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Monthly
Labor
Review
SEPTEM BER
1957
VOL.
80
NO.
Effects of a Plant Shutdown in a Depressed Area
The Price of Medical Care Over the Last Two Decades
Salaries in Private Hospitals, 1956-57
Producers’ Cooperatives in the Soviet Union
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
James P. Mitchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E w an C laque,
H
enry
H
erman
W.
D
Commissioner
J . F it z g e r a l d ,
Assistant Commissioner
B . B yer,
Assistant Commissioner
E v a n s,
Assistant Commissioner
uane
P h il ip A r n o w ,
Assistant Commissioner
Arnold E. Chase , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
J oseph P. G oldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
L e o n G r e e n b e r g , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Office of Management
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
F rank S. M cE lroy, Chief, Division of Industrial Hazards
H. E. R iley , Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
Oscar W eigert , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
M orris W eisz, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L a w r e n c e R. K l e i n , Editor-in-Chief
M a r y S. B e d e l l , Executive Editor
CONTENTS
Special Articles
1047
1053
1059
1064
1069
Employment Effects of a Plant Shutdown in a Depressed Area
Medical Care in the Consumer Price Index, 1936-56
Decisionmaking Under Collective Bargaining
Producers’ Cooperatives in the Soviet Union
Hours of Work and Leave Provisions in the USSR
Summaries of Studies and Reports
1074
1083
1087
1092
Salaries and Supplementary Benefits in Private Hospitals, 1956-57
Labor Adjustments for Changes in Technology at an Oil Refinery
Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage in Three Seasonal Industries
The $1 Minimum Wage Impact on 15 Oklahoma Industries
Departments
hi
1073
1102
1096
1098
1103
1105
1112
1118
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month in Review
Conferences and Institutes, October 16 to November 15, 1957
Union Conventions, October 16 to November 15, 1957
Foreign Labor Briefs
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
September 1957 • Voi. 80 • No. 9
Beginning in the October issue—
■
A n important two-part article on Technological Unemployment
B ased on a com prehensive study of M ain ten an ce of W ay
E m ploym ent on U. S. R ailroads, the article—w ritten b y
W illiam H aber, professor of econom ics a t th e U niversity of
M ichigan, a n d M ark L. K ahn, asso ciate professor of eco
nom ics a t W ayne S tate U niversity—m akes proposals for
rem ed ial efforts a n d also ex am in es th e sea so n a l a n d cycli
c a l in stab ility of m ain te n a n c e of w ay em ploym ent.
In introducing th e re search report w hich form ed th e basis
for th e article p re p a re d esp ecially for th e M onthly Labor
Review, Sum ner Slichter com m ented: "The authors' e v a lu a
tion of th e shorter w orkw eek a s a m ethod of ea sin g the
ad ju stm en t to tech n o lo g ical c h a n g e a n d m arket shifts is a
m odel of discrim inating a n a ly s is /'
★
★
★
★
★
Also in th e O ctober Issue: P ap ers from the S eptem ber
m eeting of th e In dustrial R elations R esearch A ssociation.
NOTE . . . S ubscription ren ew als to in clu d e th e O ctober
issue m ust b e receiv ed b y O ctober 10.
Order through the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25; D. C. (by check or money order) or any
of the following Bureau of Labor Statistics regional offices:
341 9th Ave.
New York 1, N. Y .
18 Oliver St.
105 West Adams St.
Boston 10, Mass. Chicago 3, III.
50 7th St., NE.
Atlanta 3, G a.
Price, $6.25 a year; 55 cents,^single copies.
ii
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630 Sansome St.
San Francisco 11, Calif.
The Labor Month
in Review
was to mark two pivotal
events for the organized labor movement of the
United States, both involving James R. Hoffa,
Teamster vice president. On September 24, the
Executive Council of the AFL-CIO was to receive
a report from its Ethical Practices Committee
based on a September 5 and 6 hearing on charges
of corrupt practices in the 1.5 million-member
Teamsters union. A week later the Teamsters
were to open their quinquennial convention at
which Hoffa’s election as president was expected.
Testimony during Hoffa’s 4-day appearance
before the Senate select committee investigating
misdeeds in the labor and management field formed
the basis of the Ethical Practices Committee’s re
port. There were charges that he had violated
all six of the AFL-CIO ethical practices codes, in
cluding chartering of paper locals, association with
racketeers, personal financial dealings with com
panies with which he had collective bargaining
relations, taking union funds for personal use,
undemocratic procedures in the union, and im
proper relations with welfare fund insurance
carriers.
The report was the third filed against the
Teamsters by the AFL-CIO. Nevertheless, there
were indications that the Teamsters desired to re
main within the federation. During the Senate
hearing, Hoffa promised to divest himself of his
“conflict of interest” business ventures and to
run a “good” union and institute reforms if elected
president. The General Executive Board of the
Teamsters on August 29 established a committee
of its own to investigate six paper locals in the
New York City area which had been chartered
with Hoffa’s aid prior to a New York Teamster
Joint Council 16 election in which Hoffa was sup
porting one of the candidates.
More trouble for Teamster officials came late
in August in the form of a 7-count indictment
against Dave Beck, president, for income tax
evasion, and a 1-year jail sentence and a $1,000
T he end of S eptem ber
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fine against Frank Brewster, a vice president, for
contempt of Congress in refusing to surrender
union records to a Congressional committee which,
he claimed, lacked proper authority. He later
gave the records to the Senate select committee.
Labor Day addresses of both George Meany,
AFL-CIO president, and A1 Hayes, president of
the Machinists and chairman of the Ethical
Practices Committee, took note of the recent
disclosures of corruption. Mr. Meany asserted
that “there is no room in the labor movement for
those who betray their trust . . . embezzle union
funds [and] make common cause with gangsters
and racketeers . . .” Mr. Hayes devoted his
entire talk to “the subject of graft, racketeering,
corruption, dishonesty and unethical practices in
the labor movement,” asking that the sins of the
few not be made the basis for an attack on the labor
movement as a whole.
A lmost obscured by more colorful labor news
were actions taken by the Executive Council of the
AFL-CIO at its meeting August 12-15. The
Council, among other decisions, appropriated
$50,000 for aid in developing African trade union
leadership; supported legislation providing full
disclosure of fiscal detail in connection with health
and welfare plans; commended Polish transport
workers for their recent strike in defiance of the
Communist government; and rejected a request
for union recognition from its own organizers on
the grounds that the ordinary employer-employee
relationship did not exist. It also congratulated
the Department of Labor for its handling of the
migratory farm labor problem in the Pacific
Northwest, but at the same time called for a
curtailment of importation of Mexican farm labor
and for increased funds to cope with enforcement
of minimum living standards for migratory farm
labor. The Council expressed apprehension over
current economic policies and trends. It named
Dr. Jonas Salk, discoverer of the polio vaccine, to
receive its 1957 Murray-Green Award of $5,000.
Application of the 215,000-member Brotherhood
of Railway Trainmen for affiliation was pro
visionally approved. Action on the case of
Maurice Hutcheson, Carpenter president, who
pleaded the Fifth Amendment before a Senate
subcommittee, was deferred. He had refused to
testify regarding alleged quick-profit deals conrn
IV
nected with sales of highway rights of way.
Meanwhile an Indiana grand jury inquiring into
the case refused to indict him. No union funds
were involved.
W it h in inter n a tio n a l u n io n s there were several
developments of note in mid-August. The Inter
national Typographical Union, meeting in its
99th convention, voted permission to its locals
to seek a 4-day, 32-hour workweek in contract
negotiations. Most present schedules call for 5
days of 7K hours each. Proposals for a dues
increase and creation of a strike defense fund
through membership assessment were again sub
mitted for referendum approval. Woodruff Ran
dolph, president, announced plans to retire next
July, after 14 years in office.
Another union in convention—the Oil, Chemical
and Atomic Workers—also resolved for a 32-hour
workweek, but rejected a dues increase proposal.
Merger of the union with the International Chemi
cal Workers Union was predicted in a convention
address by the head of the latter group.
Delegates to the American Federation of Teach
ers convention indicated opposition to proposals
for a 12-month school term; made plans for an
organization drive, especially among college facul
ties, to double its membership of 51,000; charged
that juvenile delinquency forced teachers to divert
too much time from teaching; and ordered a tax
resource study made in the 48 States to support
the need for Federal funds for education.
Nevada became the 28th State in which former
AFL and CIO State organizations merged. But
early in September, projected merger plans for
the State bodies in Illinois were abandoned when
the parties became deadlocked over representation
in the new organization.
The United Auto Workers on August 18 made
an early sally in advance of its bargaining sessions
with the major automobile manufacturers next
spring. In letters to the General Motors, Chrys
ler, and Ford companies, President Walter P.
Reuther wrote that if the manufacturers would cut
the prices of their 1958 models by $100, “we
. . . will give full consideration to the effect of
such reductions on your corporation’s financial
position in the drafting of our 1958 demands and
in our negotiations.” A special convention of the
United Auto Workers has been scheduled for
January 1958 to formulate union demands.
