3 1 .0
1 3 6 .1
m â n u f â c t u r e s ........................................................
p a p erb o ard
1 3 0 .4
1 2 6 .7
1 3 5 .8
55
P ap er an d
Ju n e
1 1 0 .9
42
C o rk
D ec.
1 1 0 .0
29
R u b b e r m a n u f a c t u r e s , n . e . s ......................................................................................................................................
S e p t.
1 1 6 .5
26
C r u d e f e rtiliz e rs a n d
Ju n e
M a r.
01
03
B a k ery
Ju n e
M a r.
I
J-------J-------
n o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
93
Current Labor Statistics:
38.
(1 9 8 5
Price Data
U.S. export price indexes by end-use category
=
100
u n le s s
o th e rw is e
in d ic a te d )
1987
1988
1989
C a te g o ry
Ju n e
F o o d s, fee d s, an d
b e v e r a g e s ...................................................................................................................................
9 1 .5
S e p t.
D ec.
8 8 .0
9 6 .6
M a r.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
Ju n e
9 8 .5
1 1 0 .1
1 2 0 .8
1 1 7 .2
m a t e r i a l s ..........................................................................................................................
1 0 6 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 1 1 .8
1 1 4 .2
1 1 8 .3
1 1 8 .7
1 1 8 .6
1 2 0 .7
1 2 0 .7
C a p i t a l g o o d s ....................................................................................................................................................................................
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .8
1 0 2 .1
1 0 3 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .7
1 0 6 .7
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .6
I n d u s tr ia l s u p p li e s a n d
A u to m o tiv e
...........................................................................................................................................................................................
C o n su m er g o o d s
.........................................................................................................................................................................
C o n s u m e r n o n d u ra b le s ,
m a n u f a c t u r e d , e x c e p t r u g s .........................................................
C o n s u m e r d u ra b le s , m a n u fa c tu re d
A g ric u ltu ra l ( 9 / 8 8 — 1 0 0 )
A ll e x p o r t s , e x c l u d i n g
.............................................................................................................
1 2 4 .5
1 1 7 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 4 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .1
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .0
1 1 0 .1
1 1 0 .6
1 1 1 .3
1 1 2 .9
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .6
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .6
1 0 6 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 0 8 .7
1 0 9 .3
1 1 0 .0
1 1 1 .4
1 1 1 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 0 7 .3
1 0 7 .9
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .4
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 1 5 .4
1 1 5 .3
1 0 4 .5
1 0 4 .3
1 0 4 .8
.............................................................................................................................................
9 5 .0
9 2 .1
9 9 .3
1 0 1 .1
1 1 0 .9
1 2 0 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 1 6 .0
a g r i c u l t u r a l ( 9 / 8 8 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................
1 0 3 .6
1 0 4 .9
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .7
1 0 9 .7
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .9
1 1 3 .1
39.
U.S. import price indexes by end-use category
(1 9 8 5 =
100)
1987
1988
1989
C a te g o ry
Ju n e
A ll i m p o r t s , e x c l u d i n g
F o o d s, fee d s, an d
p e tro le u m
P e tro le u m
an d
M a r.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
Ju n e
1 1 6 .1
1 1 7 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 2 3 .2
1 2 6 .2
1 2 5 .4
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .0
b e v e r a g e s ...................................................................................................................................
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .0
1 1 2 .1
1 1 3 .7
1 1 3 .7
1 1 2 .7
1 1 4 .2
1 1 3 .8
1 1 1 .7
9 3 .5
9 5 .3
9 3 .7
9 2 .7
9 7 .8
9 5 .2
9 6 .4
1 0 2 .1
1 0 6 .8
m a t e r i a l s .........................................................................................................................
p e tro le u m
p r o d u c ts , e x c lu d in g
n a t u r a l g a s ......................................
7 4 .1
7 4 .7
6 7 .6
6 0 .3
6 3 .5
5 7 .5
1 2 8 .0
5 6 .2
6 7 .2
p e t r o l e u m .................................................
1 0 9 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 1 5 .6
1 1 9 .6
1 2 6 .4
1 2 6 .4
1 2 9 .6
1 3 1 .2
1 2 9 .4
C a p i t a l g o o d s , e x c e p t a u t o m o t i v e ......................................................................................................................
1 2 2 .2
1 2 1 .9
1 2 6 .6
1 2 8 .6
1 3 1 .0
1 2 9 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 3 2 .4
1 3 1 .0
In d u s tria l s u p p lie s a n d
m a te r ia ls , e x c lu d in g
A u to m o tiv e v e h ic le s , p a r ts
an d
..................................................................................................
1 1 8 .4
1 1 8 .4
1 2 0 .6
1 2 3 .7
1 2 5 .8
1 2 6 .0
1 2 9 .2
1 2 9 .1
1 2 8 .3
1 1 6 .9
1 1 8 .2
1 2 1 .4
1 2 4 .2
1 2 6 .3
1 2 5 .0
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 1 5 .0
1 1 6 .8
1 2 0 .2
1 2 3 .3
1 2 4 .2
1 2 3 .8
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .5
1 2 7 .9
m a n u f a c t u r e d ................................................................................................................................................
1 1 7 .7
1 1 7 .9
1 2 1 .0
1 2 3 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 2 4 .5
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .9
1 2 7 .9
e x c e p t a u t o m o t i v e .............................................................................................................
N o n d u ra b le s , m a n u fa c tu re d
D u ra b le s ,
e n g in e s
7 9 .7
...................................................................................................................................
C o n su m er g o o d s
94
D ec.
......................................................................................
In d u s tria l s u p p lie s a n d
(6 /8 8 = 1 0 0 )
S e p t.
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.
U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification
(1 9 8 5 =
100)
1989
1988
1987
In d u s try g ro u p
M a r.
D ec.
S e p t.
Ju n e
Ju n e
M a r.
D ec.
S e p t.
Ju n e
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
F o o d
an d
F u rn itu re
1 0 7 .4
1 0 7 .1
1 1 6 .3
1 2 0 .8
1 2 5 .1
1 2 8 .9
1 2 3 .5
1 2 4 .5
p r o d u c t s , e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ......................................
1 1 6 .2
1 3 8 .9
1 4 2 .5
1 4 6 .1
1 4 5 .4
1 4 6 .1
1 4 4 .0
1 5 1 .7
1 6 4 .8
f i x t u r e s ...............................................................................................................
1 0 8 .6
1 0 8 .7
1 1 1 .2
1 1 2 .5
1 1 2 .9
1 1 2 .9
1 1 5 .3
1 1 5 .2
1 1 6 .0
w o o d
an d
................................................................................................
1 1 2 .3
1 1 5 .5
1 1 9 .3
1 2 4 .6
1 2 9 .8
1 3 3 .1
1 3 5 .6
1 3 9 .9
1 4 1 .4
p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................
1 0 7 .6
1 0 8 .7
1 1 3 .8
1 1 8 .4
1 2 2 .3
1 2 5 .4
1 2 5 .5
1 2 5 .9
1 2 2 .3
c o a l p r o d u c t s .......................................................................................
8 0 .5
8 1 .4
7 8 .8
7 3 .0
7 7 .8
7 3 .7
7 5 .4
7 9 .8
8 6 .5
m e t a l p r o d u c t s .........................................................................................................
1 1 7 .2
1 2 2 .3
1 2 6 .6
1 2 6 .9
1 3 3 .8
1 3 3 .5
1 3 3 .6
1 3 0 .8
1 2 5 .7
P a p e r an d
a llie d
C h e m ic a ls a n d
P e tro le u m
P r im a r y
1 2 2 .8
p r o d u c t s ............................................................................................
k in d re d
L um ber an d
p ro d u c ts
a llie d
an d
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .8
1 0 3 .6
1 0 3 .4
1 0 0 .6
1 0 1 .3
E l e c t r i c a l m a c h i n e r y ..................................................................................................................
1 0 2 .1
1 0 2 .5
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .9
1 0 3 .7
1 0 4 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 6 .3
1 0 6 .8
T ra n s p o rta tio n
e q u i p m e n t ..................................................................................................
1 0 6 .7
1 0 6 .9
1 0 7 .8
1 0 8 .1
1 0 9 .1
1 0 9 .4
1 1 0 .9
1 1 1 .8
1 1 2 .7
i n s t r u m e n t s ; o p t i c a l g o o d s ; c l o c k s ........................................
1 0 6 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 0 7 .1
1 0 9 .2
1 1 0 .8
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .4
1 1 4 .5
1 1 6 .7
M a c h in e ry , e x c e p t e le c tr ic a l
S c ie n tific
1
S IC
- b a se d
.........................................................................................
9 9 .4
9 9 .4
9 9 .7
c la s s ific a tio n .
41.
U.S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1
(1 9 8 5 =
100)
1989
1988
1987
In d u s try g ro u p
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
Ju n e
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.
Ju n e
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
F o o d
p r o d u c t s .........................................................................................................
1 0 6 .3
1 0 8 .4
1 1 0 .6
1 1 4 .0
1 1 4 .4
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .4
1 1 4 .9
1 1 3 .9
m i l l p r o d u c t s ...............................................................................................................................
1 1 6 .1
1 1 9 .4
1 2 4 .3
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .9
1 2 7 .0
1 2 7 .8
1 3 9 .0
1 3 9 .3
1 1 5 .8
1 1 7 .0
an d
T e x tile
k in d re d
A p p arel a n d
re la te d
L um ber an d
w o o d
F u rn itu re a n d
P a p e r an d
1 1 3 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .5
1 1 8 .9
1 2 1 .0
1 2 0 .3
1 1 5 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 2 0 .3
1 1 8 .6
1 1 7 .0
1 2 0 .5
1 2 2 .2
f i x t u r e s ...........................................................................................................................
1 1 8 .9
1 2 2 .2
1 2 4 .0
1 2 4 .8
1 2 8 .0
1 2 6 .3
1 2 6 .0
1 0 5 .9
1 1 0 .9
1 1 3 .6
1 1 9 .1
1 2 1 .3
1 2 3 .8
1 2 5 .2
1 2 7 .4
1 2 8 .3
p r o d u c ts
a llie d
re fin in g
.............................................................................................................
1 1 6 .8
1 2 1 .3
1 3 0 .6
1 3 0 .7
1 3 0 .0
p r o d u c t s .......................................................................
1 3 6 .4
1 3 8 .4
1 2 7 .4
1 1 4 .5
1 1 9 .2
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .6
1 2 1 .3
1 3 9 .8
p l a s t i c s p r o d u c t s ...................................................
1 1 3 .6
1 1 2 .3
1 1 5 .7
1 1 7 .2
1 1 9 .0
1 1 7 .7
1 2 2 .6
1 2 2 .3
1 2 2 .6
1 1 3 .3
1 1 3 .3
1 1 8 .4
1 2 3 .7
1 2 4 .0
1 2 2 .8
1 2 3 .6
p r o d u c t s ................................................................................................
an d
a llie d
m is c e lla n e o u s
L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r p r o d u c ts
1 0 6 .2
1 0 7 .2
1 1 2 .2
1 2 3 .5
1 2 0 .8
1 2 4 .6
p r o d u c t s ............................................................
1 3 0 .0
1 2 9 .6
1 3 3 .9
1 3 8 .2
1 4 1 .5
1 4 0 .5
1 4 4 .3
1 4 5 .1
m e t a l p r o d u c t s ......................................................................................................................
1 1 0 .4
1 1 5 .2
1 2 0 .0
1 2 2 .6
1 3 7 .0
1 3 6 .2
1 4 0 .2
1 4 0 .6
1 3 5 .6
1 1 7 .5
1 1 9 .8
1 2 3 .2
1 2 7 .3
1 3 3 .3
1 3 3 .0
1 3 6 .3
1 3 8 .9
1 4 0 .1
S to n e , c la y , g la s s , a n d
F a b ric a te d
..................................................................................................
c o n c re te
m e t a l p r o d u c t s .............................................................................................................
