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A # M * ., A «i „ f u ^ * ' ' jfjurr f¡¡¡M *• s> „ fi ' * ** N* * % . r' fi * ' P ^ I» „ P <V * r • , • , r * , V »*■ ■*iv, I * /& >t 0 4» * * * * v\iù'V:''-* xi <■<'’'«'»vîMiV '' \ / y * * v,!u .>",vyv K\ ’ A* ^ r í I? i Ÿ , "y//h F 0 iVlVi7‘/«<<‘1' ' * f * * . * , « '» f * i 1 ' 't/vVi 1 * A |t? yw - > \'f. a \ M ( ‘ . ' ^ I K A iy J ' **uv *y y. ; * *•»:"\vi W.«'” i,’ î^ ' f "- w. ï «;/vnT'cV-i il/ .( ,' U W » «*anV* r ►/ «M https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ' \ ‘ \ i ^ * ^ / # ^ * 4 I < . - w u ¡ / , > ' A * « v \- ^i t k, - .|¿. i M i> — f r ■ ' U.S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR William E. Brock, Secretary Regional Commissioners for Bureau of Labor Statistics Janet L. Norwood, Commissioner Region I— Boston: Anthony J. Ferrara Kennedy Federal Building, Suite 1603 Boston, MA 02203 Phone: (617) 565-2331 Connecticut Maine Massachusetts New Hampshire Rhode Island Vermont The Monthly Labor Review is published by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of the U.S. Department of Labor. Communications on editorial matters should be addressed to the Editor-in-Chief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Washington, DC 20212. Phone: (202) 523-1327. Region II— New York: Samuel M. Ehrenhalt 1515 Broadway, Suite 3400, New York, NY 10036 Phone: (212) 944-3121 New Jersey New York Puerto Rico Virgin Islands BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Subscription price per year—$24 domestic: $30 foreign. Single copy $4 domestic: $5 foreign. Subscription prices and distribution policies for the Monthly Labor Review (ISSN 0098-1818) and other Government publications are set by the Government Printing Office, an agency of the U.S. Congress. Send correspondence on circulation and subscription matters (including address changes) to: Superintendent of Documents, Government Printing Office, Washington. DC 20402 Make checks payable to Superintendent of Documents. The Secretary of Labor has determined that the publication of this periodical is necessary in the transaction of the public business reguired by law of this Department. Second-class postage paid at Washington, DC, and at additional mail ing addresses. Region III— Philadelphia: Alvin I. Margulis 3535 Market Street P.O. Box 13309, Philadelphia, PA 19101 Phone: (215) 596-1154 Delaware District of Columbia Maryland Pennsylvania Virginia West Virginia Region IV—Atlanta: Donald M. Cruse 1371 Peachtree Street, N.E , Atlanta, GA30367 Phone: (404) 347-4418 Alabama Florida Georgia Kentucky Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Region V— Chicago: Lois L. Orr 9th Floor, Federal Office Building, 230 S. Dearborn Street, Chicago, IL 60604 Phone: (312) 353-1880 Illinois Indiana Michigan Minnesota Ohio Wisconsin Region VI— Dallas: Bryan Richey Federal Building, Room 221 525 Griffin Street, Dallas, TX 75202 Phone: (214) 767-6971 Arkansas Louisiana New Mexico Oklahoma Texas Regions VII and VIII— Kansas City: Gunnar Engen 911 Walnut Street, Kansas City, MO 64106 Phone: (816) 374-2481 VII Iowa Kansas Missouri Nebraska VIII Colorado Montana North Dakota South Dakota Utah Wyoming September cover: “ The Harvest (View of Arles across the Wheat Fields),” an 1888 drawing by Vincent Van Gogh, from the collection of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon, part of an exhibition, held in honor of the National Gallery of Art’s benefactors, on display in the West Building from July 20 to October 19, 1986; photograph courtesy of the National Gallery, Washington, D.C. Cover design by Melvin B. Moxley https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Regions IX and X— San Francisco: Sam M. Hirabayashi 450 Golden Gate Avenue, Box 36017, San Francisco, CA 94102 Phone: (415) 556-4678 IX American Samoa Arizona California Guam Hawaii Nevada Trust Territory of the Pacific islands X Alaska Idaho Oregon Washington min MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW SEPTEMBER 1986 VOLUME 109, NUMBER 9 Henry Lowenstern, Editor-in-Chief Robert W. Fisher, Executive Editor Robert N. Frumkin 3 Health insurance trends in cost control and coverage Between 1979 and 1984, companies often moved to curb rising health plan expenditures, in some cases, increasing the cost to employees, but benefit improvements continued M. E. Einstein, J. C. Franklin 9 Computer manufacturing enters a new era of growth Strong gains in output and employment are estimated to 1995; not surprisingly, expansion is not projected to rival the extraordinary pace the industry set during the last 25 years S. Danziger, P. Gottschalk 17 Work, poverty, and the working poor: a multifaceted problem New study shows that most able-bodied household heads demonstrate a strong attach ment to the labor force, but their employment tends to be intermittent, low-paying, or both P. J. McMahon, J. H. Tschetter 22 The declining middle class: a further analysis For all population groups, the proportion of employment in higher paying occupations increased during 1973-82; the earnings distribution of these occupations also shifted REPORTS Earl F. Mellor Jeffrey S. Passei https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 28 33 Weekly earnings in 1985: a look at more than 200 occupations Estimating the number of undocumented aliens DEPARTMENTS 2 Labor month in review 28 Research summaries 34 Major agreements expiring next month 35 Developments in industrial relations 42 Book reviews 45 Current labor statistics Labor Month In Review A VIEW OF THE 80’S. The Congres sional Research Service of the Library of Congress reported to the Congress on employment trends in the 1980’s from a national, industrial, and regional perspec tive. The report, based in large part on bls data, was prepared by Linda LeGrande and Mark Jickling. Excerpts: National trends. The first two-thirds of the 1980’s can be divided into 2 distinct periods. The earlier years are marked by two recessions. The economy barely had an opportunity to recover from the January-July 1980 downturn before it was hit by the much more severe and protracted July 1981-November 1982 recession. While overall employment headed downward between 1979 and 1982, service sector jobs rose by 3.8 percent, or 2.4 million. Once the economy began its recovery, job growth in the sector became more robust: 6.9 million jobs were added, producing a 10.5-percent rate of gain. The perform ance o f the goodsproducing sector contrasts sharply with that of the service-producing sector. The goods sector lost 2.6 million or 10 percent of its jobs between 1979 and 1982. Some 85 percent of the cutbacks occurred in manufacturing, with durable goods pro ducers accounting for three-fourths of the lost manufacturing jobs. Between 1982 and 1985, total employ ment in the goods-producing sector re bounded. It regained 47 percent (1.2 million) of the jobs lost during the reces sion period. Most of the sector’s com ponents expanded employment. However, the mining industry, which actually in creased employment during the two reces sions, cut its work force between 1982 and 1985. Despite the relatively good economic climate and employment gains of the past few years, total employment in the goodsproducing sector in 1985 was 1.4 million jobs (5.3 percent) below its 1979 level. Some of the industries having smaller 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis work forces in 1985 than in 1979 may eventually return to their prereces sion size. Other industries with fewer jobs at mid-decade may be undergoing a structural transformation from which they might emerge with permanently smaller work forces. Regional trends. Five of the nine regions actually reported increased total nonfarm employment during the two recessions: West South Central (9.5 per cent) Mountain (3.9 percent), South Atlantic (3.1 percent), and Pacific and New England (1 percent each). The East North Central bore the brunt of the recessions’ impact; 8.1 percent of the region’s nonfarm jobs disappeared. The East South Central and West North Central regions experienced job losses of 4.9 percent and 4.2 percent, respectively. The economic downturn had much less of an influence in the Middle Atlantic region, where employment fell less than 1 percent. Regional nonfarm employment re bounded across the board between 1982 and 1985. Most regions that reported employment gains during the recession period grew at a faster rate, however, than the four regions that were adversely affected by the downturn of the business cycle. While only the West South Central and Middle Atlantic regions recorded manufacturing job losses during both the recovery and recession periods, manufacturing employment in four other regions—New England, East South Central, and East and West North Central—failed to rebound enough be tween 1982 and 1985 to reach or surpass its prerecession level. Economic diversification. Given the relative imperviousness of the serviceproducing vis-a-vis the goods-producing sector to the ups and downs of the business cycle, one might argue that States should target their economic development efforts toward business and professional service firms, banks and insurance companies, consumeroriented enterprises, and the like. Given the relatively better performance of high tech vis-a-vis smokestack manufacturing industries during the 1980’s recessions, one might argue that States should en courage the expansion of already ex isting high tech firms within their borders and the (re)location of new high tech firms to their towns. However, today’s high-flying industry may be tomorrow’s problem-plagued in dustry. In addition, high tech manufac turing cannot be every State’s solution, because it is expected to continue to con tribute only a small share of future new jobs. Moreover, some States may be bet ter able than others to alter their in dustrial mix. To attract different in dustries, a State must have or be able to provide the requisite infrastructure for them. To assist those States that choose to change their industrial structures, the Federal Government might act as an infor mation clearinghouse. In such a capacity, a government agency could collect and disseminate case studies of various areas’ experiences with economic diversification. States then might more easily study the issue before proceeding and perhaps be able to avoid problems encountered elsewhere during their diversification ef forts. In addition, the Government could provide States with information concern ing any financial resources available to them in their development activities. Economic diversification is desirable if one’s goal is to moderate employment fluctuations. It is not a panacea, however. Some States may be better able than others to change their industrial mix. Some States may want to consider using other adjust ment measures in combination with diver sification to mitigate the effects of the transition process on certain industries and their workers. d Health insurance trends in cost control and coverage An analysis of changes in company health plans between 1979 and 1984 shows that employers often sought to contain rising expenditures, in some cases, increasing the cost to workers; improvements in benefits, however, continued R o b e r t N . F r u m k in Influenced by rapidly rising costs of health care, companies often raised their employees’ share of the total health care bill and also modified plans to encourage use of less costly health services during the 1979-84 period. At the same time, however, some health plans improved benefit fea tures, such as increasing the maximum lifetime payments under major medical plans. Although cost containment efforts and benefit improve ments were common, approaches to achieve these objec tives varied. To analyze these efforts, the Bureau of Labor Statistics traced provisions of 209 employee health plans for the 1979-84 period. These plans were found in 173 establishments and covered at least 1.8 million workers.1 The plans were mainly those of large companies, with 61 percent covering 1,000 workers or more (6 percent of the plans covered at least 25,000). While clearly not a representative sample of all health insurance plans, they do cover a substantial num ber of both union and nonunion workers, and offer insights into plan provisions over the 5 years studied. All but 11 of the health plans changed at least one of the features re viewed in this article between 1979 and 1984. The 209 plans analyzed in this article comprise all plans common to both the 1979 and 1984 Bureau of Labor Statis tics Employee Benefits Surveys. This annual survey pro vides data on the incidence and detailed provisions of bene- Robert N. Frumkin is an economist in the Division of Occupational Pay and Employee Benefit Levels, Bureau of Labor Statistics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis fit plans financed at least partially by medium and large companies. Under health plans, the survey covers provi sions for hospital, surgical, medical, major medical, ex tended care, and other benefits. It also looks at methods of funding benefits (but not actual employer costs) and the incidence and amounts of employee contributions for indi vidual and family coverage.2 Measures taken Efforts to curb costs stemmed from rapid increases in health care outlays. Total national health expenditures rose from $215.1 billion in 1979 to $387.4 billion 5 years later.3 This increase reflects both the introduction of new and ex pensive treatments for many illnesses and a sharp rise in prices for health services. Over the 1979-84 period, the medical care component of the Consumer Price Index rose at a 9.6-percent annual rate, compared with 7.4 percent for the index as a whole. Such cost increases helped to drive up employer financing of group health insurance, from $51.3 billion in 1979 to $96.9 billion in 1984.4 Cost containment measures took many forms. Quite no ticeable were actions that increased the worker’s share of health care costs. For example, a number of the plans were redesigned to eliminate basic coverage for certain types of care and transfer payment arrangements entirely under a major medical plan. (See table 1.) Basic plans, applying to an individual category of care— hospital, surgical, or medi cal—typically provide “first-dollar” coverage; that is, an insured individual is not required to make an initial payment for care. 3 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW Health Insurance Cost Control Coverage September 1986 Conversely, major medical plans— which cover several categories of expenses— eliminate “first-dollar” coverage and require cost-sharing by the employee through de ductibles and coinsurance provisions. A deductible is a specified amount an insured individual must pay toward health care expenses before any benefits are provided by the plan. Slightly more than one-fifth of the plans increased the size of the deductible in existing major medical insurance policies between 1979 and 1984. Expenses in excess of the deductible are shared by the individual and the insurance plan on the basis of a specified coinsurance rate; plans typically pay 80 percent of covered charges, while the in sured pays the remaining 20 percent. Table 1. Summary of changes in 209 health insurance plans, 1979 and 1984 Num ber C hange P erc en t of of plan s p lan s c h an g e d c h an g e d C o s t c o n ta in m e n t Basic coverage eliminated for: Hospital benefits.......................................................... Surgical benefits.......................................................... Medical b en efits.......................................................... Diagnostic x ray and laboratory benefits ................... 27 28 23 21 12.9 13.4 11.0 10.0 46 4 9 1 7 38 22.0 1.9 4.3 .5 3.3 18.2 16 26 4 7.7 12.4 1.9 Added extended care facility benefit1 ............................ 34 16.3 Added home health care benefit1 .................................. 62 29.7 Employee-paid premiums increased or added: For employee coverage ............................................. For family coverage ................................................... 30 68 14.4 32.5 Major medical plans: Increased deductible................................................... Increased employee’s coinsurance payments ........... Increased maximum limits on employee’s expenses . Eliminated maximum limit on employee’s expenses .. Decreased lifetime maximum benefit.......................... Converted to self-insured plan..................................... Converted to partly insured and partly self-insured plan ...................................................... Converted to comprehensive major medical plan — Reduced first dollar coverage.................................... Some employers also modified their approach to funding benefits. They substituted, either completely or partially, self-funding for the purchase of a health insurance policy from a commercial insurance company, such as Aetna, or an association of hospitals or physicians (Blue Cross-Blue Shield). Employers who insure their own benefits have greater control over plan design and, therefore, can control costs more directly. Growth in this type of funding was most pronounced for major medical benefits, for which the num ber of self-insured plans more than doubled— from 27 in 1979 to 65 in 1984. (See table 2.) Nevertheless, commercial insurance continued to be the most common method of funding both basic and major medical insurance benefits in 1984. Still another form of cost containment provided alterna tives to care in a hospital. Thirty-four of the plans added coverage for expenses in an extended care facility, such as noncustodial care in a nursing home, and 62 introduced home health care benefits. Spurred by the passage of the Health Maintenance Orga nization Act of 1973, more employers have offered the choice of an h m o as an alternative to other health insurance benefits.5 Usually providing comprehensive health care at a fixed fee, Health Maintenance Organizations have been viewed as a possible lower cost alternative to other health care. These organizations encourage preventative medicine and have lower hospitalization rates for their members. There were 11 h m o s among the 209 plans in both 1979 and 1984. Changes in benefit financing also affected employees. In both years of this study, the majority of the plans examined were noncontributory, that is, employers paid all of the insurance premiums. The following tabulation shows, how ever, that in the jointly financed plans, the amount of em ployee contributions nearly doubled from 1979 to 1984. Number o f plans 1984 1979 C o v e ra g e im p ro v e m e n ts Basic hospital benefits: Increased duration ...................................................... Increased daily paym ents........................................... 18 16 8.6 7.7 Basic surgical benefits: Increased maximum scheduled allowance................. Added full coverage for outpatient c a r e ...................... 30 17 14.4 8.1 Basic medical benefits:2 Increased duration ...................................................... Increased payment per visit ....................................... Added payment for office v is it..................................... 8 25 7 3.8 12.0 3.3 Diagnostic x ray and laboratory benefits: Raised ceiling on annual paym ents............................ 74 35.4 12 5.7 4.3 12.0 20.1 56.5 3.8 6.7 Major medical benefits: Decreased deductible................................................. Decreased employee’s coinsurance payments........... Decreased maximum limits on employee’s expenses . Introduced maximum limit on employee’s expenses .. Increased lifetime maximum benefit............................ Added benefits............................................................ Increased first dollar coverage .................................. Employee-paid premiums reduced or eliminated: For employee coverage ............................................. For family coverage ................................................... 9 25 42 118 8 14 16 7.7 22 10.5 1 Also a coverage improvement. 2 Includes payments for treatment in hospital and in physician's office. 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Average employee monthly contribution 1984 1979 Jointly financed coverage: Employee . . . . . . Family ........ . . . 61 100 67 92 $ 6.43 17.07 $11.57 33.22 Although cost containment efforts attracted most atten tion, benefit improvements were not ignored between 1979 and 1984, particularly in the area of major medical benefits. Slightly more than half the 209 plans studied increased maximum lifetime benefits under major medical provisions, and 67 improved financial protection against catastrophic illnesses by either introducing a ceiling on employees’ “outof-pocket” expenses (42 plans) or lowering an existing ceil ing (25 plans). A third of the plans raised maximum annual payments for diagnostic x ray and laboratory benefits. Table 1 shows the frequency of a variety of other health insurance coverage improvements. Table 2. Funding media for selected types of coverage in 209 health insurance plans, 1979 and 1984 B a sic h o s p ita l1 F u n d in g m ed ia B a sic s u rg ic a l1 B asic m e d ic a l1 M a jo r m e d ic a l2 1979 1984 1979 1984 1979 1984 1979 1984 T o ta l....................................... 209 209 209 209 209 209 209 209 Coverage provided.......................................................... Blue Cross-Blue S hield............................................... Commercial c a rrie r...................................................... Independent health plans ........................................... Labor/management3 ............................................... Health Maintenance Organization4 .......................... 187 53 99 35 24 11 161 49 61 51 40 11 165 45 88 32 21 11 156 37 68 51 40 11 126 44 58 24 13 11 115 36 43 36 25 11 186 20 139 27 27 194 27 102 65 65 Coverage not provided................................................... 22 48 44 53 83 94 23 15 1Basic benefits apply to individual categories of expenses such as hospital, surgical, or medical expenses. They generally apply without deductible or coinsurance provisions. 2 Major medical benefits cover many categories of expenses, some of which are not covered under basic benefits, and others for which basic coverage limits have been exhausted. Major medical benefits are characterized by deductible and coinsurance provisions that are applied across cate gories of care. 3 Includes plans that are financec by general revenues of a company on a pay-as-you-go basis, plans financed through contributions to a trust fund established to pay benefits, and plans operating The following sections of this article explore the interplay between cost containment and benefit improvements as found in individual health insurance areas. Hospital benefits The average expense for a day of hospital care increased from $217 in 1979 to $411 in 1984, according to the Amer ican Hospital Association.6 Over this period, more em ployees were required to share in the cost if hospitalized. For example, 27 of the 209 plans studied adopted this re quirement by eliminating basic coverage. This raised the number of plans studied with only major medical coverage for hospitalization from 22 to 48. (See table 3.) Also, more employees with basic hospital benefits were required to pay a deductible before their confinements were covered. In 1984, 17 of the plans imposed a deductible, compared with 12 plans in 1979. The type of deductible varied from no benefit coverage for the first day in the hospital to a specified dollar amount. The most common deductible was $100 for the first day in the hospital. The average daily cost for a semiprivate room rose from $134 in 1979 to $209 in 1984.7 As in 1979, most plans in 1984 based payment for a hospital confinement on the semi private room rate, automatically allowing benefit levels to keep pace with inflation. Roughly 10 percent of the plans in both years paid a cash room-and-board allowance, for a daily average of $68 in 1979 and $113 in 1984. Eighteen of the plans increased the maximum duration of hospital coverage. At least half of the plans, 68 in 1979 and 62 in 1984, provided hospital benefits for 365 days or more; nearly all plans covered at least 70 days. Extended care benefits To counter the sharp rise in hospital costs, benefit provi sions for medical care outside hospitals are becoming more prominent. Benefits may cover medical treatment at an ex tended care facility or at home, both less costly than long term hospitalization. As noted, a day’s cost for hospitaliza tion averaged $411 in 1984, compared with $150 for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis their own facilities if at least partially financed by employer contributions. Includes plans that are administered by a commercial carrier through Administrative Services Only contracts. 4 Includes federally qualified (those meeting standards of the Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973, as amended) and other HMOs delivering comprehensive health care on a prepayment rather than fee-for-service basis. All HMOs are included here regardless of sponsorship, for example, Blue Cross-Blue Shield or a commercial insurance carrier. n ote : Dash indicates no plans in this category. confinement in an extended care facility and $40 for home care.8 The potential cost advantages of alternative health care over hospitalization prompted a net increase in the number of plans providing coverage for extended care facility (28 plans) and home care (59). (See table 4.) Two-fifths of the plans covering extended care facilities in 1979 modified their terms by 1984, changing either a benefit provision (such as duration or dollar amount of coverage) or type of coverage (such as converting from major medical to basic benefits), or both. Extended care benefits commonly are available only after hospitalization, however. Surgical benefits Cost containment also affected surgical benefits. Twentyeight of the plans eliminated first-dollar coverage for surgery in 1984. (See table 1.) Also, as an incentive to reduce costs, 17 plans with deductibles or coinsurance, or both, for surgery performed on an inpatient basis offered full payment for surgery performed on an outpatient basis. In 1984, 153 of the plans paid all or a percent of the “usual, customary, and reasonable” charges for surgical procedures, up 14 plans from 1979.9 This approach auto matically links benefit levels to rising costs. The remaining 56 plans specified cash allowances for covered surgical pro cedures; of these, 30 had increased the allowance after 1979, raising the average allowance for the most expensive covered procedure from $925 to $1,400. Medical benefits One plan in the study added in-hospital medical benefits after 1979, resulting in all having this benefit by 1984. Ninety-four plans, up from 82 in 1979, covered in-hospital medical visits under major medical benefits only; conse quently, they did not provide first-dollar coverage. (See table 3.) Payments were based on usual, customary, and reasonable arrangements in 171 plans, 11 more than in 1979. Visits to a physician’s office were covered by 206 plans in 1984, up 6 plans from 1979. Coverage for 1984 was 5 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Health Insurance Cost Control Coverage through major medical benefits in 171 plans and through combined basic and major medical benefits in 21. All major medical arrangements were on a usual, customary, and rea sonable basis. In 1984, 16 plans included some form of cost sharing other than a general deductible or coinsurance requirement for visits to a doctor’s office, up 5 plans from 1979. Devices ranged from co-payments by the insured of from $1 to $10 per visit to no payment by the insurance plan for the first visit or a specified number of visits. Employee co-payments were generally associated with Health Maintenance Organi zations, with the most common being $2 per visit. Diagnostic x ray and laboratory benefits All of the health insurance plans in the study provided diagnostic x ray and laboratory benefits in both 1979 and 1984. However, the number of plans providing this service through both basic and major medical benefits declined from 144 to 93; 28 additional plans provided this service through basic benefits only in 1984, and 23 provided it through major medical benefits only. (See table 3.) Plans usually paid for diagnostic care on a usual, custom ary, and reasonable basis in both years. Of the 60 plans designating cash allowances in 1984, 34 had increased scheduled payments for this service over the 5 years studied; consequently, the average maximum allowance increased from $175 to $310 per year. If diagnostic care were done on an outpatient basis, 63 plans paid the full cost in 1984, compared with 35 plans in 1979. Major medical benefits All but 15 of the plans studied provided major medical benefits in 1984; 23 plans did not provide this benefit in 1979. The 11 Health Maintenance Organizations by their nature preclude separate major medical provisions and the remaining four plans provided basic benefits only, but were sufficiently comprehensive to counter the need for a sepa rate major medical plan. Changes that reduced costs or improved benefits were made more often to major medical provisions than to any other health benefit examined.10 Table 3. Major medical plans typically include two cost-sharing features— deductibles and coinsurance requirements. All but two of the major medical plans in 1984 called for a deductible, as did all such plans studied in 1979. De ductibles were typically established on a yearly basis and were commonly $100 per person in 1979 and 1984. By 1984, however, 41 plans required more than $100, com pared with 16 plans in 1979. Also, four plans changed to a deductible of 1 percent of earnings. Previously, two of these plans had a deductible of $50 and two, a deductible of $100. There are two types of major medical insurance: supple mental and comprehensive. Supplemental benefits provide additional coverage to the separate basic plans. Comprehen sive plans stand alone and combine the types of benefits found in basic and major medical plans. Because comprehensives eliminate nearly all first-dollar coverage, they offer greater savings opportunities in insurance premiums than basic/supplemental plans. From 1979 to 1984, the number of comprehensive plans in the study nearly doubled, from 31 to 57 plans. Coinsurance provisions were found in all of the major medical plans studied in both years. The coinsurance rate paid by the plans, most commonly 80 percent, changed very little during this period. In 1984, 20 of 194 major medical plans paid more than 80 percent of the health care expenses, while one plan paid less; this compared with 16 and none, in 1979. A significant improvement in major medical benefits was adding financial protection against catastrophic illnesses. This provision limits the yearly “out-of-pocket” expenses an insured individual must pay. It was part of 156 plans in 1984, compared with 106 in 1979. In both years, the major ity of plans set the limit at $1,000 a year. Maximum benefits payable under a major medical plan are specified on a per disability or, more commonly, on a lifetime basis. In 1979 and 1984, the most common lifetime maximum benefit was $250,000 among the plans studied. Since 1979, however, 118 plans raised their benefit ceil ings, while eight eliminated them entirely. The results are as follows: Distribution of 209 health insurance plans by benefit arrangement for selected categories of care, 1979 and 1984 B e n e fit a rra n g e m e n t C a te g o ry Hospital c a r e ..................................................................... Extended care facility........................................................ Home health care.............................................................. Surgical c a r e ..................................................................... Medical care-in hospital ................................................... Medical care-office visit ................................................... Diagnostic x ray and laboratory benefit............................ B a sic b e n efit o n ly B asic a n d m a jo r b e n efit o n ly m ed ical b e n efits 1979 1984 1979 1984 1979 1984 41 46 23 74 32 15 40 34 58 51 70 22 14 68 22 39 10 44 82 165 25 48 56 37 53 94 171 48 146 20 7 91 94 20 144 127 19 12 86 93 21 93 'Basic benefits apply to individual categories of expenses, such as hospital, surgical, or medical expenses. They generally apply without deductible or coinsurance provisions. 2Major medical benefits cover many categories of expenses, some of which are not covered under basic benefits, and others for which basic coverage limits have been exhausted. Major medical benefits are characterized by deductible and coin- 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M a jo r m edical C a re n o t pro v id e d 1979 1984 104 169 76 109 - - 1 9 - - 3 - surance provisions that are applied across categories of care, NOTE: A given plan may offer categories of care under different types of payment, for example, hospital care as a benefit (typically no initial payment by the employee), visits to a physician’s office as major medical benefit (cost shared by employer and employee), and surgical care as first a basic benefit and then as a major medical benefit. Dash indicates no plans in this category. Table 4. Extended care benefit changes in 209 health insurance plans, 1979 and 1984 E xten d e d c a re fa c ility H o m e he alth c a re 1 A c tio n ta k e n by 1984 Num ber P erc en t Num ber P e rc e n t o f plan s o f plan s o f plan s o f p lan s T o ta l....................................................................................................................................... 209 100.0 209 100.0 Added benefit .............................................................................................................................. 34 16.3 62 29.7 Eliminated benefit ........................................................................................................................ 6 2.9 3 1.4 Changes in existing benefits2 ....................................................................................................... 44 21.1 14 6.7 Basic benefits provision2 ........................................................................................................... Duration ................................................................................................................................ Dollar a m ount........................................................................................................................ Other3 ..................................................................................................................................... 30 15 14 3 14.4 7.2 6.7 1.4 9 8 1 3.8 .5 Changes in type of coverage.................................................................................................... From basic only to major medical o n ly ................................................................................. From basic only to basic and major medical......................................................................... From major medical only to basic o n ly ................................................................................. From major medical only to basic and major medical .......................................................... From basic and major medical to basic o n ly ......................................................................... From basic and major medical to major medical o n ly .......................................................... 21 4 2 6 1 2 6 10.0 1.9 1.0 2.9 .5 1.0 2.9 _8 3.8 1 3 1 1 2 .5 1.4 Benefit unchanged........................................................................................................................ 49 23.4 21 10.0 No benefit in either y e a r............................................................................................................... 76 36.4 109 52.2 1 1ncludes care provided by a Visiting Nurse Association and related benefits. 1979 1984 156 86 58 12 156 36 55 65 30 38 . $193,000 $450,000 Other health benefits Other health insurance benefits examined in this study included provisions for mental health care, prescription drugs, private duty nursing, dental care, and vision care. As the following tabulation shows, mental health care, pre scription drugs, and private duty nursing were found in 95 percent or more of the plans. Dental coverage was prevalent in 1979 and showed substantial growth by 1984, but vision care continued to be covered in a minority of the plans. Coverage Number of plans with— Mental health...................................................... Basic benefits only ............ - ............. - ......... Major medical o n ly ........ - ............................. Basic and major medical - - ............ - ............. Prescription d ru g ............ - ................................. Basic benefits o n l y .................... - ................. Major medical o n ly ..............^...................... Basic and major medical................................ Private duty nursing .......................................... Basic benefits only .................. - ................... Major medical o n ly ....................................... Basic and major medical........................ ....... Dental........................................- ........................ Vision care.................. - ..................................... 1979 1984 208 26 24 158 205 29 170 6 199 15 181 3 116 53 209 19 50 140 204 25 170 9 203 7 192 4 173 62 Major medical plans, rather than basic plans, generally provide coverage for private duty nursing and prescription https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis .5 .5 1.0 3 Includes an addition of a basic benefits deductible, elimination of a copayment, and a change 2 The total is less than the sum of the individual items because more than one change may have occurred for one benefit. Plans with maximum lifetime benefits.............................. Below $250,000 .............. $250,000 .......................... Above $250,000 .............. Plans with unlimited lifetime benefits.............................. Average lifetime maximum benefit .............................. 4.3 frorn a firs,'dollar coverage to a limit on the number of days covered, Note: Dash indicates no plans in this category. drug care. Both dental and vision care benefits were provided either as part of a comprehensive health insurance package or as a free-standing plan. In nearly all cases, dental benefits entailed a deductible separate from that for other health bene fits, and covered at least a portion of usual, customary, and reasonable charges, or provided scheduled cash allowances. New ways to cut costs Aside from revising plan provisions, such as increasing major medical deductibles, cost containment efforts have promoted new types of features. None was in a majority of the plans studied in 1984, and because of their relative rarity at the time, these features were not analyzed in 1979. The following tabulation shows the number and percent of plans with a specific cost-containment provision: Second opinion provision before elective surgery ............................ Higher rate of payment for testing prior to hospital adm ission.......... Hospice care .................................... Routine physical examination.......... Higher rate of payment for generic drugs ............................................ Reduced or no plan coverage for nonemergency weekend hospital admissions .................................... Number Percent 91 44 86 22 17 41 10 8 7 3 6 3 Cost containment efforts go beyond the provisions con sidered in this article. Incentives for use of preferred provider organizations, intensified claims review proce dures, and introduction of health education and health pro motion (“wellness”) plans are other approaches that have emerged recently to halt rising health care costs. These items, however, are beyond the current scope of the Bu reau’s Employee Benefits Survey.11 □ 7 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Health Insurance Cost Control Coverage ---------- FOOTNOTES---------1 The number o f plans exceeds the number o f establishments because some establishments maintained more than one plan, either giving em ployees a choice o f plans or providing distinct plans for different employee groups. The total number o f workers covered by the 209 plans is unknown because some o f the plans were in multi-establishment companies and covered employees in units other than those surveyed. The employment figure cited in the text reflects plan participation in surveyed establishments only. 2 Survey results are published in an annual bls bulletin and special analyses o f individual benefit areas, such as health insurance and retirement plans, are featured periodically in the Monthly Labor Review. The survey covers, on a sample basis, private sector establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii, employing at least 50, 100, or 250 workers, depending on the industry. Industrial coverage in cludes: mining; construction; manufacturing; transportation, communica tions, electric, gas, and sanitary services; wholesale trade; retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and selected services. The survey ana lyzes benefit plans paid for wholly or partly by employers; benefits fi nanced entirely by employees are excluded. Findings for 1984 are reported in Employee Benefits in Medium and Large Firms, Bulletin 2237 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). For information on the background and conduct o f the survey, see Robert Frumkin and William Wiatrowski, “Bureau of Labor Statistics takes a new look at employee benefits,” Monthly Labor Review, August 1982, pp. 4 1 -4 5 . 3 Health Care Financing Review, Winter 1984, p. 3; and Fall 1985, p. 3. 4 Data from the U .S. Department o f Commerce, Bureau o f Economic Analysis. 5 Unpublished data from the Bureau o f Labor Statistics’ 1984 Area Wage Surveys show that 48 percent o f office workers and 33 percent o f plant workers were in establishments that offered a Health Maintenance Organi zation plan. The Area Wage Surveys cover a cross-section of industries in metropolitan areas. For more detailed information on these plans, see Allan Blostin and William Marclay, “ h m o s and other health plans: coverage and employee premiums,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1983, pp. 2 8 -3 3 . 6 Hospital Statistics 1985 (Chicago, American Hospital Association), text table 8, p. 20. 7 Source Book o f Health Insurance Data 1980/1981, Health Insurance Institute, p. 48, and Source Book o f Health Insurance Data 1984/1985, p. 44. 8 Business Insurance, May 28, 1984, pp. 47—49. 9 Most commonly found in Blue Shield plans, the usual, customary, and reasonable approach pays all or a percent o f the charge o f a participating physician for covered services if it is: not more than the physician’s usual charge; within the customary range of fees in the given geographic area; and is reasonable, considering medical circumstances. 10 For a closer look at major medical provisions, see Douglas Hedger and Donald Schmitt, “Major medical coverage during a period o f rising costs,” Monthly Labor Review, July 1983, pp. 11-16. 11 For more detailed discussions o f cost containment, see Richard F. O ’Brien, “Health Care Cost Containment: An Employer’s Perspective,” Labor Law Journal, August 1985, pp. 468-73; Karen Ignagni, “Organized Labor’s Perspective on Rising Health Costs,” Labor Law Journal, August 1985, pp. 473-76; William G. Williams, “Health Care Cost-Containment Techniques,” in Jerry S. Rosenbloom, ed., The Handbook o f Employee Benefits (Homewood, II., Dow Jones-Irwin, 1984), pp. 251-72; and World of Work Report, November 1985, pp. 1 -2 . A note on communications The Monthly Labor Review welcomes communications that supplement, challenge, or expand on research published in its pages. To be considered for publication, communications should be factual and analytical, not po lemical in tone. Communications should be addressed to the Editor-inChief, Monthly Labor Review, Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Depart ment of Labor, Washington, D.C. 20212. 8 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Computer manufacturing enters a new era of growth Strong gains in output and employment are estimated to 1995; not surprisingly, the most optimistic of three projections does not match the extraordinary pace the industry has set in the last 25 years M arcus E . E in s t e in and Ja m e s C . F r a n k l i n From the early 1960's through the mid-1980’s, the outlook for growth in the computer manufacturing industry was, for most of the period, unusually optimistic. Even the 1981-82 recession seemed to have little effect on the industry’s growth. In 1985, however, the outlook for the industry clouded considerably. Business demand for computers fell, as well as the demand for home computers. Some compa nies reported huge losses, and several went bankrupt. Even firms in Silicon Valley, an important center for computer manufacturing, laid off workers. The industry is now appar ently at a turning point, entering an era of slower growth. To provide some insights into the current situation, the Bureau of Labor Statistics undertook a study that focused on the development of alternative projections of industry output and employment. This article presents the results of that study. For several decades, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has developed projections of the U.S. economy under alterna tive sets of assumptions. The latest set of three projections, to 1995, were published in the November issue of the Monthly Labor Review. 1These and previous b l s projections were based on alternative macroeconomic assumptions, such as the unemployment rate, productivity growth, and labor force growth. While the projections for the computer manufacturing industry presented in this study reflect the recent economic projections, industry alternatives that as sume different circumstances regarding the pace of techno logical development in the industry are also explored. The results of this study are based on the assumption that Marcus E. Einstein and James C. Franklin are economists in the Office of Economic Growth and Employment Projections, Bureau of Labor Statis tics. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis although significant technological advances will be forth coming during the projection period, none will have the dramatic impact of the introduction of the minicomputer in the mid-1960’s or the microcomputer in the mid- to late 1970’s. The analysis shows rates of projected growth of both output and employment varying significantly under the alternative scenarios. In all scenarios, the growth rate for the computer manufacturing industry is projected to exceed the average for the economy as a whole and to have one of the highest growth rates among manufacturing industries. How ever, the highest projected growth rate is still below that experienced over the past decades. This should come as no surprise given the rapid expansion of the industry and its present size. Historical overview Over the last 25 years, the computer and peripheral equip ment manufacturing industry (sic 3573-4)2 has been one of the more dynamic and fastest-growing industries in the U.S. economy. Industry products represented more than 20 per cent of all business investment in 1984, and computers are one of the few manufacturing industries in which the United States still shows a sizable world trade surplus, estimated at $6.8 billion in 1985.3 In addition, computers recently have become a factor in purchases of goods by households. Vir tually nonexistent in 1975, personal computers are now estimated to be in 10 percent of households. Employment growth in the computer manufacturing industry has also played an increasingly more important role in the economy. With employment growth averaging more than 6 percent annually from 1960 through 1984, the industry has been adding new jobs at a rate 10 times faster than for all manu facturing. 9 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Computer Manufacturing Enters New Era o f Growth Technological development. The development of the computer manufacturing industry can be traced, in part, through a continuous stream of technological breakthroughs in computer engineering. These advances, primarily in the area of miniaturization, have transformed the computer from a “30-ton” monster to a 2- or 3-pound machine small enough to sit comfortably on a person’s lap. Prior to 1965, the industry primarily produced large mainframe computing systems. Annual unit sales grew on average by 33 percent between 1960 and 1964. (See table 1.) Because of the size and expense of these systems, most buyers or lessees were large institutions, such as banks, insurance companies, or government agencies. The still young industry recognized the potential demand for a smaller and less expensive system than the mainframe. This led to the development of the minicomputer. Intro duced in 1965, the “minis” were very well received and for the next 10 years annual unit sales increased on average by 50 percent. (See table 1.) However, because minicomputers were much cheaper, the dollar value of sales grew less rapidly, at an average annual rate of about 10 percent. Increased miniaturization, declining component costs, and other technical developments led to the introduction of the personal computer in 1975. Initially developed by enter Table 1. prising computer engineers and sold in kits via mail order, the personal computer since has become the dominant product of the industry in terms of unit sales, accounting for more than 96 percent of domestic consumption for all com puters. Over the 1975-84 period, annual growth in unit sales of the personal computer averaged 95 percent. On a value basis, however, personal computers represent only 35 percent of industry sales because the unit prices of personal computers are much lower. Capital expenditures. Throughout the 1960’s, business investment in computer equipment grew 10 percent a year, on average, or at roughly the same rate as overall capital investment. Purchases of computer equipment represented, on average, a relatively constant 3 to 4 percent of all capital expenditures. However, beginning about 1970, businesses started to devote more of their investment dollars to comput erizing their operations and, as a result, the share of total business investment expenditures attributed to computers grew to 9.6 percent in 1979. (See table 2.) Emerging from the high inflation period of the 1970’s, marked by increased labor costs and increased competition from abroad, American industry began searching for a means to increase productivity by modernizing plants and Domestic consumption of micro, mini, and mainframe computers,1 1960-84 [Dollars In millions] Total Mini M icro U nits D o llars M a in fra m e U nits D o llars U nits D o llars Y ea r U nits D o llars P erc en t Num ber of P erc en t Num ber 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... 1,790 2,700 3,470 4,200 5,600 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... 5,610 7,635 11,920 10,180 7,770 1,798.6 2,680.4 3,968.0 4,900.4 4,302.2 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ...................................... 8,320 10,400 14,310 19,270 17,480 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ...................................... ...................................... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 ....................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... ...................................... $ 590.0 880.0 1,090.0 1,300.0 1,670.0 P ercen t Num ber of total to tal of P erc en t Num ber to tal - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _ - _ - - - 260 385 720 1,080 1,770 4.6 5.0 6.0 10.6 22.8 2,620 2,800 3,610 5,270 8,880 - - - 3,809.6 4,118.4 5,270.7 5,768.9 6,777.2 _ - _ - 23,470 49,550 91,950 152,650 202,330 6,128.3 6,770.1 8,563.4 10,283.9 10,855.5 5,100 25,800 58,500 115,600 160,000 21.7 52.1 63.6 75.7 79.1 301,850 439,900 793,420 1,315,405 2,182,005 13,431.2 14,842.2 17,311.3 19,110.0 22,295.0 250,500 385,100 735,000 1,260.000 2,100,000 83.0 87.5 92.6 95.8 96.2 - $ of P ercen t Num ber to tal $ of P erc en t Num ber total 1,790 2,700 3,470 4,200 5,600 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 28.6 40.4 68.5 100.4 152.2 1.6 1.5 1.7 2.0 3.5 5,350 7,250 11,200 9,100 6,000 95.4 95.0 94.0 89.4 77.2 1,770 2,640 3,900 4,800 4,150 98.4 98.5 98.3 98.0 96.5 31.5 26.9 25.2 27.3 50.8 209.6 218.4 270.7 368.9 577.2 5.5 5.3 5.1 6.4 8.5 5,700 7,600 10,700 14,000 8,600 68.5 73.1 74.8 72.7 49.2 3,600 3,900 5,000 5,400 6,200 94.5 94.7 94.9 93.6 91.5 1.2 5.5 8.9 10.7 13.7 11,670 17,000 24,550 29,550 35,130 49.7 34.3 26.7 19.4 17.4 641.8 816.0 1,202.9 1,595.7 2,037.5 10.5 12.1 14.0 15.5 18.8 6,700 6,750 8,900 7,500 7,200 28.6 13.6 9.7 4.9 3.5 5,410 5,580 6,600 7,590 7,330 88.3 82.4 77.1 73.8 67.5 2,104.2 2,503.1 4,190.0 5,300.0 7,750.0 15.7 16.9 24.2 27.7 34.8 41,450 44,100 47.820 45,420 72,130 13.7 10.0 6.0 3.4 3.3 2,487.0 2,699.1 2,821.3 3,330.0 4,185.0 18.5 18.2 16.3 17.4 18.8 9,900 10,700 10,600 9,985 10,700 3.3 2.5 1.4 0.8 0.5 8,840 9,640 10,300 10,480 10,360 65.8 64.9 59.5 54.9 46.4 No te : Because microcomputers exclude units with list prices less than $1,000, the sales of most personal home computers are not reflected in these figures. Sou r c e : Computer and Business Equipment Manufacturers Association. 10 590 880 1,090 1,300 1,670 76.5 374.1 760.5 1,098.2 1,488.0 1 Micro, mini, and mainframe are defined in terms of price: micro-$1,000 to $19,999; m ini$20,000 to $249,999; mainframe-$250,000 and over. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis of to tal curtailing labor costs. The computer manufacturing industry encouraged increased use and extended applications of the computer as one possible solution. Manufacturers began offering microcomputers that were built with massproduced microprocessors and invited anyone who was in terested to write the software. The result for the computer buyer was hardware and software that were both more adaptable and less expensive than the minicomputer. Aided further by changes in the tax treatment for capital expendi tures in the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, busi nesses generally responded by increasing capital spending and by devoting a larger share to computers. Business in vestment in computers surged over the 1980-84 period and increased from 12 percent of total investment in 1980 to more than 20 percent in 1984. (See table 2.) Foreign trade. America’s early lead in computer technol ogy allowed U.S. manufacturers to dominate world markets during most of the 1970’s. U.S. exports of computers grew from $1.3 billion in 1972 to more than $4 billion in 1978 (both stated in current prices). In the late 1970’s, imports began to appear in U.S. markets. However, despite foreign competition, the computer industry’s trade balance contin ued to grow, peaking in 1981 at $7 billion. Since 1981, however, trade surpluses have been declining steadily, in part because of competition from East Asian and Pacific Basin countries . As a result of a number of factors, including intense price competition, many U.S. computer manufacturing companies moved their production opera tions to the Far East, including Singapore and Hong Kong, which offered government incentives for local investment and lower labor and materials costs. In addition, the Japanese entered the world market using the high-volume, price-cutting techniques which they had successfully used in other electronic product markets. In 1984, however, the U.S. computer industry still had a trade surplus of $5.9 bil lion, as shown below (millions in current dollars):4 Year 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. .................. Exports . . . $ 3,264 ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4,129 5,500 7,606 8,652 9,118 10,569 13,511 Imports Trade balance $ 253 757 969 1,159 1,647 2,296 4,362 7,575 $3,011 3,372 4,531 6,447 7,005 6,822 6,207 5,936 Personal consumption. The history of the home segment of the computer industry is short, spanning only the last 10 years. As noted, the first home, or personal, computers were produced about 1975. They came in kit form and were sold mostly to hobbyists. Fueled by technological improve ments, plummeting prices, and widespread interest and pub licity about computers, home computer sales grew rapidly from around 210,000 units in 1978 to more than 5 million machines in 1984.5 This growth slackened recently and is a factor in bringing the computer industry to an important https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 2. Purchases of producers’ durable equipment, 1960-84 [1977 dollars in billions] Year Total business investment Business investment, in office, computing, and accounting machinery1 Computing equipment as percent of total 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ 53.4 52.1 57.6 61.6 68.9 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.0 2.8 2.7 2.4 2.9 2.9 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ 80.9 91.9 90.7 95.3 102.6 2.3 3.1 3.2 3.2 4.0 2.8 3.4 3.5 3.4 3.9 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ....................... 100.0 99.4 110.4 130.1 132.0 4.0 4.0 4.9 5.7 7.0 4.0 4.0 4.4 4.4 5.3 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 ........................ ....................... ........................ ....................... ........................ 116.4 123.7 143.1 162.8 173.0 6.4 8.1 10.0 13.0 16.7 5.5 6.5 7.0 8.0 9.6 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 ........................ ........................ ........................ ....................... ........................ 167.7 174.4 162.6 174.4 209.9 20.2 25.8 29.4 34.3 43.5 12.0 14.8 18.1 20.2 20.7 1 Data available only at sic 357 or three-digit level; however, sic 3573-4 accounts for approx imately 95 percent of sic 357. So u r c e : U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Income and Product Accounts, converted to 1977 dollars by the authors, using bls industry price index. juncture— posing the prospect for much slower growth in the future than experienced over most of the last 25 years. Many initial buyers may have been caught up in the “faddish” element of the computer revolution and perhaps initially did not fully understand the limitations of the ma chines and the difficulties of use. As skepticism grew and price wars accelerated, consumers apparently began to delay purchases, waiting for even lower prices, for more userfriendly software, and simpler and easier to use machines. Employment. The computer manufacturing industry has also experienced dramatic changes in employment. From 1960 through 1984, employment growth averaged more than 6 percent annually, while employment growth for all of manufacturing averaged only 0.6 percent. As a conse quence, computer manufacturing accounted for nearly 14 percent of the growth in wage and salary employment in manufacturing over the 1960-84 period, although in 1984 it still represented less than 2.5 percent of all manufacturing jobs. (See table 3.) Although overall employment in the computer manufac turing industry has been increasing, the percentage of em ployees in production occupations has been declining. In the mid-1960’s, when the industry was producing mainframe and minicomputer systems, production worker employment was as high as 47 percent of the total. However, the ratio steadily declined with a growing emphasis on research and 11 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Computer Manufacturing Enters New Era o f Growth development activities, expanding at a rate of almost 18 percent annually, along with continuing automation of the production line. A slight resurgence in production employ ment occurred in the first few years of the personal com puter. As new companies entered the market at a rapid pace, production workers were actually increasing faster than overall industry employment, reaching 41 percent of indus try employment in 1979. Since then, growth in productionrelated occupations has slowed owing to the concentration on research and development expenses, increased automa tion of the production line, and the movement offshore of production facilities. Currently, more than 25 percent of employment in the computer manufacturing industry consists of engineers, technicians, and systems analysts. The relatively high con centration of these occupations can be explained by the high priority of research and development operations. In 1983— 84, computer manufacturers spent more than $6 billion on r &d activities, representing more than 7 percent of sales.6 In contrast to the high percentage of engineers, techni cians, and computer analysts employed in the computer manufacturing industry, only 38 percent of all employees were in production-related occupations in 1984. This is one of the lowest ratios of production workers to total employ ment for any manufacturing industry, far below the manu facturing average of 68.7 percent. Here are the data for 1967-84: Year 1967 1970 1975 1977 1979 1982 1984 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ W age an d salary em ployees (thousands) P roduction occupations (thousands) R atio o f produ ction occupations to total 145.1 193.8 210.4 239.1 318.9 403.3 460.9 68.2 75.0 76.9 95.8 131.4 153.4 174.3 .47 .39 .37 .40 .41 .38 .38 ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ economic growth and then analyzing the resulting expected impact on demand, production, and employment.8 Although there are nine alternative scenarios, the empha sis in this article is on the following three: low rate/low economic growth, medium rate/medium economic growth, high rate/high economic growth. These three scenarios will be referred to subsequently as the low, medium, and high scenarios. A breakdown of the projected annual growth rates during the 1984-95 period for the components of demand is shown in table 5. The projections for the medium case were taken directly from the macro projections in the November article. The projected growth rates for the low and high scenarios were estimated through analysis of the possible interaction between the technological rates and the various rates of economic growth. This analysis by its nature was judgmen tal and subjective, particularly in that the assumed rates of technological use are broad in nature and are not specific to any given technology. Before continuing, a caveat is in order. The constant dollar value of the computer manufacturing industry’s out put is difficult to measure because of the combination of unit price declines and increased unit capabilities, especially over the last several years. This problem arises because the fast pace of technological development, especially for the microcomputer, virtually redefines the product within a pe riod of a few years. Consequently, it is difficult to make a unit price comparison as the product “unit” is not strictly comparable over the period of technological change. In December, the Bureau of Economic Analysis released a new deflator for this industry. The deflator increases the historical real output of the computer manufacturing indus try, compared with the real output as measured by the deflaTable 3. Total employment for all of manufacturing and computer manufacturing, 1960-84, selected years [N u m b e rs in th o usan d s] Year Projections What follows is a number of different scenarios for output and employment growth of the computer industry over the 1984-95 period. (See table 4.) Nine scenarios were devel oped by combining three possible assumptions concerning implementation rates of technological advances along with the three levels of overall economic growth, described in the article entitled “Economic outlook to 1995: new assump tions and projections,” which appeared in the November 1985 issue of the Review. Output and employment projections reflecting the combi nation of the medium technological implementation rate with the varying economic growth levels were developed by the model described in the above article.7 Additional output projections were made by pairing assumptions reflecting both a lesser and greater rate of technological development and implementation with each of the same three levels of 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1960 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ ........................ Total manufacturing Computer manufacturing Computer manufacturing as percent of total 17,152 18,400 19,664 18,614 19,305 20,014 20,851 21,401 20,668 20,559 19,154 18,825 19,779 116 148 236 238 239 262 297 339 376 407 424 440 479 0.7 .8 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.3 2.4 Average annual rate of change (compound rate) 1960-84 1960-65 1965-70 1970-75 1975-80 1980-84 ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. So u r c e : 0.6 1.4 1.3 -1.1 2.1 -1.1 6.1 5.0 9.8 0.2 9.6 6.2 _ - - - B u re a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s d a ta c o m p ile d from C u rre n t E m p lo ym e n t S u rve y ; prior to 1967, c o m p u te r e m p lo y m en t d a ta a re from D e p a rtm e n t of C o m m e rc e , County Business Patterns. Table 4. Output and employment in computer manufacturing under alternate projections of economic growth and technolog ical development, 19ÌI4-95 [1977 dollars in millions] C o m p o u n d an n u al ra te o f g ro w th 1 E co n o m ic p ro jec tio n s R a te o f te c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t M edium H igh $78,773 92,793 102,861 $92,915 104,315 122,107 $106,857 117,846 138,300 627.000 679.000 705.000 685.000 713.000 723.000 715.000 741.000 760.000 Lo w M ed iu m H igh 5.7 7.2 8.3 7.3 8.4 10.0 8.6 9.6 11.2 2.5 3.2 3.6 3.3 3.7 3.8 3.7 4.1 4.3 Low O u tp u t L o w ............................................................................ M edium ..................................................................... High............................................................................ E m p lo ym e n t L o w ............................................................................ M edium ..................................................................... High............................................................................ 1 1n 1984, output was $43,021 million, and employment totaled 479,000 jobs. tor used in this study. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has also undertaken an effort to improve measures of price changes among the range of computer products. Preliminary results of these studies indicate that the historical measure of real output on which the original projections were based is probably understated. Because this study presents alterna tives to those projections, however, that output measure is used in the interest of continuity. The use of this historical output series, however, should not be construed as implying a final decision on the relative merits of alternative meas ures. Technologicalfactors. One of the most influential techno logical advances during the next 10 years is expected to be continued increases in computing power. This year, the first “micron” computer chips are expected to become available in the semiconductor marketplace. These chips have 4 times the storage capacity of the 256 k r a m chips. Half-micron and quarter-micron computer chips with even greater storage capacity are widely predicted by the mid-1990’s. Each suc cessive generation of micron and sub-micron computer chips should spur the development of computers with in creased computing power.9 This power should enable software designers to develop more complex programs for the personal computer. With continued advances in hardware and software, tasks that now require mini or mainframe computers can be expected to be accomplished in the future with the use of personal computers. Software also can be expected to continue to become easier to use. Additional computing power should facilitate greater use of artificial intelligence techniques in software designs, resulting in a variety of decisionmaking software that develop analytical conclusions based on userdefined parameters. Both software and hardware are also expected to become increasingly targeted for specialty markets both in business and in the home. Doctors have a need for diagnostic and other medical software. Lawyers require specialized word processing software. Other markets include computer-aided design and engineering, scientific research and develop ment, and total factoiy automation. Small businesses also https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis No t e : See text for discussion of problems of measuring constant dollar output. Employment covers wage and salary jobs. often have specialized tasks to perform that require different capabilities than the spreadsheet, word processing, and in ventory and accounting software that is generally available. This is expected to change over the course of the next 10 years as software becomes more specialized for business purposes. In the home, as well, the computer should become more accepted as a useful appliance with an increased vari ety of specialized programs that focus on hobbies, educa tional interests, entertainment, and productivity in the household.10 The linking of microcomputers to each other and shared data bases also is an innovation that should stimulate invest ment demand for computers. Businesses want the ability to communicate among their mainframes, mini-, and micro computers regardless of the manufacturer. Through 1985, computer equipment by different manufacturers was for the most part incompatible in such a network; however, it is expected that this problem will abate through the mid1990’s. Telecommunications networks that provide electronic banking, brokerage, shopping, and data retrieval services should play a more influential role in the future growth of the computer industry. These networks offer convenient banking, brokerage, and shopping services. They also sup ply a necessary adjunct to microcomputers in providing access to data bases. Telecommunications networks un doubtedly will influence the personal computer market for homes and businesses as they expand their markets and services. The optical laser disk as a medium for data storage is another development likely to contribute to the growth of the computer industry. The optical disk can store roughly a thousand times the amount of information that can be stored on a 5V4-inch floppy disk. This makes the disk an ideal medium for data storage as an accessory to the microcom puter, which has limited ability to store raw data. The dis semination of data bases on optical disks is already a reality in the form of encyclopedias.11 The development of more powerful microcomputers, the increased availability of more specialized and more power13 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Computer Manufacturing Enters New Era o f Growth fill software and the advances in networking, telecommuni cations, and optical disk technology are all expected to provide the stimulus for additional growth in the computer industry through 1995. The extent that these expected ad vances contribute to the computer industry’s growth is de pendent upon the pace of adoption. Without specific refer ences to any given technological development, the implementation rates presented in the projection scenarios are specified in terms of their effect on growth prospects for the industry. personal consumption of the computer are high in all three alternatives. However, the overall impact on the industry in all cases is relatively low because personal consumption only represents from 6 to 8 percent of total industry produc tion from a value viewpoint. Personal consumption is pro jected at about $8 billion, reflecting a 20.9-percent annual growth rate in the moderate alternative. In the low scenario, a slow rate of development of a wide variety of specialized, user-friendly software is assumed to somewhat reduce consumer demand. As a result, the pro jected annual growth rate is 15.9 percent. In the high scenario, the assumption of a strong economy coupled with the development of a wide variety of consumer software should have a stimulative effect on personal con sumption. In this alternative, personal consumption is pro jected to grow at an annual rate of 24.3 percent. Business investment and government spending. A moder ate rate of technological development and implementation combined with a generally favorable economy is assumed to encourage both business investment and government spend ing in the medium scenario. Business investment in com puter equipment is projected to grow annually at a rate of 8.3 percent. Federal Government spending is projected to grow 7.1 percent annually and State and local government spending, 6.5 percent. Foreign trade. In the medium scenario, by 1995, the for eign exchange rate of the U.S. dollar is assumed to fall gradually to the level of 1980. The world economy is as In the low scenario, a low rate of technological develop sumed to roughly parallel the generally favorable economy ment and implementation coupled with a generally sluggish economy is assumed to hamper both business investment and government spending. Consequently, business invest ment is projected to have a growth rate of 5.8 percent annu ally. The annual growth rate for Federal spending is a pro jected 4.7 percent and for State and local spending, 3.6 percent. In the high scenario, with the combination of a rapid rate of technological development and implementation and a strong, investment-oriented economy, business investment is projected to grow at an annual rate of 10.9 percent. Government spending on computers at the Federal level is projected to rise at an annual rate of 9.3 percent and at the State and local level, 8.1 percent. of the United States. These assumptions combined with a moderate rate of technological implementation are expected to stimulate exports for a projected 10.5-percent growth rate. Imports are projected to have an 11.8-percent annual growth rate, reflecting a strong domestic demand for com puter products. In the low scenario, the assumptions of a continuation of a strong U.S. dollar, a generally sluggish worldwide econ omy, as well as a slow rate of technological development and implementation are projected to hamper the growth in U.S. exports of computer products. Under these assump tions, U.S. computer firms should continue to find competi tion with foreign firms difficult and to move offshore to take advantage of lower labor and materials costs to remain com petitive. Exports are projected to grow at an annual rate of 7.8 percent and imports at a rate of 9.5 percent. Personal consumption. Table 5. The growth rates projected for Alternative projections of output and consumption for computer manufacturing, 1984-95 [1977 dollars in millions] C o m p o u n d ra te o f g ro w th 1995 Item 1977 1 9 8 4 -9 5 1984 1 9 7 7 -8 4 Low M e d iu m H igh Low M e d iu m H igh Industry o utput......................................................................................................... $12,920 $43,021 $78,773 $104,315 $138,300 Intermediate use ..................................................................................................... Final users: Personal consumption ........................................................................................ Business investment............................................................................................ Government......................................................................................................... Federal............................................................................................................. State and local ................................................................................................ Exports.................................................................................................................. Imports.................................................................................................................. 3,176 9,809 18,429 23,701 31,320 17.5 5.9 8.3 11.1 86 6,159 1,000 26,529 5,049 49,311 8,071 63,590 10,932 82,437 42.0 23.2 15.9 5.8 20.9 8.3 24.3 10.9 1,078 121 3,215 -493 5,564 626 10,525 -8,392 9,255 926 23,982 -22,804 11,828 1,246 31,472 -28,569 14,773 1,477 41,071 -34,274 26.4 26.5 18.5 49.9 4.7 3.6 7.8 9.5 7.1 6.5 10.5 11.8 9.3 8.1 13.2 13.6 No t e : Consumption totals exceed industry output slightly because a small percentage of total commodity output is produced as a secondary product by other Industries. See text for discussion 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 18.8 5.6 of problems of measuring constant dollar output for this industry, 8.4 11.2 Table 6. Alternative projections of employment for selected groups in computer manufacturing, 1984-95 [Numbers in thousands] 199 5 low p ro jec tio n s 1984 1995 m e d iu m p ro jec tio n s 199 5 h igh p ro je c tio n s O cc u lta tio n E m p lo ym e n t P erc en t E m p lo ym e n t P erc en t E m p lo ym e n t P ercen t E m p lo ym e n t P erc en t Total employment—sic 3573-4 ......................................... 479.0 100.0 627.0 100.0 713.0 100.0 760.0 100.0 Managerial and management-related occupations................... Engineers ................................................................................. Computer systems ana lysts...................................................... Technician occupations ............................................................ Marketing and sales occupations ............................................. Administrative support occupations........................................... Precision production occupations............................................. Handworking occupations, including assemblers and fabricators ............................................................................. 75.2 59.4 7.7 57.5 13.4 87.7 27.8 15.7 12.4 1.6 12.0 2.8 18.3 5.8 98.4 94.0 10.7 92.8 21.9 102.8 34.5 15.7 15.0 1.7 14.8 3.5 16.4 5.5 111.9 101.2 12.8 95.5 20.0 117.6 40.6 15.7 14.2 1.8 13.4 2.8 16.5 5.7 121.6 129.2 15.2 121.6 21.3 125.4 41.6 16.0 17.0 2.0 16.0 2.8 16.5 5.5 80.0 16.7 81.5 13.0 109.8 15.4 98.8 13.0 In the high scenario, the following conditions are as sumed: the foreign exchange rate of the U.S. dollar declines to its 1980 level at a faster pace than in the medium scenario, the economic growth of the major trading partners of the United States roughly parallels the high growth of the U.S. economy, and there is a high rate of technological develop ment and implementation. Under these assumptions, both foreign and domestic demand for computer equipment is expected to be high. The competitiveness of U.S. computer firms should also increase under these assumptions as the cost advantage of foreign labor and materials is reduced. Export growth is projected to increase at an annual rate of 13.2 percent, while imports are projected to have an annual growth rate of 13.6 percent. Output. The output projections derived in the alternative demand scenarios previously discussed indicate that the computer manufacturing industry should remain vigorous. The projected growth rates for output during the 1984-95 period under the various scenarios range from 5.6 to 11.2 percent. However, as seen in table 4, the range is much narrower when focusing on all but the two most extreme scenarios. These rates, while slow by historical standards for this industry, would still exceed the rates of all but a handful of manufacturing industries even under the high growth scenario.12 The output growth projected for this in dustry in all scenarios would approximately double the his torical relationship of the computer industry to total manufacturing. The medium scenario would result in a projected annual growth rate of 8.4 percent, a pace nearly 3 times faster than for all manufacturing industries.13 The low scenario reflects an industry growing only half as fast as it did between 1960 and 1984. However, at a 5.6-percent annual growth rate this still would be 2.5 times the projected rate of growth for all of manufacturing.14 The surging demand and increased competitiveness of U.S. computer manufacturers antici pated in the high scenario results in a projected annual growth rate of 11.2 percent. Employment. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The range of projected growth for employ ment, varying from 2.5 to 4.3 percent annually, is much narrower than the range for projected output growth. These projections assume continued improvements in productiv ity, accelerating in tandem with faster output growth. The anticipated gains in productivity are due to the assumption of some continued movement to offshore manufacturing sites, improvements in the production process utilizing au tomation and robotics, and the introduction of simpler but more powerful components. Employment in the medium scenario is projected to reach 713,000 by 1995. Although this means the industry would grow at half its historical rate of employment growth, it would be expanding about 6 times faster than all manufac turing industries and would be one of the fastest-growing industries in the economy.15 The assumption of a moderate but continuous stream of technological advances described in this scenario can be expected to foster an increase in the number of engineers, technicians, and computer systems analysts. (See table 6.) As a group, they are projected to increase 4.8 percent annu ally and account for 29.4 percent of industry employment, 13 percent greater than their share in 1984. Production workers, however, are not anticipated to fare as well. As sumptions of continued gains in productivity would result in a projected decline in these occupations of 6 percent in terms of proportion of industry employment. Reduced demand resulting from the conditions described in the low scenario would likely mean intense pricecompetition and tight profit margins. This in turn would sharply curtail employment, projected at 627,000 in 1995. New jobs would fall to 149,000. While indicating slow growth in the computer industry, these new jobs would represent almost 50 percent of the new manufacturing jobs projected in the low growth alternative.16 Production workers would be the most affected in this low scenario. Assuming the continued movement of the produc tion process overseas, handworking occupations, including assemblers and fabricators, would see their share of industry employment decline by 22 percent. Precision production occupations would decrease by 10 percent. Reduced rev enues for computer manufacturers assumed in this scenario 15 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Computer Manufacturing Enters New Era o f Growth would limit funds available for research and development, thereby lessening the rate at which new products enter the market. Under these conditions, engineers, technicians, and computer systems analysts would experience slow growth. They would, however, increase their share of industry em ployment as an offset to the decline of production workers. Given the overall favorable conditions for domestic man ufacturing coupled with accelerated implementation of tech nological advances assumed in the high scenario, employ ment in this industry is projected to reach 760,000 jobs in 1995. This would represent a vigorous 4 .3-percent growth rate, nearly 17 percent faster than the rate projected in the medium scenario. Despite the reduced movement to offshore manufacturing sites assumed in this scenario, the gap between the projected rates of growth for output and employment would continue to widen, assuming the achievement of higher productivity through technological advancements in product components and production methods. More funds are assumed to be devoted to r &d activities; therefore, engineers, technicians, and computer systems analysts are projected to more than double their 1984 employment and account for 35 percent of industry employment. Precision production and handwork ing occupations are projected to increase 30 percent in the high scenario. However, the share of industry employment represented by these occupations would decline nearly 18 percent as a result of assumed acceleration in productivity. Summary and conclusions The computer manufacturing industry has received a great deal of attention in the last 25 years. The advent of the microcomputer and the subsequent explosive expansion of output reinforced a perception that the industry’s potential for growth was enormous. The slump of 1985, however, brought the realization that there were limits to this rapid growth. Given the assumptions used in this study, the com puter manufacturing industry is seen as being strong and viable and likely to continue to grow, but at a less rapid rate than in the past. This is hardly surprising. The industry is maturing. Historically, the computer manufacturing indus try has experienced periodic waves of rapid expansion; each wave precipitated by the introduction of a major technolog ical advance, such as the mainframe, the minicomputer, and finally, the microcomputer. Now, after the microcomputer and without a new revolutionary computer on the horizon, the industry seems to be entering a period of stable growth that is characteristic of a maturing industry. Still, even with out any new revolutionary breakthroughs anticipated through 1995, it is expected that the computer manufactur ing industry will continue to be one of the strongest manu facturing industries. -FOOTNOTES 1 See Betty W. Su, “The economic outlook to 1995: new assumptions and projections”; Howard N Fullerton, Jr, “The 1995 labor force: b l s ’ latest projections”; Valerie A. Personick, “A second look at industry output and employment trends through 1995”; and George T. Silvestri and John M. Lukasiewicz, “Occupational employment projections: the 1984— 95 outlook,” Monthly Labor Review, November 1985, pp. 3 -5 9 . 2 The O ffice o f Economic Growth and Employment Projections uses a 156-order industry sectoring plan for projection purposes. Under this plan, sic 3 5 7 3 -4 accounts for one sector. This industry sector includes manufac turers whose primary product is electronic computing and peripheral equip ment and calculating and accounting machines other than electronic com puting equipment. However, because the production o f computers and peripheral equipment accounts for the overwhelming majority o f this indus try, the focus o f this article is on computers and peripheral equipment. Low: Projected real g n p annual growth 1984-95 is 2.2 percent. Unem ployment remains around 7 .0 percent. Slow rate o f business investment. Continuation o f a strong U .S. dollar relative to foreign currencies. In all three scenarios, the real economic growth o f the Nation’s major trading partners is assumed to more or less parallel that o f the United States. 8 For employment projections, see Personick, “A second look at industry output.” 9 See John W. Wilson, “Super Chips,” Business Week, June 10, 1985. 3 See U.S. Industrial Outlook 1986 (U .S. Department o f Commerce, International Trade Administration), p. 2 8 -1 . 10 For related information, see William M. Bulkeley, “Faster Cheaper Machines Seen Edging into Growing Super Minicomputer Field,” The Wall Street Journal, June 23, 1955, p. 6; Richard Brandt, “Finding the Missing Link in Automation,” Business Week, June 17, 1985; Pete Carey, “The Future o f the Micro— Looking Ahead at the Next Decade,” Popular Com puting, January 1985, pp. 89, 90, 178-79; and Kevin Anderson, “Personal Computers Search for a N iche,” usa Today, June 10, 1985, p. E - l . 4 U .S Department o f Commerce, Bureau o f the Census, Foreign Trade Division data. Today, July 17, 1985, p. B - l . 5 Statistical Abstract of the United States, 1984 (U .S. Department of Commerce, Bureau o f the Census), table 1422. See also The Wall Street Journal, June 4, 1985. Monthly Labor Review. 6 Business Week, Mar. 22, 1985, p. 176. 7 Su, “Economic outlook to 1995.” The following is a brief description o f the three assumed economic growth levels: High: Projected real g n p annual growth 1984-95 is 3.8 percent. Declin ing unemployment to 5 .0 percent in 1995. High rate o f business investment due to low capital costs and high profits. Declining foreign exchange rate o f the U .S. dollar. Medium: Projected real g n p annual growth 1984-95 is 2.9 percent. Declining unemployment to 6 .0 percent in 1995. Strong rate o f business investment. Declining foreign exchange rate o f the U .S. dollar. 16 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11 Mark Lewyn, “Future Looks Bright for Optical Disk System s,” usa 12 Based upon projections data in the November 1985 issue o f the 13 Personick, “A second look at industry output,” p. 29. 14 Ibid. 15 Ibid, p. 28. 16 Ibid. Note: Sources o f additional information on topics discussed in this article include: John W. W ilson, “America’s High-Tech Crises,” Business Week, Mar. 11, 1985, pp. 5 6 -6 2 , 67; “Computer Industry’s Rapid Growth is Slowing,” The Wall Street Journal, May 24, 1985, p. 6; Andrew Pol lack, “Computer Makers in a Severe Slump,” The New York Times, June 10, 1985, pp. D - l , D -5 ; and John W. Wilson, “Computers: When Will the Slump End?” Business Week, Apr. 21, 1986, pp. 5 8 -6 1 . Work, poverty, and the working poor: a multifaceted problem New study shows that most able-bodied heads of poor households demonstrate strong labor force attachment, but their employment tends to be intermittent, low-paying, or both S h e l d o n D a n z ig e r and P eter G o ttsch alk In 1984, the poverty rate for all households in the United States was slightly less than the rate for 1967 and at about the same as that in 1971.1 About one-fourth of all heads of household whom we classified as “expected to work” had low weekly earnings. However, about 60 percent of these households escaped poverty. This article describes changes from 1967 to 1984 in the economic status of households headed by persons who are expected to work. It compares the situations of households that are “poor” with those headed by “low earners.” Ex cluded from the group expected to work are householders who are over age 65, the disabled, students, or women with a child under age 6.2 Our results cast doubt on a common perception that most poor households are impoverished be cause their heads, though capable of doing so, do not work.3 A household is classified as poor if its cash income, of all types and from all household members, falls below the official poverty line for a household of its size. We define low earners as household heads with weekly earnings below $204 per week in 1984 dollars. Such persons could not earn the poverty-line annual income for a family of four if they worked 52 weeks a year.4 Households headed by low earners are not necessarily poor. Whether or not the household is poor depends on the Sheldon Danziger is a professor o f social work and director o f the Institute for Research on Poverty, U niversity o f W isconsin-M adison. Peter Gottschalk is a professor o f economics, Bowdoin College, and research affiliate, Institute for Research on Poverty. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis household’s own poverty line and its annual cash income. Similarly, poor households do not necessarily have heads with low weekly earnings.5 As the following tabulation shows, there were 93.5 mil lion households in the United States in 1984. Of these, 65.33 million had a head whom we classify as expected to work. Among this group of households, 17.03 million had low weekly earnings, but not all of them were poor: All households (millions) .............................................. 93.50 Head expected to w o rk .................................................. L o w w eek ly earners .................................................. Household is p o o r .................................................. Household is not p o o r............................................ 65.33 17.03 6.09 10.94 Others (earned above $204/week) ............................ Household is p o o r .................................................. Household is not p o o r............................................ 48.30 -57 47.73 Head not expected to w o rk ............................................ Household is p o o r ...................................................... Household is not p o o r................................................ 28.17 7.50 20.67 By having a smaller family or other sources of household income, 10.94 million households were able to escape poverty. The heads of almost all poor households in which the head was expected to work had low weekly earnings (6.09 out of 6.66 million), while very few households in which the head did not have low weekly earnings were poor (0.57 out of 48.30 million). Thus, about 10 percent (6.66 17 MONTHLY LABOR September 1986 • Work, Poverty, and Working Poor out of 65.33 million) of all households in which the head was expected to work were poor in 1984. the decline in year-round work was the doubling of the unemployment rate between 1967 and 1984. Recent trends Incidence of low weekly earnings Table 1 shows changes in the incidence of household poverty and the composition of all households and all poor households, classified by the characteristics of the house hold head, for selected years from 1967 to 1984. The poverty rate for all households declined from 17.1 percent in 1967 to 13.1 percent in 1979 and then rose to 15.2 percent in 1984, a rate that is quite close to that of 1971. The proportion of all household heads expected to work declined slightly from 71.3 percent in 1967 to 69.9 percent in 1984. Among poor households, the proportion expected to work increased from 37.1 to 47.0 percent over this pe riod, primarily because of the rapid decline in the incidence of poverty among the elderly. By implication, at most only half of the poverty population could be directly affected by increases in the demand for labor, inducements to supply more labor, or requirements to work. The data in table 1 show that among all poor household heads expected to work in 1984, roughly equal proportions either did not work at all during the year, worked between 1 and 47 weeks, or worked all year. This is in contrast to 1967, when more than half of those expected to work (20.0 out of 37.1 percent) worked all year. An important cause of Between 1967 and 1979, the incidence of household heads with low weekly earnings as a proportion of all house hold heads expected to work averaged 19.4 percent, but increased to 26.1 percent by 1984. In 1984, 21.1 percent of all such men and 44.9 percent of the women had low weekly earnings. Thus, a substantial proportion of household heads could not keep a family of four out of poverty even if they worked 52 weeks at their current weekly earnings.6 The following tabulation shows the incidence of low weekly earnings among male and female household heads who could be expected to work: T a b le 1. P e r c e n t d is t r ib u tio n h o u s e h o ld s s e le c te d b y s e le c te d o f a ll h o u s e h o ld s c h a r a c te r is tic s p o o r h e ad , y e a rs , 1 9 6 7 -8 4 C h a ra c te ris tic All h o u s e h o ld s ................................................... H e ad not expected to w o r k .................................. Elderly a n d o f h o u s e h o ld .............................................................. 1967 1971 1979 1984 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 2 8 .7 2 9.4 3 0.3 30.1 19.3 2 0.0 2.0 19.5 2.4 19.6 W om en, child under 6 ....................................... 2.8 3.1 S tu d e n t........................................................... 2.2 2.2 2.4 2.5 D i s a b le d ........................................................... 5.3 5.3 5.5 4.6 71.3 70.6 6 9.7 69.9 3.9 4.5 4.4 1 to 4 7 ................................................................ 7.2 10.0 60.2 9.8 56.4 9.8 4 8 to 5 2 .............................................................. 5 5.4 54.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 6 2.9 6 2.5 61.5 5 3.0 4 0.4 3 4 .7 27.6 20.1 12.8 H ead expected to w o r k ......................................... W e eks worked: 0 ................................................................... Poor households ............................................ H e ad not expected to w o r k ................................. Elderly ...................................................... 5.9 W om en, child under 6 ....................................... 7.0 9.8 12.6 S tu d e n t.............................................................. 5.5 6.5 7.7 7.7 10.0 11.5 13.6 12.3 37.1 37.5 38.5 4 7.0 D is a b le d ................................................... H ead expected to w o r k ....................................... W e eks worked: 0 ...................................................................... 8.3 10.1 11.8 15.1 48 to 5 2 ................................................. 8.8 20.0 12.2 15.2 14.0 12.9 16.8 15.1 Household poverty rate .................................. 17.1 15.0 13.1 15.2 3.8 5.6 5.8 7.7 1 to 4 7 ................................................................ Unemployment rate ................................ N o te : Columns may not add to subtotals because of rounding. Data for all tables are au thors' computations from March 1968,1972,1980, and 1985 Current Population Survey data tapes. 18 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1967 1971 1979 1984 19.4 13.9 53.4 19.1 14.1 47.8 19.7 14.4 42.4 26.1 21.1 44.9 Low weekly earners: All households........ Men .................... W omen................ There were major differences in the incidence of, and trend in, low weekly earnings among male and female household heads. The incidence among men was much lower than that for women in every year studied. However, the incidence increased for men and decreased for women. These trends did not change when we redefined the low earnings population as those whose weekly wage was insuf ficient to keep a family of three out of poverty— that is, the cutoff was lowered from $204 to $159 in 1984 dollars. The incidence of low weekly earnings for all household heads increased from 15.2 to 20.0 percent between 1967 and 1984 under this definition. Escaping from poverty Because the earnings of household heads can be supple mented by other sources of income and because the poverty threshold depends on family size, our measure of low earn ings does not necessarily mean that the household is poor. Most poor household heads who are expected to work had low weekly earnings (91.4 percent), but most heads with low weekly earnings escaped poverty (64.2 percent). Table 2 shows the methods by which households headed by those with low earnings escaped poverty. We classify low-earning household heads who escape poverty into one of the eight mutually exclusive categories shown. The clas sification is hierarchical: any household head who fits more than one category is classified only in the one closest to the top of the table. Escape from poverty because of small family size indi cates that even though the head’s weekly earnings times 52 weeks was below the poverty line for a family of four, actual annual earnings did exceed the poverty line for this house- Table 2. Percent distribution of all low-earning house holds escaping poverty by source of escape, selected years, 1967-84 S o u rc e 1967 1971 1979 1984 Percentage of all low-earning households escaping poverty ........................................... 60.0 63.3 6 7.0 64.2 Total sources of e scape.................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 50.2 47.7 4 3.5 1. Family size less than four persons............. 52.5 2. Earnings of members other than head — 2 6.0 2 3.6 23.6 27.1 3. Private income other than earnings1 ........... 8.3 11.7 11.6 13.4 4. Public cash transfers2 ................................ 8.9 10.1 13.4 11.6 Combinations of sources: 2 and 3 ................................................................... 0.8 1.2 0.8 0.8 6. 2 and 4 ................................................................... 1.7 1.4 1.2 1.5 7. 3 and 4 ................................................................... 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.8 and 4 .............................................................. 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 5. 8. 2 ,3 , No t e : Totals may not add to 100.0 because of rounding. These sources of escape are computed in a hierarchical, mutually exclusive fashion in the order shown in rows 1-8. 1 Private income other than earnings includes self-employment income from farm and non farm businesses, interest, dividends, rents, royalties, income from estates or trusts, private pensions, alimony, child support, and any other source of money income which was regularly received. 2 Cash transfers include benefits from Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Supplemental Security Income, General Assistances, unemployment compensation, workers’ compensation, government employee pensions, veterans’ pension and compensation, and Social Security and railroad retirement. hold. In other words, this household had fewer than four members. For each of the next three categories— earnings of other household members, other private income (which includes interest, dividends, rents, private pensions, and so forth), and public cash transfers— we use the following procedure. First, we compute the gap between the household’s poverty line and the head’s earnings. If the amount of income from the first of these sources exceeds this gap, the household was taken out of poverty by this source. If not, we compare the next source to the poverty gap. If no single source exceeds the gap, but some combination of sources does, the household is classified into the appropriate combination shown in rows 5 through 8. For example, consider a house hold of four persons, two parents and two children, with a poverty gap that is $2,000 after the head’s earnings have been counted. If the wife earned more than $2,000 and the household received more than $2,000 in transfers, the household would be categorized as escaping from poverty because of the earnings of members other than the head (row 2). However, if the wife earned $1,999 instead, the household would be counted as escaping because of cash transfers (row 4). If both amounts were $1,999, then escape would be via the combination of other earnings and transfers (row 6). In every year, at least 60 percent of households whose heads were low earners escaped poverty. The largest cate gory of escape (row 1) indicates that the earnings of the head exceeded the household’s poverty threshold, implying a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis household of fewer than four persons. The next most impor tant source was the earnings of other household members. Other private income sources and cash transfers follow in roughly equal importance. However, the role played by cash transfers is small, owing in part to the hierarchical nature of our classification, but also to the unavailability of cash transfer programs for many of those expected to work and the relatively small average level of benefits for recipients.7 Characteristics of the poor, expected to work Table 3 shows selected demographic and economic char acteristics of poor households in which the head is expected to work. Although only about 10 percent of all households in which the head was expected to work were poor in 1984, they represented almost half of all poor households. The top panel of table 3 further classifies poor households headed by persons expected to work by sex, race, Hispanic origin, and presence of children. In 1984, roughly half of these households (51.4 percent) consisted of single individ uals or childless couples. Of the remaining 48.6 percent with children, 27.6 percent were white, 13.2 were non white, and 7.8 percent were Hispanic. Thus, while a major ity of poor households with children were white, non whites and Hispanics were overrepresented. Between 1967 and 1984, households headed by women with children over age 6 increased from 13.4 to 17.7 percent of poor household heads who are expected to work. This trend toward the feminization of poverty was more pro nounced among all poor households, as the percentage of such households headed by women with children under age 6 increased from 7.0 to 12.8 percent over the study period. (See table 1.) The bottom panel of table 3 shows, for poor households in which there were children and a head expected to work, the proportion who received cash transfers, the weeks worked per year by the heads, the average amounts of household transfers, and the earnings of heads who worked, in constant 1984 dollars. Between 1967 and 1984, the share of those who received transfers increased from 17.1 to 38.2 percent for male-headed households, and from 48.9 to 61.5 percent for households headed by women. Most of the in crease for men was attributed to the increased Social Secu rity, disability, and unemployment insurance benefits; most, for women, to increased welfare receipts. The average transfer amount (in 1984 dollars) peaked at $3,336 for men and $5,425 for women in 1971. Between 1971 and 1984, the average benefit declined substantially for single moth ers. The fact that fewer than 40 percent of poor male house hold heads and only about 60 percent of all poor female household heads received transfers in 1984 indicates a sub stantial and growing gap in the safety net for many poor children. There was a sharp decrease between 1967 and 1984 in the proportion of men who headed poor households and worked 19 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Work, Poverty, and Working Poor all year (from 71.8 to 45.6 percent) and a sharp increase in the proportion of those who did not work at all (from 7.8 to 17.0 percent). This undoubtedly reflects increased unem ployment rates, but may also reflect increased participation in transfer programs.8 For women, the percentage who did not work at all diminished somewhat over the period, and the proportion working full year declined considerably (from 32.6 to 21.4 percent). Nonetheless, nearly half of the men and about 20 percent of the women (with children over age 6) who headed poor households worked all year in 1984. For male household heads who worked, earnings in con stant dollars declined substantially over the analysis period, reflecting both the decline in weeks worked and the in creased incidence of low weekly earnings. Nonetheless, in every year studied, earnings were much more important to these households than were transfers. For female household heads who worked, earnings in constant dollars increased somewhat over the period. However, because more femalethan male-headed households received transfers and fewer had a working head, transfers were their most important income source. Table 3. Selected characteristics of poor households headed by those expected to work, selected years, 1967-84 C h a ra c te ris tic 1967 1971 1979 1984 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 29.5 7.8 22.9 7.4 18.5 9.0 19.5 8.1 Nonwhite, non-Hispanic: Men with children..................... Women with children over age 6 . 11.5 5.6 8.5 6.4 5.7 7.7 6.2 7.0 Hispanic: Men with children........................ Women with children over age 6 . (1) (1) 4.6 1.3 4.3 2.4 5.2 2.6 Households without children ............. 45.6 49.0 52.3 51.4 17.1 $2,871 7.8 20.4 $3,336 10.6 32.3 $3,086 10.7 38.2 $3,260 17.0 71.8 $6,650 69.3 $5,820 52.7 $4,860 45.6 $4,484 48.9 $4,529 55.7 62.3 $5,425 63.6 61.9 $4,637 50.6 61.5 $3,925 50.3 32.6 $3,531 25.5 $3,699 18.3 $3,783 21.4 $3,818 Demographic composition: T o ta l......................................... White, non-Hispanic: Men with children..................... Women with children over age 6 . Transfer recipiency and earnings: Male head with children: Percent receiving cash transfers . Average household transfers2 . . . Percent working 0 weeks ........... Percent working 48 weeks or m ore................................ Average earnings of head3 ......... Female head with children over age 6: Percent receiving cash transfers . Average household transfers2 . . . Percent working 0 weeks ........... Percent working 48 weeks or m ore........................ Average earnings of head3 ......... 1 Data relating to 1967 are not available for Hispanics. Both white and nonwhite categories for that year include Hispanics. 2 In constant 1984 dollars for recipients. Cash transfers include benefits from Aid to Families with Dependent Children, Supplemental Security Income, General Assistance, unemployment compensation, workers compensation, government employee pensions, veterans’ pension and compensation, and Social Security and railroad retirement. 3 In constant 1984 dollars for heads with earnings. 20 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Table 4. Federal direct tax bill for a family of four with poverty-line earnings, selected years, 1965-841 Year Povertyline earnings Personal income tax2 Social Security tax (employee’s share) Total Federal tax Effective tax rate3 (in percent) 1965 ............... 1969 ............... 1971 ............... 1973 ............... 19744 ............. 1975 ............... $ 3,223 3,743 4,137 4,540 5,038 5,500 $ 31.22 104.02 54.18 33.60 3.32 -250.00 $116.83 179.66 215.12 265.59 294.72 321.75 $ 148.05 283.68 269.30 299.19 298.04 71.75 4.4 7.6 6.5 6.6 5.9 1.3 6,191 6,662 8,414 9,860 10,609 -180.90 -133.80 -54.00 285.00 366.00 362.17 403.05 515.78 660.62 710.80 181.27 269.25 461.78 945.62 1,076.80 2.9 4.0 5.5 9.6 10.1 1977 1978 1980 1982 1984 ............... ............... ............... ............... ............... 1 The family of four is hypothetical. We assume it consists of a married couple with two children not living on a farm; has only one earner per family; and that all its income is from wages and salaries. 2 The data from 1975 to 1984 include the earned income tax credit. A negative entry repre sents a refund to the family. 3 Defined as total Federal tax as a percentage of family income. 4 The Tax Reduction Act of 1975 rebated $100 of 1974 personal income taxes to a family at this income level. Federal taxes of the working poor While some able-bodied heads of poor households re ceive transfers, the majority of them work and pay taxes. Table 4 shows the amount of taxes that a hypothetical family of four at the poverty line (a low weekly earner by our definition) would have paid in Federal income tax and So cial Security tax if he or she had worked all year and had had no other source of income. In 1984, this family would have paid $366 in personal income taxes and $711 in Social Security taxes, or 10.1 percent of household income. Not only is this tax burden high in an absolute sense, but it is also high in comparison with the taxes imposed on similar poor households in earlier years. Although Social Security taxes steadily increased between 1965 and 1984, they were offset by reductions in Federal income taxes during the 1970’s. The result was a decline in effective tax rates from 4.4 percent in 1965 to a low of 1.3 percent in 1975. This stands in sharp contrast to the steady increase in the effective tax rate on working poor households after 1975. Thus, if taxes were subtracted from the earnings data, the increased incidence of low weekly earnings over the 1967-84 period would be even greater than that shown in the text tabulation (p. 18). Moreover, a family with earnings only and a family with earnings and welfare benefits at a given income below the poverty level will be counted as equally poor in the census data, but the family with earnings only will have a lower spendable in come owing to taxation. O ur r e su lt s sh o w t h a t : • Poverty for all households in 1984 was somewhat below the rate for 1967 and at about the same level as it was in 1971. Large changes have occurred, however, in the labor market characteristics of the poor during the period. • The majority of the heads of poor households are not expected to work because they are either over 65 years of age, disabled, students, or women with children under 6 years of age. • About a quarter of all household heads who are expected to work have low weekly earnings. About 60 percent of their households nevertheless escape poverty. • Among the remaining poor households with an ablebodied head, most have substantial labor market attach A c k n o w l e d g m e n t : The authors acknowledge the contribution of Christine Ross and George Slotsve who provided valuable research assistance, and Elizabeth Evanson, editorial assistance. 1 A household consists of a family or an unrelated individual. This differs from the Census Bureau’s definition of a household which “consists o f all persons who occupy a housing unit.” Characteristics of Households and Persons Receiving Selected Noncash Benefits: 1984, Series P-60, No. 150, p. 109. For example, if an unrelated individual resides in the same housing unit as a family of four, we would have two households and the Census would have one. Our definition is consistent with the assump tion that the family and the unrelated person do not pool their incomes; the Census definition is consistent with income-pooling. 2 While child care responsibilities may complicate labor market opportu nities for single-parent households with a child over 6, we nevertheless classify such persons as expected to work because this is consistent with existing welfare policies. 3 Throughout this paper, we use the official measure of poverty as defined by the Census Bureau. This measure is based on cash income and does not account for the receipt of in-kind benefits, such as medicare, medicaid, and food stamps. Inclusion of benefits would lower the extent of poverty in any year, but would not alter the trends in work effort and the incidence o f low earnings discussed here. Data for valuing in-kind benefits are available only for the years since 1979. All the data presented are based on computations by the authors from the computer tapes o f the March 1968, 1972, 1980, and 1985 Current Population Surveys, conducted by the Bureau of the Census. 4 In 1984, the poverty level for a family of four was $10,609. We define https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ment. About half of all poor able-bodied mothers whose youngest child is over age 6 work at some point during the year, as compared with about 80 percent of men who head poor households with children. • Despite this work effort, poor households remain in poverty because of low annual earnings, which reflect both low weekly earnings and less than full-year work. And most of these households would remain poor even if their heads worked a full year at their current weekly earnings rate. □ any household head with weekly earnings below $204 as a low earner, regardless of his or her own household size. The poverty line for every family size is fixed in real terms and varies over time only because of changes in the Consumer Price Index. The same is true for our low-earnings threshold. 5 For example, a head of a household of four persons who earns $250 per week would not be counted as a low earner even if she or he worked only 10 weeks in the last year. If this were the household’s only income for that year, the household would be poor. However, the householder would not be classified as a low earner because her or his household would escape poverty through full-year work. Also, consider the head of a two-person household who earns $150 per week for 50 weeks, or $7,500 per year. We classify this head as a low earner, but the household is not poor because the poverty line for a two-person household is $6,762. 6 Note that if a head did not work at all during the year, we consider him or her as a low earner, along with those whose weekly earnings fell below our threshold. 7 When we recompute the low earnings cutoff on the basis of a poverty line for a family of three, the importance of family size obviously de creases. Nonetheless, a family size of less than three persons is still the largest single source of escape for households whose heads have low weekly earnings. 8 We have shown elsewhere that the increased transfers can account for, at most, small declines in work effort over this period. See Sheldon Danziger and Peter Gottschalk, “The Poverty of Losing Ground,” Challenage, May-June 1985, pp. 3 2-38. 21 The declining middle class: a further analysis The proportion of employment in higher paying occupations increased for all groups during 1973-82; but the earnings distribution of these occupations shifted to include more lower paying positions P a t r ic k J . M cM a h o n a n d Jo h n H . T s c h e t t e r Some observers argue that jobs in the U.S. economy are shifting from middle paying to low and high paying. Some attribute the shift, or bipolarization, to declining employ ment in smokestack industries and growth of high tech in dustries, low paying occupations, and service-producing in dustries.1 Others attribute the shift to the movement of the baby-boom generation into the labor market.2 Robert Lawrence of The Brookings Institution found bipolarization occurring between 1969 and 1983, and cited the changing age distribution of the labor force as the most compelling explanation. Other observers argue that, while the events used to ex plain the bipolarization might be occurring, occupational shifts are not responsible. Neal Rosenthal of the Bureau of Labor Statistics looked at median weekly earnings by occu pation and found a slight shift away from the middle paying jobs between 1973 and 1982.3 More importantly, however, he found a decline in the proportion of lower paying jobs, which does not support the notion of bipolarization. In this article, we replicate Lawrence’s and Rosenthal’s studies to determine why their respective results differ. We Patrick J. McMahon is an economist with the Australian Bureau o f Labour Market Research and John H. Tschetter is an economist with the Office of Economic Growth and Employment Projections, Bureau o f Labor Statis tics, U .S. Department o f Labor. 22 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis extended Rosenthal’s analysis of occupational employment to the 1973-85 period and to several broad population groups and found, as he did, that the changes in occupa tional structure— whether caused by changing technologies, changing industrial employment patterns, or other factors— almost always caused a declining proportion of employment in lower paying occupations. We extended Lawrence’s anal ysis of earnings distributions to the 1973-85 period and found, as he did, an increasing proportion of lower paying jobs. Why do the results of the two analyses differ? Further analysis showed that within occupational earnings groups, the earnings distributions had shifted downward, that is, each group included more lower paying positions. Several caveats to these discussions should be noted. Discussions of the declining proportion of middle-income earners can focus on changes in the earnings distribution of individuals or changes in the earnings distribution of families. Changes in the earnings distribution of individuals may be caused by changes in the occupational structure of the economy that reflect changes in industrial structure and technology. In addition, changes in the earnings distribution within each occupation and changes in relative earnings among occupations can affect the earnings distribution of individuals. Changes in the earnings distribution of fam ilies are affected not only by these same factors but also by changes in family structure. For example, increasing numbers of dual-earner families can lead to an increase in the proportion of families with high earnings and increasing numbers of single-person households can lead to an increase in the proportion of families with low earnings. Issues of the debate Of the many issues on structural and technological change, the one that currently attracts considerable attention and concern is the changing employment patterns— the em ployment decline in large heavy manufacturing industries and in blue-collar occupations, and the employment in crease in high technology manufacturing and serviceproducing industries and in white-collar and service occupa tions. For example, 43 percent of the full-time wage and salary workers were employed in blue-collar and farm occu pations in 1973, compared with only 35 percent in 1982. Apprehension about these changes is widespread. In many countries, rising unemployment is considered the most striking social— perhaps even political— aspect of this structural change. Joy anna Moy has shown that the U.S. economy has proved to be more dynamic than most others, and so the alarm is less about a lack of jobs than about the growing proportion of “wrong types” of jobs.4 The focus of the debate on structural change in the United States has been on the apparent loss of middle earnings jobs, which some argue have been replaced by both low and high earnings jobs. The debate has become more complicated because addi tional explanations of the apparent bipolarization have been offered and bipolarization is thought to be affecting different population groups unequally. According to Lawrence, men are believed to have borne the brunt of bipolarization; women have not even experienced bipolarization.5 Further, Lawrence says the entry of the baby-boom generation into the labor market and the resulting changes in the age distri bution of the work force provide a more powerful explana tion of bipolarization. One major problem in this debate is the type of evidence offered. Some put forth anecdotal evidence. Others offer “hard” evidence, but for only a few industries or occupa tions— for example, the rapid growth of a few very low paying occupations and a few very high paying occupations in the service sector combined with the decline of a few middle paying occupations in the goods-producing sector. However, the evidence usually becomes less compelling when a broader focus is taken.6 A few offer systematic or comprehensive data; these observers, however, cannot agree on who comprises the middle class over time. Some use occupations to define the middle class; others use earn ings. In this analysis, we use one data base for both the occupational and earnings approaches, and then reconcile the conflicting findings. Rosenthal’s occupational approach Like Rosenthal, we analyzed the declining middle-class https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis thesis using data from the Current Population Survey on usual weekly earnings and on employment of full-time wage and salary workers by detailed occupation. The analysis identifies the effect of changes in occupational structure on the distribution of full-time workers among three earnings groups: low, middle, and high. We revised Rosenthal’s original analysis to ensure a consistent data base for our analysis.7 Because of substantial changes in occupational definitions introduced in 1983, shifts between 1982 (and earlier years) and 1985 cannot be measured. To test the effect of changes in occupational structure on the distribution of workers into low, middle, and high earn ings groups between the beginning and ending years, we (1) arrayed the detailed occupations in the ending year by usual weekly earnings and arranged them into thirds (bot tom, middle, or top), with each third containing the same number of occupations; (2) summed the number of workers in the occupations in each third and calculated a percent distribution of the employment; and (3) arrayed employment in the beginning year for each occupation in the same order as in the ending year, and calculated the beginning-year percent distribution for each third. Consequently, an occu pation was in the same third in the beginning year as it was in the ending year. Rosenthal analyzed 416 detailed occupa tions for 1973 and 1982; we analyzed 504 occupations for 1983 and 1985. The 1982, 1983, and 1985 data are annual averages; the 1973 data relate only to May. All full-time workers. If bipolarization were occurring, the proportion of total employment in the middle third would decline between 1973 and 1982, and the bottom and top thirds would show an increase. The following tabulation shows the distribution of employment of full-time wage and salary workers in 1973 and 1982 by usual median weekly earnings in 1982, based on the occupational approach: Usual weekly earnings Top third ................ ............$382 to $773 Middle th ird ............ ............ 264 to 382 71 to 264 Bottom third .......... ............ Percent distribution of employment 1973 1982 25.2 34.2 40.6 29.0 32.5 38.5 The share of employment in the top third increased appre ciably, the bottom share decreased, and the middle de creased, but less than the bottom third. Based on the declin ing proportion of employment in the bottom third, we agree with Rosenthal’s conclusion that changes in occupational structure alone from 1973 to 1982, whether caused by tech nological change, the shift from goods- to service-producing industries, or other factors, do not support the notion of bipolarization. The following tabulation shows our findings on the distri bution of employment in 1983 and in 1985 by usual median 23 MONTHLY LABOR September 1986 • Further Analysis o f Declining Middle Class weekly earnings in 1985, based on the occupational ap proach: Usual weekly earnings Top third .. Middle third Bottom third $439 to $931 301 to 439 100 to 301 Percent distribution of employment 1983 1985 29.5 33.6 37.0 29.7 34.1 36.3 The top and middle thirds increased, and the bottom third decreased. The changes in occupational structure since 1983 also are contrary to the bipolarization thesis. Population groups. Have blacks, whites, men, women, youth, and adults all benefited from these occupational trends which have caused a declining proportion of lower paying occupations? To answer this question, we need to identify the changes in occupational structure of full-time workers in the three earnings groups separately for each of the six population groups. To do this, we (1) summed sep arately by population group the number of workers in each occupation for 1973 and 1982 according to Rosenthal’s 1982 rankings for total employment by occupation, and (2) calculated the percent distribution of employment by usual weekly earnings class for each population group. The occu pational structure varies considerably by population group and the respective structures are changing. More than half of the youth, women, and blacks who worked full time were in low paying occupations in 1982. (See table 1.) Nearly 40 percent of the men who worked full time were in high paying occupations, compared with only 14 percent of their Table 1. Employment distribution for selected groups by earnings, based on the occupational approach, 1973 and 1982 [In percent] 1973 1982 Youth, 16-24 years: Top th ird .......................................................................................... Middle th ird ...................................................................................... Bottom third ................................................................................. 11.4 32.3 56.3 14.5 29.2 56.3 Adults, 25 years and older: Top th ir d ...................................................................................... Middle th ird ......................................................................... Bottom third ............................................................................... 28.6 34.6 36.8 32.0 33.2 34.7 Men: Top th ir d .......................................................................................... Middle th ird ................................................................................... Bottom third ................................................................................... 34.9 39.3 25.8 39.0 36.4 24.6 Women: Top th ir d ...................................................................................... Middle th ird ...................................................................................... Bottom third ............................................................................... 7.5 24.9 67.6 13.9 26.7 59.4 Whites: Top th ir d .......................................................................................... Middle th ird ...................................................................................... Bottom third ................................................................................. 26.8 34.6 38.6 30.6 33.0 36.4 Blacks: Top t h ir d .......................................................................................... Middle th ird ...................................................................................... Bottom third ................................................................................... 10.6 31.2 58.2 15.3 29.9 54.8 24 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis female counterparts. For each group, the share of employment in the top third increased several percentage points between 1973 and 1982. However, only for women did the share of employment increase in the middle third. Men accounted for the largest decline in the share of middle paying occupations. Only younger workers did not experience a decline in the share of employment in the bottom third. Despite the varying pat terns among the groups, the shifts in occupational structure of full-time workers do not support the notion of bipolariza tion, where employment in both the lower paying and higher paying occupations grows as a percent of total employment, while employment in middle paying occupations declines. Lawrence’s earnings approach In Lawrence’s analysis of the declining middle-class thesis, he distributed full-time workers into earnings classes that are a fixed or constant percentage of the median weekly earnings for all full-time workers. With this approach, Lawrence did find evidence of bipolarization between 1969 and 1983.8 He said the most compelling explanation for the findings lies in demographic factors, not declining employ ment in smokestack industries or increasing employment in service industries. Further, he found the shifting age distri bution to be the most important demographic factor. The major difference between the occupational and earn ings approaches is how the bottom, middle, and top earnings classes are tracked over time. In the occupational approach, one assumes that the “class” of occupations is stable over time. Thus, we only have to determine to which class an occupation belonged for a given year. In the earnings ap proach, one assumes that earnings levels which divide classes of workers are a fixed or constant percentage of the median weekly earnings for all full-time wage and salary workers. Thus, we only have to calculate the earnings groups for a given year. We replicated elements of Lawrence’s methodology for the 1973—85 period.9 (Because of the changes in occupa tional definitions in 1983, it is not possible to calculate the 1969-83 shifts with the occupational approach.) Like Lawrence, we used the c p s data on usual weekly earnings of full-time wage and salary workers. To measure the changes in employment distribution by earnings groups between 1973, 1982, and 1985, we (1) arrayed the full-time workers in 1982 by usual weekly earnings and arranged them into thirds (bottom, middle, and top), with each third containing about the same number of workers; (2) assumed that the earnings level (or brackets) which divide the earnings groups are the same percentage of the median weekly earn ings for full-time workers in both 1973 and 1985 as in 1982; and (3) arrayed the workers in the respective earnings classes in 1973 and in 1985 and calculated the distribution for each class. (The median usual weekly earnings of full time workers used here are $152 for 1973, $300 for 1982, and $349 for 1985.) If bipolarization were occurring, the proportion of total employment in the middle third would show a decline over time and the bottom and top thirds would show increases. The following tabulation shows the distribution of employ ment in 1973, 1982, and 1985 by usual weekly earnings in 1982, based on the earnings approach: Usual weekly earnings Top third .......... ........ Over $385 Middle third . . . . ........$239 to $385 Bottom third . . . ........ Under $239 Percent distribution of employment 1973 1982 1985 33.3 34.8 31.9 33.5 33.5 33.1 32.6 31.7 35.7 The shifts over the 1973 to 1982 period support the notion of bipolarization— declining employment share for the mid dle third, increasing shares for the bottom and top thirds. During the 1983-85 period, only the share for the bottom third increased; the shares for both the middle and top thirds decreased. While the shifts for the entire 1973-85 period do not support the bipolarization thesis because the top third decreased, they are of considerable concern because they show an increasing proportion of low paying jobs and a declining proportion of middle paying jobs. Reconciling the findings The most striking difference between the occupational and earnings approaches is the declining employment share in the bottom third with the occupational approach (1.9 percentage points), but an increasing share with the earnings approach (1.2 percentage: points). To reconcile these con flicting findings, the two methods were combined. We (1) calculated for each detailed occupation the employment distribution by usual weekly earnings class in both 1973 and 1982, where the earnings class is defined by the earnings approach; (2) aggregated the individual occupations accord ing to their rankings in the occupational approach; and (3) calculated the percentage distribution with the low, mid dle, and high paying occupations by earnings class. As shown in the following tabulation, there has been a change in the earnings distribution of occupations, a down ward shift: Occupational approach 1973 Earnings approach Top All full-time workers........ Top third ..................... Middle th ird .................. Bottom third ................ Middle Bottom ........33.3 ........68.1 ........35.9 ........ 9.6 34.8 25.4 43.3 33.4 31.9 6.5 20.7 57.0 ........33.5 ........63.8 ........34.5 ........ 9.7 33.5 27.2 42.1 30.9 33.1 9.0 23.4 59.4 1982 All full-time workers........ Top third ...................... Middle th ird .................. Bottom third ................ Within those occupations ranked in the top third, the proportion of wage and salary workers who would fall in the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis top earnings category declined over the 1973-82 period, while the proportion of workers in the middle and bottom earnings categories increased. And different patterns hold for each group of occupations. Within those occupations ranked in the middle third, the proportion of wage and salary workers in the top and middle earnings category declined over the 1973-82 period, while the proportion in the bottom earnings categories increased. Within those occupations ranked in the bottom third, the proportion of wage and salary workers who would fall in the middle earnings cate gory declined, while the proportion in the top and bottom earnings categories increased. There are many possible explanations for the changes in earnings distribution within the occupational groupings. Un fortunately, sufficient data are not available to evaluate the impact of individual factors, and it is likely that there would be interactions among the factors. The following discussion highlights possible explanations for the changes. The downward shift might be an experience or tenure effect. Three elements are required to make this point. First, earnings within an occupation are positively related both to occupational tenure (length of time in the occupation) and to job tenure (length of time with the current employer).10 Second, women, on average, have less experience or tenure then men within individual occupations; younger workers have less experience than older workers. Third, a greater percentage of the full-time workers in 1982, compared with 1973, were under age 35, and a greater percentage were women. Thus, the younger, more female 1982 work force, compared with the 1973 work force, implies less experience or tenure within individual occupations and, thus, smaller earnings. For example, there was a dramatic increase in the percentage of high paying jobs which were held by women over the period, from 11 percent in 1973 to 19 percent in 1982. Such a large change suggests a significantly different tenure mix in the high paying occupations. Similar but less dramatic changes occurred for the middle and low paying occupations. The explanation for the changing earnings distributions within the occupational groupings might be a cohort effect. According to Richard Freeman, Robert Lawrence, and others, the baby-boom generation is so large that the earn ings within the generation are depressed when compared with other generations.11 If their thesis is valid, then the changing mix of generations within the work force that began in the early 1970’s would have had a negative effect on the earnings distributions. Lawrence found this to be the most compelling explanation. The changes in earnings distributions within occupations might be an industry effect. Of the 416 occupations in the 1982 analysis, 274 had full-time workers in both the goodsand service-producing industries. The median usual weekly earnings were higher in goods-producing industries for 181 of those occupations. The absolute difference in earnings across the 274 occupations was $78 (the difference without 25 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Further Analysis o f Declining Middle Class regard to sign). Most earnings studies only compare the median weekly earnings or hourly earnings of industries, not the occupational earnings by industry. The changes in employment are sensitive to the econ omy’s movement through the various stages of a business cycle. The 1973-82 shifts occurred as the economy moved from a business cycle peak to a trough. The entry-level earnings for most occupations may have been depressed when compared with 1973 because 1982 was the low point of the business cycle. Finally, in response to innovations, international compe tition, cost consciousness, or other demand-oriented factors, companies might have made some significant changes in organizational structure. For example, they may have re duced the levels of management; substituted entry and mid level personnel for senior personnel; and contracted for goods and services, rather than providing similiar services with inhouse staff. At some point, such changes would affect the earnings distributions of individual occupations. Part-time workers At some point, the potential substitution of part-time workers for full-time workers must be considered when examining trends in the number of middle-class workers. (Rosenthal’s findings did not change when part-time work ers were included in his original analysis.) Substitution could consist of long-term, secular trends (such as busi nesses expanding working hours or employers accommodat ing workers seeking part-time work) or it could be a cyclical phenomenon, for example, decreasing work hours during a recession as demand slackens. The percentage of all employed persons working part time is indicative of these phenomena. The following tabu lation shows the proportion of workers on full-and part-time schedules, selected years, 1973-85: 1973 1982 1983 1985 Full-time .................................. . 83.0 Part-time for economic reasons . 3.0 Voluntary part-tim e.................. . 14.0 79.5 6.2 14.3 79.7 6.2 14.1 81.0 5.2 13.8 The percentage of employed persons voluntarily working part time has changed little over the last 12 years; the per centage working part time for economic reasons has fluctu ated with the movement of the economy through business cycles. To estimate the impact of part-time employment on de tailed occupations by usual weekly earnings class, we (1) arrayed the detailed occupations in 1985 by the usual weekly earnings of full-time workers and arranged them into 26 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis thirds; (2) summed total workers, full-time workers, and part-time workers in each third and calculated the respective distributions of employment; and (3) arrayed the total, full time, and part-time workers for each occupation in the same order as in 1985, and calculated the respective 1983 distri butions. (The data do not permit distinguishing between types of part-time workers.) The following tabulation shows the distribution of total, full-time, and part-time employ ment in 1983 and 1985, based on occupational earnings: Total Full-time 1983 1985 1983 1985 Top third ............ 25.2 Middle th ird ........ 30.2 Bottom third . . . . 44.6 25.6 31.0 43.5 29.5 33.6 37.0 29.7 34.1 36.3 Part-time 1983 1985 7.5 16.5 76.1 7.4 17.3 75.3 The share of middle earners increased slightly for each distribution. Part-time workers were certainly concentrated in occupations ranked in the bottom third; but the share of part-time workers in the bottom third declined over the period. We can conclude from this calculation that the patterns of occupational shifts whether measured in terms of all work ers, full-time workers, or part-time workers are comparable. Therefore, the substitution of part-time workers for full-time workers is not a valid explanation for the declining propor tion of workers in low paying occupations. Two STUDIES OF THE DECLINING MIDDLE-INCOME thesis were analyzed to put them on equal footing. The original studies were based on different periods as well as different ap proaches. Our reconcilation showed that there was a signif icant change in the earnings distribution in all three occupa tional earnings groups— top, middle, and bottom— between 1973 and 1982. One should be cautious in applying these findings to the future because we were not able to identify the cause of the changing earnings distributions. And the trends for some of the possible variables offered as explanations will be consid erably different during the next decade, compared with the past decade. For example, according to b l s ’ labor force projections, the 1995 labor force will be older and more experienced than the current labor force.12 Thus, if tenure and experience were the proper explanation for the 1973-82 earnings shifts within occupations, then the shifts might reverse during the next decade. However, the recent trends for the cohort effect— the presence of the baby-boom gener ation in the labor market— will continue through the next decade. □ ■FOOTNOTES-----The authors thank Robert Z. Lawrence o f The Brook ings Institution and Neal H. Rosenthal o f the Bureau o f Labor Statistics for their helpful comments. ACKNOW LEDGM ENT: *R. Kuttner, “The Declining M iddle,” The Atlantic Monthly, July 1983, pp. 6 0 -7 2 ; L. S. Thurow, “The Disappearance o f the Middle Class,” The New York Times, Feb. 5, 1984, p. F3; B. Steinberg, Deindustrialization and the Two Tier Society ( a f l -c i o , Industrial Union Department, 1985); and M. Harrington and M. I,evinson, “The Perils o f a Dual Economy— A Growing Trend in the American Occupational Structure,” Dissent, Fall 1985, pp. 4 1 7 -2 6 . The intellectual stimulus to the debate initially came from B. Bluestone and B. Harrison, The Deindustrialization o f America (New York, Basic Books, In c., 1982). Proponents o f the disappearing middle class have since construed the decline in employment in the smokestack and goodsproducing industries along with a simultaneous growth in the high tech and service-producing industries as synonymous with a bipolarization o f the earnings structure. They often point to the differential growth rates o f employment in a small number o f occupations identified with these indus tries. The argument is loose and no evidence to support a bipolarization in the earnings distribution arising from shifts in the occupational structure has ever been published. 2Robert Z. Lawrence, “Sectoral Shifts and the Size o f the Middle Class,” Brookings Review , Fall 1985, pp. 3 -1 0 . 3Neal H. Rosenthal, “The shrinking middle class: myth or reality?” Monthly Labor Review , March 1985, pp. 3 -1 0 . 4Joyanna T. M oy, “Recent trends in unemployment and the labor force, 10 countries,” Monthly Labor Review , August 1985, pp. 9 -2 2 . 5Lawrence, “Sectoral Shifts.” 6Rosenthal, “The shrinking middle class.” Rosenthal examined the link ages between several phenomena— declining employment in smokestack industries, rapid growth o f service industries, and so forth— on earnings distribution. He found that, in each instance, when comprehensive data were reviewed, the impact o f each phenomenon on the earnings distribution was either negligible or nonexistent. 7Rosenthal’s data were recalculated for two reasons. First, b l s periodi cally revises its procedures for estimating median weekly earnings. The median weekly earnings in this article for the detailed occupations are estimated based on $10 centered intervals. Data for the median weekly earnings o f full-time workers are based on the “true” median o f the sample. The medians are revised because earnings tend to be clustered at certain points, usually around $50 intervals. This clustering can affect the esti mated changes in median earnings. Second, the May 1973 data used were revised to include only those responding to the usual weekly earnings question. Rosenthal included all respondents in his calculation. This second revision was necessary for subsequent analysis in this article. The two revisions had a very slight impact, certainly not a qualitative impact. 8Lawrence, “Sectoral Shifts.