The union’s purpose, the letters declared, was to
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
help fight inflation. Beginning with General
Motors on August 22, the day a 3-cent-an-hour
cost-of-living increase for most auto workers was
announced, the three managements rejected the
union’s proposal, generally pointing out that
product pricing was not a matter for collective
bargaining, that car prices had risen less than labor
costs, and that the union suggestion was specific
only in respect to the price cut.
A somewhat similar argument occurred between
the steel industry and the United Steelworkers
before the Senate Antitrust and Monopoly sub
committee. Company witnesses had related in
creases in steel prices in part to a rise in wages
above the rise in productivity. The union con
tended that steel prices could have been cut by
the same amount they were raised on July 1 and
still result in greater after-tax net profits than
realized last year.
M etropolitan n e w spa pe r s in Boston (7) and
Detroit (3) were closed in August by strikes of
mailers unions. In St. Louis, two papers were
shut down on September 7 by a 1-day strike of
electricians over wages. The Detroit strike,
caused by discharge of mailers who had refused to
work overtime at one paper, was complicated by
the fact that the International Mailers Union
(Ind.) had no contract with the publishers,
although the Typographical Union’s mailers’ local
did. The settlement on August 24, after a week’s
shutdown, involved arbitration of the discharge
issue through the grievance procedure of the
Typographical Union. The latter union had pro
tested the strike and the refusal of Teamsters to
cross the ITU mailers picket line. In Boston,
the strike involved wages and was settled after
nearly 3 weeks by submission of the wage demand
to arbitration.
The Goodyear Atomic Corp. and the Oil,
Chemical and Atomic Workers settled a dispute at
the company’s Portsmouth, Ohio, plant which had
prompted use of the Taft-Hartley Act’s national
emergency provisions. A 3-year contract pro
vides an immediate 13-cent-an-hour pay increase
(with 11 cents retroactive to April 30), 9 additional
cents in April 1958, and permits a wage reopening
in 1959.
At mid-September, a strike of 54,000 telephone
installers and other Bell System workers—repre
sented by the Communications Workers of
America—over wage demands was imminent.
Employment Effects
of a Plant Shutdown
in a Depressed Area
R ichard
C. W ilcock *
C hronic unem ploym ent and low family incomes
in the so-called depressed labor market areas have
received increased attention in recent years be
cause they are symptoms of a significant weakness
in an otherwise prosperous and expanding econ
omy.1 This article summarizes some of the major
findings in a study of the effects of a major plant
shutdown on a community which already had a
high level of unemployment. Questionnaire and
interview data were obtained at the beginning of
the third year after the shutdown but before any
effective local solutions to the employment prob
lem had been found.2
The Depressed Area
Mt. Vernon is an industrial and trading center
in the southern part of Illinois and is the only
city of significant size in Jefferson County. In
1956, the estimated population of Jefferson County
was 37,000 with about half of the population
living in Mt. Vernon. As in a number of other
southern Illinois counties, the main sources of
employment for many years were farming, coal
mining, manufacturing, and trade.3 With the
decline of the bituminous-coal industry in southern
Illinois starting in the midtwenties, a deficiency
in the number of job opportunities, affecting
both the urban and rural populations, developed
and has persisted almost continuously to the
present day. Because many of the farms in the
area are small and the quality of much of the soil
is relatively poor, many farmers and farm workers
have depended upon a combination of farm and
off-farm work (typically in the mines and factories)
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in order to obtain a reasonable standard of living.4
The decline in coal mining and periodic down
swings in industrial employment have meant a
lack of off-farm job opportunities and consequent
unemployment and underemployment for many
of the rural residents as well as long periods of
relatively high unemployment and underemploy
ment among the urban population. Neither the
influx of new industries such as oil production
nor the outmigration of young persons entering
the labor force and unemployed workers has ever
*Associate Professor, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, Uni
versity of Illinois.
1
Recent analyses have included: William H. Miernyk, Depressed Indus
trial Areas—A National Problem (Washington, National Planning Associ
ation, Planning Pamphlet 98, 1957); Sar A. Levitan, Federal Assistance to
Labor Surplus Areas, a report prepared at the request of the chairman of
the Committee on Banking and Currency, U. S. House of Representatives
(85th Cong., 1st sess.), April 15, 1957; Distressed Areas: A National Problem
(in Labor’s Economic Review, AFL-CIO, Washington, April 1957); and
Guy Waterman, Adjustment to Localized Unemployment (in American
Economic Security, Chamber of Commerce of the United States, Washing
ton, November-December 1956, pp. 25-39).
5
This study was conducted by the University of Illinois under contract
to the U. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics. A full
report on the study is being prepared for publication.
Mail questionnaires were sent to all former production and maintenance
employees of the Pressed Steel Car Co., M t. Vernon, 111., who had been
laid off in 1953 or 1954. Of 1,908 such employees who were members of the
Brotherhood of Railway Carmen or the International Association of M a
chinists, 1,539, or 80.7 percent, completed questionnaires (1,453 were returned
by mail and 86 were obtained through personal followup). In addition to
the questionnaires, 400 interviews were held with workers who had been
laid off from the Car Shops, representing 21 percent of the population being
studied. Among respondents to the mail questionnaire, there were 329
interviews (21.4 percent) and among nonrespondents, 71 interviews (19.2
percent).
The 86 questionnaires obtained by personal followups represent a sample
of nonrespondents drawn at random from individuals in the population with
known M t. Vernon addresses. The 86 also include information from 4 non
respondents living in other labor market areas. The 329 mail questionnaire
respondents who were interviewed were selected at random from 6 strata
(persons employed full time in the M t. Vernon labor market area and resid
ing in M t. Vernon or on rural routes of the M t. Vernon Post Office; persons
employed full time in the M t. Vernon area but with post office addresses
other than M t. Vernon; unemployed living within the M t. Vernon area;
“underemployed”—that is, those working part time or earning a subsist
ence income and, at the same time, actively seeking full-time or higher pay
ing employment—who were living in the area; “commuters” or “out-of-town
workers”—that is, those still living in the M t. Vernon area who had full
time jobs in other labor market areas beyond normal computing distances;
and “migrants” or those both living and working in other labor market areas).
This stratification was based on a formula which took into account the esti
mated distribution of nonrespondents and the cost of interviews and pro
vided a method for obtaining a distribution of interviews with both respond
ents and nonrespondents to the mail questionnaire.
Data obtained from the laid-off workers through the mail questionnaires
and interviews were supplemented by data obtained through interviews
with businessmen, public officials, and civic leaders in the community.
3 In 1950, according to the Census, agriculture, trade, and manufacturing
accounted for almost 60 percent of Jefferson County employment (20.0, 19.3,
and 19.7 percent, respectively). The once-important mining industry
provided only 5 percent of the jobs. County and City Data Book [A Statis
tical Abstract Supplement of the U. S. Bureau of the Census]: 1952, p. 156.
4 For a report of the common practice of combining farm and nonfarm work
in southern Illinois, see Morris A. Horowitz, Farm and Non-Farm Work by
Open-Country Residents in Two Southern Illinois Counties (Urbana, Uni
versity of Illinois, Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, November
1948). The two counties in this study are adjacent to Jefferson County.
1047
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1048
1. Number of persons in the labor force by employ
ment status, Jefferson, Wayne, and Hamilton counties,
III., October 195J+-April 1956
T able
Date
October 1954_____________________
April 1955 . .
_________________
October 1955 ____________________
April 1956............................ ..................
Labor
force
24, 725
24,200
23, 450
23, 700
Employ Unemploy
ment
ment
21,425
21,450
21, 600
21,050
3,300
2,750
1,850
2, 650
Source: Bureau of Employment Security, U. S. Department of Labor.
been great enough, except during World War II,
to reduce unemployment to a relatively moderate
level.
Effect oj the Shutdown. The “Car Shops” in Mt.
Vernon, 111., had been building freight cars under
various ownership since before the turn of the
century. During many of the years of its life,
the plant was the dominant industrial employer
in the community but in other years the plant
was completely closed. The longest shutdown was
during the depth of the depression of the thirties.
The most recent layoff before the final closing
occurred during much of 1950 and 1951. Not
long after, the last owner of the Shops, the Pressed
Steel Car Company, made the decision to dis
continue all freight-car building operations in Mt.
Vernon and elsewhere. Between February 1953
and March 1954, more than 2,000 employees of
the firm, or well over half of Mt. Vernon’s indus
trial employment, were laid off.5 In March 1954,
only a few maintenance men and watchmen
remained at the Car Shops. Finally, in the spring
of 1956, much of the machinery and equipment
was auctioned off and no doubt remained that
freight car building had disappeared from Mt.
Vernon.
The final layoff of some 1,100 persons early in
1954 increased the already high level of unemploy
ment in Jefferson, Wayne, and Hamilton counties
from approximately 12 percent to more than 16
percent.6 Unemployment dropped steadily from
early 1954 through late 1955. Although rising in
April 1956, unemployment was still below the 1954
level. The significance of the unemployment drop
for the three-county area is that it was the result
of labor force shrinkage and not of an expansion
in the number of jobs, as shown in table 1.