T ra n s p o rta tio n
S c ie n tific
- b a se d
1 3 8 .6
1 3 6 .5
1 3 5 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 1 2 .5
1 1 4 .7
1 1 6 .1
1 1 6 .7
1 1 9 .0
1 1 9 .7
1 1 9 .4
e q u i p m e n t ..............................................................................................................
1 2 2 .5
1 2 4 .6
1 2 7 .3
1 2 9 .5
1 2 9 .3
1 3 2 .8
1 3 2 .6
1 3 2 .0
.....................................................
1 3 2 .5
1 2 8 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 3 5 .8
1 3 7 .0
1 3 2 .2
1 3 7 .7
1 3 6 .7
1 3 3 .9
..........................................................
1 1 8 .1
1 2 1 .4
1 2 3 .8
1 2 7 .7
1 3 3 .1
1 3 0 .6
1 3 2 .2
1 3 6 .6
1 3 7 .9
in s tru m e n ts ; o p tic a l g o o d s ; c lo c k s
M is c e lla n e o u s
1 3 8 .4
1 3 8 .2
1 1 0 .7
1 2 2 .1
an d
m a n u fa c tu re d
c o m m o d itie s
1 2 7 .4
1 2 7 .8
1 3 3 .9
1 3 5 .9
1 4 4 .8
s u p p l i e s .....................................................................................
M a c h i n e r y , e x c e p t e l e c t r i c a l .......................................................................................................
E le c tric a l m a c h in e r y
S IC
1 1 2 .3
1 1 8 .3
R u b b er an d
1
1 0 9 .4
1 1 5 .0
C h e m ic a ls a n d
P r im a r y
..................................................................................................
1 1 7 .0
a llie d
P e tro le u m
p ro d u c ts
p r o d u c t s , e x c e p t f u r n i t u r e ...................................................
c la s s ific a tio n .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
95
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
42.
Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted
(1 9 7 7 =
100)
Q u a rte rly
Ite m
1986
IV
In d e x e s
1987
I
II
1988
III
IV
I
II
1989
III
IV
I
II
B u sin e ss:
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ...................................................
C o m p e n s a tio n
p e r h o u r ................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n
U n it la b o r c o s t s
p e r h o u r .......................................................
...................................................
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s
Im p lic it p r ic e
N o n fa rm
...................................................
d e f l a t o r .......................................................
1 0 9 .8
1 0 9 .9
1 1 0 .7
1 1 1 .7
1 1 2 .5
1 1 3 .3
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .6
1 1 3 .6
113 9
1 1 4 .2
1 8 7 .4
1 8 8 .2
1 8 9 .5
1 9 1 .8
1 9 5 .2
1 9 6 .5
1 9 9 .3
2 0 2 .2
2 0 4 .8
2 0 7 .2
2 1 0 5
1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .7
1 0 2 .6
1 0 2 .3
1 0 3 .1
1 0 3 .0
1 7 0 .6
1 7 1 .2
1 7 1 .3
1 7 1 .6
1 7 3 .5
1 7 3 .5
1 7 6 .9
1 7 8 .1
1 8 0 .2
1 8 1 .9
184 4
1 6 0 .7
1 6 2 .6
1 6 6 .5
1 6 8 .9
1 6 7 .2
1 6 8 .9
1 6 8 .8
1 7 1 .7
1 7 3 .6
1 7 4 .7
176 2
1 6 7 .1
1 6 8 .2
1 6 9 .6
1 7 0 .7
1 7 1 .3
1 7 1 .9
1 7 4 .1
1 7 5 .8
1 7 7 .9
1 7 9 .4
1 8 1 .5
1 0 2 .7
1 0 2 .9
103 0
b u s in e s s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s .................................................
1 0 7 .6
1 1 0 .3
1 1 1 .1
1 1 0 .7
1 1 1 .6
1 1 2 .1
1 1 1 8
111
C o m p e n s a tio n
1 8 6 .4
1 8 7 .0
1 8 8 .3
1 9 0 .5
1 9 3 .9
1 9 5 .1
1 9 7 .8
2 0 0 .5
2 0 3 .3
2 0 5 .7
2 0 8 5
1 0 2 .2
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .7
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .6
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .1
1 0 2 .4
p e r h o u r .................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n
U n it la b o r c o s t s
p e r h o u r ......................................
.......................................................
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .6
1 0 9 .5
1 0 2 .3
8
1 0 2 .0
1 7 3 .2
1 7 3 .6
1 7 3 .4
1 7 3 .9
1 7 5 .8
1 7 5 .7
1 7 8 .7
1 7 9 .6
1 8 1 .3
1 8 4 .1
18 6 4
1 6 1 .6
1 6 4 .1
1 6 7 .6
1 7 0 .3
1 6 8 .7
1 7 0 .2
1 6 9 .8
1 7 2 .0
1 7 6 .2
1 7 4 .6
1 7 6 .3
1 6 9 .2
1 7 0 .3
1 7 1 .4
1 7 2 .6
1 7 3 .4
1 7 3 .8
1 7 5 .6
1 7 7 .0
1 7 9 .6
1 8 0 .8
1 8 2 .9
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l e m p l o y e e s ..............................................
1 1 0 .6
1 1 0 .4
1 1 1 .6
1 1 3 .0
1 1 3 .6
1 1 4 .8
1 1 5 .0
1 1 5 .4
1 1 5 .3
114 7
C o m p e n s a tio n
1 8 3 .0
1 8 3 .6
1 8 4 .7
1 8 6 .9
1 8 9 .7
1 9 1 .2
1 9 3 .6
1 9 6 .0
1 9 8 .3
2 0 0 7
1 0 0 .4
9 9 .4
9 8 .8
9 9 .1
9 9 .6
9 9 .6
9 9 .7
9 9 .8
9 9 .9
99 7
1 7 3 .6
1 7 5 .2
1 7 7 .5
1 8 0 .4
1 7 2 .1
1 7 4 .9
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s
Im p lic it p r ic e
d e fla to r
............................................................
...................................................................
N o n fin a n c ia l c o r p o r a tio n s :
p e r h o u r ...................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n
p e r h o u r ..............................................................
T o t a l u n i t c o s t s ...................................................
U n it la b o r c o s t s
.....................................................................
U n i t n o n l a b o r c o s t s ...............................................
1 7 0 .8
1 7 0 .8
1 7 2 .1
1 7 1 .9
1 6 5 .5
1 6 5 .3
1 6 7 .0
1 6 6 .6
1 6 8 .4
1 6 9 .9
1 8 3 .7
1 8 5 .0
1 8 6 .3
1 8 6 .9
1 8 7 .2
1 8 7 .8
1 8 8 .9
1 9 1 .0
1 9 3 .3
1 9 6 .9
1 1 8 .1
1 2 2 .5
1 2 9 .3
1 2 2 .0
1 2 7 .0
1 2 9 .1
1 2 7 .5
1 3 1 .6
1 1 9 .6
......................................
1 6 1 .5
1 6 1 .6
1 6 3 .9
1 6 6 .7
1 6 4 .4
1 6 6 .5
1 6 8 .0
1 6 8 .8
1 7 1 .7
1 6 9 .8
...............................................
1 6 4 .1
1 6 4 .7
1 6 5 .0
1 6 5 .8
1 6 6 .1
1 6 6 .5
1 6 8 .2
1 6 9 .5
1 7 2 .0
1 7 3 .1
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s
d e fla to r
1 7 1 .0
1 6 6 .3
1 2 0 .4
U n i t p r o f i t s .......................................................................
I m p lic it p r i c e
1 7 0 .1
1 6 5 .4
-
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ..............................................
C o m p e n s a tio n
p e r h o u r ...............................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n
U n it la b o r c o s t s
-
96
D a ta
.................................................
n o t a v a ila b le .
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p e r h o u r ..........................................
September 1989
1 3 0 .1
1 3 1 .3
1 3 3 .1
1 3 4 .3
1 3 5 .1
1 3 6 .3
1 3 7 .5
1 3 9 .2
1 4 0 .0
1 4 0 .7
141
6
1 8 7 .8
1 8 8 .5
1 8 8 .7
1 9 0 .4
1 9 2 .2
1 9 5 .5
1 9 7 .1
1 9 9 .5
2 0 2 .3
2 0 3 .9
2 0 5
1
1 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .0
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .9
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .4
1 4 3 .5
1 4 1 .8
1 4 1 .8
1 4 2 .3
1 4 3 .5
1 4 3 .3
1 4 3 .2
1 4 4 .5
1 4 4 .8
1 4 4 .9
1 4 4 .3
43.
Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years
(1 9 7 7 =
100)
1 960
Ite m
P riv a te
1 970
1973
1977
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
b u s in e s s
P ro d u c tiv ity :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ...................................................
6 7 .3
8 8 .4
9 5 .9
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .5
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .3
1 0 3 .0
1 0 5 .6
1 0 7 .9
1 1 0 .3
O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p i t a l s e r v i c e s ........................................
1 0 3 .7
1 0 2 .7
1 0 5 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .7
9 2 .3
8 6 .6
8 8 .3
9 2 .7
9 2 .9
9 3 .0
1 1 1 .2
9 3 .7
M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y .............................................................................
7 8 .5
9 3 .1
9 9 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .6
9 7 .6
9 5 .2
9 7 .6
1 0 0 .9
1 0 2 .4
1 0 3 .9
1 0 4 .7
5 5 .3
8 0 .2
9 3 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 0 5 .4
1 0 9 .9
1 1 9 .2
1 2 4 .3
1 2 8 .7
1 3 3 .4
H o u r s o f a l l p e r s o n s ....................................................................................
8 2 .2
9 0 .8
9 6 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 0 8 .2
1 0 5 .2
1 0 6 .7
1 1 2 .9
1 1 5 .2
1 1 6 .7
1 2 0 .0
C a p ita l s e r v i c e s
5 3 .3
7 8 .1
8 8 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 1 7 .9
1 2 1 .8
1 2 4 .4
1 2 8 .6
1 3 3 .8
1 3 8 .5
7 0 .5
8 6 .1
9 3 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .3
1 1 1 .5
1 1 0 .7
1 1 2 .6
1 1 8 .1
1 2 1 .4
1 2 3 .9
1 2 7 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 0 9 .1
O u t p u t ...................................................................................................................................
I n p u ts :
C o m b in e d
................................................................................................
u n its o f la b o r a n d
c a p i t a l i n p u t .................
C a p i t a l p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ........................................................
P riv a te
n o n fa rm
6 4 .9
8 6 .1
9 0 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .8
1 0 8 .9
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .6
1 1 3 .9
1 1 6 .1
1 1 8 .7
1 4 2 .4
b u s in e s s
P ro d u c tiv ity :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ...................................................
7 0 .7
8 9 .2
9 6 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .2
9 9 .6
9 9 .1
1 0 2 .5
1 0 4 .7
1 0 6 .2
1 0 8 .3
O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p i t a l s e r v i c e s ........................................
1 0 4 .9
1 0 3 .5
1 0 6 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .9
9 1 .0
8 5 .1
8 7 .3
9 1 .3
9 1 .0
9 0 .8
M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ............................................................................
8 1 .2
9 3 .8
9 9 .7
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .1
9 6 .7
9 4 .1
9 7 .0
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .7
1 0 2 .0
1 0 2 .7
O u t p u t ...................................................................................................................................
5 4 .4
7 9 .9
9 2 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .9
1 0 8 .4
1 0 4 .8
1 1 0 .1
1 1 9 .3
1 2 4 .0
1 2 8 .3
1 3 3 .2
1 0 5 .7
9 1 .5
I n p u ts :
1 0 7 .4
1 1 4 .0
1 1 6 .8
1 1 8 .5
5 1 .9
7 7 .2
8 7 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 9 .1
1 1 9 .1
1 2 3 .3
1 2 6 .1
1 3 0 .6
1 3 6 .3
1 4 1 .3
1 4 5 .5
c a p i t a l i n p u t .................