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9Lawrence’s calculations involved four steps: he (1) centered the earn ings o f the middle class around the median usual earnings o f men ($379) as o f 1983; (2) calculated the 1983 employment distribution o f full-time workers by usual weekly earnings class; (3) centered the middle class for 1969 around the median usual weekly earnings o f men in 1969 ($142) and assumed the earnings brackets were the same percentage o f male medium weekly earnings in both 1969 and 1983; and (4) calculated the 1969 em ployment distribution using the 1969 earnings class. The usual weekly earnings for Lawrence’s middle class were $250 to $499 in 1983, and $94 to $187 in 1969. Between 1969 and 1983, the change in male weekly earnings and change in the Consumer Price Index were nearly equal. Because o f his approach, Lawrence might have overstated the decline in the proportion o f workers in the bottom earnings group. First, he centered his middle class about the median weekly earnings o f men in both 1969 and 1983. He might have centered his middle class about the median weekly earnings for all full-time workers, as we have done in our analysis. Thus, his middle class is not divided evenly between workers with earnings above and below the median for all full-time workers. Further, he uses the male median weekly earnings over time to establish the earnings levels which divide the classes. We used total median weekly earnings. If he had used the median weekly earnings for all full-time workers, the earnings levels which divided the middle and lower earnings groups would have been $10 higher in 1983. With his approach (male earnings), the proportion o f workers in the bottom third declined 3 percentage points; with our approach (full-time workers’ earnings), the proportion o f workers would have in creased slightly. Thus, his results would have been qualitatively different with a different median. The earnings approach (and the occupational approach) was not sensitive to the boundaries chosen to divide the classes o f workers or to the number o f classes considered. The middle might have been represented by 50 per cent o f the work force; shifts between 3, 4, or 10 classes might have been considered. 10The literature on earnings is extensive, but usually focuses on earnings differences by sex or race. Recent research by the b l s on earnings differ ences between men and women was published in a series o f articles in the June 1984 Monthly Labor Review. In one o f the articles, Earl Mellor showed that women receive less pay than men in almost all occupational groups which employ both men and women. For most jobs, full-time usual weekly earnings o f women in 1982 were 60 to 80 percent o f those o f men. Readers should be wary of interpreting these differences as evidence o f discrimination for many o f the reasons discussed by Mellor. 11See Lawrence, “Sectoral Shifts”; Richard B. Freeman, “The effect o f demographic factors on age-earnings profiles,” Journal of Human Re sources, 1 4 , 1979, pp. 289-318; Finis Welch, “Effects o f cohort size on earnings,” Journal of Political Economy 8 7 , 1979, pp. 565-98; and Louise B. Russell, The Baby Boom Generation and the Economy (Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1982). 12Howard N Fullerton, Jr., “The 1995 labor force: b l s ’ latest projec tions,” Monthly Labor Review , November 1985, pp. 17-25. 27 Research Summaries Weekly earnings in 1985: a look at more than 200 occupations E a r l F. M ellor This summary presents 1985 annual average data on the median weekly earnings of workers in more than 200 occu pational categories. The data are obtained through the Cur rent Population Survey ( c p s ) , a nationwide sample survey conducted for the Bureau of Labor Statistics by the Bureau of the Census. Covered are wage and salary workers (ex cluding the incorporated self-employed) who usually work full time (35 hours or more per week). First published in 1982, this annual series is also available in unpublished form back to 1979.1 When making year-toyear comparisons, several caveats must be taken into ac count. One concerns the occupational classification system. The present system, developed for the 1980 census, was introduced into the c p s in 1983.2 Because the new classifica tion system is vastly different from the previous one, 1983— 85 data are not comparable with those available for 1979— 82. Another caveat relates to the procedure currently used to estimate median weekly earnings. Prior to 1983, medians were estimated using the linear interpolation of $50- to $100-wide intervals. Medians for 1983 and 1984 were ini tially estimated via the interpolation of $10-wide uncentered intervals. This change was introduced to reduce a systematic upward bias resulting from the use of wider uncentered intervals for earnings data, which are subject to a high incidence of rounding by c p s respondents. In 1985, the procedure was changed back to $50-wide intervals, but these were centered on multiples of $50. This newer proce dure lessens the sometimes erratic movements in medians caused by having a large number of narrow intervals. The data for 1983 and 1984 have been revised using the new procedure and are available from b l s on request, but earlier medians are still based on the old (pre-1983) procedures. As in previous years, the data in table 1 are limited to those occupations with at least 50,000 employed wage and Earl F. Mellor is an economist in the Division of Employment and Unem ployment Analysis, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau o f Labor Statistics. 28 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis salary workers who usually work full time. The table pre sents median weekly earnings in 230 non-overlapping occu pational groupings, and male-female comparisons are shown for 85 such groupings. Obviously, within each of the occupations shown, there is likely to be a wide range of money earned among individ ual workers. This is because each occupational group still has many different jobs for which data are not tallied sepa rately. Each occupation has specialties with differences in skill levels, market demand for the jobs, and other variables. Also, workers in each specialty may have different duties, responsibilities, work schedules, and job tenure. In addition, caution must be used in interpreting differ ences between groups, particularly when either the number of workers in a job category is small or there are compara tively small differences between earnings medians. This is because the estimates are based on a sample and, accord ingly, are subject to sampling errors. ---------- FOOTNOTES---------1 Data for 1981 appear in “ 1981 Weekly Earnings of Men and Women Compared in 100 Occupations” (News Release, March 7, 1982) and in Nancy F. Rytina, “Earnings of men and women: a look at specific occupa tions,” Monthly Labor Review, April 1982, pp. 25-31. For 1982 data, see Earl F. Mellor, “Investigating the differences in weekly earnings o f women and m en,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1984, pp. 17-28. For 1983 data, see Earl F. Mellor, “Weekly earnings in 1983: a look at more than 200 occupations,” Monthly Labor Review, January 1985, pp. 54-59; however, these data were subsequently revised. The revised data for 1983 and 1984 are available by either writing to the Bureau of Labor Statistics or calling (202) 523-1371. For more information on the nationwide sample survey from which these earnings data were obtained, see Earl F. Mellor, Techni cal Description of the Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey, Bulletin 2113 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), or Earl F. Mellor, “Earnings statistics from the Current Population Survey,” Measures of Compensation, Bulletin 2239 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, bls 1986). 2 The system evolved from the Standard Occupational Classification System which was adopted in 1977 and revised in 1980. See Standard Occupational Classification Manual (U .S. Department of Commerce, Of fice o f Federal Statistical Policy and Standards, 1980). The relationship between the 1980 census system and the classification system is shown in Census of Population: 1980, Classified Index of Industries and Occupa tions, Report phc80-R4, final ed. (U .S. Bureau of the Census, 1983). 3 For information on the standard error and other limitations o f the data, see Technical Description of the Quarterly Data on Weekly Earnings from the Current Population Survey, Bulletin 2113 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982). For information on other data series on earnings from the Current Population Survey and other b l s surveys, see bls Measures of Compensa tion. Table 1. Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers who usually work full time in occupations employing 50,000 or more, by sex, 1985 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Both sexes Occupation Employed Weekly earnings T o ta l............................................................................................................. Managerial and professional specialty occupations.......................................................... Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations............................................... Administrators and officials, public administration...................................................... Financial managers...................................................................................... Personnel and labor relations managers .................................................................. Purchasing m anagers................................................................................................ Managers, marketing, advertising, and public relations............................................. Administrators, education and related fie ld s.............................................................. Managers, medicine and health................................................................................. Managers, properties and real estate......................................................................... Management-related occupations; ............................................................................. Accountants and auditors........................................................................................ Underwriters, and other financial officers .............................................................. Management a na lysts...................................................................................... Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists ............................................... Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, except farm products .................................... Inspectors and compliance officers, excluding construction.................................. 77,002 19,381 9,328 411 372 105 . 101 389 424 94 190 2,834 1,064 561 78 316 157 157 Professional specialty occupations ......................................................................... Engineers, architects, and surveyors......................................................................... Architects .................................................................................... Engineers ............................................................................. Aerospace engineers.......................................................................................... Chemical engineers............................................................................................ Civil engineers................................................................................................ Electrical and electronic engineers ..................................................................... Industrial engineers ................................................................................. Mechanical engineers.......................................................................................... Men Women Weekly earnings Ratio female/male earnings times 100 31,414 8,302 3,492 164 135 48 23 87 184 57 74 1,330 472 278 25 181 78 35 $277 399 383 439 400 68.2 68.4 64.6 75.2 59.1 571 662 507 673 699 731 643 672 608 676 4,810 119 12 107 5 4 10 43 17 13 642 625 663 599 601 _ 157 88 51 61 20 18 57 51 1,197 945 36 68 135 32 Employed Weekly earnings Employed $343 488 497 510 581 540 676 627 561 490 366 450 458 468 583 454 416 459 45,589 11,078 5,835 248 237 57 78 301 240 37 116 1,504 592 282 53 135 79 121 $406 583 593 584 677 631 714 712 639 410 515 519 556 693 551 490 477 10,053 1,678 75 1,585 87 57 201 520 174 257 481 649 488 661 691 723 629 664 598 665 5,243 1,559 62 1,479 82 53 192 477 157 244 Mathematical and computer scientists..................................................................... Computer systems analysts and scientists............................................................ Operations and systems researchers and analysts............................................... Natural scientists ......................................................................... Chemists, except biochemists ............................................................................... Biological and life scientists............................................................................... Health diagnosing occupations ................................................................................. Physicians.............................................................................................. Health assessment and treating occupations............................................................ Registered n u rses............................................................................. Pharmacists ..................................................................................................... Dietitians.................................................................................... Therapists................................................................................. Inhalation therapists....................................................................... 518 317 157 327 104 61 243 209 1,435 1,010 120 71 188 56 605 602 616 580 588 506 595 607 435 434 566 336 406 391 361 228 107 266 85 43 186 158 238 66 85 3 53 25 Teachers, college and university................................................................................. Teachers, except college and university..................................................................... Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten.......................................................... Teachers, elementary sch o o l................................................................................. Teachers, secondary school ....................................................................... Teachers, special education................................................................................. Teachers, not elsewhere classified......................................................................... Counselors, educational and vocational.......................................................... Librarians, archivists, and cura to ri............................................................................. Librarians .............................................................................................. 459 2,873 216 1,204 1,074 185 193 146 163 153 581 412 276 412 439 393 408 488 398 391 330 864 2 206 526 27 104 71 27 21 Social scientists and urban planners .................................................................. Economists....................................................................... Psychologists ................................................................................. Social, recreation, and religious workers ............................................................ Social workers................................................................ Recreation w o rke rs....................................................................... Clergy ...................................................................................................................... Lawyers and judges .......................................................... Lawyers ....................................................................... 193 82 86 723 387 56 234 341 317 518 624 472 357 376 231 338 724 719 114 50 45 413 143 23 224 251 232 Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes ..................................................... Designers ..................................................................... Actors and directors......................................................................... Painters, sculptors, craft artists, and artist printm akers......................................... Photographers....................................................................... Editors and reporters..................................................................... Public relations specialists.............................................................. 955 302 51 85 56 175 116 417 437 487 400 346 430 460 562 167 32 50 43 92 60 Technical, sales, and administrative support occupations ........................................... Technicians and related support occupations ................................................... Health technologists and technicians......................................................................... Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians ................................................. Radiologic technicians............................................................................... Licensed practical nurses...................................... ................................................. Engineering and related technologists and technicians......................................... Electrical and electronic technicians .................................................................. Drafting occupations............................................. ............................................... Surveying and mapping technicians .................................................................. Science technicians............................................................................... Chemical technicians..................................................................... 23,425 2,762 841 248 97 277 843 286 278 61 187 89 307 398 319 376 371 294 417 426 399 371 393 412 8,803 1,563 167 68 26 11 700 252 229 56 129 67 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 633 656 507 492 600 _ 422 - 638 478 _ 468 485 _ 460 549 _ - 580 715 _ 373 421 _ 341 782 776 490 537 _ 466 480 585 420 472 381 394 _ 436 436 414 358 417 420 _ _ 413 479 469 323 382 383 397 58.0 75.0 78.8 74.2 73.8 71.4 384 310 69.7 63.3 408 524 71.5 79.2 544 80.8 _ _ _ _ _ - 512 523 519 462 _ _ 79.6 77.3 83.6 87.6 339 400 94.8 487 394 277 403 408 386 379 425 390 388 79 31 41 309 244 33 10 89 85 447 14,622 1,200 674 180 70 266 143 34 49 4 58 22 - 79.8 83.7 78.3 77.1 504 507 424 431 129 2,008 214 998 549 158 90 75 136 132 393 135 19 35 12 83 56 _ _ _ _ 76.3 82.4 86.1 84.1 82.4 77.4 - 77.1 _ 342 356 91.7 84.6 _ 557 558 71.2 71.9 346 296 70.6 55.1 _ _ _ 397 381 82.7 65.1 269 331 311 367 355 293 344 64.0 70.1 81.6 93.1 _ _ _ _ 318 76.3 _ 78.9 Percent female workers 40.8 42.8 37.4 39.9 36.3 45.7 22.8 22.4 43.4 60.6 38.9 46.9 44.4 49.6 32.1 57.3 49.7 22.3 47.8 7.1 16.0 6.8 5.7 7.0 5.0 8.3 9.8 5.1 30.3 27.8 32.5 18.7 19.2 29.5 23.5 24.4 83.4 93.6 30.0 95.8 71.8 57.1 28.1 69.9 99.1 82.9 51.1 85.4 46.6 51.4 83.4 86.3 40.9 37.8 47.7 42.7 63.0 58.9 43 26.1 26.8 41.2 44.7 37.3 41.2 21.4 47.4 48.3 62.4 43.4 80.1 72.6 72.2 96.0 17.0 11.9 17.6 6.6 31.0 24.7 29 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Research Summaries Table 1. Continued— Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers who usually work full time in occupations employ ing 50,000 or more, by sex, 1985 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Employed Women Men Both sexes Occupation Weekly earnings Employed Weekly earnings Employed Weekly earnings Ratio female/male earnings times 100 Percent female workers Technicians, except health, engineering, and scie nce....................................... Airplane pilots and navigators......................................................................... Computer programmers .................................................................................. Legal assistants ............................................................................................... 891 55 500 119 486 738 502 347 567 54 327 31 517 743 519 324 1 173 89 395 “ 454 333 76.4 “ 87.5 36.4 1.8 34.6 74.8 Sales occupations ......................................................................................................... Supervisors and proprietors........................................................................................ Sales representatives, finance and business services ............................................. Insurance s a le s ....................................................................................................... Real estate sales..................................................................................................... Securities and financial services s a le s ................................................................... Advertising and related s a le s .................................................................................. Sales occupations, other business services .......................................................... Sales representatives, commodities, except retail, including sales engineers ......... Sales workers, retail and personal services.............................................................. Sales workers, motor vehicles and b o a ts .............................................................. Sales workers, apparel .......................................................................................... Sales workers, furniture and home furnishings...................................................... Sales workers, radio, television, hi-fi, and appliances........................................... Sales workers, hardware and building supplies...................................................... Sales workers, parts ............................................................................................... Sales counter clerks .............................................................................................. Cashiers .................................................................................................................. Street and door-to-door sales w o rk e rs ................................................................... 7,156 2,010 1,333 365 282 200 126 360 1,258 2,539 218 156 98 105 146 134 71 878 71 335 385 430 415 406 593 422 397 481 210 393 184 271 315 250 255 200 178 288 4,227 1,371 760 237 126 144 59 195 1,048 1,041 203 34 51 80 121 119 21 167 30 431 438 507 478 507 674 500 489 499 285 400 2,929 639 574 128 157 57 67 165 210 1,498 15 123 46 25 26 15 50 711 41 226 276 332 345 323 425 357 302 364 180 52.4 63.0 65.5 72.2 63.7 63.1 71.4 61.8 72.9 63.2 40.9 31.8 43.1 35.1 55.7 28.5 53.2 45.8 16.7 59.0 6.9 78.8 46.9 23.8 17.8 11.2 70.4 81.0 57.7 Administrative support occupations, including clerical ................................................. Supervisors, administrative support........................................................................... Supervisors, general office...................................................................................... Supervisors, financial records processing.............................................................. Supervisors, distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks .................................. Computer equipment operators.................................................................................. Computer operators................................................................................................. Secretaries, stenographers, and ty p is ts ..................................................................... Secretaries .............................................................................................................. Typists .................................................................................................................... 13,507 697 404 95 151 691 686 3,938 3,251 646 286 420 399 419 466 311 311 276 279 259 3,013 333 147 31 125 253 251 92 58 28 391 514 550 10,494 365 257 64 26 437 435 3,846 3,193 617 270 358 343 380 “ 278 278 275 279 259 Information clerks........................................................................................................... Interviewers.............................................................................................................. Transportation ticket and reservation agents.......................................................... Receptionists........................................................................................................... Records processing occupations, except financial .................................................... Order clerks ............................................................................................................ Personnel clerks, except payroll and timekeeping.................................................. Library clerks........................................................................................................... File clerks ................................................................................................................ Records clerks ....................................................................................................... 827 123 92 434 612 174 57 53 197 110 242 263 392 225 274 346 323 246 234 286 93 20 33 13 116 36 4 11 38 22 352 734 104 60 421 497 138 53 42 159 88 236 258 309 224 268 336 319 ~ 231 274 Financial records processing occupations ................................................................. Bookkeepers, accounting, and auditing clerks ...................................................... Payroll and timekeeping clerks................................................................................ Billing clerks ............................................................................................................ Cost and rate clerks................................................................................................. Duplicating, mail and other office machine operators............................................... Communications equipment operators....................................................................... Telephone operators............................................................................................... 1,705 1,311 161 126 73 55 182 177 275 272 302 264 305 244 308 302 195 133 24 17 20 17 23 21 361 331 1,510 1,178 138 109 52 39 159 156 268 267 296 256 265 “ 295 292 74.2 80.7 “ Mail and message distributing occupations .............................................................. Postal clerks, excluding mail carriers ..................................................................... Mail carriers, postal s e rv ic e .................................................................................... Mail clerks, excluding postal service....................................................................... Messengers.............................................................................................................. Material recording, scheduling, and distributing clerks ............................................. 429 457 466 240 224 305 321 384 287 299 276 318 465 146 203 62 54 926 97 87 352 278 33 37 446 474 470 262 230 332 385 475 302 324 “ 196 88 32 62 14 578 75 81 119 198 32 52 366 437 82.1 92.2 Production coordinators.......................................................................................... Traffic, shipping, and receiving cle rks..................................................................... Stock and inventory c le rk s ...................................................................................... Weighers, measurers, and checkers ..................................................................... Expediters................................................................................................................ 660 234 235 123 69 1,504 172 168 471 475 65 89 223 270 276 328 243 268 85.1 “ 81.3 71.7 69.1 80.5 82.7 Adjusters and investigators........................................................................................ Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators ............................................... Investigators and adjusters, except insurance........................................................ Eligibility clerks, social w e lfare................................................................................ Bill and account collectors...................................................................................... Miscellaneous administrative support occupations................................................... General office clerks ............................................................................................... Bank te lle rs.............................................................................................................. Data-entry keyers ................................................................................................... Statistical clerks....................................................................................................... Teachers’ aid e s....................................................................................................... 659 209 316 59 75 1,975 489 357 307 75 165 312 339 311 288 264 261 267 219 277 322 196 174 64 80 5 24 328 100 20 32 21 12 439 455 481 485 145 236 54 51 1,647 389 336 274 54 153 286 307 285 276 256 252 258 218 268 321 192 65.1 67.5 59.3 “ Service occupations........................................................................................................... Private household occupations...................................................................................... Child care workers, private household....................................................................... Private household cleaners and servants................................................................... Protective service occupations ...................................................................................... Supervisors, protective service occupations.............................................................. Supervisors, police and detectives......................................................................... 7,910 342 142 164 1,483 127 70 216 132 88 154 381 485 i>34 3,947 13 5 5 1,327 121 68 272 - 3,963 330 137 159 156 6 2 185 130 86 153 278 “ “ 68.0 “ “ 30 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 311 334 263 261 209 - 485 395 395 341 369 - 326 - - 352 322 - 391 494 540 171 “ - 169 172 82.3 69.1 69.6 62.4 “ 70.4 70.4 80.6 75.6 67.0 - 82.2 “ “ “ “ 262 71.6 80.1 - 71.1 77.7 52.4 63.6 67.4 17.2 63.2 63.4 97.7 98.2 95.5 88.8 84.6 65.2 97.0 81.2 79.3 93.0 79.2 80.7 80.0 88.6 89.9 66.7 86.5 71.2 70.9 87.4 88.1 29.7 37.6 13.6 50.4 20.3 38.4 43.6 48.2 25.3 41.7 49.2 58.4 73.6 69.4 74.7 91.5 68.0 83.4 79.6 94.1 89.3 72.0 92.7 50.1 96.5 96.5 97.0 10.5 4.7 2.9 Table 1. Continued— Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers who usually work full time in occupations employ ing 50,000 or more, by sex, 1985 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Both sexes Occupation Employed Weekly earnings Men Employed Women Weekly earnings Employed Ratio Weekly earnings earnings times 100 Percent female workers Firefighting and fire prevention occupations.............................................................. Firefighting occupations.......................................................................................... 211 190 436 437 208 188 439 438 3 1 _ _ - - Police and detectives ................................................................................................ Police and detectives, public seivice ..................................................................... Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement o ffic e rs ............................................. Correctional institution officers............................................................................... G uards........................................................................................................................ Guards and police, excluding public service.......................................................... 628 416 75 137 516 480 424 452 390 352 248 252 565 382 69 114 432 413 432 455 406 364 257 257 63 34 6 23 84 68 352 _ _ _ 81.5 _ _ _ 212 219 82.5 85.2 10.0 8.2 8.0 16.8 16.3 14.2 Service occupations, except protective and household ............................................... Food preparation and service occupations................................................................ Supervisors, food preparation and service ............................................................ Bartenders ............................................................................................................. Waiters and waitresses .......................................................................................... Cooks, except short order ...................................................................................... Food counter, fountain and related occupations................................................... Kitchen workers, food preparation ......................................................................... Waiters'/waitresses’ assisiants............................................................................... 6,085 2,281 177 169 542 871 71 66 102 203 180 231 202 170 186 147 169 165 2,607 1,018 80 88 119 478 17 23 61 230 205 284 227 236 207 _ 3,477 1,264 97 81 423 392 53 44 41 188 167 207 177 159 168 143 _ - 81.7 81.5 72.9 78.0 67.4 81.2 _ - 57.1 55.4 54.8 47.9 78.0 45.0 74.6 66.7 40.2 Health service occupations ........................................................................................ Dental assistants..................................................................................................... Health aides, except nursing ................................................................................. Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants................................................................ Cleaning and building service occupations, except household ................................ Supervisors, cleaning and building service workers ............................................. Maids and housemen ............................................................................................ Janitors and cleaners.............................................................................................. Personal service occupations .................................................................................... Hairdressers and cosmetologists ........................................................................... Attendants, amusement and recieation facilities................................................... Child care workers, except private household........................................................ 1,219 107 247 866 1,884 149 361 1,329 701 277 63 140 210 224 233 202 226 298 188 235 203 201 227 169 150 3 41 106 1,253 102 72 1,039 186 34 35 15 242 234 253 340 235 247 240 _ 1,069 104 205 760 630 47 289 290 514 243 28 125 207 223 230 199 195 - 85.5 _ _ 178 205 192 195 _ 75.7 83.0 80.0 _ _ 163 - 87.7 97.2 83.0 87.8 33.4 31.5 80.1 21.8 73.3 87.7 44.4 89.3 Precision production, craft, and repair occupations.......................................................... Mechanics and repairers .............................................................................................. Supervisors, mechanics and repairers....................................................................... Mechanics and repairers, except supervisors............................................................ Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers....................................... Automobile m echanics........................................................................................ Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics...................................................... Aircraft engine mechanics ................................................................................. Small engine repairers........................................................................................ Automobile body and related repairers .............................................................. Heavy equipment mechanics ............................................................................. 10,932 3,897 270 3,627 1,462 662 304 86 56 147 160 397 400 520 393 351 309 384 491 286 310 459 10,026 3,752 246 3,506 1,449 658 302 81 56 147 159 408 400 521 393 352 310 384 496 286 310 459 906 144 24 120 13 4 2 4 0 1 0 268 392 - 65.7 98.0 - 378 _ _ _ _ _ _ 96.2 _ _ _ _ _ _ - - Industrial machinery repairers ............................................................................... Electrical and electronic equipme nt repairers........................................................ Electronic repairers, communications and industrial equipm ent........................ Data processing equipment repairers................................................................ Telephone line installers and repairers .............................................................. Telephone installers and repairers .................................................................... Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics ......................................... Miscellaneous mechanics and repairers................................................................ Office machine repairers .................................................................................... Millwrights ........................................................................................................... 524 648 131 115 68 227 208 747 61 85 404 495 393 500 523 530 370 393 380 497 510 588 122 102 67 196 208 715 58 83 406 499 385 508 521 539 370 399 385 502 14 60 9 13 2 31 0 32 3 3 _ _ Construction trades ....................................................................................................... Supervisors, construction occupations....................................................................... Construction trades, except supervisors..................................................................... Brickmasons and stonemasons ........................................................................... Carpet installers ..................................................................................................... Carpenters ............................................................................................................. Drywall installers..................................................................................................... Electricians ............................................................................................................. Electrical power installers and repairers................................................................ Painters, construction and maintenance................................................................ Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamftters .................................................................. Concrete and terrazzo finishers ............................................................................. Insulation workers ................................................................................................... Roofers.................................................................................................................... Structural metalworkers.......................................................................................... 3,361 430 2,931 108 51 812 101 547 102 257 361 67 52 99 58 393 504 377 349 295 337 380 456 510 304 431 334 380 272 494 3,308 426 2,882 108 51 806 99 539 101 242 357 67 50 97 57 394 506 378 350 298 338 383 458 508 306 431 334 383 272 495 53 5 49 0 1 6 2 8 2 15 4 0 2 3 1 Extractive occupations ................................................................................................... Supervisors, extractive occupations........................................................................... Precision production occupations ................................................................................. Supervisors, production occupations ......................................................................... Precision metalworking occupations ......................................................................... Tool and die makers .............................................................................................. Machinists............................................................................................................... Sheet metal workers.............................................................................................. Precision woodworking occupations............... .......................................................... Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine workers ....................................... Precision workers, assorted materials ......................................................................... Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers ...................................................... Precision food production occupations......................................................................... Butchers and meatcutters.......................................................................................... Bakers........................................................................................................................ 181 53 3,493 1,294 837 134 479 111 69 127 489 319 329 235 69 501 679 394 468 416 491 409 415 282 242 273 254 286 297 267 179 53 2,786 1,105 787 131 459 104 59 68 199 90 255 195 48 499 674 429 490 426 496 415 418 294 279 328 281 317 323 - 1 1 708 189 51 3 19 7 11 59 290 229 74 40 21 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 159 - 85.0 77.1 _ 455 _ _ _ _ _ _ 91.2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - 265 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 67.3 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ 253 303 264 _ _ _ 59.0 61.8 62.0 _ _ _ 211 248 246 198 _ 75.6 75.6 87.5 62.5 _ - - 1.4 .5 8.3 3.7 8.9 3.3 .9 .6 .7 4.7 .0 .7 .0 2.7 9.3 6.9 11.3 2.9 13.7 .0 4.3 4.9 3.5 1.6 1.2 1.7 .0 2.0 .7 2.0 1.5 2.0 5.8 1.1 .0 3.8 3.0 1.7 .6 1.9 20.3 14.6 6.1 2.2 4.0 6.3 15.9 46.5 59.3 71.8 22.5 17.0 30.4 31 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Research Summaries Table 1. Continued— Median weekly earnings of wage and salary workers who usually work full time in occupations employ ing 50,000 or more, by sex, 1985 annual averages [Numbers in thousands] Employed Women Men Both sexes Occupation Weekly earnings Employed Weekly earnings Employed Weekly earnings - - 216 216 207 265 66.5 63.3 63.5 74.9 - 24.8 38.7 40.1 17.2 11.9 27.4 12.9 132 126 217 99 409 413 484 495 102 99 ■211 97 448 448 484 493 30 27 6 2 Operators, fabricators, and laborers................................................... Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors ............................ Machine operators and tenders, except precision........................ Metalworking and plastic working machine operators ............. Lathe and turning machine operators .................................. Punching and stamping press machine operators............... Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators 14,067 7,181 4,741 447 67 117 132 295 287 272 336 339 320 318 10,585 4,403 2,839 370 60 85 115 325 341 326 354 349 340 331 3,482 2,778 1,902 77 8 32 17 Metal and plastic processing machine operators..................... Molding and casting machine operators .............................. Woodworking machine operators............................................. Sawing machine operators................................................... Printing machine operators ...................................................... Printing machine operators................................................... Typesetters and compositors ............................................... 157 98 116 77 380 258 57 304 278 244 237 329 339 284 117 63 104 72 288 223 17 345 342 247 239 368 362 - 39 35 12 5 92 35 39 Textile, apparel, and furnishings machine operators............... Winding and twisting machine operators.............................. Textile sewing machine operators......................................... Pressing machine operators................................................. Laundering and drycleaning machine operators ................. Machine operators, assorted m aterials.................................... Packaging and filling machine operators.............................. Mixing and blending machine operators .............................. Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine operators......... 1,148 72 686 117 110 2,473 350 121 51 192 221 178 198 195 302 248 328 441 240 16 73 41 39 1,709 139 113 45 243 908 56 613 76 71 764 211 7 6 Painting and paint spraying machine operators................... Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, excluding fo o d ............... Slicing and cutting machine operators.................................. Photographic process machine operators............................ Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations......... Welders and cutters.............................................................. Assemblers ........................................................................... Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers ......... Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners................. Production testers ................................................................ Graders and sorters, except agricultural .............................. 179 102 194 78 1,653 533 979 787 629 62 86 298 406 274 261 316 371 298 311 321 354 213 151 98 152 34 1,165 506 583 398 313 39 37 310 406 304 361 377 355 388 406 - 28 4 43 43 488 27 397 389 315 23 49 Transportation and material moving occupations............................ Motor vehicle operators................................................................ Truckdrivers, h e a v y .................................................................. Truckdrivers, light ..................................................................... Driver-sales workers ................................................................ Busdrivers................................................................................. Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs ............................................... 3,648 2,511 1,526 425 179 210 94 360 343 363 275 399 344 262 3,459 2,357 1,501 395 170 136 87 369 353 366 280 407 403 266 189 154 25 30 9 74 7 Transportation occupations, except motor vehicles.......................... Rail transportation occupations...................................................... Locomotive operating occupations ........................................... Water transportation occupations................................................. Material moving equipment operators ............................................. Operating engineers ..................................................................... Crane and tower operators............................................................ Excavating and loading machine operators.................................. Grader, dozer, and scraper operators........................................... Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators.......................... 204 145 57 59 932 142 89 96 82 369 559 599 582 463 360 395 438 385 357 318 201 143 56 58 900 138 89 94 80 360 563 602 587 466 364 393 438 388 362 319 3 2 1 1 32 4 0 1 2 9 Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers.......................... Helpers, construction and extractive occupations............................ Helpers, construction trades.......................................................... Construction laborers ....................................................................... Production helpers ........................................................................... Freight, stock, and material handlers............................................... Garbage collectors......................................................................... Stock handlers and baggers.......................................................... Machine feeders and offbearers................................................... Garage and service station related occupations.............................. Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners........................................ Hand packers and packagers .......................................................... Laborers, except construction ........................................................ 3,238 140 121 583 73 968 53 347 85 177 160 236 867 251 216 216 276 281 254 247 217 258 198 205 222 273 2,724 137 118 567 57 818 53 263 58 170 144 86 715 261 217 217 279 285 264 250 229 269 200 203 247 291 514 3 3 16 16 150 1 84 27 7 16 150 152 209 Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations......................................... Farm operators and managers........................................................ Farm managers............................................................................... Other agricultural and related occupations......................................... Farm occupations, except managerial ........................................... Farmworkers ............................................................................. Related agricultural occupations .................................................... Supervisors, related agricultural occupations ............................ Groundskeepers and gardeners, except fa rm ............................ Forestry and logging occupations................................................... 1,288 65 55 1,145 663 606 482 80 354 55 212 291 303 207 195 193 228 300 218 269 1,150 58 50 1,016 587 542 430 79 333 52 216 309 317 210 198 195 232 302 220 276 138 7 5 129 76 64 53 1 21 2 Note: Dashes indicate median, percent, or ratio not shown where base is less than 50,000. 32 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 217 - 334 283 331 - Percent female workers 22.7 21.4 2.8 2.0 Precision inspectors, testers, and related w o rkers............................ Inspectors, testers, and graders ................................................... Plant and system operators ............................................................ Stationary engineers..................................................................... - Ratio female/male earnings times 100 - - - - - - - - - - - 247 - 67.1 - - - 182 217 175 173 178 234 230 74.9 - 239 - 243 250 255 252 246 - 262 - - 70.1 81.3 - 79.1 77.8 89.4 65.0 64.5 30.9 60.3 5.8 11.8 66.2 68.5 64.4 62.8 - 15.6 3.9 22.2 55.1 29.5 5.1 40.6 49.4 50.1 37.1 57.0 68.3 69.7 65.0 - 5.2 6.1 1.6 7.1 5.0 35.2 7.4 - 80.6 - - - - 80.1 - - - - 205 77.7 - 181 - 79.0 - - - 215 207 87.0 71.1 185 85.6 - - 186 176 178 204 24.8 35.7 10.3 6.5 24.2 13.6 68.4 88.6 88.9 91.3 87.9 - - “ ” 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.7 3.4 2.8 .0 1.0 2.4 2.4 15.9 2.1 2.5 2.7 21.9 15.5 1.9 24.2 31.8 4.0 10.0 63.6 17.5 10.7 10.8 9.1 11.3 11.5 10.6 11.0 1.3 5.9 3.6 Estimating the number of undocumented aliens Je f f r e y S. P assel Prior to January 1986, toe Census Bureau’s postcensal pop ulation estimates included no allowance for undocumented immigration.1 Even though there was widespread recogni tion of the phenomenon, the only estimates of the magnitude of undocumented immigration, particularly of the annual flow, were based on little more than speculation. Research conducted at the Census Bureau over the last several years2 has shown that undocumented aliens appearing in censuses and surveys can provide a basis for measuring at least a portion of undocumented migration to the United States. Estimates of the number of undocumented aliens included in the 1980 census were derived by comparing two different sets of estimates:3 (1) estimates of the total number of aliens included in the 1980 census: and (2) estimates of the number of aliens residing legally in the United States at the census date, derived primarily from the Immigration and Natural ization Service ( i n s ) data. The difference between the two estimates is assumed to be the result of undocumented aliens being included in the 1980 census. Both sets of data used to derive the estimates— 1980 census data on the foreign-bom population and 1980 alien registration data from ins ;— required a number of corrections and modifications to account for known deficiencies. The census data were corrected for nonreporting of country of birth, misreporting of citizenship status, and misreporting of nativity. The in s data were corrected for underregistration and nonreporting of country of birth. A comparison of the independently derived estimates of the legally resident population on April 1, 1980, with the 1980 census count of aliens shows that 2,057,000 undocu mented aliens were included in the 1980 census. Of these, 1,131,000, or 55 percent, were bom in Mexico. No single country other than Mexico accounts for as much as 5 percent of the total. An estimated 1,517,000, or 75 percent, of the undocumented immigrants counted in the census entered the United States during the 1970’s, with 946,000 (or 46 per cent) entering during the 5 years prior to the 1980 census. A supplement to the April 1983 Current Population Sur vey ( c p s ) provided data on country of birth, year of immi gration, and citizenship that were used to estimate growth of Jeffrey S. Passel is chief o f the Population Analysis Staff, Population Division, Bureau o f the Census. This report is drawn from “Changes in the Estimation Procedure in the Current Population Survey Beginning January 1986,” Employment and Earnings, February 1986. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis the undocumented alien population since the 1980 census.4 An estimate of the foreign-bom population residing legally in the country in 1983 was first developed by carrying for ward the estimate for 1980 by adding legal immigration and by subtracting mortality and emigration during the interven ing period. The difference between the estimated legally resident foreign-bom population and the total foreign-bom population in the April 1983 c p s gives the number of undoc umented aliens in 1983. Because the c p s sample is smaller than the census and because of other inherent limitations, the 1983 estimate of undocumented aliens is less precise than the estimate for 1980. In spite of such limitations, the research shows that the undocumented alien population grew by between 100,000 and 300,000 per year between 1980 and 1983. On the basis of these studies, the Census Bureau’s post censal estimates have been revised to allow for net annual undocumented immigration of 200,000 for every year since 1980. Approximately 70 percent of the undocumented im migrants are Hispanic. The items needed to develop further estimates of undocumented aliens were included in a supple ment to the June 1986 c p s . On the basis of these data, the Census Bureau plans to update the estimates of growth in the undocumented alien population and, if necessary, revise the estimates of net annual undocumented immigration. Until the research based on the June 1986 c p s supplement is completed, the figure of 200,000 will continue to be used for net annual undocumented immigration. □ ---------- FOOTNOTES--------1 Various terms have been used to refer to this group o f noncitizens present in the United States who entered illegally or who violated their conditions o f entry. In addition to undocumented immigrants, some exam ples include illegal aliens, undocumented workers, nonlegal residents, and illegal entrants. 2 Robert Warren and Jeffrey S. Passel, “A Count o f the Uncountable: Estimates o f Undocumented Aliens Counted in the 1980 United States Census, forthcoming in Demography"-, Jeffrey S. Passel and Karen A. Woodrow, “Geographic Distribution o f Undocumented Immigrants: Esti mates o f Undocumented Aliens Counted in the 1980 Census by State,” International Migration Review 18, Fall 1984, pp. 642-71; Passel and Woodrow, “Growth o f the Undocumented Alien Population in the United States, 1979-1983, as Measured by the Current Population Survey and the Decennial Census,” paper presented at the 1985 annual meeting o f the Population Association o f America, Boston, m a , March 1985. 3 Details o f the estimation procedure can be found in “A Count o f the Uncountable.” It must be stressed that the research regarding undocu mented aliens included in the 1980 census did not compromise the confi dentiality o f U .S . census data that is required by law. No attempt was made to determine the legal status o f individual aliens. The estimates were developed by comparing statistical aggregates, not by determining the legal status o f individuals. 4 The estimation procedures and underlying assumptions are described in “Growth o f the Undocumented Alien Population.” 33 Major Agreements Expiring Next Month This list o f selected collective bargaining agreem ents expiring in October is based on inform ation collected by the Bureau’s O ffice o f W ages and Industrial Relations. The list includes agreem ents covering 1,000 workers or m ore. Private industry is arranged in order o f Standard Industrial Classification. Industry or activity Employer and location Labor organization1 Southeastern States Boilermaker Employers (Interstate)...................... Independent Contractors (Southern and Western Florida) ................... Keebler Co. (Interstate) ..................................................................... Boilermakers .................................. Operating Engineers ...................... Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco Workers Bakery, Confectionery and Tobacco Workers Paperworkers.................................. Flint Glass Workers ...................... Flint Glass Workers ...................... Flint Glass Workers ...................... Steelworkers .................................. Steelworkers .................................. Steelworkers .................................. Steelworkers .................................. Steelworkers .................................. Auto Workers ................................ Machinists ..................................... Marine and Machinists Association (Ind.) Machinists ..................................... Machinists ..................................... Marine and Shipbuilding Workers .. Number of workers Private Construction.................................. Food products .............................. Hershey Foods Corp. (Pennsylvania)................................................... Paper ........................................... Stone, clay, and glass products . . . Primary metals.............................. Fabricated metal products............. Machinery .................................... Electrical products........................ Transportation equipment............. Transit ......................................... Air transportation ........................ Retail trade .................................. Restaurants.................................... James River Corp., Dixie Northern Division (Naheola, AL) ............... Owens-Illinois, Inc. (Vineland, NJ) ..................................................... Anchor Hocking Corp. (Lancaster, OH)............................................... Owens-Illinois, Inc. (Toledo, OH) ...................................................... Allegheny Ludlum Industries, Inc. (Interstate) .................................... Lukens Steel Co. (Coatesville, PA) ..................................................... Lone Star Steel Co. (Texas)................................................................ Laclede Steel Co. (Alton, EL).............................................................. Cyclops Corp., Empire-Detroit Steel Division (Mansfield, OH) ......... Kohler Co. (Wisconsin) ..................................................................... Koppers Co., Inc., Metal Products Division (Baltimore, MD)............. Outboard Marine Corp., Johnson Outboard Division (Waukegan, EL) Bendix Corp. (Sidney, NY).................................................................. Boeing Co. (Interstate) ....................................................................... General Dynamics Corp., Quincy Shipbuilding Division (Quincy, ma) Boeing Co., Boeing Vertol Division (Philadelphia, pa) ....................... Lockheed-Georgia Co. (Interstate)...................................................... Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Lockheed-Califomia Co. (California)......... Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Missile & Space Division (California) ........ McDonnell Douglas Corp. (California) ............................................... McDonnell Douglas Corp. (California) ............................................... McDonnell Douglas Corp. (Arkansas and Oklahoma) ........................ Greyhound Lines, Inc. (Interstate)...................................................... United Airlines, ground service (Interstate)......................................... The Great Atlantic and Pacific Tea Co. (New York) .......................... Jewel Food Stores (Illinois and Indiana) ............................................. Kroger Co. (Cincinnati, OH)................................................................ Giant Eagle Food Stores (Pittsburgh, PA) ........................................... Kohl’s Food Stores (Wisconsin).......................................................... East Bay Restaurant Association (San Francisco, ca) ........................ On-Sale Liquor Store Dealers (Minneapolis, MN) 7,000 1,200 3,550 2,800 1,300 1,600 4,000 1,200 5,400 1,400 2,300 2,000 1,100 3,000 1,350 1,700 2,100 26,000 2,300 Auto Workers ................................ Machinists ..................................... Machinists....................................... Machinists ..................................... Machinists ..................................... Auto Workers ................................ Auto Workers ................................ Transit Union.................................. Machinists ..................................... Food and Commercial Workers ___ Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Food and Commercial Workers ___ Food and Commercial Workers ___ Food and Commercial Workers . . . . Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees 2,400 10,000 10,000 5,000 3,500 4,800 1,800 12,700 15,500 8,800 18,000 3,300 3,500 3,000 2,000 1,500 Hospitals ..................................... Kaiser Permanente (Northern California)............................................. Service Employees ........................ 6,400 Public Education..................................... California: Los Angeles Community College faculty .......................... State, County and Municipal Employees Teachers......................................... 1,800 Tennessee: Memphis Board of Education, custodial and cafeteria employees 1A f f ilia t e d 34 w ith AFL-CIO e x c e p t w h e r e n o te d a s in d e p e n d e n t ( I n d .) . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4,800 Developments in Industrial Relations at&t , ibew lead communications contracts The first round of bargaining in the telephone communicatons industry since the court-ordered breakup of the Bell System led off with a settlement between American tele phone & Telegraph Co. and the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers ( i b e w ) . Prior to 1984, a t &t settle ments with the i b e w and the Communications Workers ( c w a ) set a pattern for settlements between the two unions and 22 operating companies. The companies retained their identities but now are formed into seven regional firms. Despite the auspicious leadoff settlement in the 1986 ne gotiations, 155,000 CWA-represented workers struck six a t &t units. The major issues leading to the stoppage re portedly were company demands for elimination of the auto matic cost-of-living pay adjustment clause, elimination of incentive pay for manufacturing workers, and replacement of some high paid technicians jobs with lower paid techni cian assistants jobs. a t &t and the c w a settled on national issues in mid-June, but the workers remained out pending completion of negoti ations on other issues at two units. Later in the month, a t &t Information Systems and the c w a settled for 35,000 work ers, following a settlement for a unit of 12,000 workers performing government work. The 3-year i b e w contract, which was later automatically modified to contain additional terms won by the c w a , pro vided for four new programs to increase worker job security, reflecting their concern over the job losses resulting from the more competitive atmosphere in the communications indus try following the breakup of the Bell system. Under the first of the new programs, the company will publish annual Opportunities Outlook Reports and Place ment Reports. These will inform employees about emerging jobs and qualifying knowledge and skills. The knowledge and skills will be offered under a training and retraining program financed by a t &t and administered by an a t &t ib e w National Partnership Committee. Relevant training gained by employees under this program will be considered by the company in selecting workers for future job open ings. “Developments in Industrial Relations” is prepared by George Ruben o f the Division o f Developments in Labor-Management Relations, Bureau of Labor Statistics, and is largely based on information from secondary sources. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The third facet of increased job security is a Transfer Consideration Plan to enable workers to make their career interests and choices known to the company and to ensure that the interests and choices are considered in selecting workers for jobs. A feature of this plan is a provision permit ting workers to transfer among the a t &t divisions. The fourth approach is the establishment of an Employ ment Opportunities Review System under which current and laid-off employees will be informed of, and can apply for, jobs which would have been filled by new hires. In the wage area, rates at the top of the progression schedule (which covers about 90 percent of the employees) for each grade were increased by 2 percent, intermediate steps were increased by smaller amounts, and starting rates were not changed. The increase was effective June 1, 1986, and will be followed by a May 31, 1987, and May 29, 1988, increase in rates ranging from 3 percent at the top progres sion step down to nothing in the starting step. All employees on the payroll at the time of an increase— including those in starting steps— were assured a raise of at least $1 a week. The provision for automatic annual cost-of-living pay adjustments was retained in the contract but will be inoper ative. Apparently, the union pressed for retention of the language to increase its chances of regaining an operating provision in the future. Under the 1983 agreements, workers represented by the ib e w (and those represented by the c w a ) received adjustments in August of 1984 and 1985 totaling about $3.70 a week plus 4.5 percent of individual wage rates. The number of pay grades was reduced to three, from 10, at manufacturing plants in Omaha, n e , Shreveport, l a , Lit tle Rock, a r , Columbus, o h , Montgomery, i l , and Denver, co, resulting in additional pay increases for some em ployees. Also, wage incentives were discontinued at these plants. In exchange, employees received lump-sum pay ments (up to $7,000, varying by plant location or job grade) or increases in base pay rates. In a move to reduce costs, the parties established a “Technician Assistant” job to perform certain “menial job functions” previously performed by highly paid “Systems Technicians.” The Technician Assistants will start at $200 a week and progress to $360 a week over a 30-month period. At the time of settlement, the maximum was $633 for Sys tems Technicians. In a related action, the parties also estab lished a “Senior Technician” job, paying 5 percent more 35 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Developments in Industrial Relations than the Systems Technician job. Because a surplus of Sys tems Technicians was expected to develop, a t &t agreed to temporarily offer workers in the job category increases in pensions as an inducement to retire. Other terms included— • A 4-percent increase in pensions effective October 1, 1986, for employees retiring after May 31, 1986, and a 4-percent increase on October 1, 1988, for those retiring on or after that date. • A 4.5-percent increase in pensions effective January 1, 1988, for all employees who retired prior to January 1, 1985. Those retiring between January 1, 1985, and Janu ary 1, 1988, will receive a prorated portion of the 4.5percent increase. • Addition of a new top wage bracket of $700 or more per week to the Savings and Security Plan, permitting allot ments of up to $40 a week. All participants may now designate part or all of their allotment as “pre-tax” allot ments under Section 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code. • Revision of the medical plan to cover extended health care facilities, home health care agencies, birthing centers, and chemical dependency. • A $250 increase, to $1,000, in the annual limit on covered dental charges. Following the settlements with a t &t , the unions’ bargain ing attention shifted to the seven regional operating compa nies and the major question was to what extent the compa nies would follow the terms of the a t &t accords. Contracts at the regional companies were generally scheduled to ex pire on August 9, 1986 (the same as the original expiration date at a t &t ) . Early in 1986, a t &t and the c w a and ebew had moved their contract expiration date to May 31, 1986. The first accord at an operating company came in late June, when Illinois Bell Telephone Co. and the ib e w settled for 12,800 installation and repair technicians, data procesors, and marketing and sales employees. Bargaining was continuing for 2,300 directory assistance operators repre sented by the c w a . The 3-year Illinois Bell-roEW accord provided for an ini tial wage increase and a $400 lump-sum payment for an average of 2.5 percent. In the second and third years, all employees will receive 2-percent pay increases. The costof-living pay adjustment formula was continued, but the annual adjustments will occur only if the c p i rises more than 2 percent during a 12-month period and is subject to a 5.5-percent limit on the rise. Other terms included— • A “success sharing plan” under which employees will receive annual lump-sum payments of at least 1 percent (of earnings) and as much as 2 percent, using a formula based on the company’s return on equity and measures of customer satisfaction. 