The decline in both employment and unemploy
ment between 1954 and 1956 resulted from a
heavy outmigration of workers to jobs in other
areas. This outmigration was not a satisfactory
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solution to the unemployment problem from the
point of view of either the workers involved or
the community and, in spite of the migration, the
level of unemployment was still well above 10
percent in April 1956, and about 10 percent
again, a year later, in April 1957.7
With the unfavorable labor market situation, it
is not surprising that large numbers of those laid
off experienced protracted unemployment. The
mail questionnaire data show that 3 out of 4 of the
Car Shop workers laid off in 1953 and 1954 experi
enced a month or more of total unemployment
after layoff, with 54 percent having 6 or more
months of joblessness and 31 percent having a
year or more without work. Four-fifths of the
laid-off workers drew unemployment insurance
benefits, and of those drawing benefits, more than
half (54 percent) exhausted them.8 Through extrap
olation, it is estimated that approximately 1,500
of the 1,900 production workers laid off in 1953 and
1954 received unemployment insurance and in all,
received at least 30,000 weeks of benefits, or an
average of 20 weeks for each individual.
The extent and duration of unemployment can
be explained largely by the already high level of
unemployment at the time of the layoffs and the
continuing decline of employment opportunities in
the area after the Car Shops shut down. The dura
tion of unemployment, however, differed a great
deal among the workers laid off. These differences
can be related to the workers’ ability to get jobs
and their personal characteristics. For example,
both those with little or no unemployment and
those with 2 or more years of unemployment were
much more likely to be nonmigrants than out-oftown workers and migrants—44 percent of the
nonmigrants and only 15 percent of the out-oftown workers and migrants were in these cate« At the time of the shutdown, no other manufacturing plant in M t. Vernon
had as many as 500 workers. Industrial products included shoes, garments,
automotive parts, stoves and furnaces, electrical equipment, and food
products.
6
Estimates based on labor market reports, Illinois State Employment
Service, for Jefferson, Wayne, and Hamilton counties. Unemployment
rates in the city of M t. Vernon were undoubtedly higher.
i
Estimated unemployment in the M t. Vernon labor market area in April
1957 was at the same level as in April 1956, although unemployment had
declined in the summer and fall of 1956 due to heavy out-migration of workers
and increased employment in nonmanufaeturing. Unemployment had
again increased in the spring of 1957 because of lower employment levels in
construction and petroleum, additional family members entering the labor
market, and the return of local workers from job layoffs in other areas.
Labor Market Trends: M t. Vernon Area, (Chicago, Illinois State Employ
ment Service), November 1956 and May 1957.
8
Illinois law provides for the payment of unemployment benefits for a
maximum of 26 weeks.
EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF A PLANT SHUTDOWN
1049
Age distribution of laid-off workers by duration of
unemployment and unemployment insurance benefits
Unemployment and Age. Except for those who
could go into business for themselves, including
those with farms, and the few who could find jobs
quickly through friends or relatives, the laid-off
workers were thrown into the labor market to find
jobs as best they could. Many factors can in
fluence the ability of a worker to find a job, but
the data in this study show that the two significant
factors were age and years of schooling. The total
length of unemployment experienced and the
amount of unemployment insurance drawn varied
directly with age. (See table 2.)
Length of unemployment was also related to the
number of years of school completed. (See table
3.) However, the data indicate that, for this
group of workers, there was a more significant
relationship between age and length of unemploy
ment than between education level and length
of unemployment.9
T a ble 2.
[Percent of workers]
Duration of unemploy
ment 1
Duration of unemploy
ment insurance benefits2
Age
Less
than 2
weeks
2 weeks
6
1 to 25
26
to 5 months N one3 weeks weeks4
months or more
Under 25........... ..........
25-34______________
35-44______________
45-54______________
55-64______________
65 and over *.\______
18
29
28
23
15
41
44
29
26
19
9
8
38
42
46
58
66
51
48
32
24
15
8
6
36
46
40
33
27
21
16
22
36
52
65
73
All ages____ _______
25
21
54
20
36
44
1 Based on 1,407 questionnaires.
2 Based on 1,378 questionnaires.
3 Includes inéligibles.
4 Includes workers who drew maximum benefits to which they were entitled
but for less than 26 weeks.
5 Includes only those workers who were still in the labor force, i. e., seeking
work, at the time they submitted answers to mail questionna res (March
and April 1956).
gories. The explanation seems to be that those
who could quickly find local employment or who
already had a source of employment (such as the
many small-farm owners) stayed in the area and,
in addition, those who because of age or other
reasons were least employable also stayed in the
area as underemployed or unemployed.
In contrast, a large majority of the out-of-town
workers and migrants had from 3 to 18 months of
unemployment, indicating that many sought and
found jobs in other areas only when convinced
that they were not going to find jobs in the local
area. Most of these workers took out-of-area
factory jobs because factory work in other labor
markets was a second-best alternative to the nonavailable factory jobs in Mt. Vernon. They were
workers who, if they owned farmland, could not
make a satisfactory living or, if they did not own
land, did not feel qualified for or could not obtain
nonindustrial jobs, could not earn an adequate
living doing odd jobs, or did not have the capital
or did not feel qualified to go into business for
themselves.
• The older workers had, on the average, fewer years of school than younger
workers, but a cross-analysis shows that lack of education was related to dura
tion of unemployment, independent of age. The data indicate that unem
ployment tended to last longer, in each age group, for those with less educa
tion, b ut it also shows that unemployment increased with age in each educa
tional group. On the whole, the effect of age seemed to be greater than the
effect of lack of education.
10 For the definition of underemployed, see footnote 2.
11 Of the 1,539 who completed questionnaires, 1,053 were nonmigrants.
Of these nonmigrants, 557, or only a little more than one-half, were fully
employed. Among the 496 remaining, 173 were underemployed, 179 were
unemployed, and 144 had left the labor force.
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T a ble
3.
Duration of unemployment by educational
achievement
[Percent of workers]
Duration of unem ploym ent1
Number of years of school completed
All groups______________ ________
Less than 8 grades_______ ________
8 g ra d e s.______ ____ ______ . . . _.
9 through 11 grades......... ...... ..............
12 g rad es._____ _________ ______
13 grades or more____ ____________
Less than
2 weeks
2 weeks to
5 months
25
23
24
26
30
24
21
16
18
24
31
53
6 months
or more
54
61
58
50
39
23
1 Based on 1,370 mail questionnaires.
Employment Experience
At the time they completed questionnaires
(March and April 1956), almost one-third of the
ex-Car Shoppers (32 percent) were unemployed,
obviously underemployed,10 or had withdrawn
from the labor force. Another third (32 percent)
were fully employed but were working in other
labor market areas.
Nonmigrants. Only a little more than one-third
(36 percent) had full-time jobs in the Mt. Vernon
area, and many of these workers, although work
ing full time, were earning substantially less than
they had at the Car Shops. Only about half of
the nonmigrants (that is, those not worldng in
other labor market areas) had employment which
they considered to be satisfactory at the time of
the study.11
f
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
1050
Those who were fully employed were younger,
on the average, than the underemployed, unem
ployed, and out-of-the-labor-force groups and
they also had more years of schooling (table 4).
While the proportion of home ownership was high
among all of the groups (averaging more than 70
percent), the percentage of home ownership had
held up for those with jobs but had fallen off
among the unemployed and those out of the labor
force.
Eighty-three percent of those who had jobs in
the Mt. Vernon area were working in nonmanufacturing industries. The largest single group of
locally employed was in agriculture (41 percent),
with manufacturing (17 percent), trade (12 per
cent), and services (11 percent) absorbing smaller
groups. The rapidly expanding oil industry in the
area was not a major source of employment, tak
ing only 5 percent of those who found local em
ployment. In spite of the small numbers in
manufacturing, however, a majority of the locally
employed continued to be manual workers.
Table 5 shows the major occupational groups by
employment and residence status.
The employment experience of the nonmigrants
was exceedingly diverse. Those with farms or
farming experience in most cases returned to farm
ing or continued the farming they had been doing
while working at the Car Shops. Very few took
up farming for the first time, either because of
y
Employment and residence status distribution of
laid-off workers remaining in the Mt. Vernon area, by age
and educational achievement, M arch-April 1956
T a ble 4.
[Percent of workers]
Employment and residence status
Age 1 and years of school2
M t.
Area
Under
Vernon employ
em Unem
employ
ed 4
ployed ployed
ed3
Out of
labor
force 5
Age 1--------------------------Under 25-....... . .....
25-34______________
35-44_______________
45-54______________
55-64_______________
65 and over_________
100
2
23
28
26
16
5
100
5
26
33
24
10
2
100
2
11
28
27
28
4
100
2
11
17
29
33
8
100
6
4
1
8
18
63
Years of school2________
8 or less____________
9 or more_________ _
100
62
38
100
59
41
100
78
22
100
78
22
100
82
18
1 Based on 1,052 questionnaires.
2 Based on 1,015 questionnaires.
3 Workers with M t. Vernon addresses.
4 Workers with other than M t. Vernon addresses employed in the M t.
Vernon area.