6 7 .1
8 5 .2
9 3 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .9
1 1 2 .2
1 1 1 .4
1 1 3 .5
1 1 9 .4
1 2 3 .1
1 2 5 .8
1 2 9 .6
C a p i t a l p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ........................................................
6 7 .4
8 6 .2
9 0 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .3
1 0 9 .4
1 1 6 .6
1 1 7 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 1 6 .7
1 1 9 .3
1 1 9 .2
H o u r s o f a l l p e r s o n s ....................................................................................
C a p ita l s e r v i c e s
C o m b in e d
................................................................................................
u n its o f la b o r a n d
7 7 .0
8 9 .6
9 6 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 2 2 .0
M a n u fa c tu rin g
P ro d u c tiv ity :
1 1 8 .1
1 2 7 .7
1 3 1 .9
6 2 .2
8 0 .8
9 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .9
1 0 3 .0
9 9 .1
1 1 2 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .5
8 9 .0
8 1 .6
8 6 .7
9 5 .5
9 7 .3
9 8 .4
1 0 2 .0
M u l t i f a c t o r p r o d u c t i v i t y ............................................................................
7 2 .0
8 5 .3
9 8 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .9
9 9 .7
9 9 .2
1 0 5 .0
1 1 2 .1
1 1 6 .4
1 1 9 .5
1 2 3 .6
1 3 0 .1
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a ll p e r s o n s
1 1 2 .0
1 2 3 .6
...................................................
O u t p u t p e r u n i t o f c a p i t a l s e r v i c e s ........................................
5 2 .5
7 8 .6
9 6 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 0 4 .8
9 8 .4
1 0 4 .7
1 1 7 .5
1 2 2 .0
1 2 4 .7
H o u r s o f a l l p e r s o n s ....................................................................................
8 4 .4
9 7 .3
1 0 3 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 0 1 .1
9 2 .9
9 3 .5
9 9 .5
9 8 .7
9 7 .7
9 8 .6
C a p ita l s e r v i c e s
5 1 .0
7 9 .3
8 6 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .6
1 1 7 .8
1 2 0 .5
1 2 0 .8
1 2 3 .0
1 2 5 .4
1 2 6 .8
1 2 7 .6
O u t p u t ...................................................................................................................................
I n p u ts :
................................................................................................
c a p i t a l i n p u t s .............
7 2 .9
9 2 .1
9 8 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .1
1 0 5 .1
9 9 .2
9 9 .7
1 0 4 .8
1 0 4 .8
1 0 4 .4
1 0 5 .3
C a p i t a l p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ........................................................
6 0 .4
8 1 .5
8 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .9
1 1 6 .5
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .3
1 2 3 .7
1 2 7 .1
1 2 9 .8
1 2 9 .4
C o m b in e d
u n its o f la b o r a n d
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
97
Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data
44.
Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years
(1 9 7 7 = 1 0 0 )
Ite m
1960
1 970
1973
1977
1979
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
B u s in e s s :
O u tp u t p e r
h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ........................................................
C o m p e n s a tio n
6 6 .1
8 7 .6
9 5 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .7
1 0 1 .0
1 0 0 .2
1 0 2 .6
1 0 5 .2
1 0 7 .3
1 1 1 .1
1 1 3 .1
3 2 .9
5 7 .2
7 0 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 1 9 .3
1 4 4 .1
1 5 4 .9
1 6 0 .8
1 6 7 .4
1 7 4 .8
1 8 3 .8
1 9 1 .0
2 0 0 .4
p e r h o u r ..............................................................
6 7 .3
8 9 .4
9 6 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .5
9 6 .1
9 7 .3
9 7 .8
9 7 .6
9 8 .4
1 0 1 .7
1 0 1 .9
1 0 2 .7
......................................................................................................
4 9 .7
6 5 .3
7 3 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 4 2 .7
1 5 4 .5
1 5 6 .7
1 5 9 .1
1 6 2 .8
1 7 7 .2
p e r h o u r ..............................................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n
U n it la b o r c o s t s
1 6 7 .5
1 7 1 .9
............................................................................
4 6 .4
5 9 .4
7 2 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 1 2 .3
1 3 4 .4
1 3 6 .3
1 4 6 .2
1 5 6 .4
1 6 0 .9
1 6 2 .1
1 6 6 .3
1 7 0 .8
......................................................................................
4 8 .5
6 3 .2
7 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 3 9 .8
1 4 8 .1
1 5 3 .0
1 5 8 .2
1 6 2 .2
1 6 5 .6
1 7 0 .0
1 7 4 .9
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s
I m p lic it p r i c e
N o n fa rm
d e fla to r
1 0 9 .8
b u s in e s s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s .........................................................
C o m p e n s a tio n
p e r h o u r ..............................................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n
U n it la b o r c o s t s
p e r h o u r ..............................................................
......................................................................................................
8 8 .4
9 5 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .1
1 0 2 .0
1 0 4 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 0 7 .7
1 0 8 .9
1 1 1 .2
5 7 .6
7 0 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 4 4 .0
1 5 4 .7
1 6 0 .8
1 6 7 .2
1 7 4 .0
1 8 2 .9
1 8 9 .8
1 9 8 .9
9 0 .0
9 6 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .3
9 6 .0
9 7 .1
9 7 .8
9 7 .5
9 8 .0
1 0 1 .1
1 0 1 .2
1 0 1 .9
4 9 .7
6 5 .2
7 3 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 1 9 .8
1 4 4 .0
1 5 6 .1
1 5 7 .6
1 6 0 .4
1 6 4 .9
1 6 9 .8
1 7 4 .2
1 7 8 .8
............................................................................
4 6 .3
6 0 .0
6 9 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 3 3 .2
1 3 6 .1
1 4 8 .1
1 5 6 .3
1 6 1 .9
1 6 3 .3
1 6 7 .7
1 7 2 .2
d e f l a t o r ......................................................................................
4 8 .5
6 3 .4
7 2 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 1 6 .5
1 4 0 .3
1 4 9 .2
1 5 4 .3
1 5 9 .0
1 6 3 .8
1 6 7 .6
1 7 2 .0
1 7 6 .5
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s
Im p lic it p r ic e
6 9 .5
3 4 .5
7 0 .7
N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o r a tio n s :
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l e m p l o y e e s ...............................................
7 1 .9
9 0 .2
9 6 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .9
9 9 .9
1 0 0 .2
1 0 3 .0
1 0 5 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 0 9 .6
1 1 2 .1
1 1 4 .9
3 6 .1
5 8 .6
7 1 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 1 8 .9
1 4 3 .7
1 5 4 .1
1 5 9 .1
1 6 5 .0
1 7 1 .6
1 7 9 .9
1 8 6 .1
1 9 4 .5
p e r h o u r ..............................................................
7 4 .0
9 1 .6
9 6 .9
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .3
9 5 .8
9 6 .8
9 6 .8
9 6 .3
T o t a l u n i t c o s t s ........................................................................................................
4 9 .4
6 4 .8
7 2 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 1 8 .2
1 4 7 .7
1 5 9 .5
1 5 9 .5
1 6 0 .8
1 6 4 .1
1 6 8 .5
1 7 1 .2
1 7 4 .6
5 0 .2
6 5 .0
7 3 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 1 9 .0
1 4 3 .8
1 5 3 .8
1 5 4 .5
1 5 6 .5
1 6 0 .2
1 6 4 .1
1 6 6 .1
1 6 9 .3
C o m p e n s a tio n
p e r h o u r ..............................................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n
U n it la b o r c o s t s
................................................................................................
9 6 .7
9 9 .5
9 9 .3
9 9 .7
U n i t n o n l a b o r c o s t s ......................................................................................
4 7 .0
U n i t p r o f i t s ......................................................................................................................
5 9 .8
5 2 .3
6 5 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 4 .5
9 8 .1
7 8 .5
1 1 0 .9
1 3 6 .5
1 3 3 .0
1 2 3 .1
1 2 3 .0
1 2 8 .8
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s
............................................................................
5 1 .5
6 0 .1
6 8 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 3 7 .8
1 4 2 .1
1 5 2 .1
1 6 0 .6
1 6 0 .8
1 6 1 .2
1 6 4 .2
1 6 8 .8
......................................................................................
5 0 .7
6 3 .3
7 1 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 1 5 .4
1 4 1 .7
1 4 9 .8
1 5 3 .7
1 5 7 .9
1 6 0 .4
1 6 3 .1
1 6 5 .4
1 6 9 .1
O u t p u t p e r h o u r o f a l l p e r s o n s ........................................................
6 0 .7
1 3 2 .9
1 3 7 .7
I m p lic it p r i c e
d e fla to r
6 4 .2
7 0 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 1 5 .8
1 5 9 .1
1 7 6 .4
1 7 4 .3
1 7 3 .6
1 7 5 .8
1 8 1 .7
1 8 6 .4
1 9 0 .3
M a n u fa c tu rin g :
C o m p e n s a tio n
8 0 .2
9 2 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 0 4 .0
1 0 6 .6
1 1 2 .2
1 1 8 .2
1 2 3 .5
3 5 .6
5 7 .0
6 8 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 1 8 .9
1 4 5 .7
1 5 8 .7
1 6 2 .7
1 6 8 .1
1 7 6 .3
1 8 4 .3
1 8 9 .2
p e r h o u r ..............................................................
7 3 .0
8 9 .0
9 3 .1
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .2
9 7 .1
9 9 .6
9 9 .0
9 8 .1
9 9 .3
1 0 1 .9
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .3
......................................................................................................
5 8 .7
7 1 .0
7 3 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 1 7 .0
1 4 0 .1
1 4 8 .8
1 4 5 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .8
1 4 2 .3
1 4 3 .6
p e r h o u r ..............................................................................
R e a l c o m p e n s a tio n
U n it la b o r c o s t s
-
98
D a ta
d e fla to r
............................................................................
6 0 .0
6 4 .1
7 0 .8
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .9
1 1 1 .7
1 1 3 .7
1 2 8 .3
1 3 8 .5
1 3 0 .3
1 3 5 .2
1 3 7 .6
_
5 9 .1
6 9 .0
7 2 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 1 1 .7
1 3 1 .8
1 3 8 .6
1 4 0 .2
1 4 1 .2
1 3 9 .1
1 4 1 .3
1 4 1 .0
-
n o t a v a ila b le .
Monthly Labor Review
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 9 7 .8
.....................................................................................
U n it n o n l a b o r p a y m e n t s
Im p lic it p r ic e
1 2 8 .2
September 1989
45. Unemployment rates, approximating U.S. concepts, in nine countries, quarterly data
seasonally adjusted
1987
A nnual a v erag e
1988
1989
C o u n try
1 987
1988
IV
I
II
III
IV
I
II
T o ta l la b o r f o r c e b a s is
U n ite d
S t a t e s .......................................................................
6 .1
5 .4
5 .8
5 .6
5 .4
5 .4
5 .3
5 .1
5 .2
.........................................................................................
8 .8
7 .7
8 .1
7 .8
7 .6
7 .8
7 .7
7 .5
7 .6
C a n ad a
A u s tra lia
Ja p a n
.....................................................................................
8 .0
7 .2
7 .9
7 .5
7 .4
6 .9
6 .8
6 .6
..............................................................................................
2 .9
2 .5
2 .7
2 .7
2 .5
2 .6
2 .4
2 .4
F ra n ce
6 .1
-
_
...........................................................................................
1 0 .5
1 0 .3
1 0 .3
1 0 .3
1 0 .3
1 0 .4
1 0 .2
1 0 .2
G e r m a n y .....................................................................................
6 .3
6 .3
6 .3
6 .3
6 .3
6 .3
6 .1
5 .7
5 .7
Ita ly
7 .8
7 .7
7 .8
7 .9
7 .8
7 .8
7 .8
7 .8
7 .6
.......................................................................................
1 .9
1 .6
1 .7
1 .7
1 .6
1 .6
1 .4
1 .4
1 .3
K i n g d o m ...............................................................