36 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis • A 4-percent increase in pensions in 1987 and 1989. • Continuation of job training programs that have been suc cessful in helping make job transitions, according to the company. • An expanded health care program called “healthchoice” offering employees the choice of a preferred provider plan that eliminate deductibles. Illinois Bell is part of Ameritech, one of the two regional operating companies that decided to have its component companies bargain individually with the unions. The other regional company using this approach is U.S. w e s t . The five regional companies bargaining as a unit with the unions were n y n e x , Bell South, Bell Atlantic, Pacific Telesis, and Southwestern Bell. Auto Workers, Caterpillar agree on concessions The Auto Workers agreed to a 28-month contract with Caterpillar, Inc., that essentally froze wages and included changes in the job structure intended to hold down labor costs, despite an increase in profits at the company. (Cater pillar earned a $139 million profit during the second quarter of 1986, up from $50 million in the second quarter of 1985.) In return, Caterpillar agreed to establish a job security pro gram and an employee development and training program to help reduce the number of workers on layoff. The accord covered 16,600 active and 13,000 laid-off workers in six States. Much of Caterpillar’s problems in selling its con struction equipment and diesel engines result from increas ing penetration of U.S. market by foreign manufacturers. Under the new Protected Employee Group program, 90 percent of the employees in the bargaining unit will be protected against layoffs resulting from economic condi tions or marketplace changes, “sourcing” decisions, intro duction of new technology, productivity improvements, and consolidation of operations. Exclusions from the job guar antee include temporary layoffs of up to 6 weeks a year; work force cuts resulting from labor disputes or sale or cessation of operations; and layoffs resulting from events beyond the company’s control. Caterpillar will commit a total of $21 million to this program and to the job retraining program, which will also use any available financial support from Federal and State governments. The retraining program is aimed at providing new skills for workers. It will particularly aid senior employees who in the past might have been laid off because they lacked skills needed to move into other jobs. Reportedly, 1,000 to 1,200 of such laid-off employees will be retrained and rehired during the next 18 months. The provisions for automatic quarterly cost-of-living pay adjustments was continued at 1-cent-an-hour for each 0.26point movement in the b l s c p i -w (1967=100), subject to a total diversion of 23 cents an hour over the term. The di verted money will be used to help pay for the job training program and other contract provisions. Current employees will receive a $180 immediate lump sum payment, and those returning from layoff by July 10, 1987, will receive this payment when they resume work. For current employees, normal pension rates were in creased by $3.05 a month for each year of credited service; the “30-and-out” pension was increased to as much as $1,205 a month; and, if Caterpillar requests employees to retire early to reduce employment levels, the company has the option of adding a $300 a month inducement to regular early pensions. All current retirees will receive a $1 a month increase in their benefit rate plus $200 payments in Decem ber of 1986 and 1987. Other provisions included a 4-cent-an-hour increase in the company’s maximum financing of Supplemental Unem ployment Benefits, which will help to eliminate the reduc tion in benefits being suffered by laid-off employees be cause of the large number drawing from the fund; an additional paid holiday, the birthday of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.; and changes in the profit-sharing plan that will raise payouts by 75 percent, according to the union. Elsewhere in the industry, Deere & Co. and the Auto Workers agreed to extend their contract to October 17, 1986, from May 30, 1986, to await the outcome of the Caterpillar talks. (After the Caterpillar settlement, Deere and the u a w changed their expiration date to late August.) Deere, the Nation’s largest farm equipment manufacturer, reported a $33.4 million loss during the quarter ending April 30, and was in the process of reducing operations. The union’s contracts with J.I. Case Co. for its original farm equipment operations and for those it purchased from Inter national Harvester Co. (now Navistar International Corp.) in 1985 expire in February 1987. Navistar now manufactur ers only trucks. Its contract with the Auto Workers was scheduled to expire September 30, 1986. Strike against Weyerhaeuser ends A 6-week strike against Weyerhaeuser C o.’s forest product operations in Oregon and Washington ended when members of two unions approved new contracts that cut wages more than 20 percent. One of the unions, the Wood workers, settled first for 6,200 employees it represents at logging operations, followed by the Lumber Production and Industrial Workers unit of the Carpenters union, which agreed to similar terms for 1,000 workers it represents at lumber mills. It was not immediately clear if other forest products firms in the Pacific Northwest would settle with the unions on similar terms, reflecting the difficulties the em ployers (and employees) have been experiencing in recent years as a result of increasing competition from lower cost operators in the region, in the South, and in Canada. The 2-year Weyerhaeuser contract calls for an average pay cut of $2.90 an hour and benefit cuts of about $1. Prior to the settlements, mill workers averaged $18.19 an hour in wages and benefits and loggers averaged $22.36, according https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis to the company. The compensation cut was about the same as in an earlier company offer the workers had overwhelmingly rejected. A major difference that influenced the vote on the second accord was the dropping of a company proposal that promo tions and job retention be based on employee “competence,” rather than seniority. During the last 20 years, collective bargaining had been relatively stable in the industry, with the larger companies settling with the unions on uniform terms that were then extended to other companies. In 1983, the larger companies and the unions agreed on a wage and benefit package, but Louisiana-Pacific Corp. refused to follow the pattern and countered a union strike by hiring replacements and contin uing operations. Eventually, the unions lost the right to represent workers at the company’s western operations. In late 1985, Potlatch Corp. closed certain unprofitable opera tions in Idaho, reopening them only after 850 members of the Woodworkers union agreed to compensation cuts. The 1986 round of bargaining was drastically changed when the pattern-setting Western States Wood Products Em ployers Association (also known as the “Big Seven”) broke up and announced that the companies would bargain indi vidually, and in some cases, on a mill-by-mill basis. To counter this fragmented approach, the two unions attempted to coordinate their bargaining efforts and de mands by forming a Forest Products Joint Bargaining Board. One of the Board’s goals was to move toward elim inating the compensation differential between regions by winning larger increases for southern workers in negotia tions scheduled for 1987. Copper industry gains labor costs reductions The copper mining and processing industry, plagued by severe financial problems resulting from worldwide over production, gained some reductions in labor costs in midyear settlements. Kennecott, the domestic industry’s largest producer, indicated that lower costs would enable it to reopen its large Bingham Canyon, u t , mine and recall 2.000 employees who lost their jobs when operations shut down in 1985. The 14 unions attempted to tailor each of the copper accords to the condition of the company. The unions, led by the Steelworkers, comprised the Nonferrous Industry Coordinating Committee. About 8,000 active and 5,000 laid-off workers were covered by the settlements, compared with about 25,000 active employees in the late 1970’s. The first settlement, which occurred just before the con tract expiration date for all the major companies, involved 3.000 employees of Newmont Mining Corp. ’s Magma Cop per Co. and Pinto Valley Copper Co. facilities in Arizona. It provided for a pay cut of 20 percent, resulting in hourly rate ranges of $9 to $12.60 at Magma and $8.88 to $13 at Pinto Valley. The cut, which reportedly averaged $2.82 an hour, could be alleviated or eliminated under a new bonus 37 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Developments in Industrial Relations plan contingent on rises in copper prices. In 1987, the quar terly payments will be calculated at 10 cents per hour for each one-cent rise in the price of a pound of copper above 70 cents, an extra 15 cents for each one-cent rise above 80 cents, and an additional 25 cents for each one-cent rise above 90 cents, up to $1. In 1988, the formula will be 15 cents for each one-cent rise from 71 to 90 cents and 25 cents for each one-cent rise from 91 cents to $1. Employees may take the money in cash or in a 401(k) savings plan, or a combination of the two. At the time of settlement, the price of copper was 63 cents a pound. Other wage terms included termination of the provision for automatic cost-of-living pay adjustments, which had provided the only pay increase under the prior contract. Benefits also were standardized at the two companies, resulting in pension improvements at Magma and health insurance improvements at Pinto Valley. A new health in surance cost containment plan requires deductible and coinsurance payments by the workers. Newmont estimated that the employee sacrifices would cut labor costs to less than 50 percent of production costs, from 52 percent. The company lost $34.2 million in 1985. The second settlement in the bargaining round involved 1,650 asarco employees who agreed to a 3-year contract that called for an initial wage cut of $3.50 an hour. In the second year, there will be a 75-cent-an-hour wage increase, followed by a $1 increase in the final year. As at Newmont, the cost-of-living provision was terminated. Benefits were unchanged, except for adoption of annual health insurance deductibles of $100 for single employees and $300 for families. The asarco operations are located in Texas, Ari zona, Washington, and New Jersey. Kennecott Corp. took the firmest stand against the unions, contending that it required a larger cut than the other companies because its compensation levels were $4-$5 an hour higher. Kennecott said its wage and benefit costs aver aged $24 an hour, and asked for an $8 reduction. Under the 4-year contract, compensation was reduced by $5.40 an hour or about 22 percent. The wage portion of compensation, which averaged about $13.50, was cut an average of $3.22. Cost-of-living adjustments also were ter minated. The terms for the 1,500 active and 5,000 laid-off employees included a $1,000 lump-sum payment to active employees within 60 days. Employees will now be required to pay 20 percent of health insurance premium costs and $350 annual deductibles if they are single and $700 if married. Deductibles also were instituted for dental coverage, vision coverage was elimi nated, vacation pay was reduced, and a number of local contracts were consolidated to cut costs by eliminating or changing work rules. At the time of settlement, Kennecott reportedly had 1,500 contracts with 41 local unions. Another major producer, Phelps Dodge Corp., was not involved in the negotiations because the unions were decer tified as bargaining agents earlier in the year. The events 38 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis leading to the employee vote to terminate union representa tion began in 1983, when Phelps Dodge refused to accept the settlement pattern of the other companies, leading to a strike that eventually proved unsuccessful as the company moved toward full output by hiring replacement workers. Alcoa-Reynolds contracts In similar settlements, the Aluminum Co. of America and Reynolds Metals Co. gained some labor cost reductions from the United Steelworkers and the Aluminum, Brick and Glass Workers, but the reductions were less than that nego tiated last year by Kaiser Aluminum and Chemicals Corp. (See Monthly Labor Review, June 1985, p. 50.) The new Alcoa-Reynolds contracts provide for a 95-centan-hour reduction in labor compensation, which reportedly totaled about $24, including $13 in pay. Both unions agreed to eliminate extended vacations— 10 weeks of paid time off employees had received once every 7 years instead of the regular annual vacation for that year. (Employees will be paid for the amount of time off they had accrued at the time of termination.) The unions also agreed to eliminate vaca tion bonuses— amounts ranging from $30 to $112.50 per week (varying by the time of year when vacation is taken) added to regular vacation pay as an inducement to vacation at times other than the traditional summer months. (This provision had been suspended during the final 2 years of the 1983 contracts.) The balance of the 95-cent reduction was attained differ ently by the two unions. For employees represented by the Steelworkers, changes included reducing the existing costof-living pay allowance to 32.6 cents, from 63 cents. For employees represented by the Aluminum Workers, only 2.4 cents was cut from the 56-cent cost-of-living allowance, but they gave up a $700 annual allocation from the company that had been used to cover their health insurance deductible and co-insurance payments, with any unused portion of the $700 paid to them at yearend. There was no provision for specified wage increases, but both contracts provided for the continuation of quarterly cost-of-living adjustments, calculated at 1-cent-an-hour for each 0.3-index point rise in the bls cpi-w (1967=100) in excess of 3 percent a year. Previously, the calculation rate was 1 cent for each 0.26-point rise in excess of 2.3 percent a year for the Aluminum Workers and in excess of 1.5 percent a year for the Steelworkers. All four agreements provide for joint committees to con sider the possibility of establishing profit-sharing plans. The Aluminum Workers represent 8,000 workers at Alcoa and 6,000 at Reynolds, and the Steelworkers repre sent 7,000 at Alcoa and 3,600 at Reynolds. The unions, which coordinated their bargaining, began a walkout on June 1, but limited it to Alcoa because of the company’s “belligerent attitude” and because it is the “major company in the industry,” according to a Steelworkers official. Mem bers of both unions began returning to work after a tentative settlement on July 2. In Massena, n y , and Warrick, in , 3,500 Aluminum Workers stayed out longer over local issues. States not allowed ito quit Social Security system A recent decision of the Supreme Court held that States may not pull their employees out of the Social Security system. The case was initiated by the State of California, several State agencies, taxpayers, and a group called Public Agencies Opposed to Social Security Entrapment, which challenged a 1983 law prohibiting a State or any of its agencies from withdrawing from the system. The parties contended that the amendment to the Social Security Act violated a 1951 amendment that gave them the right to stay outside the system and. if they joined, to withdraw after 10 years’ participation, after giving 2 years’ notice. The amendment negated notices California had filed on behalf of about 70 political units for 34,000 employees. In the unanimous opinion, written by Justice Lewis F. Powell, Jr., the Court said the 1983 law “simply was part of a regulatory program over which Congress retained author ity to amend in the exercise of its power to provide for the general welfare.” In seeking a review of a Federal district judge’s finding that the amendment was unconstitutional, the Federal Gov ernment had argued that the benefit rights of 9 million State and local government employees would be threatened if such withdrawals were permitted, and that the entire system would be threatened if such withdrawals were permitted to continue. Government entities that have withdrawn or at tempted to withdraw have contended they could obtain bet ter benefits at lower costs by other means, such as Statebacked pension plans. The decision in the case, Bowen, Secretary o f Health and Human Services et al vs. Public Agencies Opposed to Social Security Entrapment et al, does not apply to political units not now in the system, unless they choose to join. Supreme Court hears sexual harassment case The Supreme Court unanimously ruled that sexual harass ment of an employee by a supervisor violates Title 7 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibits racial and sexual discrimination. In one opinion, written by Justice William H. Rehnquist and joined by four other justices, the Court held that sexual harassment that is “sufficiently severe or perva sive” to create “a hostile or abusive work environment” is a violation even if the sexual demands are not tied to employ ment benefits. However, Rehnquist said companies are not “always au tomatically liable for sexual harassment by their supervi sors.” According to his reasoning, an employer’s lack of knowledge of sexual harassment by a supervisor “does not https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis necessarily insulate that employer from liability,” but he did not issue a precise rule on employer liability. Rehnquist also said the appellate court had erred in prohibiting the de fendant from presenting testimony intended to show that the employee’s dress and conversation invited advances by the supervisor. Justice Thurgood Marshall, joined by three other justices, agreed that “workplace sexual harassment is illegal,” but disagreed on the issue of employer liability. Marshall con tended that employers should be held liable for sexual ha rassment by their employees “regardless of lack of knowl edge or any other mitigating factor.” This position, which backed the guidelines adopted by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (eeoc) in 1980, was opposed by the present eeoc and the Department of Justice. In a joint brief, they argued that penalties should be imposed only on employers who know or should know of sexually offensive conditions or who do not provide reasonable means for bringing complaints to the employers’ attention and seek remedies. The case, Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, arose when Mechelle Vinson accused her supervisor, Sidney L. Taylor, of pressuring her into a sexual relationship. Taylor denied the charge, and the Washington, DC, bank contended that it was not aware of any sexual harassment by Taylor. A fed eral district judge ruled in favor of the defendants, but this decision was reversed by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia, leading to the Supreme Court appeal. Military pension formula revised President Ronald Reagan signed the Military Retirement Reform Act of 1986, intended to induce members of the Armed Forces to prolong their careers by revising the pen sion formula. The new formula applies to people entering the Armed Forces after August 1, 1986, and attaining the existing minimum 20 years’ service required for normal retirement. Under the new formula, those retiring at or after age 62 with 20 years’ service will receive a pension equal to 40 percent of their average annual basic pay during their highest three consecutive years. Those with longer service will receive an additional 2.5 percent of the average annual basic pay figure for each year in excess of 20, up to a maximum pension of 75 percent after 30 years or more of service. Those retiring before age 62 will receive a benefit ranging from 40 percent for 20 years’ service to 75 percent for 30 years. When these retirees attain age 62, their pensions will automatically increase to the amount they would have received by retiring at age 62 with the same length of service. In another change, service members retiring before age 62 will receive automatic annual percentage adjustments in their pension equal to any rise in the BLS-Consumer Price 39 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Developments in Industrial Relations Index over a 12-month period, less 1 percentage point. On attaining age 62, their benefit rate will be restored to the amount they would have received if the 1-percentage point withholding had not occurred. Thereafter, any annual in creases under the provision will again be reduced by 1 percentage point. Those retiring at age 62 or later will continue to receive the full amount of any annual increases. Previously, all retirees received the full amount of any annual increases, regardless of age. Previously, age was not a factor in calculating pensions, which ranged from 50 percent after 20 years service to 75 percent after 30 years or more. New York City imposes residency requirements New York City joined the list of cities imposing residency requirements on municipal employees when the city council approved a bill requiring employees hired on or after Sep tember 1, 1986, to be residents or to move into the city within 90 days. Ultimately, the requirement will apply to 80,000 city employees. It does not apply to 180,000 em ployees in the city’s uniformed services or in independent agencies created by the State. In 1978, the city council had adopted a bill requiring all municipal employees to reside in the city. However, in 1980 the State’s Court of Appeals held that the city did not have jurisdiction over the independent agencies and that the city’s law was superseded by a State law requiring the uniformed employees to reside in the city’s five boroughs or in six nearby New York counties. While the city council was approving the new 1986 resi dency requirement, the State legislature approved a bill per mitting uniformed employees who have been living in New York State but outside of New York City and the six nearby counties to remain where they are. The bill also requires city employees living outside the State to move into the metropolitan area within 1 year. Those hired for the uni formed services in the future will have to reside in the city or the six nearby counties. A number of major cities have adopted employee resi dency requirements, including Boston, Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Buffalo. Generally, back ers contend such requirements are proper because the em ployees serve the public better if they reside where they work, the employees are more readily available for emer gency situations, and they aid the city’s economy by spend ing part of their pay locally. Critics generally contend that residency requirements un fairly limit where employees may live and are particularly onerous for low-income employees. Hospital contracts A 3-month strike against hospitals in Kentucky, West Virginia, and Virginia ended when members of the United 40 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Steelworkers union approved a 3-year contract with the Ap palachian Regional Hospitals, operator of the nine institu tions (employees remained on strike at another institution in Man, wv). Two of the hospitals settled in mid-June, and the others settled at the end of the month, breaking the tradition of negotiating master contracts covering all 10 hospitals. Wage terms were the same at all locations: an increase of 3.9 percent or an average of 28 cents an hour in the first year, 3.7 percent or 26 cents in the second year, and 3.5 percent or 25 cents in the final year. There were no changes in benefits, but there were numer ous changes in job bumping, seniority, and absenteeism provisions. According to an official of the hospital agency, some of the 1,850 licensed practical nurses and clerical, technical, and service employees might not be recalled be cause the hospitals operated efficiently during the stoppage and some patients had been lost to competing hospitals. In Philadelphia, 5,000 workers engaged in sit-down strikes lasting about 4 hours before settling with eight hospi tals and several clinics. The nurses, aides, orderlies, and other employees won wage increases of 5 percent in the first year, 4 percent in the second year, and 3 percent in the final year. Prior to the settlement, pay reportedly averaged $8.50 an hour. Benefit changes negotiated by the National Union of Hos pital and Health Care Employees include a reduction in the surcharge the hospitals had been applying to employees’ medical bills in order to cut a fund surplus; a 12.2-percent (of payroll) employer payment to the fund (formerly 12 percent), subject to a further increase in the third year if required to maintain current benefit levels; adoption of a program to contain cost increases for medical care; and adoption of a preferred provider organization among the hospitals guaranteeing that workers will be treated without cost in the hospital where they are employed. The union said that hospitals also generally agreed to a number of “social” demands, such as giving 6 months’ notice of cuts or elimination of service; formation of joint committees to find alternative uses for underutilized beds; giving union and community leaders a voice in adding or terminating hospital services; prohibiting volunteers from performing duties of employees in the bargaining unit; and establishing committees to control the use of part-time em ployees. Food and Commercial Workers settlements In New York State, a 3-year settlement between p&c Food Markets, Inc., and United Food and Commercial Workers Local 1 does not provide for a wage increase in the first year, but the 4,200 workers will receive lump-sum pay ments later. The payments— quarterly in the second year and semiannual in the third— will be calculated at 30 cents for each work, vacation, and holiday hour for full-time employees and at 15 cents for part-time employees. At the time of settlement, pay rates were $11.85 an hour for toprated meatcutters. Top rates for clerks were $10,325 an hour for those hired before May 23, 1983, and $8.80 for those hired later. Cost-reducing changes won by the 66 stores included elimination of the cost-of-living pay adjustment clause; re duced premium pay for some holiday, weekend, and over time work; and eligibility of part-timers for health insurance after 6 months’ service (formerly 3 months). In north central Pennsylvania, the United Food and Com mercial Workers and Riverside Supermarkets agreed on wage cuts in exchange: for a moratorium on closing any of the 22 stores during the 3-year contract term. The company had closed 20 stores and laid off 1,800 employees during the last 2 years, citing intense competition from nonunion gro cery stores with lower labor costs. The maximum pay cut of 89 cents an hour (to $11.03) applied to meat department managers. The cut was 77 cents (to $9.64) for top-rated meat cutters, and 69 cents (to $8.63) for top rated grocery clerks. Pay was not reduced for work ers in the lowest grades. All employees except courtesy clerks will receive 10-cent wage increases in May and November of 1988. Job and wage security provided for New u p i workers New u p i , Inc., the successor to financially troubled United Press International, negotiated a 1-year contract that provides job and wage protection for the 750 employees remaining in the bargaining unit. Since 1984, when the union agreed to a 25-percent pay cut to aid the news service, which is operating under protection of the bankruptcy court, hundreds of employees have lost their jobs. Under the accord, which expires April 20, 1987, wages are set at 105 percent of the levels in effect immediately prior to the cut; company debts to the union and the em ployees will be paid in full (compared with 40 percent to most other creditors); the company will not reduce the num ber of full-time permanent employees in the unit during the agreement term, and will consider the possibility of increas ing the work force; a profit-sharing plan will be established; and the company will invest $15 million in new equipment over the next 2lh years. □ ERRATA In the research summary “Displaced workers: one year later,” which appeared in the July issue, the last sentence beginning on p. 40 contains an incorrect figure. The sentence should read: Among the unemployed of January 1984, 50 percent or more of both white and Hispanic workers were employed in 1985, compared with 42 percent of black workers. In table 2, p. 41, two labor force classifications were transposed (the data a.e correct as shown). The top classification of the second category should read “From unemployed to— ” and the top classification of the third category “From not in labor force to— .” The correct table appears below. Table 2. Labor force transition rates for displaced workers by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, January 1984 to January 1985 [Percent] D is p la c e d w o rk e rs , 2 0 y e a rs an d o v e r1 O th e rs , 2 0 y ea rs L a b o r th re e c a te g o ry T o ta l M en W om en W h ite B la ck H is p a n ic o rig in 2 and o ver From employed to— Em ployed.................................................................................................. Unem ployed.............................................................................................. Not in labor force ..................................................................................... 87.9 7.8 4.3 88.8 1.8 85.9 4.6 9.5 87.8 7.7 4.5 89.1 8.4 3.5 80.8 11.5 8.5 89.4 3.0 7.6 From unemployed to— Em ployed.................................................................................................. Unem ployed.............................................................................................. Not in labor force ...................................................................................... 53.0 27.5 19.5 53.5 31.8 14.6 52.1 18.7 28.8 55.3 24.3 20.3 42.4 42.4 15.2 50.0 15.0 35.0 47.8 26.3 25.9 From not in labor force to— Em ployed.................................................................................................. Unem ployed.............................................................................................. Not in labor force ................................................... .................................. 19.8 5.5 74.6 17.1 8.9 73.7 21.8 19.5 4.2 76.3 15.3 72.1 32.0 4.0 64.0 2.5 86.7 1 Data refer to persons age 20 and over with tenure of 3 years or more who lost or left a job between January 1979 and January 1984 because of plant closings or moves, slack work, or the abolishment of their positions or sf ifts. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9.2 2.7 75.5 12.6 10.8 2 Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups, No t e : The transition rate represents the proportion of workers in the first labor force category ¡n January 1984 who were in the second labor force category in January 1985. 41 Book Reviews Building bridges Employing Bureaucracy: Managers, Unions, and the Transformation o f Work in American Industry, 19001945. By Sanford M. Jacoby. New York, Columbia University Press, 1985. 377 pp. $35. In the late 1970’s, many industrial relations scholars pro claimed that labor history and industrial relations had little in common, and that the former was of little use in formulat ing public policy. Cross-disciplinary interest in labor and economic history, however, has experienced a marked re vival in popularity, most recently exemplified by the joint sessions held at the respective annual meetings of the Indus trial Relations Research Association and the American His torical Association. Sanford M. Jacoby, Professor of Indus trial Relations at the ucla Graduate School of Management, has contributed to the revival with this excellent historical analysis of the evolution of the American labor market through the interactions of employers, workers, and the Federal Government. Jacoby states that a primary purpose of this book is “to rebuild the bridge between labor econom ics and economic history.” Jacoby takes the reader on a chronological journey that begins before the turn of the century through the World War II period, analyzing the macroeconomic, social, and politi cal forces that influenced and directed our internal labor market. The first chapters revolve around efforts to stabilize industry in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, acknowl edged as the formative period of modem industrial capital ism, through social and economic planning. Industrial engi neers, social welfare workers, political reformers, liberal trade unionists, and progressive employers led this search for order by focusing on the problems of American work ers—job alienation, unemployment and job security, labor turnover and unrest— and in implementing corrective work place in n o v a t i o n s — employee stock ownership plans, work sharing plans, pension plans, and fringe benefits. This col lectively fit under the umbrella of personnel management, a fairly new and unwelcomed concept to the generic employer of the early 1900’s. In fact, it took the crises of war and depression, thoroughly covered in the second segment of the book, to dislodge most employers from a market oriented 42 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis and incongruous employment system to a professional per sonnel management structure as an intrinsic part of corpo rate employment policy. Between world conflict and economic malaise, the aver age employer unsuccessfully fought for a regression to the status quo of pre-World War I. At the center of this struggle was the factory foreman, and Jacoby highlights his meta morphosis from shop floor autocrat to marginal manager in the production process. He also illustrates that foremen al lied with production and marketing managers in opposition to the new managerial order and for retention of the produc tion oriented but dehumanizing “drive system” of labor rela tions. As Jacoby also notes, the wounds of propersonnel management advocates were often self-inflicted; philosoph ical divisions within ranks were deleterious to the cause. The central theme of Employing Bureaucracy is that the transformation of the workplace was not the result of a free labor market but a reaction to it. Sophisticated personnel practices (that is, structured work rules, job classifications, and other bureaucratic facets of corporate employment pol icy) developed from employer responses to trade union pres sures and equitable government legislation. For example, Jacoby illustrates that personnel departments flourished fol lowing enactment of the National Industrial Recovery Act (nra ), and subsequent Wagner Act, in direct correlation to the institutionalization of collective bargaining through the labor adjustment machinery created by the legislation; this followed patterns set in the World War I period, when similar adjustment mechanisms tried to prevent production defeating disputes in a tight labor market. In tracing the evolution of this phase of the work process, the author provides a well constructed and meticulously researched narrative on the related segments of trade union ism, welfare capitalism, Taylorism, and vocational educa tion. If you want to read about ethno-cultural divisions in the workplace, rank and file militancy, or class collaboration, you will have to look elsewhere. Jacoby eschews Marxist and other radical theories for traditional industrial relations history. Undoubtedly, some reviewers will criticize this and cite the lack of new information or theory as shortcomings of the book. But, while some information has been studied and published previously, the holistic value of the work is significant. With the exception of works like Daniel Nel son’s Workers and Managers: Origins o f the New Factory System in the United States, labor history has lacked this type of study in recent years. It would have been interesting if Jacoby had touched on and at least compared the theories of more radical labor scholars to his own, for example, in regard to some of the Keynesian-corporatist paradigms postulated in explaining the failure of true working class solidarity in the United States. If there is criticism of the book, this would have to be included as a minor point. Employing Bureaucracy, therefore, should be read in conjunction with such neoMarxist interpretations as Segmented Work, Divided Work ers, by Daniel Gordon, Richard Edwards, and Michael Re ich. A good non-Marxist complement to the book, analyzing some of the same material, is The Second Indus trial Divide by Michael Piore and Charles Sabel. As the author notes, history is an imperfect guide for public policy, but any study of labor market transitions without institutional memory is seriously flawed. In an al leged era of industrial transition marked by concessionary negotiations, employer demands for more flexible work pat terns, and worker participation in managerial decisionmak ing, industrial relations policymakers should understand that these are all products of a historical progression. Labor’s house has many rooms, but in recent years access between them has been blocked. Perhaps this book will help to open some doors, even if few scholars choose to enter. —H en r y P . G u z d a Bureau of Labor Management Relations and Cooperative Programs U.S. Department of Labor Publications received Stoker, Thomas M., “The Distributional Welfare Effects of Rising Prices in the United States: The 1970’s Experience,” The Amer ican Economic Review, June 1986, pp. 335-49. Economic growth and development Economic Council of Canada, Strengthening Growth: Options and Constraints. Ottawa, Ontario, Economic Council of Canada, 1985, 158 pp. $5.95, Canada; $7.15, other countries. Available from Canadian Government Publishing Center, Supply and Services Canada, Ottawa. Halal, William E., The New Capitalism. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1986, 486 pp. $24.95. Modigliani, Franco, “Life Cycle, Individual Thrift, and the Wealth of Nations,” The American Economic Review, June 1986, pp. 297-313. Redbum, F. Stevens, Terry F. Buss, Larry C. Ledebur, Revitaliz ing the U.S. Economy. New York, Praeger Publishers, 1986, 232 pp. $35.95. Tarantelli, Ezio, “The Regulation of Inflation and Unemploy ment,” Industrial Relations, Winter 1986, pp. 1-15. Health and safety Cereseto, Shirley and Howard Waitzkin, “Economic Develop ment, Political-Economic System, and the Physical Quality of Life,” American Journal of Public Health, June 1986, pp. 661— 66 . Pauly, Mark V., “Taxation, Health Insurance, and Market Failure in the Medical Economy,” Journal of Economic Literature, June 1986, pp. 629-75. Robertson, Marjorie J. and Michael R. Cousineau, “Health Status and Access to Health Services among the Urban Homeless,” American Journal of Public Health, May 1986, pp. 561-63. Shaw, Gary M. and others, “Characteristics of Hazardous Material Spills from Reporting Systems in California,” American Journal of Public Health, May 1986, pp. 540-43. Economic and social statistics Sorensen, Glorian, Terry Pechacek, Unto Pallonen, “Occupational and Worksite Norms and Attitudes about Smoking Cessation,” American Journal of Public Health, May 1986, pp. 544-49. Aaron, Henry J., “When Is a Burden Not a Burden? The Elderly in America,” The Brookings Review, Summer 1986, pp. 17-24. Industrial relations Card, David, Efficient Contracts with Costly Adjustment: ShortRun Employment Determination for Airline Mechanics. Cam bridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 58 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1931.) $2, paper. Dickens, William T., Crime and Punishment Again: The Eco nomic Approach with a Psychological Twist. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 18 pp. (NBER Working Paper Series, 1884.) $2, paper. Fisher, Franklin M., “Statisticians, Econometricians, and Adver sary Proceedings,” Journal of the American Statistical Associa tion, June 1986, pp. 277-86. Meier, Paul, “Damned Liars and Expert Witnesses,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 1986, pp. 269-77. Smith, Stanley K., “A Review and Evaluation of the Housing Unit Method of Population Estimation,” Journal of the American Statistical Association, June 1986, pp. 287-96. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis A Symposium: Industrial Restructuring and Labor Relations: “Introduction,” edited by Clair Brown and Bennett Harrison; “Structure vs. Cycle in U.S. Manufacturing Job Growth,” by Barry Bluestone, Bennett Harrison, and Alan ClaytonMatthews; “The Transformation of U.S. Manufacturing,” by Robert W. Crandall; “In Search of Union Wage Concessions in Standard Data Sets,” by Richard B. Freeman; “Perspectives on Labor Market Flexibility,” by Michael J. Piore; “The Work Process Under More Flexible Production,” by Harley Shaiken, Stephen Herzenberg, and Sarah Kuhn; “Job Content, Fragmen tation, and Control in Computer Software Work,” by Philip Kraft and Steven Dubnoff; “High-Tech Industries and the Re gional Division of Labor,” by Amy K. Glasmeier; “The Man agerial Class and Industrial Policy,” by William Darity, Jr., Industrial Relations, Spring 1986, pp. 95-227. Beaumont, P. B., “Public Sector Employment, Wages and Strikes in the UK: The Thatcher Years (1979-1984),” Journal ofCol- 43 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Book Reviews lective Negotiations in the Public Sector, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1986, pp. 173-89. Bloom, David E. and Christopher L. Cavanagh, “An Analysis of the Selection of Arbitrators,” The American Economic Review, June 1986, pp. 408-22. Fox, M. J., Jr., and Sheldon A. Wolstein, “The Current State of the NLRB’s Decision for Deferral to Arbitration,” Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1986, pp. 99-105. Japan Institute of Labour, Labor Unions and Labor-Management Relations. Tokyo, The Japan Institute of Labour, 1986. 48 pp. (Japan Industrial Relations Series, 2.) Lieberman, Myron, “The Conversion of Interest to Principles: The Case of Comparable Worth,” Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector, Vol, 15, No. 2, 1986, pp. 145-52. Staudohar, Paul D., “Reappraisal of the Right to Strike in Califor nia,” Journal of Collective Negotiations in the Public Sector, Vol. 15, No. 2, 1986, pp. 89-97. Labor force Adler, Ronald and Robert A. Hitlin, A Report on a Survey of State Work Sharing Programs. Potomac, MD, Laurdan Associates, Inc., 1986, 20 pp. Freeman, Richard B. and Martin L. Weitzman, Bonuses and Employment in Japan. Cambridge, ma, National Bureau of Eco nomic Research, Inc., 1986, 37 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1878.) $2, paper. Rees, Albert, “An Essay on Youth Joblessness,” Journal of Eco nomic Literature, June 1986, pp. 613-28. Wages and compensation Goldin, Claudia, The Earnings Gap Between Male and Female Workers: An Historical Perspective. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986,41 pp. (nber Work ing Paper Series, 1888.) $2, paper. Gyourko, Joseph and Joseph Tracy, An Analysis of Public and Private Sector Wages Allowing for Endogenous Choices of Both Government and Union Status. Cambridge, MA, National Bu The Bureau of National Affairs, Where There’s Smoke: Problems and Policies Concerning Smoking in the Workplace. Washing ton, The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1986, 138 pp. $35, paper. Tracy, Joseph S., “An Investigation into the Determinants of U.S. Strike Activity,” The American Economic Review, June 1986, pp. 423-36. reau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 46 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1920.) $2, paper. Hodson, Randy and Paula England, “Industrial Structure and Sex Differences in Earnings,” Industrial Relations, Winter 1986, pp. 16-32. U.S. Department of Labor, Wintergreen Symposium Report. Washington, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of LaborManagement Relations and Cooperative Programs, 1986. (blmr Report, 101.) Katz, Lawrence F ., Efficiency Wage Theories: A Partial Evalua tion. Cambridge, ma , National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 60 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1906.) $2, paper. International economics Blanpain, R ., ed., Comparative labour Law and Industrial Rela tions. (2d rev. ed.) Hingham, ma, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers, 1985, 527 pp. Kingston, Paul William and Jonathan R. Cole, The Wages of Writing: Per Word, Per Piece, or Perhaps. New York, Colum bia University Press, 1986, 209 pp. $29.50. Mincer, Jacob, Wage Changes in Job Changes. Cambridge, MA, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1986, 39 pp. (nber Working Paper Series, 1907.) $2, paper. □ Fried, Edward R., “World Oil Markets: New Benefits, Old Con cerns,” The Brookings Review, Summer 1986, pp. 32-38. Gros, Daniel, “Wage Indexation and the Real Exchange Rate in Small Open Economies: A Study of the Effects of Fluctuations in Export Earnings,” International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, March 1986, pp. 117-38. Hall, Stephen, Brian Henry, Rhys Herbert, “Oil Prices and the Economy,” National Institute Economic Review, May 1986, pp. 38-44. Khan, Mohsin S., “Islamic Interest-Free Banking,” International Monetary Fund Staff Paper, March 1986, pp. 1-27. ERRATA In “ Labor and management continue to combat mutual problems,” by George Ruben, M onthly Labor Review, January 1986, the discussion of the contract between the Clothing and Textile Workers Union and the shirt, cotton garments, and pants industry contains incorrect dates (page 9, second column, fourth paragraph). The second sentence should read: Maurice, Marc, Francois Sellier, Jean-Jacques Silvestre, The So cial Foundations of Industrial Power: A Comparison of France and Germany, trans. Arthur Goldhammer. Cambridge, ma, The Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986, 292 pp. $35, The MIT Press, Cambridge, ma . Molho, Lazaros E., “Interest Rates, Saving, and Investment in Developing Countries,” International Monetary Fund Staff Pa pers, March 1986, pp. 90-116. Montiel, Peter, “Long-Run Equilibrium in a Keynesian Model of a Small Open Economy,” International Monetary Fund Staff Papers, March 1986, pp. 28-59. Page, Shelia, “Prospects for Non-Oil Developing Countries,” Na tional Institute Economic Review, May 1986, pp. 31-37. 44 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The 3-year accord provided for a lump-sum payment of $500 by December of 1985,fol iowed by payments in December of 1986 and 1987 equal to 6.5 percent of individual em ployee’s earnings (exclusive of any lump-sum payment) during the preceding 12 months. The contract between the Clothing and Textile W orkers Union and the m en’s and boys’ tailored clothing industry was for 2 years, not 3 years as reported in the article. Current Labor Statistics S c h e d u le o f r e le a s e d a te s fo r m a jo r N o te s o n C u r r e n t L a b o r S ta tis tic s bls s t a t i s t i c a l s e r i e s ...................................................................................................... ............................................. ..................................................................................................................... 46 47 C o m p a r a tiv e in d ic a to r s 1. Labor market indicators................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes in compensation, prices, and productivity ............................................................................... 3. Alternative measures o f wage and compensation changes ................................................................................................................................... 56 57 57 L a b o r fo r c e d a ta 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Employment status; o f the total population, data seasonally adjusted................................................................................................................. Employment status, o f the civilian population, data seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................... Selected employment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ................................................................................................................................... Selected unemployment indicators, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................................... Unemployment rates by sex and age, data seasonally adjusted .......................................................................................................................... Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, data seasonally a d ju sted .................................................................................................. Duration o f unemployment, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................................................ Unemployment rates o f civilian workers, by State ................................................................................................................................................. Employment o f workers by State ................................................................................................................................................................................. Employment o f workers by industry, data seasonally adjusted............................................................................................................................. Average weekly hours by industry, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................................................................... Average hourly earnings by industry .......................................................................................................................................................................... Average weekly earnings by industry........................................................................................................ ................................................................. Hourly Earnings Index by industry.............................................................................................................................................................................. Indexes o f diffusion: proportion o f industries in which employment increased, seasonally adjusted ....................................................... Annual data: Employment status o f the noninstitutional population ........................................................................................................... Annual data: Employment levels by industry .......................................................................................................................................................... Annual data: Average hours and earnings levels by industry............................................................................................................................... 58 59 60 61 62 62 62 63 63 64 65 66 67 67 68 68 68 69 L a b o r c o m p e n s a tio n a n d c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g d a ta 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. Employment Cost Index, compensation, by occupation and industry group .................................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry g r o u p ........................................................................................... Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area s i z e ................................................................ Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, situations covering 1,000 workers or more ...................................... Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, bargainingsituations covering 1,000 workers or m o r e ...................................... Average effective wage adjustments, bargaining situations covering 1,000 workersor more ............ Specified compensation and wage adjustments, State and local government bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more .............................................................................................................................................................. Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more ................................................................................................................................................. 70 71 72 73 73 74 74 74 P r ic e d a ta 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. Consumer Price Index: U .S. City average, by expenditurecategory and commodity and service groups ............................................... Consumer Price Index: U .S. City average and localdata, all items ................................................................................................................... Annual data: Consumer Price Index, all items and major groups ...................................................................................................................... Producer Price Indexes by stage o f processing ........................................................................................................................................................ Producer Price Indexes, by durability o f product ................................................................................................................................................... Annual data: Producer Price Indexes by stage o f p ro cessin g ............................................................................................................................... U .S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification ........................................................................................................ U .S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade C lassification......................................................................................................... U .S. export price indexes by end-use category ........................................................................................................................................................ U .S. import price indexes by end-use ca teg o ry ....................................................................................................................... U .S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial C lassification........................................................................................................................... U .S. import price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification ........................................................................................................................ https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 78 79 80 81 81 82 83 84 84 84 85 45 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics Contents—Continued Productivity data 42. Indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, data seasonally adjusted ............................................................................. 43. Annual indexes o f multifactor productivity .............................................................................................................................................................. 44. Annual indexes o f productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and p r ic e s................................................................................................. 85 86 86 International comparisons 45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, data seasonally adjusted ........................................................................................................................ 46. Annual data: Employment status o f civilian working-age population, ten countries .................................................................................... 47. Annual indexes o f productivity and related measures, twelve countries ........................................................................................................... 87 88 89 Injury and illness data 48. Annual data: Occupational injury and illness incidence r a tes............................................................................................................................... Schedule of release dates for b ls 90 statistical series R e lea se P erio d R e lea se c o ve red d a te P erio d c o ve red R e lea se d a te d a te P erio d c o ve red Employment situation ............................ September 5 August October 3 September November 7 October 1; 4-21 Producer Price Index.............................. September 12 August October 10 September November 14 October 2; 33-35 November 25 October 2; 30-32 November 25 October 14-17 S e rie s MLR ta b le n u m b er Consumer Price Index............................ September 23 August October 23 September Real earnings........................................... September 23 August October 23 September October 27 1st 9 months October 28 3rd quarter 1-3; 22-24 October 29 3rd quarter 2; 42-44 3rd quarter 36-41 Major collective bargaining 3; 25-28 Productivity and costs: Nonfarm business and Occupational injuries and illnesses ___ 46 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis November 13 1985 48 NOTES ON CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS This section o f the Review presents the principal statistical series collected and calculated by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics: series on labor force, employment, unemployment, collective bargaining settlements, consumer, producer, and international prices, productivity, international comparisons, and injury and illness statistics. In the notes that follow, the data in each group o f tables are briefly described, key definitions are given, notes on the data are set forth, and sources of additional information are cited. Adjustm ents for price changes. Some data— such as the Hourly Earnings Index in table 17— are adjusted to eliminate the effect o f changes in price. These adjustments are made by dividing current dollar values by the Consumer Price Index or the appropriate component o f the index, then multiplying by 100. For example, given a current hourly wage rate o f $3 and a current price index number o f 150, where 1967 = 100, the hourly rate expressed in 1967 dollars is $2 ($3/150 x 100 = $2). The $2 (or any other resulting values) are described as “real,” “constant,” or “1967” dollars. General notes Additional information The following notes apply to several tables in this section: Seasonal adjustm ent. Certain monthly and quarterly data are adjusted to eliminate the effect on the data o f such factors as climatic conditions, industry production schedules, opening and closing o f schools, holiday buying periods, and vacation practices, which might prevent short-term evaluation o f the statistical series. Tables containing data that have been adjusted are identified as “seasonally adjusted.” (All other data are not seasonally adjusted.) Seasonal effects are estimated on the basis of past experience. When new seasonal factors are computed each year, revisions may affect seasonally adjusted data for several preceding years. (Season ally adjusted data appear in tables 1 -3 , 4 -1 0 , 13, 14, 17, and 18.) Begin ning in January 1980, the bls introduced two major modifications in the seasonal adjustment methodology for labor force data. First, the data are seasonally adjusted with a procedure called x - n a r im a , which was devel oped at Statistics Canada as an extension o f the standard x - n method previously used by b l s . A detailed description o f the procedure appears in The x -ii a r im a Seasonal Adjustment Method by Estela Bee Dagum (Statis tics Canada, Catalogue No. 12-564E , February 1980). The second change is that seasonal factors are calculated for use during the first 6 months of the year, rather than for the entire year, and then are calculated at midyear for the July-December period. However, revisions o f historical data con tinue to be made only at the end o f each calendar year. Seasonally adjusted labor force data in tables 1 and 4 - 1 0 were revised in the February 1986 issue o f the Review, to reflect experience through 1985. Annual revisions o f the seasonally adjusted payroll data shown in tables 13, 14, and 18 were made in the July 1986 Review using the X - n a r im a seasonal adjustment methodology. New seasonal factors for productivity data in table 42 are usually introduced in the September issue. Seasonally adjusted indexes and percent changes from month to month and from quarter to quarter are published for numerous Consumer and Producer Price Index series. However, seasonally adjusted indexes are not published for the U .S. average All Items CPI. Only seasonally adjusted percent changes are available for this series. Data that supplement the tables in this section are published by the Bureau in a variety of sources. News releases provide the latest statistical information published by the Bureau; the major recurring releases are published according to the schedule preceding these general notes. More information about labor force, employment, and unemployment data and the household and establishment surveys underlying the data are available in Employment and Earnings, a monthly publication o f the Bureau. More data from the household survey are published in the two-volume data book— Labor Force Statistics Derived From the Current Population Sur vey, Bulletin 2096. More data from the establishment survey appear in two data books— Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, and Em ployment, Hours, and Earnings, States and Areas, and the annual supple ments to these data books. More detailed information on employee com pensation and collective bargaining settlements is published in the monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. More detailed data on consumer and producer prices are published in the monthly periodicals, The c p i Detailed Report, and Producer Prices and Price Indexes. Detailed data on all of the series in this section are provided in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, which is published biennally by the Bureau, bls bulletins are issued covering productivity, injury and illness, and other data in this section. Finally, the Monthly Labor Review carries analytical articles on annual and longer term developments in labor force, employment, and unemployment; employee compensation and collective bargaining; prices; productivity; international comparisons; and injury and illness data. Symbols p = preliminary. To increase the timeliness of some series, prelim inary figures are issued based on representative but incom plete returns. r = revised. Generally, this revision reflects the availability o f later data but may also reflect other adjustments, n.e.c. = not elsewhere classified, n .e.s. = not elsewhere specified. COMPARATIVE INDICATORS (Tables 1-3) Comparative indicators tables provide an overview and comparison of major bls statistical series. Consequently, although many o f the included series are available monthly, all measures in these comparative tables are presented quarterly and annually. Labor m arket indicators; include employment measures from two ma jor surveys and information on rates o f change in compensation provided by the Employment Cost Index (eci) program. The labor force participation rate, the employment-to-population ratio, and unemployment rates for major demographic groups based on the Current Population (“household ”) Survey are presented, while measures o f employment and average weekly hours by major industry sector are given using nonagricultural payroll data. The Employment Cost Index (compensation), by major sector and by https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis bargaining status, is chosen from a variety o f bls compensation and wage measures because it provides a comprehensive measure o f employer costs for hiring labor, not just outlays for wages, and it is not affected by employment shifts among occupations and industries. Data on changes in com pensation, prices, and productivity are pre sented in table 2. Measures o f rates of change o f compensation and wages from the Employment Cost Index program are provided for all civilian nonfarm workers (excluding Federal and household workers) and for all private nonfarm workers. Measures o f changes in: consumer prices for all urban consumers; producer prices by stage of processing; and the overall export and import price indexes are given. Measures o f productivity (output per hour o f all persons) are provided for major sectors. 