5 Not seeking employment.
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inability to acquire land or lack of interest.12
Of those who did not enter farming for a liveli
hood almost all had to change industry and oc
cupation, and almost every industry and nonpro
fessional occupation in Mt. Vernon had some exCar Shoppers at the time of the study.
The diversity of employment that was accepted
by the nonmigrants after the layoff is an indi
cation of their strong desire to remain in the com
munity. This attachment is also demonstrated
by the fact that most of those who were seeking
jobs (the unemployed), and those who were seek
ing better jobs (the underemployed and many of
the fully employed) were looking for jobs only in
the local area. The personal interview data show
quite cleariy that these people preferred to stay
in Mt. Vernon because of property and personal
ties and that they would continue to stay as
long as they could manage it, even at the cost of
substantially lower wages than could be earned
elsewhere.13
Out-of-tovm Workers and Migrants. Perhaps the
most significant finding about the workers who
had taken jobs in other labor market areas is that
at the time of the study (March and April 1956)
43 percent of them still had their homes and
families in the Mt. Vernon area.14 While all of
those who took jobs elsewhere had faced the
same problem of inadequate job opportunities in
Mt. Vernon, the “out-of-town workers/’ rather
than moving their families to the areas where
they found jobs, were attempting to combine
the earning of a satisfactory income with living
in the “hometown.” Many of them felt that
working in other areas was temporary, and they
were willing to endure the hardships of long
distance daily or weekend commuting in order
to be able to maintain their homes in Mt. Vernon.
They were hopeful that enough new industry*
would move into Mt. Vernon to provide them
12 It is of interest to note that a large majority of the underemployed, as
shown in table 5, were working on farms. This is another indication of the
subsistence-income level provided by many of the farms in the area.
13 Three out of four of the nonmigrants interviewed gave reasons for staying
in M t. Vernon that could be grouped under the headings “hometown,”
“ family and friends,” and “farm or other property ownership.”
11 Homeownership in M t. Vernon of the out-of-town workers had actually
increased slightly between the time of the shutdown and the time of the sur
vey—from 74 to 76 percent. Homeownership of the migrants—those who
had taken jobs and residences outside the area—had fallen off but at the time
of the study, 51 percent still owned their homes in M t. Vernon.
EMPLOYMENT EFFECTS OF A PLANT SHUTDOWN
1051
Employment and residence status of laid-ojj
workers upon reemployment, by occupational group,
M arch-April 1956 1
another measure of the great strength of com
munity attachment among these workers. Earn
ings comparisons make the point even more
emphatic when it is considered that the out-oftown workers and the migrants had a good
working knowledge of wage rates in Mt. Vernon.
The chart shows how the locally employed, on the
average, had fallen well below their Car Shop
earnings while the out-of-town workers and mi
grants, for the most part, had increased their earn
ings. In spite of this, the interviews gave the
clear impression that most of the workers who had
found employment elsewhere would have traded
places with the fully employed nonmigrants.
T a ble 5.
Surveyed
employ
ment
Employment
and resi
dence status
Occupational group
Manual labor2
ProAgrifes- CleriNum Per sional cal Serv cul
Semi Un
and ices ture
ber cent and
Skilled skilled skilled
mana sales
gerial
Percent of workers
Mt.W emon
employed__
Area employed
Underemployed------Out-of-town
worker------Migrant
..
18
15
24
17
13
14
100
100
8
7
5
4
10
3
22
40
127
100
3
0
3
85
4
3
3
205
275
100
100
2
4
4
2
3
7
0
5
40
36
31
31
20
15
263
287
1 Based on 1,157 questionnaires presenting detailed information.
2 Includes manual jobs in extraction and construction as well as manu
facturing.
N ote: Because of rounding, percentages m ay not add to 100.
with job opportunities comparable to those that
had existed at the Car Shops.
The balance of workers (57 percent) who had
found employment outside the area, moved with
their families because distances were too great
even for weekend commuting, or because they did
not like the long separations from their families,
or because they were not too hopeful of an early
upturn in job prospects in Mt. Vernon. In spite
of their decisions to move, however, almost as
large a proportion of the noncommuting migrants
who were interviewed (44 out of 56 compared
with 43 out of 50 of the out-of-town workers)
said they would prefer jobs in Mt. Vernon to the
jobs they were holding. According to the inter
view responses, a majority in both groups were
willing to accept Mt. Vernon jobs even though it
might mean lower earnings. Living in Mt.
Vernon, if accompanied by a decent job with a
fair wage, was more important to most of them
than the higher average wages which they were
earning in the metropolitan centers, where most
of them had found jobs.15
A Problem for the Whole Community
The questionnaire and interview data show
that more than 2 years after the shutdown the
laid-off workers who remained in the Mt. Vernon
area were, on the average, substantially worse
Proportion of Workers Earning Over $80 per Week,
Car Shop Job and Job at Time of Survey 1
PERCENT
ioor
90 -
Local
W orkers
O u t-of-Tow n
W orkers
Migrants
so -
Earnings and Attitudes of the Reemployed
This willingness to return to Mt. Vernon for
employment, even at a financial sacrifice, is
is One reason for the higher earnings of migrants and out-of-town workers
was that a large majority of them—82 and 73 percent, respectively—had
found employment in occupations similar to those they had in the Car Shops
and therefore could command starting wages equal to or better than those
they had been earning in M t. Vernon.
4 3 6 1 5 7 — 57 ------- 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 D ata based on earnings received in job at Car Shops prior to the final
layoff (between February 1953 and March 1954) and in job held in March or
April 1956.
1052
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
off in terms of income from employment. Most
of those who took jobs in other areas had ex
perienced increases in their income from employ
ment, but very few were satisfied because they
either had to uproot themselves from their home
community or they had to travel long distances
in order to be able to work in other areas and keep
their homes in Mt. Vernon. The migrants, the
commuters, and the nonmigrants, all were anxious
for a substantial increase in the number of good
jobs in Mt. Vernon. Many of them had joined
the Jefferson County Industrial Organization,
which represents a fairly unique attempt by
industrial workers to go after new industry on
their own. Business and civic leaders were also
working hard on the problem of attracting new
industry.16 At the time of the study, the organ
izations working on industrial development were
beginning to have some results, but there was
still a substantial labor surplus in the area.
While persistent localized imbalances in the
labor market can be ended either through out
migration of the unemployed or the creation of
new jobs, the only acceptable solution for the
Mt. Vernon community, according to civic and
business leaders, is the attraction of new industry.
The human cost of “forced” migration was ap
parent to all, particularly since most of the
migrants were either keeping their homes in Mt.
Vernon or retaining close ties, and the economic
cost of unemployment and underemployment was
obvious to both businessmen and workers. Final
ly, there may be another reason why new industry
rather than out-migration seems to be the wiser
policy for this community. Impressions gained
in this study suggest that a community such as
Mt. Vernon, if it does not get new industry, might
continue to “tolerate” an unemployment rate of
10 percent or more of the labor force. The reason
is that job turnover and periodic commuting to
jobs in other areas might keep the duration of
unemployment from being intolerable for most
individuals. Without new industry, therefore,
the effects on the community might well be a
fairly stable and somewhat older population,
continuing high levels of unemployment, and at
the same time, a steady attrition of some of
the best productive talent as younger workers
and high school and college graduates accept
employment in areas with more attractive job
opportunities.
18 M t. Vernon New Industries, Inc., is a nonprofit corporation authorized
to spend monies for the leasing or purchasing of business properties and the
erection of new buildings. The Industrial Development Committee was
established by the M t. Vernon Chamber of Commerce in June 1956, for the
specific purpose of investigating leads for new area employers. It supple
ments the work of M t. Vernon New Industries, which, under the terms of
its charter, cannot spend money directly on the search for new industry.
At the time of the survey, two small manufacturing plants had been brought
in and a third was preparing to enter the M t. Vernon area.
. . . the dependence upon 1 or 2 employers remains a potential threat to
many communities. A special tabulation . . . by the Bureau of the Census
shows that it is a common occurrence that 1 or 2 companies provide more
than 50 percent of the total manufacturing employment in a county. This
is particularly true of rural counties where the total number of jobs in manu
facturing is less than 1,000. For example . . . there were 101 counties
(out of a total of 120) in Kentucky during 1954 where manufacturing em
ployment was below 1,000, and in 82 of these counties the 2 largest employers
made more than 50 percent of the value of shipments. Similarly, the two
largest employers accounted for more than half of the manufacturing jobs.