1 0 .2
8 .2
9 .4
9 .0
8 .6
8 .0
7 .5
7 .0
6 .5
S t a t e s .......................................................................
6 .2
5 .5
5 .9
5 .7
5 .5
5 .5
5 .3
5 .2
5 .3
.........................................................................................
8 .8
7 .8
8 .1
7 .8
7 .7
7 .8
7 .7
7 .6
7 .6
' , 2 .........................................................................................
S w e d en
U n ite d
C iv ilia n l a b o r f o r c e b a s i s
U n ite d
C a n ad a
A u s tra lia
Ja p a n
.....................................................................................
8 .1
7 .2
8 .0
7 .6
7 .5
7 .0
6 .8
6 .6
..............................................................................................
2 .9
2 .5
2 .7
2 .7
2 .5
2 .6
2 .4
2 .4
6 .1
-
_
F r a n c e ...........................................................................................
1 0 .8
1 0 .5
1 0 .6
1 0 .6
1 0 .5
1 0 .6
1 0 .4
1 0 .4
G e r m a n y .....................................................................................
6 .4
6 .4
6 .4
6 .4
6 .4
6 .4
6 .3
5 .8
5 .8
I t a l y 1 , 2 ...........................................................................................
7 .9
7 .9
8 .1
7 .9
7 .9
8 .0
7 .9
7 .7
8 .0
S w e d en
.......................................................................................
1 .9
1 .6
1 .7
1 .7
1 .6
1 .6
1 .4
1 .4
1 .3
K i n g d o m ...............................................................
1 0 .3
8 .3
9 .5
9 .0
8 .6
8 .0
7 .6
7 .0
6 .6
U n ite d
1
Q u a rte rly
2
M any
se e k
w o rk
c lu d e d
su c h
r a te
fo r
in
1 9 8 5
c e n t fo r 1 9 8 6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
th e
a re
fo r
f ir s t
a s
p a st
d ay s,
w o u ld
an d
th e
re p o rte d
3 0
c o m p a ra b ility
p e rso n s
in
ra te s
Ita lia n s
ab o u t
w ith
an d
U .S .
d o u b le
e a rlie r y e a r s
m o n th
u n e m p lo y e d
an d
th e y
of
d id
I ta lia n
in c re a s e
q u a rte r.
-
n o t
a c tiv e ly
N O TE :
h av e
c o n c e p ts .
th e
th e
b e en
In c lu s io n
e x
of
u n e m p lo y m e n t
it t o
1 1 -1 2
p e r
D a ta
U n ite d
n o t a v a ila b le .
Q u a rte rly
K in g d o m
m e n t fa c to rs
b e
v ie w e d
a s
to
f ig u re s
a re
c u rre n t
le s s
U .S . c o n c e p t s t h a n
fo r
F ra n ce ,
c a lc u la te d
p u b lis h e d
p re c is e
th e
by
d a ta
in d ic a to rs
G erm a n y ,
a p p ly in g
an d
an d
an n u al
th e re fo re
th e
a d ju s t
s h o u ld
o f u n e m p lo y m e n t u n d e r
a n n u a l fig u re s .
o n w ard .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989 99
Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data
46. Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, approximating U.S. concepts,
10 countries
( N u m b e r s in t h o u s a n d s )
E m p lo y m e n t s ta tu s
an d
c o u n try
1 979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
L ab o r fo rc e
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
1 0 4 ,9 6 2
1 0 6 ,9 4 0
1 0 8 ,6 7 0
1 1 0 ,2 0 4
1 1 1 ,5 5 0
1 1 3 ,5 4 4
1 1 5 ,4 6 1
1 1 7 ,8 3 4
1 1 9 ,8 6 5
...............................................................................................................................
1 1 ,2 3 1
1 1 ,5 7 3
1 1 ,8 9 9
1 1 ,9 2 6
1 2 ,1 0 9
1 2 ,3 1 6
1 2 ,5 3 2
1 2 ,7 4 6
1 3 ,0 1 1
A u s t r a l i a .............................................................................................................................
U n ite d
6 ,5 1 9
6 ,6 9 3
6 ,8 1 0
6 ,9 1 0
6 ,9 9 7
7 ,1 3 5
7 ,3 0 0
7 ,5 8 8
7 ,7 5 8
7 ,9 7 4
5 5 ,2 1 0
5 5 ,7 4 0
5 6 ,3 2 0
5 6 ,9 8 0
5 8 ,1 1 0
5 8 ,4 8 0
5 8 ,8 2 0
5 9 ,4 1 0
6 0 ,0 5 0
6 0 ,8 6 0
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
....................................................................................................................................
1 2 1 ,6 6 9
1 3 ,2 7 5
F r a n c e ...................................................................................................................................
2 2 ,6 6 0
2 2 ,8 0 0
2 2 ,9 5 0
2 3 ,1 6 0
2 3 ,1 4 0
2 3 ,3 0 0
2 3 ,3 6 0
2 3 ,4 4 0
2 3 ,5 2 0
2 3 ,6 2 0
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
2 6 ,2 5 0
2 6 ,5 2 0
2 6 ,6 5 0
2 6 ,7 0 0
2 6 ,6 5 0
2 6 ,7 6 0
2 6 ,9 7 0
2 7 ,0 9 0
2 8 ,3 6 0
2 8 ,5 5 0
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
2 0 ,8 5 0
2 1 ,1 2 0
2 1 ,3 2 0
2 1 ,4 1 0
2 1 ,5 9 0
2 1 ,6 7 0
2 1 ,8 0 0
2 2 ,2 9 0
2 2 ,3 5 0
2 2 ,6 6 0
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................................
5 ,1 0 0
5 ,8 6 0
6 ,0 8 0
6 ,1 4 0
6 ,1 7 0
6 ,2 6 0
6 ,2 8 0
6 ,3 7 0
6 ,4 9 0
6 ,5 6 0
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
4 ,2 6 2
4 ,3 1 2
4 ,3 2 7
4 ,3 5 0
4 ,3 6 9
4 ,3 8 5
4 ,4 1 8
4 ,4 4 3
4 ,4 8 0
4 ,5 3 0
2 6 ,3 5 0
2 6 ,5 2 0
2 6 ,5 9 0
2 6 ,7 4 0
2 6 ,7 9 0
2 7 ,1 8 0
2 7 ,3 7 0
2 7 ,5 4 0
2 7 ,8 6 0
2 8 ,1 2 0
U n ite d
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
P a rtic ip a tio n r a te '
U n ite d
6 3 .7
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
6 3 .8
6 3 .9
6 4 .4
6 4 .8
...............................................................................................................................
6 3 .4
6 4 .1
6 4 .8
6 4 .1
6 4 .4
6 4 .8
6 5 .3
6 5 .7
6 6 .2
6 6 .7
A u s t r a l i a .............................................................................................................................
6 1 .6
6 2 .1
6 1 .9
6 1 .7
6 1 .4
6 1 .5
6 1 .8
6 3 .0
6 3 .0
6 3 .3
....................................................................................................................................
6 2 .7
6 2 .6
6 2 .6
6 2 .7
6 3 .1
6 2 .7
6 2 .3
6 2 .1
6 1 .9
6 1 .9
...................................................................................................................................
5 7 .5
5 7 .2
5 7 .1
5 7 .1
5 6 .6
5 6 .6
5 6 .3
5 6 .1
5 5 .8
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
5 3 .3
5 3 .2
5 2 .9
5 2 .6
5 2 .3
5 2 .4
5 2 .6
5 2 .6
5 5 .0
5 5 .2
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
4 8 .0
4 8 .2
4 8 .3
4 7 .7
4 7 .5
4 7 .3
4 7 .2
4 7 .8
4 7 .9
4 8 .4
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
F ran ce
6 4 .0
6 4 .0
6 5 .3
6 5 .6
6 5 .9
5 5 .7
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................................
4 9 .0
5 5 .3
5 6 .6
5 6 .5
5 6 .1
5 6 .2
5 5 .7
5 5 .9
5 6 .3
5 6 .4
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
6 6 .6
6 6 .9
6 6 .8
6 6 .8
6 6 .7
6 6 .6
6 6 .9
6 7 .0
6 7 .3
6 7 .8
U n ite d
6 2 .6
6 2 .5
6 2 .2
6 2 .3
6 2 .0
6 2 .5
6 2 .6
6 2 .6
6 3 .0
6 3 .3
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
9 8 ,8 2 4
9 9 ,3 0 3
1 0 0 ,3 9 7
9 9 ,5 2 6
1 0 0 ,8 3 4
1 0 5 ,0 0 5
1 0 7 ,1 5 0
1 0 9 ,5 9 7
1 1 2 ,4 4 0
1 1 4 ,9 6 8
...............................................................................................................................
1 0 ,3 9 5
1 0 ,7 0 8
1 1 ,0 0 1
1 0 ,6 1 8
1 0 ,6 7 5
1 0 ,9 3 2
1 1 ,2 2 1
1 1 ,5 3 1
1 1 ,8 6 1
A u s t r a l i a .............................................................................................................................
6 ,1 1 1
6 ,2 8 4
6 ,4 1 6
6 ,4 1 5
6 ,3 0 0
6 ,4 9 4
6 ,6 9 7
6 ,9 7 4
7 ,1 2 9
7 ,3 9 8
....................................................................................................................................
5 4 ,0 4 0
5 4 ,6 0 0
5 5 ,0 6 0
5 5 ,6 2 0
5 6 ,5 5 0
5 6 ,8 7 0
5 7 ,2 6 0
5 7 ,7 4 0
5 8 ,3 2 0
5 9 ,3 1 0
...................................................................................................................................
2 1 ,3 0 0
2 1 ,3 3 0
2 1 ,2 0 0
2 1 ,2 4 0
2 1 ,1 7 0
2 0 ,9 8 0
2 0 ,9 2 0
2 0 ,9 5 0
2 0 ,9 9 0
2 1 ,1 3 0
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
E m p lo y e d
U n ite d
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
F ran ce
1 2 ,2 4 4
2 5 ,4 7 0
2 5 ,7 5 0
2 5 ,5 6 0
2 5 ,1 4 0
2 4 ,7 5 0
2 4 ,7 9 0
2 4 ,9 6 0
2 5 ,2 3 0
2 6 ,5 5 0
2 6 ,7 3 0
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
1 9 ,9 3 0
2 0 ,2 0 0
2 0 ,2 8 0
2 0 ,2 5 0
2 0 ,3 2 0
2 0 ,3 9 0
2 0 ,4 9 0
2 0 ,6 1 0
2 0 ,5 9 0
2 0 ,8 7 0
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................................
5 ,3 4 0
5 ,5 1 0
5 ,5 4 0
5 ,5 1 0
5 ,4 1 0
5 ,4 9 0
5 ,6 4 0
5 ,7 3 0
5 ,8 4 0
5 ,9 0 0
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
4 ,1 7 4
4 ,2 2 6
4 ,2 1 9
4 ,2 1 3
4 ,2 1 8
4 ,2 4 9
4 ,2 9 3
4 ,3 2 6
4 ,3 9 6
4 ,4 5 8
2 4 ,9 4 0
2 4 ,6 7 0
2 3 ,8 0 0
2 3 ,7 1 0
2 3 ,6 0 0
2 4 ,0 0 0
2 4 ,3 1 0
2 4 ,4 6 0
2 5 ,0 1 0
2 5 ,7 9 0
5 9 .9
5 9 .2
5 9 .0
5 7 .9
5 9 .5
6 0 .1
U n ite d
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
E m p lo y m e n t-p o p u la tio n
U n ite d
S ta te s
ra tio 2
6 0 .7
6 1 .5
6 2 .3
...............................................................................................................................
5 8 .7
5 9 .3
5 9 .9
5 7 .1
5 6 .8
5 7 .5
5 8 .5
5 9 .4
6 0 .4
6 1 .6
A u s t r a l i a .............................................................................................................................