47 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics Alternative m easures o f wage and com pensation rates o f change, which reflect the overall trend in labor costs, are summarized in table 3. Differences in concepts and scope, related to the specific purposes o f the series, contribute to the variation in changes among the individual mea sures. Notes on the data Definitions o f each series and notes on the data are contained in later sections o f these notes describing each set o f data. For detailed descriptions of each data series, see bls Handbook of Methods, Volumes I and II, Bulletins 2134-1 and 2 1 3 4 -2 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982 and 1984, respectively), as well as the additional bulletins, articles, and other publi cations noted in the separate sections of the Review's “Current Labor Statistics Notes.” Historical data for many series are provided in the Hand book o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). Users may also wish to consult Major Programs, Bureau of Labor Statis tics, Report 718 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). EMPLOYMENT DATA (Tables 1; 4-21) Household survey data the various data series appear in the Explanatory Notes o f Employment and Earnings. Description of the series in this section are obtained from the Current Population Survey, a program o f personal interviews conducted monthly by the Bureau o f the Census for the Bureau o f Labor Statistics. The sample consists of about 59,500 households selected to represent the U .S. population 16 years o f age and older. Households are interviewed on a rotating basis, so that three-fourths o f the sample is the same for any 2 consecutive months. Data in tables 4 - 1 0 are seasonally adjusted, based on the seasonal experience through December 1985. em ploym ent da ta Definitions Em ployed persons include (1) all civilians who worked for pay any time during the week which includes the 12th day of the month or who worked unpaid for 15 hours or more in a family-operated enterprise and (2) those who were temporarily absent from their regular jobs because o f illness, vacation, industrial dispute, or similar reasons. Members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States are also included in the employed total. A person working at more than one job is counted only in the job at which he or she worked the greatest number of hours. Unem ployed persons are those who did not work during the survey week, but were available for work except for temporary illness and had looked for jobs within the preceding 4 weeks. Persons who did not look for work because they were on layoff or waiting to start new jobs within the next 30 days are also counted among the unemployed. The overall unem ploym ent rate represents the number unemployed as a percent o f the labor force, including the resident Armed Forces. The civilian unem ploym ent rate represents the number unemployed as a percent o f the civilian labor force. The labor force consists of all employed or unemployed civilians plus members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. Persons not in the labor force are those not classified as employed or unemployed; this group includes persons who are retired, those engaged in their own house work, those not working while attending school, those unable to work because o f long-term illness, those discouraged from seeking work because o f personal or job market factors, and those who are voluntarily idle. The noninstitutional population comprises all persons 16 years o f age and older who are not inmates o f penal or mental institutions, sanitariums, or homes for the aged, infirm, or needy, and members o f the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. The labor force participation rate is the proportion o f the noninstitutional populaton that is in the labor force. The em ploym ent-population ratio is total employment (including the resident Armed Forces) as a percent o f the noninstitutional population. Notes on the data From time to time, and especially after a decennial census, adjustments are made in the Current Population Survey figures to correct for estimating errors during the preceding years. These adjustments affect the comparabil ity o f historical data. A description o f these adjustments and their effect on 48 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Additional sources of information For detailed explanations o f the data, see b ls Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 1, and for additional data, Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1985). A detailed description o f the Current Population Survey as well as additional data are available in the monthly Bureau o f Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings. Historical data from 1948 to 1981 are available in Labor Force Statistics Derived from the Current Population Survey: A Databook, Vols. I and II, Bulletin 2096 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982). A comprehensive discussion o f the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . Establishment survey data Description of the series E m p l o y m e n t , h o u r s , a n d e a r n in g s d a t a in this section are compiled from payroll records reported monthly on a voluntary basis to the Bureau o f Labor Statistics and its cooperating State agencies by more than 250,000 establishments representing all industries except agriculture. In most indus tries, the sampling probabilities are based on the size of the establishment; most large establishments are therefore in the sample. (An establishment is not necessarily a firm; it may be a branch plant, for example, or ware house.) Self-employed persons and others not on a regular civilian payroll are outside the scope o f the survey because they are excluded from estab lishment records. This largely accounts for the difference in employment figures between the household and establishment surveys. Definitions An establishm ent is an economic unit which produces goods or services (such as a factory or store) at a single location and is engaged in one type of economic activity. Em ployed persons are all persons who received pay (including holiday and sick pay) for any part of the payroll period including the 12th o f the month. Persons holding more than one job (about 5 percent o f all persons in the labor force) are counted in each establishment which reports them. Production workers in manufacturing include working supervisors and all nonsupervisory workers closely associated with production operations. Those workers mentioned in tables 12-17 include production workers in manufacturing and mining; construction workers in construction; and non supervisory workers in the following industries: transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. These groups account for about four-fifths o f the total employ ment on private nonagricutural payrolls. Earnings are the payments production or nonsupervisory workers re ceive during the survey period, including premium pay for overtime or late-shift work but excluding irregular bonuses and other special payments. Real earnings are earnings adjusted to reflect the effects o f changes in consumer prices. The deflator for this series is derived from the Consumer Price Index for Urban Wage Earner and Clerical Workers (cpi- w). The H ourly Earnings Index is calculated from average hourly earnings data adjusted to exclude the effects o f two types o f changes that are unrelated to underlying wage-rate developments: fluctuations in overtime premiums in manufacturing (the only sector for which overtime data are available) and the effects o f changes and seasonal factors in the proportion o f workers in high-wage and low-wage industries. H ours represent the average weekly hours of production or nonsupervi sory workers for which pay was received and are different from standard or scheduled hours. Overtim e hours represent the portion o f gross average weekly hours which were in excess of regular hours and for which overtime premiums were paid. The Diffusion Index, introduced in the May 1983 Review , represents the percent o f 185 nonagricultural industries in which employment was rising over the indicated period. One-half o f the industries with unchanged employment are counted as rising. In line with Bureau practice, data for the 1-, 3-, and 6-month spans are seasonally adjusted, while those for the 12-month span are unadjusted. The diffusion index is useful for measur ing the dispersion o f economic gains or losses and is also an economic indicator. Notes on the data Establishment data collected by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics are peri od ically adjusted to com prehensive counts o f em ploym ent (called “benchmarks”). The latest complete adjustment was made with the release o f May 1986 data, published in the July 1986 issue o f the Review. Conse quently, data published in title Review prior to that issue are not necessarily comparable to current data. Unadjusted data have been revised back to April 1984; seasonally adjusted data have been revised back to January 1981. These revisions were published in the Supplement to Employment and Earnings (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1986). Unadjusted data from April 1985 forward, and seasonally adjusted data from January 1982 for ward are subject to revision in future benchmarks. In the establishment survey, estimates for the 2 most recent months are based on incomplete returns and are published as preliminary in the tables (13 to 16 in the Review). When all returns have been received, the esti mates are revised and published as final in the third month o f their appear ance. Thus, August data are published as preliminary in October and November and as final in December. For the same reason, quarterly estab lishment data (table 1) are preliminary for the first 2 months o f publication and final in the third monih. Thus, second quarter data are published as preliminary in August and September and as final in October. Additional sources of information Detailed data from the establishment survey are published monthly in the periodical, Employment and Earnings. Earlier comparable unadjusted and seasonally adjusted data are published in Employment, Hours, and Earnings, United States, 1909—84, Bulletin 1312—12 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985) and its annual supplement. For a detailed discussion o f the methodology o f the survey, see bls Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134—1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 2. For additional data, see Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, bls 1985). A comprehensive discussion of the differences between household and establishment data on employment appears in Gloria P. Green, “Comparing employment estimates from household and payroll surveys,” Monthly Labor Review, December 1969, pp. 9 -2 0 . Unemployment data by State Description of the series Data presented in this section are obtained from two major sources— the Current Population Survey ( cps) and the Local Area Unemployment Statis tics (laus) program, which is conducted in cooperation with State employ ment security agencies. Monthly estimates of the labor force, employment, and unemployment for States and sub-State areas are a key indicator of local economic condi tions and form the basis for determining the eligibility of an area for benefits under Federal economic assistance programs such as the Job Train ing Partnership Act and the Public Works and Economic Development Act. Insofar as possible, the concepts and definitions underlying these data are those used in the national estimates obtained from the cps. Notes on the data Data refer to State o f residence. Monthly data for 11 States— California, Florida, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Texas— are obtained directly from the cps , because the size of the sample is large enough to meet bls standards o f reliability. Data for the remaining 39 States and the District o f Columbia are derived using standardized procedures established by bls . Once a year, estimates for the 11 States are revised to new population controls. For the remaining States and the District of Columbia, data are benchmarked to annual average cps levels. Additional sources of information Information on the concepts, definitions, and technical procedures used to develop labor force data for States and sub-State areas as well as addi tional data on sub-States are provided in the monthly Bureau o f Labor Statistics periodical, Employment and Earnings, and the annual report, Geographic Profile of Employment and Unemployment (Bureau o f Labor Statistics). See also b ls Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 4. COMPENSATION AND WAGE DATA (Tables 1-3; 22-29) Compensation and wage data are gathered by the Bureau from business establishments, State and local governments, labor unions, collective bar gaining agreements on file with the Bureau, and secondary sources. Employment Cost Index Description of the series The Em ploym ent Cost Index (eci) is a quarterly measure of the rate of change in compensation per hour worked and includes wages, salaries, and employer costs o f employee benefits. It uses a fixed market basket of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis labor— similar in concept to the Consumer Price Index’s fixed market basket of goods and services— to measure change over time in employer costs o f employing labor. The index is not seasonally adjusted. Statistical series on total compensation costs and on wages and salaries are available for private nonfarm workers excluding proprietors, the selfemployed, and household workers. Both series are also available for State and local government workers and for the civilian nonfarm economy, which consists o f private industry and State and local government workers combined. Federal workers are excluded. The Employment Cost Index probability sample consists of âbout 2,200 private nonfarm establishments providing about 12,000 occupational ob servations and 700 State and local government establishments providing 49 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics 3,500 occupational observations selected to represent total employment in each sector. On average, each reporting unit provides wage and compensa tion information on five well-specified occupations. Data are collected each quarter for the pay period including the 12th day o f March, June, Septem ber, and December. Fixed employment weights from the 1980 Census o f Population are used each quarter to calculate the indexes for civilian, private, and State and local governments. These fixed weights, also used to derive all of the industry and occupation series indexes, ensure that changes in these in dexes reflect only changes in compensation, not employment shifts among industries or occupations with different levels o f wages and compensation. For the bargaining status, region, and metropolitan/nonmetropolitan area series, however, employment data by industry and occupation are not available from the census. Instead, the 1980 employment weights are reallocated within these series each quarter based on the current sample. Therefore, these indexes are not strictly comparable to those for the aggre gate, industry, and occupation series. Definitions Total com pensation costs include wages, salaries, and the employer costs for employee benefits. W ages and salaries consist of earnings before payroll deductions, in cluding production bonuses, incentive earnings, commissions, and cost-ofliving adjustments. Benefits include the cost to employers for paid leave, supplemental pay (including nonproduction bonuses), insurance, retirement and savings plans, and legally required benefits (such as social security, workers’ compensation, and unemployment insurance). Excluded from wages and salaries and employee benefits are such items as payment-in-kind, free room and board, and tips. Notes on the data The Employment Cost Index data series began in the fourth quarter of 1975, with the quarterly percent change in wages and salaries in the private nonfarm sector. Data on employer costs for employee benefits were in cluded in 1980 to produce, when combined with the wages and salaries series, a measure o f the percent change in employer costs for employee total compensation. State and local government units were added to the eci coverage in 1981, providing a measure o f total compensation change in the civilian nonfarm economy (excluding Federal employees). Historical in dexes (June 1981 = 100) o f the quarterly rates of change are presented in the May issue o f the bls monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. (wages and benefits costs) and wages alone, quarterly for private industry and semiannually for State and local government. Compensation measures cover all collective bargaining situations involving 5,000 workers or more and wage measures cover all situations involving 1,000 workers or more. These data, covering private nonagricultural industries and State and local governments, are calculated using information obtained from bargaining agreements on file with the Bureau, parties to the agreements, and second ary sources, such as newspaper accounts. The data are not seasonally adjusted. Settlement data are measured in terms o f future specified adjustments: those that will occur within 12 months after contract ratification— first year— and all adjustments that will occur over the life o f the contract expressed as an average annual rate. Adjustments are worker weighted. Both first-year and over-the-life measures exclude wage changes that may occur under cost-of-living clauses that are triggered by future movements in the Consumer Price Index. Effective wage adjustm ents measure all adjustments occurring in the reference period, regardless o f the settlement date. Included are changes from settlements reached during the period, changes deferred from con tracts negotiated in earlier periods, and changes under cost-of-living adjust ment clauses. Each wage change is worker weighted. The changes are prorated over all workers under agreements during the reference period yielding the average adjustment. D e fin itio n s W age rate changes are calculated by dividing newly negotiated wages by the average hourly earnings, excluding overtime, at the time the agree ment is reached. Compensation changes are calculated by dividing the change in the value o f the newly negotiated wage and benefit package by existing average hourly compensation, which includes the cost o f previ ously negotiated benefits, legally required social insurance programs, and average hourly earnings. Com pensation changes are calculated by placing a value on the benefit portion o f the settlements at the time they are reached. The cost estimates are based on the assumption that conditions existing at the time o f settle ment (for example, methods of financing pensions or composition o f labor force) will remain constant. The data, therefore, are measures o f negotiated changes and not o f total changes in employer cost. Contract duration runs from the effective date of the agreement to the expiration date or first wage reopening date, if applicable. Average annual percent changes over the contract term take account o f the compounding o f successive changes. Additional sources of information Notes on the data For a more detailed discussion o f the Employment Cost Index, see the Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 11, and the fo llo w in g M onthly L abor R eview articles: “Employment Cost Index: a measure of change in the ‘price o f labor’,” July 1975; “How benefits will be incorporated into the Employment Cost In dex,” January 1978; “Estimation procedures for the Employment Cost Index,” May 1982; and “Introducing new weights for the Employment Cost Index,” June 1985. Data on the eci are also available in bls quarterly press releases issued in the month following the reference months o f March, June, September, and December; and from the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). Collective bargaining settlements Care should be exercised in comparing the size and nature of the settle ments in State and local government with those in the private sector because o f differences in bargaining practices and settlement characteristics. A principal difference is the incidence o f cost-of-living adjustment (cola) clauses which cover only about 2 percent o f workers under a few local government settlements, but cover 50 percent o f workers under private sector settlements. Agreements without cola’s tend to provide larger speci fied wage increases than those with cola’s . Another difference is that State and local government bargaining frequently excludes pension benefits which are often prescribed by law. In the private sector, in contrast, pensions are typically a bargaining issue. Additional sources of information Description of the series For a more detailed discussion on the series, see the bls Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 10. Collective bargaining settlem ents data provide statistical measures of negotiated adjustments (increases, decreases, and freezes) in compensation Comprehensive data are published in press releases issued quarterly (in January, April, July, and October) for private industry, and semi- 50 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis annually (in February and August) for State and local government. Histor ical data and additional detailed tabulations for the prior calendar year appear in the April issue o f the bls monthly periodical, Current Wage monthly periodical, Current Wage Developments. Historical data appear in the b ls Handbook of Labor Statistics. Other compensation data Developments. Other bls data on pay and benefits, not included in the Current Labor Statistics section o f the Monthly Labor Review, appear in and consist o f the Work stoppages following: Description of the series Data on work stoppages measure the number and duration of major strikes or lockouts (involving 1,000 workers or more) occurring during the month (or year), the number o f workers involved, and the amount o f time lost because o f stoppage. Data are largely from newspaper accounts and cover only establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure the indirect or second ary effect o f stoppages on other establishments whose employees are idle owing to material shortages or lack o f service. Definitions Num ber o f stoppages: The number o f strikes and lockouts involving 1,000 workers or more and lasting a full shift or longer. W orkers involved: The number of workers directly involved in the stoppage. Num ber o f days idle: The aggregate number o f workdays lost by workers involved in the stoppages. Days o f idleness as a percent o f estim ated working time: Aggregate workdays lost as a percent of the aggregate number o f standard workdays in the period multiplied by total employment in the period. Notes on the data This series is not comparable with the one terminated in 1981 that covered strikes involving six workers or more. Additional sources of information Data for each calendar year are reported in a bls press release issued in the first quarter o f the following year. Monthly data appear in the bls Industry Wage Surveys provide data for specific occupations selected to represent an industry’s wage structure and the types of activities performed by its workers. The Bureau collects information on weekly work schedules, shift operations and pay differentials, paid holiday and vacation practices, and information on incidence of health, insurance, and retirement plans. Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries o f the data and special analyses also appear in the Monthly Labor Review. Area Wage Surveys annually provide data for selected office, clerical, professional, technical, maintenance, toolroom, powerplant, material movement, and custodial occupations common to a wide variety o f indus tries in the areas (labor markets) surveyed. Reports are issued throughout the year as the surveys are completed. Summaries o f the data and special analyses also appear in the Review. The National Survey of Professional, Administrative, Technical, and Clerical Pay provides detailed information annually on salary levels and distributions for the types of jobs mentioned in the survey’s title in private employment. Although the definitions o f the jobs surveyed reflect the duties and responsibilities in private industry, they are designed to match specific pay grades o f Federal white-collar employees under the General Schedule pay system. Accordingly, this survey provides the legally re quired information for comparing the pay of salaried employees in the Federal civil service with pay in private industry. (See Federal Pay Com parability Act o f 1970, 5 u.s.c. 5305.) Data are published in a bls news release issued in the summer and in a bulletin each fall; summaries and analytical articles also appear in the Review. Employee Benefits Survey provides nationwide information on the inci dence and characteristics of employee benefit plans in medium and large establishments in the United States, excluding Alaska and Hawaii. Data are published in an annual bls news release and bulletin, as well as in special articles appearing in the Review. PRICE DATA (Tables 2; 30-41) P rice data are gathered by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics from retail and primary markets in the United States. Price indexes are given in relation to a base period (1967 = 100, unless otherwise noted). Consumer Price Indexes Description of the series The Consum er Price Index ( cpi) is a measure of the average change in the prices paid by urban consumers for a fixed market basket of goods and services. The cpi is calculated monthly for two population groups, one consisting only o f urban households whose primary source o f income is derived from the employment o f wage earners and clerical workers, and the other consisting o f all urban households. The wage earner index (cpi- w) is a continuation o f the historic index that was introduced well over a halfcentury ago for use in wage negotiations. As new uses were developed for the cpi in recent years, the need for a broader and more representative index became apparent. The all urban consumer index (cpi- u ) introduced in 1978 is representative o f the 1972-73 buying habits o f about 80 percent o f the noninstitutional population o f the United States at that time, compared with 40 percent represented in the cpi- w . In addition to wage earners and clerical https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis workers, the cpi- u covers professional, managerial, and technical workers, the self-employed, short-term workers, the unemployed, retirees, and oth ers not in the labor force. The cpi is based on prices of food, clothing, shelter, fuel, drugs, trans portation fares, doctors’ and dentists’ fees, and other goods and services that people buy for day-to-day living. The quantity and quality o f these items are kept essentially unchanged between major revisions so that only price changes will be measured. All taxes directly associated with the purchase and use o f items are included in the index. Data collected from more than 24,000 retail establishments and 24,000 tenants in 85 urban areas across the country are used to develop the “U .S. city average.” Separate estimates for 28 major urban centers are presented in table 31. The areas listed are as indicated in footnote 1 to the table. The area indexes measure only the average change in prices for each area since the base period, and do not indicate differences in the level of prices among cities. Notes on the data In January 1983, the Bureau changed the way in which homeownership costs are measured for the cpi- u . A rental equivalence method replaced the 51 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics asset-price approach to homeownership costs for that series. In January 1985, the same change was made in the cpi- w . The central purpose o f the change was to separate shelter costs from the investment component of homeownership so that the index would reflect only the cost o f shelter services provided by owner-occupied homes. Additional sources of information For a discussion o f the general method for computing the cpi, see bls Handbook o f Methods, Volume II, The Consumer Price Index , Bulletin 2134—2 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1984). The recent change in the mea surement o f homeownership costs is discussed in Robert Gillingham and Walter Lane, “Changing the treatment o f shelter costs for homeowners in the CPI,” Monthly Labor Review, June 1982, pp. 9 -1 4 . Additional detailed cpi data and regular analyses o f consumer price changes are provided in the c p i Detailed Report, a monthly publication of the Bureau. Historical data for the overall cpi and for selected groupings may be found in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). the exclusion o f imports from, and the inclusion of exports in, the survey universe; and the respecification o f commodities priced to conform to Bureau o f the Census definitions. These and other changes have been phased in gradually since 1978. The result is a system o f indexes that is easier to use in conjunction with data on wages, productivity, and employ ment and other series that are organized in terms of the Standard Industrial Classification and the Census product class designations. Additional sources of information For a discussion o f the methodology for computing Producer Price In dexes, see b l s Handbook o f Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 7. Additional detailed data and analyses o f price changes are provided monthly in Producer Price Indexes. Selected historical data may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). International price indexes Producer Price Indexes Description of the series Producer Price Indexes ( ppi) measure average changes in prices re ceived in primary markets o f the United States by producers o f commodi ties in all stages o f processing. The sample used for calculating these indexes currently contains about 3,200 commodities and about 60,000 quotations per month selected to represent the movement o f prices o f all commodities produced in the manufacturing, agriculture, forestry, fishing, mining, gas and electricity, and public utilities sectors. The stage o f proc essing structure o f Producer Price Indexes organizes products by class of buyer and degree o f fabrication (that is, finished goods, intermediate goods, and crude materials). The traditional commodity structure o f ppi organizes products by similarity of end use or material composition. To the extent possible, prices used in calculating Producer Price Indexes apply to the first significant commercial transaction in the United States from the production or central marketing point. Price data are generally collected monthly, primarily by mail questionnaire. Most prices are ob tained directly from producing companies on a voluntary and confidential basis. Prices generally are reported for the Tuesday o f the week containing the 13th day o f the month. Since January 1976, price changes for the various commodities have been averaged together with implicit quantity weights representing their importance in the total net selling value o f all commodities as o f 1972. The detailed data are aggregated to obtain indexes for stage-of-processing groupings, commodity groupings, durability-of-product groupings, and a number o f special composite groups. All Producer Price Index data are subject to revision 4 months after original publication. Notes on the data Beginning with the January 1986 issue, the Review is no longer present ing tables o f Producer Price Indexes for commodity groupings, special composite groups, or sic industries. However, these data will continue to be presented in the Bureau’s monthly publication Producer Price Indexes . The Bureau has completed the first major stage o f its comprehensive overhaul o f the theory, methods, and procedures used to construct the Producer Price Indexes. Changes include the replacement o f judgment sampling with probability sampling techniques; expansion to systematic coverage o f the net output o f virtually all industries in the mining and manufacturing sectors; a shift from a commodity to an industry orientation; 52 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Description of the series The bls International Price Program produces quarterly export and import price indexes for nonmilitary goods traded between the United States and the rest o f the world. The export price index provides a measure o f price change for all products sold by U .S. residents to foreign buyers. (“Residents” is defined as in the national income accounts: it includes corporations, businesses, and individuals but does not require the organiza tions to be U .S. owned nor the individuals to have U .S. citizenship.) The import price index provides a measure o f price change for goods purchased from other countries by U .S . residents. With publication of an all-import index in February 1983 and an all-export index in February 1984, all U .S. merchandise imports and exports now are represented in these indexes. The reference period for the indexes is 1977 = 100, unless otherwise indicated. The product universe for both the import and export indexes includes raw materials, agricultural products, semifinished manufactures, and finished manufactures, including both capital and consumer goods. Price data for these items are collected quarterly by mail questionnaire. In nearly all cases, the data are collected directly from the exporter or importer, al though in a few cases, prices are obtained from other sources. To the extent possible, the data gathered refer to prices at the U .S . border for exports and at either the foreign border or the U .S. border for imports. For nearly all products, the prices refer to transactions completed during the first 2 weeks o f the third month o f each calendar quarter— March, June, September, and December. Survey respondents are asked to indicate all discounts, allowances, and rebates applicable to the reported prices, so that the price used in the calculation o f the indexes is the actual price for which the product was bought or sold. In addition to general indexes o f prices for U .S. exports and imports, indexes are also published for detailed product categories o f exports and imports. These categories are defined by the 4- and 5-digit level o f detail o f the Standard Industrial Trade Classification System (srrc). The calcula tion o f indexes by srrc category facilitates the comparison o f U .S. price trends and sector production with similar data for other countries. Detailed indexes are also computed and published on a Standard Industrial Classifi cation (sic-based) basis, as well as by end-use class. Notes on the data The export and import price indexes are weighted indexes o f the Laspeyres type. Price relatives are assigned equal importance within each weight category and are then aggregated to the srrc level. The values assigned to each weight category are based on trade value figures compiled by the Bureau o f the Census. The trade weights currently used to compute both indexes relate to 1980. Because a price index dejDends on the same items being priced from period to period, it is necessary to recognize when a product’s specifica tions or terms o f transaction have been modified. For this reason, the Bureau’s quarterly questionnaire requests detailed descriptions o f the phys ical and functional characteristics of the products being priced, as well as information on the number o f units bought or sold, discounts, credit terms, packaging, class o f buyer or seller, and so forth. When there are changes in either the specifications or terms o f transaction o f a product, the dollar value o f each change is deleted from the total price change to obtain the “pure” change. Once this value is determined, a linking procedure is employed which allows for Ihe continued repricing of the item. For the export price indexes, the preferred pricing basis is f.a.s. (free alongside ship) U .S . port of exportation. When firms report export prices f.o.b. (free on board), production point information is collected which enables the Bureau to calculate a shipment cost to the port of exportation. An attempt is made to collect two prices for imports. The first is the import price f.o.b . at the foreign port of exportation, which is consistent with the basis for valuation o f imports in the national accounts. The second is the import price c.i.f. (cost, insurance, and freight) at the U .S. port o f impor tation, which also includes the other costs associated with bringing the product to the U .S. border. It does not, however, include duty charges. Additional sources of information For a discussion o f the general method of computing International Price Indexes, see b l s Handbook of Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 8. Additional detailed data and analyses of international price develop ments are presented in the Bureau’s quarterly publication U.S. Import and Export Price Indexes and in occasional Monthly Labor Review articles prepared by bls analysts. Selected historical data may be found in the Handbook of Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). PRODUCTIVITY DATA (Tables 2; 42-47) U. S. productivity and related data Description of the series The productivity measures relate real physical output to real input. As such, they encompass a family of measures which include single factor input measures, such as output per unit of labor input (output per hour) or output per unit o f capital input, as well as measures of multifactor produc tivity (output per unit of labor and capital inputs combined). The Bureau indexes show the change in output relative to changes in the various inputs. The measures cover the business, nonfarm business, manufacturing, and nonfinancial corporate sectors. Corresponding indexes o f hourly compensation, unit labor costs, unit nonlabor payments, and prices are also provided. Unit profits include corporate profits and the value of inventory adjust ments per unit o f output. Hours o f all persons are the total hours paid of payroll workers, selfemployed persons, and unpaid family workers. Capital services is the flow of services from the capital stock used in production. It is developed from measures o f the net stock o f physical assets— equipment, structures, land, and inventories— weighted by rental prices for each type o f asset. Labor and capital inputs combined are derived by combining changes in labor and capital inputs with weights which represent each component’s share o f total output. The indexes for capital services and combined units o f labor and capital are based on changing weights which are averages of the shares in the current and preceding year (the Tomquist index-number formula). Notes on the data Definitions O utput per hour o f all persons (labor productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant prices produced per hour of labor input. O utput per unit o f capital services (capital productivity) is the value of goods and services in constant dollars produced per unit of capital services input. M ultifactor productivity is the ratio output per unit of labor and capital inputs combined. Changes in this measure reflect changes in a number of factors which affect the production process such as changes in technology, shifts in the composition o f the labor force, changes in capacity utilization, research and development, skill and efforts of the work force, manage ment, and so forth. Changes in the output per hour measures reflect the impact o f these factors as well as the substitution o f capital for labor. Com pensation per hour is the wages and salaries o f employees plus employers’ contributions for social insurance and private benefit plans, and the wages, salaries, and supplementary payments for the self-employed (except for nonfinancial corporations in which there are no selfemployed)— the sum divided by hours paid for. Real com pensation per hour is compensation per hour deflated by the change in the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers. Unit labor costs are the labor compensation costs expended in the production o f a unit o f output and are derived by dividing compensation by output. Unit nonlabor paym ents include profits, depreciation, interest, and indirect taxes per unit of output. They are computed by subtracting compensation o f all persons from current dollar value o f output and divid ing by output. Unit nonlabor costs contain all the components of unit nonlabor payments except unit profits. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Output measures for the business sector and the nonfarm businesss sector exclude the constant dollar value of owner-occupied housing, rest o f world, households and institutions, and general government output from the con stant dollar value of gross national product. The measures are derived from data supplied by the Bureau o f Economic Analysis, U .S. Department of Commerce, and the Federal Reserve Board. Quarterly manufacturing out put indexes are adjusted by the Bureau o f Labor Statistics to annual esti mates o f output (gross product originating) from the Bureau of Economic Analysis. Compensation and hours data are developed from data o f the Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau of Economic Analysis. The productivity and associated cost measures in tables 4 2 -4 4 describe the relationship between output in real terms and the labor time and capital services involved in its production. They show the changes from period to period in the amount o f goods and services produced per unit o f input. Although these measures relate output to hours and capital services, they do not measure the contributions of labor, capital, or any other specific factor of production. Rather, they reflect the joint effect of many influ ences, including changes in technology; capital investment; level o f output; utilization of capacity, energy, and materials; the organization o f produc tion; managerial skill; and the characteristics and efforts of the work force. Additional sources of information Descriptions o f methodology underlying the measurement o f output per hour and multifactor productivity are found in the b l s Handbook of Meth ods, Bulletin 2134—1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 13. His torical data for selected industries are provided in the Bureau’s Handbook o f Labor Statistics, 1985, Bulletin 2217. 53 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics International comparisons Canadian figures by assuming that their hourly compensation is equal to the average for wage and salary employees. Description of the series Notes on the data Comparative measures of labor force, employment, and unemployment (tables 45 and 46) are prepared regularly for the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, the Netherlands, and Sweden. Unemployment rates, approximating U .S. concepts, are pre pared monthly for most o f the countries; the other measures, annually. The Bureau o f Labor Statistics also prepares international comparisons o f manufacturing labor productivity and labor costs (table 47) that cover the United States and 11 foreign countries— those listed above plus Belgium and Norway. These measures are limited to trend comparisons; that is, intercountry series o f changes over time, rather than level comparisons because reliable international comparisons of the levels of manufacturing are unavailable. The U .S. measures are described in the notes on U .S. productivity measurement; the measures for foreign countries are compiled from various national and international data sources. Definitions O utput measures are constant value output (value added) from the national accounts o f each country, except for those for Japan prior to 1970 and for the Netherlands for 1969 forward, which are indexes of industrial production. The national accounting methods for measuring real output differ considerably among the 12 countries, but the use of different proce dures does not, in itself, connote lack o f comparability— rather, it reflects differences among countries in the availability and reliability o f underlying data series. H ours and com pensation measures refer to all employed persons in cluding the self-employed in the United States and Canada, and to all wage and salary employees in the other countries. Hours refer to hours paid in the United States, hours worked in the other countries. Compensation (labor costs) includes not only all payments made directly to employees and employer expenditures for social insurance and private benefit plans, but changes in significant employment or payroll taxes that are not compen sation to employees but are labor costs to employers (France, Sweden, and the United Kingdom). Self-employed workers are included in the U .S. and The data for the foreign countries in tables 45 and 46 have been adjusted, where necessary, for greater comparability with U .S. definitions o f em ployment and unemployment. The adjusted statistics have been adapted to the age at which compulsory schooling ends in each country. Therefore, the adjusted statistics relate to the civilian population age 16 and over in the United States, France, and Sweden, and from 1973 forward, Great Britain; 15 and over in Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, and the Netherlands; and 14 and over in Italy. Prior to 1973, the data for Great Britain related to persons age 15 and over. The institutional population is included in the denominator o f the labor force participation rates and employmentpopulation ratios for Japan and Germany. For most o f the countries in table 47, the measures refer to total manu facturing as defined by the International Standard Industrial Classification. However, the measures for France (beginning 1959), Italy (beginning 1970), and the United Kingdom (beginning 1976) refer to manufacturing and mining less energy-related products. For all countries, manufacturing includes the activities of government enterprises. In addition, for all countries, preliminary estimates for recent years are generally based on current indicators o f manufacturing output, employment and hours, and hourly compensation until national accounts and other statistics used for the long-term measures become available. Additional sources of information For further information, see International Comparisons of Unemploy ment, Bulletin 1979 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1978), Appendix B and Supplements to Appendix B. Additional detail is also found in the bls Handbook of Methods, Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 16. Additional international comparison statistics are avail able in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics, Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985). The most recent statistics are presented and analyzed annually in the Monthly Labor Review, typically in the December issue (for the previous year) and in February. OCCUPATIONAL INJURY AND ILLNESS DATA (Table 48) Description of the series The Annual Survey o f Occupational Injuries and Illnesses is designed to collect data on injuries and illnesses based on records which employers in the following industries maintain under the Occupational Safety and Health Act o f 1970: agriculture, forestry, and fishing; oil and gas extraction; construction; manufacturing; transportation and public utilities; wholesale and retail trade; finance, insurance, and real estate; and services. Excluded from the survey are self-employed individuals, farmers with fewer than 11 employees, employers regulated by other Federal safety and health laws, and Federal, State, and local government agencies. Because the survey is a Federal-State cooperative program and the data must meet the needs o f participating State agencies, an independent sam ple is selected for each State. The sample is selected to represent all pri vate industries in the States and territories. The sample size for the survey is dependent upon (1) the characteristics for which estimates are needed; (2) the industries for which estimates are desired; (3) the charac teristics o f the population being sampled; (4) the target reliability o f the estimates; and (5) the survey design employed. While there are many characteristics upon which the sample design could be based, the total recorded case incidence rate is used because it is one of the most important characteristics and the least variable; therefore, it re quires the smallest sample size. 54 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis The survey is based on stratified random sampling with a Neyman allocation and a ratio estimator. The characteristics used to stratify the establishments are the Standard Industrial Classification (sic) code and size of employment. Definitions Recordable occupational injuries and illnesses are: (1) occupational deaths, regardless o f the time between injury and death, or the length o f the illness; or (2) nonfatal occupational illnesses; or (3) nonfatal occupational injuries which involve one or more of the following: loss o f consciousness, restriction o f work or motion, transfer to another job, or medical treatment (other than first aid). Occupational injury is any injury such as a cut, fracture, sprain, ampu tation, and so forth, which results from a work accident or from exposure involving a single incident in the work environment. Occupational illness is an abnormal condition or disorder, other than one resulting from an occupational injury, caused by exposure to environ mental factors associated with employment. It includes acute and chronic illnesses or disease which may be caused by inhalation, absorption, inges tion, or direct contact. Lost workday cases are cases which involve days away from work, or days o f restricted work activity, or both. Lost workday cases involving restricted work activity are those cases which result in restricted work activity only. Lost workdays away from work are the number o f workdays (consec utive or not) on which the employee would have worked but could not because o f occupational injury or illness. Lost workdays— restricted work activity are the number o f workdays (consecutive or not) on which, because o f injury or illness: (1) the em ployee was assigned to another job on a temporary basis; or (2) the em ployee worked at a permanent job less than full time; or (3) the employee worked at a permanently assigned job but could not perform all duties normally connected with it. The num ber o f days away from work or days o f restricted work activity does not include the day o f injury or onset o f illness or any days on which the employee would not have worked even though able to work. Incidence rates represent the number o f injuries and/or illnesses or lost workdays per 100 full-time workers. Notes on the data Estimates are made for industries and employment-size classes and for severity classification: fatalities, lost workday cases, and nonfatal cases without lost workdays. Lost workday cases are separated into those where the employee would have worked but could not and those in which work activity was restricted. Estimates o f the number o f cases and the number of days lost are made for both categories. Most o f the estimates are in the form of incidence rates, defined as the number o f injuries and illnesses, or lost workdays, per 100 full-time em ployees. For this purpose, 200,000 employee hours represent 100 em ployee years (2,000 hours per employee). Only a few o f the available measures are included in the Handbook o f Labor Statistics. Full detail is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis presented in the annual bulletin, Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry. Comparable data for individual States are available from the bls Office of Occupational Safety and Health Statistics. Mining and railroad data are furnished to bls by the Mine Safety and Health Administration and the Federal Railroad Administration, respec tively. Data from these organizations are included in bls and State publica tions. Federal employee experience is compiled and published by the Occu pational Safety and Health Administration. Data on State and local government employees are collected by about half of the States and territo ries; these data are not compiled nationally. Additional sources of information The Supplementary Data System provides detailed information describ ing various factors associated with work-related injuries and illnesses. These data are obtained from information reported by employers to State workers’ compensation agencies. The Work Injury Report program exam ines selected types o f accidents through an employee survey which focuses on the circumstances surrounding the injury. These data are not included in the Handbook of Labor Statistics but are available from the bls Office o f Occupational Safety and Health Statistics. The definitions o f occupational injuries and illnesses and lost workdays are from Recordkeeping Requirements under the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970. For additional data, see Occupational Injuries and Illnesses in the United States, by Industry , annual Bureau o f Labor Statistics bulletin; bls Handbook o f Methods , Bulletin 2134-1 (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1982), chapter 17; Handbook of Labor Statistics , Bulletin 2217 (Bureau o f Labor Statistics, 1985), pp. 411-14; annual reports in the Monthly Labor Review, and annual U .S. Department o f Labor press releases. 55 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Comparative Indicators 1. Labor market indicators 1984 1986 1985 1984 Selected indicators 1985 IV III II I IV III II I E m p lo y m e n t d a t a Employment status of the civilian noninstitutionalized population (household survey)' Labor Force participation r a te ............................................................. Employment-population r a tio ............................................................... Unemployment rate .............................................................................. Men ....................................................................................................... 16 to 24 years ................................................................................. 25 years and o v e r ........................................................................... Women ................................................................................................. 16 to 24 years ................................................................................. 25 years and o v e r ........................................................................... Unemployment rate, 15 weeks and o v e r ....................................... 64.7 60.1 7.2 7.0 14.0 5.3 7.4 12.7 5.9 64.9 60.4 7.0 6.9 14.0 5.2 7.2 13.1 5.5 1.9 65.1 60.5 7.1 98,668 82,069 24,937 19,261 73,731 99,403 82,731 25,028 19,284 74,375 64.8 60.1 7.3 7.1 14.1 5.4 7.6 13.1 64.7 60.0 7.3 7.1 14.2 5.4 7.5 13.0 2.1 6.0 2.0 6.0 2.0 94,977 78,914 24,891 19,489 70,086 95,907 79,736 24,943 19,486 70,964 96,581 80,341 24,970 19,439 71,611 97,295 80,958 24,947 19,323 72,347 35.1 40.6 3.3 35.1 40.5 3.4 35.0 40.4 3.3 34.9 40.4 3.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 .8 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.5 1.4 1.0 1.2 1.0 .2 3.4 1.1 .7 .5 1.6 .6 1.0 .8 1.3 1.4 .6 64.4 59.7 7.4 7.3 14.5 5.5 7.6 13.1 6.0 64.8 60.1 7.2 7.0 14.1 5.3 7.4 13.0 5.9 6.0 64.5 59.8 7.2 7.1 13.8 5.4 7.5 12.9 5.9 2.4 2.0 2.3 Total ........................................................................................................... Private sector ......................................................................................... G oods-producing.................................................................................... Manufacturing ...................................................................................... Service-producing ................................................................................. 94,496 78,472 24,727 19,378 69,769 97,614 81,199 24,930 19,314 72,684 Average hours Private sector ......................................................................................... Manufacturing .................................................................................. O vertim e........................................................................................... 35.2 40.7 3.4 34.9 40.5 3.3 64.4 59.5 7.5 7.4 14.4 5.7 7.6 13.3 2.0 6.8 13.3 5.3 7.3 13.2 5.7 1.9 65.3 60.6 7.2 7.1 14.5 5.4 7.3 13.2 5.7 1.9 Employment, nonagricultural (payroll data ):1 97,897 81,414 24,866 19,241 73,031 34.9 40.6 3.3 34.9 40.8 3.5 34.9 40.7 3.4 .7 1.6 .8 1.3 .7 .6 1.8 .6 .6 .6 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.0 99,855 83,144 24,953 19,197 74,902 34.8 40.7 3.4 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x Percent change in the ECI, compensation : 2 All workers (excluding farm, household, and Federal workers) ...... Private industry workers ..................................................................... Goods-producing 3 ............................................................................ Servicing-producing 3 ....................................................................... State and local government w o rk e rs ............................................... - Workers by bargaining status (private industry) U n io n ...................................................................................................... Nonunion ............................................................................................... - 1 Quarterly data seasonally adjusted. 2 Quarterly changes calculated using the last month of each quarter 56 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis - “ .9 .7 3.5 .7 .9 1.0 .5 .7 1.0 1.2 .7 .8 .9 .6 .6 .2 .9 3 Goods-producing Industries Include mining, construction, and manufacturing. Serviceproducing industries include all other private sector industries. - Data not available. 2. Annual and quarterly percent changes In compensation, prices, and productivity 1984 S e le c te d m e a s u re s 1984 1985 1986 1985 III IV I II III IV 1 II C o m p e n s a t io n d a t a : 1, 2 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x -C o m p e n s a tio n (w a g e s , sala rie s , b e n e fits ) C iv ilia n n o n f a r m .......................... ..................................................... - - 1.3 1.2 1.3 0 .7 1 .6 0 .6 1.1 0 .7 P riv a te n o n f a r m ............................................................................. - - .8 1 .3 1 .2 .8 1 .3 .6 1.1 .8 E m p lo y m e n t C o s t In d e x -W a g e s a n d S a la rie s C ivilian n o n fa rm ........................................................................ - _ 1 .3 1 .2 1 .2 .9 1 .7 .6 1 .0 .8 P riv a te n o n f a r m .................................................................... - - .8 1 .2 1 .2 1.1 1 .3 .6 1 .0 .9 4 .0 3 .8 P r ic e d a t a 1 C o n s u m e r P ric e In d e x (A ll u rb a n c o n su m e rs ): AH i t e m s ........ 1 .2 .3 1 .0 1.1 .7 .9 -.4 .6 P ro d u c e r P ric e In d e x F in ish e d g o o d s ..................................................................... 1 .7 1 .8 -.5 .9 .0 .7 -1 .4 2 .5 -3 .1 .3 F in is h e d c o n s u m e r g o o d s ................................................................... 1 .6 1.5 -.5 .8 -.3 .7 -1 .4 2 .5 -4 .0 .2 C a p ita l e q u ip m e n t ................................................................................... 1 .8 2 .7 -.5 1.1 .4 -1 .4 .5 1.3 -.4 -.1 .2 -.5 -3 .0 -.7 -1 .6 -.3 -5 .6 2 .5 .4 .2 In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls , s u pplies, c o m p o n e n ts .......................... C ru d e m a t e r ia ls ...................................................................................... 1 .3 -.4 -2 .0 -1 .2 -3 .1 - 2 .1 -4 .5 4 .3 -7 .7 - 2 .1 - - - - - - - - U.S. E x p o rt P ric e I n d e x ........................................................................... U .S . Im p o rt P ric e I n d e x ........................................................................ - - P r o d u c t iv it y d a t a 1 O u tp u t p e r h o u r o f all persons: 2 .3 1.0 -.3 -.1 .9 3 .4 -3 .2 3 .3 -.3 1.8 2 7 N o n fa rm b u s in es s s e c t o r ......................................................... .5 -.7 -.4 .3 2 .2 -3 .5 2 .0 1 8 N o n fin a n c ia l c o rp o ra tio n s 3 ................................................................ 1.2 - 1 .6 1.1 .8 2 .2 4 .9 -2 .8 4 .3 - 5 -2 .3 B u s in e s s s e c t o r ..................................................................................... 1 Annual changes are December-to-December change. Quarterly changes are calculated using the last month of each quarter. Compensation and Price data are not seasonally adjusted and the price data are not compounded. Productivity data are seasonally adjusted. 3. 2 Excludes Federal and private household workers, 3 Output per hour of all employees, - Data not available. Alternative measures of wage and compensation changes Quarterly Average Components Average hourly compensation :1 All persons, business se c to r........................................................................ All employees, nonfarm business s e c to r................................................... Hourly earnings Index :2 All private non farm ......................................................................................... Employment Cost Index-compensation: Civilian nonfarm 3 ........................................................................................... Private nonfarm ........................................................................................... U n io n ......................................................................................................... N o nunion.................................................................................................... State and local governm ents.................................................................... Employment Cost Index-wages and salaries: Civilian nonfarm 3 ............................................................................................ Private nonfarm ........................................................................................... U n io n .......................................................................................................... N o nunion.................................................................................................... State and local gove rnm ents..................................................................... Total effective wage adjustments 4 ..................................................................... From current settlem ents............................................................................. From prior se ttle m e n ts................................................................................. From cost-of-living provision........................................................................ Negotiated wage adjustments from settlements 4 First-year adjustm en ts.................................................................................. Annual rate over life of contracl ................................................................. Negotiated wage and benefit adjustments from settlements :5 First-year adju stm e n t.................................................................................... Annual rate over life of contracl ................................................................. II 1986 III IV I I II 5.1 4.6 4.4 3.2 3.8 3.7 2.5 3.1 2.7 2.2 3.9 3.9 - _ _ « _ _ - 1.3 .7 1.6 1.2 .8 .6 1.0 .2 1.3 .7 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.2 .7 1.4 1.0 .7 .1 .6 .1 .9 1.1 1.1 1.1 .2 .8 .2 .8 .5 1.4 3.4 .7 1.1 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.7 1.3 .9 1.5 3.5 1.2 .2 .6 .6 .6 .6 .6 1.0 1.0 .5 .7 .6 .8 1.1 1.0 .6 .0 .5 .1 .5 .4 .1 .2 .1 2.1 .5 3.3 3.2 2.5 2.0 2.8 3.1 1.9 3.6 2.7 3.5 3.4 2.0 2.0 3.0 1.4 .4 .2 1.0 1.6 .4 1.3 1986 1985 II 4.2 3.9 Seasonally adjusted. Production or nonsupervisory workers. Excludes Federal and household workers. Limited to major collective bargaining units of 1,000 workers or more. The https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Four quarters ended in - 1985 I 1 2 3 4 -.5 III IV I II 4.5 4.2 4.4 4.0 4.4 3.9 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.1 - - - - “ 4.8 4.4 3.5 4.9 6.3 4.6 4.2 3.1 4.9 4.9 4.7 3.2 5.4 4.3 3.9 6.1 6.0 4.6 5.7 4.1 3.8 2.9 4.2 5.5 4.0 3.8 2.5 4.2 5.8 4.4 4.1 3.0 4.6 5.6 3.6 .7 5.0 4.8 3.6 5.4 5.6 3.5 .9 4.4 4.1 3.1 4.6 5.6 3.3 .7 4.2 3.9 3.2 4.3 5.5 3.1 .6 4.1 3.7 2.5 4.1 5.7 2.9 .5 1.8 .8 1.8 1.7 1.8 .7 4.5 4.3 3.4 4.8 5.5 3.5 .9 1.9 .7 .7 .8 .7 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.3 2.7 2 .0 2.0 2.4 2.3 1.7 2.3 .7 3.4 2.3 1.5 2.6 3.1 2.7 2 .6 1.6 3.4 2.7 2.7 2 .6 2 .0 .7 .8 .2 .9 .6 .8 .9 .4 .9 .4 .7 .2 .6 .0 1.3 2.2 2.6 2.5 most recent data are preliminary. 5 Limited to major collective bargaining units of 5,000 workers or more. The most recent data are preliminary. - Data not available. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 4. September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data Employment status of the total population, by sex, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Employment status 1984 1985 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Feb. Jan. Dec. Apr. Mar. June May July TO TAL Noninstitutional population \ 2 ....... Labor force 2 ..................................... Participation rate 3 .................. Total employed 2 .......................... Employment-population ratio 4 ...................................... Resident Armed Forces 1 ....... Civilian e m p lo ye d ...................... A g ricu ltu re ............................... Nonagricultural in dustries..... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment rate 5 ............ Not in labor fo r c e ........................... 178,080 115,241 64.7 106,702 179,912 117,167 65.1 108,856 179,967 116,976 65.0 108,575 180,131 117,069 65.0 108,936 180,304 117,522 65.2 109,251 180,470 117,814 65.3 109,513 180,642 117,832 65.2 109,671 180,810 117,927 65.2 109,904 181,361 118,477 65.3 110,646 181,512 118,779 65.4 110,252 181,678 118,900 65.4 110,481 181,843 118,929 65.4 110,587 181,998 119,351 65.6 110,797 182,183 119,796 65.8 111,353 182,354 119,744 65.7 111,554 59.9 1,697 105,005 3,321 101,685 8,539 7.4 62,839 60.5 1,706 107,150 3,179 103,971 8,312 7.1 62,744 60.3 1,704 106,871 3,120 103,751 8,401 7.2 62,991 60.5 1,726 107,210 3,095 104,115 8,133 6.9 63,062 60.6 1,732 107,519 3,017 104,502 8,271 7.0 62,782 60.7 1,700 107,813 3,058 104,755 8,301 7.0 62,656 60.7 1,702 107,969 3,070 104,899 8,161 6.9 62,810 60.8 1,698 108,206 3,151 105,055 8,023 61.0 1,691 108,955 3,299 105,655 7,831 6.8 6 .6 62,885 60.8 1,693 108,788 3,285 105,503 8,419 7.1 62,778 60.8 1,695 108,892 3,222 105,670 8,342 7.0 62,914 60.9 1,687 109,110 3,160 105,950 8,554 7.2 62,647 61.1 1,680 109,673 3,165 106,508 8,443 7.0 62,387 61.2 1,672 109,882 3,112 106,769 8,190 62,883 60.7 1,691 108,561 3,096 105,465 8,527 7.2 62,733 85,156 65,386 76.8 60,642 86,025 65,967 76.7 61,447 86,052 65,884 76.6 61,273 86,132 65,945 76.6 61,510 86,217 66,074 76.6 61,629 86,293 66,227 76.7 61,656 86,374 66,176 76.6 61,731 86,459 66,139 76.5 61,793 86,882 66,679 76.7 62,458 86,954 66,838 76.9 62,243 87,035 66,864 76.8 62,288 87,120 66,757 76.6 62,254 87,195 66,943 76.8 62,190 87,288 66,964 76.7 62,322 87,373 66,936 76.6 62,365 71.2 1,551 59,091 4,744 7.3 71.4 1,556 59,891 4,521 6.9 71.2 1,554 59,719 4,611 7.0 71.4 1,574 59,936 4,435 6.7 71.5 1,580 60,049 4,445 6.7 71.4 1,551 60,105 4,571 6.9 71.5 1,552 60,179 4,445 6.7 71.5 1,549 60,244 4,346 71.6 1,539 60,704 4,595 6.9 71.6 1,540 60,748 4,577 6.8 71.5 1,541 60,713 4,503 6.7 71.3 1,533 60,657 4,754 7.1 71.4 1,525 60,797 4,642 6.9 71.4 1,518 60,847 4,571 6.6 71.9 1,539 60,919 4,221 6.3 92,924 49,855 53.7 46,061 93,886 51,200 54.5 47,409 93,915 51,092 54.4 47,302 93,999 51,124 54.4 47,426 94,087 51,448 54.7 47,622 94,177 51,587 54.8 47,857 94,266 51,655 54.8 47,939 94,351 51,788 54.9 48,111 94,479 51,797 54.8 48,187 94,558 51,941 54.9 48,009 94,643 52,036 55.0 48,194 94,723 52,172 55.1 48,333 94,803 52,408 55.3 48,608 94,895 52,832 55.7 49,031 94,981 52,808 55.6 49,189 49.6 146 45,915 3,794 7.6 50.5 150 47,259 3,791 7.4 50.4 150 47,152 3,790 7.4 50.5 152 47,274 3,698 7.2 50.6 152 47,470 3,826 7.4 50.8 149 47,708 3,730 7.2 50.9 149 47,790 3,716 7.2 51.0 149 47,962 3,677 7.1 51.0 152 48,035 3,610 7.0 50.8 152 47,857 3,932 7.6 50.9 153 48,041 3,842 7.4 51.0 154 48,179 3,839 7.4 51.3 154 48,454 3,800 7.3 51.7 155 48,876 3,801 7.2 51.8 154 49,035 3,619 6.9 6.8 62,610 M e n , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r Noninstitutional population 2 ....... Labor force 2 ..................................... Participation rate 3 .................. Total employed 2 .......................... Employment-population ratio 4 ...................................... Resident Armed Forces 1 ....... Civilian employed ...................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment rate 5 ............ 6.8 W o m e n , 16 y e a r s a n d o v e r Noninstitutional population \ 2 ....... Labor force 2 ..................................... Participation rate 3 .................. Total employed 2 ........................... Employment-population ratio 4 ...................................... Resident Armed Forces 1 ....... Civilian e m p lo ye d ...................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment rate 5 ............ 1 The population and Armed Forces figures are not adjusted for seasonal variation. 2 Includes members of the Armed Forces stationed in the United States. 3 Labor force as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 58 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Total employed as a percent of the noninstitutional population. 5 Unemployment as a percent of the labor force (including Forces). the resident Armed 5. Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1985 1986 Employment status 1984 1985 July 176,383 113,544 64.4 105,005 178,206 115,461 64.8 107,150 178,263 115,272 64.7 106,871 178,405 115,343 64.7 107,210 178,572 115,790 64.8 107,519 59.5 8,539 7.5 62,839 60.1 8,312 7.2 62,744 60.0 8,401 7.3 62,991 60.1 8,133 7.1 63,062 76,219 59,701 78.3 55,769 77,195 60,277 78.1 56,562 77,243 60,158 77.9 56,403 73.2 2,418 53,351 3,932 73.3 2,278 54,284 3,715 6.6 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. 178,770 116,114 65.0 107,813 178,940 116,130 64.9 107,969 179,112 116,229 64.9 108,206 60.2 8,271 7.1 62,782 60.3 8,301 7.1 62,656 60.3 8,161 7.0 62,810 77,306 60,269 78.0 56,636 77,389 60,407 78.1 56,751 77,498 60,526 78.1 56,849 73.0 2,230 54,173 3,755 73.3 2,231 54,405 3,633 73.3 2,171 54,580 3,656 73.4 2,188 54,661 3,677 54,687 3,656 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.1 6.1 85,429 45,900 53.7 42,793 86,506 47,283 54.7 44,154 86,575 47,190 54.5 44,070 86,652 47,340 54.6 44,197 86,727 47,558 54.8 44,363 50.1 595 42,198 3,107 51.0 596 43,558 3,129 50.9 596 43,474 3,120 51.0 581 43,616 3,143 6.8 6.6 6.6 14,735 7,943 53.9 6,444 14,506 7,901 54.5 6,434 43.7 309 6,135 1,499 18.9 Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 179,670 116,786 65.0 108,955 179,821 117,088 65.1 108,561 179,985 117,207 65.1 108,788 180,148 117,234 65.1 108,892 180,311 117,664 65.3 109,110 180,503 118,116 65.4 109,673 180,682 118,072 65.3 109,882 60.4 8,023 6.9 62,883 60.6 7,831 6.7 62,885 60.4 8,527 7.3 62,733 60.4 8,419 7.2 62,778 60.4 8,342 7.1 62,914 60.5 8,554 7.3 62,647 60.8 8,443 7.1 62,387 60.8 8,190 6.9 62,610 77,566 60,553 78.1 56,897 77,651 60,548 78.0 56,982 78,101 61,212 78.4 57,706 78,171 61,183 78.3 57,384 78,236 61,268 78.3 57,459 78,309 61,053 78.0 57,391 78,387 61,208 78.1 57,312 78,484 61,387 78.2 57,560 78,586 61,323 78.0 57,499 73.4 73.9 2,349 55,356 3,507 5.7 73.4 2,258 55,127 3,799 73.4 2,411 55,048 3,809 73.3 2,347 55,043 3,663 73.2 2,266 55,233 3,824 6.2 6.2 6.0 73.1 2,278 55,034 3,897 6.4 73.3 2,320 55,241 3,827 6.0 73.4 2,278 54,704 3,566 5.9 6.2 6.2 86,810 47,663 54.9 44,609 86,901 47,713 54.9 44,656 86,988 47,870 55.0 44,882 87,112 47,895 55.0 44,980 87,185 47,921 55.0 44,710 87,263 47,952 55.0 44,797 87,355 48,107 55.1 45,009 87,444 48,409 55.4 45,284 87,547 48,805 55.7 45,701 87,629 48,916 55.8 45,918 51.4 609 44,000 3,054 6.4 51.4 591 44,065 3,057 6.4 51.6 597 44,285 2,988 51.6 696 44,284 2,915 6.1 6.6 51.5 576 44,433 3,097 6.4 51.8 609 44,675 3,125 6.5 52.2 565 45,136 3,104 6.4 52.4 608 45,309 2,998 6.2 51.3 593 44,117 3,211 6.7 51.3 598 44,199 3,155 6.6 51.2 557 43,806 3,195 6.7 14,445 7,924 54.9 6,398 14,448 7,734 53.5 6,377 14,456 7,825 54.1 6,405 14,463 7,925 54.8 6,355 14,472 7,864 54.3 6,416 14,474 7,811 54.0 6,342 14,458 7,678 53.1 6,269 14,465 7,984 55.2 6,467 14,485 7,987 55.1 6,532 14,484 8,074 55.7 6,492 14,480 8,047 55.6 6,515 14,472 7,923 54.7 6,411 14,467 7,833 54.1 6,465 44.4 305 6,129 1,468 18.6 44.3 294 6,104 1,526 19.3 44.1 283 6,094 1,357 17.5 44.3 289 6,116 1,420 18.1 43.9 261 6,094 1,570 19.8 44.3 269 6,147 1,448 18.4 43.8 276 6,066 1,469 18.8 43.4 254 6,015 1,409 18.4 44.7 246 6,221 1,517 19.0 45.1 276 6,256 1,455 18.2 44.8 298 6,194 1,582 19.6 45.0 274 6,241 1,532 19.0 44.3 280 6,131 1,512 19.1 44.7 238 6,227 1,368 17.5 152,347 98,492 64.6 92,120 153,679 99,926 65.0 93,736 153,717 99,705 64.9 93,378 153,819 99,817 64.9 93,684 153,938 100,179 65.1 94,055 154,082 100,533 65.2 94,369 154,203 100,478 65.2 94,507 154,327 100,533 65.1 94,585 154,784 100,961 65.2 95,165 154,889 101,232 65.4 94,803 155,005 101,248 65.3 94,958 155,122 101,249 65.3 95,081 155,236 101,515 65.4 95,180 155,376 101,975 65.6 95,731 155,502 101,922 65.5 95,760 60.5 6,372 6.5 61.0 6,191 60.7 6,327 6.3 60.9 6,133 61.1 6,124 61.2 6,164 61.2 6,429 6.4 61.6 6,244 61.6 6,162 6.1 61.5 5,796 5.7 61.3 6,335 6.1 61.3 5,948 5.9 61.3 6,168 6.1 61.3 5,971 5.9 61.3 6,290 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.2 6.1 6.0 19,348 12,033 62.2 10,119 19,664 12,364 62.9 10,501 19,675 12,354 62.8 10,499 19,700 12,289 62.4 10,560 19,728 12,378 62.7 10,500 19,761 12,412 62.8 10,566 19,790 12,457 62.9 10,518 19,819 12,522 63.2 10,657 19,837 12,548 63.3 10,737 19,863 12,545 63.2 10,690 19,889 12,656 63.6 10,791 19,916 12,740 64.0 10,856 19,943 12,781 64.1 10,889 19,974 12,754 63.9 10,825 2 0,002 52.3 1,914 15.9 53.4 1,864 15.1 53.4 1,855 15.0 53.6 1,729 14.1 53.2 1,878 15.2 53.5 1,846 14.9 53.1 1,939 15.6 53.8 1,865 14.9 54.1 1,810 14.4 53.8 1,855 14.8 54.3 1,865 ,4 , 54.5 1,884 14.8 54.6 1,892 14.8 54.2 1,929 15.1 54.2 1,766 14.0 May June July TOTAL Civilian noninstitutional population 1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... E m ployed..................................... Employment-population ratio 2 ....................................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment r a te ............... Not in labor force ........................... M en, 2 0 y e a rs an d o v e r Civilian noninstitutional population 1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... Employed ................................. Employment-population ratio 2 ....................................... A g riculture.................................. Nonagricultural industries........ Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment r a te ............... W om en, 20 2,210 y e a rs o n d o v e r Civilian noninstitutional population 1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... E m ployed...................................... Employment-population ratio 2 ....................................... A g riculture.................................. Nonagricultural industries........ Unem ployed................................. Unemployment ra te ............... 6.1 B o th s e x e s , 16 to 19 y e a rs Civilian noninstitutional population 1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... E m ployed..................................... Employment-population ratio 2 ....................................... A g riculture.................................. Nonagricultural industries........ Unem ployed..................... Unemployment r a te ................ W h it e Civilian noninstitutional population 1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... E m ployed ...................................... Employment-population ratio 2 ....................................... Unem ployed..................... Unemployment r a te ............... B la c k Civilian noninstitutional population 1 ....................................... Civilian labor fo rc e .......................... Participation rate .................... E m ployed...................................... Employment-population ratio 2 ....................................... Unem ployed.................................. Unemployment r a te ............... 12,601 63.0 10,836 See footnotes at end of table. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 59 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 5. Continued— Employment status of the civilian population, by sex, age, race and Hispanic origin, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Employment status 1984 July Aug. 11,969 7,781 65.0 6,973 58.3 808 10.4 June Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May 12,004 7,844 65.3 7,026 12,040 7,854 65.2 6,982 12,075 7,782 64.4 6,953 12,111 12,148 7,787 64.1 6,998 12,184 7,943 65.2 6,969 12,219 7,920 64.8 7,105 12,255 7,975 65.1 7,144 12,290 12,326 8,002 8,110 65.1 7,123 65.8 7,251 58.5 818 10.4 58.0 872 57.6 829 10.7 57.5 810 10.4 57.6 789 57.2 974 12.3 58.2 815 10.3 58.3 832 10.4 58.0 878 58.8 858 11.0 10.6 Sept. July H is p a n ic o r ig in Civilian noninstitutional population 1 ............................. Civilian labor fo rc e ................ Participation rate ......... E m ployed............................ Employment-population ratio 2 ............................. Unem ployed........................ Unemployment ra te ..... 11,478 7,451 64.9 6,651 11,915 7,698 64.6 6,888 11,933 7,713 64.6 6,870 57.9 800 10.7 57.8 811 10.5 57.6 843 10.9 11.1 6. 10.1 12,362 8,123 65.7 7,274 58.8 849 10.5 because data for the “ other races” groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. 1 The population figures are not seasonally adjusted. 2 Civilian employment as a percent of the civilian noninstitutional population. NOTE: 7,772 64.2 6,962 Detail for the above race and Hispanic-origin groups will not sum to totals Selected employment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Selected categories 1984 1985 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July C H A R A C T E R IS T IC Civilian employed, 16 years and o v e r ................................................. M e n .............................................. W o m e n ........................................ Married men, spouse present .. Married women, spouse p re s e n t....................................... Women who maintain families . 105,005 59,091 45,915 39,056 107,150 59,891 47,259 39,248 106,871 59,719 47,152 39,096 107,210 59,936 47,274 39,142 107,519 60,049 47,470 39,103 107,813 60,105 47,708 39,272 107,969 60,179 47,790 39,314 108,206 60,244 47,962 39,278 108,955 60,919 48,035 39,615 108,561 60,704 47,857 39,382 108,788 60,748 48,041 39,365 108,892 60,713 48,179 39,555 109,110 60,657 48,454 39,614 109,673 60,797 48,876 39,626 109,882 60,847 49,035 39,611 25,636 5,465 26,336 5,597 26,316 5,607 26,392 5,627 26,531 5,556 26,702 5,514 26,721 5,605 26,804 5,693 26,958 5,702 26,593 5,733 26,656 5,771 26,802 5,812 26,920 5,718 27,427 5,668 27,523 5,829 1,555 1,553 213 1,535 1,458 185 1,479 1,474 170 1,456 1,444 176 1,438 1,414 179 1,465 1,436 172 1,537 1,361 158 1,572 1,409 164 1,673 1,492 163 1,519 1,444 156 1,689 1,453 172 1,587 1,475 180 1,480 1,486 186 1,498 1,504 154 1,486 1,427 171 93,565 15,770 77,794 1,238 76,556 7,785 335 95,871 16,031 79,841 1,249 78,592 7,811 289 95,523 15,949 79,574 1,251 78,323 7,724 277 95,791 16,075 79,716 1,295 78,421 7,874 303 96,546 16,145 80,401 1,266 79,135 7,846 266 96,530 16,213 80,317 1,271 79,046 7,991 248 96,676 16,157 80,519 1,197 79,322 8,013 249 96,921 16,194 80,727 1,131 79,596 7,903 250 97,911 16,418 81,494 1,256 80,238 7,655 273 97,516 16,104 81,412 1,197 80,216 7,669 270 97,698 16,095 81,604 1,213 80,390 7,644 240 97,831 16,187 81,643 1,321 80,322 7,571 253 97,994 16,325 81,669 1,275 80,394 7,757 229 98,372 16,387 81,984 1,279 80,705 7,807 235 98,206 16,647 81,559 1,243 80,317 8,081 254 5,744 2,430 2,948 13,169 5,590 2,430 2,819 13,489 5,596 2,414 2,766 13,634 5,680 2,480 2,835 13,622 5,554 2,433 2,815 13,496 5,475 2,251 2,897 13,713 5,498 2,306 2,883 13,645 5,494 2,303 2,864 13,556 5,543 2,364 2,883 13,958 5,377 2,369 2,703 13,817 5,538 2,330 2,953 13,754 5,923 2,603 2,974 13,933 5,980 2,659 2,893 13,638 5,537 2,434 2,810 14,268 5,399 2,484 2,624 13,991 5,512 2,291 5,334 2,273 2,730 13,038 5,328 2,251 5,413 2,319 2,740 13,179 5,299 2,292 2,730 13,053 5,241 2,115 2,801 13,277 5,295 2,196 2,784 13,194 5,294 2,195 2,760 13,122 5,275 2,208 2,776 13,441 5,158 2,224 2,636 13,369 5,301 2,159 2,861 13,285 5,621 2,430 2,849 13,599 5,673 2,523 2,790 13,191 5,320 2,308 2,724 13,779 5,191 2,323 2,579 13,656 M A J O R IN D U S T R Y A N D C L A S S OF W ORKER Agriculture: Wage and salary w o rk e rs ........ Self-employed w o rke rs ............. Unpaid family w o rk e rs ............... Nonagricultural industries: Wage and salary w o rk e rs ........ Government ............................. Private in dustries..................... Private households............... O th e r ...................................... Self-employed w o rke rs............. Unpaid family w o rk e rs ............... PERSONS A T W O RK P A R T T IM E 1 All industries: Part time for economic reasons . Slack work .................................. Could only find part-time work Voluntary part t im e ....................... Nonagricultural industries: Part time for economic reasons . Slack work .................................. Could only find part-time work Voluntary part t im e ....................... 2,866 12,704 2 ,686 13,235 1 Excludes persons “ with a job but not at work” during the survey period for such reasons as vacation, illness, or Industrial disputes. 60 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7. Selected unemployment indicators, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Unemployment rates) Annual average 1985 1986 Selected categories 1984 1985 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Total, all civilian w o rke rs ............................................. Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs ................................... Men, 20 years and o v e r ........................................ Women, 20 years and o v e r................................... 7.5 18.9 7.2 18.6 7.3 19.3 7.1 17.5 7.1 18.1 7.1 19.8 7.0 18.4 7.1 19.6 6.9 17.5 6.0 6.6 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.7 6.2 6.6 6 .2 6.7 6.4 7.3 19.0 6.4 6.5 7.1 19.1 6.2 6.6 6.7 18.4 5.7 7.2 18.2 6.2 6.6 6.9 18.8 5.9 7.3 19.0 6.6 6.8 6.2 6.1 White, t o t a l............................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs ................................ Men, 16 to 19 years ...................................... Women, 16 to 19 y e a rs ................................. Men, 20 years and over ..................................... Women, 20 years and o v e r................................ 6.5 16.0 16.8 15.2 5.7 5.8 6.2 6.3 16.1 17.1 15.0 5.6 5.7 6.1 6.1 6.1 6.4 16.2 16.5 15.8 5.4 5.9 6.1 6.0 17.0 18.5 15.3 5.2 5.5 5.7 14.9 14.7 15.1 5.0 5.3 6.2 15.3 16.2 14.4 5.2 5.7 5.9 15.9 16.2 15.5 5.1 5.4 6.1 15.2 17.2 13.0 5.3 5.7 5.9 15.5 15.8 15.1 5.2 5.4 6.2 15.7 16.5 14.8 5.4 5.7 14.5 15.3 13.7 5.5 5.8 16.4 17.2 15.6 5.2 5.5 16.0 17.3 14.7 5.5 5.5 16.2 17.8 14.4 5.4 5.4 15.0 15.3 14.7 5.5 5.3 Black, total ............................................................... Both sexes, 16 to 19 y e a rs ................................ Men, 16 to 19 y e a rs ...................................... Women, 16 to 19 y e a rs................................. Men, 20 years and over ..................................... Women, 20 years and o v e r................................ 15.9 42.7 42.7 42.6 14.3 13.5 15.1 40.2 41.0 39.2 13.2 13.1 15.0 41.2 43.1 39.0 15.2 38.8 41.1 36.1 13.3 13.5 14.9 39.7 41.0 38.2 13.7 14.4 41.9 41.3 42.4 12.7 14.8 42.6 41.4 43.7 12.6 15.1 40.2 38.5 41.9 13.3 12.0 12.6 12.2 14.8 40.8 40.8 40.8 12.7 12.6 14.8 39.1 38.7 39.5 13.3 12.5 14.7 43.7 44.1 43.4 12.1 15.6 40.8 45.2 36.0 13.7 13.6 14.9 41.6 41.0 42.3 13.1 13.1 14.1 35.3 34.9 35.9 11.9 13.1 12.5 12.8 12.8 14.0 38.6 41.6 35.1 12.7 11.9 Hispanic origin, to ta l................................................ 10.7 10.5 10.9 10.4 10.4 11.1 10.7 10.4 10.1 12.3 10.3 10.4 11.0 10.6 10.5 Married men, spouse p re s e n t............................... Mamed women, spouse p re s e n t.......................... Women who maintain fa m ilie s.............................. Full-time workers ..................................................... Part-time workers .................................................... Unemployed 15 weeks and o v e r.......................... Labor force time lost 1 ............................................ 4.6 5.7 10.3 7.2 9.3 2.4 4.3 5.6 10.4 4.1 5.4 4.3 5.6 11.3 4.2 5.3 10.4 4.3 5.5 4.3 5.3 9.4 4.3 5.1 9.9 6.4 8.4 4.5 5.5 9.9 6.9 9.4 4.5 5.6 4.2 5.3 9.4 6.7 9.6 4.5 5.4 4.5 5.2 10.0 10.2 10.1 4.4 5.3 9.2 9.3 4.4 5.7 10.3 7.0 9.4 6.7 9.1 2.0 8.1 2.0 8.2 1.8 7.6 2 .0 8.1 7.0 9.2 1.9 8.3 7.2 9.5 13.1 7.7 7.6 7.8 5.1 7.6 5.6 3.9 13.2 7.3 9.9 13.4 7.9 7.9 7.9 5.7 7.6 5.6 4.0 14.0 6.7 10.9 12.9 7.0 7.0 7.1 4.3 7.2 5.2 3.4 10.9 7.2 9.2 13.2 7.2 7.4 7.0 5.3 7.8 5.9 3.8 14.3 7.1 17.6 C H A R A C T E R IS T IC 8.6 6.8 12.8 10.8 6.8 6.8 6.8 6.7 6.6 9.0 9.3 9.6 8.8 2.0 8.1 2.0 8.1 2.0 7.9 1.9 7.9 9.0 1.9 7.8 7.1 7.2 8.9 13.6 7.7 7.7 7.8 5.3 7.8 5.5 3.8 13.3 7.1 7.7 13.5 7.5 7.3 7.8 5.1 7.7 5.4 3.9 12.9 7.0 7.3 13.4 7.7 7.6 7.8 5.1 7.5 5.4 3.6 12.5 10.1 6.9 9.1 1.9 8.1 6.0 1.8 8.1 6.4 2.0 8.1 6 .6 9.0 1.9 7.7 IN D U S T R Y Nonagricultural private wage and salary workers .... M ining.......................................................... C o nstruction.................................... .................... Manufacturing ................................. ........................ Durable g o o d s ....................................................... Nondurable goods ............................................... Transportation and public utilities ........................ Wholesale and retail tra d e ............... .................... Finance and service in dustries............................. Government w o rk e rs ............................................ Agricultural w age and salary workers ....................... 7.4 10.0 14.3 7.5 7.2 7.8 5.5 8.0 5.9 4.5 13.5 8.6 13.1 7.8 7.9 7.6 4.5 7.7 5.5 3.9 14.0 6.9 10.3 12.6 7.3 7.3 7.3 5.0 7.6 5.3 3.8 10.6 7.2 10.4 13.0 7.2 6.1 5.6 7.3 13.7 13.3 7.5 7.3 7.7 5.3 7.6 5.7 4.0 11.9 8.1 8.1 5.9 3.5 13.4 5.5 3.7 15.8 6.8 7.7 7.2 12.8 12.0 6.8 6.8 6.8 12.1 7.3 7.1 7.5 5.5 7.7 5.4 3.6 13.2 7.2 17.0 13.2 6.9 6.7 7.2 6.1 7.8 5.7 3.2 11.6 1 Aggregate hours lost by the unemployed and persons on part time for economic reasons as a percent of potentially available labor force hours. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 61 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 8. September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data Unemployment rates by sex and age, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Civilian workers) Annual average Sex and age 1984 1985 July Aug. Oct. Sept. Nov. 10.8 10.6 5.7 5.9 4.4 5.7 5.9 4.3 7.0 13.6 18.9 5.1 5.4 3.9 18.2 20.9 16.2 10.3 5.0 5.3 3.9 7.0 13.6 19.3 23.2 16.6 10.7 5.5 5.7 4.4 7.2 13.1 17.4 7.1 13.2 18.3 7.0 13.2 18.5 7.6 13.6 18.6 21.2 22.0 20.6 20.8 20.2 15.5 10.7 5.6 5.9 3.7 15.1 16.9 10.8 10.6 5.6 5.9 3.6 5.4 5.7 3.9 16.5 10.5 5.3 5.6 3.8 21.0 17.4 11.5 5.8 17.0 11.1 11.2 10.8 4.5 5.6 5.8 4.1 5.6 5.9 4.4 5.5 5.8 4.1 7.4 14.4 19.6 21.9 18.3 11.9 5.7 5.9 4.6 7.0 14.1 19.5 21.9 17.9 11.4 5.3 5.6 4.1 7.2 14.6 20.5 6.9 13.8 19.6 21.9 18.1 10.9 5.3 5.6 3.8 6.9 13.8 19.3 20.7 18.3 11.0 5.3 5.5 4.0 5.3 5.5 4.1 5.2 5.4 4.0 7.6 13.3 18.0 20.4 16.6 10.9 7.4 13.0 17.6 7.4 13.1 17.9 7.3 21.2 16.0 10.7 5.9 15.7 10.7 5.9 15.3 15.8 15.3 10.7 5.8 7.3 13.1 17.9 20.0 7.5 12.9 16.9 19.8 14.9 10.9 6.2 6.2 6.1 6.0 6.3 4.2 5.4 5.6 4.6 12.2 4.2 4.1 6.9 13.3 18.8 17.5 10.6 5.4 5.6 3.8 5.3 5.5 3.9 7.1 14.6 21.5 24.0 19.9 6.9 13.9 19.4 20.9 18.7 6.7 13.5 19.3 11.1 11.2 4.2 6.7 13.0 18.4 20.9 16.4 10.4 5.1 5.4 3.9 21.1 11.0 6.0 6.2 4.5 Apr. 17.2 21.2 11.6 Mar. Feb. 7.2 13.2 18.2 19.4 17.1 7.0 13.5 18.4 21.4 16.9 7.5 13.9 18.9 18.7 Jan. Dec. 7.1 13.9 19.8 22.7 17.8 10.9 5.4 5.7 3.9 7.3 13.9 19.3 21.7 17.3 22.1 7.1 13.0 17.5 19.1 16.8 7.1 13.3 18.1 20.3 16.7 10.9 5.6 5.8 4.1 7.2 13.6 18.6 6.1 9. 1986 1985 7.3 13.6 19.0 21.8 6.5 12.8 21.6 18.0 10.6 June May 7.1 13.9 19.6 20.9 18.9 10.9 5.4 5.8 3.9 July 7.3 14.2 19.0 7.1 13.5 19.1 21.1 20.6 17.5 11.7 5.5 5.9 3.6 17.9 10.7 5.6 5.9 3.7 7.3 15.0 20.4 20.1 6.9 14.5 6.9 13.0 17.5 19.4 15.7 10.8 5.4 5.8 3.8 7.1 14.0 7.0 13.5 18.2 20.0 20.2 21.2 21.6 19.7 19.6 19.4 20.4 20.0 17.8 11.0 11.6 12.2 11.0 11.2 5.5 5.7 4.3 5.2 5.5 3.9 5.4 5.8 3.8 5.5 5.8 4.1 5.5 5.8 3.9 17.7 7.4 12.7 17.5 18.7 16.3 7.4 13.2 19.0 20.5 18.1 7.3 13.3 17.6 20.5 15.3 11.0 10.1 10.0 11.1 5.9 5.9 6.3 4.4 5.8 5.7 7.2 13.0 18.0 21.9 15.1 10.4 5.7 6.2 6.1 6.1 3.8 3.4 3.1 6.9 12.5 16.6 18.7 15.3 10.4 5.4 5.7 3.6 6.2 4.4 16.1 Unemployed persons by reason for unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Reason for unemployment 1984 Job losers ...................................................................... On la y o ff...................................................................... Other job lo s e rs .......................................................... Job leavers .................................................................... Reentrants ..................................................................... New e n tra n ts ................................................................. 1985 4,421 1,171 3,250 823 2,184 1,110 July Sept. Aug. Nov. Oct. Jan. Dec. 4,142 1,167 2,975 852 2,335 918 4,040 1,161 2,879 911 2,237 1,045 4,081 1,175 2,906 808 2,226 1,055 3,933 1,132 2,801 876 2,225 1,033 50.8 13.6 37.2 10.7 26.9 11.5 50.2 14.2 36.1 10.3 28.3 49.1 14.1 35.0 50.0 14.4 35.6 9.9 27.2 12.9 48.8 14.0 34.7 10.9 27.6 48.0 14.8 33.2 12.7 26.3 13.0 3.6 3.6 .7 3.5 1.9 .9 3.5 .7 1.9 .9 3.4 2.0 .8 4,139 1,157 2,982 877 2,256 1,039 4,206 1,134 3,072 894 2,184 1,098 4,144 49.8 13.9 35.9 27.1 12.5 50.2 13.5 36.6 10.7 26.1 13.1 1,112 3,032 875 2,191 941 Mar. Feb. 3,776 1,163 2,613 996 2,066 1,025 4,246 1,164 3,082 July May 4,034 1,028 3,006 4,311 1,133 3,178 975 2,217 1,062 4,335 1,066 3,269 1,013 2,064 1,059 3,937 1,079 2,858 1,034 2,223 965 50.3 13.2 37.1 11.4 25.9 12.4 51.2 48.3 13.2 35.0 12.7 27.2 3.7 3.7 .9 1.7 .9 1,001 1,002 1,110 2,292 1,097 2,197 2,191 1,059 48.7 13.5 35.2 11.7 26.8 50.3 13.8 36.5 11.9 26.0 48.1 12.8 11.8 12.6 3.2 .9 3.6 .9 1.8 2.0 .9 .9 3.6 .9 1.9 .9 3.4 .9 1.9 .9 1,000 June Apr. 4,162 1,152 3,010 PERCENT OF UNEM PLO YED Job lo s e rs .................................................................... On la y o ff................................................................... Other job lo s e rs ....................................................... Job le avers.................................................................. Reentrants................................................................... New entrants .............................................................. 51.8 13.7 38.1 9.6 25.6 13.0 10.6 11.1 27.2 12.7 11.1 12.8 12.2 35.8 13.2 26.1 12.6 38.6 12.0 24.4 12.5 11.8 PERCENT OF C I V IL IA N L A B O R F O R C E Job losers ...................................................................... Job le a v e rs .................................................................... Reentrants ..................................................................... New e n tra n ts ................................................................. 10. 3.9 .7 1.9 3.6 3.6 .8 2.0 .8 .8 1.9 1.9 1.0 .9 1.0 .8 .8 .8 1.9 .9 .8 1.9 .9 3.3 .9 1.9 .8 Duration of unemployment, monthly data seasonally adjusted (Numbers in thousands) Annual average 1986 1985 Weeks of unemployment 1984 1985 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July Less than 5 weeks ............................................... 5 to 14 weeks ........................................................ 15 weeks and o v e r ................................................ 15 to 26 weeks ................................................... 27 weeks and o v e r ............................................ 3,350 2,451 2,737 1,104 1,634 3,498 2,509 2,305 1,025 1,280 3,525 2,514 2,329 1,078 1,251 3,422 2,508 2,274 1,047 1,227 3,484 2,505 2,307 1,035 1,272 3,430 2,536 2,277 1,057 3,374 2,460 2,188 973 1,215 3,311 2,441 2,056 969 1,087 3,562 2,622 2,340 1,149 1,191 3,589 2,640 2,258 1,099 1,159 3,628 2,685 2,135 1,220 3,465 2,448 2,205 894 1,311 3,705 2,737 2,209 1,072 1,137 3,384 2,708 2,320 1,036 1,284 3,394 2,486 2,256 1,066 1,190 Mean duration in w e e k s ....................................... Median duration in w e e k s .................................... 18.2 7.9 15.6 15.5 7.1 15.5 7.2 15.5 6.9 15.4 7.0 15.7 6.9 15.4 6.9 14.9 15.3 6.9 14.4 14.3 6.5 14.4 15.2 7.3 15.0 7.1 62 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6.8 6.8 6.8 1,001 1,134 6.6 11. Unemployment rates of civilian workers by State, data not seasonally adjusted State June 1985 June 1986 8.6 June 1985 June 1986 10.0 10.8 71 5P 7P 45 7.1 8.9 6.5 4.0 3.2 6.8 5.5 9.2 5.0 97 3.7 5.3 7.2 55 5.6 6.3 8.5 71 8 4 8.7 9.0 ft Q 4.9 3.6 7.1 48 77 77 6.7 42. A la b a m a ............................................................. Alaska ................................................................ A riz o n a ............................................................... Arkansas ............................................................ C a lifornia............................................................ 7.6 Colorado ............................................................ Connecticut ....................................................... D elaw are............................................................ District of C o lum bia ......................................... F lo rid a ................................................................ 5.8 5.0 5.2 8.4 6.9 6.0 Georgia .............................................................. H a w aii................................................................. Id a h o .................................................................. Illin o is .............................................................. Indiana ............................................................... 6.9 6.1 6.2 7.3 9.4 7.7 5.5 7.8 8.4 6.6 Io w a .................................................................... Kansas ............................................................... K e n tu cky............................................................ Louisiana............................................................ M aine.................................................................. 7.4 4.7 9.0 11.9 5.0 6.5 5.2 8.9 13.6 4.9 9.1 7.3 8.2 State New J e rs e y ...................................................... Ohio .................................................................. South C a ro lin a ................................................ Maryland ............................................................ M assachusetts.................................................. M ichigan............................................................. M inne sota.......................................................... M ississippi.......................................................... M issouri.............................................................. 4.4 3.9 10.2 5.3 10.6 6.2 Utah ............... 5.7 5.4 V e rm o n t............................................................ 4.5 4.4 51 77 10 9 5.7 3.9 3.7 9.4 5.0 7.6 11 7 6.6 6.6 6.7 9.3 12.6 5.9 NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere because of the continual updating of the 12. 5.5 database, Employment of workers on nonagricuitural payrolls by State, data not seasonally adjusted (In thousands) State June, 1985 May, 1986 A labam a .................. A la s k a ..................... A rizo n a .................... A rkansa s................. C a lifornia................. 1,427.9 239.0 1,271.0 802.6 11,030.2 1,444.5 229.0 1,348.8 824.8 11,205.0 C o lo ra d o .................. Connecticut ............. D elaw are.................. District of Columbia F lo rid a ..................... 1,432.2 1,582.7 297.2 629.6 4,415.8 1,448.7 1,607.7 297.9 645.0 4,560.7 G e o rg ia ................... H aw aii....................... Id a h o ........................ Illin o is ....................... In d ia n a ..................... 2,580.9 422.7 342.1 4,802.6 2,177.1 2,627.5 429.8 334.9 4,785.4 2,262.6 Io w a .......................... Kansas ..................... K e ntucky.................. Louisiana.................. M ain e ........................ 1,085.2 984.0 1,258.0 1,605.2 469.8 1,089.1 996.9 1,279.3 1,543.7 472.4 M a ryla n d .................. M assachusetts....... M ichigan................... M in n e so ta ................ M ississippi................ M issouri.................... M o ntana................... 1,911.2 2,964.4 3,525.4 1,891.0 838.7 2,115.4 288.0 1,932.7 2,987.8 3,586.4 1,907.1 852.7 2,162.8 278.4 June, 1986p 1,442.8 234.7 1,332.6 818.2 11,234.3 June, 1985 May, 1986 June, 1986P N e b ra s k a .......................................................... Nevada ............................................................. New H am pshire.............................................. 653.7 449.9 471.6 662.8 463.3 484.8 660.1 464.4 494.5 New J e rs e y ...................................................... New M e x ic o ..................................................... 1,459.6 New Y o rk .......................................................... 1,622.6 North Carolina ................................................ 301.0 North Dakota ................................................... 649.2 4,550.7 Ohio .................................................................. O kla h o m a ......................................................... 2,639.8 O re g o n .............................................................. 429.8 Pennsylvania.................................................... 337.6 Rhode Isla n d .................................................... 4,800.2 2,253.6 South C a rolina................................................. South D a k o ta ................................................... 1,081.3 Tennessee ...................................................... 997.2 Texas ................................................................ 1,278.0 Utah .................................................................. 1,527.5 481.8 V e rm o n t............................................................ V irg in ia .............................................................. 1,952.8 W ashington...................................................... 3,001.9 West V irg inia.................................................... 3,599.0 W is c o n s in ......................................................... 1,921.0 848.0 W yom ing........................................................... 2,155.6 Puerto R ic o ...................................................... 284.4 Virgin Islands ................................................... 3,466.4 521.1 7,810.1 2,659.5 255.4 3,517.0 522.0 7,909.2 2,717.7 251.6 3,564.5 525.0 7,957.2 2,730.3 252.0 4,411.9 1,190.1 1,042.4 4,767.2 429.3 4,533.2 1,162.4 1,051.9 4,828.1 430.9 4,547.7 1,156.6 1,065.6 4,854.4 431.4 1,311.0 255.0 1,867.3 6,707.2 625.9 1,345.0 252.5 1,932.3 6,692.2 636.8 1,354.9 256.3 1,926.8 6,689.5 639.7 225.5 2,481.2 1,726.7 605.3 2,005.1 225.9 2,541.4 1,760.9 611.7 2,019.2 228.1 2,558.8 1,774.0 601.4 2,046.4 215.1 685.1 36.7 202.4 707.7 36.6 204.7 703.8 36.5 p = preliminary NOTE: Some data in this table may differ from data published elsewhere https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis State because of the continual updating of the database. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 13. Employment of workers on nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted (In thousands) 1986 1985 Annual average Industry T O T A L ................................................... P R IV A T E S E C T O R ............................. G O O D S P R O D U C I N G .......................... M i n i n g ......................................................... Oil and gas extraction .................. C o n s t r u c t io n .......................................... General building contractors....... M a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................................ Production w o rk e rs ....................... D u r a b le g o o d s ..................................... Production w o rk e rs ....................... Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ......... Furniture and fix tu re s ..................... Stone, clay, and glass products ... Primary metal industries ............... Blast furnaces and basic steel p roducts.......................................... Fabricated metal products............ Machinery, except electrica l......... Electrical and electronic equipm ent....................................... Transportation equipm ent............. Motor vehicles and equ ipm ent.... Instruments and related products Miscellaneous manufacturing in d u strie s ........................................ Feb. Mar. Apr. May Junep July*1 1984 1985 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. 94,496 78,472 97,614 81,199 97,672 81,222 97,890 81,428 98,128 81,592 98,428 81,853 98,666 82,073 98,910 82,281 99,296 82,659 99,429 82,748 99,484 82,785 99,783 83,072 99,918 83,198 99,864 83,163 100,253 83,533 24,727 966 607 24,930 930 585 24,875 928 585 24,880 922 581 24,843 917 577 24,903 913 571 24,931 907 565 24,977 901 560 25,101 897 556 25,038 880 541 24,945 852 518 25,038 821 488 24,965 790 461 24,857 773 448 24,883 769 444 4,383 1,161 4,687 1,251 4,679 1,246 4,702 1,257 4,728 1,267 4,754 1,276 4,765 1,283 4,787 1,287 4,901 1,330 4,864 1,320 4,838 1,298 4,972 1,315 4,974 1,314 4,939 1,295 4,992 1,295 19,378 13,285 19,314 13,130 19,268 13,079 19,256 13,078 19,198 13,029 19,236 13,059 19,259 13,074 19,289 13,100 19,303 13,111 19,294 13,097 19,255 13,061 19,245 13,060 19,201 13,025 19,145 12,989 19,122 12,974 11,505 7,739 11,516 7,660 11,483 7,621 11,473 7,619 11,421 7,572 11,447 7,594 11,453 7,594 11,461 7,595 11,466 7,595 11,455 7,579 11,418 7,545 11,415 7,547 11,378 7,519 11,313 7,469 11,302 7,460 704 487 593 857 700 493 591 813 698 492 589 807 700 495 591 798 702 491 590 795 705 493 591 797 708 493 591 801 710 494 593 803 716 494 596 798 716 494 597 795 715 493 594 787 719 494 600 785 719 496 599 780 721 495 597 763 720 498 591 764 334 1,463 305 1,468 305 1,465 302 1,463 304 1,459 304 1,460 302 1,459 303 1,456 300 1,455 299 1,452 293 1,450 291 1,451 288 1,447 287 1,439 284 1,434 2,198 2,182 2,176 2,164 2,147 2,146 2,139 2,133 2,137 2,127 2.118 2,111 2,100 2,090 2,085 2,208 1,901 862 714 2,207 1,971 876 723 2,196 1,970 874 724 2,195 1,977 876 724 2,179 1,970 871 723 2,181 1,987 873 722 2,179 1,993 870 723 2,182 1,998 872 725 2,182 1,996 867 724 2,181 1,998 864 725 2,177 1,989 858 726 2,177 1,986 854 723 2,175 1,972 839 721 2,149 1,974 838 717 2,169 1,965 828 711 382 369 366 366 365 365 367 367 368 370 369 369 369 368 365 7,837 5,516 7,839 5,518 .7,837 5,516 7,830 5,513 7,823 5,506 7,832 5,520 7,820 5,514 7,873 5,546 7,798 5,470 7,785 5,458 7,783 5,459 7,777 5,457 7,789 5,465 7,806 5,480 7,828 5,505 Food and kindred p ro d u c ts .......... Tobacco manufactures .................. Textile mill p ro d u c ts ....................... Apparel and other textile products.......................................... Paper and allied products ............ 1,612 64 746 1,608 65 704 1,604 64 698 1,608 64 698 1,607 65 697 1,610 64 699 1,612 65 701 1,623 64 702 1,623 64 702 1,631 63 705 1,632 63 707 1,633 63 703 1,640 62 705 1,651 62 707 1,646 62 709 1,185 681 1,125 683 1,122 1,117 682 1,121 1,121 1,122 1,130 683 687 1,133 687 1,117 682 686 1,122 683 687 688 1,119 689 1,113 689 1,107 690 1,108 687 Printing and publishing................... Chemicals and allied p roducts..... Petroleum and coal p roducts....... Rubber and misc. plastics products.......................................... Leather and leather products ...... 1,376 1,049 189 1,435 1,046 178 1,440 1,045 178 1,442 1,043 177 1,442 1,042 171 1,447 1,040 171 1,454 1,037 170 1,457 1,035 169 1,461 1,034 168 1,467 1,032 167 1,469 1,031 166 1,472 1,028 166 1,474 1,024 166 1,478 1,026 164 1,480 1,025 162 780 189 790 166 784 167 787 165 785 165 790 164 794 164 798 164 802 163 803 162 804 160 800 157 796 154 796 151 791 150 S E R V IC E - P R O D U C IN G ...................... 69,769 72,684 72,797 73,010 73,285 73,525 73,735 73,933 74,195 74,391 74,539 74,745 74,953 75,007 75,370 5,274 3,048 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .............................. Production w o rke rs......................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ....................................................... T ransportation................................. Communication and public u tilitie s ............................................. W h o le s a le t r a d e ................................... Durable g o o d s ................................. Nondurable g o o d s .......................... R e t a il t r a d e .............................................. General merchandise s to re s ........ Food s to re s ..................................... Automotive dealers and service s ta tio n s ........................................... Eating and drinking p la c e s ........... 5,280 3,053 5,266 3,040 5,265 3,037 5,177 3,039 2,229 2,227 2,226 2,228 2,138 2,226 5,864 3,485 2,379 5,872 3,488 2,384 5,830 3,454 2,376 5,847 3,488 2,359 5,159 2,917 5,242 3,006 5,241 3,006 5,219 2,983 5,257 3,023 5,260 3,026 5,272 3,040 5,277 3,046 5,286 3,056 5,277 3,048 2,242 2,236 2,235 2,236 2,234 2,234 2,232 2,231 2,230 5,555 3,276 2,279 5,740 3,409 2,331 5,740 3,416 2,324 5,762 3,424 2,338 5,777 3,432 2,345 5,796 3,442 2,354 5,796 3,451 2,345 5,809 3,460 2,349 5,830 3,470 2,360 5,843 3,482 2,361 5,841 3,480 2,361 16,545 2,267 2,637 17,360 2,320 2,779 17,404 2,325 2,795 17,464 2,328 2,805 17,489 2,326 2,813 17,543 2,329 2,828 17,589 2,326 2,845 17,622 2,317 2,870 17,734 2,328 2,880 17,795 2,333 2,891 17,828 2,333 2,901 17,851 2,342 2,910 17,911 2,344 2,917 17,932 2,345 2,931 18,002 2,356 2,929 1,799 5,388 1,892 5,715 1,897 5,734 1,904 5,749 1,910 5,761 1,916 5,772 1,918 5,783 1,922 5,801 1,929 5,831 1,938 5,854 1,939 5,868 1,940 5,859 1,944 5,889 1,947 5,918 1,951 5,946 5,689 2,854 1,757 1,078 5,953 2,979 1,830 1,144 5,964 2,985 1,832 1,147 5,988 2,998 1,839 1,151 6,014 3,011 1,846 1,157 6,038 3,024 1,852 1,162 6,070 3,039 1,862 1,169 6,095 3,053 6,157 3,082 1,889 1,186 6,184 3,095 1,900 1,189 6,228 3,120 1,910 1,198 6,261 3,137 1,918 1,206 6,294 3,157 1,926 1,174 6,123 3,066 1,878 1,179 1,211 6,330 3,176 1,941 1,213 22,501 4,631 6,424 22,585 4,660 6,447 22,638 4,687 6,471 22,707 4,698 6,497 22,825 4,750 6,511 22,924 4,755 6,543 23,073 4,793 6,570 23,197 4,841 6,598 16,629 2,913 3,904 9,812 16,637 2,918 3,916 9,803 16,681 2,918 3,924 9,839 16,699 2,923 3,927 9,849 16,711 2,914 3,938 9,859 16,720 2,899 3,936 9,885 16,701 2,907 3,917 9,877 16,720 2,910 3,924 9,886 F in a n c e , In s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ........................................................ F in a n c e ........................................... Insurance........................................ 20,797 4,057 6,122 21,974 4,452 6,310 21,998 4,462 6,301 22,115 4,504 6,333 22,212 Business se rvice s .......................... 4,542 6,350 22,313 4,567 6,375 22,415 4,604 6,401 16,415 2,875 3,848 9,692 16,450 2,879 3,851 9,720 16,462 L o c a l................................................. 16,024 2,807 3,734 9,482 16,536 2,899 3,878 9,759 16,575 2,895 3,895 9,785 16,593 2,904 3,901 9,788 2,886 3,855 9,721 p = preliminary NOTE: See notes on the data for a description of the most recent benchmark 64 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis revision. 1,868 14. Average weekly hours of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry, monthly data seasonally adjusted Annual average 1985 1986 Industry 1984 1985 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June” July? .............................................. 35.2 34.9 C O N S T R U C T I O N ................................................................... 37.8 37.7 M A N U F A C T U R I N G ..................................................... Overtime h o u rs .................................................... 40.7 3.4 40.5 3.3 40.4 3.2 40.6 3.3 40.7 3.3 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.9 3.6 40.8 3.5 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.7 3.4 40.6 3.4 40.6 3.4 Durable g o o d s .......................................................... Overtime h o u rs .................................................... Lumber and wood products .................................... Furniture and fix tu re s .............................................. Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ............................ Primary metal in d u strie s....... ................................. Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts .......... Fabricated metal products ..................................... 41.4 3.6 39.9 39.7 42.0 41.7 40.7 41.4 41.2 3.5 39.9 39.4 41.9 41.5 41.1 41.3 41.1 3.4 39.8 39.0 41.9 41.4 41.2 41.4 41.3 3.4 40.1 39.3 42.0 41.7 41.5 41.4 41.3 3.5 40.1 39.4 42.0 41.5 41.1 41.5 41.3 3.5 40.2 39.5 42.1 41.8 41.6 41.5 41.3 3.6 39.9 39.4 41.8 41.9 41.9 41.5 41.6 3.7 40.2 39.9 41.8 42.1 41.9 41.6 41.5 3.6 40.4 40.0 42.7 41.9 41.7 41.5 41.4 3.5 40.0 39.7 41.9 42.1 41.8 41.5 41.4 3.6 40.2 39.4 41.9 41.9 41.7 41.4 41.3 3.6 40.3 39.1 42.4 41.3 40.5 41.2 41.2 3.4 40.3 39.4 42.3 41.7 41.5 41.1 41.3 3.5 40.1 39.5 42.2 41.6 41.2 41.1 41.1 3.4 40.2 39.4 42.2 41.3 40.9 41.1 Machinery except electrical ................................... Electrical and electronic equipm ent...................... Transportation equipm ent....................................... Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................ Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ......................... Miscellaneous m anufacturing................................. 41.9 41.0 42.7 43.8 41.3 39.4 41.5 40.6 42.6 43.5 41.0 39.4 41.4 40.4 42.6 43.4 40.8 - 41.6 40.7 42.9 43.7 40.9 - 41.6 40.5 42.9 43.6 40.9 - 41.5 40.6 42.8 43.7 40.9 - 41.6 40.9 42.7 43.6 41.0 - 41.7 41.1 43.0 44.0 41.6 41.6 41.0 42.8 43.6 41.1 41.6 40.9 42.7 43.4 41.2 41.6 41.0 42.7 43.3 41.3 41.8 41.1 42.1 41.9 41.3 41.8 41.0 41.9 41.8 40.9 41.7 41.0 42.2 42.4 41.0 41.5 40.9 41.9 41.9 40.5 N ondurable g o o d s ................................................... Overtime h o u rs .................................................... Food and kindred p ro d u c ts .................................... Tobacco m anufactures........................................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ................................................ Apparel and other textile products........................ Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ...................................... 39.7 3.1 39.8 38.9 39.9 36.4 43.1 39.6 3.1 40.0 37.2 39.7 36.4 43.1 39.4 3.0 40.0 39.2 36.4 42.9 39.6 3.1 40.0 40.0 36.4 43.1 39.8 3.1 40.1 39.8 3.2 40.2 39.8 3.2 40.0 40.0 3.4 40.1 39.9 3.3 40.1 39.7 3.2 39.8 39.8 3.2 39.9 39.9 3.3 40.2 39.9 3.4 40.2 39.8 3.2 40.1 39.9 3.4 40.2 40.5 36.6 43.1 40.7 36.6 43.2 40.8 36.8 43.3 41.0 36.8 43.5 40.8 36.7 43.6 40.6 36.3 43.5 40.7 36.5 43.5 41.3 36.9 43.0 41.1 36.5 43.2 40.7 36.6 43.1 41.1 36.9 43.1 Printing and publishing............................................ Chemicals and allied products............................... Petroleum and coal p roducts................................. Leather and leather products ................................ 37.9 41.9 43.7 36.8 37.8 41.9 43.0 37.2 37.5 41.8 43.0 37.9 41.9 43.3 37.9 41.7 43.3 37.9 41.8 44.2 37.9 41.9 43.2 38.1 42.0 43.6 38.0 41.9 43.5 38.0 41.8 43.7 38.0 41.9 43.8 38.0 41.9 43.6 38.0 42.0 43.4 37.9 41.8 44.1 37.9 41.9 43.9 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T I L I T I E S ..... 39.4 39.5 39.3 39.5 39.5 39.5 39.4 39.5 39.4 39.5 39.6 39.2 39.2 39.0 39.3 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ......................................................... 38.5 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.4 38.5 38.4 38.5 38.5 38.4 38.3 38.2 P R IV A T E S E C T O R 34.8 - - 34.9 - - 34.9 - 34.9 - _ - _ - 34.8 - _ - 34.9 - - _ - 35.0 - - _ - 34.9 - - _ - 34.9 - - _ - 34.8 - - _ - 34.8 - - _ - 34.7 - - _ 34.6 - - _ - R E T A I L T R A D E ..................................................................... 29.8 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.4 29.3 29.3 29.2 29.3 29.3 29.3 29.2 29.2 29.1 29.1 S E R V IC E S ............................................................................ 32.6 32.5 32.4 32.5 32.4 32.5 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.6 32.5 32.5 32.5 32.4 32.3 - Data not available. p = preliminary https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark adjustment. 65 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data 15. Average hourly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry Annual average 1986 1985 Industry 1984 1985 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May $8.32 - $8.57 - $8.52 8.55 $8.52 8.59 $8.67 8.62 $8.64 8.63 $8.66 8.65 $8.71 8.70 $8.72 Seasonally adjusted ............................................. 8.68 $8.74 8.71 $8.73 8.73 $8.72 8.72 $8.72 8.73 $8.71 8.75 $8.70 8.73 M I N I N G ........................................................................................ 11.63 11.98 11.92 11.99 12.05 12.00 12.07 12.27 12.24 12.32 12.35 12.43 12.44 12.51 12.42 C O N S T R U C T I O N ................................................................... 12.13 12.31 12.21 12.28 12.46 12.42 12.28 12.47 12.34 12.35 12.22 12.29 12.33 12.31 12.33 M A N U F A C T U R IN G ............................................................... 9.19 9.53 9.55 9.49 9.57 9.56 9.63 9.74 9.70 9.70 9.72 9.70 9.71 9.70 9.72 D u r a b le g o o d s ....................................................................... 9.74 8.03 6.84 9.57 11.47 12.98 9.40 10.15 8.33 7.27 9.91 11.69 13.43 9.74 10.15 8.30 7.29 9.87 11.61 13.32 9.71 8.29 7.32 9.91 11.77 13.43 9.76 10.34 8.35 7.38 9.95 11.84 13.44 9.91 10.27 8.30 7.36 9.96 11.81 13.48 9.85 10.29 8.36 7.31 9.94 11.96 13.81 9.85 10.30 &33 7.35 9.93 11.99 13.80 9.88 10.28 8.32 7.36 10.28 8.37 7.39 10.04 13.82 9.84 13.86 9.85 10.26 8.45 7.45 10.03 11.95 13.89 9.88 10.25 8.37 7.42 10.07 13.34 9.70 10.06 8.27 7.20 9.87 11.63 13.36 9.64 10.22 7.20 9.90 11.78 13.49 9.70 10.29 9.47 12.72 13.42 9.16 7.30 10.31 9.47 12.65 13.35 9.17 7.32 10.26 9.50 12.65 13.31 9.19 7.28 10.38 9.54 12.78 13.48 9.25 7.33 10.41 9.55 12.78 13.44 9.24 7.32 10.48 9.61 12.85 13.52 9.27 7.37 10.55 9.68 13.06 13.81 9.39 7.48 10.50 9.60 12.91 13.66 9.32 7.48 10.53 9.60 12.87 13.59 9.39 7.50 10.58 9.62 12.90 13.66 9.41 7.51 10.55 9.62 12.83 13.54 9.41 7.50 10.55 9.64 12.79 13.47 9.40 7.54 10.55 9.60 12.77 13.42 9.41 7.54 10.58 9.61 12.70 13.30 9.46 7.61 8.75 8.57 12.83 6.69 5.70 10.91 8.70 8.50 12.34 6.72 5.69 8.72 8.51 11.31 6.76 5.74 10.91 8.79 8.61 11.97 6.79 5.75 10.97 8.87 8.71 11.78 6.83 5.80 11.07 8.72 11.89 6.85 5.82 8.71 12.38 6.83 5.79 10.99 8.90 8.78 13.38 8.90 8.73 13.69 10.86 8.73 8.53 11.34 6.75 5.75 10.91 8.74 12.76 6.46 5.55 10.41 8.71 8.57 11.94 6.71 5.73 10.82 6.88 6.86 5.78 5.80 11.12 11.14 8.98 8.69 13.84 6.89 5.75 11.30 9.41 11.07 13.44 8.29 5.71 9.71 11.56 14.06 8.54 5.82 9.69 11.59 14.05 8.55 5.84 9.76 11.60 14.02 8.52 5.81 9.81 11.65 14.09 8.56 5.83 9.78 11.70 13.99 8.54 5.77 9.83 11.80 14.07 8.63 5.83 9.92 11.85 14.24 8.73 5.83 9.85 14.26 8.69 5.86 9.86 11.81 14.21 8.69 5.83 9.90 11.78 14.22 8.72 5.86 9.87 11.82 14.16 5.89 9.91 11.89 14.02 8.75 5.88 9.88 11.95 14.15 8.75 5.88 9.95 12.08 14.36 8.81 5.93 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T I L I T I E S ..... 11.12 11.40 11.37 11.42 11.54 11.48 11.59 11.61 11.59 11.64 11.62 11.55 11.54 11.57 11.62 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ......................................................... 8.89 9.16 9.14 9.12 9.22 9.16 9.23 9.33 9.28 9.36 9.33 9.29 9.29 9.33 9.32 P R IV A T E S E C T O R ............................................................... Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ................................... Furniture and fix tu re s .............................................. Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts............................ Primary metal in d u s trie s......................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts .......... Fabricated metal p ro d u c ts ..................................... Machinery, except electrical .................................. Electrical and electronic equipm ent...................... Transportation equipm ent....................................... Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................ Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ......................... Miscellaneous m anufacturing................................. N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .............................................................. Food and kindred p roducts.................................... Tobacco m anufactures........................................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ................................................ Apparel and other textile products........................ Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ...................................... Printing and publishing............................................ Chemicals and allied products............................... Petroleum and coal p roducts................................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics p ro d u c ts ..... Leather and leather products ................................ 12.73 8.84 7.05 8.38 8.39 11.22 7.17 9.84 11.68 10.00 12.00 12.02 8.86 8.86 8.88 8.88 11.02 11.86 6.86 5.80 11.03 8.75 12.84 6.87 5.81 11.05 8.68 12.02 14.00 9.87 R E T A I L T R A D E ...................................................................... 5.85 5.94 5.90 5.88 5.98 5.95 5.97 5.99 6.03 6.04 6.03 6.01 6.00 5.99 5.97 F IN A N C E , I N S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E ..... 7.63 7.94 7.88 7.91 8.04 8.01 8.06 8.15 8.14 8.28 8.30 8.29 8.31 8.37 8.29 S E R V IC E S ................................................................................ 7.59 7.89 7.80 7.82 7.99 7.99 8.05 8.12 8.12 8.17 8.18 8.12 8.10 8.10 - Data not available. p = preliminary 66 9.96 9.04 12.20 10.10 10.10 8.22 8.22 Junep Julyf https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8.05 NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 16. Average weekly earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry Annual average 1985 1986 Industry 1984 1985 July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Mar. Feb. Apr. May Junep July*1 P R IV A T E S E C T O R Current d o lla rs ........................................................ $292.86 $299.09 $299.05 $299.90 $303.45 $301.54 $301.37 $306.59 $302.58 $300.66 $302.93 $301.71 $302.58 $303.98 $303.63 Seasonally adjusted ........................................... 297.54 299.79 300.84 301.19 301.02 303.63 303.80 303.98 304.68 303.46 303.80 303.63 302.06 Constant (1977) d o lla rs ....................................... 172.78 170.42 170.11 170.30 171.83 170.36 169.59 172.05 169.32 168.82 171.05 170.94 170.85 170.78 M I N I N G ........................................................................................ 503.58 519.93 510.18 519.17 526.59 518.40 521.42 537.43 543.46 522.37 522.41 522.06 519.99 524.17 519.16 C O N S T R U C T I O N ................................................................... 458.51 464.09 471.31 471.55 479.71 475.69 450.68 460.14 459.05 434.72 444.81 462.10 467.31 466.55 469.77 Current d o lla rs ......................................................... Constant (1977) d o lla rs ......................................... 374.03 220.67 385.97 219.93 382.96 217.84 384.35 218.26 390.46 221.10 390.05 220.37 393.87 221.65 406.16 227.92 394.79 220.92 390.91 219.49 395.60 223.38 392.85 222.58 394.23 222.60 395.76 222.34 390.74 - D u r a b le g o o d s ....................................................................... Lumber and wood p ro d u c ts ................................... Furniture and fix tu re s .............................................. Stone, clay, and glass p ro d u c ts ............................ Primary metal in d u strie s......................................... Blast furnaces and basic steel p ro d u c ts .......... Fabricated metal products ..................................... 403.24 320.40 271.55 401.94 478.30 528.29 389.16 416.12 327.98 282.50 412.30 484.72 548.27 400.61 410.06 326.33 275.76 418.77 485.34 558.49 395.76 412.46 334.94 283.68 418.49 480.32 550.43 397.17 420.21 338.20 289.35 421.18 486.30 553.32 405.18 419.20 335.32 291.60 419.48 480.65 544.79 403.94 424.13 327.46 291.34 414.24 491.99 557.35 406.02 439.45 335.67 303.32 414.92 504.38 564.48 422.17 425.18 329.51 289.98 414.34 493.66 556.72 407.79 421.89 328.55 284.36 403.56 503.52 578.64 403.85 426.42 333.20 288.12 412.10 504.78 576.84 409.03 423.54 334.46 286.30 425.00 499.20 569.38 403.44 423.54 338.99 288.21 428.71 501.23 576.58 404.84 424.76 344.76 295.02 429.28 499.51 579.21 408.04 416.15 335.64 287.15 427.98 494.02 575.40 399.74 Machinery, except electrical .................................. Electrical and electronic equ ipm ent...................... Transportation equipm ent....................................... Motor vehicles and equipm ent............................ Instruments and related p ro d u c ts ......................... Miscellaneous m anufacturing................................. 417.32 370.64 520.94 557.57 365.09 277.77 427.04 384.48 541.87 583.77 375.56 287.62 420.65 376.91 531.30 571.38 369.55 282.55 422.71 383.80 530.04 565.68 373.11 284.65 431.81 387.32 544.43 585.03 380.18 293.20 430.97 387.73 545.71 585.98 376.07 295.00 438.06 396.89 551.27 588.12 382.85 296.27 452.60 408.50 577.25 625.59 400.01 304.44 437.85 394.56 555.13 595.58 383.05 297.70 437.00 389.76 545.69 583.01 384.99 294.75 442.24 395.38 552.12 592.84 389.57 299.65 437.83 392.50 542.71 574.10 385.81 297.75 437.83 393.31 537.18 567.09 382.58 297.08 439.94 393.60 540.17 573.03 385.81 299.34 432.72 386.32 524.51 549.29 379.35 295.27 N o n d u r a b le g o o d s .............................................................. 332.69 333.92 436.46 257.75 448.67 344.92 342.80 444.17 266.39 208.57 466.34 343.88 342.80 434.94 258.23 206.34 465.86 345.39 342.55 457.81 270.14 208.25 465.89 349.20 348.02 434.32 275.40 210.45 473.49 347.93 343.80 444.48 276.48 211.23 472.40 351.60 346.12 435.71 279.75 212.75 477.20 359.24 354.50 448.82 283.45 215.18 490.40 352.63 347.93 448.25 278.80 213.01 479.37 347.31 339.69 453.11 274.57 207.28 472.57 352.54 344.36 478.50 278.52 211.70 477.60 351.65 346.50 469.94 278.92 211.48 474.05 354.22 352.08 504.43 282.08 210.97 479.27 356.00 350.95 524.33 281.95 214.60 480.13 356.51 349.34 501.01 279.05 210.45 484.77 356.64 463.83 587.33 367.04 484.36 604.58 361.44 482.14 606.96 370.88 482.56 607.07 374.74 486.97 621.37 371.64 486.72 619.76 375.51 495.60 610.64 384.90 503.63 622.29 371.35 495.75 616.03 370.74 492.48 612.45 377.19 494.76 621.41 374.07 495.26 615.96 374.60 499.38 605.66 371.49 501.90 624.02 374.12 503.74 633.28 345.69 210.13 350.99 216.50 347.13 219.00 346.76 216.71 351.82 219.21 350.99 216.95 356.42 219.21 366.66 220.96 359.77 217.41 356.29 209.88 360.14 212.72 356.75 213.81 360.50 215.80 221.68 361.38 357.69 216.45 M A N U F A C T U R IN G Food and kindred pro d u cts.................................... Tobacco m anufactures........................................... Textile mill p ro d u c ts ................................................ Apparel and other textile products........................ Paper and allied p ro d u c ts ...................................... Printing and publishing............................................ Chemicals and allied products............................... Petroleum and coal p roducts................................. Rubber and miscellaneous plastics pro d u cts.................................................... Leather and leather p ro d u c ts ................................ 202.02 T R A N S P O R T A T IO N A N D P U B L IC U T I L I T I E S ................................................................................. 438.13 450.30 449.12 454.52 458.14 453.46 457.81 460.92 452.01 456.29 457.83 450.45 450.06 454.70 458.99 W H O L E S A L E T R A D E ......................................................... 342.27 351.74 352.80 351.12 354.97 351.74 355.36 360.14 355.42 355.68 357.34 355.81 356.74 359.21 357.89 R E T A IL T R A D E ..................................................................... 174.33 174.64 177.59 176.99 175.81 173.74 173.73 178.50 173.06 172.74 174.27 173.69 174.60 176.71 177.91 F IN A N C E , I N S U R A N C E , A N D R E A L E S T A T E .................................................................................... 278.50 289.02 286.04 287.13 293.46 290.76 291.77 299.11 296.30 304.70 304.61 301.76 301.65 306.34 300.10 S E R V IC E S ................................................................................. 247.43 256.43 255.84 256.50 258.88 259.68 260.02 263.90 263.09 264.71 265.03 263.09 262.44 264.06 263.24 - Data not available. p = preliminary NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 17. The Hourly Earnings Index for production or nonsupervisory workers on private nonagricultural payrolls by industry Not seasonally adjusted Industry Seasonally adjusted July 1985 May 1986 P R IV A T E S E C T O R (In c u r r e n t d o l l a r s ) .................................. 164.6 168.7 168.8 168.6 Mining1 ........................................................................ C o nstruction................................................................. Manufacturing ............................................................... Transportation and public u tilitie s ................................... Wholesale trade1 ................................................................ Retail trade ......................................................................... Finance, insurance, and real estate1 .............................. S e rvices............................................................................... 178.9 149.5 169.1 165.2 168.5 154.9 170.7 166.7 181.1 150.7 172.5 169.1 171.4 157.9 179.3 173.2 181.5 150.5 172.2 169.7 172.1 157.7 180.4 173.3 181.1 150.5 172.6 169.6 172.1 157.6 179.3 172.6 P R IV A T E S E C T O R (In c o n s t a n t d o l l a r s ) .............................. 93.6 95.2 94.8 - June 1986p 1 This series Is not seasonally adjusted because the seasonal component is small relative to the trend-cycle, irregular components, or both, and consequently cannot be separated with sufficient precision. - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis July 1986p July 1985 Mar. 1986 Apr. 1986 May 1986 June 1986 165.0 168.5 168.4 168.7 169.2 169.0 149.9 169.0 166.2 149.2 171.8 170.2 150.6 172.0 169.3 151.0 172.5 170.1 151.4 172.4 170.9 151.0 172.5 170.6 July 1986p - - _ _ _ _ 155.3 157.4 157.3 157.2 157.6 157.9 _ _ _ _ _ _ 167.7 174.0 173.1 173.4 174.3 173.6 93.9 95.1 95.4 95.4 95.2 - p = preliminary. NOTE: See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision. 67 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 18. September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Employment Data Indexes of diffusion: industries in which employment increased, data seasonally adjusted (In percent) Time span and year Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. June May Sept. Aug. July Over 1984 1985 1986 1-month span .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 67.8 52.4 59.7 72.7 47.8 53.5 67.6 53.8 45.1 67.6 49.2 54.1 62.4 51.6 49.2 65.4 47.0 45.9 62.2 56.2 50.8 55.9 56.8 Over 1984 1985 1986 3-month span .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 76.5 51.1 58.1 75.1 49.7 54.3 75.9 46.2 51.1 71.4 46.2 49.7 71.6 45.1 48.1 68.1 51.4 46.5 63.2 49.7 “ Over 1984 1985 1986 6-month span .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 78.1 49.2 53.8 76.5 47.8 53.8 77.0 43.0 47.6 75.1 45.9 46.5 69.2 44.3 " 65.1 44.3 “ Over 1984 1985 1986 12-month span .............................................................................. .............................................................................. .............................................................................. 81.1 46.2 50.3 78.1 45.7 72.2 46.8 “ 72.2 43.8 “ 68.9 44.9 “ 67.8 47.3 - Data not available. NOTE: Figures are the percent of industries with employment rising. (Half of the unchanged components are counted as rising.) Data are centered within the 19. ” Oct. Nov. 50.5 50.8 ” 63.0 61.9 “ 53.5 57.6 ” 57.0 59.5 ” 58.1 51.1 “ 56.8 55.1 “ 53.5 55.9 ” 58.1 61.4 ” 53.0 60.5 — 63.2 48.9 “ 59.2 50.8 “ 58.6 54.1 ” 53.2 57.0 ” 49.7 57.0 ” 54.9 55.9 “ 65.7 47.6 ” 62.7 48.9 “ 59.7 47.3 54.6 49.5 51.4 48.9 “ “ 48.6 49.5 — _ spans. See the “ Definitions” in this section. See "N otes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark revision, Annual data: Employment status of the noninstitutional population (Numbers in thousands) Employment status 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Noninstitutional pop ulation........................................ 160,689 163,541 166,460 169,349 171,775 173,939 175,891 178,080 179,912 Labor force Total (num ber)........................................................ Percent of pop ulation........................................... 100,665 62.6 103,882 63.5 106,559 64.0 108,544 64.1 110,315 64.2 111,872 64.3 113,226 64.4 115,241 64.7 117,167 65.1 93,673 58.3 1,656 97,679 59.7 1,631 100,421 60.3 1,597 100,907 59.6 1,604 102,042 59.4 1,645 101,194 58.2 1,668 102,510 58.3 1,676 106,702 59.9 1,697 108,856 60.5 1,706 92,017 3,283 88,734 96,048 3,387 92,661 98,824 3,347 95,477 99,303 3,364 95,938 100,397 3,368 97,030 99,526 3,401 96,125 100,834 3,383 97,450 105,005 3,321 101,685 107,150 3,179 103,971 6,137 5.8 7,637 7.0 8,273 7.5 10,678 9.5 10,717 9.5 8,539 7.4 8,312 7.1 59,900 60,806 61,460 62,067 62,665 62,839 62,744 Employed Total (num ber).................................................. Percent of population ..................................... Resident Armed F orces............................... Civilian Total ............................................................. A g riculture................................................ Nonagricultural industries....................... Unemployed Total (num ber)................................................. Percent of labor fo r c e ................................... 6,991 6.9 Not in labor force (number) ................................... 60,025 20. 6,202 6.0 59,659 Annual data: Employment levels by industry (Numbers in thousands) Industry 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 Total em plo ym en t........................................................................... Private se c to r................................................................................ G oods-producing....................................................................... M in in g ..................................................................................... Construction ......................................................................... M anufacturing....................................................................... 82,471 67,344 24,346 813 3,851 19,682 86,697 71,026 25,585 851 4,229 20,505 89,823 73,876 26,461 958 4,463 21,040 90,406 74,166 25,658 1,027 4,346 20,285 91,156 75,126 25,497 1,139 4,188 20,170 89,566 73,729 23,813 1,128 3,905 18,781 90,200 74,330 23,334 952 3,948 18,434 94,496 78,472 24,727 966 4,383 19,378 97,614 81,199 24,930 930 4,687 19,314 Service-producing...................................................................... Transportation and public u tilitie s ...................................... Wholesale t r a d e .................................................................... Retail trade ............................................................................ Finance, insurance, and real e s ta te .................................. S e rvices................................................................................... 58,125 4,713 4,708 13,808 4,467 15,303 61,113 4,923 4,969 14,573 4,724 16,252 63,363 5,136 5,204 14,989 4,975 17,112 64,748 5,146 5,275 15,035 5,160 17,890 65,659 5,165 5,358 15,189 5,298 18,619 65,753 5,082 5,278 15,179 5,341 19,036 66,866 4,954 5,268 15,613 5,468 19,694 69,769 5,159 5,555 16,545 5,689 20,797 72,684 5,242 5,740 17,360 5,953 21,974 G overnm ent.......................................................................... F ed era l............................................................................. S ta te .................................................................................. Local ................................................................................. 15,127 2,727 3,377 9,023 15,672 2,753 3,474 9,446 15,947 2,773 3,541 9, .<33 16,241 16,031 2,772 3,640 9,619 15,837 2,739 3,640 9,458 15,869 2,774 3,662 9,434 16,024 2,807 3,734 9,482 16,415 2,875 3,848 9,692 NOTE: revision. See “ Notes on the data” for a description of the most recent benchmark 68 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Dec. 2,866 3,610 9,765 21. Annual data: Average hours and earnings of production or nonsupervisory workers on nonagricultural payrolls, by industry In d u s try 1977 1978 1979 1980 198 1 1982 1983 1984 1985 P r iv a t e s e c t o r A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ........................................................................ 3 5 .8 3 5 .7 3 5 .3 3 5 .2 3 4 .8 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s (in d o ll a r s ) .............................................. 5 .2 5 5 .6 9 6 .1 6 6 .6 6 7 .2 5 7 .6 8 8 .0 2 8 .3 2 8 .5 7 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s (in d o lla r s ) ............................................ 1 8 9 .0 0 3 6 .0 2 0 3 .7 0 2 6 7 .2 6 2 8 0 .7 0 2 9 2 .8 6 2 9 9 .0 9 2 1 9 .9 1 2 3 5 .1 0 2 5 5 .2 0 3 5 .0 3 5 .2 3 4 .9 M in in g A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ................................................................. 4 3 .4 4 3 .4 4 3 .0 4 3 .3 4 3 .7 4 2 .7 4 2 .5 4 3 .3 4 3 .4 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ....................................... 6 .9 4 7 .6 7 8 .4 9 9 .1 7 1 0 .0 4 1 0 .7 7 1 1 .2 8 1 1 .6 3 1 1 .9 8 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s (in d o ll a r s ) ...................................... 3 0 1 .2 0 3 3 2 .8 8 3 6 5 .0 7 3 9 7 .0 6 4 3 8 .7 5 4 5 9 .8 8 4 7 9 .4 0 5 0 3 .5 8 5 1 9 .9 3 C o n s t r u c t io n A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ................................................................. 3 6 .5 3 6 .8 3 7 .0 3 7 .0 3 6 .9 3 6 .7 3 7.1 3 7 .8 3 7 .7 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ....................................... 8 .1 0 8 .6 6 9 .2 7 9 .9 4 1 0 .8 2 1 1 .6 3 1 1 .9 4 1 2 .1 3 12.3 1 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s (in d o ll a r s ) ...................................... 2 9 5 .6 5 3 1 8 .6 9 3 4 2 .9 9 3 6 7 .7 8 3 9 9 .2 6 4 2 6 .8 2 4 4 2 .9 7 4 5 8 .5 1 4 6 4 .0 9 4 0 .5 M a n u f a c t u r in g A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ................................................................. 4 0 .3 4 0 .4 4 0 .2 3 9 .7 3 9 .8 3 8 .9 4 0.1 4 0 .7 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ....................................... 5 .6 8 6 .7 0 7 .2 7 7 .9 9 8 .4 9 8 .8 3 9 .1 9 9 .5 3 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s (in d o ll a r s ) ...................................... 2 2 8 .9 0 6 .1 7 2 4 9 .2 7 2 6 9 .3 4 2 8 8 .6 2 3 1 8 .0 0 3 3 0 .2 6 3 5 4 .0 8 3 7 4 .0 3 3 8 5 .9 7 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ................................................................. 3 9 .9 4 0 .0 3 9 .9 3 9 .6 3 9 .4 3 9 .0 3 9 .0 3 9 .4 3 9 .5 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ....................................... 6 .9 9 7 .5 7 8 .1 6 8 .8 7 9 .7 0 1 0 .3 2 1 0 .7 9 1 1 .1 2 1 1 .4 0 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s (in d o ll a r s ) ...................................... 2 7 8 .9 0 3 0 2 .8 0 3 2 5 .5 8 3 5 1 .2 5 3 8 2 .1 8 4 0 2 .4 8 4 2 0 .8 1 4 3 8 .1 3 4 5 0 .3 0 W h o le s a le t r a d e A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ................................................................. 3 8 .8 3 8 .8 3 8 .8 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 8 .3 3 8 .5 3 8 .5 3 8 .4 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ....................................... 5 .3 9 5 .8 8 6 .3 9 6 .9 6 7 .5 6 8 .0 9 8 .5 5 8 .8 9 9 .1 6 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s (in d o ll a r s ) ...................................... 2 0 9 .1 3 2 2 8 .1 4 2 4 7 .9 3 2 6 7 .9 6 2 9 1 .0 6 3 0 9 .8 5 3 2 9 .1 8 3 4 2 .2 7 3 5 1 .7 4 R e t a il t r a d e A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ................................................................ 3 1 .6 3 1 .0 3 0 .6 3 0 .2 3 0.1 2 9 .9 2 9 .8 2 9 .8 2 9 .4 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ....................................... 3 .8 5 4 .2 0 4 .5 3 4 .8 8 5 .2 5 5 .4 8 5 .7 4 5 .8 5 5 .9 4 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s (in d o ll a r s ) ...................................... 1 2 1 .6 6 1 3 0 .2 0 1 3 8 .6 2 1 4 7 .3 8 1 5 8 .0 3 1 6 3 .8 5 1 7 1 .0 5 1 7 4 .3 3 1 7 4 .6 4 3 6 .4 F in a n c e , In s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s ................................................................ 3 6 .4 3 6 .4 3 6 .2 3 6 .2 3 6 .3 3 6 .2 3 6 .2 3 6 .5 A v e r a g e h o u rly e a r n in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ....................................... 4 .5 4 4 .8 9 5 .2 7 5 .7 9 6 .31 6 .7 8 7 .2 9 7 .6 3 7 .9 4 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s (in d o ll a r s ) ...................................... 1 6 5 .2 6 1 7 8 .0 0 1 9 0 .7 7 2 0 9 .6 0 2 2 9 .0 5 2 4 5 .4 4 2 6 3 .9 0 2 7 8 .5 0 2 8 9 .0 2 3 2 .5 S e r v ic e s ................................................................ 3 3 .0 3 2 .8 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .6 3 2 .7 3 2 .6 A v e r a g e h o u r ly e a r n in g s (in d o l l a r s ) ....................................... A v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u r s 4 .6 5 4 .9 9 5 .3 6 5 .8 5 6 .41 6 .9 2 7.31 7 .5 9 7 .8 9 A v e r a g e w e e k ly e a r n in g s (in d o ll a r s ) ...................................... 1 5 3 .4 5 1 6 3 .6 7 1 7 5 .2 7 1 9 0 .7 1 2 0 8 .9 7 2 2 5 .5 9 2 3 9 .0 4 2 4 7 .4 3 2 5 6 .4 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • 22. Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data Employment Cost Index, compensation,1 by occupation and Industry group (J u n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) P e rce n t ch an g e 1986 1985 1984 S e r ie s June S e p t. S e p t. Jun e D ec. M a r. 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .4 Jun e 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended D ec. M a r. 1 2 9 .2 1 3 0 .6 1 3 1 .5 0 .7 4 .0 June 120.8 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 2 1986 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p : W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ................... 122.1 1 2 4 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 2 7 .3 1 2 8 .3 1 3 0 .7 1 3 1 .6 1 33 .1 1 3 4 .2 .8 4 .6 B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ...................... 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .9 122.2 123 .1 1 2 4 .4 1 2 4 .9 1 2 6 .2 1 2 6 .8 .5 3 .0 S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ............................ 122.1 1 2 4 .6 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .0 1 3 0 .9 1 3 1 .8 1 33 .1 1 3 3 .7 .5 4 .5 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ........................ 1 19 .1 1 2 0 .4 122.0 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .0 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .7 .8 3 .3 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ................ 121.6 1 2 3 .3 1 2 4 .8 1 2 6 .2 1 2 7 .2 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .6 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .8 .7 4 .4 1 3 8 .8 1 3 9 .4 .4 5.1 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d iv is io n : S e r v i c e s ................................ 1 2 5 .5 1 2 8 .8 1 3 0 .9 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .6 1 3 6 .4 1 37 .1 P u b lic a d m in is tr a tio n 3 ..... 1 2 3 .7 1 2 6 .9 1 2 8 .6 1 30 .1 1 3 0 .3 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .8 1 3 6 .8 1 3 8 .0 .9 5 .9 120.1 121.1 1 2 2 .7 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .2 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .5 1 2 8 .9 1 2 9 .9 .8 3 .8 W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s .................... 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .8 1 27 .1 1 2 8 .8 1 2 9 .8 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .5 .9 4 .2 B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ...................... 1 1 8 .4 1 1 9 .3 120.6 1 2 1 .9 122.8 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .3 .5 2 .9 S e r v ic e w o r k e r s ........................... 121.2 1 31 .1 .2 3 .6 P r iv a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s ............... W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p : 1 2 3 .2 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .5 1 2 8 .8 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .9 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n : M a n u f a c t u r in g ................................ 1 19 .1 1 2 0 .4 122.0 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .0 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .7 .8 3 .3 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ....................... 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .6 1 23 .1 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .6 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .6 .7 4 .0 1 30 .1 1 3 1 .7 1 3 2 .0 1 3 6 .5 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .9 1 3 9 .7 1 4 0 .5 .4 5 .7 1 2 4 .4 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r s 1 2 8 .8 5 .8 Workers, by occupational group: W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s .............................. 1 2 5 .0 1 2 9 .7 131 .1 1 3 2 .5 1 3 2 .9 1 3 7 .6 1 3 8 .6 1 4 0 .0 B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ................................ 1 2 2 .3 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .9 128 .1 1 2 8 .5 1 3 1 .9 1 3 2 .7 1 3 4 .7 1 3 6 .3 1.2 6.1 S e r v i c e s ..................................................... 1 2 5 .0 1 2 9 .9 1 3 1 .3 1 3 2 .8 1 3 3 .2 1 3 7 .9 139 .1 1 4 0 .4 1 4 0 .8 .3 5 .7 S c h o o l s .................................................. 1 2 4 .7 1 3 0 .6 1 3 2 .0 1 3 3 .4 1 3 3 .7 139 .1 1 4 0 .3 1 4 1 .5 1 4 1 .7 .1 6.0 E le m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y ........... 1 2 5 .7 132 .1 1 3 3 .5 1 3 4 .4 1 3 4 .6 1 4 2 .0 1 4 3 .0 1 4 3 .2 .1 6 .4 H o s p it a ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 4 ........ 1 2 5 .7 1 2 7 .9 1 2 9 .2 1 31 .1 1 3 1 .5 1 4 0 .9 1 34 .1 1 3 5 .2 1 3 6 .8 1 3 7 .9 .8 4 .9 P u b lic a d m in is tr a tio n 3 ............................ 1 2 3 .7 1 2 6 .9 1 2 8 .6 130 .1 1 3 0 .3 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .8 1 3 6 .8 1 3 8 .0 .9 5 .9 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n : 1 Cost ( c e n ts - p e r - h o u r w o rke d ) m e a s u re d in th e E m p lo y m e n t C ost In d e x c o n s is t s o f w a g e s , s a la r ie s , a n d e m p lo y e r c o s t o f e m p lo y e e b e n e fits . 2 C o n s is t o f p r iv a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s ( e x c lu d in g fa r m a n d h o u s e h o ld w o r k e r s ) 70 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a n d S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t ( e x c lu d in g F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t) w o r k e r s . 3 C o n s is t s of le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tr a tiv e , and 4 I n c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib ra ry , s o c ia l, a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s . r e g u la to r y a c tiv itie s . 23. Employment Cost Index, wages and salaries, by occupation and industry group (Ju n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) 1984 1985 P e rce n t ch a n g e 1986 S e r ie s Jun e S e p t. D ec. M a r. Jun e S e p t. D ec. M a r. Jun e 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended Jun e 1986 C iv ilia n w o r k e r s 1 ......................................................................................... 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .7 1 23 .1 1 2 4 .2 1 2 6 .3 1 2 7 .0 1 2 8 .3 1 2 9 .3 0 .8 4.1 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p : W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ........................................................................ 1 2 0 .4 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .5 1 2 5 .2 1 2 6 .4 1 2 8 .8 1 2 9 .8 1 3 1 .2 1 3 2 .4 .9 4 .7 B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ............................................................................ 1 16 .1 1 1 7 .0 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .5 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .4 124 .1 .6 3 .0 S e r v ic e w o r k e r s .................................................................................. 1 1 9 .8 1 2 2 .3 1 2 4 .3 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .3 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .0 .2 3 .8 1 2 6 .5 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d iv is io n M a n u f a c tu r in g ..................................................................................... 1 1 6 .8 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .3 1 .0 3 .4 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ............................................................................. 1 1 9 .7 1 2 1 .3 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .0 1 2 7 .6 1 2 8 .4 1 2 9 .6 1 3 0 .4 .6 4 .3 S e r v i c e s ............................................................................................. 1 2 3 .8 1 2 7 .2 1 1 8 .0 1 2 8 .9 1 1 9 .5 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .5 1 3 4 .2 1 3 4 .8 1 3 6 .4 1 3 7 .0 .4 5 .0 P u b lic a d m in is tr a tio n 2 ................................................................. 1 2 1 .3 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .7 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .2 1 3 1 .4 1 3 2 .0 1 3 3 .8 1 3 4 .6 .6 5 .8 P r iv a t e in d u s t r y w o r k e r s .................................................................. 1 1 8 .2 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 2 3 .3 1 2 4 .9 1 2 5 .6 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .9 .9 3 .7 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g ro u p : W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ................................................................... 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .9 1 2 2 .3 1 2 4 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 2 7 .3 1 2 8 .3 1 .2 4 .5 P r o f e s s io n a l a n d t e c h n i c a l ................................................... 1 2 3 .8 1 2 5 .2 1 2 7 .3 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .7 1 3 1 .2 1 3 1 .5 1 3 2 .7 1 3 4 .0 1 .0 4.1 M a n a g e r s a n d a d m in is tr a to r s .............................................. 1 1 9 .2 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .2 1 2 3 .8 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .4 1 3 0 .5 1 32 .1 1 .2 4 .4 S a l e s w o r k e r s ............................................................................. 1 1 1 .9 1 1 0 .5 1 1 1 .6 1 1 6 .3 1 1 7 .4 1 1 9 .3 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .4 1 2 4 .3 1 .6 5 .9 C le r ic a l w o r k e r s ........................... ............................................. 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .9 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .6 1 27 .1 1 2 7 .9 1 2 9 .6 1 3 0 .8 .9 4.1 B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ..................................................................... 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .0 1 19 .1 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .0 123 .1 1 2 3 .7 .5 2 .8 C r a ft a n d k in d r e d w o r k e r s ................................................... 1 1 7 .3 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .4 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .0 1 2 3 .7 1 2 3 .8 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .7 .3 3 .0 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .8 1 2 5 .3 1 2 9 .6 131 .1 O p e r a t iv e s , e x c e p t t r a n s p o r t ............................................... 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .9 120 .1 121 .1 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .6 .8 2 .9 T r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t o p e r a t i v e s ........................................ 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .4 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .7 1 1 7 .7 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .9 .8 2 .8 N o n f a r m l a b o r e r s ....................... ............................................. 114 .1 1 1 4 .7 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .7 1 1 8 .5 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .3 .3 1 .5 S e r v ic e w o r k e r s .......................................................................... 1 1 9 .3 1 2 1 .2 1 2 3 .7 1 2 3 .8 1 2 4 .4 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .6 1 2 8 .0 1 2 8 .0 .0 2 .9 3 .4 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s t r y d iv is io n : M a n u f a c t u r in g ................................. ............................................. 1 1 6 .8 1 1 8 .0 1 1 9 .5 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .2 1 2 3 .8 1 2 5 .3 1 2 6 .5 1 .0 D u r a b l e s ...................................................................................... 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .7 1 19 .1 1 2 0 .6 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .8 .8 3.1 N o n d u r a b le s ................................. ............................................. 117 .1 1 1 8 .6 1 2 0 .2 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .6 1 2 4 .0 1 2 4 .6 126 .1 1 2 7 .9 1 .4 4 .3 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ......................... ............................................. 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .9 1 2 1 .2 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .7 .8 3 .9 C o n s t r u c t io n ................................. ............................................. 1 1 4 .0 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .4 1 1 5 .5 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .3 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .8 1.3 2 .7 T r a n s p o r t a t io n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s ...................................... 1 1 9 .3 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .8 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .2 1 2 6 .3 1 2 6 .6 .2 3.1 W h o le s a le a n d re ta il t r a d e .................................................... 1 1 8 .8 121 .1 1 2 2 .7 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .8 1 .0 W h o le s a le tr a d e .................................................................... 1 2 0 .0 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .9 1 2 3 .7 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .3 1 2 9 .7 1 3 1 .2 1.2 3 .5 R e t a il t r a d e .............................................................................. 1 1 4 .4 1 1 6 .0 1 1 4 .9 1 1 6 .5 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .9 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .8 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .5 1 2 3 .7 1 .0 4 .0 1 18 .1 3 .9 F in a n c e , in s u r a n c e , a n d re a l e s t a t e ................................. 1 1 6 .9 1 1 5 .3 1 1 5 .8 1 2 2 .0 1 2 1 .7 124 .1 1 2 6 .5 1 2 6 .6 1 2 8 .0 1.1 5 .2 S e r v i c e s ......................................... ............................................. 1 2 4 .7 127 .1 1 2 9 .5 1 2 9 .9 1 3 1 .0 1 3 3 .9 134 .1 1 3 6 .2 1 3 6 .9 .5 4 .5 S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t w o r k e r a ....................................... 1 2 2 .0 126 .1 1 27 .1 1 2 8 .4 1 2 8 .7 1 3 3 .2 1 3 4 .2 1 3 5 .5 1 3 6 .0 .4 5 .7 W o r k e r s , b y o c c u p a t io n a l g r o u p W h it e - c o lla r w o r k e r s .................................................................. 1 2 2 .5 127 .1 1 2 8 .0 1 2 9 .3 1 2 9 .6 1 3 4 .3 1 3 5 .3 1 3 6 .6 1 3 7 .0 .3 5 .7 B lu e - c o lla r w o r k e r s ....................... ............................................. 1 1 9 .6 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .5 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .5 1 2 7 .9 1 2 8 .4 1 3 0 .4 1 3 1 .9 1 .2 5 .9 S e r v ic e s .......................................................................................... 1 2 2 .5 1 2 7 .2 1 28 .1 1 2 9 .4 1 2 9 .7 1 3 4 .5 1 3 5 .6 1 3 6 .8 137 .1 .2 5 .7 S c h o o l s ........................................................................................ 1 2 2 .3 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .9 1 3 0 .2 1 3 5 .8 1 3 7 .0 1 3 8 .0 1 3 8 .2 .1 6.1 E le m e n t a r y a n d s e c o n d a r y ............................................... 1 2 3 .0 1 2 9 .3 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .8 131 .1 1 3 7 .5 1 3 8 .5 1 3 9 .4 1 3 9 .4 .0 6 .3 H o s p it a ls a n d o t h e r s e r v ic e s 3 ............................................ 1 23 .1 125.1 1 2 5 .9 1 2 7 .7 1 2 8 .0 1 3 0 .2 1 3 0 .9 1 3 2 .4 1 3 3 .3 .7 4.1 P u b lic a d m in is tr a tio n 2 ............................................................... 