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Sar A. Levitan, Federal Assistance to Labor Surplus Areas, a report prepared
at the request of the chairman of the Committee on Banking and Currency,
U. S. House of Representatives, 85th Cong., 1st sess., 1957.
Medical Care in
the Consumer Price
Index, 1936-56
E lizabeth
A. L angford *
I n r e c e n t y e a r s , increasing attention has been
focused on the medical care component of the
Consumer Price Index (CPI), because of its rapid
rate of increase and the growing concern about
the burden of medical costs on the aged and other
low-income groups and in cases of prolonged
illness or disability. This article directs attention
to the trend in medical care prices, as measured
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the CPI,
over the past 20 years, and then reviews the index
concepts and procedures as they relate to the
medical care index. The index does not reflect
changes during the last two decades in the quan
tity and quality of medical care received by work
ers’ families, due to higher real incomes, greater
availability of many services, and new methods of
payment, which have been almost as great as the
price changes.
cent. Medical care prices followed about the
same pattern as those for all services. Thus, at
the end of 1956, the prices of services, including
medical care, had almost regained the relationship
they held with the prices of commodities in the
midthirties.
Since the Consumer Price Index measures price
changes relative to 1947-49, the base period, the
fact that medical care prices had advanced rela
tively slowly during the previous decade is likely
to be ignored. Moreover, comparison of the
medical care index with the all-items index or with
the indexes for the major groups conceals the fact
that the movement of medical care prices has
been similar to that for other services combined.
The medical care index, on the 1947-49 base,
was highest of all the major groups at the end of
1956, 134.7 compared with 118.0 for all items.
However, when the major groups are ranked by
the size of the percentage increase from 1936 to the
end of 1956, as in the chart, medical care ranks
fourth following food, personal care, and apparel.
Indeed, the price increase over the 20-year period
was smaller for medical care other than hospitaliza
tion than for any one of the major groups.
When price changes for the more important
individual service items are compared, as in the
following tabulation, hospital room rates show the
largest increase (in fact, the largest for any of the
services in the CPI), while the professional medical
service fees show less increase than haircuts, shoe
repairs, movie admissions, public transportation,
laundry, and automobile repairs.
P e rc en t
increase,
Medical Care Price Trends
The price of medical care, which had a relative
importance of 5.4 percent in the CPI at the end of
1956, was 85 percent higher then than 20 years
earlier, with about two-thirds of the rise having
occurred in the last 10 years. From 1936 to
1946, consumer prices of commodities rose 52
percent; of services, characteristically slow in
responding to general economic developments,
only half as much. From 1946 to 1956, however,
commodity prices went up by another 37 percent
while service prices rushed ahead, gaining 50
percent. Actually, in the last 5 years of this
period, commodity prices showed a fractional net
loss while service prices picked up about 18 per
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19S6-S6
Hospital room rates__________________________
Men’s haircuts----------------------------------------------Shoe repairs_________________________________
Movie admissions____________________________
Public transportation_________________________
Laundry service______________________________
Automobile repairs___________________________
Dentists’ fees________________________________
General practitioners’ fees-------------------------------Surgeons’ fees________________________________
264.
220.
135.
113.
112.
107.
84.
82.
72.
59.
8
9
0
9
9
8
2
1
8
5
Since 1941, the year when the medical care index
began its steady climb, the annual increase has
averaged 4 percent. For the different components
*Of the Division of Prices and Cost of Living, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
The author wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Vera S. Robinson in the
preparation of the statistical data.
1053
1054
Increases in M edical Care and Other Major Groups
in the Consumer Price Index, 1936-56
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
By the end of 1956, almost 70 percent of the
civilian population had some protection against
hospital costs through a prepayment plan.4 The
trend in group hospitalization premiums since
December 1950, when first included in the CPI,
has closely paralleled the trend in the room rate—
the major cost item covered in such plans. How
ever, the average annual increase in group hos
pitalization premiums during these 6 years was
7.5 percent compared with 6.4 percent for hospital
room rates, reflecting not only the higher hospital
costs but also greater utilization. Increased
benefits are not reflected in the index, as explained
subsequently.
Medical Care Expenditures
of medical care, the yearly average increase has
ranged from 8.5 percent for hospital care to 2.0
percent for drugs and optometric services, includ
ing eyeglasses. The second highest increase was
for dentists’ fees, averaging 3.9 percent. The
annual average increase in general practitioners’
and surgeons’ fees was 3.6 percent and 3.1 percent,
respectively. Average annual indexes for the
individual items of medical care are shown in
table l.1 Indexes from 1926 to 1935 are also
presented there, for the first time.2 These earlier
indexes show very little price change from 1926
to 1936 except for a drop in the price of aspirin
and in eyeglass prices and a slight increase in the
fee for an obstetrical case.
The phenomenal rise in the cost of hospitaliza
tion reflects both higher overhead costs and higher
current operating costs, such as higher salaries 3
and increased payrolls. Moreover, with the
change in medical technology, the average stay
in general hospitals has been considerably short
ened, resulting in a heavier concentration of serv
ices per patient day because more service is
usually required the first few days. Ancillary
services, such as X-rays and laboratory tests,
have been increasing in importance in the last 15
years and now account for a larger share of the
charge made to patients for hospitalization. The
extensive program of new hospital construction
and the introduction of much new equipment
have also contributed to rising costs since the war.
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The change in the pattern of expenditures for
medical care reported by wage-earner and clericalworker families in surveys conducted by the BLS
in 1934-36 and 1950 reveals the net effect of higher
incomes, greater availability of many services,
and the new methods of payment. After adjust
ing for the price rise, the expenditure per family
for medical care in 1950 was nearly 2% times as
much as in 1934-36, even though family size was
smaller. Moreover, this increase in expenditures
does not reflect the full improvement in the medi
cal care situation of the wage-earner and clericalworker group, since it does not take into account
the great growth of health insurance plans for
workers with employer contributions.5
The allocation of family medical care expendi
tures among the various services is shown in table
2 for 1950, 1934-36 and, also, 1918-19, the date of
an earlier BLS survey of family expenditures.
Two important trends are evident. Proportion
ately less is being spent in direct payments for
1 Quarterly or semiannual indexes from 1927 to date will be included in a
reprint of this article.
2 In recent years, there have been requests for indexes carried back to 1928
to permit removing the price factor in comparing family expenditures in 192831, as shown in the studies of the Committee on Costs of Medical Care, with
recent family expenditures for medical care. Price tabulation sheets for the
34 cities from 1926 to 1935 were recalled from the archives. Tabulation sheets
for some cities were not located for a few dates (prices were collected semi
annually prior to 1935) but it was assumed that the sample of cities for which
prices were available was a reasonably reliable one on which to base all-city
indexes.
2
For a discussion of the salaries of hospital employees in 1956-57, seep. 1074
of this issue.
4 Keeping Pace with Public Needs (New York, Health Insurance Council,
Dee. 31, 1956).
5 See Standards and Levels of Living of City-Worker Families (in Monthly
Labor Review, September 1956, pp. 1018-1019).
MEDICAL CARE IN THE CPI
1055
doctors’ and hospital services and more is going
for prepaid medical care, much of which is hospital
care.
The 1934-36 study showed that workers’ fami
lies increased their medical care expenditures as
incomes increased, and at about the same rate,
so that medical expenses represented about the
same percentage of total spending at each income
level. With the higher level of living attained in
1950, relative expenditures for medical care tended
8 Odin Anderson and Jacob J. Feldman, Family Medical Costs and Vol
untary Health Insurance, A Nationwide Survey (New York, McGraw-Hill
Book Co., Inc., 1956), table A-16.
T a b l e 1.
to decrease as incomes increased, as is usually
true of items considered as “necessities” in the
family budget. The fact that this pattern has
begun to appear in the spending of workers’
families indicates the high order of importance
they place on medical care and also that some
measure of satisfaction of this need has been at
tained by workers’ families in the higher income
groups. A similarly decreasing proportion of in
come going for medical care as incomes rise was
found for all United States families in the 1953
survey of the Health Information Foundation—
11.8 percent for incomes under $2,000 to 3.0
percent for families with incomes over $7,500.6
Consumer price indexes for medical care items, annual averages, 1927-56
¡1947-49=100]
Annual averages
Item
Medical care___
______ . . . _
Medical care (less prescriptions and drugs)_______ _
Medical care (less hospital rates and group hospitali
zation)_______ . . . . . ______________________
General practitioners’ fees___________
______
Office visit______ . _____________
House v isit.. _____________. . . ..
Obstetrical c a r e ._______________
Surgeons’ fees . ______________ .
Appendectomy________________________
Tonsillectomy_________ ______
Dentists’ fees__________ ______
Fillings.. . ______________ ____ . .
Extractions.. . _ ________ _____
Optometric examination and eyeglasses .
Hospital room rates__ _____ . . . . .
M en’s pay w ard_________ ______
Semipri vate room________________
Private room____
____ ______
Group hospitalization i______________
Prescriptions and drugs________ _ ____
Prescriptions____________________________
Aspirin tablets_____________ . . . .
M ilk of magnesia____ _______ . . .