5 7 .8
5 8 .3
5 8 .4
5 7 .3
5 5 .3
5 6 .0
5 6 .6
5 7 .9
5 7 .9
5 8 .7
Ja p a n
6 1 .4
6 1 .3
6 1 .2
6 1 .2
6 1 .4
6 1 .0
6 0 .6
6 0 .4
6 0 .1
6 0 .4
C a n ad a
F ran ce
.............................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
5 4 .0
5 7 .8
5 0 .4
5 0 .2
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
5 1 .7
5 1 .7
5 0 .8
4 9 .6
4 8 .6
4 8 .5
4 8 .7
4 9 .0
5 1 .5
5 1 .7
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
4 5 .9
4 6 .1
4 5 .9
4 5 .2
4 4 .7
4 4 .5
4 4 .4
4 4 .2
4 4 .1
4 4 .6
5 3 .5
5 2 .8
5 2 .3
5 1 .8
5 1 .0
4 9 .8
4 9 .8
N e t h e r l a n d s ...................................................................................................................
5 1 .3
5 2 .0
5 1 .6
5 0 .7
4 9 .2
4 9 .3
5 0 .0
5 0 .6
5 0 .7
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
6 5 .3
6 5 .6
6 5 .1
6 4 .7
6 4 .4
6 4 .5
6 5 .0
6 5 .2
6 6 .0
6 6 .7
U n ite d
5 9 .2
5 8 .1
5 5 .7
5 5 .2
5 4 .6
5 5 .2
5 5 .6
5 5 .6
5 6 .6
5 8 .0
6 ,1 3 7
7 ,6 3 7
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
5 0 .2
U n e m p lo y e d
U n ite d
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
8 ,2 7 3
1 0 ,6 7 8
1 0 ,7 1 7
8 ,5 3 9
8 ,3 1 2
8 ,2 3 7
7 ,4 2 5
6 ,7 0 1
...............................................................................................................................
8 3 6
86 5
89 8
1 ,3 0 8
1 ,4 3 4
1 ,3 8 4
1 ,3 1 1
1 ,2 1 5
1 ,1 5 0
1 ,0 3 1
A u s t r a l i a .............................................................................................................................
40 8
40 9
39 4
49 5
697
641
603
61 3
62 9
576
.....................................................................................................................................
1 ,1 7 0
1 ,1 4 0
1 ,2 6 0
1 ,3 6 0
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,6 1 0
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,6 7 0
1 ,7 3 0
1 ,5 5 0
F r a n c e ...................................................................................................................................
1 ,3 6 0
1 ,4 7 0
1 ,9 7 0
2 ,4 9 0
2 ,5 3 0
2 ,4 9 0
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
2 ,3 2 0
2 ,4 4 0
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
780
770
1 ,0 9 0
1 ,5 6 0
1 ,9 0 0
1 ,9 7 0
2 ,0 1 0
1 ,8 6 0
1 ,8 1 0
1 ,8 2 0
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
92 0
92 0
1 ,0 4 0
1 ,1 6 0
1 ,2 7 0
1 ,2 8 0
1 ,3 1 0
1 ,6 8 0
1 ,7 6 0
1 ,7 9 0
N e t h e r l a n d s ...................................................................................................................
29 0
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
U n ite d
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
35 0
1 ,7 5 0
540
1 ,9 2 0
630
760
77 0
64 0
640
65 0
660
88
86
108
137
151
136
125
117
84
72
1 ,4 2 0
1 ,8 5 0
2 ,7 9 0
3 ,0 3 0
3 ,1 9 0
3 ,1 8 0
3 ,0 6 0
3 ,0 8 0
2 ,8 5 0
2 ,3 3 0
U n e m p lo y m e n t ra te
U n ite d
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
5 .8
7 .1
7 .6
9 .7
9 .6
7 .5
7 .2
7 .0
6 .2
5 .5
...............................................................................................................................
7 .4
7 .5
7 .5
1 1 .0
1 1 .8
1 1 .2
1 0 .5
9 .5
8 .8
7 .8
A u s t r a l i a .............................................................................................................................
6 .3
6 .1
5 .8
7 .2
1 0 .0
9 .0
8 .3
8 .1
8 .1
7 .2
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
.....................................................................................................................................
2 .1
2 .0
2 .2
2 .4
2 .7
2 .8
2 .6
2 .8
2 .9
2 .5
...................................................................................................................................
6 .0
6 .4
7 .6
8 .3
8 .5
1 0 .0
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 0 .8
1 0 .5
G e r m a n y ............................................................................................................................
3 .0
2 .9
4 .1
5 .8
7 .1
7 .4
7 .5
6 .9
6 .4
6 .4
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
4 .4
4 .4
4 .9
5 .4
5 .9
5 .9
6 .0
7 .5
7 .9
7 .9
8 .9
1 0 .3
1 2 .3
1 2 .3
1 0 .2
1 0 .0
1 0 .0
1 0 .1
F ran ce
100
N e t h e r l a n d s ...................................................................................................................
5 .2
6 .0
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
2 .1
2 .0
2 .5
3 .1
3 .5
3 .1
2 .8
2 .6
1 .9
1 .6
U n ite d
5 .4
7 .0
1 0 .5
1 1 .3
1 1 .9
1 1 .7
1 1 .2
1 1 .2
1 0 .3
8 .3
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
1
L ab o r fo rc e
2
E m p lo y m e n t a s
a s
a
p e rc e n t o f th e
a
p e rc e n t o f th e
c iv ilia n
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
w o rk in g -a g e
c iv ilia n w o r k i n g - a g e
p o p u la tio n .
p o p u la tio n .
N O T E :
S e e
“ N o te s o n t h e d a t a " f o r in f o r m a tio n o n
f o r G e r m a n y , Ita ly , t h e
N e th e rla n d s , a n d
S w ed en .
b r e a k s in s e r i e s
47.
Annual indexes of manufacturing productivity and related measures, 12 countries
(1 9 7 7 =
100)
I te m
an d
c o u n try
1960
1970
1973
1976
1977
1978
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
O u tp u t p e r h o u r
U n ite d
S t a t e s ...........................................................................................................
6 2 .2
8 0 .8
.............................................................................................................................
5 0 .7
7 5 .6
9 0 .3
9 4 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .1
9 8 .2
1 0 2 .9
9 8 .3
1 0 5 .4
1 1 4 .4
1 1 7 .3
1 1 7 .7
1 2 0 .5
1 2 4 .3
...................................................................................................................................
2 3 .2
6 4 .8
8 3 .1
9 4 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .0
1 2 2 .7
1 2 7 .2
1 3 5 .0
1 4 2 .3
1 5 2 .5
1 6 1 .1
1 6 3 .7
1 7 6 .5
1 9 0 .0
3 3 .0
6 0 .4
7 8 .8
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
9 3 .4
9 7 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .5
1 0 1 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 5 .9
1 1 2 .0
1 1 8 .1
1 2 3 .6
1 2 7 .7
1 3 2 .0
1 3 6 .2
1 1 9 .2
1 2 7 .6
1 3 5 .2
1 4 8 .1
1 5 5 .0
1 5 8 .6
1 6 4 .5
1 7 0 .5
-
D e n m a r k .........................................................................................................................
3 7 .2
6 5 .6
8 3 .3
9 8 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .5
1 1 2 .3
1 1 4 .2
1 1 4 .6
1 2 0 .2
1 1 9 .6
1 2 0 .3
1 1 6 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 1 7 .2
F r a n c e ...................................................................................................................................
3 7 .4
7 1 .4
8 3 .8
9 4 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .6
1 1 0 .6
B e l g i u m .............................................................................................................................
9 5 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .1
1 1 3 .9
1 2 2 .0
1 2 5 .1
1 2 7 .5
1 3 2 .7
1 3 5 .2
1 3 6 .8
1 4 4 .1
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
4 0 .3
7 1 .2
8 4 .0
9 6 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 3 .1
1 0 8 .6
1 1 1 .0
1 1 2 .6
1 1 9 .2
1 2 3 .7
1 2 8 .4
1 2 8 .3
1 2 9 .9
1 3 5 .9
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
3 7 .2
6 9 .8
8 3 .4
9 7 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 2 2 .1
1 2 5 .4
1 2 8 .5
1 3 5 .3
1 4 8 .8
1 5 6 .8
1 5 8 .3
1 6 2 .3
1 6 7 .1
1 1 3 .9
1 4 5 .1
1 5 3 .2
3 2 .4
6 4 .3
8 1 .5
9 5 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .4
1 1 6 .9
1 1 9 .4
1 2 7 .9
1 3 9 .2
1 4 4 .8
1 4 5 .9
N o r w a y .................................................................................................................................
5 4 .3
8 1 .3
9 4 .4
1 0 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .2
1 0 7 .5
1 0 8 .0
1 0 9 .2
1 1 7 .2
1 2 4 .1
1 2 6 .8
1 2 5 .9
1 3 2 .2
-
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................................
4 2 .3
8 0 .7
9 4 .8
1 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 1 2 .7
1 1 3 .2
1 1 6 .5
1 2 5 .5
1 3 1 .0
1 3 6 .1
1 3 6 .0
1 4 1 .8
1 4 5 .0
U n ite d
5 5 .9
8 0 .3
9 5 .4
9 9 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .4
1 0 1 .9
1 0 7 .1
1 1 3 .5
1 2 3 .1
1 2 9 .9
1 3 4 .1
1 3 8 .6
1 4 7 .6
1 5 4 .9
1 3 8 .1
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
O u tp u t
U n ite d
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
5 2 .5
7 8 .6
9 6 .3
9 3 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .0
1 0 3 .2
1 0 4 .8
9 8 .4
1 0 4 .7
1 1 7 .5
1 2 2 .0
1 2 4 .7
1 3 0 .1
...............................................................................................................................
4 1 .3
7 3 .5
9 3 .5
9 6 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .6
1 0 3 .6
1 0 7 .4
9 3 .6
9 9 .6
1 1 2 .5
1 1 8 .8
1 2 1 .9
1 2 8 .5
1 3 6 .0
1 4 8 .2
1 6 5 .4
1 7 7 .0
1 7 7 .8
1 9 0 .8
2 1 2 .3
.....................................................................................................................................
1 9 .2
6 9 .9
9 1 .9
9 4 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .7
1 2 4 .1
1 2 9 .8
1 3 7 .3
B e l g i u m ...............................................................................................................................
4 1 .9
7 8 .6
9 6 .4
9 9 .7
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .4
1 0 6 .8
1 0 5 .6
1 1 0 .1
1 1 4 .7
1 1 8 .0
1 1 9 .6
1 2 1 .4
1 2 3 .3
_
D e n m a r k ...........................................................................................................................
4 9 .2
8 2 .0
9 5 .9
9 9 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .7
1 1 0 .1
1 0 6 .6
1 0 8 .3
1 1 5 .6
1 2 1 .0
1 2 4 .9
1 2 5 .9
1 2 1 .1
1 1 8 .4
1 0 5 .7
3 6 .5
7 5 .5
9 0 .5
9 5 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .3
1 0 4 .6
1 0 2 .9
1 0 4 .0
1 0 3 .8
1 0 2 .6
1 0 3 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 0 1 .8
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
5 0 .0
8 6 .6
9 6 .1
9 8 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 0 4 .9
1 0 2 .4
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .4
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .8
1 1 1 .6
1 1 6 .3
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
F ran ce
...................................................................................................................................
3 3 .0
6 9 .0
8 3 .5
9 6 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .9
1 2 1 .9
1 1 9 .9
1 1 8 .7
1 1 9 .7
1 2 5 .3
1 2 9 .0
1 3 1 .9
1 3 7 .3
1 4 5 .3
N e t h e r l a n d s ...................................................................................................................