1 2 1 .3 1 2 4 .4 1 2 5 .7 1 2 7 .0 1 2 7 .2 1 3 1 .4 1 3 2 .0 1 3 3 .8 1 3 4 .6 .6 5 .8 W o r k e r s , b y in d u s tr y d iv is io n ' C o n s is t s o f p r iv a te in d u s t r y w o r k e r s ( e x c lu d in g fa rm a n d h o u s e h o ld w o r k e r s ) a n d S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t ( e x c lu d in g F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t) w o r k e r s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 C o n s is t s o f le g is la tiv e , ju d ic ia l, a d m in is tr a tiv e , a n d r e g u la to r y 3 I n c lu d e s , f o r e x a m p le , lib ra ry , s o c ia l a n d h e a lth s e r v ic e s . a c tiv itie s , MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data 24. Employment Cost Index, private nonfarm workers, by bargaining status, region, and area size (Ju n e 1 9 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) 1984 1985 1986 P e rc e n t ch an g e S e r ie s Jun e S e p t. D ec. M a r. Jun e S e p t. D ec. M a r. Jun e 3 12 m o n th s m o n th s ended ended Jun e 1986 C O M P E N S A T IO N W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s t a t u s 1 U n io n ................................................................................. 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .6 1 2 3 .9 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .5 127 .1 1 2 8 .4 1 2 8 .7 0 .2 M a n u f a c t u r i n g .................................................................. 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .6 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .0 1 2 5 .5 1 2 7 .0 1 2 6 .9 -.1 2 .2 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ........................................................................... 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .5 1 2 5 .3 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .6 1 2 9 .7 1 3 0 .4 .5 3 .0 N o n u n i o n ................................................................ 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .3 1 2 1 .9 2 .5 1 2 3 .8 1 2 5 .0 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .5 1 2 9 .0 1 3 0 .2 .9 4 .2 M a n u f a c tu r in g ............................................................................. 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .3 1 2 0 .8 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .7 1 2 6 .3 1 28 .1 1 2 9 .7 1 .2 3 .9 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ............................................................................. 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .9 1 25 .1 1 2 7 .3 1 28 .1 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .4 .7 4 .2 1 3 3 .3 1 .3 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 N o r t h e a s t .............................................................................................. 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .8 125 .1 1 2 6 .4 1 2 8 .8 1 2 9 .9 S o u t h .................................................................................................. 1 2 0 .7 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .2 1 2 4 .2 1 2 5 .2 1 2 6 .5 1 2 7 .2 1 2 8 .7 1 2 9 .6 .7 3 .5 M id w e s t ( fo rm e rly N o rth C e n t r a l ) .................................................... W e s t ............................................................................... 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .7 1 2 0 .8 1 2 2 .0 1 2 2 .7 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .6 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .2 .2 2 .9 1 2 2 .2 1 2 2 .5 1 2 4 .9 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .9 129 .1 1 2 9 .8 1 3 0 .8 1 3 1 .6 .6 2 .9 M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s ............................................................................... 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .5 1 2 3 .2 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .7 1 2 7 .3 1 28 .1 1 2 9 .5 1 3 0 .5 .8 3 .8 O t h e r a r e a s .................................................................................... 1 1 7 .4 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 1 .4 1 2 2 .5 1 2 3 .9 1 2 3 .9 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .4 .7 3 .2 1 3 1 .6 5 .5 W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 W A G E S A N D S A L A R IE S W o r k e r s , b y b a r g a in in g s ta tu s 1 U n io n ........................................................................................ 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .8 1 2 0 .9 1 2 1 .7 1 2 3 .0 1 24 .1 1 2 4 .7 1 2 5 .6 1 26 .1 .4 M a n u f a c tu r in g .................................................................................... 1 17 .1 1 18 .1 1 1 9 .5 1 2 0 .4 1 2 1 .7 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .3 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .6 .3 2 .4 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ............................................................................. 1 2 0 .7 1 2 1 .3 122 .1 1 2 2 .8 1 24 .1 1 2 5 .3 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .9 1 2 7 .4 .4 2 .7 4.1 N o n u n i o n ............................................................................................ 2 .5 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .8 1 2 0 .4 1 22 .1 1 2 3 .4 1 2 5 .2 1 2 5 .9 1 2 7 .3 1 2 8 .5 .9 M a n u f a c t u r i n g ......................................................................... 1 1 6 .5 1 1 7 .9 1 1 9 .5 1 2 1 .5 1 2 2 .8 1 2 3 .7 1 2 4 .4 126 .1 1 2 7 .7 1 .3 4 .0 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g ......................................................................... 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .2 1 2 0 .7 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .6 1 2 5 .9 1 2 6 .6 1 2 7 .8 1 2 8 .9 .9 4 .3 W o r k e r s , b y r e g io n 1 N o r t h e a s t ................................................................................. 1 1 8 .9 1 2 0 .5 1 2 1 .9 1 2 3 .0 1 2 4 .6 1 2 6 .8 128 .1 1 2 9 .2 1 3 1 .3 1 .6 5 .4 S o u t h ....................................................................... 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .0 1 2 0 .2 1 2 2 .3 1 2 3 .4 1 2 4 .8 1 2 5 .4 1 2 6 .8 1 2 7 .8 .8 3 .6 M id w e s t ( fo rm e rly N o rth C e n t r a l ) .................................................... W e s t ..................................................................... 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .8 1 1 8 .7 1 1 9 .6 1 21 .1 1 2 2 .5 1 2 2 .9 1 2 4 .2 1 2 4 .4 .2 2 .7 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .0 1 2 2 .5 1 2 4 .0 1 25 .1 1 2 6 .6 1 27 .1 128 .1 1 2 8 .9 .6 3 .0 M e tr o p o lita n a r e a s ...................................................................... 1 1 8 .6 1 1 9 .5 1 2 1 .0 1 2 2 .4 1 2 3 .8 1 2 5 .5 1 2 6 .3 1 2 7 .4 1 2 8 .5 .9 3 .8 O t h e r a r e a s ......................................................................... 1 1 6 .0 1 1 7 .5 1 1 8 .3 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .6 1 2 1 .9 1 2 2 .0 1 2 3 .6 1 2 4 .5 .7 3 .2 W o r k e r s , b y a r e a s iz e 1 1 The in d u s t r y in d e x e s a r e c a lc u la t e d g ro u p s. For 72 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a d e t a ile d d if f e r e n tly f r o m d e s c r ip t io n t h o s e f o r th e o c c u p a t io n a n d o f th e in d e x c a lc u la t io n , see th e M onthly Labor R eview T e c h n ic a l E m p lo y m e n t C o s t I n d e x ,” M a y 1 9 8 2 . N o te , “ E s tim a tio n p ro ce d u re s fo r th e 25. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent) Q u a r te r ly a v e r a g e A n n u a l a v e ra g e M e a su re 1986 1985 1984 1984 1985 III IV I II IV III IIP I S p e c if ie d a d ju s t m e n t s : T o t a l c o m p e n s a t io n 1 a d j u s t m e n t s , 2 s e t t le m e n t s c o v e r in g 5 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o re : F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ..................................................... 3 .6 2 .6 2 .7 3 .7 3 .6 3 .5 2 .0 2 .0 0 .4 0 .7 A n n u a l ra te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ............................... 2 .8 2 .7 3.1 2 .0 2 .7 3 .4 3 .0 1.4 1.3 1 .6 W a g e a d ju s t m e n t s , s e t t le m e n t s c o v e r in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o re : F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ..................................................... 2 .4 2 .3 2.1 2 .3 3 .3 2 .5 2 .0 2.1 1.0 1.3 A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ............................... 2 .4 2 .7 2 .6 1 .5 3 .2 2 .8 3.1 1 .9 1.6 2 .0 T o t a l e ff e c t iv e w a g e a d j u s t m e n t 3 ............................... 3 .7 3 .3 1.2 .7 .7 .8 1 .2 .5 .6 .7 F r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r io d ....................... .8 .7 .2 .3 .1 .2 .2 .1 .0 .2 p e r io d s ............................................................................... 2 .0 1.8 .7 .2 .6 .5 .5 .2 .4 .6 F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g - a d ju s t m e n t s c l a u s e s ................ .9 .7 .3 .2 .1 .1 .4 .1 .2 .0 E f f e c t i v e a d ju s t m e n t s : D e f e r r e d fro m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in e a r lie r 1 C o m p e n s a t io n in c lu d e s w a ge s, s a la r ie s , and e m p lo y e r s ’ c o s t o f e m p lo y e e c o m p e n s a t io n o r w a g e s . b e n e f it s w h e n c o n t r a c t is n e g o tia te d . 3 B e c a u s e o f ro u n d in g to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m o f p a rts . 2 A d ju s t m e n t s a r e th e n e t r e s u lt o f in c r e a s e s , d e c r e a s e s , a n d n o c h a n g e s in = p r e lim in a ry . p 26. Average specified compensation and wage adjustments, major collective bargaining settlements in private industry situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) A v e r a g e f o r f o u r q u a r te r s e n d in g - M e a su re 1984 III 1986 1985 IV II I III I IV IIP S p e c if ie d to ta l c o m p e n s a t io n a d ju s t m e n t s , s e t t le m e n t s c o v e r in g 5 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o re , a ll in d u s trie s : F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t ............................................................................................. 4 .2 3 .6 3 .4 3 .4 3.1 2 .6 2 .3 1.5 A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ....................................................................... 3 .2 2 .8 2 .6 2 .7 2 .7 2 .7 2 .6 2 .0 2 .3 2 .0 S p e c if ie d w a g e a d ju s t m e n t s , s e t t le m e n t s c o v e r in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o re : A ll in d u s t r ie s F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .......................................................................................... 3 .2 2 .4 2 .4 2 .4 C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ...................................................................... 4 .5 2 .9 2 .5 2 .3 1.9 1.6 1 .6 1.6 C o n t r a c t s w it h o u t C O L A c la u s e s ..... ......................................................... 2 .3 2.1 2 .4 2 .4 2 .7 2 .7 2 .2 1 .7 A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t .................................................................... 2 .8 2 .4 2 .3 2 .4 2 .5 2 .7 2 .5 2 .3 C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ...................................................................... 2 .8 1 .8 1.3 1.5 1 .8 2 .5 2 .5 2 .5 C o n t r a c t s w it h o u t C O L A c la u s e s ............................................................... 2 .8 2 .7 2 .8 2 .8 3 .0 2 .8 2 .5 2 .2 2 .4 1.7 M a n u f a c tu r in g F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .......................................................................................... 2 .6 2 .3 2.1 2 .0 1 .5 .8 .9 C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ...................................................................... 1.5 2.1 2 .0 1.9 1 .5 .8 .8 .7 C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s ............................................................... 3 .7 2 .9 2 .5 2 .2 1 .5 .9 .9 -.4 A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t .................................................................... 2 .8 1 .6 1.8 1.8 1 .4 C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ...................................................................... 1.8 1.0 .9 1.0 1 .4 2.1 2.1 2 .0 C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s ............................................................... 3 .8 3 .3 3 .2 3 .0 2 .4 1.6 1.5 .9 1.5 1.4 .1 1.5 N o n m a n u f a c t u r in g F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .......................................................................................... 3 .3 2 .5 2 .6 2 .7 3 .2 3 .3 2 .8 2 .7 C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ...................................................................... 5 .4 5 .5 5.1 4 .3 4 .0 3 .6 3 .5 3 .2 C o n t r a c t s w it h o u t C O L A c la u s e s ............................................................... 2.1 2 .0 2 .4 2 .5 3 .0 3 .3 2 .7 2 .6 A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t .................................................................... 2 .8 2 .9 2 .8 2 .9 3 .3 3 .3 3 .0 2 .9 C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ...................................................................... 3.1 4 .8 4 .0 3 .8 3 .9 3 .6 3 .6 3 .3 C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s ............................................................... 2 .6 2 .6 2 .7 2 .8 3 .2 3 .3 2 .9 2 .8 F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .......................................................................................... .9 .5 .9 1.1 1 .0 1.5 1.7 2 .4 C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ...................................................................... 4 .0 4 .0 4 .6 2 .2 2 .6 C o n s t r u c t io n .7 9 .2 (1) C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s ............................................................... .9 .4 .8 1 .0 (1) A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t .................................................................... 1 .4 1 .0 1.4 1 .7 C o n t r a c t s w ith C O L A c l a u s e s ...................................................................... 1 .4 1 .4 1.7 4 .6 (1) (1) (1) 1.1 C o n t r a c t s w ith o u t C O L A c la u s e s ............................................................... 1 .4 1 .0 1.4 1 .7 (1) (1) (1) 2 .6 1 D a t a d o n o t m e e t p u b lic a tio n s ta n d a r d s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis » = p r e lim in a ry . (1) (1) (1) 1.7 2 .5 (1) 2.1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Compensation and Industrial Relations Data 27. Average effective wage adjustments, private industry collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more during 4-quarter periods (in percent) A v e r a g e f o r f o u r q u a r te r s e n d in g E f f e c t iv e w a g e a d ju s t m e n t 1984 1985 1986 IV I II III T o t a l ............................................................................................................................. 3 .7 3 .6 3 .5 F r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r io d ............................................................ .8 .7 .9 D e f e r r e d fro m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r i o d ............................. 2 .0 2 .2 F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g - a d ju s t m e n t s c l a u s e s ..................................................... .9 .7 F o r w o r k e r s r e c e iv in g c h a n g e s : T o t a l ............................................................................................................................. 4 .4 F r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r io d ............................................................ 3 .0 D e f e r r e d fro m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r i o d ............................. 4 .0 F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g - a d ju s t m e n t s c l a u s e s ..................................................... 2 .7 2 .3 IV I IIP 3 .5 3 .3 3.1 .9 .7 .6 .5 1 .9 1.8 1.8 1 .7 1 .8 .7 .8 .7 .8 .7 4 .5 4 .2 4 .3 4.1 4 .0 3 .8 2 .9 2 .9 2 .8 3 .4 2 .9 2 .5 4 .2 3 .9 3 .7 3 .7 3 .5 3 .4 2 .3 2 .8 2 .2 2 .5 2.1 F o r a ll w o r k e r s : 1 1 B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m o f p a rts . 2 .9 = p r e lim in a ry . p 28. Specified compensation and wage adjustments from contract settlements, and effective wage adjustments, State and local government collective bargaining situations covering 1,000 workers or more (in percent) A n n u a l a v e ra g e S e c o n d 6 m o n th s 1985P M e a su re 1984 1985 F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .................................................................................................................... 5 .2 4 .2 3 .8 A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t .............................................................................................. 5 .4 5.1 5 .3 W a g e a d ju s t m e n t s , s e t t le m e n t s c o v e r in g 1 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o re : F ir s t y e a r o f c o n t r a c t .................................................................................. 4 .8 4 .6 4 .4 A n n u a l r a te o v e r life o f c o n t r a c t ............................................................ 5.1 5 .4 5 .6 S p e c if ie d a d ju s t m e n t s : T o t a l c o m p e n s a t io n 1 a d j u s t m e n t s , 2 s e t t le m e n t s c o v e r in g 5 ,0 0 0 w o r k e r s o r m o re : E f f e c t iv e a d ju s tm e n ts : T o t a l e f f e c t iv e w a g e a d ju s t m e n t 3 ....................................... 5 .0 5 .7 4.1 F r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in p e r i o d ................................ 1 .9 4.1 3 .2 D e f e r r e d f r o m s e t t le m e n t s r e a c h e d in e a r lie r p e r io d s 3.1 1 .6 (4) <4) F r o m c o s t - o f - liv in g - a d ju s t m e n t c l a u s e s ........................... 1 C o m p e n s a t io n in c lu d e s w a g e s , b e n e f it s w h e n c o n t r a c t is n e g o tia te d . 2 A d ju s t m e n t s a r e th e c o m p e n s a t io n o r w a g e s . 29. s a la r ie s , and n e t r e s u lt o f in c r e a s e s , e m p lo y e r s ’ d e c re a s e s , cost and of no e m p lo y e e changes .9 (4) 3 B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g to ta l m a y n o t e q u a l s u m o f p a rts . 4 L e s s th a n 0 .0 5 p e r c e n t . in p = p r e lim in a ry . Work stoppages involving 1,000 workers or more A n n u a l t o ta ls 1985 1986 M e a su re 1984 1985 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. Ja n .p D ec. F e b .P M a r.P A p r.P Jun e P M ayP Ju ly P N u m b e r o f s to p p a g e s : B e g in n in g in p e r i o d ......................... 62 54 9 6 11 6 3 2 4 3 3 4 6 11 11 In e f f e c t d u r in g p e r i o d .................... 68 61 13 18 20 20 13 9 7 7 9 9 11 16 21 3 7 6 .0 3 2 3 .9 50.1 1 5 .3 6 9 .5 7 6 .6 2 6 .2 8 .2 7 .6 2 4 .0 1 2 .3 7 .2 2 9 .7 1 99 .1 4 2 .0 3 9 1 .0 5 8 4 .1 5 6 .9 6 6 .8 9 3 .9 1 1 9 .3 4 7 .0 3 8 .0 1 2 .0 2 8 .4 3 9 .7 1 8 .7 4 2 .3 2 0 7 .0 5 8 .2 8 ,4 9 9 .0 7 ,0 7 9 .0 4 7 6 .5 8 1 0 .8 8 6 3 .8 1 ,4 2 8 .8 6 8 8 .2 6 6 1 .9 1 7 0 .0 3 0 9 .5 3 9 0 .6 3 2 1 .5 3 1 4 .6 3 ,7 0 7 .4 8 5 5 .8 .0 4 .0 3 .0 2 .0 4 .0 4 .0 6 .0 4 .0 3 .01 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 2 .0 7 .0 4 W o r k e r s in v o lv e d : B e g in n in g in p e r io d (in t h o u s a n d s ) ........................................ In e f f e c t d u r in g p e r io d (in t h o u s a n d s ) ........................................ D a y s id le : N u m b e r (in t h o u s a n d s ) .................. P e r c e n t o f e s t im a t e d w o r k in g t im e 1 .................................................... 1 A g r ic u ltu r a l a n d g o v e r n m e n t e m p lo y e e s a r e in c lu d e d in th e to ta l e m p lo y e d a n d to ta l w o r k in g tim e : p r iv a te h o u s e h o ld , fo r e s tr y , and f is h e r y e m p lo y e e s are e x c lu d e d . An e x p la n a tio n o f t h e m e a s u r e m e n t o f I d le n e s s a s a p e r c e n t a g e o f th e to ta l tim e w o r k e d is 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis f o u n d in ‘ “ T o t a l e c o n o m y ’ m e a s u r e o f s tr ik e id le n e s s , ” M onthly Labor R eview , O c t o b e r 1 9 6 8 , pp. 5 4-56 . p = p r e lim in a r y 30. Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items ( 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o t h e r w is e in d ic a t e d ) Annual S e r ie s 1985 1986 a v e ra g e J u ly Aug. 3 2 2 .2 3 2 2 .8 3 2 3 .5 3 7 4 .7 3 7 5 .5 3 7 6 .2 1984 1985 A ll i t e m s ................................................................................................................. 3 1 1 .1 A ll ite m s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................ 3 6 1 .9 S e p t. O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan . Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay Jun e J u ly 3 2 4 .5 3 2 5 .5 3 2 6 .6 3 2 7 .4 3 2 8 .4 3 2 7 .5 3 2 6 .0 3 2 5 .3 3 2 6 .3 3 2 7 .9 3 2 8 .0 3 7 7 .4 3 7 8 .5 3 7 9 .9 3 8 0 .8 3 8 1 .9 3 8 0 .8 3 7 9 .1 3 7 8 .3 3 7 9 .5 3 8 1 .4 3 8 1 .4 C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X F O R A L L U R B A N C O N S U M E R S : F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ..................................................................................... 2 95 .1 3 0 2 .0 3 0 1 .6 3 0 1 .8 3 02 .1 3 0 2 .5 3 0 3 .6 3 0 7 .7 3 0 7 .8 F o o d .................................................................................................................. 3 0 2 .9 3 0 9 .8 3 0 9 .5 3 0 9 .7 3 0 9 .9 3 0 9 .8 3 1 1 .0 3 1 3 .2 3 1 5 .6 3 1 5 .3 3 1 5 .4 3 1 6 .1 3 1 7 .0 3 1 7 .1 3 2 0 .1 F o o d a t h o m e ............................................................................................ 2 9 2 .6 2 9 6 .8 2 9 6 .2 2 9 5 .9 2 9 5 .6 2 9 5 .3 2 9 6 .6 2 9 9 .3 3 0 2 .5 3 0 1 .5 3 0 1 .2 3 0 1 .5 3 02 .1 3 0 1 .6 3 0 5 .5 C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s ........................................................... 3 0 5 .3 3 1 7 .0 3 1 7 .3 3 1 8 .5 3 1 9 .2 3 1 8 .9 3 1 9 .9 3 2 1 .9 3 2 2 .0 3 2 2 .5 3 2 2 .7 3 2 2 .5 3 2 3 .8 3 26 .1 3 2 6 .3 M e a t s , p o u ltry , fis h , a n d e g g s .......................................................... 2 6 6 .6 2 6 3 .4 2 6 0 .5 2 5 9 .7 2 6 0 .6 2 6 1 .1 2 6 6 .1 2 6 9 .9 2 7 1 .5 2 6 8 .4 2 6 7 .7 2 6 4 .2 2 6 3 .4 2 6 5 .1 2 7 4 .9 D a ir y p r o d u c t s .................................. ..................................................... 2 5 3 .2 2 5 8 .0 2 5 7 .8 2 5 7 .4 2 5 8 .0 2 5 7 .1 2 5 7 .1 2 5 6 .9 2 5 7 .2 2 5 7 .3 2 5 6 .8 2 5 6 .8 2 5 7 .1 2 5 7 .2 2 5 8 .4 F r u its a n d v e g e t a b le s .......................................................................... 3 1 7 .4 3 2 5 .7 3 2 8 .9 3 2 6 .3 3 1 9 .9 3 1 7 .1 3 1 4 .3 3 2 3 .9 3 3 4 .4 3 2 0 .7 3 1 9 .2 3 2 9 .5 3 3 6 .5 3 2 7 .8 3 3 0 .3 O th e r f o o d s a t h o m e ...................... ..................................................... 3 5 2 .2 3 6 1 .1 3 6 0 .6 3 6 1 .7 3 6 2 .6 3 6 3 .0 3 6 2 .2 3 6 1 .3 3 6 5 .7 3 75 .1 3 7 5 .7 3 7 6 .1 3 7 4 .6 3 7 4 .1 3 7 3 .7 S u g a r a n d s w e e t s .............................................................................. 3 89 .1 3 9 8 .8 4 0 0 .2 4 0 1 .8 4 0 1 .1 4 0 2 .6 4 0 1 .4 4 0 2 .2 4 0 5 .1 4 0 8 .6 4 0 8 .4 4 1 1 .4 4 1 1 .2 4 1 1 .5 4 1 2 .4 F a t s a n d o i l s ........................................................................................ 3 0 5 .6 3 0 7 .9 3 0 8 .5 3 0 9 .4 3 0 9 .5 3 1 2 .2 2 8 8 .0 2 9 4 .4 2 9 7 .8 2 9 4 .8 2 9 1 .2 2 9 0 .3 2 92 .1 2 9 1 .4 N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ................................................................... 4 4 3 .0 4 5 1 .7 4 4 8 .2 4 4 9 .6 4 5 2 .8 4 5 4 .1 4 5 1 .7 4 4 8 .8 4 5 9 .7 4 8 5 .3 4 8 8 .0 4 8 7 .4 4 8 1 .9 4 8 0 .0 4 7 8 .3 O t h e r p r e p a r e d f o o d s ....................................................................... 2 8 4 .9 2 9 4 .2 2 9 4 .5 2 9 5 .8 2 9 6 .3 2 9 6 .8 2 9 6 .8 2 9 7 .3 2 9 8 .0 2 9 9 .5 2 9 9 .3 3 0 0 .2 3 0 1 .4 3 0 1 .7 3 0 1 .8 2 9 7 .1 2 9 2 .1 2 9 0 .2 2 8 8 .5 2 8 7 .2 2 8 7 .0 2 8 7 .3 F o o d a w a y fro m h o m e ........................................................................... 3 3 3 .4 3 4 6 .6 3 4 7 .3 3 4 8 .4 3 4 9 .9 3 5 0 .3 3 5 1 .3 3 5 2 .1 3 53 .1 3 5 4 .2 3 5 5 .5 3 5 7 .0 3 5 8 .8 3 6 0 .2 3 6 0 .8 A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s .................................................................................... 2 2 2 .1 2 2 9 .5 2 2 7 .8 2 2 8 .9 2 2 9 .3 2 3 6 .4 2 3 6 .2 2 3 6 .2 2 3 7 .5 2 3 8 .3 2 3 8 .8 2 3 9 .5 2 3 9 .4 2 4 0 .1 2 4 0 .4 H o u s i n g .............................................................................................................. 3 3 6 .5 3 4 9 .9 3 5 1 .6 3 5 2 .9 3 5 3 .8 3 5 4 .4 3 5 5 .0 3 5 5 .8 3 5 6 .8 3 5 6 .5 3 5 7 .0 3 5 8 .0 3 5 8 .5 3 6 1 .2 3 6 1 .5 S h e l t e r ............................................................................................................. 3 6 1 .7 3 8 2 .0 3 8 3 .2 3 8 5 .9 3 8 6 .9 3 89 .1 3 9 1 .3 3 9 2 .3 3 9 3 .8 3 9 4 .8 3 9 7 .0 4 0 0 .1 4 0 0 .9 4 0 1 .6 4 0 3 .5 R e n te rs ’ c o s ts ( 1 2 / 8 2 — 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. 1 0 8 .6 1 1 5 .4 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .6 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .4 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .8 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .6 1 2 0 .9 121 .1 1 2 1 .6 1 2 2 .5 R e n t , r e s i d e n t i a l ..................................................................................... 2 4 9 .3 2 6 4 .6 2 6 5 .0 2 6 6 .6 2 6 7 .7 2 6 9 .9 2 7 1 .7 2 7 2 .4 2 7 3 .4 2 7 3 .7 2 7 5 .0 2 7 7 .9 2 7 8 .4 2 7 9 .4 2 8 1 .2 O t h e r r e n t e r s ’ c o s t s ............................................................................. 3 7 3 .4 3 9 8 .4 4 05 .1 4 0 9 .9 4 1 0 .7 4 1 2 .5 4 0 8 .7 3 9 8 .1 4 0 1 .1 4 0 4 .1 4 0 5 .5 4 1 0 .8 4 1 1 .3 4 1 5 .2 4 2 0 .1 H o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................................... 1 0 7 .3 113 .1 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .6 115 .1 1 1 5 .8 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .4 O w n e r s ’ e q u iv a le n t r e n t ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... 1 0 7 .3 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .3 1 1 4 .6 115 .1 1 1 5 .9 1 1 6 .3 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .9 1 1 8 .7 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .0 1 1 9 .4 H o u s e h o ld in s u r a n c e ( 1 2 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................... 1 0 7 .5 1 1 2 .4 1 1 2 .7 1 1 3 .0 1 1 3 .7 1 1 4 .6 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 1 5 .7 1 1 7 .4 1 1 8 .0 1 1 8 .3 1 1 8 .8 1 1 8 .9 1 1 9 .9 M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s ....................................................................... 3 5 9 .2 3 6 8 .9 3 6 7 .8 3 7 0 .6 3 6 8 .7 3 6 8 .5 3 7 2 .7 3 7 3 .7 3 7 9 .1 3 7 9 .6 3 6 7 .5 3 6 7 .6 3 6 7 .1 3 6 6 .6 3 6 9 .2 M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v i c e s .................................................... 4 0 9 .7 4 2 1 .1 4 2 2 .4 4 2 4 .6 4 2 5 .5 4 2 7 .4 4 3 0 .1 4 2 1 .1 4 2 2 .2 4 2 6 .4 M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ............................................ 2 6 2 .7 2 6 9 .6 2 6 7 .8 2 6 9 .2 2 6 8 .6 2 6 8 .0 2 7 1 .5 2 7 3 .3 2 7 7 .1 2 7 7 .8 2 66 .1 2 6 4 .5 2 6 2 .9 2 6 0 .7 2 6 2 .7 F u e l a n d o t h e r u t i l i t i e s ............................................................................... 3 8 7 .3 3 9 3 .6 3 9 9 .9 3 9 8 .9 4 2 5 .1 4 0 0 .5 4 2 1 .9 3 9 5 .6 3 92 .1 3 9 3 .3 3 9 4 .6 3 9 0 .0 3 8 5 .5 3 8 1 .8 3 8 2 .5 3 9 3 .8 3 8 9 .4 F u e ls ............................................................................................................ 4 8 5 .5 4 8 8 .1 4 9 7 .3 4 9 4 .4 4 9 6 .8 4 6 9 .2 4 2 6 .2 4 3 2 .6 4 3 2 .8 4 8 8 .4 4 8 1 .5 4 8 3 .6 4 8 4 .7 4 7 6 .3 4 6 7 .6 4 5 9 .6 4 6 0 .6 4 7 7 .0 F u e l o il, c o a l, a n d b o ttle d g a s ......................................................... 6 4 1 .8 6 1 9 .5 6 0 1 .9 5 9 4 .6 6 0 1 .7 6 1 5 .3 6 4 1 .6 6 5 7 .3 6 5 0 .3 5 9 1 .2 5 4 9 .9 5 1 8 .3 4 9 6 .8 4 8 6 .6 4 5 9 .4 G a s ( p ip e d ) a n d e l e c t r i c i t y ................................................................ 4 4 5 .2 4 5 2 .7 4 6 7 .1 4 6 5 .1 4 6 6 .5 4 5 3 .9 4 4 0 .5 4 3 9 .9 4 4 2 .6 4 4 4 .5 4 4 2 .3 4 3 9 .2 4 4 4 .6 4 6 6 .0 4 6 2 .3 O t h e r u tilitie s a n d p u b lic s e r v i c e s ...................................................... 2 3 0 .2 2 4 0 .7 2 4 2 .8 2 4 4 .2 2 4 4 .6 2 4 4 .7 2 4 5 .9 2 4 5 .8 2 4 7 .3 2 4 7 .9 2 4 9 .0 2 5 1 .3 2 5 1 .5 2 5 5 .2 2 5 5 .6 H o u s e h o ld f u r n is h in g s a n d o p e r a t i o n s ................................................ 2 4 2 .5 2 4 7 .2 2 4 6 .5 2 4 7 .0 2 4 7 .1 2 4 8 .4 2 4 8 .9 2 4 8 .8 2 4 8 .8 2 4 9 .0 2 4 9 .8 2 4 9 .6 2 4 9 .9 2 5 0 .2 2 5 0 .5 199 .1 2 0 0 .1 1 9 8 .8 199 .1 1 9 9 .0 2 0 0 .3 2 0 0 .8 2 0 0 .1 1 9 9 .8 1 9 9 .7 2 0 1 .0 2 0 0 .4 2 0 0 .8 2 0 0 .8 2 0 1 .2 H o u s e f u m i s h i n g s ............................................................................ H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p l i e s ............................................................ 3 0 3 .2 3 1 3 .6 3 1 3 .1 3 1 3 .5 3 1 3 .9 3 1 5 .7 3 1 6 .4 3 1 7 .7 3 1 8 .3 3 1 8 .6 3 1 7 .9 3 1 8 .5 3 1 8 .3 3 1 9 .6 3 1 9 .5 H o u s e k e e p in g s e r v i c e s ...................................................................... 3 2 7 .5 3 3 8 .9 3 3 9 .8 3 4 0 .7 3 4 1 .5 3 4 2 .2 3 4 2 .7 3 4 3 .2 3 4 3 .9 3 4 4 .5 3 4 5 .1 3 4 5 .4 3 4 5 .8 3 4 6 .1 3 4 6 .6 A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p ...................................................................................... 2 0 0 .2 2 0 6 .0 2 0 2 .8 2 0 5 .3 2 0 9 .6 2 1 1 .1 2 1 1 .2 2 0 9 .0 2 0 5 .0 2 0 4 .1 2 0 6 .3 2 0 7 .3 2 0 6 .4 2 0 4 .5 2 0 3 .2 1 8 7 .0 1 9 1 .6 1 8 8 .0 1 9 0 .6 1 9 5 .3 1 9 6 .7 1 9 6 .8 1 9 4 .2 1 8 9 .5 1 8 8 .5 1 9 0 .8 1 9 1 .7 1 9 0 .7 1 8 8 .4 1 8 7 .0 M e n ’ s a n d b o y s ’ a p p a r e l ....................................................................... 1 9 2 .4 1 9 7 .9 1 9 4 .5 1 9 7 .2 2 0 1 .5 2 0 3 .2 2 0 3 .6 2 0 2 .0 1 9 8 .6 1 9 6 .8 1 9 8 .3 1 9 9 .7 2 0 0 .2 1 98 .1 W o m e n ’s a n d g ir ls ’ a p p a r e l ................................................................. I n fa n ts ' a n d t o d d le r s ’ a p p a r e l .............................................................. 1 6 3 .6 1 6 9 .5 2 9 9 .7 1 6 3 .4 1 6 7 .7 1 76 .1 1 7 7 .9 1 7 6 .5 1 7 2 .6 1 6 4 .4 1 6 3 .4 1 6 7 .6 1 6 8 .0 1 6 4 .9 1 6 1 .3 1 5 9 .8 2 9 4 .5 3 0 0 .6 3 0 2 .0 3 0 2 .1 3 0 7 .0 3 0 4 .1 3 1 3 .9 3 1 1 .6 3 1 3 .1 3 1 6 .6 3 1 8 .5 3 1 9 .7 3 0 7 .5 A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................... F o o t w e a r .................................................................................................... O t h e r a p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s .................................................................. A p p a r e l s e r v i c e s ..................................................................................... T r a n s p o r t a t io n ................................................................................... 2 8 7 .0 2 0 9 .5 2 1 2 .1 2 1 1 .4 2 1 0 .3 2 1 0 .9 2 1 2 .3 2 1 5 .5 2 13 .1 2 0 9 .1 2 0 7 .9 2 1 0 .1 2 1 1 .4 2 1 1 .5 2 1 0 .0 1 9 5 .8 2 0 9 .1 2 1 6 .4 2 1 5 .5 2 1 6 .7 2 1 7 .5 2 1 5 .2 2 1 4 .9 2 1 4 .9 2 1 4 .6 2 1 5 .5 2 1 6 .1 2 1 4 .6 2 1 5 .3 2 1 5 .4 2 1 5 .8 2 1 8 .1 3 0 5 .0 3 2 0 .9 3 2 1 .4 3 2 2 .9 3 2 4 .1 3 2 5 .7 3 2 6 .3 3 2 6 .9 3 2 9 .8 3 3 0 .7 3 3 1 .5 3 3 2 .9 3 3 3 .6 3 3 4 .3 3 3 4 .6 3 1 1 .7 3 2 0 .7 3 1 9 .7 3 2 0 .9 3 2 3 .2 3 2 4 .0 3 2 3 .9 3 1 9 .2 3 0 9 .6 3 0 3 .3 3 0 5 .7 3 0 8 .6 3 0 4 .7 3 1 9 .9 3 2 1 .8 3 0 6 .6 3 1 4 .2 3 1 6 .1 3 1 4 .9 3 1 3 .6 3 1 4 .7 3 1 7 .0 3 1 7 .8 3 1 7 .3 3 1 2 .2 3 0 2 .1 2 9 5 .3 2 9 7 .8 3 0 0 .8 2 9 6 .5 N e w v e h i c l e s .......................................................................... 2 0 8 .0 2 1 4 .9 2 1 4 .3 2 1 4 .2 2 1 4 .2 2 1 5 .9 2 1 8 .2 2 1 9 .2 2 1 9 .7 2 2 0 .2 2 20 .1 2 2 1 .0 2 2 2 .8 2 2 4 .0 2 2 4 .5 N e w c a r s ............................................................................... 2 0 8 .5 2 1 5 .2 2 1 4 .7 2 1 4 .6 2 1 4 .5 2 1 6 .2 2 1 8 .4 2 1 9 .4 2 1 9 .9 2 2 0 .4 2 2 0 .3 2 2 1 .2 2 2 3 .0 2 2 4 .2 2 2 4 .7 P r iv a t e t r a n s p o r t a t io n ................................................................................. U s e d c a r s ................................................................................... 3 7 5 .7 3 7 9 .7 3 7 6 .7 3 7 0 .7 3 6 7 .2 3 6 4 .8 3 6 3 .6 3 6 2 .5 3 6 0 .3 M o t o r f u e l .................................................................................. 3 7 0 .7 3 7 3 .8 3 8 5 .5 3 8 1 .9 3 7 7 .7 3 7 4 .6 3 7 6 .7 3 7 7 .5 3 7 3 .3 3 5 1 .5 3 0 8 .5 2 7 9 .5 2 8 9 .3 2 9 9 .4 2 8 0 .2 G a s o l i n e ................................................................................ 3 7 0 .2 3 7 3 .3 3 8 5 .3 3 8 1 .8 3 7 7 .4 3 7 4 .2 3 7 6 .1 3 7 6 .8 3 7 2 .5 3 5 0 .8 3 0 7 .7 2 7 8 .6 2 8 8 .7 2 9 9 .1 2 7 9 .8 3 7 4 .0 3 7 4 .3 3 7 5 .3 3 7 6 .4 3 7 5 .6 3 7 4 .1 M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r ......................................................................... 3 4 1 .5 3 5 1 .4 3 5 1 .1 3 5 1 .9 3 5 3 .5 3 5 5 .7 3 5 5 .8 3 5 7 .5 3 5 7 .9 3 5 8 .9 3 5 9 .3 3 6 0 .6 3 6 1 .3 3 62 .1 3 6 3 .4 O t h e r p r iv a t e t r a n s p o r t a t io n ................................................................. 2 7 3 .3 2 8 7 .6 2 8 7 .6 2 8 7 .7 2 8 5 .8 2 8 9 .6 2 9 3 .9 2 9 5 .2 2 9 7 .7 2 9 9 .2 3 0 1 .5 3 0 1 .6 3 0 1 .3 3 0 3 .0 3 0 4 .5 O t h e r p r iv a t e tr a n s p o r ta tio n c o m m o d i t i e s .................................... 2 0 1 .5 O t h e r p r iv a t e tr a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v i c e s ............................................. 2 9 5 .0 3 1 2 .8 3 1 3 .0 3 1 3 .0 3 1 0 .4 3 1 5 .4 3 2 1 .2 3 2 2 .7 3 2 5 .5 3 2 7 .6 3 3 0 .3 3 3 0 .9 3 3 0 .4 3 3 2 .8 3 3 4 .6 P u b lic t r a n s p o r t a t io n ................................................................................... 3 8 5 .2 4 0 2 .8 4 0 2 .4 4 0 3 .7 4 0 8 .0 4 1 1 .5 4 1 2 .8 4 1 2 .9 4 1 9 .6 4 2 2 .2 4 2 1 .2 4 2 2 .2 4 2 3 .7 4 2 5 .4 4 2 8 .0 3 7 9 .5 4 0 3 .1 4 2 5 .8 4 2 8 .0 M e d ic a l c a r e .................................................................................... 2 0 2 .6 2 0 2 .2 4 0 4 .0 2 0 2 .8 4 0 6 .6 2 0 3 .4 4 0 8 .3 2 0 2 .8 4 1 0 .5 2 0 1 .6 4 1 3 .0 2 0 2 .1 4 1 4 .7 2 0 3 .4 4 1 8 .2 2 0 2 .9 4 2 2 .3 2 0 3 .6 2 0 2 .2 2 0 2 .4 4 2 9 .7 2 0 1 .5 4 3 2 .0 2 0 1 .6 4 3 4 .8 M e d ic a l c a r e c o m m o d i t i e s ....................................................................... 2 3 9 .7 2 5 6 .7 2 5 7 .8 2 5 9 .3 2 6 0 .2 2 6 1 .3 2 6 2 .7 2 6 2 .9 2 6 4 .5 2 6 7 .4 2 6 9 .4 2 7 1 .3 2 7 2 .3 2 7 3 .3 2 7 5 .4 M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ................................................................................ 4 1 0 .3 4 3 5 .1 4 3 5 .8 4 3 8 .6 4 4 0 .5 4 4 3 .0 4 4 5 .8 4 4 8 .0 4 5 1 .9 4 5 6 .2 4 6 0 .1 4 6 2 .3 4 6 4 .2 4 6 6 .8 4 6 9 .8 P r o f e s s io n a l s e r v i c e s .............................................................................. 3 46 .1 3 6 7 .3 3 6 8 .1 3 7 0 .0 3 7 1 .7 3 7 3 .2 3 7 5 .5 3 7 7 .1 3 7 8 .9 3 8 1 .6 3 8 5 .0 3 8 6 .9 3 8 8 .3 3 9 0 .3 3 9 1 .7 O t h e r m e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ................................................................ 4 8 8 .0 5 1 7 .0 5 1 7 .6 5 2 1 .6 5 2 3 .9 5 2 7 .4 5 3 0 .8 5 3 3 .6 5 4 0 .3 5 4 6 .4 5 5 0 .8 5 5 3 .5 5 5 5 .9 5 5 9 .2 5 6 4 .2 E n t e r t a i n m e n t ................................................................................................... 2 55 .1 2 6 5 .0 2 6 5 .7 2 6 5 .7 2 6 6 .8 2 6 8 .4 2 6 9 .0 2 6 8 .3 2 7 0 .8 2 7 2 .0 2 7 1 .9 2 7 2 .3 2 7 2 .9 2 7 3 .9 2 7 4 .4 E n te r ta in m e n t c o m m o d i t i e s ..................................................................... 2 5 3 .3 2 6 0 .6 2 6 0 .8 2 6 0 .5 2 6 2 .5 2 6 4 .0 2 6 4 .0 2 6 2 .5 2 6 4 .7 2 6 5 .2 2 6 5 .0 2 6 4 .8 2 6 5 .3 2 6 6 .1 2 6 5 .8 E n te r ta in m e n t s e r v i c e s .............................................................................. 2 5 8 .3 2 7 1 .8 2 7 3 .3 2 7 3 .6 2 7 3 .3 2 7 5 .2 2 7 6 .6 2 7 7 .1 2 7 9 .9 2 8 2 .1 2 8 2 .2 2 8 3 .5 2 8 4 .2 2 8 5 .5 2 8 7 .0 O t h e r g o o d s a n d s e r v ic e s .......................................................................... 3 0 7 .7 3 2 6 .6 3 2 5 .0 3 2 6 .0 3 3 3 .3 3 3 4 .9 3 3 5 .3 3 3 6 .5 3 3 9 .1 3 4 0 .3 3 4 1 .1 3 4 1 .8 3 4 2 .1 3 4 2 .6 3 4 4 .9 T o b a c c o p r o d u c t s ....................................................................................... 3 1 0 .0 3 2 8 .5 3 3 0 .0 3 3 1 .5 3 3 2 .8 3 3 4 .4 3 3 4 .7 3 3 7 .4 3 4 2 .7 3 4 4 .7 3 4 5 .6 3 4 6 .5 3 4 6 .5 3 4 7 .1 3 5 4 .3 P e r s o n a l c a r e ................................................................................................ 2 7 1 .4 2 8 1 .9 T o ile t g o o d s a n d p e r s o n a l c a r e a p p l i a n c e s .................................... 2 6 9 .6 2 7 8 .5 2 7 8 .9 2 7 9 .4 2 8 0 .6 2 8 1 .4 2 81 .1 2 8 2 .5 2 8 5 .3 2 8 6 .0 2 8 7 .3 2 8 7 .7 2 8 7 .9 2 8 7 .0 2 8 7 .1 P e r s o n a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ........................................................................... 2 74 .1 2 8 6 .0 2 8 6 .3 2 8 7 .7 2 8 8 .2 2 8 9 .2 2 9 0 .2 2 9 0 .6 2 9 1 .8 2 9 3 .0 2 9 4 .0 2 94 .1 2 9 4 .7 2 9 5 .7 2 9 5 .8 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l e x p e n s e s ..................................................... 3 6 5 .7 3 9 7 .1 3 9 0 .1 3 9 0 .7 4 1 2 .5 4 1 4 .7 4 1 5 .4 4 1 5 .5 4 1 6 .8 4 1 7 .7 4 1 7 .9 4 1 8 .9 4 1 9 .5 4 2 0 .4 4 2 1 .2 S c h o o l b o o k s a n d s u p p l i e s .................................................................. 3 2 2 .8 3 5 0 .8 3 4 5 .5 3 4 6 .1 3 6 2 .1 3 6 4 .5 3 6 4 .7 3 6 4 .7 3 7 1 .0 3 7 3 .8 3 7 4 .3 3 7 4 .4 3 7 4 .5 3 7 5 .7 3 7 5 .9 P e r s o n a l a n d e d u c a t io n a l s e r v i c e s .................................................... 3 7 5 .6 4 0 7 .7 4 0 0 .4 4 0 1 .1 4 2 3 .9 4 2 6 .2 4 2 6 .9 4 2 7 .0 4 2 7 .6 4 2 8 .1 4 2 8 .3 4 2 9 .5 4 3 0 .2 4 3 1 .0 4 3 1 .9 2 8 2 .3 2 8 3 .3 2 8 4 .1 2 8 5 .0 2 8 5 .4 2 8 6 .3 2 8 8 .1 2 8 9 .1 2 9 0 .3 2 9 0 .5 2 9 0 .9 2 9 1 .0 2 9 1 .1 S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 75 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items ( 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o t h e r w is e in d ic a t e d ) Annual S e r ie s 1984 A ll i t e m s ................................................................... C o m m o d i t i e s ............................................................. F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ............................................................................. C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ............................................... N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ............................................ A p p a r e l c o m m o d i t i e s ........................................................... N o n d u r a b le s le s s fo o d , b e v e r a g e s , a n d a p p a r e l ...................... D u r a b l e s ................................................................. S e r v i c e s ................................................................... 1985 1986 a v e ra g e 1985 J u ly Aug. S e p t. O c t. N ov. D ec. Jan. Feb. M a r. A p r. M ay Jun e J u ly 3 1 1 .1 3 2 2 .2 3 2 2 .8 3 2 3 .5 3 2 4 .5 3 2 5 .5 3 2 6 .6 3 2 7 .4 2 8 0 .7 2 8 6 .7 2 8 6 .5 2 8 6 .5 2 87 .1 2 8 7 .9 2 8 9 .2 2 8 9 .9 2 9 0 .1 2 8 7 .4 2 8 3 .7 2 8 1 .2 2 8 2 .1 2 8 2 .8 2 8 1 .9 2 9 5 .1 3 0 1 .6 3 0 2 .5 3 0 3 .6 3 0 5 .6 3 0 7 .9 3 0 7 .7 3 0 7 .8 3 0 8 .5 3 0 9 .4 3 0 9 .5 3 1 2 .2 - 3 0 1 .8 _ 3 0 2 .1 - 3 0 2 .0 - _ _ _ 2 7 5 .7 2 8 2 .1 2 8 2 .9 2 8 3 .1 2 8 5 .3 2 8 6 .8 2 8 4 .9 2 7 8 .6 2 6 8 .9 2 6 2 .0 2 6 3 .3 2 6 4 .7 2 5 9 .8 2 8 4 .6 _ 2 8 6 .8 3 2 8 .4 _ 3 2 7 .5 _ 3 2 6 .0 3 2 5 .3 3 2 6 .3 3 2 7 .9 3 2 8 .0 1 8 7 .0 1 9 1 .6 1 8 8 .0 1 9 0 .6 1 9 5 .3 1 9 6 .7 1 9 6 .8 1 9 4 .2 1 8 9 .5 1 8 8 .5 1 9 0 .8 1 9 1 .7 1 9 0 .7 1 8 8 .4 3 2 5 .8 3 3 3 .3 3 3 6 .4 3 3 5 .4 3 3 5 .3 3 3 5 .6 3 3 7 .8 3 3 9 .1 3 3 8 .7 3 2 9 .5 3 1 3 .6 3 0 2 .6 3 0 5 .2 3 0 8 .4 3 0 1 .7 2 6 6 .5 2 7 0 .7 2 6 9 .3 2 6 8 .6 2 6 8 .7 2 7 0 .2 2 7 1 .5 2 7 1 .4 2 7 1 .4 2 7 0 .5 2 6 9 .7 2 6 9 .2 2 6 9 .6 2 6 9 .9 2 6 9 .6 3 9 7 .9 1 8 7 .0 3 6 3 .0 3 8 1 .5 3 8 3 .3 3 8 4 .9 3 8 6 .5 3 8 7 .7 3 8 8 .7 3 8 9 .5 3 9 1 .7 3 9 3 .3 3 9 4 .9 3 9 6 .8 4 0 1 .0 4 0 2 .3 R e n t o f s h e l t e r .............................................................................. 1 0 7 .7 1 1 3 .9 1 1 4 .3 115 .1 1 1 5 .4 1 16 .1 1 1 6 .7 1 1 7 .0 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .7 1 1 8 .5 1 1 9 .4 1 1 9 .7 1 1 9 .9 1 2 0 .5 H o u s e h o ld s e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e l t e r ............................................. 108 .1 1 1 1 .2 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .2 1 1 3 .5 1 12 .1 1 1 0 .8 1 1 0 .8 1 1 1 .4 1 1 1 .8 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .6 1 1 2 .3 1 1 5 .2 1 1 4 .9 T r a n s p o r ta tio n s e r v i c e s .................................................. 3 2 1 .1 3 3 7 .0 3 3 7 .0 3 3 7 .4 3 3 7 .1 3 4 1 .1 3 4 4 .7 3 4 6 .1 3 4 9 .0 3 5 1 .0 3 5 2 .4 3 5 3 .2 3 5 3 .4 3 5 5 .3 3 5 7 .1 M e d ic a l c a r e s e r v i c e s ............................................................... 4 1 0 .3 4 3 5 .1 4 3 5 .8 4 3 8 .6 4 4 0 .5 4 4 3 .0 4 4 5 .8 4 4 8 .0 4 5 1 .9 4 5 6 .2 4 6 0 .1 4 6 2 .3 4 6 4 .2 4 6 6 .8 4 6 9 .8 O t h e r s e r v ic e s .............................................................................. 2 9 6 .0 3 1 4 .1 3 1 3 .0 3 1 3 .8 3 1 9 .7 3 2 1 .4 3 2 2 .5 3 2 2 .9 3 2 4 .8 3 2 6 .1 3 2 6 .6 3 2 7 .6 3 2 8 .2 3 2 9 .2 3 3 0 .1 S p e c ia l in d e x e s : A ll it e m s le s s f o o d ....................................................................... 3 1 1 .3 3 2 3 .3 3 2 4 .2 3 2 5 .0 3 2 6 .2 3 2 7 .4 3 2 8 .5 3 2 8 .9 3 2 9 .5 3 2 8 .5 3 2 6 .6 3 2 5 .7 3 2 6 .7 3 2 8 .6 3 2 8 .0 A ll it e m s le s s s h e l t e r .................................................................................. 2 9 5 .1 3 0 3 .9 3 0 4 .4 3 0 4 .6 3 0 5 .7 3 0 6 .3 3 0 7 .2 3 0 7 .9 3 0 8 .8 3 0 7 .4 3 0 5 .2 3 0 3 .6 3 0 4 .7 3 0 6 .5 3 0 6 .1 A ll it e m s le s s h o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ........................................................ 1 0 6 .3 1 0 9 .7 1 0 9 .9 1 10 .1 1 1 0 .4 1 1 0 .7 1 11 .1 1 1 1 .3 1 1 1 .6 1 1 1 .2 1 1 0 .5 110 .1 1 1 0 .4 111 .1 1 1 1 .0 A ll ite m s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e ...................................................................... 3 0 7 .3 3 1 7 .7 3 1 8 .4 3 1 8 .9 3 1 9 .9 3 2 0 .8 3 2 1 .9 3 2 2 .6 3 2 3 .4 3 2 2 .2 3 2 0 .5 3 1 9 .7 3 2 0 .6 3 2 2 .2 3 2 2 .1 C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d ........................................................................... 2 6 7 .0 2 7 2 .5 2 7 2 .4 2 7 2 .3 2 7 3 .1 2 7 4 .4 2 7 5 .7 2 7 5 .7 2 7 4 .7 2 7 0 .9 2 6 5 .2 2 6 1 .2 2 6 2 .1 2 6 3 .0 2 6 0 .2 N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d ............................................................................. 2 7 0 .8 3 1 1 .9 2 7 7 .2 2 7 7 .9 3 2 1 .9 2 7 8 .1 3 2 1 .1 2 7 9 .6 3 2 1 .0 2 8 0 .7 3 2 2 .0 2 8 2 .0 3 2 4 .0 2 8 2 .0 3 25 .1 2 8 0 .4 3 2 4 .9 2 7 4 .5 3 1 6 .8 2 6 5 .6 3 0 2 .7 2 5 9 .2 2 9 2 .9 2 6 0 .5 2 9 5 .2 2 6 1 .8 2 9 8 .1 2 5 7 .3 2 9 2 .2 2 8 7 .1 N o n d u r a b le s le s s f o o d a n d a p p a r e l ..................................................... N o n d u r a b le s ....................................................................... 2 8 6 .6 3 1 9 .2 2 9 3 .2 2 9 3 .5 2 9 3 .7 2 9 4 .6 2 9 5 .1 2 9 6 .4 2 9 7 .4 2 9 7 .7 2 9 4 .3 2 8 9 .5 2 8 6 .3 2 8 7 .4 2 8 8 .2 S e r v ic e s le s s r e n t o f s h e l t e r ............................................................ 1 0 8 .5 1 1 3 .5 1 1 4 .2 1 1 4 .5 1 1 5 .0 1 15 .1 1 1 5 .2 1 1 5 .4 1 1 6 .2 1 1 6 .8 1 17 .1 1 1 7 .4 1 1 7 .8 1 1 9 .2 1 1 9 .5 S e r v ic e s le s s m e d ic a l c a r e ............................................................. E n e r g y .............................................................................................................. 3 5 5 .6 3 7 3 .3 3 7 5 .2 3 7 6 .7 3 7 8 .3 3 7 9 .3 3 8 0 .1 3 8 0 .8 3 8 2 .7 3 8 4 .0 3 8 5 .4 3 8 7 .2 3 8 8 .3 3 9 1 .3 3 9 2 .5 4 2 3 .6 4 2 6 .5 4 3 7 .1 4 3 3 .8 4 3 2 .6 4 2 7 .1 4 2 5 .1 4 2 6 .5 4 2 4 .7 4 0 8 .9 3 8 1 .3 3 6 1 .8 3 6 7 .6 3 8 0 .6 3 6 6 .5 A ll ite m s le s s e n e r g y ........................................................................ 3 0 2 .9 3 1 4 .8 3 1 6 .8 3 1 8 .4 3 1 9 .8 3 2 0 .5 3 2 1 .8 3 2 2 .3 3 2 3 .3 3 2 4 .4 3 2 5 .0 3 2 5 .5 3 2 6 .9 A ll ite m s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y .................................................. 3 0 1 .2 3 1 4 .4 3 1 4 .1 3 1 5 .3 3 1 6 .9 3 1 8 .9 3 2 0 .4 3 2 0 .7 3 2 1 .6 3 2 2 .3 3 2 3 .6 3 2 4 .8 3 2 5 .3 3 2 5 .9 3 2 6 .9 C o m m o d it ie s le s s f o o d a n d e n e r g y .............................................. 2 5 3 .1 2 5 9 .7 2 5 8 .2 2 5 8 .8 2 6 0 .2 2 6 2 .0 2 6 2 .7 3 1 4 .5 3 1 5 .6 2 6 2 .2 2 6 1 .8 2 6 2 .1 2 6 2 .2 E n e r g y c o m m o d it ie s .................................................................... 4 0 9 .8 4 0 9 .9 4 1 8 .1 4 1 4 .0 4 1 1 .2 4 1 0 .1 4 1 5 .2 4 1 7 .9 4 1 3 .2 3 8 6 .5 3 4 3 .0 3 1 3 .3 3 1 9 .3 3 2 7 .1 3 0 6 .6 S e r v ic e s le s s e n e r g y ..................................................................... 3 5 6 .4 3 7 5 .9 3 7 6 .6 3 7 8 .6 3 8 0 .2 3 8 2 .5 3 8 4 .8 3 8 5 .8 3 8 7 .9 3 8 9 .4 3 9 1 .5 3 9 3 .8 3 9 4 .5 3 9 5 .9 3 9 7 .7 P u r c h a s in g p o w e r o f th e c o n s u m e r d o lla r: 1 9 6 7 = $ 1 . 0 0 ................................................................ 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 = 5 1 . 0 0 ............................................................. 2 6 1 .6 2 6 2 .0 2 6 2 .0 2 6 2 .0 3 2.1 3 1 .0 3 1 .0 3 0 .9 3 0 .8 3 0 .7 3 0 .6 3 0 .5 3 0 .5 3 0 .5 3 0 .7 3 0 .7 3 0 .6 3 0 .5 3 0 .5 2 7 .6 2 6 .7 2 6 .6 2 6 .6 2 6 .5 2 6 .4 2 6 .3 2 6 .3 2 6 .2 2 6 .3 2 6 .4 2 6 .4 2 6 .4 2 6 .2 2 6 .2 C O N S U M E R P R IC E IN D E X F O R U R B A N W A G E E A R N E R S A N D C L E R IC A L W O R K E R S : A ll i t e m s ....................................................................... A ll ite m s ( 1 9 5 7 - 5 9 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... F o o d a n d b e v e r a g e s ........................................................... F o o d ..................................................................... F o o d a t h o m e ..................................................... 3 0 7 .6 3 1 8 .5 3 1 9 .1 3 1 9 .6 3 2 0 .5 3 2 1 .3 3 2 2 .6 3 2 3 .4 3 2 4 .3 3 2 3 .2 3 2 1 .4 3 2 0 .4 3 2 1 .4 3 2 3 .0 3 2 2 .9 3 5 7 .7 3 7 0 .4 3 7 1 .2 3 7 1 .8 3 7 2 .7 3 7 3 .7 3 7 5 .1 3 7 6 .1 3 7 7 .1 3 7 5 .8 3 7 3 .7 3 7 2 .6 3 7 3 .7 3 7 5 .6 3 7 5 .5 2 9 5 .2 3 0 1 .8 3 0 1 .4 3 0 1 .6 3 0 1 .8 3 0 2 .2 3 0 3 .4 3 0 5 .4 3 0 7 .7 3 0 7 .5 3 0 7 .6 3 0 8 .3 3 0 9 .0 3 0 9 .3 3 1 2 .0 3 0 2 .7 3 0 9 .3 3 0 9 .0 3 0 9 .1 3 0 9 .3 3 0 9 .3 3 1 0 .6 3 1 2 .8 3 1 5 .1 3 1 4 .9 3 1 5 .0 3 1 5 .6 3 1 6 .4 3 1 6 .6 3 1 9 .5 2 9 9 .9 3 0 0 .4 3 0 0 .0 3 0 3 .9 2 9 1 .2 2 9 5 .3 2 9 4 .6 2 9 4 .3 2 9 4 .0 2 9 3 .7 2 9 5 .2 2 9 7 .9 3 0 0 .9 3 0 0 .1 2 9 9 .7 C e r e a ls a n d b a k e r y p r o d u c t s .............................................. 3 0 3 .7 3 1 5 .4 3 1 5 .7 3 1 6 .8 3 1 7 .6 3 1 7 .3 3 1 8 .2 3 2 0 .4 3 2 0 .4 3 2 0 .9 3 2 1 .1 3 2 0 .9 3 2 2 .1 3 2 4 .5 3 2 4 .6 M e a t s , p o u ltry , fis h , a n d e g g s ......................................... 2 6 6 .0 2 6 2 .7 2 5 9 .7 2 5 9 .0 2 5 9 .9 2 6 0 .4 2 6 5 .4 2 6 9 .2 2 7 0 .7 2 6 7 .7 2 6 7 .2 2 6 3 .5 2 6 2 .6 2 6 4 .2 2 7 4 .0 D a ir y p r o d u c t s ......................................................... 2 5 2 .2 2 5 6 .9 2 5 6 .6 2 5 6 .3 2 5 6 .8 2 5 5 .9 2 5 5 .9 2 5 5 .7 2 5 6 .0 2 5 6 .0 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .5 2 5 5 .8 2 5 5 .9 2 5 7 .0 F r u its a n d v e g e t a b le s .......................................... 3 1 2 .5 3 2 0 .3 3 2 3 .9 3 2 0 .6 3 1 3 .6 3 1 1 .2 3 0 9 .4 3 1 9 .3 3 2 9 .7 3 1 6 .0 3 1 4 .6 3 2 5 .0 3 3 1 .6 3 2 3 .5 O t h e r f o o d s a t h o m e ................................................ 3 5 2 .7 3 6 1 .5 3 6 1 .1 3 6 2 .2 3 6 2 .9 3 6 3 .4 3 6 2 .5 3 6 1 .6 3 6 6 .1 3 7 5 .2 3 7 5 .6 3 7 6 .0 3 7 4 .3 3 7 3 .9 3 7 3 .4 3 8 8 .6 3 9 8 .3 3 9 9 .8 4 0 1 .4 4 0 0 .8 4 0 2 .2 4 0 0 .9 4 0 1 .8 4 0 4 .7 4 0 8 .1 4 0 7 .8 4 1 0 .9 4 1 0 .6 4 1 0 .9 4 1 1 .9 S u g a r a n d s w e e t s ....................................................... 3 2 5 .6 F a t s a n d o i l s ................................................. 2 8 7 .5 2 9 3 .9 2 9 7 .3 2 9 6 .5 2 9 4 .1 2 9 0 .6 2 9 1 .8 2 8 9 .6 2 9 1 .6 2 9 0 .8 2 8 9 .7 2 8 7 .8 2 8 6 .6 2 8 6 .4 2 8 6 .6 N o n a lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ...................................................... 4 4 4 .4 4 5 3 .2 4 4 9 .8 4 5 1 .2 4 5 4 .1 4 5 5 .6 4 5 3 .1 4 5 0 .4 4 6 1 .0 4 8 5 .5 4 8 7 .4 4 8 7 .0 4 8 1 .2 4 7 9 .5 4 7 7 .6 O th e r p r e p a r e d f o o d s .................................................. 2 8 6 .4 2 9 5 .7 2 9 6 .1 2 9 7 .3 2 9 7 .7 2 9 8 .3 2 9 8 .3 2 9 8 .7 2 9 9 .4 3 0 0 .9 3 0 0 .7 3 0 1 .6 3 0 2 .7 3 0 3 .0 3 0 3 .1 F o o d a w a y fr o m h o m e ...................................... 3 3 6 .7 3 4 9 .7 3 5 0 .4 3 5 1 .5 3 5 3 .0 3 5 3 .4 3 5 4 .4 3 5 5 .2 3 5 6 .2 3 5 7 .3 3 5 8 .6 3 6 0 .2 3 6 2 .0 3 6 3 .5 3 6 4 .2 A lc o h o lic b e v e r a g e s ................................................. 2 2 5 .3 2 3 2 .6 2 3 1 .0 2 3 2 .2 2 3 2 .6 2 3 9 .1 2 3 8 .8 2 3 9 .1 2 4 0 .1 2 4 0 .9 2 4 1 .4 2 4 2 .3 2 4 2 .2 2 4 2 .9 2 4 3 .4 3 2 9 .2 3 4 3 .3 3 4 5 .0 3 4 6 .2 3 4 7 .2 3 4 7 .5 3 4 8 .3 3 4 9 .1 3 5 0 .1 3 4 9 .7 3 5 0 .1 3 5 1 .1 3 5 1 .6 3 5 4 .3 3 5 4 .5 3 5 0 .0 3 7 0 .4 3 7 1 .5 3 7 4 .0 3 7 5 .0 3 7 7 .1 3 7 9 .3 3 8 0 .4 3 8 1 .8 3 8 2 .9 3 8 5 .0 3 8 8 .1 3 8 8 .8 3 8 9 .4 3 9 1 .5 - - _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ H o u s i n g ............................................................. S h e lt e r ................................................. R e n te rs ’ co s ts ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................. R e n t , r e s i d e n t i a l .................................................................... O t h e r r e n t e r s ’ c o s t s ..................................................... 2 4 8 .6 2 6 3 .7 2 6 4 .1 2 6 5 .7 2 6 6 .8 2 6 8 .9 2 7 0 .7 2 7 1 .5 2 7 2 .5 2 7 2 .8 2 7 4 .1 2 7 7 .0 2 7 7 .5 2 7 8 .5 2 8 0 .3 3 7 2 .4 3 9 7 .9 4 0 5 .2 4 0 9 .6 4 0 9 .8 4 1 1 .6 4 0 8 .0 3 9 7 .5 4 0 0 .8 4 0 3 .5 4 0 5 .4 4 1 1 .6 4 1 1 .3 4 1 5 .5 4 2 0 .4 H o m e o w n e r s ’ c o s t s ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................ - 103 .1 1 0 3 .4 1 04 .1 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .4 108 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .8 O w n e r s ’ e q u iv a le n t r e n t ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ................................. - 1 0 3 .0 1 0 3 .4 1 04 .1 1 0 4 .3 1 0 4 .8 1 0 5 .5 1 0 5 .9 1 0 6 .3 1 0 6 .6 1 0 7 .3 108 .1 1 0 8 .3 1 0 8 .4 1 0 8 .8 H o u s e h o ld in s u r a n c e ( 1 2 / 8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................... - 1 0 3 .2 1 0 3 .5 1 0 3 .7 1 0 4 .3 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .2 1 0 5 .7 1 0 6 .3 1 0 7 .8 1 0 8 .2 1 0 8 .5 1 0 9 .0 1 09 .1 3 5 6 .3 3 6 4 .1 3 6 3 .4 3 6 5 .6 3 6 4 .4 3 6 4 .6 3 6 7 .7 3 6 8 .5 3 7 3 .2 3 7 4 .0 3 6 4 .7 3 6 4 .6 3 6 3 .8 3 6 3 .2 3 6 6 .7 4 0 3 .5 4 1 5 .0 4 1 5 .3 4 1 9 .6 4 1 6 .8 4 1 7 .4 4 2 0 .9 4 2 0 .1 4 2 6 .2 4 2 6 .5 4 1 6 .6 4 1 9 .2 4 2 0 .0 4 2 2 .6 4 2 5 .2 M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a i r s ..................................................... M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir s e r v i c e s .................................................... M a in t e n a n c e a n d r e p a ir c o m m o d i t i e s ............................................ F u e l a n d o t h e r u t i l i t i e s .................................................................... F u e ls .............................................................................. 2 5 7 .2 110 .1 2 6 1 .1 2 6 0 .0 2 6 0 .6 2 6 0 .5 2 6 0 .5 2 6 2 .7 2 6 4 .2 2 6 7 .2 2 6 8 .1 2 6 1 .1 2 5 9 .4 2 5 8 .0 2 5 5 .7 2 5 9 .0 3 8 8 .6 3 9 4 .7 4 0 1 .2 4 0 0 .1 4 0 1 .9 3 9 6 .3 3 9 3 .2 3 9 4 .3 3 9 5 .6 3 9 0 .9 3 8 6 .3 3 8 2 .6 3 8 3 .0 3 9 4 .9 3 9 0 .3 4 8 5 .0 4 8 7 .5 4 9 7 .0 4 9 4 .0 4 9 6 .7 4 8 7 .2 4 8 1 .0 4 8 3 .1 4 8 4 .1 4 7 5 .7 4 6 7 .1 4 5 9 .1 4 5 9 .7 4 7 7 .3 4 6 9 .1 F u e l o il, c o a l, a n d b o ttle d g a s ......................................................... 6 4 4 .3 6 2 2 .0 6 0 4 .2 5 9 6 .9 6 0 4 .3 6 1 8 .1 6 4 4 .3 6 5 9 .9 6 5 2 .7 5 9 3 .6 5 5 2 .8 5 2 1 .5 4 9 9 .9 4 8 9 .9 4 6 2 .9 G a s (p ip e d ) a n d e le c t r i c i t y ................................................................ 4 4 4 .1 4 5 1 .6 4 6 6 .3 4 6 4 .2 4 6 5 .9 4 5 2 .0 4 3 9 .5 4 3 8 .8 4 4 1 .4 4 4 3 .2 4 3 8 .0 4 4 3 .0 4 6 5 .7 4 6 1 .4 O t h e r u tilitie s a n d p u b lic s e r v i c e s ...................................................... 2 3 1 .2 2 4 1 .6 2 4 3 .7 2 4 5 .1 2 4 5 .6 2 4 5 .7 2 4 6 .8 2 4 6 .7 2 4 8 .3 2 4 8 .8 4 4 1 .2 2 4 9 .9 2 5 2 .1 2 5 2 .2 2 5 5 .8 2 5 6 .3 2 3 9 .1 2 4 3 .4 H o u s e h o ld f u r n is h in g s a n d o p e r a t i o n s .......................................... 2 4 2 .6 2 4 3 .1 2 4 3 .2 2 4 4 .5 2 4 5 .1 2 4 5 .2 2 4 5 .1 2 4 5 .3 2 4 6 .0 2 4 6 .0 2 4 6 .1 2 4 6 .2 2 4 6 .5 H o u s e f u m i s h i n g s ................................................................................... 1 9 7 .0 1 9 7 .6 1 9 6 .2 1 9 6 .6 1 9 6 .5 1 9 7 .7 1 9 8 .3 1 9 7 .8 1 9 7 .3 1 9 7 .2 1 9 8 .5 1 98 .1 1 9 8 .4 1 9 8 .2 1 9 8 .4 H o u s e k e e p in g s u p p l i e s ...................................................................... 3 0 0 .2 3 1 0 .7 3 1 0 .3 3 1 0 .4 3 1 1 .0 3 1 2 .7 3 1 3 .5 3 1 5 .0 3 1 5 .8 3 1 6 .4 3 1 5 .5 3 1 6 .3 3 1 5 .7 3 1 6 .8 3 1 7 .1 H o u s e k e e p in g s e r v i c e s ............................................................ 3 2 8 .0 3 4 0 .2 3 4 1 .0 3 4 2 .2 3 4 2 .9 3 4 3 .9 3 4 4 .5 3 4 5 .0 3 4 5 .6 3 4 6 .3 3 4 6 .6 3 4 7 .1 3 4 7 .4 3 4 7 .8 3 4 8 .4 1 99 .1 2 0 5 .0 2 0 1 .8 2 0 4 .3 2 0 8 .7 2 1 0 .2 2 1 0 .2 2 0 8 .1 2 0 4 .1 2 0 3 .1 2 0 5 .2 2 0 6 .1 2 0 5 .1 2 0 3 .0 2 0 1 .8 A p p a r e l a n d u p k e e p ..................................................................................... S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . 76 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 30. Continued— Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: U.S. city average, by expenditure category and commodity or service group; and CPI for Urban Wage Earners and Clerical Workers, all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Series 1986 1985 Annual average 1984 1985 186.6 192.9 165.0 297.6 July Aug. 187.8 194.8 165.5 306.4 204.5 319.0 190.4 197.3 169.9 311.2 210.5 205.2 320.5 Sept. Oct. Nov. 196.6 203.5 180.0 314.8 May June July 190.1 187.7 198.0 162.0 335.6 204.5 331.9 186.3 195.4 160.8 323.7 209.6 206.5 332.2 304.6 298.3 223.7 223.9 360.3 280.9 280.5 365.0 302.4 203.8 331.2 418.0 Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. 194.1 174.5 317.3 213.6 202.4 324.4 189.4 198.8 166.1 332.7 209.9 203.5 327.2 188.2 196.8 165.2 328.6 208.4 204.2 328.1 190.4 198.0 169.0 329.6 210.7 203.5 329.0 191.2 199.3 169.3 331.3 2 12 .1 2 1 2 .0 2 1 0 .6 204.1 330.2 203.8 330.9 2 1 1 .0 2 1 2 .6 202.5 321.6 202.4 323.2 196.5 203.7 178.3 320.7 215.9 202.5 323.6 322.3 318.0 213.5 213.9 374.0 383.8 383.7 352.9 287.6 204.9 312.1 393.5 321.1 316.6 213.5 213.8 374.3 379.5 379.2 354.5 285.2 205.6 308.9 396.8 322.2 317.6 215.3 215.5 375.3 376.3 375.8 356.9 289.2 205.0 314.1 399.3 324.6 320.1 217.5 217.8 376.4 378.7 378.1 357.2 293.7 203.7 320.2 400.1 325.3 320.8 218.6 218.8 375.6 379.6 378.9 359.0 294.7 204.3 321.3 400.2 325.1 320.2 219.0 219.2 374.1 375.3 374.6 359.4 296.9 205.6 323.7 408.6 320.1 314.8 219.4 219.7 370.7 353.0 352.3 360.4 298.4 205.4 325.7 412.6 310.3 304.5 219.4 219.5 367.2 309.6 308.8 360.9 300.6 206.0 328.3 412.0 303.5 297.4 305.9 299.9 2 2 0 .2 2 2 2 .0 220.4 364.8 280.1 279.1 362.2 300.4 204.6 328.5 413.0 222.3 363.6 290.3 289.6 362.8 299.8 204.9 327.7 413.8 308.7 302.8 223.2 223.4 362.5 300.6 300.3 363.6 301.2 203.9 329.6 415.1 402.0 257.4 433.3 368.5 514.4 404.5 259.0 436.1 370.4 518.4 406.3 259.8 438.1 372.1 520.7 408.5 260.9 440.6 373.7 524.4 410.9 262.2 443.2 375.8 527.5 412.6 262.3 445.4 377.6 530.4 416.0 264.1 449.2 379.3 536.9 420.0 267.0 453.5 382.2 543.0 423.5 268.8 457.3 385.6 547.3 425.7 270.7 459.5 387.4 550.0 427.3 271.7 461.3 388.8 552.3 429.6 272.5 464.0 390.8 555.8 432.4 274.6 466.9 392.3 560.7 260.1 254.2 271.6 260.9 254.5 273.2 260.8 254.3 273.3 261.6 256.0 272.6 263.0 257.1 274.6 263.7 257.2 276.3 263.0 255.7 276.8 265.4 257.8 280.0 266.5 258.3 282.0 266.5 258.3 282.1 266.9 258.4 283.0 267.3 258.7 283.6 268.4 259.8 284.8 269.0 259.6 286.5 304.9 309.7 269.4 270.3 268.8 368.2 327.5 378.2 322.7 328.1 279.6 279.0 280.5 399.3 355.7 410.1 321.8 329.7 279.9 279.2 280.9 392.5 350.6 402.9 322.9 331.1 280.9 280.0 282.2 393.2 351.2 403.6 328.7 332.4 281.8 281.1 282.8 414.5 366.9 426.1 330.1 334.0 282.7 282.0 283.7 416.5 369.2 428.1 330.5 334.3 283.1 281.9 284.8 417.3 369.3 428.9 331.9 337.1 284.0 283.3 285.2 417.4 369.4 429.1 334.9 342.4 285.9 285.9 286.4 418.9 375.6 429.7 336.1 344.4 286.8 286.7 287.4 419.9 378.4 430.3 337.0 345.2 288.0 288.1 288.4 420.1 379.0 430.5 337.6 346.0 288.2 288.4 288.4 421.2 379.1 431.8 338.0 346.0 288.6 288.6 289.0 422.0 379.1 432.8 338.4 346.7 288.6 287.6 290.0 422.9 380.2 433.6 341.2 354.0 288.8 287.8 290.2 423.8 380.5 434.6 All ite m s ..................................................................................................... Com m odities........................................................................................... Food and beverages.......................................................................... Commodities less food and beverages.......................................... Nondurables less food and beverages ....................................... Apparel com m odities.................................................................... Nondurables less food, beverages, and apparel .................... D urables............................................................................................. 307.6 280.4 295.2 269.3 277.5 186.6 327.0 261.1 318.5 286.5 301.8 319.1 286.4 301.4 319.6 286.3 301.6 320.5 286.8 301.8 321.3 287.6 302.2 322.6 288.9 303.4 323.4 289.7 305.4 324.3 289.8 307.7 323.2 287.0 307.5 321.4 283.1 307.6 320.4 280.4 308.3 321.4 281.3 309.0 323.0 282.0 309.3 322.9 281.1 312.0 S e rvices................................................................................................... Rent of shelter ( 1 2 / 8 4 - 1 0 0 ) ........................................................... Household services less rent of shelter (1 2 /8 4 —1 0 0 )............... Transportation s e rv ic e s ..................................................................... Medical care se rvice s........................................................................ Other services ..................................................................................... 358.0 377.3 103.2 Apparel co m m o dities......................................................................... Men’s and boys’ a p p a re l................................................................ Women’s and girls’ a p p a re l........................................................... Infants’ and toddlers' a p p a re l........................................................ F oo tw ear............................................................................................ Other apparel com m odities............................................................ Apparel se rvices.................................................................................. 204.5 302.9 191.3 198.2 171.3 311.7 212.5 203.1 318.5 Transportation ........................................................................................ Private transportation......................................................................... New ve h icle s..................................................................................... New c a rs ......................................................................................... Used c a r s .......................................................................................... Motor f u e l.......................................................................................... G a soline.......................................................................................... Maintenance and re p a ir.................................................................. Other private transportation........................................................... Other private transportation com m o dities................................ Other private transportation services........................................ Public tran sportation.......................................................................... 313.9 310.1 207.3 207.9 375.7 372.2 371.8 342.2 274.2 203.9 295.4 376.8 321.6 317.4 214.2 214.5 379.7 375.4 375.0 352.6 287.7 204.7 312.3 391.7 323.5 319.3 213.6 214.0 376.7 387.2 387.0 352.2 287.7 204.3 312.4 392.1 Medical c a r e ........................................................................................... Medical care com m o dities................................................................ Medical care se rvice s........................................................................ Professional se rv ic e s ...................................................................... Other medical care se rvice s .......................................................... 377.7 239.7 407.9 346.5 484.7 401.2 256.3 432.7 367.7 513.9 E n tertainm ent......................................................................................... Entertainment co m m o dities.............................................................. Entertainment se rvice s...................................................................... 251.2 247.7 258.5 Other goods and s e rv ic e s ................................................................... Tobacco p ro d u c ts .............................................................................. Personal c a re ....................................................................................... Toilet goods and personal care appliances................................ Personal care s e rv ic e s ................................................................... Personal and educational expenses............................................... School books and supp lie s........... ................................................ Personal and educational s e rv ic e s .............................................. Special indexes: All items less f o o d .............................................................................. All items less s h e lte r ......................................................................... All items less homeowners’ costs (1 2 /8 4 —1 0 0 ).......................... All items less medical c a re ............................................................... Commodities less fo o d ...................................................................... Nondurables less food ...................................................................... Nondurables less food and apparel ............................................... Nondurables......................................................................................... Services less rent of shelter (12/84 —1 0 0 ) ................................... Services less medical c a r e ............................................................... E nergy................................................................................................... All items less energy ......................................................................... All items less food and energy ........................................................ Commodities less food and e n e rg y ................................................ Energy commodities ........................ ................................................. Services less ene rgy.......................................................................... Purchasing power of the consumer dollar: 1 9 6 7 -$ 1 .0 0 ........................................................................................ 1 9 5 7 -5 9 -$ 1 .0 0 ................................................................................. - 2 1 0 .0 2 1 1 .6 195.1 2 0 1 .8 178.2 314.9 2 0 2 .2 2 0 0 .0 165.9 334.3 - - - - - - - 283.8 191.3 334.2 265.2 285.0 187.8 337.6 263.8 285.1 190.4 336.6 263.1 286.5 195.1 336.4 263.1 287.0 196.6 336.5 264.5 288.5 196.5 338.8 265.7 288.7 194.1 340.1 265.7 286.9 189.4 339.6 265.6 280.1 188.2 330.1 264.6 269.6 190.4 313.2 263.7 262.0 191.2 301.6 263.3 263.6 190.1 304.5 263.5 265.2 187.7 308.0 263.6 260.1 186.3 301.0 263.2 380.7 104.3 104.6 332.4 436.1 310.1 382.0 104.5 104.8 331.4 438.1 315.0 383.0 105.1 103.3 335.5 440.6 316.7 384.2 105.8 385.1 106.1 387.2 106.4 1 02 .1 1 0 2 .0 1 0 2 .6 339.3 443.2 317.8 340.5 445.4 318.3 343.3 449.2 320.4 388.8 106.7 103.0 345.4 453.5 321.6 390.5 107.4 317.2 407.9 292.9 379.2 103.5 1 0 2 .6 104.5 332.2 . 332.2 432.7 433.3 310.1 309.3 392.2 108.3 102.7 347.5 459.5 322.9 393.2 108.5 103.4 347.3 461.3 323.6 396.4 108.7 106.4 348.9 464.0 324.6 397.7 109.2 106.0 350.6 466.9 325.6 307.5 295.1 319.4 303.4 320.9 304.0 322.9 305.4 324.6 307.2 103.2 318.9 275.9 283.9 326.3 298.2 104.2 376.2 426.8 315.3 314.6 259.2 418.9 380.8 325.1 307.9 103.5 319.6 275.0 282.3 325.9 298.4 104.9 378.2 424.7 316.5 315.4 258.8 414.1 382.9 323.8 306.4 103.0 318.3 270.9 276.1 317.5 295.0 105.5 379.5 408.1 316.9 316.1 258.5 387.3 384.5 321.5 303.8 102.3 316.2 264.9 266.4 302.6 289.8 105.7 381.0 379.0 317.8 317.2 258.7 343.3 386.5 320.2 302.1 321.2 303.0 1 0 1 .8 102.1 315.2 260.7 259.4 292.2 286.3 105.9 382.7 358.4 318.8 318.3 258.8 312.9 388.8 316.1 261.6 260.9 294.9 287.5 106.2 383.6 364.6 319.2 318.6 258.8 319.8 389.4 323.2 304.8 102.7 317.7 262.6 262.4 298.0 288.4 107.6 386.8 378.1 319.7 319.1 258.5 328.1 390.8 322.3 304.3 316.9 274.5 282.4 323.1 295.7 103.9 374.5 426.6 313.0 312.7 258.8 411.2 377.3 324.2 306.4 103.0 318.1 275.9 283.8 325.0 297.1 103.9 375.5 425.4 314.5 314.2 259.5 416.3 379.8 31.1 26.8 31.0 26.7 30.9 26.6 30.8 26.5 30.9 26.6 31.1 26.8 31.2 26.8 31.1 26.8 31.0 26.6 31.0 26.6 _ _ _ 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .0 1 02 .1 304.0 267.1 272.6 313.2 287.4 314.3 272.8 279.0 320.3 293.9 315.3 272.7 280.2 322.4 294.5 103.5 372.5 433.9 310.4 309.4 255.8 415.7 373.7 321.9 304.8 102.4 316.1 273.4 281.5 322.3 295.2 103.8 373.6 432.5 311.5 310.7 257.2 412.6 374.9 31.£ 26.9 31.2 26.8 320.3 304.0 _ 1 0 2 .6 350.5 423.3 298.3 295.8 250.5 410.5 350.8 369.0 426.3 309.9 308.7 256.8 410.9 371.1 314.9 272.8 280.0 323.2 294.3 103.3 371.1 437.2 309.5 308.3 255.3 419.6 371.9 32.5 28.0 31.4 27.0 31.£ 26.9 1 0 2 .6 1 0 2 .8 347.0 457.3 322.1 1 0 2 .6 317.4 259.6 257.7 291.8 287.2 107.8 387.9 363.1 321.1 320.1 258.5 307.2 392.6 Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 77 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 31. Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all Items ( 1 9 6 7 = 1 0 0 , u n le s s o t h e r w is e in d ic a t e d ) All Urban Consumers Area1 Pricing sche dule2 U.S. city a ve ra g e .................... Chicago, lll.-Northwestern Ind............................................... Detroit, Mich............................... Los Angeles-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif........................... New York, N.Y.-Northeastern N.J............................................... Philadelphia, Pa.-N.J................. Anchorage, Alaska (10/67 = 100) ........................ Baltimore, Md............................. Boston, Mass............................. Cincinnati, Ohio-Ky.-Ind............ Denver-Boulder, Colo................ Miami, Fla. (11/77 = 10 0 )..... Milwaukee, W is.......................... Northeast, Pa............................. Portland, Oreg.-Wash................ St. Louis, Mo.-lll......................... San Diego, Calif......................... Seattle-Everett, Wash............... Washington, D.C.-Md.-Va......... Alanta, Ga................................... Buffalo, N.Y................................ Cleveland, O h io ........................ Dallas-Ft. Worth, Tex................ Honolulu, H a w a ii....................... Houston, Tex.............................. Kansas City, Mo.-Kansas ....... Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minn.-Wis................................... Pittsburgh, Pa............................. San Francisco-Oakland, Calif. Region3 N o rth e a st................................ North C e n tra l.......................... S o u th ....................................... West ........................................ Population size class3 A-1 ........................................... A-2 ........................................... B ............................................... C ............................................... D .............................................. Region/population size class cross classification3 Class A: Northeast ............................. North C e n tra l....................... S o u th .................................... W e s t...................................... Class B: Northeast ............................. North C e n tra l....................... S o u th .................................... W e s t...................................... S e e f o o t n o t e s a t e n d o f ta b le . 78 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M M Other index base 1986 1985 July Aug. Mar. Apr. May June - 322.8 323.5 326.0 325.3 326.3 - 324.4 318.0 325.9 318.0 323.9 320.0 323.7 318.8 321.3 323.9 328.2 313.5 315.5 315.7 315.8 - M M M 1985 Urban Wage Earners _ - July July 327.9 328.0 324.2 321.7 330.4 321.0 326.8 329.4 322.4 319.1 321.4 317.8 320.6 318.9 - 1986 Aug. Mar. Apr. May June July 319.1 319.6 321.4 320.4 321.4 323.0 322.9 331.1 318.4 311.1 308.3 312.1 308.3 309.7 309.3 309.1 308.1 309.6 311.0 315.6 310.2 316.0 307.5 331.3 330.9 315.8 318.0 321.6 320.2 322.7 324.5 323.8 322.8 321.7 325.1 323.0 306.5 318.6 308.5 318.5 314.5 321.4 313.2 319.7 312.3 320.8 314.4 323.5 316.5 324.6 - 276.0 323.4 315.7 323.2 355.9 172.7 350.4 305.7 303.2 316.6 336.9 309.1 325.9 _ _ _ _ 284.4 329.5 322.3 321.8 350.1 175.1 347.2 308.3 304.3 315.0 341.9 311.4 330.5 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 281.8 326.8 319.3 324.8 350.3 173.4 350.6 308.1 303.2 314.2 345.2 309.4 330.2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 276.9 327.9 320.8 324.9 352.4 171.6 350.1 307.8 303.4 320.6 345.0 310.1 330.2 1 10/67 11/77 - 1 - 283.1 324.0 317.7 330.0 360.3 171.4 331.1 306.6 312.9 319.9 372.8 322.0 323.3 - 291.2 331.1 324.9 329.4 355.7 174.5 329.1 309.3 315.0 319.2 379.2 325.0 329.1 - 288.9 329.1 322.6 332.0 356.3 173.0 332.0 309.2 314.6 318.6 382.8 323.5 329.6 - 284.1 330.2 323.6 332.4 358.4 171.2 331.3 309.0 314.7 325.6 383.1 323.7 329.3 2 - _ -, - 331.4 306.5 348.1 343.4 294.2 338.2 321.1 _ - 334.9 308.0 346.9 341.4 299.0 330.0 320.7 _ _ 338.5 308.9 350.6 344.7 299.2 333.3 322.9 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 329.3 292.9 327.0 337.0 301.3 335.3 311.2 _ . _ _ _ 331.7 292.7 324.4 334.1 306.0 327.7 308.9 338.8 325.9 335.8 - 338.4 328.1 339.3 - _ - - 334.4 308.0 330.8 _ - 342.1 328.6 344.0 _ - 332.3 307.8 333.2 174.2 176.1 176.3 178.7 - - - - 175.7 178.9 177.0 174.7 173.4 - - - - - - - - - - _ _ _ _ _ - - 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 - - 2 - - 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 - 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 - 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 11/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 - - - - 171.0 174.3 174.5 175.9 - 172.3 176.6 174.9 172.5 172.3 - 168.5 178.3 174.8 178.0 173.3 171.5 176.0 176.9 - - - - 173.7 173.9 175.1 176.8 - 173.9 177.4 175.6 173.4 172.7 - 171.0 177.8 175.5 179.6 174.7 172.1 177.0 176.7 - - - _ - 171.8 180.3 176.8 181.8 175.2 174.1 178.5 178.3 - _ - 169.0 171.0 174.3 173.9 - 168.3 173.7 172.4 173.0 173.8 - 165.0 173.3 174.9 173.8 170.4 168.0 172.7 177.5 - - - _ _ _ _ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 336.2 308.3 338.1 - 171.1 170.0 174.1 174.5 - 169.3 173.8 172.7 173.4 173.6 - 166.9 172.1 174.9 174.9 171.7 167.7 173.2 177.1 335.5 294.0 328.2 337.4 306.5 330.9 311.4 - - - - _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - 171.6 172.2 175.2 176.3 _ 171.0 175.2 174.1 174.6 174.2 - 167.7 174.7 176.1 177.1 172.2 169.7 174.6 178.7 - - - - _ _ _ _ - 31. Continued— Consumer Price Index: U.S. city average and available local area data: all items (1967=100, unless otherwise indicated) Urban Wage Earners All Urban Consumers Area1 Pricing sche dule2 Other index base July Aug. Apr. Mar. May June July July 2 2 2 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 _ _ _ 178.9 169.1 173.5 168.9 12/77 12/77 12/77 12/77 _ _ _ 173.7 170.7 172.8 173.3 183.0 168.5 173.6 170.5 « _ _ _ _ _ 183.4 170.7 174.5 171.6 183.8 166.0 175.1 167.7 - - - - - - - - - - - - Class D: 2 2 2 W e s t...................................... 2 177.9 170.0 173.2 172.6 _ _ « _ _ - - - 173.6 172.7 174.5 174.8 - Apr. May 187.4 165.1 174.3 168.9 - 177.2 171.4 174.0 173.9 - June July 187.8 167.2 175.2 169.9 " 175.5 172.6 174.6 175.4 - A-2 - 1,250,000 to 4,000,000. B - 385,000 to 1,250,000 C - 75,000 to 385,000. D - Less than 75,000. Population size class A is the aggregation of population size classes A-1 and A-2. - Data not available. NOTE: Local area CPI indexes are byproducts of the national CPI program. Because each local index is a small subset of the national index, it has a smaller sample size and is, therefore, subject to substantially more sampling and other measurement error than the national index. As a result, local area indexes show greater volatility than the national index, although their long-term trends are quite similar. Therefore, the Bureau of Labor Statistics strongly urges users to consider adopting the national average CPI for use in escalator clauses. 