Multiple vitamin concentrate1___
'
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
72.2
69.9
72.7
70.5
73.5
71.5
74.2
72.2
74.1
72.0
72.7
70.6
71.0
68.8
70.9
68.7
71.4
69.1
71.6
69.4
72.3
70.2
72.5
70.4
72.6
70.5
72.7
70.6
73.1
71.0
75.1
73.9
73.3
77.2
65.5
73.8
75.4
72.3
68.2
67.6
67.4
80.5
47.1
42.7
48.3
50.7
75.4
74.3
73.5
78.0
65.8
74.1
75.7
72.4
68.3
67.6
67.7
80.7
47.5
43.4
48.6
51.1
76.0
74.6
73.8
78.3
66.2
74.3
76.1
72.8
69.9
70.0
68.8
81.2
48.8
44.1
50.1
52.6
76.1
74.6
73.6
78.0
66.8
74.6
76.1
73.3
70.0
70.2
68.9
81.3
49.9
45.3
51.2
53.7
76.1
74.6
73.8
78.0
67.1
74.8
76.1
73.6
70.1
70.3
69.2
81.9
50.1
45.3
51.4
54.1
76.1
74.7
73.9
78.0
67.1
74.0
76.1
71.7
70.1
70.4
68.9
82.6
50.4
46.0
51.8
54.2
76.5
74.9
74.0
78.0
68.4
74.7
77.0
72.2
70.3
70.8
69.2
82.8
51.4
47.3
52.9
55.0
83.0
75.5
98.0
94.1
82.8 83.3
75.6 75.9
99.2 100.4
91.9 90.8
83.8
76.4
98.9
90.8
83.5
76.4
98.8
90.0
83.2
76.5
97.9
89.1
83.9
77.4
97.6
90.4
1950
1951
1953
1954
1955
1956
94.9 100.9 104.1 106.0 111.1 117.2 121.3 125.2 128.0
94.5 100.9 104.6 107.0 112.4 119.5 123.8 127.6 131.4
86.3 90.1 96.3 100.7 103.2 104.9 108.6 111.7 114.1 116.2 118.5
86.8 91.1 96.9 100.6 102.5 104.0 108.0 113.0 116.1 119.9 124.3
86.3 90.9 96.8 100.8 102.4 103.8 107.5 111.9 115.8 120.4 123. 7
88.2 91.9 97.6 100.1 102.3 104.3 107.7 111.0 113.5 115.9 120.7
83.6 88.6 95.2 101.7 103.1 104.2 110.9 122.7 125.4 131.2 139.8
86.9 90.9 96.2 101.0 102.9 104.5 107.3 111.5 113.9 115.2 116.4
89.7 92.9 97.3 101.0 101.8 104.2 107.4 112.0 114.0 114.9 115.2
84.2 89.0 95.1 100.9 103.9 104.8 107.1 111. 1 114.1 116.4 119.2
83.0 87.9 95.2 100.3 104.4 106.9 110.9 113.3 117.0 120.9 122.0
82.2 88.0 95.2 100.3 104.4 106.8 110.3 113.2 116.9 120.4 121.2
83.0 87.8 95.1 100.4 104.6 107.3 112.5 113.8 118.1 124.0 126.1
90.8 92.5 96.2 100.2 103.5 104.5 109.2 110.5 109.4 108.0 109.5
64.4 73.3 87.4 102.1 110.4 114.6 126.9 139.5 148.2 156.8 164.4
60.0 69.9 85.8 102.3 111.9 117.2 131.2 145.3 155.1 164.4 173.9
66.6 74.4 87.4 101.9 110.7 114.6 126.6 138.3 145.9 153.5 160.0
67.6 76.2 89.0 102.1 108.9 112.1 122.5 134.0 142.1 150.9 157.7
85.6 97.0 104.8 112.5 115.5
87.9 89.5 96.1 101.2 102.7 103.9 106.9 107.9 108.9 110.1 111.2
82.6 85.5 94.0 101.7 104.2 106.9 112.2 113.6 113.6 115.8 117.3
99.2 98.5 99.5 100.3 100.3 99.9 99.4 99.5 99.8 98.6 100.0
92.5 92.6 99.7 100.0 100.2 100.5 100.7 101.4 108.2 112.3 114.1
100.1 100.8 101.1
132.6
136.4
76.0
76.6
77.4
78.2
78.0
76.6
74.8
74.7
74.1
78.9
62.8
74.2
78.8
64.6
75.5
79.1
66.5
76.2
79.6
68.1
75.9
79.6
68.4
74.6
78.7
67.8
73.1
76.9
66.4
72.7
76.5
65.0
70.3
71.1
72.9
74.6
74.6
72.2
69.2
68.4
87.2
87.0
87.3
87.5
86.3
82.6
79.6
79.9
42.4
43.4
44.2
44.3
H. 4
43.8
43.2
42.9
75.7 76.3 76.5 76.7 76.2 75.3 74.6 74.6
129.2 128.3 125.6 123.4 121.5 117.6 112.3 105.9
Medical care.. . ____________________ . . .
Medical care (less prescriptions and drugs)_________
Medical care (less hospital rates and group hospitali
zation)_________________________
General practitioners’ fees_______
Office visit_______ ______________________
House visit. . . ______ _____
Obstetrical care_____ _ ___ . . . . .
Surgeons’ fees___________ ____
Appendectomy________ _____
Tonsillectomy_________ _________________
Dentists’ fees_______________________________
Filling_____________ ___
Extraction.. . . . _________
Optometric examination and eyeglasses. .
Hospital room rates______________
M en’s pay ward _______
. . . ..
Semiprivate room__________________
Private room______ ____ _
Group hospitalization i____________
Prescriptions and drugs___ . . . . .
Prescriptions_______ ___ .
Aspirin tablets.._______ _________________
Milk of magnesia_____ __________________
Multiple vitamin concentrate i______
1 December 1952= 100.
1927
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
75.1
73.1
78.7
77.0
81.2
80.1
83.1
82.3
87.7
87.2
78.3
76. 6
75.4
79.6
71.4
76.8
79.2
74.2
72.1
73.1
70.5
83.9
55.4
51.6
57.0
58.6
81.7
81.3
79.8
S3. 8
78.6
81.3
83.9
78.5
75.4
75.5
73.7
87.5
59.8
56.0
61.0
63.0
84.2
84.8
83.8
86.8
82.0
84.5
86.9
82.1
79.6
78.7
78.7
89.6
62.5
58.8
63.7
65.6
85.8
79.5
98. 0
92.8
86.4
80.2
98.7
92.8
87.2
81.5
99.1
92.9
1947
1948
1949
1952
121.9
128.4
127.1
125.3
144.5
118.2
117.0
120.0
124.4
123.6
128.4
111.2
173.3
183.8
170.0
164.4
122.7
113.7
121.0
100.7
123.0
101.4
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1056
Percentage distribution of medical care expendi
tures, by wage and clerical worker families, surveyed in
1918-19, 1984-86, and 1950
T a b l e 2.
1950
1918-19
1934-36
Total medical care__________ _________
100
100
100
Direct expenditures:
Physicians 1_______________________
Hospitals *. __________ ________ ..
Nursing care. ____ _____________
Dentists_______ _____________ ___
Eyeglasses__ ___________ ________
Medicines, drugs, and appliances.. . . .
Other medical care. ___ _ . ______
Prepaid medical and hospital care______
53
8
5
14
3
17
39
10
1
18
5
17
3
7
34
5
1
15
4
17
5
19
Item
(2)
0
1 Hospital expenses in 1918-19 include all expenses (except nursing services)
while the patient was hospitalized; in 1934-36, they cover room plus nursing
service and in 1950, room only. Thus, in 1934-36 and 1950, “physicians”
include all direct payments to doctors, regardless of where the expense was
incurred.
8 Less than 0.5 percent.
Medical Care Index Concepts and Procedures
The medical care index, like the whole of the
Consumer Price Index,7 is designed to measure
only the change in price for items of the same
quality and quantity customarily bought by urban
wage-earner and clerical-worker families.8 The
following discussion concentrates on the tech
niques which are important in understanding and
interpreting the medical care index.
Medical Care Items Priced. Since 1918, the birth
date of the Consumer Price Index, then called the
Cost of Living Index, medical care has been well
represented in terms of the number of items for
which prices are collected. Surveys of family
expenditures provide the basic information for
selecting the items to be priced but do not provide
the complete item detail necessary for their selec
tion. The items priced should not only be im
portant in family spending but also measure the
movement of the unpriced items. In the absence
of adequate information from expenditure studies,
the selection is made with the assistance of appro
priate professional associations. For example, the
professional drug associations were asked to pro
vide information on sales of important drugs and
prescriptions as a basis for selecting the drug
items.