4 4 .8
8 4 .4
9 5 .8
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 2 .8
1 0 6 .6
1 0 6 .7
1 0 5 .0
1 0 7 .0
1 1 3 .3
1 1 6 .7
1 1 8 .1
1 1 8 .7
1 2 3 .8
8 6 .5
9 9 .2
1 0 2 .1
9 7 .7
9 9 .5
9 8 .6
9 6 .8
9 7 .2
1 0 2 .7
1 0 6 .5
1 0 6 .9
1 0 8 .3
_
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
5 2 .6
9 2 .5
1 0 0 .3
1 0 6 .1
1 0 0 .0
9 7 .3
1 0 4 .0
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .1
1 0 5 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 1 5 .3
1 1 4 .7
1 1 9 .2
1 2 4 .0
U n ite d
7 1 .2
9 4 .9
1 0 4 .7
9 8 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .6
9 1 .8
8 6 .3
8 6 .4
8 8 .8
9 2 .5
9 4 .8
9 5 .6
1 0 1 .0
1 0 8 .2
N o n w a y .................................................................................................................................
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
5 4 .8
1 0 0 .0
T o ta l h o u r s
U n ite d
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
8 4 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .4
1 0 1 .7
9 8 .7
9 7 .7
...............................................................................................................................
8 1 .4
9 7 .2
1 0 3 .6
1 0 1 .8
1 0 0 .0
103 4
1 0 5 .5
1 0 4 .3
9 5 .2
9 4 .5
9 8 .3
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .6
1 0 6 .6
1 0 9 .4
.....................................................................................................................................
8 2 .7
1 0 7 .9
1 1 0 .7
1 0 0 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .8
1 0 1 .2
1 0 2 .0
1 0 1 .7
1 0 4 .2
1 0 8 .5
1 0 9 .8
1 0 8 .6
1 0 8 .1
1 1 1 .7
B e l g i u m ...............................................................................................................................
1 2 7 .1
D e n m a r k ...........................................................................................................................
9 7 .3
1 3 0 .2
1 0 3 .1
1 2 2 .3
9 5 .9
1 0 4 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 5 .5
8 9 .6
1 0 1 .1
8 2 .8
9 2 .9
9 3 .5
9 9 .5
9 8 .6
1 0 1 .4
-
8 1 .4
7 7 .5
7 6 .1
7 5 .4
7 3 .8
7 2 .3
1 3 2 .4
1 2 5 .1
1 1 5 .2
1 0 1 .4
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .3
9 8 .0
9 3 .4
9 4 .5
9 6 .2
1 0 1 .2
1 0 3 .8
1 0 8 .4
1 0 3 .3
..................................................................................................................................
9 7 .6
1 0 5 .7
1 0 7 .9
1 0 1 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 7 .8
9 4 .6
9 0 .3
8 5 .2
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
1 2 3 .8
1 2 1 .7
1 1 4 .4
1 0 1 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .7
9 8 .1
9 4 .6
9 1 .0
8 6 .9
8 6 .1
8 5 .7
8 6 .4
8 5 .9
8 5 .5
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
8 8 .9
9 8 .9
1 0 0 .1
9 8 .6
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .5
9 9 .8
9 5 .6
9 2 .4
8 8 .5
8 4 .2
8 2 .3
8 3 .3
8 4 .6
8 7 .0
F ran ce
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................................
1 3 8 .4
1 3 1 .2
1 1 7 .6
1 0 3 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 6 .6
9 3 .6
9 1 .2
8 8 .0
8 3 .0
8 3 .6
8 0 .4
8 1 .4
7 7 .6
8 0 .5
7 6 .1
8 1 .5
1 0 1 .0
7 4 .4
7 3 .4
8 1 .3
8 0 .8
-
N o r w a y .................................................................................................................................
1 0 1 .1
1 0 6 .4
1 0 5 .1
1 0 1 .7
1 0 0 .0
9 6 .5
9 2 .6
9 1 .3
8 8 .6
8 2 .9
8 2 .8
8 4 .0
8 4 .9
8 1 .9
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
1 2 4 .4
1 1 4 .6
1 0 5 .7
1 0 4 .3
1 0 0 .0
9 4 .6
9 2 .3
8 8 .9
8 5 .9
8 3 .9
8 5 .1
8 4 .7
8 4 .3
8 4 .0
8 5 .5
U n ite d
1 2 7 .3
1 1 8 .1
1 0 9 .8
9 9 .0
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .1
9 0 .1
8 0 .6
7 6 .2
7 2 .2
7 1 .2
7 0 .7
6 9 .0
6 8 .5
6 9 .8
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
C o m p e n s a tio n
U n ite d
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
per hour
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
3 6 .5
5 7 .4
6 8 .8
9 2 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .2
1 3 2 .4
1 4 5 .2
1 5 7 .5
1 6 2 .4
1 6 8 .0
1 7 6 .4
1 8 3 .0
1 8 6 .9
1 9 3 .5
...............................................................................................................................
2 7 .5
4 7 .9
6 0 .0
9 0 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .6
1 3 1 .3
1 5 1 .1
1 6 7 .0
1 7 7 .2
1 8 5 .6
1 9 4 .4
2 0 3 .5
2 1 4 .0
2 2 7 .1
1 2 0 .7
1 2 9 .8
1 3 6 .6
.....................................................................................................................................
8 .9
3 3 .9
5 5 .1
9 0 .7
B e l g i u m ...............................................................................................................................
1 3 .8
3 4 .9
5 3 .5
8 9 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .8
1 3 0 .2
1 4 4 .5
1 5 0 .7
1 5 9 .8
1 7 3 .1
1 8 3 .6
1 9 0 .8
1 9 4 .7
-
D e n m a r k ...........................................................................................................................
1 2 .6
3 6 .3
5 6 .1
9 0 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 1 0 .2
1 3 5 .9
1 4 9 .7
1 6 2 .9
1 7 4 .2
1 8 4 .1
1 9 6 .5
2 0 3 .5
2 2 5 .9
2 3 0 .1
3 0 1 .9
F ran ce
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .6
1 4 0 .7
1 4 4 .9
1 5 1 .4
1 5 8 .9
1 6 2 .5
1 7 1 .3
...................................................................................................................................
1 5 .0
5 1 .9
8 7 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 1 3 .0
1 4 8 .5
1 7 2 .0
2 0 4 .0
2 2 5 .2
2 4 4 .9
2 6 5 .4
2 7 8 .7
2 9 1 .4
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
1 8 .8
4 8 .0
6 7 .5
9 1 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .8
1 2 5 .6
1 3 4 .5
1 4 1 .0
1 4 8 .3
1 5 5 .5
1 6 4 .6
1 7 1 .5
1 7 8 .1
1 8 5 .5
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
9 .2
2 7 .1
4 1 .2
8 4 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 1 5 .2
1 6 3 .7
1 9 7 .9
2 3 3 .3
2 7 3 .1
3 1 3 .3
3 5 2 .0
3 6 7 .4
3 9 1 .2
4 1 6 .3
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................................
1 2 .5
3 9 .0
6 0 .5
9 1 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 2 3 .6
1 2 9 .1
1 3 7 .5
1 4 4 .5
1 4 8 .6
1 5 6 .9
1 6 2 .2
1 6 7 .0
1 7 2 .8
3 6 .3
1 2 8 .0
1 4 2 .8
2 2 4 .2
2 5 7 .4
_
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
1 4 .7
3 8 .5
5 4 .2
9 1 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 1 1 .4
1 3 3 .6
1 4 8 .1
1 5 8 .9
1 7 3 .3
1 8 9 .7
2 1 2 .4
2 2 8 .7
2 4 4 .8
2 6 1 .1
U n ite d
1 5 .2
3 1 .4
4 7 .9
8 8 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 1 6 .7
1 6 8 .6
1 9 3 .4
2 1 1 .7
2 2 6 .6
2 4 2 .3
2 5 8 .8
2 7 7 .8
2 9 5 .7
3 1 9 .3
N o r w a y .................................................................................................................................
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
1 5 .8
3 7 .9
5 4 .6
8 8 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 1 0 .0
1 5 6 .1
1 7 3 .5
1 8 8 .3
2 0 4 .3
U n it l a b o r c o s t s : N a t io n a l c u r r e n c y b a s i s
U n ite d
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
Ja p a n
5 8 .7
7 1 .0
7 3 .7
9 4 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .6
1 3 0 .6
1 4 8 .7
1 4 5 .0
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .3
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .1
...............................................................................................................................
5 4 .2
6 3 .4
6 6 .5
9 5 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .5
1 3 3 .7
1 4 6 .7
1 7 0 .0
1 6 8 .1
1 6 2 .3
1 6 5 .7
1 7 2 .8
1 7 7 .5
1 8 2 .7
....................................................................................................................................
3 8 .4
5 2 .3
6 6 .4
9 6 .2
1 0 0 .0
9 8 .7
9 8 .4
1 0 2 .0
1 0 1 .2
9 8 .9
9 5 .0
9 4 .0
9 7 .1
9 2 .1
9 0 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .6
1 0 9 .2
1 1 3 .2
1 1 1 .5
1 0 7 .9
1 1 1 .7
1 1 5 .8
1 1 6 .0
1 1 4 .2
C a n ad a
1 4 0 .1
_
B e l g i u m ...............................................................................................................................
4 1 .7
5 7 .8
6 7 .9
9 3 .9
D e n m a r k ............................................................................................................................
3 3 .8
5 5 .4
6 7 .4
9 2 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .6
1 2 1 .0
1 3 1 .1
1 4 2 .2
1 4 4 .9
1 5 3 .9
1 6 3 .3
1 7 5 .1
1 9 2 .8
1 9 6 .3
F r a n c e ...................................................................................................................................
4 0 .2
5 0 .8
6 2 .0
9 3 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .0
1 3 4 .3
1 5 1 .0
1 6 7 .2
1 7 9 .9
1 9 2 .0
2 0 0 .0
2 0 6 .2
2 1 3 .0
2 0 9 .6
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
4 6 .6
6 7 .4
8 0 .3
9 4 .6
1 0 0 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 1 5 .7
1 2 1 .2
1 2 5 .2
1 2 4 .4
1 2 5 .8
1 2 8 .3
1 3 3 .7
1 3 7 .1
1 3 6 .4
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
2 4 .7
3 8 .8
4 9 .4
8 6 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .1
1 3 4 .0
1 5 7 .8
1 8 1 .6
2 0 1 .9
2 1 0 .6
2 2 4 .5
2 3 2 .0
2 4 1 .0
2 4 9 .1
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................................
3 8 .5
6 0 .7
7 4 .3
9 6 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 1 .8
1 0 8 .5
1 1 0 .4
1 1 5 .2
1 0 8 .1
1 1 2 .0
N o r w a y .................................................................................................................................
2 9 .2
4 6 .6
5 7 .8
8 8 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .7
1 1 9 .1
1 3 2 .2
1 4 2 .9
1 4 8 .0
1 5 1 .8
1 6 1 .1
1 7 8 .1
1 9 4 .7
-
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
3 4 .8
4 7 .7
5 7 .2
9 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 1 8 .6
1 3 0 .9
1 3 6 .3
1 3 8 .1
1 4 4 .8
1 5 6 .1
1 6 8 .2
1 7 2 .6
1 8 0 .0
U n ite d
2 7 .2
3 9 .1
5 0 .2
8 9 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 1 5 .0
1 6 5 .5
1 8 0 .6
1 8 6 .5
1 8 4 .1
1 8 6 .5
1 9 3 .0
2 0 0 .4
2 0 0 .4
2 0 6 .2
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
1 1 3 .0
1 0 6 .8
1 1 4 .4
1 1 2 .8
U n it l a b o r c o s t s : U .S . d o lla r b a s i s
U n ite d
S t a t e s .............................................................................................................
5 8 .7
7 1 .0
7 3 .7
9 4 .9
1 4 2 .2
1 4 2 .7
1 4 3 .3
...............................................................................................................................
5 9 .4
6 4 .5
7 0 .6
1 0 2 .7
1 0 0 .0
9 9 .3
1 2 1 .5
1 3 0 .0
1 4 6 .3
1 4 4 .9
1 3 3 .2
1 2 8 .9
1 3 2 .1
1 4 2 .3
1 5 7 .8
....................................................................................................................................