1 Area is generally the Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA), exclusive of farms. L.A.-Long Beach, Anaheim, Calif, is a combination of two SMSA’s, and N.Y., N.Y.-Northeaslern N.J. and Chicago, III.Northwestern Ind. are the more extensive Standard Consolidated Areas. Area definitions are those established by the Office of Management and Budget in 1973, except for Denver-Boulder, Colo, which does not include Douglas County. Definitions do not include revisions made since 1973. 2 Foods, fuels, and several other items priced every month in all areas; most other goods and services priced as indicated:. M - Every month. 1 - January, March, May, July, September, and November. 2 - February, April, June, August, October, and December. 3 Regions are defined as the four Census regions. The population size classes are aggregations of areas which have urban population as defined: A-1 - More than 4,000,000. 32. 176.1 171.3 173.9 174.1 Mar. Aug. Class C: 2 1986 1985 1986 1985 Annual data: Consumer Price Index all items and major groups Series 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 181.5 6.5 195.4 7.7 217.4 11.3 246.8 13.5 272.4 10.4 289.1 298.4 3.2 311.1 4.3 322.2 3.6 188.0 206.3 9.7 228.5 248.0 8.5 267.3 7.8 278.2 4.1 284.4 6 .0 2 .2 295.1 3.8 302.0 2.3 186.5 2 0 2 .8 227.6 6 .8 8.7 1 2 .2 263.3 15.7 293.5 11.5 314.7 7.2 323.1 2.7 336.5 4.1 349.9 4.0 154.2 4.5 159.6 3.5 166.6 4.4 178.4 7.1 186.9 4.8 191.8 196.5 2.5 2 0 0 .2 2 .6 206.0 2.9 177.2 7.1 185.5 4.7 2 1 2 .0 249.7 17.8 280.0 12.1 291.5 4.1 298.4 2.4 311.7 4.5 319.9 14.3 202.4 9.6 219.4 8.4 239.7 9.3 265.9 10.9 294.5 328.7 403.1 1 1 .6 357.3 8.7 379.5 1 0 .8 6 .2 6 .2 167.7 4.9 176.6 5.3 188.5 6.7 205.3 8.9 221.4 7.8 235.8 6.5 246.0 4.3 255.1 3.7 265.0 3.9 172.2 5.8 183.3 6.4 196.7 7.3 214.5 9.0 235.7 9.9 259.9 10.3 288.3 10.9 307.7 6.7 326.6 181.5 195.3 7.6 217.7 11.5 247.0 13.5 272.3 288.6 1 0 .2 6 .0 297.4 3.0 307.6 3.4 318.5 3.5 Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All items: 6.1 Food and beverages: 1 0 .8 Housing Apparel and upkeep: 1.9 Transportation: Medical care: Entertainment: Other goods and services: Consumer Price Index for Urban V/age Earners and Clerical Workers All items: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 65 2 .6 6.1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data 33. Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1967 = 100) Annual average 1985 1986 G r o u p in g F in is h e d g o o d s ........................................................ Finished consumer goods ........................... Finished consumer fo o d s .......................... Finished consumer goods excluding foods ........................................................... Nondurable goods less food ................. Durable g o o d s ......................................... Capital equ ipm ent......................................... 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July 291.1 290.3 273.3 293.7 291.8 271.2 293.5 291.4 268.7 290.0 288.2 265.7 294.7 292.3 268.2 296.4 294.4 271.8 297.2 295.4 275.0 296.0 293.8 275.0 291.9 288.4 272.0 288.0 283.4 271.6 286.9 281.6 272.4 289.0 284.2 274.9 288.9 284.1 275.1 288.0 282.7 280.7 294.1 337.3 236.8 294.0 297.3 339.3 241.5 300.5 297.8 340.0 241.8 301.0 294.7 340.3 234.5 296.3 299.4 340.3 244.9 303.5 300.7 342.6 245.0 303.8 300.7 343.2 244.3 303.7 298.3 339.6 243.5 303.9 291.8 328.0 243.9 304.3 284.6 315.4 243.7 304.3 281.4 308.6 245.4 305.6 284.1 312.9 245.8 305.8 283.8 312.6 245.8 305.8 278.8 303.4 246.3 306.4 320.0 318.7 317.9 317.7 317.6 318.1 318.9 317.4 313.5 309.5 307.0 306.8 307.1 305.0 301.8 271.1 290.5 325.1 287.5 299.5 258.8 285.9 320.2 291.5 299.1 253.0 285.8 320.3 291.9 298.4 249.9 285.1 319.2 292.1 298.0 252.3 283.3 318.6 292.3 297.7 254.0 282.8 317.5 292.3 297.9 254.3 283.1 317.6 292.4 297.1 252.8 283.8 313.4 293.1 296.5 249.2 282.4 313.1 293.6 296.4 246.7 282.5 313.6 293.7 295.2 244.6 279.0 313.1 294.1 295.3 248.6 278.0 313.2 294.1 295.3 247.8 278.0 313.3 294.2 295.8 251.6 278.2 313.3 294.6 310.3 566.2 302.3 283.4 315.2 548.9 311.2 284.2 316.5 539.8 310.3 284.1 315.6 542.4 309.9 284.5 315.5 542.6 310.4 285.1 315.0 550.5 309.8 285.6 315.7 557.2 310.6 285.7 316.2 540.8 311.2 286.6 316.5 500.8 310.9 286.4 317.0 453.4 312.3 286.8 318.0 430.2 312.5 287.0 318.3 425.7 313.9 287.2 317.7 429.3 313.6 287.3 318.0 401.6 314.2 287.4 330.8 259.5 380.5 306.1 235.0 355.3 295.3 297.8 224.6 352.8 304.7 236.6 352.0 304.3 236.8 351.6 301.0 231.7 352.4 289.0 227.2 321.8 281.1 224.4 290.5 272.8 351.2 291.8 215.4 352.2 280.8 278.9 228.9 278.8 274.9 226.1 279.4 278.0 233.6 272.4 294.8 750.3 265.1 257.8 262.3 299.0 720.9 269.2 261.3 268.7 299.5 719.9 269.0 260.9 269.4 295.9 718.2 265.5 257.7 265.7 301.3 716.5 270.5 262.1 271.6 302.4 729.5 271.6 263.4 271.8 302.4 733.8 272.2 264.3 271.4 300.7 700.9 272.7 264.8 272.1 296.3 629.3 272.2 264.0 272.5 291.2 554.1 272.1 263.9 272.5 289.4 511.3 273.2 265.0 273.7 291.3 532.7 274.2 266.2 274.2 291.1 531.5 274.2 266.2 274.1 287.8 467.8 276.4 269.0 275.0 245.9 252.1 252.9 249.6 254.9 255.0 254.6 255.5 256.0 256.0 257.1 257.7 257.6 258.6 239.0 246.2 247.3 247.9 248.3 248.5 248.3 250.5 251.1 251.2 251.8 252.5 252.3 253.8 325.0 253.1 545.0 303.8 325.0 232.8 528.3 304.0 324.5 227.1 519.8 303.9 324.4 225.4 522.3 303.4 324.1 228.6 522.2 303.4 324.5 231.4 529.3 303.2 325.3 232.7 536.2 303.5 323.6 232.6 520.0 303.4 319.7 228.9 482.0 303.0 315.5 227.8 437.0 303.3 312.9 226.8 414.9 302.8 312.5 229.4 410.5 303.0 312.8 229.0 413.9 302.9 310.5 230.3 387.1 303.4 In t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n t s .............................................................. Materials and components for manufacturing .............................................. Materials for food m anufacturing............ Materials for nondurable manufacturing . Materials for durable m anufacturing....... Components for m anufacturing................ Materials and components for construction................................................... Processed fuels and lu bricants................... Containers....................................................... S u pplies........................................................... C r u d e m a t e r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p r o c e s s in g ... Foodstuffs and fe e d s tu ffs .......................... Nonfood materials1 ...................................... 2 2 1 .0 2 2 0 .1 S p e c ia l g r o u p in g s Finished goods, excluding fo o d s ................... Finished energy goods ................................... Finished goods less e n e rg y ........................... Finished consumer goods less e n e rg y ........ Finished goods less food and e n e rg y ......... Finished consumer goods less food and e n e rg y ............................................................... Consumer nondurable goods less food and e n e rg y ............................................................... Intermediate materials less foods and fe e d s ................................................................. Intermediate foods and fe e d s ........................ Intermediate energy goods ............................ Intermediate goods less e n e rg y .................... Intermediate materials less foods and e n e rg y ............................................................... Crude energy m aterials................................... Crude materials less e n e rg y .......................... Crude nonfood materials less e n e rg y .......... 1 Crude nonfood materials except fuel. 80 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 303.6 305.2 305.5 305.0 304.6 304.2 304.5 304.3 304.2 304.5 304.0 304.0 303.9 304.2 785.2 255.5 266.1 748.1 233.2 249.7 742.9 743.2 217.9 246.7 743.1 224.7 246.5 737.1 233.2 244.6 735.6 233.0 242.9 732.8 229.8 245.8 662.9 226.5 246.5 614.5 224.7 247.9 570.7 571.6 228.5 249.3 554.2 226.5 250.0 538.7 232.0 249.2 2 2 1 .8 245.8 2 2 1 .8 249.1 34. Producer Price indexes, by durability of product (1967 = 100) 1986 1985 Annual average G r o u p in g 1984 1985 Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July 299.6 297.4 300.0 294.9 Total durable g o o d s ........................................ Total nondurable g o o d s .................................. 293.6 323.3 297.3 317.2 297.8 314.1 295.2 313.0 298.8 314.3 298.5 317.6 298.5 318.8 298.1 316.8 298.4 308.4 298.6 300.7 299.5 295.7 299.7 297.9 Total m anufactures.......................................... D u rable............................................................ N o ndurable..................................................... 302.9 293.9 312.3 304.3 298.1 310.5 303.8 298.6 309.0 302.2 296.0 308.4 304.4 299.7 309.2 305.4 299.5 311.4 306.0 299.5 312.5 304.8 299.0 310.6 301.1 299.3 302.9 297.3 299.4 294.9 296.0 300.3 291.2 296.9 300.5 292.8 297.0 300.5 293.1 295.4 300.9 289.2 Total raw or slightly processed goods ........ D u rab le............................................................ N o ndurable................................................... 346.6 266.7 351.4 327.9 252.2 332.4 320.2 249.7 324.4 317.6 249.7 321.6 320.6 248.1 324.9 326.2 245.2 331.2 327.6 244.3 332.7 326.0 248.2 330.6 316.3 251.2 320.2 310.3 252.4 313.6 302.0 252.7 304.7 305.6 252.0 308.7 302.6 250.9 305.5 304.3 248.9 307.4 35. Annual data: Producer Price Indexes, by stage of processing (1967=100) In d e x 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 181.7 180.7 184.6 195.9 194.9 199.2 217.7 217.9 216.5 247.0 248.9 239.8 269.8 271.3 264.3 280.7 281.0 279.4 285.2 284.6 287.2 291.1 290.3 294.0 293.7 291.8 300.5 201.5 215.6 243.2 280.3 306.0 310.4 312.3 320.0 318.7 195.4 203.4 282.5 188.3 188.7 208.7 224.7 295.3 198.5 234.4 247.4 364.8 226.8 218.2 265.7 268.3 503.0 254.5 244.5 286.1 287.6 595.4 276.1 263.8 289.8 293.7 591.7 285.6 272.1 293.4 301.8 564.8 286.6 277.1 301.8 310.3 566.2 302.3 283.4 299.5 315.2 548.9 311.2 284.2 234.4 216.2 233.1 426.8 274.3 247.9 284.5 507.6 304.6 259.2 346.1 615.0 329.0 257.4 413.7 751.2 319.5 247.8 376.8 323.6 252.2 372.2 931.5 330.8 259.5 380.5 931.3 306.1 235.0 355.3 909.6 F in is h e d g o o d s : Total ....................................................... Consumer goods .............................................. Capital equipment ............................................... In t e r m e d i a t e m a t e r ia ls , s u p p lie s , a n d c o m p o n e n ts : T o t a l................................................................. Materials and components for m anufacturing...................................................... Materials and components for construction .... Processed fuels and lu b ric a n ts ......................... C o n ta in e rs....................................................... S u p p lie s............................................................ 2 0 2 .8 C r u d e m a t e r ia ls f o r f u r t h e r p ro c e s s in g : Total .......................................................... Foodstuffs and feedstuffs .................................. Nonfood materials except fuel .......................... Fuel ....................................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 209.2 192.1 2 1 2 .2 372.1 8 8 6 .1 81 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 36. September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data U.S. export price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification (June 1977=100, unless otherwise indicated) C a te g o r y 1974 SITO A L L C O M M O D IT IE S ( 9 / 8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .................. F o o d ( 3 / 8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... 0 Meat (3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ................................ Pish (3/83 = 100) ......................... Grain and grain preparations (3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) .................... Vegetables and fruit (3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .......................... Feedstuffs for animals (3/83 = 1 0 0 ).................. Misc. food products ( 3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ..................... Raw hides and skins ( 6 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ........ Oilseeds and oleaginous fruit (9 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ........ Crude rubber (including synthetic and reclaimed) (9/83 = 100) ... W o o d ................................... Pulp and waste paper (6/83 = 100) ................. Textile fib e rs ............................ Crude fertilizers and m inerals.................. Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ........ M in e r a l f u e l s ......................................... A n im a l a n d v e g e t a b l e s o ils , f a ts , a n d w a x e s ................. Fixed vegetable oils and fats ( 6 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .................. C h e m ic a ls ( 3 / 8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ................ (9 /8 1 = 1 0 0 ) Leather and furskins ( 9 /7 9 = 1 0 0 ) .......... Rubber manufactures ...................... Paper and paperboard products (6 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ........ Iron and steel (3 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .................... Nonfeirous metals (9/81 =100) ........... Metal manufactures, n.e.s. (3 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) 1986 Sept. Dec. Mar. June 99.3 98.1 97.5 97.5 96.5 96.7 97.0 96.7 103.5 105.6 98.0 96.5 104.4 98.7 92.9 114.6 82.4 108.4 95.8 103.9 94.0 104.7 103.6 90.3 90.2 106.1 93.6 90.5 111.5 12 2 1 1 2 .2 21 135.2 96.8 1 1 0 .6 1 0 1 .2 125.5 83.5 109.5 102.3 101.9 102.9 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .8 103.3 102.7 112.5 145.6 93.9 103.3 131.1 112.5 120.5 146.6 118.3 154.7 104.3 106.0 129.4 105.2 153.7 79.9 104.1 123.8 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .8 101.3 103.7 1 01 .1 1 0 1 .0 1 0 2 .6 1 0 1 .8 1 0 2 .2 82.6 126.8 75.7 108.1 87.1 118.8 83.4 107.7 82 1 115.2 88.5 106.0 89.5 114.7 106.2 79.1 125.7 85.5 104.7 95.6 101.9 95.1 96.5 103.0 95.9 1 1 2 .2 92.4 119.4 72.8 1 20 .1 1 1 0 .6 109.2 99.9 104.0 99.5 100 .1 99.7 105.3 99.6 1 0 1 .8 99.5 98.6 100.9 98.4 93.3 129.0 64.2 107.1 124.5 93.8 103.6 169.4 80.1 92.5 139.9 63.9 106.0 128.1 92.7 97.7 165.5 78.7 95.8 138.9 66.9 106.0 128.7 98.8 168.0 83.4 95.6 148 9 65.8 106.1 128.7 109.7 98.6 166.1 80.5 6 8 .6 122.1 1 2 0 .8 1 0 0 .2 125.6 147.7 98.5 109.4 163.0 93.2 101.4 133.6 74.8 104.0 125.4 114.2 106.7 163.2 92.4 99.2 99.1 99.7 99.7 99.7 100 .1 99.2 97.6 96.6 91.9 8 6 .2 1 2 2 .0 129.8 133.2 164.5 176.4 145.7 159.0 147.9 156.7 142.0 152.9 144.5 164.8 114.5 128.8 101.4 108.7 90.8 95.4 84.4 95.3 98.3 97.4 97.4 97.7 94.7 94.8 97.0 93.8 92.5 96.8 96.5 87.9 97.1 97.1 89.8 96.6 95.4 90.0 96.5 93.5 8 8 .6 95.4 89.3 84.0 1 0 2 .0 80.8 148.9 160.0 96.8 90.4 105.1 100.4 79.0 148.5 159.5 96.5 82.5 105.0 99.4 82.5 150.2 155.0 95.5 79.7 105.4 99.2 79.2 149.0 151.6 95.3 79.6 105.2 99.2 75.9 148.3 149.6 95.9 79.8 105.4 99.1 78.5 148.7 148.2 98.2 78.2 104.4 100.3 77.8 151.0 152.2 98.4 80.2 105.3 82.5 150.0 158.7 99.4 79.1 105.5 140.1 160.6 153.7 151.7 149.3 99.8 134.4 113.8 131.0 189.6 141.5 167.5 153.4 151.9 150.2 101.4 134.3 114.6 131.8 191.7 142.3 165.3 155.0 153.4 152.4 100.9 133.3 114.9 133.1 195.5 142.9 167.4 155.7 155.1 152.0 133.3 116.1 133.9 196.6 143.1 167.1 156.0 156.3 152.4 99.9 134.1 115.3 133.8 199.3 143.3 167.5 156.2 158.4 152.2 99.4 134.5 113.8 135.0 200.7 144.0 169.1 155.5 159.0 152.3 99.9 136.5 115.1 135.5 203.3 144.1 169.2 154.7 158.9 153.3 99.2 137.0 114.1 136.4 205.6 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 0 2 .2 129.8 106.0 123.1 144.8 96.7 3 4 42 129.3 98.6 101.4 99.7 1 0 0 .2 1 0 1 .0 96.8 108.3 96.9 1 0 0 .0 1 0 1 .0 - 75.8 145.0 145.5 96.3 93.8 - 1 02 .1 83.5 146.7 150.2 95.9 94.2 103.1 101.3 81.2 147:5 154.7 96.1 92.9 104.5 138.5 158.4 152.3 150.8 148.6 101.4 133.0 139.4 156.9 152.8 151.2 149.0 101.5 132.3 1 1 0 .2 1 1 2 .6 130.2 183.1 131.2 187.7 61 62 64 June 101.5 101.5 103.3 101.4 6 Mar. 109.6 108.7 98.7 107.4 126.8 98.8 1 I n t e r m e d i a t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c ts Dec. 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .0 Organic chemicals ( 1 2 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ................. Fertilizers, manufactured ( 3 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .................... 1985 Sept. 106.2 108.9 99.8 102.7 116.2 106.9 104.9 1 0 1 .2 5 51 56 June 99.5 100.4 105.6 116.1 117.4 101.7 22 1984 Mar. 108.8 01 11 C r u d e m a t e r ia ls ( 6 / 8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ..................... Dec. 03 04 05 08 09 B e v e r a g e s a n d t o b a c c o ( 6 / 8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ................... Beverages (9 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ......................... Tobacco and tobacco products (6/83 = 100) 1983 97.5 71.0 106.4 128.7 100.5 102.4 165.6 89.2 96.8 126.2 71.2 106.3 125.7 96.1 105.8 167.9 82.0 1 2 1 .0 1 0 1 .6 1 0 1 .2 M a c h in e r y a n d t r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t , e x c lu d in g m ilit a r y a n d c o m m e r c ia l a ir c r a f t ( 1 2 / 7 8 = 1 0 0 ) Power generating machinery and equipment (1 2/78= 100 ) ............ Machinery specialized for particular industries (9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Metalworking machinery (6/78 = 100) ..... General industrial machines and parts n.e.s. 9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) ............ Office machines and automatic data processing equipment ............. Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing equipment Electrical machinery and equ ipm ent............. Road vehicles and parts (3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) .... Other transport equipment, excl. military and commercial aviation O t h e r m a n u f a c t u r e d a r t i c l e s ............................. Apparel ( 9 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ..................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches and clocks (1 2 /7 7 = 1 0 0 )............... Miscellaneous manufactured articles, n.e.s. .. G o ld , n o n - m o n e t a r y ( 6 / 8 3 = 1 0 0 ) .............. - Data not available. 82 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 67 68 69 7 71 72 73 74 75 76 137.0 154.4 151.1 148.7 145.9 102.5 132.1 109.8 128.8 179.3 1 0 0 .0 77 78 79 1 0 0 .2 1 0 0 .6 100.4 172.0 99.3 103.4 171.7 99.5 104.7 175.5 100.4 104.7 178.3 100.3 105.0 178.7 100.3 105.3 178.8 103.4 101.9 171.8 100.7 103.9 175.8 1 0 2 .6 1 0 0 .8 171.5 182.2 183.8 8 132.0 132.0 131.3 132.7 130.3 128.0 129.1 127.5 128.5 131.6 132.9 84 98.2 98.5 97.9 95.2 94.1 92.4 93.1 93.1 92.4 95.6 95.6 971 96.2 95.8 93.5 81.7 79.5 69.1 75.4 77.4 77.5 81.8 82.2 102.1 37. U.S. import price indexes by Standard International Trade Classification (June 1977=100, unless otherwise indicated) C a te o o r y A L L C O M M O D IT IE S 1974 SITC ( 9 /8 2 - 1 0 0 ) ..................................................................... 1984 June Sept. 1985 Dec. Mar. June 1986 Sept. Dec. Mar. June 98.3 96.7 95.7 93.5 93.0 92.9 94.2 88.5 83.2 1 0 2 .0 98.5 130.4 98.3 132.9 96.8 118.2 97.9 129.4 94.9 1 0 2 .8 135.4 98.9 134.2 98.1 132.3 98.4 133.9 1 2 0 .6 131.2 100.5 132.7 113.4 122.7 106.7 139.3 104.7 118.5 107.1 144.8 141.9 131.3 111.9 64.6 146.9 119.4 124.6 85.9 149.3 119.4 (9 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................................................. M e a t............................................................................................................ Dairy products and eggs (6/81 = 100) .......................................................... F is h ........................................................................................................................ Bakery goods, pasta products, grain and grain preparations (9 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................................................................... Fruits and ve g e ta b le s ........................................................................................ Sugar, sugar preparations, and honey ( 3 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... Coffee, tea, c o c o a .............................................................................................. 03 103.5 133.8 99.8 134.2 04 05 06 07 134.8 135.8 120.3 62.4 132.9 135.4 119.0 60.3 132.8 117.2 118.5 58.4 131.8 127.1 118.4 57.0 132.3 129.4 56.0 123.1 54.4 B e v e r a g e s a n d t o b a c c o .................................................................................................... 1 Beverages ........................................................................................................... 11 156.3 153.6 157.1 153.5 156.5 152.8 156.2 154.2 157.1 154.3 158.0 156.0 162.1 159.1 163.2 161.8 165.5 163.9 C r u d e m a t e r i a l s ....................................................................................................................... 2 1 0 2 .6 1 0 0 .6 Crude rubber (inc. synthetic & reclaimed) ( 3 /8 4 - 1 0 0 ) .............................. Wood (9 /8 1 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................................. Pulp and waste paper ( 1 2 / 8 1 - 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. Crude fertilizers and crude minerals (1 2 /8 3 = 1 0 0 ) ..................................... Metalliferous ores and metal scrap ( 3 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Crude vegetable and animal materials, n.e.s................................................. 23 24 25 27 28 29 93.7 103.2 96.1 96.2 90.7 99.6 96.3 98.0 100.1 76.8 102.7 89.5 102.5 90.1 102.5 94.2 78.8 104.3 74.9 101.5 94.5 103.6 95.3 75.5 106.3 79.9 101.1 93.6 76.4 106.9 80.4 101.7 87.6 104.9 91.2 73.2 99.4 75.8 1 0 2 .8 94.0 77.6 100.7 84.0 100.3 90.4 104.3 91.5 68.9 1 0 0 .8 98.9 83.8 104.0 93.2 98.6 95.6 106.4 95.6 104.4 (6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... Petroleum and petroleum products (6 /8 2 —100) .......................................... 3 33 8 8 .0 8 8.1 86.9 87.0 85.2 85.2 82.9 83.8 80.9 81.6 79.8 80.3 79.1 80.1 55.3 54.7 37.4 36.1 (9 /8 3 —1 0 0 ).................................................................................. Vegetable oils (9/83 - 1 0 0 ) .............................................................................. 4 42 141.8 143.1 124.4 125.3 114.9 115.3 89.9 89.5 76.7 75.9 57.6 56.2 50.6 48.9 41.4 39.3 39.3 37.4 (9 /8 2 —1 0 0 )....................................................................................... Medicinal and pharmaceutical products (3 /8 4 —100) ................................. Manufactured fertilizers (3 /8 4 —1 0 0 ).............................................................. Chemical materials and products, n.e.s. (9 /8 4 —1 0 0 )................................. 5 54 56 59 1 0 0 .6 98.8 96.4 98.5 95.7 91.6 94.2 96.1 94.9 95.1 82.0 95.6 94.5 95.3 80.8 96.9 94.2 96.7 78.5 97.8 94.6 102.9 79.2 99.9 93.3 104.9 79.7 (1 2 /7 7 —100) ................................. Leather and fu rs k in s .......................................................................................... Rubber manufactures, n.e.s............................................................................... Cork and wood manufactures ......................................................................... Paper and paperboard products ..................................................................... T extiles................................................................................................... Nonmetallic mineral manufactures, n.e.s......................................................... Iron and steel (9 /7 8 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................... Nonferrous metals (12/81 = 100) ........................................................... Metal manufactures, n.e.s............................................................................... 6 132.4 133.3 138.6 133.6 137.0 137.3 123.4 157.8 126.5 157.6 119.1 83.7 119.5 133.4 141.3 138.1 124.0 156.5 128.1 162.3 118.3 80.4 134.0 141.6 136.5 130.8 157.1 131.2 164.2 117.3 79.4 124.4 135.6 143.0 137.7 134.3 157.1 132.9 169.6 118.1 78.9 127.8 103.5 101.4 94.2 94.3 107.2 104.9 98.1 98.0 111.5 105.0 103.8 115.3 115.4 107.7 109.0 Food F u e ls a n d r e la t e d p r o d u c t s F a t s a n d o ils C h e m ic a ls I n t e r m e d i a t e m a n u f a c t u r e d p r o d u c ts M a c h in e r y a n d t r a n s p o r t e q u ip m e n t ( 6 / 8 1 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................... Machinery specialized for particular industries (9 /7 8 —100) ...................... Metalworking machinery ( 3 /8 0 -1 0 0 ) ...................................................... General industrial machinery and parts, n.e.s. (6/81 = 1 0 0 ) ...................... Office machines and automatic data processing equipment (3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................................ Telecommunications, sound recording and reproducing apparatus (3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................................... Electrical machinery and equipment (1 2/81= 100 ) ..................................... Road vehicles and parts (6 /8 1 —1 0 0 )...................................................... ( 3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................... Plumbing, heating, and lighting fixtures (6 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) .................................. Furniture and parts (6 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................................... Clothing (9 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ............................................................. F oo tw ear..................................................................... Professional, scientific, and controlling instruments and apparatus ( 1 2 /7 9 = 1 0 0 ).............................................................. Photographic apparatus and supplies, optical goods, watches, and clocks (3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) .............................................................. Mise, manufactured articles, n.e.s. ( 6 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................... M is e , m a n u f a c t u r e d a r t ic le s G o ld , n o n - m o n e t a r y ( 6 / 8 2 = 1 0 0 ) .................................................................................. - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0 01 02 1 2 2 .6 99.1 129.7 136.3 1 2 0 .2 1 0 1 .6 102.1 1 2 1 .6 69.2 1 0 0 .0 98.5 101.7 - 1 0 0 .0 97.1 94.6 92.9 97.5 139.6 145.3 140.8 131.0 150.4 130.1 166.6 123.8 96.3 120.5 137.2 144.0 139.6 126.4 156.1 131.6 156.6 124.7 90.2 119.3 136.8 140.4 140.5 126.1 157.5 132.9 159.4 123.7 87.3 119.3 133.1 135.3 139.5 121.3 157.6 130.4 154.3 157.2 127.5 151.8 1 2 1 .0 120 .1 81.9 117.4 82.3 117.8 104.1 1 0 2 .6 1 0 1 .6 1 0 2 .6 1 0 0 .0 93.8 94.4 98.8 92.1 92.4 102.9 98.0 89.9 91.3 96.2 86.3 89.2 97.0 90.5 91.1 75 96.7 94.1 92.2 89.6 89.4 90.3 93.7 96.9 1 0 0 .8 76 77 78 94.8 91.2 110.4 93.6 87.0 109.8 91.3 86.4 111.3 90.0 82.1 111.5 8 8 .8 8 8 .6 1 12 .1 88.3 81.4 112.7 83.1 117.8 89.4 84.5 123.4 91.6 87.4 127.1 8 101.5 1 0 0 .0 142.5 138.5 142.5 99.6 117.8 142.1 134.5 142.1 115.0 142.7 134.5 142.7 120.1 140.8 132.5 140.8 98.0 114.1 136.7 133.9 136.7 103.3 1 1 2 .0 97.0 113.9 137.4 136.7 137.4 1 0 0 .8 81 82 84 85 99.7 110.7 138.4 135.4 138.4 147.0 133.4 147.0 104.8 123.5 142.2 135.3 142.2 87 97.8 95.6 92.9 89.2 92.3 98.8 102.4 106.4 112.5 88 92.8 104.0 91.2 98.3 91.3 96.3 88.9 91.2 89.5 95.2 91.1 96.4 94.5 97.9 99.3 103.7 103.4 - - - - - - 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 7 72 73 74 89 971 - 1 1 1 .6 1 2 1 .2 83.9 1 2 1 .6 112.1 102.1 - 1 0 0 .2 - MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 38. September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Price Data U.S. export price indexes by end-use category (September 1983 = 100 unless otherwise indicated) C a te g o r y 39. 98.5 102.5 104.4 97.7 103.9 105.3 100.9 99.6 16.294 30.696 21.327 9.368 30.186 7.483 7.467 3.965 3.501 Foods, feeds, and beverages ............................................................. Raw m aterials......................................................................................... Raw materials, nondurable ............................................................... Raw materials, d u ra b le ...................................................................... Capital goods (1 2 /8 2 = 1 0 0 )................................................................ Automotive vehicles, parts and engines (12/82 = 100) .................. Consumer g o o d s .................................................................................... D u ra b le s............................................................................................... Nondurables......................................................................................... 1 0 2 .8 95.0 104.6 105.3 101.3 99.4 103.0 102.1 1 0 0 .8 99.3 102.3 1 01 .1 99.2 103.0 75.5 96.0 97.5 92.5 107.4 109.5 103.7 77.5 95.9 97.9 91.0 106.6 109.2 101.4 99.5 103.3 76.2 96.5 98.7 91.1 106.6 108.1 101.9 100.4 103.3 80.9 97.2 99.5 91.6 106.6 108.0 81.5 97.6 99.6 92.6 106.2 106.7 100.9 99.1 102.7 83.0 99.1 101.4 93.3 105.6 105.7 8 8 .8 100.5 June Mar. Dec. Sept. June Mar. Dec. Sept. June 19 36 1985 1984 Percentage of 1980 Trade Value 74.7 94.8 96.0 91.9 107.5 110.4 104.5 1 0 1 .8 1 0 1 .8 105.5 107.2 U.S. import price indexes by end-use category (December 1982 = 100) C a te g o r y N ondurable........................................................................................... 105.6 87.5 102.5 101.7 103.3 98.0 104.0 107.2 88.5 104.3 7.477 31.108 19.205 9.391 9.814 13.164 11.750 14.250 5.507 8.743 Foods, feeds, and beverages ............................................................. Petroleum and petroleum products, excl. natural g a s .................... Raw materials, excluding petroleum .................................................. Raw materials, nondurable ............................................................... Raw materials, d u ra b le ...................................................................... Capital g o o d s .......................................................................................... Automotive vehicles, parts and e n g in e s ........................................... Consumer g o o d s .................................................................................... 102 .1 106.7 99.8 104.9 101.9 101.4 102.5 84.4 96.3 95.0 97.7 94.8 105.4 99.5 97.0 103.0 85.7 1 01 .1 100.7 1 0 1 .6 97.8 105.2 1 0 0 .6 1 01 .1 98.8 103.0 98.5 104.6 100.4 J 82.1 95.8 93.9 97.8 96.3 105.9 99.4 97.0 102.5 102 .1 1 0 1 .8 Mar. Dec. Sept. June Mar. Dec. Sept. June 19 8 6 1985 1984 Percentage of 1980 Trade Value 99.0 80.9 95.4 93.5 97.4 97.6 106.4 1 0 1 .0 98.9 103.9 106.0 80.5 93.9 91.8 96.2 115.8 55.4 94.5 91.1 98.1 1 0 0 .0 1 0 2 .8 111.4 102.4 100.7 104.7 115.6 104.5 103.4 106.0 40. U.S. export price indexes by Standard Industrial Classification 1 June Sept. Dec. Manufacturing: 99.5 99.5 96.7 100.1 97.0 103.5 106.2 101.3 100.7 97.9 104.9 103.6 100.7 100.4 95.8 139.9 99.9 105.2 97.1 100.3 101.3 91.2 140.4 111.3 160.5 99.5 106.5 94.7 99.6 102.7 92.7 140.5 112.4 161.9 98.3 107.1 93.2 99.7 104.0 137.9 109.5 157.2 84 Sept. 103.3 102.1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis June 105.6 103.1 104.3 102.3 1 SIC - based classification. Mar. 112.7 Lumber and wood products, except furniture Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks (6 /7 7 -1 0 0 ) ................................................................... 19 B6 1985 1984 In d u s tr y g r o u p 153.2 1 0 0 .0 138.0 110.7 157.8 156.0 111.1 158.9 153.0 154.9 156.6 1 0 2 .0 93.6 140.6 111.9 162.8 156.2 Dec. Mar. June 95.0 98.1 97.0 1 0 1 .2 108.4 92.1 99.2 99.1 93.6 140.5 101.5 109.2 95.7 98.9 93.5 96.4 140.6 1 1 1 .2 1 1 2 .6 1 1 2 .2 164.3 165.2 166.9 156.7 159.7 161.2 1 0 1 .2 109.7 1 0 1 .6 98.3 83.1 96.6 140.3 June 108.2 36.7 94.0 89.7 98.7 106.6 119.0 106.6 106.6 106.6 41. U.S. import price indexes by Standard industrial Classification 1 1984 1985 1986 In d u stry group June Manufacturing: Food and kindred products (6 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) .............................. Textile mill products (9 /8 2 —1 0 0 )............................................. Apparel and related products (6/77 = 1 0 0 )................................. Lumber and wood products, except furniture ( 6 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ................................................................... Furniture and fixtures ( 6 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ......................................... Paper and allied products (6 /7 7 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... Chemicals and allied products ( 9 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ............................... Rubber and miscellaneous plastic products (1 2 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................................................... Leather and leather products ....................................................... Primary metal products (6 /8 1 = 1 0 0 ) ...................................... Fabricated metal products ( 1 2 /8 4 = 1 0 0 ) .................................... Machinery, except electrical ( 3 /8 0 = 1 0 0 ) .............................. Electrical machinery (9 /8 4 —i 0 0 ) ................................... Transportation equipment (6/81 = 1 0 0 ) ....................................... Scientific instruments; optical goods; clocks ( 1 2 /7 9 = 1 0 0 ) .......................................................................... Miscellaneous manufactured commodities ( 9 /8 2 = 1 0 0 ) ........................................................................ Sept. 126.6 103.8 129.6 124.1 104.3 133.9 121.1 Dec. June 1 2 2 .6 118.8 104.7 138.2 1 0 2 .8 1 0 1 .0 135.6 133.0 1 2 0 .0 1 0 1 .8 117.3 96.2 146.0 99.8 116.3 93.9 141.5 95.3 96.1 139.8 93.9 98.5 143.7 91.9 97.8 141.6 88.3 98.0 144.2 - - 1 0 0 .0 96.9 139.1 82.2 99.0 91.8 95.1 113.1 96.7 138.9 83.0 99.1 93.4 95.8 114.2 96.9 141.9 97.1 95.6 145.5 98.2 8 6 .6 95.5 Sept. 115.0 1 2 0 .6 - 1 0 0 .0 1 1 1 .6 110.7 94.1 98.6 112.9 95.5 94.4 93.2 90.7 91.7 99.1 95.8 96.4 95.1 95.1 1 SIC - based classification. 42. Mar. Dec. 114.2 100.4 133.9 1 0 1 .8 117.5 97.7 138.7 93.3 115.8 98.2 137.4 95.8 96.6 142.3 83.4 97.5 144.0 81.9 Mar. 115.1 134.4 June 117.7 104.7 133.4 115.6 106.4 135.1 1 22 .1 124.8 103.5 139.4 1 0 1 .2 137.6 98.6 1 02 .1 95.8 119.6 100.9 145.8 82.0 104.9 105.5 97.0 123.9 94.6 98.8 103.9 109.5 96.6 98.7 99.9 101.7 1 0 1 .0 1 0 2 .6 96.6 94.5 114.8 1 0 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 144.6 82.4 108.5 108.9 1 0 0 .2 128.0 _ Data not available. Indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, and unit costs, quarterly data seasonally adjusted (1977 = 100) Annual average Item Quarterly Indexes 1983 1984 1985 1986 1984 IV I II III IV I II III IV I II B u s in e s s : Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................ Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Unit labor costs ..................................................... Unit nonlabor p a ym e n ts ........................................... Implicit price deflator .......... ...................................... 105.3 168.1 98.1 159.7 156.3 158.5 103.8 163.6 98.0 157.7 150.6 155.2 104.9 165.9 98.1 158.2 154.1 156.7 105.6 167.1 97.9 158.3 156.7 157.7 105.5 169.0 98.1 160.2 157.0 159.0 105.5 170.6 98.2 161.7 157.7 160.3 105.7 172.3 98.4 163.1 158.3 161.4 106.4 174.5 98.7 164.0 160.0 162.6 107.3 176.4 99.1 164.4 161.4 163.4 106.4 178.0 99.0 167.3 159.6 164.6 107.3 179.1 99.2 167.0 162.2 165.3 107.7 180.3 100.3 167.4 163.0 165.9 104.3 167.9 98.0 161.0 156.1 159.3 103.3 163.4 97.9 158.2 152.3 156.2 103.9 165.6 97.9 159.4 153.2 157.2 104.6 166.9 97.8 159.5 156.4 158.4 104.4 168.7 98.0 161.5 157.2 160.0 104.3 170.4 98.1 163.3 157.9 161.4 104.4 172.1 98.2 164.8 158.9 162.7 104.9 174.0 98.4 165.9 160.8 164.1 105.4 175.4 98.5 166.3 163.0 165.2 104.5 177.0 98.4 169.3 160.3 166.2 105.6 178.3 98.8 168.8 163.9 167.1 106.1 179.3 99.7 169.1 164.8 167.6 105.6 165.9 96.8 161.5 157.0 174.6 133.4 160.1 158.1 104.5 161.7 96.8 159.0 154.8 171.4 128.6 156.4 155.3 105.3 163.6 96.8 159.4 155.4 171.1 134.4 158.3 156.4 105.9 164.8 96.6 160.1 155.7 173.1 138.5 161.0 157.5 105.5 166.6 96.7 162.6 157.9 176.4 130.3 160.3 158.7 105.8 168.3 96.8 163.8 159.1 177.5 130.5 161.0 159.8 106.0 169.9 97.0 164.9 160.3 178.5 129.3 161.3 160.6 106.5 171.6 97.0 165.8 161.1 179.8 130.2 162.5 161.6 107.8 173.1 97.2 165.0 160.5 178.3 141.7 165.5 162.2 107.0 174.5 97.0 167.2 163.0 179.8 131.2 162.8 162.9 106.9 175.4 97.1 168.3 164.0 181.1 131.7 163.8 164.0 116.6 168.2 98.1 144.2 113.3 163.6 97.9 144.3 114.7 165.4 97.8 144.1 115.7 166.8 97.8 144.2 117.8 169.1 98.2 143.5 118.2 171.5 98.7 145.1 119.3 173.8 99.2 145.7 121.7 175.6 99.3 144.3 123.0 178.1 122.9 179.3 99.7 145.8 123.4 180.2 99.8 146.1 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s : Output per hour of all p e rso n s................................ Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Unit labor costs .......................................................... Unit nonlabor p a ym e n ts........................................... Implicit price d e fla to r................................................ N o n f in a n c la l c o r p o r a t io n s : Output per hour of all em plo yees........................... Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Total unit c o s ts ........................................................... Unit labor costs ....................................................... Unit nonlabor c o s ts ................................................ Unit p ro fits ................................................................... Unit nonlabor p a ym e n ts ........................................... Implicit price deflator ................................................ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - M a n u fa c tu r in g : Output per hour of all p e rs o n s................................ Compensation per h o u r............................................ Real compensation per h o u r ................................... Unit labor costs .......................................................... Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 0 0 .0 144.8 124.0 181.1 100.7 146.1 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 43. September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Productivity Data Annual indexes of multifactor productivity and related measures, selected years (1977 = 100) Item 1960 1970 1973 1974 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 P r iv a t e b u s in e s s Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Output per unit of capital services..................... Multifactor productivity....................................... Output.................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons........................................... Capital services .................................................. Combined units of labor and capital input........ Capital per hour of all persons............................. 64.8 98.4 75.4 53.3 86.1 98.5 90.2 78.3 94.8 103.0 97.5 91.8 92.5 96.5 93.8 89.9 97.6 96.1 97.1 93.7 100.5 101.8 101.0 105.5 99.3 100.3 99.7 107.9 98.7 95.6 97.6 106.4 100.6 94.1 98.3 109.2 100.8 89.5 96.8 106.3 103.7 92.3 99.6 111.1 107.1 97.4 103.7 121.0 82.2 54.1 70.7 65.9 90.8 79.4 86.7 87.4 96.8 89.1 94.1 92.0 97.2 93.1 95.8 95.9 95.9 97.5 96.5 101.6 105.0 103.6 104.5 98.7 108.6 107.5 108.2 98.9 107.8 111.4 109.0 103.3 108.5 116.0 111.0 106.9 105.4 118.8 109.9 112.7 107.2 120.4 111.6 112.3 113.0 124.3 116.8 109.9 68.0 98.4 77.6 52.3 86.8 98.6 90.7 77.8 95.3 103.2 97.9 91.7 92.9 96.5 94.1 89.7 97.8 96.1 97.2 93.6 100.6 101.9 101.0 105.7 99.0 100.1 99.4 108.0 98.2 95.2 97.2 106.4 99.6 93.2 97.4 108.7 99.9 88.7 95.9 105.9 103.5 91.9 99.4 111.3 106.3 96.6 102.9 121.0 77.0 53.2 67.4 69.1 89.7 78.9 85.9 88.0 96.2 88.8 93.6 92.4 96.5 93.0 95.3 96.3 95.7 97.4 96.3 101.8 105.1 103.7 104.6 98.7 109.1 107.9 108.7 98.9 108.4 111.7 109.5 103.1 109.1 116.6 111.6 106.8 106.0 119.4 110.4 112.6 107.6 121.1 112.0 112.6 113.8 125.2 117.5 110.1 60.0 87.9 67.0 50.7 79.2 91.8 82.3 77.0 93.0 108.2 96.8 95.9 90.8 99.6 93.1 91.9 97.6 96.1 97.1 93.6 100.9 101.5 101.1 105.3 101.6 99.5 101.0 108.2 101.7 90.7 98.8 103.5 104.9 89.9 100.8 106.1 107.1 82.9 100.3 99.3 111.6 87.6 104.9 104.4 115.6 96.0 110.4 115.3 84.4 57.6 75.6 68.3 97.3 83.9 93.5 86.2 103.1 88.6 99.0 85.9 101.2 92.2 98.7 91.1 95.9 97.4 96.3 101.6 104.4 103.8 104.2 99.4 106.5 108.8 107.1 102.1 101.7 114.1 104.8 112.2 101.1 118.0 105.2 116.7 92.7 119.8 99.0 129.2 93.5 119.2 99.5 127.5 99.8 120.2 104.5 120.4 P r iv a t e n o n f a r m b u s in e s s Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Output per unit of capital services..................... Multifactor productivity....................................... Output.................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons........................................... Capital services .................................................. Combined units of labor and capital input........ Capital per hour of all persons............................. M a n u f a c t u r in g Productivity: Output per hour of all persons.......................... Output per unit of capital services..................... Multifactor productivity....................................... Output................................................................... Inputs: Hours of all persons........................................... Capital services .................................................. Combined units of labor and capital inputs...... Capital per hour of all persons............................. 44. Annual indexes of productivity, hourly compensation, unit costs, and prices, selected years (1977 = 100) Item 1960 1970 1973 1974 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 B u s in e s s : Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor costs..................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator............................................ 67.6 33.6 68.9 49.7 46.4 48.5 88.4 57.8 90.2 65.4 59.4 63.2 95.9 70.9 96.7 73.9 72.5 73.4 93.9 77.6 95.4 82.7 76.4 80.5 98.3 92.8 98.7 94.3 93.3 94.0 100.8 108.5 100.8 107.6 106.7 107.3 99.6 119.1 99.4 119.5 112.5 117.0 99.3 131.5 96.7 132.5 118.7 127.6 100.7 143.7 95.7 142.7 134.6 139.8 100.3 154.9 97.3 154.5 136.6 148.1 103.0 161.5 98.2 156.8 146.3 153.0 105.3 168.1 98.1 159.7 156.3 158.5 106.4 175.3 98.8 164.8 159.7 163.0 71.0 35.3 72.3 49.7 46.3 48.5 89.3 58.2 90.8 65.2 60.0 63.4 96.4 71.2 97.1 73.9 69.3 72.3 94.3 78.0 95.9 82.7 74.0 79.7 98.5 92.8 98.8 94.3 93.0 93.8 100.8 108.6 100.9 107.7 105.6 107.0 99.3 118.9 99.2 119.7 110.5 116.5 98.8 131.3 96.6 132.9 118.5 127.8 99.8 143.6 95.7 144.0 133.5 140.3 99.2 154.8 97.2 156.0 136.5 149.2 102.4 161.5 98.2 157.7 148.1 154.3 104.3 167.9 98.0 161.0 156.1 159.3 104.8 174.6 98.4 166.7 160.6 164.6 73.4 36.9 75.5 50.2 51.5 50.7 91.1 59.2 92.4 65.0 60.1 63.3 97.5 71.6 97.6 73.4 68.9 71.9 94.6 78.2 96.1 82.6 73.1 79.4 98.4 92.9 98.9 94.3 93.8 94.2 100.6 108.4 100.7 107.8 104.4 106.6 99.8 118.7 99.1 119.0 108.4 115.4 99.1 131.1 96.4 132.3 118.6 127.6 99.6 143.3 95.5 143.8 137.8 141.7 100.4 154.3 96.9 153.8 142.1 149.8 103.5 159.9 97.3 154.5 152.1 153.7 105.6 165.9 96.8 157.0 160.1 158.1 106.8 172.3 97.0 161.2 163.0 161.8 62.2 36.5 74.8 58.7 60.0 59.1 80.8 57.4 89.5 71.0 64.1 69.0 93.4 68.8 93.8 73.7 70.7 72.8 90.6 76.2 93.6 84.1 67.7 79.3 97.1 92.1 98.1 94.9 93.5 94.5 101.5 108.2 100.5 106.6 101.9 105.2 101.4 118.6 99.1 117.0 98.9 111.7 101.4 132.4 97.4 130.6 97.8 121.0 103.6 145.2 96.7 140.1 111.8 131.8 105.9 157.5 98.9 148.7 114.0 138.6 112.0 162.4 98.8 145.0 128.5 140.2 116.6 168.2 98.1 144.2 136.9 142.1 121.7 176.7 99.5 145.1 134.4 142.0 N o n f a r m b u s in e s s : Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor costs..................................................... Unit nonlabor payments ....................................... Implicit price deflator............................................ N o n f in a n c ia l c o r p o r a t io n s : Output per hour of all employees........................ Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor costs.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ M a n u fa c tu r in g : Output per hour of all persons............................. Compensation per hour........................................ Real compensation per hour................................ Unit labor costs.................................................... Unit nonlabor payments....................................... Implicit price deflator ............................................ 86 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 45. Unemployment rates in nine countries, quarterly data seasonally adjusted Annual average 1984 1985 Country 1984 1985 IV I II 1986 III IV I II T o t a l l a b o r f o r c e b a s i« United States................................ Canada ............................. Australia ........................... Japan ............................... 7.4 11.2 8.9 2.7 7.1 10.4 8.2 2.6 7.1 11.1 8.6 2.7 7.2 11.0 8.5 2.6 7.2 10.5 8.4 2.5 7.1 10.2 8.1 2.6 6.9 10.1 7.8 2.9 7.0 9.7 7.9 2.6 France ................................. Germany............................ Great Britain .............................. Italy 1, 2 ................................. Sweden ..................................... 9.7 7.7 12.8 5.8 3.1 10.1 7.7 13.0 5.9 2.8 10.0 7.7 12.8 5.7 3.0 10.2 7.8 12.9 5.8 3.0 10.1 7.8 13.0 5.7 2.9 10.2 7.7 13.2 5.9 2.7 9.9 7.7 12.8 6.2 2.7 10.0 7.6 13.0 6.2 2.8 10.3 7.5 13.1 6.3 2.6 United States.............................. Canada .................................. Australia .................................. Japan ............................. 7.5 11.3 9.0 2.8 7.2 10.5 8.3 2.6 7.2 11.1 8.6 2.7 7.3 11.1 8.6 2.6 7.3 10.6 8.5 2.6 7.2 10.2 8.2 2.7 7.0 10.1 7.9 2.9 7.1 9.7 8.0 2.7 7.2 9.6 France...................................... Germany.............................. Great Britain ................................. Italy................................. Sweden .............................. 9.9 7.8 12.9 5.9 3.1 10.4 7.9 13.2 6.0 2.8 10.3 7.8 13.0 5.8 3.0 10.5 7.9 13.1 5.9 3.0 10.4 8.0 13.2 5.8 2.9 10.4 7.9 13.4 6.0 2.8 10.1 7.8 13.0 6.3 2.7 10.3 7.8 13.1 6.3 2.8 7.1 9.5 - C iv ilia n la b o r f o r c e b a s is 1 Quarterly rates are for the first month of the quarter. 2 Major changes in the Italian labor force survey, introduced in 1977, resulted in a large increase in persons enumerated as unemployed. However, many persons reported that they had not actively sought work in the past 30 days, and they have been provisionally excluded for comparability with U.S. concepts. Inclusion of such persons would more than double the Italian unemployment rate https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 10.5 7.6 13.3 6.5 2.6 shown. - Data not available. NOTE: Quarterly figures for France, Germany, and Great Brltian are calculated by applying annual adjustment factors to current published data and therefore should be viewed as less precise indicators of unemployment under U.S. concepts than the annual figures. MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW 46. September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: International Comparisons Data Annual data: Employment status of the civilian working-age population, ten countries (Numbers in thousands) Employment status and country 1977 96,158 10,203 6,244 53,100 22,000 25,900 25,290 20,300 4,890 4,149 99,009 102,251 10,895 10,500 6,443 6,358 54,610 53,820 22,470 22,300 26,000 25,870 25,620 25,430 20,630 20,530 5,010 4,950 4,168 4,203 104,962 11,231 6,519 55,210 22,670 26,240 25,710 20,910 5,100 4,262 L a b o r fo rc e United States........................................................ Canada .................................................................. Australia................................................................. Japan .................................................................... France................................................................... Germany................................................................ Great Britain.......................................................... Italy........................................................................ Netherlands........................................................... Sweden.................................................................. 1981 1980 1979 1978 1976 Germany................................................................ Netherlands........................................................... Sweden.................................................................. Australia................................................................. Japan .................................................................... Germany................................................................ Great Britain.......................................................... Italy........................................................................ Netherlands........................................................... Sweden.................................................................. 63.8 64.1 62.2 62.6 57.2 53.2 63.2 48.0 50.0 67.0 63.9 64.8 62.0 62.6 57.1 52.9 62.2 48.0 51.3 66.8 88 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 64.0 64.4 61.5 63.1 56.6 52.3 61.9 47.2 52.1 66.7 64.4 64.8 61.5 62.7 56.7 52.7 62.7 47.3 52.0 66.8 64.8 65.2 61.8 62.3 56.5 53.4 63.7 47.2 51.2 67.2 63.7 63.4 61.7 62.7 57.5 53.3 63.2 47.8 49.0 66.6 88,752 9,477 5,946 52,020 21,010 25,010 23,810 19,600 4,630 4,083 92,017 9,651 6,000 52,720 21,180 24,970 23,840 19,800 4,700 4,093 96,048 9,987 6,038 53,370 21,260 25,130 24,040 19,870 4,750 4,109 98,824 10,395 6,111 54,040 21,300 25,460 24,360 20,100 4,830 4,174 56.8 56.7 59.7 61.1 54.8 52.0 59.5 46.1 46.5 64.9 57.9 56.6 59.2 61.2 54.7 51.6 59.3 46.3 46.5 64.8 59.3 57.5 58.1 61.3 54.4 51.5 59.4 45.9 46.3 64.6 59.9 58.7 57.9 61.4 54.0 51.7 59.8 45.9 46.4 65.3 59.2 59.3 58.4 61.3 53.5 51.6 58.9 46.1 46.9 65.6 59.0 59.9 58.4 61.2 52.8 50.7 55.8 45.9 46.5 65.1 57.8 57.0 57.3 61.2 52.3 49.4 54.6 45.2 45.4 64.7 57.9 56.7 55.4 61.4 51.8 48.4 54.0 44.7 44.5 64.4 59.5 57.4 56.0 61.0 51.1 48.6 54.6 44.5 44.2 64.7 60.1 58.4 56.6 60.6 50.6 49.2 55.3 44.4 44.0 65.3 7,406 726 298 1,080 990 890 1,480 700 260 66 6,991 849 358 1,100 1,120 900 1,590 740 250 75 6,202 908 405 1,240 1,210 870 1,580 760 260 94 6,137 836 408 1,170 1,370 780 1,350 810 270 88 7,637 865 409 1,140 1,470 770 1,770 830 330 86 8,273 898 394 1,260 1,730 1,090 2,680 920 510 108 10,678 1,314 495 1,360 1,920 1,580 3,060 1,020 630 137 10,717 1,448 697 1,560 1,960 1,990 3,330 1,140 830 151 8,539 1,399 642 1,610 2,310 2,090 3,430 1,280 860 136 8,312 1,328 602 1,560 2,420 2,130 3,540 1,310 800 125 7.7 7.1 4.8 2.0 4.5 3.4 5.9 3.4 5.3 1.6 7.1 8.1 5.6 2.0 5.0 3.5 6.3 3.5 5.C 1.8 6.1 8.3 6.3 2.3 5.4 3.4 6.2 3.7 5.2 2.2 5.6 7.4 6.3 2.1 6.0 3.0 5.3 3.9 5.3 2.1 7.1 7.5 6.1 2.0 6.4 2.9 6.8 3.9 6.2 2.C 7.6 7.5 5.8 2.2 7.5 4.1 10.4 4.3 9.3 2.3 9.7 11.0 7.2 2.4 8.3 5.9 11.8 4.8 11.3 3.1 9.6 11.9 10.0 2.7 8.5 7.5 12.8 5.3 14.5 3.5 7.5 11.3 9.0 2.8 9.9 7.8 12.9 5.9 15.C 3.1 7.2 10.5 8.3 2.6 10.4 7.9 13.2 6.0 14.1 2.8 99,303 100,397 11,006 10,708 6,284 6,416 55,060 54,600 21,200 21,320 25,520 25,730 23,190 24,100 20,480 20,380 4,990 4,960 4,218 4,226 U n e m p lo y m e n t r a t e Sweden................................................................. 64.0 64.1 61.8 62.7 57.1 52.5 61.9 47.4 51.2 66.8 63.2 62.7 62.0 62.8 57.5 53.3 63.3 47.7 48.8 66.1 U n e m p lo y e d United States........................................................ Canada .................................................................. Australia................................................................. Japan .................................................................... France ................................................................... Germany................................................................ Great Britain.......................................................... Italy........................................................................ Netherlands........................................................... Sweden................................................................. 1985 62.3 61.6 62.7 62.5 57.6 53.4 63.2 48.0 49.0 65.9 E m p lo y m e n t - p o p u la tio n r a tio United States........................................................ 1984 61.6 61.1 62.7 62.4 57.3 53.8 63.2 47.8 49.1 66.0 E m p lo y e d United States........................................................ Canada .................................................................. Australia................................................................. 1983 106,940 108,670 110,204 111,550 113,544 115,461 12,639 12,399 12,183 11,958 11,904 11,573 7,272 7,133 6,997 6,910 6,810 6,693 58,820 58,480 56,980 58,110 56,320 55,740 23,330 23,290 23,130 23,150 22,930 22,790 27,010 26,700 26,640 26,640 26,610 26,500 26,950 26,530 26,010 25,880 25,870 25,870 21,800 21,680 21,610 21,450 21,410 21,210 5,690 5,740 5,720 5,560 5,500 5,290 4,418 4,385 4,369 4,350 4,326 4,312 P a r t ic ip a t io n r a t e United States........................................................ Canada .................................................................. Australia................................................................. Japan .................................................................... France ................................................................... Germany................................................................ Great Britain.......................................................... Italy........................................................................ Netherlands........................................................... Sweden.................................................................. 1982 99,526 100,834 105,005 107,150 11,000 11,311 10,734 10,644 6,670 6,490 6,300 6,415 57,260 56,870 56,550 55,620 20,910 20,980 21,170 21,230 24,880 24,610 24,650 25,060 23,410 23,100 22,680 22,820 20,490 20,390 20,470 20,430 4,890 4,880 4,890 4,930 4,293 4,249 4,218 4,213 47. Annual indexes of productivity and related measures, twelve countries (1977=100) Item and country 1960 1970 1973 1974 1976 1977 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 62.2 50.3 23.2 32.8 37.2 36.4 40.3 36.5 32.4 54.6 42.3 53.8 80.8 76.8 64.8 60.0 65.5 69.6 71.2 72.7 64.3 81.7 80.7 77.6 93.4 91.3 83.1 78.7 83.2 82.2 84.0 90.9 81.5 94.6 94.8 92.9 90.6 93.4 86.5 83.2 86.0 85.2 87.4 95.3 88.1 97.7 98.8 95.2 97.1 96.2 94.3 95.3 98.2 95.0 96.5 98.9 95.8 99.7 101.7 99.1 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 101.4 104.2 114.8 111.8 106.5 110.3 108.2 110.5 112.3 107.1 110.9 102.2 101.4 101.9 122.7 119.3 112.3 112.0 108.6 116.9 113.9 109.3 112.7 101.2 103.6 104.0 127.2 127.2 114.2 116.4 111.0 121.0 116.9 109.7 113.2 107.9 105.9 101.0 135.0 132.8 114.6 123.5 112.6 123.4 119.4 112.6 116.5 112.7 112.9 107.6 142.3 141.0 117.3 129.3 119.0 126.6 126.1 119.2 125.5 121.2 118.5 111.5 152.2 145.5 118.3 135.0 124.7 135.0 139.3 122.3 132.6 126.2 121.8 115.1 159.9 52.5 41.5 19.2 41.7 49.2 35.4 50.0 37.4 44.8 55.1 52.6 71.0 78.6 75.1 69.9 78.1 82.0 73.3 86.6 78.0 84.4 87.0 92.5 94.7 96.3 94.6 91.9 95.8 95.9 88.6 96.1 90.5 95.8 99.5 100.3 104.7 91.7 98.0 91.7 99.6 97.4 91.8 95.4 96.3 100.0 104.0 105.7 103.5 93.1 98.1 94.8 99.5 99.6 96.1 98.0 97.9 99.0 101.4 106.1 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 108.1 110.9 113.9 104.2 105.4 106.1 106.6 108.6 106.1 100.3 103.6 100.5 103.2 107.7 124.1 107.2 110.1 106.6 106.6 115.4 106.6 101.3 104.0 91.7 104.8 108.8 129.8 105.9 106.6 105.9 104.9 114.3 106.7 100.1 100.6 86.2 98.4 96.4 137.3 109.1 108.3 106.0 102.4 111.6 105.0 99.8 100.1 86.4 105.6 101.7 148.2 110.7 112.2 107.4 103.5 109.2 105.3 98.8 105.2 88.9 117.9 110.1 165.2 112.8 118.6 108.4 107.4 113.2 110.8 101.3 112.4 92.4 84.4 82.6 82.7 127.0 132.4 97.2 123.8 102.3 138.4 101.0 124.4 131.9 97.3 97.7 107.9 130.1 125.1 105.3 121.7 107.4 131.2 106.4 114.6 122.1 103.1 103.6 110.7 121.8 115.2 107.8 114.4 99.6 117.6 105.1 105.7 112.7 101.2 105.0 106.1 119.7 113.2 107.8 109.2 101.0 113.5 106.5 107.0 108.7 95.9 102.0 100.6 104.4 101.4 101.2 101.6 99.0 103.3 101.7 104.3 99.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 106.5 106.4 99.3 93.2 99.0 96.2 98.5 98.2 94.4 93.6 93.4 98.3 101.7 105.7 101.2 89.9 98.1 95.2 98.1 98.7 93.6 92.6 92.3 90.7 101.1 104.6 102.0 83.3 93.4 91.0 94.6 94.5 91.2 91.3 88.9 79.9 92.9 95.4 101.7 82.1 94.5 85.9 91.0 90.4 88.0 88.6 85.9 76.7 93.5 94.6 104.2 78.5 95.7 83.0 87.0 86.2 83.5 82.9 83.9 73.3 99.5 98.7 108.5 77.5 100.2 80.3 86.2 83.9 79.5 82.8 84.8 73.2 99.3 100.1 110.0 United States............................................... Canada ................................................... Japan ............................................ Belgium..................................... Denmark.............................................. France .................................................... Germany.................................... Italy................................................ Netherlands........................................ Norway..................................... Sweden.............................................. United Kingdom................................ 36.5 27.1 8.9 13.8 12.6 15.1 18.8 8.3 12.5 15.8 14.7 14.8 57.3 46.5 33.9 34.9 36.3 36.6 48.0 26.1 39.0 37.9 38.5 30.8 68.8 59.2 55.1 53.5 56.1 52.3 67.5 43.7 60.5 54.5 54.2 44.8 76.2 68.5 72.3 65.2 67.9 62.0 76.9 54.5 71.9 63.6 63.8 56.9 92.1 89.9 90.7 89.5 90.4 88.9 91.3 84.2 91.9 88.8 91.5 88.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 118.6 118.3 113.4 117.6 123.1 129.3 116.1 134.7 117.0 116.0 120.1 137.7 132.4 130.6 120.7 130.4 135.9 147.5 125.6 160.2 123.6 128.0 133.6 165.8 145.2 151.5 129.8 144.6 149.6 170.3 134.5 197.1 129.1 142.8 148.1 188.9 157.5 167.1 136.6 152.0 162.9 200.8 141.0 237.3 137.5 156.0 158.9 206.4 163.2 179.3 140.7 163.7 174.3 226.2 148.4 276.4 144.7 173.5 173.3 222.4 169.1 182.1 144.8 176.6 183.9 246.5 155.3 303.0 152.8 188.3 190.7 237.2 176.6 191.4 148.3 National currency basis: United States............................................ Canada .................................................... Japan .............................................. Belgium........................................ Denmark............................................ France............................................... Germany................................... Italy....................................................... Netherlands.................................... Norway................................. Sweden............................................. United Kingdom.................................................. 58.7 53.9 38.4 42.0 33.8 41.6 46.6 22.8 38.5 29.0 34.8 27.6 70.9 60.6 52.3 58.1 55.4 52.6 67.4 36.0 60.7 46.4 47.7 39.7 73.7 64.8 66.4 68.0 67.4 63.6 80.3 48.1 74.3 57.6 57.2 48.2 84.1 73.3 83.6 78.3 79.0 72.8 88.0 57.2 81.6 65.2 64.6 59.7 94.9 93.5 96.2 93.9 92.1 93.6 94.6 85.1 96.0 89.1 90.0 89.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.0 113.5 98.8 105.2 115.7 117.3 107.3 121.9 104.1 108.2 108.3 134.7 130.6 128.1 98.4 109.3 121.0 131.7 115.7 137.0 108.5 117.0 118.6 163.8 140.1 145.7 102.0 113.6 131.1 146.3 121.2 162.9 110.4 130.2 130.9 175.1 148.7 165.4 101.2 114.4 142.2 162.6 125.2 192.4 115.2 138.6 136.3 183.1 144.5 166.7 98.9 116.1 148.6 175.0 124.7 218.3 114.7 145.5 138.1 183.5 142.8 163.2 95.1 121.4 155.5 182.5 124.6 224.5 109.7 154.0 143.8 187.9 58.7 59.0 28.5 30.2 29.5 41.7 25.9 32.5 25.1 21.7 30.1 44.4 70.9 61.7 39.1 42.0 44.4 46.8 42.9 50.6 41.2 34.5 41.1 54.4 73.7 68.8 65.6 62.8 67.2 70.4 70.4 73.1 65.6 53.4 58.7 67.7 84.1 79.7 76.8 72.1 77.9 74.5 79.1 77.6 74.6 62.8 65.1 80.1 94.9 100.7 86.9 87.2 91.5 96.3 87.3 90.5 89.1 86.9 92.3 92.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 117.0 103.0 121.3 128.5 132.0 135.5 135.9 129.5 127.4 113.8 112.9 163.9 130.6 116.4 116.8 134.1 129.0 153.4 147.9 141.4 134.2 126.2 125.3 218.3 140.1 129.1 123.8 109.9 110.3 132.2 124.9 126.3 108.9 120.6 115.4 203.1 148.7 142.3 108.8 89.5 102.3 121.5 119.7 125.4 105.8 114.2 96.9 183.5 144.5 143.7 111.5 81.3 97.5 112.9 113.4 126.8 98.6 106.1 80.4 159.4 142.8 133.9 107.2 75.3 90.1 102.7 101.6 112.8 83.9 100.4 77.7 143.9 O u tp u t p e r h o u r United States.................................................... Canada ................................................ Japan ................................................... Belgium........................................... Denmark ........................................ France........................................................... Germany.................................................. Italy................................................... Netherlands................................. Norway..................................... Sweden................................................. United Kingdom............................................. _ 118.4 140.2 131.9 139.1 _ 125.0 135.2 129.7 O u tp u t United States....................................................... Canada ..................................... Japan ........................................ Belgium................................... Denmark...................................................... France...................................... Germany.................................. Italy............................................................. Netherlands.............................................. Nonway................................... Sweden.................................................... United Kingdom................................................ 121.0 115.2 175.8 _ 122.3 109.0 113.0 115.3 _ 103.7 114.6 95.0 T o ta l h o u rs United States.......................................................... Canada .................................................... Japan ....................................................... Belgium................................................... Denmark ..................................................... France ........................................................... Germany........................................ Italy..................................................................... Netherlands...................................... Norway................................................... Sweden................................................ United Kingdom........................................ ............ _ 103.3 77.8 85.7 82.9 _ 83.0 84.8 73.3 C o m p e n s a t io n p e r h o u r - 195.5 262.7 164.7 334.0 _ 205.2 205.8 257.0 U n it la b o r c o s t s : U.S. dollar basis: United States...................................... Canada .................................................... Japan ...................................................... Belgium............................................... Denmark......................................................... France .................................................... Germany................................................. 145.0 166.3 92.7 _ 165.1 187.4 124.9 240.1 - 164.2 152.2 198.1 U n it l a b o r c o s t s : Netherlands............................................. Norway......................................... Sweden ..................................................... United Kingdom..................................................... 145.0 129.4 104.2 _ 93.5 102.6 98.6 111.1 _ 101.7 79.1 147.3 - Data not available. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 89 MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW September 1986 • Current Labor Statistics: Injury and Illness Data 48. Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States Incidence rates per 100 full-time workers2 Industry and type of case1 1984 1983 1982 1981 1980 1979 1978 1977 1976 P R IV A T E S E C T O R 3 9.2 3.5 60.5 9.3 3.8 61.6 9.4 4.1 63.5 9.5 4.3 67.7 8.7 4.0 65.2 8.3 3.8 61.7 7.7 3.5 58.7 7.6 3.4 58.5 3.7 63.4 1 1 .0 11.5 5.1 81.1 1 1 .6 11.7 5.7 83.7 11.9 5.8 82.7 12.3 5.9 82.8 1 1 .8 11.9 1 2 .0 4.7 83.3 5.9 6.1 6.1 8 6 .0 90.8 90.7 1 1 .0 l0 .9 1 1 .2 1 1 .6 6 .0 6 .8 6.5 163.6 6 .2 128.8 11.5 6.4 143.2 11.4 5.8 114.4 146.4 10.5 5.4 137.3 8.4 4.5 125.1 9.7 5.3 160.2 15.3 5.5 105.0 15.5 5.9 111.5 16.0 6.4 109.4 15.7 6.5 117.0 15.1 6.3 113.1 14.6 115.7 14.8 6.3 118.2 15.5 6.9 128.1 14.5 5.2 15.0 5.7 1 0 0 .2 1 1 1 .2 15.5 6.5 113.0 15.1 1 0 0 .0 15.9 6.3 105.3 15.4 6.9 121.3 16.6 6.7 123.1 16.3 6.3 117.6 15.5 6.7 118.9 1 2 .2 8 .0 A g r ic u lt u r e , f o r e s t r y , a n d f is h in g 3 5.4 80.7 M in in g 150.5 C o n s tr u c tio n 16.2 6 .8 120.4 General building contractors: 16.3 6 .8 14.1 5.9 14.4 6.1 107.1 1 1 2 .0 113.0 14.9 15.4 106.0 15.1 5.8 113.1 15.2 14.7 6 .6 6 .2 119.3 5.4 86.7 18.6 9.5 171.8 Heavy construction contractors: 16.3 5.5 109.2 16.0 5.7 116.7 16.6 6 .2 110.9 15.6 15.8 6.1 6 .6 115.5 1 1 1 .0 13.2 4.8 79.5 13.1 5.1 82.3 13.2 5.6 84.9 13.3 5.9 90.2 22.1 22.3 10.4 178.0 2 2 .6 20.7 9.7 167.3 11.1 1 0 .8 178.8 175.9 16.9 17.2 6 .0 6 .0 17.6 7.1 99.6 16.8 15.3 5.6 105.8 6 .2 122.4 14.9 6.4 131.7 118.6 14.8 6.4 119.0 15.8 7.1 130.1 11.5 5.1 82.0 1 0 .2 1 0 .0 1 0 .6 4.4 75.0 4.3 73.5 4.7 77.9 17.6 9.0 158.4 16.9 8.3 153.3 18.3 9.2 163.5 19.6 9.9 172.0 15.1 13.9 5.5 85.6 14.1 5.7 83.0 15.3 6.4 101.5 6 .0 Special trade contractors: 16.0 6.9 124.3 6 .0 6 .2 M a n u fa c tu r in g D u r a b le g o o d s Lumber and wood products: Furniture and fixtures: 94.5 92.0 17.5 6.9 95.9 16.1 6.4 114.1 16.9 6.9 120.4 16.8 7.8 126.3 16.6 6.3 114.8 16.2 17.0 7.5 123.6 16.0 6 .6 6 .2 97.6 91.9 15.0 7.1 128.1 14.1 6.9 Stone, clay, and glass products: 8 .0 133.7 119.4 17.3 8.1 134.7 6 .0 6 .6 1 2 2 .2 1 1 2 .2 1 1 2 .0 1 2 0 .8 15.2 7.1 128.3 14.4 6.7 121.3 12.4 5.4 13.3 1 0 1 .6 12.4 5.4 103.4 18.5 15.3 6.4 102.5 10.7 4.2 Fabricated metal products: 96.5 6 6 .0 9.8 3.6 58.1 10.7 4.1 65.8 7.4 3.1 48.4 6.5 2.7 42.2 2.6 2 .8 41.4 45.0 6 8 .8 112.4 118.4 17.5 7.5 109.9 14.0 4.7 69.9 14.4 5.4 75.1 14.7 5.9 83.6 13.7 5.5 81.3 12.9 5.1 74.9 8.5 8.6 8.0 3.C 46.7 8.7 3.3 50.3 8.6 2.8 3.4 51.9 3.3 51.8 11.6 109.8 14.2 4.6 70.6 6 .8 19.3 8 .0 8 .0 Machinery, except electrical: Electric and electronic equipment: 44.9 Transportation equipment: 12.4 4.7 73.6 1 1 .f 5.C 79.: 7.2 2.4 36.' 7.( 2.‘ 37.' 1 1 .' 11. 4.C 59.' 4. 58. 7 90 6.1 6.3 6 .8 9.3 4.2 5.5 85.9 10.5 4.9 82.4 9.6 4.6 78.1 9.2 4.C 72.2 8.4 3.6 64.5 6 .S 7.2 6.6 6.6 2.6 2.' 41.6 2 .’ 5.6 2 .: 37.C 5.2 2.5 37.C 2.1 2 .2 35.6 37.5 9.Î 4. 69.! 9.! 4.( 6 6 .: 10.5 4.3 70.2 40.C Miscellaneous manufacturing industries: https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 15.1 11.5 5.1 78.C Instruments and related products: See footnotes at end of table. 6.1 115.3 16.1 6.7 104.9 19.9 8.7 124.2 19.1 7.2 109.0 18.9 13.6 13.1 6.1 Primary metal industries: 6 .8 13.0 11.5 4.Î 66.' 1 1 .' 4.‘ 67.‘ 10.9 4.' 67.S _ 39.2 1 0 .’ 4.' 6 8 .: 5.4 J_____ 48. Continued— Occupational injury and illness incidence rates by industry, United States I n c id e n c e r a te s p e r 1 0 0 f u ll- tim e w o r k e r s 2 In d u s try a n d tyf>e o f c a s e 1 1977 1976 1979 1978 1982 1981 1980 1984 1983 Nondurable g oo ds F o o d a n d k in d r e d p r o d u c ts : 19.3 8 .0 123.8 16.7 17.8 16.7 8 .6 8 .0 130.7 8.1 8 .2 3.8 45.8 3.9 56.8 9.7 3.4 61.3 9.1 3.3 62.8 6.5 6.5 6.4 6.3 2 .0 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2 .2 2.1 31.7 32.4 34.1 34.9 35.0 13.6 5.0 13.5 5.7 103.3 13.5 1 1 .6 108.4 12.7 5.8 112.3 5.4 103.6 7.0 2.9 43.8 7.1 3.1 45.1 6.9 3.1 46.5 6.7 3.0 47.4 6 .6 6 .6 2 .8 45.7 2.9 44.6 6.5 2.9 46.0 7.8 3.3 50.9 7.7 3.5 54.9 6 .8 6 .6 3.1 50.3 3.0 48.1 5.7 2.5 39.4 5.5 2.5 42.3 5.3 2.4 40.8 7.9 3.4 58.3 7.7 3.6 62.0 7.2 3.5 59.1 6.7 2.9 51.2 5.3 2.5 46.4 5.5 2.4 46.8 5.1 2.4 53.5 17.1 17.1 6 .0 6 .2 125.5 127.1 14.6 7.2 117.4 13.0 8 .2 15.5 7.4 118.6 12.7 8.1 100.9 101.4 13.6 6.4 104.3 11.5 5.1 82.6 9.9 4.5 86.5 1 0 .0 4.4 87.3 9.0 5.3 19.5 8.5 130.1 19.4 8.9 132.2 19.9 9.5 141.8 18.7 9.0 136.8 9.1 3.8 66.7 8.7 4.0 58.6 9.3 4.2 64.8 1 0 .2 1 0 .2 2.9 57.4 3.4 61.5 6.7 129.3 16.5 7.9 131.2 131.6 7.2 3.2 44.6 6.5 3.0 42.8 7.7 3.2 51.7 8 .8 7.6 7.4 8 .0 3.2 59.2 2 .8 2 .8 53.8 51.4 3.0 54.0 6 .0 36.4 6.4 2.4 40.6 6.7 2.5 40.9 1 0 .6 1 0 .0 4.9 99.1 4.5 90.3 10.4 4.7 93.8 8.1 T o b a c c o m a n u fa c tu rin g : 1 0 .0 4.1 62.5 T e x t ile m ill p r o d u c ts : 10.5 2.7 55.5 A p p a r e l a n d o t h e r te x tile p ro d u c ts : 6.7 1.9 31.0 P a p e r a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts : 13.7 4.7 94.8 1 0 1 .6 6 .8 6 .8 2 .6 40.3 2.7 41.7 8 .2 8 .0 3.1 50.6 3.1 51.4 7.9 3.2 62.5 3.3 59.2 16.8 7.1 113.3 16.8 7.6 118.1 6 .0 P r in tin g a n d p u b lis h in g : C h e m ic a ls a n d a llie d p r o d u c ts : P e t r o le u m a n d c o a l p r o d u c ts : 8.1 R u b b e r a n d m is c e lla n e o u s p la s t ic s p r o d u c ts : L e a t h e r a n d le a th e r p r o d u c ts : 10.5 4.7 94.4 4.1 69.0 11.5 4.4 68.9 11.7 4.7 72.5 11.5 4.9 76.2 11.7 5.0 82.7 9.8 5.0 94.0 9.7 5.3 95.9 10.1 1 0 .0 1 0 0 .6 8.5 4.9 96.7 8 .8 5.9 107.0 9.4 5.5 104.5 8 .2 5.7 102.3 4.7 94.9 5.2 105.1 7.5 7.7 2.9 44.0 7.9 3.2 44.9 3.4 49.0 7.4 3.2 48.7 7.3 3.1 45.3 7.2 3.1 45.5 7.2 3.1 47.8 7.4 3.3 50.5 8.5 3.6 52.5 8.9 3.9 57.5 8 .8 8 .2 4.1 59.1 3.9 58.2 7.7 3.6 54.7 7.1 3.4 52.1 7.0 3.2 50.6 7.2 3.5 55.5 7.5 39.7 7.4 2.7 40.5 39.7 7.7 3.1 44.7 7.1 2.9 44.5 7.1 2.9 41.1 7.2 2.9 42.6 7.3 3.0 46.7 7.5 3.2 48.4 2 .0 2 .0 2.1 2.1 2 .0 .7 .8 .8 1 1 .6 10.4 5.5 1 1 .6 T ra n sp o rta tio n and pub lic u tilitie s W holesale and reta il trad e 2 .8 43.2 8 .0 W h o le s a le tra d e : 8.1 3.3 51.8 R e t a il tra d e : 7.2 2 .6 2 .8 Finance, Insurance, and real estate 1.9 2 .0 2 .0 .8 .8 1 2 .2 1 1 .6 .9 13.2 .9 12.5 .9 13.3 1 2 .8 1.9 .9 13.6 5.5 2.4 36.2 5.5 2.5 38.1 5.2 2.3 35.8 5.0 2.3 35.9 4.9 2.3 35.8 5.1 2.4 37.0 5.2 2.5 41.1 Servicen 5.3 1 T o t a l c a s e s I n c lu d e fa t a litie s . 2 T h e in c id e n c e r a te s r e p r e s e n t th e n u m b e r o f in ju rie s a n d illn e s s e s o r lo s t w o r k d a y s p e r 1 0 0 fu ll- tim e w o r k e r s a n d w e r e c a lc u la t e d a s : ( N / E H ) X 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 , w h e re : N = n u m b e r o f in ju r ie s a n d illn e s s e s o r lo s t w o r k d a y s . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 2 .0 2 .2 38.4 35.4 E H = to ta l h o u r s w o r k e d b y a ll e m p lo y e e s d u r in g c a le n d a r y e a r. 2 0 0 ,0 0 0 = b a s e f o r 1 0 0 f u ll- tim e e q u iv a le n t w o r k e r s (w o r k in g 4 0 h o u r s p e r w e e k , 5 0 w e e k s p e r y e a r.) 3 E x c lu d e s f a r m s w ith f e w e r th a n 11 e m p lo y e e s s in c e 1 9 7 6 . 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