Prices have been obtained since 1918 for three
physicians’ services (office visit, house visit, and
obstetrical cases), several dental services, hospital
room (ward), eye examination and eyeglasses,
several drugs and prescriptions. In 1939, sur
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geons and specialists (their fees represented by
those for appendectomy and tonsillectomy), pri
vate and semiprivate hospital room, and private
nurses were added. In mid-1947, because of a
cut in the Bureau’s budget, pricing was discon
tinued for dentists’ charges for cleaning teeth,
replacement lens for eyeglasses, hospital room
rates for women’s pay ward, and fees for a private
nurse in the hospital. The only item of medical
care added to the pricing list between the major
revisions was group hospitalization. It was added
in 1950 as part of the interim adjustment of the
CPI, in advance of the comprehensive revision
scheduled for late 1952, to improve the coverage
of the medical care index.9 Any change in the
item sample by the removal or addition of items
is made in such a way as not to affect the level of
the index at that time.
Pricing Procedures. Prices had been collected
prior to 1935 with only a brief description of the
item on the schedule used for recording prices.
Beginning in 1935, pricing to a specification was
introduced.10 A specification should include all
the quality determinants of price and other physi
cal characteristics needed to identify the item from
reporter to reporter and from one pricing date to
the next so that price changes will not reflect
quality changes. It is probable, however, that the
medical care price index reflects more quality
changes than do the price indexes for the non
service items, because the “quality” of a service
is necessarily affected by intangibles, such as the
fact that doctors’ services are generally adapted
to the needs of the patient.
In general, the same specification is used in all
cities. However, for group hospitalization, this
could not be done because of the variations from
city to city in benefits provided by prepaid plans.
Rates are obtained by mail each month for the
7 For a detailed discussion of the techniques of preparing the Consumer
Price Index, see Techniques of Preparing Major BLS Statistical Series
(BLS Bull. 1168, 1954), ch. 9, pp. 63-81.
8 The families represented, averaging 3.3 persons in size, had annual in
comes of not more than $10,000 in 1950 (with an average of about $4,000).
“Although prices have been obtained since December 1950, the grouphospitalization index is published on a December 1952 base for consistency
with other items added at the time of the full-scale revision.
id A mimeographed copy of specifications in current use may be obtained on
request. Specifications are reviewed periodically and whenever it is found
necessary either to revise or add a specification, one or more of the professional
associations is consulted.
MEDICAL CARE IN THE CPI
plan which covers most families in each city.
Reports are also obtained on changes in benefits
since the preceding month, and the real price
change is calculated by comparing the previous
rate with the new rate after adjustment to elimi
nate the effect of any changes in benefits. The
following month, the new rate is introduced into
the index in such a way as not to affect the price
movement.
Except for group hospitalization, prices are
collected by trained field representatives in per
sonal interview. For doctors’ fees, however, only
one personal visit a year is required, and in the
intervening quarters, fees are verified by telephone.
For each of the professional services, 6 prices are
obtained in all cities wherever possible, and for
hospitals, drugs and prescriptions, 4 in all cities
except New York, where 6 are obtained. Price
reporters are selected with the advice of local
professional groups to represent those from whom
wage-earner and clerical-worker families “buy”
their medical care. Most of them are located
downtown; some in the neighborhood areas. Plans
are currently under way to revise the price re
porter sample to include representation from sub
urban areas for several cities where suburbs are
important.
Weighting Procedures. The expenditure surveys
provide the basic information not only for the
selection of individual items but for combining
them. Since these studies do not provide com
plete detail on the allocation of expenditures by
item, here too, it is necessary to seek the advice
of professional associations and sometimes to con
duct special surveys. For example, information
from the drug associations was used to allocate,
among the drug items priced, the total family
expenditure for drugs. The weight for direct
hospital expenditures was allocated among the
three items selected for pricing on the basis of a
special survey conducted in early 1953 of hospitals
in each of the cities. The allocation of family
expenditures among all the priced items is shown
in table 3.
Each item selected for pricing carries part or
all of the weight of one or more of the unpriced
items in addition to its own. In consequence, the
relative importance of items in the index differs
from the percentage distribution of item expend
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1057
itures as shown by expenditure survey data for
the same date.
Separate expenditure weights are used for com
bining price ratios for the individual items for
each of the 46 cities included in the CPI. The
basic weights for each city were calculated from
expenditure data not for the city alone but for
groupings of cities with common characteristics
(e. g., size, family income level) in order to elimi
nate random fluctuations due to sampling and
response errors. Population weights are used to
combine the price ratios for each city to obtain a
United States (46-city) index.
Index Measurement and Publication. The medical
care component of the Consumer Price Index was
made a separate group index at the time of the
last revision in January 1953. Medical care was
a subgroup of the Miscellaneous Goods and
Services group from 1935 to 1953, and before that
it was “buried” in the Miscellaneous group.
T a b l e 3. Percentage of medical care expenditure reported
in the Consumer Expenditure Survey of 1950 allocated to
the items priced for the revised Consumer Price Index as
of January 1953
Family expenditure
for—
Physician, surgeon:
Inhospital.- __
Percent
allocated
to the
priced
item
f
<
Other____________
1
Dentist............. ............. j
l
Oculist, optometrist___
Other (nurse, chiropractor).
Hospital care_- ______
Group hospitalization.-Group medical care. ___
Prescriptions and drugs.
appliances and supplies.
10
50
40
50
50
80
20
100
Í 0)
l 0)
(0
100
11
22
24
14
22
7
Other_______________
Priced item
Obstetrical care.
Appendectomy.
Tonsillectomy.
Office visit.
House visit.
Filling.
Extraction.
Eyeglasses and examination.
Represented in index by the weighted
average of prices for physicians, sur
geons, dentists, and optometrists.
Men’s pay ward.
Semiprivate room.
Private room.
Group hospitalization.
Represented in index by group hos
pitalization.
Capsules, non-narcotic prescriptions.
Liquid narcotic prescriptions.
Multi-vitamins.
Penicillin.
Aspirin.
Milk of magnesia.
Represented in index by weighted
average of prices for all medical care
except group hospitalization.
1 Allocated according to the relative importance of the 3 types of rooms in
each of the 46 cities based on a survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1058
Item indexes were first published in 1947 and were
carried back to 1935.
The medical care group index, published
monthly, has been based on prices for 46 cities
since 1953.11 Since medical care prices, other than
group hospitalization, are collected on a quarterly
cycle in most of the cities,12 a 46-city average price
relative is estimated each month as follows: For
professional services, prices collected that month
in one-third of the cities (including 1 or 2 of the 5
largest cities) are combined with the prices col
lected during the previous pricing period for the
remaining cities. For hospitals, the technique is
identical except that prices in all of the 5 largest
cities are used. For prescriptions and drugs,
prices collected that month in the 5 largest cities
and in one-third of the other cities are combined
with price estimates for the remaining cities based
on the assumption that they had the same move
ment as prices in the 5 largest cities. Any accumu
lated errors that result from the estimating pro
cedures are corrected each third month when the
items are priced in successive sets of cities, so that
no error remains in the index over the long run.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The medical care item indexes are based on
prices collected in the cities surveyed in March,
June, September, and December. From 1935 to
June 1947, all of the 34 cities included in the CPI
were surveyed on this cycle; from June 1947 to
December 1952, 18 cities; from December 1952 to
December 1956, 14 cities; and since December
1956, 19 cities.13 The group-hospitalization index
is based, of course, on all 46 cities. The annual
average index for the individual items is a weighted
average of the indexes for the four quarterly dates
and December of the previous year 14 (to take
into consideration any change in January and
February).
11 Prior to that time, on prices for 34 large cities.
i* Prices for the professional services are collected on a quarterly basis with
about a third of the cities covered each month. For hospitals, drugs, and
prescriptions, prices are obtained monthly in the 5 largest cities and on a
quarterly cycle in the remaining cities.
13 Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Cincinnati, Detroit, Los Angeles, New
York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, San Francisco, Youngstown; Madison, Wis.;
Newark, Ohio; San Jose, Calif.; Sandpoint, Idaho; Rawlins, Wyo.; Pulaski,
Va.; Laconia, N. H.; and Madill, Okla.
h Prior to 1953, the average also included March of the following year, but
this practice was discontinued because it delayed calculation of the annual
averages and because it had little effect on the average.
It is clear that there is, among primitive people, a mortality such as to
require an average family of six just to maintain the population. Though
wars and famines do occur among primitive people, it would not be in accord
ance with the evidence to describe them as chronic. Most of their mortality
seems to be due to the general hardships of life and the absence of any form
of medical treatment.
—Colin Clark, Population Growth and Living Standards (in International Labor
Review, Geneva, August 1953, p. 110).
Decisionmaking
Under Collective
Bargaining
P a u l V. J o h n so n *
gained jointly on a regional basis and the other on
a national basis.