2 8 .5
3 9 .1
6 5 .6
8 6 .9
1 0 0 .0
1 2 6 .8
1 1 6 .8
1 2 3 .8
1 0 8 .8
1 1 1 .5
1 0 7 .2
1 0 5 .6
1 5 4 .4
1 7 0 .5
1 8 8 .4
C a n ad a
Ja p a n
1 0 0 .0
1 0 6 .6
1 3 0 .6
1 4 0 .1
1 4 8 .7
1 4 5 .0
1 4 1 .7
1 4 2 .1
1 1 5 .8
1 3 4 .0
1 0 9 .6
8 7 .2
7 5 .6
6 9 .3
6 9 .9
9 3 .1
1 0 9 .5
_
D e n m a r k ............................................................................................................................
2 9 .5
4 4 .4
6 7 .2
9 1 .5
1 0 0 .0
1 1 8 .4
1 2 9 .0
1 1 0 .3
1 0 2 .3
9 5 .1
8 9 .3
9 2 .5
1 2 9 .9
1 6 9 .0
1 7 4 .8
F ran ce
4 0 .3
4 5 .2
6 8 .6
9 5 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 1 7 .9
B e l g i u m ...............................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
3 0 .0
4 1 .7
6 2 .7
8 7 .2
1 0 0 .0
1 5 6 .4
1 3 6 .4
1 0 9 .5
1 4 6 .3
G e r m a n y ...........................................................................................................................
2 5 .9
4 2 .9
7 0 .4
8 7 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 2 1 .0
1 4 7 .9
1 2 4 .9
1 1 9 .7
1 1 3 .1
1 0 2 .6
1 0 1 .2
1 4 3 .0
1 7 7 .0
1 8 0 .3
I t a l y ............................................................................................................................................
3 5 .1
5 4 .7
7 5 .0
9 1 .8
1 0 0 .0
1 1 2 .4
1 3 8 .4
1 2 2 .4
1 1 8 .4
1 1 7 .3
1 0 5 .9
1 0 3 .8
1 3 7 .4
1 6 4 .0
1 6 8 .8
4 1 .2
6 5 .6
N e t h e r l a n d s ..................................................................................................................
2 5 .1
8 9 .1
1 0 0 .0
1 1 5 .7
1 1 6 .1
1 0 8 .1
1 7 4 .2
1 7 2 .9
1 0 8 .9
1 0 5 .8
9 7 .1
8 1 .6
8 0 .0
1 1 2 .2
N o r w a y .................................................................................................................................
2 1 .8
3 4 .7
5 3 .5
8 6 .4
1 0 0 .0
1 1 0 .4
1 2 8 .4
1 2 2 .5
1 1 7 .8
1 0 7 .9
9 9 .0
9 9 .8
1 2 4 .7
1 5 3 .7
-
S w e d e n ...............................................................................................................................
3 0 .1
4 1 .1
5 8 .7
9 2 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 0 7 .2
1 2 5 .3
1 1 5 .4
9 6 .9
8 0 .4
7 8 .2
8 1 .1
1 0 5 .4
1 2 1 .5
1 3 1 .1
U n ite d
4 3 .7
5 3 .7
7 0 .5
9 2 .3
1 0 0 .0
1 2 6 .5
2 2 0 .6
2 0 9 .6
1 8 6 .8
1 6 0 .0
1 4 2 .9
1 4 3 .5
1 6 8 .6
1 8 8 .3
2 1 0 .5
-
K i n g d o m ......................................................................................................
D a ta
1 3 4 .1
1 2 4 .9
1 3 8 .6
1 3 9 .9
n o t a v a ila b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
101
Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data
48.
Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States
in c id e n c e
In d u s try a n d
ty p e
ra te s
p er
100
fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s 2
of c a s e '
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
P R IV A T E S E C T O R 3
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................................................................................
9 .5
8 .7
8 .3
7 .7
7 .6
8 .0
7 .9
7 .9
8 .3
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
4 .3
4 .0
3 .8
3 .5
3 .4
3 .7
3 .6
3 .6
3 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
6 7 .7
6 5 .2
6 1 .7
5 8 .7
5 8 .5
6 3 .4
6 4 .9
6 5 .8
6 9 .9
L o st w o rk d a y
A g ric u ltu re , f o r e s tr y , a n d
fis h in g 3
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
1 1 .7
1 1 .9
1 2 .3
1 1 .8
1 1 .9
1 2 .0
1 1 .4
1 1 .2
1 1 .2
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
5 .7
5 .8
5 .9
5 .9
6 .1
6 .1
5 .7
5 .6
5 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
8 3 .7
8 2 .7
8 2 .8
8 6 .0
9 0 .8
9 0 .7
9 1 .3
9 3 .6
9 4 .1
L o st w o rk d a y
M in in g
1 1 .4
1 1 .2
1 1 .6
1 0 .5
8 .4
9 .7
8 .4
7 .4
8 .5
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
6 .8
6 .5
6 .2
5 .4
4 .5
5 .3
4 .8
4 .1
4 .9
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 5 0 .5
1 6 3 .6
1 4 6 .4
1 3 7 .3
1 2 5 .1
1 6 0 .2
1 4 5 .3
1 2 5 .9
1 4 4 .0
1 4 .7
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
C o n s tru c tio n
<
1 6 .2
1 5 .7
1 5 .1
1 4 .6
1 4 .8
1 5 .5
1 5 .2
1 5 .2
c a s e s .................................................................................................. ............................................................
6 .8
6 .5
6 .3
6 .0
6 .3
6 .9
6 .8
6 .9
6 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 0 .4
1 1 7 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 1 5 .7
1 1 8 .2
1 2 8 .1
1 2 8 .9
1 3 4 .5
1 3 5 .8
T o t a l c a s e s ................................................................................................................... ......................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
G e n e r a l b u ild in g
c o n tra c to rs :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
H eavy
c o n s tru c tio n
1 6 .3
1 5 .5
1 5 .1
1 4 .1
1 4 .4
1 5 .4
1 5 .2
1 4 .9
1 4 .2
6 .8
6 .5
6 .1
5 .9
6 .2
6 .9
6 .8
6 .6
6 .5
1 1 1 .2
1 1 3 .0
1 0 7 .1
1 1 2 .0
1 1 3 .0
1 2 1 .3
1 2 0 .4
1 2 2 .7
1 3 4 .0
c o n tra c to rs :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
1 6 .6
1 6 .3
1 4 .9
1 5 .1
1 5 .4
1 4 .9
1 4 .5
1 4 .7
1 4 .5
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
6 .7
6 .3
6 .0
5 .8
6 .2
6 .4
6 .3
6 .3
6 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 3 .1
1 1 7 .6
1 0 6 .0
1 1 3 .1
1 2 2 .4
1 3 1 .7
1 2 7 .3
1 3 2 .9
1 3 9 .1
1 6 .0
1 5 .5
1 5 .2
1 4 .7
6 .9
6 .7
6 .6
6 .2
6 .4
7 .1
7 .0
7 .2
7 .1
1 1 8 .6
1 1 9 .0
1 3 0 .1
1 3 3 .3
1 4 0 .4
1 3 5 .7
L o st w o rk d a y
S p e c ia l tr a d e
c o n tra c to rs :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 4 .3
1 1 8 .9
1 1 9 .3
1 4 .8
1 5 .8
1 5 .4
1 5 .6
1 5 .0
M a n u fa c tu rin g
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3 .3
1 2 .2
1 1 .5
1 0 .2
1 0 .0
1 0 .6
1 0 .4
1 0 .6
1 1 .9
................................................................................................................................................................
5 .9
5 .4
5 .1
4 .4
4 .3
4 .7
4 .6
4 .7
5 .3
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
9 0 .2
8 6 .7
8 2 .0
7 5 .0
7 3 .5
7 7 .9
8 0 .2
8 5 .2
9 5 .5
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
2 0 .7
1 8 .6
1 7 .6
1 6 .9
1 8 .3
1 9 .6
1 8 .5
1 8 .9
1 8 .9
L o s t w o rk d a y
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
1 0 .8
9 .5
9 .0
8 .3
9 .2
9 .9
9 .3
9 .7
9 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 7 5 .9
1 7 1 .8
1 5 8 .4
1 5 3 .3
1 6 3 .5
1 7 2 .0
1 7 1 .4
1 7 7 .2
1 7 6 .5
1 5 .4
L o st w o rk d a y
c a s e s
D u ra b le g o o d s
L um ber a n d
F u rn itu re
w o o d
an d
p ro d u c ts :
f ix tu r e s :
1 7 .6
1 6 .0
1 5 .1
1 3 .9
1 4 .1
1 5 .3
1 5 .0
1 5 .2
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
7 .1
6 .6
6 .2
5 .5
5 .7
6 .4
6 .3
6 .3
6 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
9 9 .6
9 7 .6
9 1 .9
8 5 .6
8 3 .0
1 0 1 .5
1 0 0 .4
1 0 3 .0
1 0 3 .6
1 4 .9
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
S to n e , c la y , a n d
g la s s
p ro d u c ts :
1 6 .8
1 5 .0
1 4 .1
1 3 .0
1 3 .1
1 3 .6
1 3 .9
1 3 .6
................................................................................................................................................................
8 .0
7 .1
6 .9
6 .1
6 .0
6 .6
6 .7
6 .5
7 .1
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3 3 .7
1 2 8 .1
1 2 2 .2
1 1 2 .2
1 1 2 .0
1 2 0 .8
1 2 7 .8
1 2 6 .0
1 3 5 .8
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
P r im a r y
c a s e s
m e ta l in d u s trie s :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
1 7 .3
1 5 .2
1 4 .4
1 2 .4
1 2 .4
1 3 .3
1 2 .6
1 3 .6
1 7 .0
................................................................................................................................................................
8 .1
7 .1
6 .7
5 .4
5 .4
6 .1
5 .7
6 .1
7 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3 4 .7
1 2 8 .3
1 2 1 .3
1 0 1 .6
1 0 3 .4
1 1 5 .3
1 1 3 .8
1 2 5 .5
1 4 5 .8
1 9 .9
1 8 .5
1 7 .5
1 5 .3
1 5 .1
1 6 .1
1 6 .3
8 .7
8 .0
7 .5
6 .4
6 .1
6 .7
6 .9
6 .8
7 .2
1 2 1 .9
1 1 .3
L o s t w o rk d a y
F a b ric a te d
c a s e s
m e ta l p r o d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 4 .2
1 1 8 .4
1 0 9 .9
1 0 2 .5
1 6 .0
9 6 .5
1 0 4 .9
1 1 0 .1
1 1 5 .5
1 7 .0
M a c h in e ry , e x c e p t e le c tric a l:
1 4 .7
1 3 .7
1 2 .9
1 0 .7
9 .8
1 0 .7
1 0 .8
1 0 .7
................................................................................................................................................................
5 .9
5 .5
5 .1
4 .2
3 .6
4 .1
4 .2
4 .2
4 .4
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
8 3 .6
8 1 .3
7 4 .9
6 6 .0
5 8 .1
6 5 .8
6 9 .3
7 2 .0
7 2 .7
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
E le c tric a n d
c a s e s
e le c tr o n ic
e q u ip m e n t:
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
8 .6
8 .0
7 .4
6 .5
6 .3
6 .8
6 .4
6 .4
7 .2
L o st w o rk d a y
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
3 .4
3 .3
3 .1
2 .7
2 .6
2 .8
2 .7
2 .7
3 .1
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
5 1 .9
5 1 .8
4 8 .4
4 2 .2
4 1 .4
4 5 .0
4 5 .7
4 9 .8
5 5 .9
1 1 .6
1 0 .6
9 .8
9 .2
8 .4
9 .3
9 .0
9 .6
1 3 .5
................................................................................................................................................................
5 .5
4 .9
4 .6
4 .0
3 .6
4 .2
3 .9
4 .1
5 .7
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
8 5 .9
8 2 .4
7 8 .1
7 2 .2
6 4 .5
6 8 .8
7 1 .6
7 9 .1
1 0 5 .7
T ra n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t:
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y
c a s e s
In s tru m e n ts a n d
re la te d
p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
6 .8
6 .5
5 .6
5 .2
5 .4
5 .2
5 .3
5 .8
2 .8
2 .7
2 .7
2 .3
2 .1
2 .2
2 .2
2 .3
2 .4
4 0 .0
4 1 .8
3 9 .2
3 7 .0
3 5 .6
3 7 .5
3 7 .9
4 2 .2
4 3 .9
c a s e s
M is c e lla n e o u s m a n u fa c tu rin g
In d u s trie s :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
1 1 .7
1 0 .9
1 0 .7
9 .9
9 .9
1 0 .5
9 .7
1 0 .2
1 0 .7
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
4 .7
4 .4
4 .4
4 .1
4 .0
4 .3
4 .2
4 .3
4 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
6 7 .7
6 7 .9
6 8 .3
6 9 .9
6 6 .3
7 0 .2
7 3 .2
7 0 .9
8 1 .5
L o st w o rk d a y
S e e
102
7 .2
................................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
fo o tn o te s
a t en d
o f ta b le .
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
48. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States
I n c id e n c e
In d u s try
an d
ty p e
ra te s
p er
100
fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s 2
of c a s e 1
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
N o n d u ra b le g o o d s
F o o d
an d
k in d re d
p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s .....................................................................................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................................................................
T o b ac co
1 9 .9
1 8 .7
1 7 .8
1 6 .7
9 .5
9 .0
8 .6
8 .0
7 .9
8 .1
8 .1
8 .0
8 .6
1 4 1 .8
1 3 6 .8
1 3 0 .7
1 2 9 .3
1 3 1 .2
1 3 1 .6
1 3 8 .0
1 3 7 .8
1 5 3 .7
1 6 .5
1 6 .7
1 6 .7
1 6 .5
1 7 .7
m a n u fa c tu rin g :
T o t a l c a s e s ...................................................................................................................................................................................
9 .3
8 .1
8 .2
7 .2
L o st w o rk d a y
c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................................................
4 .2
3 .8
3 .9
3 .2
3 .0
3 .2
3 .0
2 .5
2 .5
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
6 4 .8
4 5 .8
5 6 .8
4 4 .6
4 2 .8
5 1 .7
5 1 .7
4 5 .6
4 6 .4
T e x tile
6 .5
7 .7
7 .3
6 .7
8 .6
m ill p r o d u c t s :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
9 .7
9 .1
8 .8
7 .6
7 .4
L o st w o rk d a y
3 .4
3 .3
3 .2
2 .8
2 .8
3 .0
3 .0
3 .1
3 .6
6 1 .3
6 2 .8
5 9 .2
5 3 .8
5 1 .4
5 4 .0
5 7 .4
5 9 .3
6 5 .9
c a s e s ...................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .................................................................................................................................................
A p p arel a n d
o th e r te x tile
8 .0
7 .5
7 .8
9 .0
p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................................................................
6 .5
6 .4
6 .3
6 .0
6 .4
6 .7
L o s t w o rk d a y
c a s e s ...............................................................................................................................................................
2 .2
2 .2
2 .2
2 .1
2 .4
2 .5
2 .6
2 .7
3 .1
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
3 4 .1
3 4 .9
3 5 .0
3 6 .4
4 0 .6
4 0 .9
4 4 .1
4 9 .4
5 9 .5
1 0 .2
P ap er an d
a llie d
6 .7
6 .7
7 .4
p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s .......................................................................................................................................................................................
1 3 .5
1 2 .7
1 1 .6
1 0 .6
1 0 .0
1 0 .4
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
6 .0
5 .8
5 .4
4 .9
4 .5
4 .7
4 .7
4 .7
5 .8
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 0 8 .4
1 1 2 .3
1 0 3 .6
9 9 .1
9 0 .3
9 3 .8
9 4 .6
9 9 .5
1 2 2 .3
T o t a l c a s e s .......................................................................................................................................................................................
7 .1
6 .9
6 .7
6 .6
6 .6
6 .5
6 .3
L o st w o rk d a y
3 .1
3 .1
3 .0
2 .8
2 .9
2 .9
2 .9
2 .9
3 .1
4 5 .1
4 6 .5
4 7 .4
4 5 .7
4 4 .6
4 6 .0
4 9 .2
5 0 .8
5 5 .1
L o st w o rk d a y
P rin tin g
an d
1 0 .5
1 2 .8
p u b lis h in g :
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ............................................................................................................................................................................
C h e m ic a ls a n d
a llie d
6 .5
6 .7
p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................................................................................................................
7 .7
6 .8
6 .6
5 .7
5 .5
5 .3
5 .1
L o s t w o rk d a y
3 .5
3 .1
3 .0
2 .5
2 .5
2 .4
2 .3
2 .7
3 .1
5 4 .9
5 0 .3
4 8 .1
3 9 .4
4 2 .3
4 0 .8
3 8 .8
4 9 .4
5 8 .8
c a s e s ............................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................................................................................................
P e tro le u m
an d
6 .3
7 .0
c o a l p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s .........................................................................................................................................................................................
7 .7
7 .2
6 .7
5 .3
5 .5
5 .1
5 .1
L o st w o rk d a y
3 .6
3 .5
2 .9
2 .5
2 .4
2 .4
2 .4
3 .2
3 .1
6 2 .0
5 9 .1
5 1 .2
4 6 .4
4 6 .8
5 3 .5
4 9 .9
6 7 .5
6 5 .9
1 3 .4
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ........................................................................................................................................................
R u b b er an d
m is c e lla n e o u s
p la s tic s
7 .1
7 .3
p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ...................................................................................................................................................................
1 7 .1
1 5 .5
1 4 .6
1 2 .7
1 3 .0
1 3 .6
c a s e s ................................................................................................................................................................
8 .2
7 .4
7 .2
6 .0
6 .2
6 .4
6 .3
6 .6
7 .6
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................................................................................................................
1 2 7 .1
1 1 8 .6
1 1 7 .4
1 0 0 .9
1 0 1 .4
1 0 4 .3
1 0 7 .4
1 1 8 .2
1 3 0 .8
1 1 .5
1 1 .7
1 1 .5
9 .9
1 0 .0
1 0 .5
1 0 .3
1 0 .5
4 .9
5 .0
5 .1
4 .5
4 .4
4 .7
4 .6
4 .8
5 .8
7 6 .2
8 2 .7
8 2 .6
8 6 .5
8 7 .3
9 4 .4
8 8 .3
8 3 .4
1 1 4 .5
L o st w o rk d a y
L e a th e r a n d
1 5 .9
le a th e r p ro d u c ts :
T o t a l c a s e s ..................................................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
c a s e s .......................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .............................................................................................................
T r a n s p o rta tio n a n d
L o st w o rk d a y
1 0 .0
c a s e s ................................................................................
w o rk d a y s
.........................................................................................
W h o le s a le a n d
1 2 .4
p u b lic u tilitie s
T o t a l c a s e s ..........................................................................................................................
L ost
1 4 .0
9 .4
9 .0
8 .5
8 .2
8 .6
8 .2
8 .4
5 .9
5 .5
5 .3
4 .9
4 .7
5 .2
5 .0
4 .8
4 .9
1 0 7 .0
1 0 4 .5
1 0 0 .6
9 6 .7
9 4 .9
1 0 5 .1
8 .8
1 0 7 .1
1 0 2 .1
1 0 8 .1
re ta il tr a d e
T o t a l c a s e s ........................................................................................................
8 .0
7 .4
7 .3
7 .2
7 .2
7 .4
7 .4
7 .7
7 .7
L o st w o rk d a y
3 .4
3 .2
3 .1
3 .1
3 .1
3 .3
3 .2
3 .3
3 .4
5 6 .1
c a s e s
.....................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .........................................................................................
4 9 .0
4 8 .7
4 5 .3
4 5 .5
4 7 .8
5 0 .5
5 0 .7
5 4 .0
T o t a l c a s e s .............................................................................................................
8 .8
8 .2
7 .7
7 .1
7 .0
7 .2
7 .2
7 .2
7 .4
L o st w o rk d a y
4 .1
3 .9
3 .6
3 .4
3 .2
3 .5
3 .5
3 .6
3 .7
5 9 .1
5 8 .2
5 4 .7
5 2 .1
5 0 .6
5 5 .5
5 9 .8
6 2 .5
6 4 .0
7 .7
7 .1
7 .1
7 .2
7 .3
7 .5
7 .5
7 .8
7 .8
W h o le s a le
tra d e :
c a s e s
..........................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ..................................................................................
R e ta il tr a d e :
T o t a l c a s e s ...........................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
c a s e s ............................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................
F in a n c e , in s u ra n c e , a n d
2 .9
2 .9
2 .9
3 .0
3 .2
3 .1
3 .2
3 .3
4 4 .5
4 1 .1
4 2 .6
4 6 .7
4 8 .4
4 7 .0
5 0 .5
5 2 .9
2 .1
2 .0
1 .9
.9
.8
.8
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
.9
1 3 .3
1 2 .2
1 1 .6
1 3 .2
1 2 .8
1 3 .6
1 5 .4
1 7 .1
1 4 .3
5 .5
rea l e s ta te
T o t a l c a s e s .........................................................................................
L o st w o rk d a y
3 .1
4 4 .7
c a s e s ........................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s .....................................................................................
2 .0
2 .0
1 .9
2 .0
2 .0
2 .0
S e rv ic e s
T o t a l c a s e s ................................................................................................
L o s t w o rk d a y
5 .5
c a s e s ......................................................................................
L o s t w o r k d a y s ................................................................................................
1
T o ta l c a s e s
2
T h e
in c lu d e f a ta litie s .
in c id e n c e
w o rk d a y s p e r
1 00
ra te s
r e p r e s e n t th e
fu ll-tim e w o r k e r s a n d
w ere
c a lc u la te d
=
n u m b e r o f in ju rie s a n d
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
as:
illn e s s e s
o r lo s t
5 .0
4 .9
5 .1
5 .4
5 .3
2 .3
2 .3
2 .3
2 .4
2 .5
2 .6
2 .5
2 .7
3 5 .8
3 5 .9
3 5 .8
3 7 .0
4 1 .1
4 5 .4
4 3 .0
4 5 .8
EH
n u m b e r o f in ju r ie s a n d
(N /E H ) X 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 , w h e r e :
N
5 .2
2 .5
3 8 .1
=
to ta l h o u r s w o rk e d
2 0 0 ,0 0 0
w eek , 50
3
=
b a se
w ee k s
fo r
100
5 .2
b y a ll e m p l o y e e s
fu ll-tim e
d u rin g
c a le n d a r y e a r.
e q u iv a le n t w o rk e rs
( w o rk in g
40
h o u rs
p er
p e r y e a r .)
E x c l u d e s f a r m s w ith
fe w e r th a n
11
e m p lo y e e s
s in c e
1976.
illn e s s e s o r lo s t w o rk d a y s .
82
Monthly Labor Review September 1989
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Series
R elease
date
Period
covered
R elease
date
Period
covered
Release
date
Period
covered
Employment situation
October 6
September
November 3
October
December 8
November
1; 4-21
Producer Price Indexes
October 13
September
November 9
October
December 15
November
2;33-35
Consumer Price Index
October 19
September
November 21
October
December 19
November
2;30-32
Real earnings
October 19
September
November 21
October
December 19
November
14-17
Major collective bargaining settlements
October 26
1st 9 months
U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes
October 26
3rd quarter
Employment Cost Index
October 31
3rd quarter
MLR table
num ber
3:25-28
November 22
October
December 21
November
36-41
1-3; 22-24
Productivity and costs:
Nonfarm business and manufacturing
November 2
3rd quarter
Nonfinancial corporations
Occupational illnesses and injuries
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2;42-44
December 6
November 15
1988
3rd quarter
2;42-44
48
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