Nineteen local union organizations were included
in the union sample. At the time basic data were
collected, 7 of the parent unions were affiliated
with the American Federation of Labor; 8 with
the Congress of Industrial Organizations; and 4
were independents. Bargaining units 2 studied
contained from 488 to approximately 10,000
union members as follows:
Number
of bar
gaining
units
Under 1,000 members-------------------------------------1.000 to 1,999 members----------------------2.000 to 2,999 members-----------------------------------3.000 members and over----------------------------------A greem ents reached through the process of col
lective bargaining are often spoken of as “joint
decisions/' Actually, however, any settlement
embodies two parallel groups of decisions—one
group reached by management and one by the
union. Some interesting insights into both man
agement and union decisionmaking processes are
provided by a recent investigation by the author
in a sample of 18 corporations and unions repre
senting principal local bargaining units of these
firms.1
This study treated the decisionmaking process
as related to potential provisions to be included in
collective bargaining agreements. Field work for
the research was conducted during the latter half
of 1955 and the early part of 1956 in Cleveland,
Ohio. Basic data were obtained primarily through
interviews with company officers responsible for
collective bargaining and with union officials at
several levels. Attitude surveys among members
of five of the unions supplemented the basic data.
Sixteen of the sample corporations were manu
facturing organizations, 1 was a utility, and 1, a
retail food store chain. Each firm was an inde
pendent business organization (that is, not a sub
sidiary of another corporation), employing more
than 1,000 workers, and all but 4 had their princi
pal operations in the Cleveland area. The sample
corporations had assets ranging from $10 to $430
million. In a small number of the organizations,
common stock was very closely held; but 2 had
approximately 30,000 shareholders. The median
number of shareholders for the entire sample was
3,300. All but 2 of the 18 sample companies bar
gained independently. Of the 2 exceptions, 1 bar
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
7
4
2
Approximately 38,000 union workers in the sample
corporations were served by the 19 locals. Most
of these persons were “blue collar” employees.
About 2,000 workers in at least 2 local unions,
however, were white-collar employees engaged in
clerical and sales work. While men were numer
ically predominant in most of the bargaining
units, substantial numbers of women were in
several groups. In one case, women constituted
more than two-thirds of the total number of
workers.
The research was designed to gain insight into
the mechanics of contract negotiations, criteria for
decisions, and the level of decisionmaking within
the management organizations. Similar informa
tion was sought from the union groups with em
phasis on the union member’s role in collective
bargaining decisionmaking. In the following dis
cussion, some of the more interesting findings are
treated, but no attempt is made to summarize the
entire study.3
Furthermore, no attempt was made to correlate
particular union or management procedures with
the quality of the bargaining relationship. The
sample was undoubtedly biased toward corpora
tions and unions with relatively harmonious
relationships. Situations characterized by overt
conflict at the time of the study were purposely
»Assistant Professor of Economics, Purdue University.
1 Democracy and the Decisionmaking Process Under Collective Bargain
ing, unpublished doctoral dissertation, Western Reserve University, Cleve
land, Ohio, September 1956.
2 1 local union represented workers in bargaining units in 2 corporations,
and 2 different local unions were involved in each of 2 corporations.
2 D ata on certain practices were not always available or comparable for
every organization; thus the number of corporations or unions cited in certain
contexts may vary.
1059
1060
Representation of staff and operating personnel on the
bargaining committee of 15 sample corporations
1 Members at the vice presidential level.
2 Members below the vice presidential level but above the level of foreman.
®Members at the foreman level.
avoided since it was felt that accurate information
about the decisionmaking process would be dif
ficult, it not impossible, to obtain.
Management Decisionmaking
Prenegotiation activities by the sample com
panies were designed to assess the nature of ex
pected proposals, to determine desirable contract
changes, and to provide guideposts for subsequent
negotiations. While it appeared that many of
the crucial decisions regarding the content of
collective bargaining agreements were made by
corporation officials only when the negotiations
faced a breakdown or a contract deadline, this
was by no means true of all decisions. It may be
significant that in half of the corporations studied,
decisions of a relatively firm nature were sometimes
made even before the formal bargaining process
took place. Although this operating procedure
was not always followed in these firms, it does
indicate that not all of the important decisions
were made under the stress of a strike deadline.
Management bargaining teams consisted of
from 1 to 7 persons, but the usual number was 4
or 5 persons. Such groups included manage
ment personnel from various organizational levels.
Both operating and staff persons were included
on a majority of the negotiating committees. In
four corporations, however, no person at the
operating level regularly served on the bargain
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
ing committee. These data are summarized in
the accompanying table for 15 sample corpora
tions, all of which bargained independently.4
Members of the bargaining team customarily
consulted with higher management when agree
ment could not be reached within limits outlined
before the outset of negotiations.
In only six companies was the agreement
negotiated with the union committee subject to
management ratification. Issues involving long
term commitments in the form of employee
pension plans had gone to stockholders for ap
proval in at least three instances. Common
stock was owned by 3,365, 5,630, and 8,000
shareholders in the corporations involved. Stock
holder ratification appeared to have been almost
automatic, and there was no evidence of any
strong desire among shareholders for greater
participation in collective bargaining decisions.
The corporations exhibited more similarities
than differences as to the level of decisionmaking
on collective bargaining matters among manage
ment officers. The president exercised a high
degree 5of decisionmaking power on collective bar
gaining matters in each of the 18 sample com
panies, as shown in the following distribution of
companies by degree of authority exercised:
High
degree
Board of directors________________________
President_____________________________
ig
Vice president________________________
13
Secretary1______________________________
Person below vice presidential level_________
Low
degree
7
n
o
2
2
5
1
16
1 Secretaries entered the process in only 3 corporations.
In 13 corporations, vice presidents also wielded
such power, but almost no major economic or
policy issues were settled below the vice presi
dential level. The board of directors upon occa
sion utilized decisionmaking power in 7 organiza* An additional corporation bargained independently, but the 7 members of
its bargaining committee were not classified by type of personnel by company
spokesmen.
5
Decisionmaking authority was divided into a high-low pattern as to
authority for various management persons or groups in each of the sample
corporations. The assertion that the degree of decisionmaking exercised by a
particular officer or group in any corporation was high implies that the fol
lowing criteria appeared to have been met: (a) The individual or group not
only had authority to make such decisions by virtue of position or delegated
power within the managerial organization, but actually exercised this au
thority during the bargaining process; and (b) although the decisionmaking
authority might not have been exercised on every possible issue, it had been
used explicitly on one or more occasions in the past. The classification low
was applied to persons or groups not qualifying under the preceding criteria.
1061
DECISIONMAKING UNDER COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
tions but did so with any regularity in but 4
corporations.
An attempt was made to determine whether
high decisionmaking power by the board of direc
tors in an organization was related to any readily
identifiable characteristics of the corporation.
Comparisons of median assets, median number of
employees, and median number of stockholders
between firms with high and low ratings in this
category yielded no apparent relationships.
A number of factors were cited by manage
ment as criteria for decisionmaking in collective
bargaining negotiations. These criteria were
classified as economic, noneconomic, and mixed.
While the classification might not have been ideal,
it probably erred, if it did so, in the direction of
placing too few matters in the economic category.
Management concern for various patterns in
collective bargaining negotiations and settlements
was classed among economic factors since it ap
peared to reflect primarily an aspect of the desire
to retain a suitable work force.
In 14 corporations, spokesmen discussed con
siderations clearly economic in nature as bases for
collective bargaining decisions. Cost to the
corporation, patterns in the community and in
dustry, and the necessity of obtaining and holding
a suitable work force were cited 33 times during
the interviews. Criteria largely noneconomic in
nature were mentioned but five times. The
influence of trade associations and of other em
ployers was not cited by company spokesmen.
Upon questioning by the researcher, these in
fluences were held to be unimportant, but similar
ities in procedures and the influence of patterns
implied that considerable interaction between
firms might have prevailed. The frequencies of
citation of the various criteria by spokesmen of 18
sample corporations were as follows:
Criteria
Number of
citations
Economic___________________________________
Cost effects______________________________
Patterns in community-----------------------------Patterns in industry---------------------------------Patterns in community and industry-----------Patterns in union 1-----------------------------------Maintenance of suitable work force-------------Noneconomic------------------------------------------------Logic and fairness------------------------------------Company policy--------------------------------------Employee welfare------------------------------------Union needs_____________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
33
14
9
Criteria—Continued
Number o
citations
Mixed______________________________________
Customer service-------------------------------------Public relations__________________________
Long-run effects on employeesand owners-----Effect on other corporation units----------------Setting of precedents--------------------------------Effect upon problems arising under current
agreement--------------------------------------------
9
1
2
1
3
1
1
i
The parent union of the local which represented the workers in this
corporation had a large majority of its bargaining units in an industry of a
different type.
Thus, it appears that major management deci
sions in the sample companies were made outside
the bargaining sessions. Bargaining spokesmen
served chiefly as representatives of higher manage
ment. Most decisions were made by the presi
dents and, to a somewhat lesser degree, by the
vice presidents. Important decisions were oc
casionally made even before the outset of formal
negotiations with the union. The findings of
this study underscore the importance of economic
considerations in management decisions.
Union Decisionmaking
Each of the sample unions provided machinery
for rank-and-file members to suggest contract
changes prior to negotiations. Although stewards
and local union officers were influential in formula
tion of contract demands, such proposals were
discussed in most sample unions at membership
meetings. In 8 of 16 reporting groups, some type
of vote was taken in the prenegotiation period
regarding the proposal to management as follows:
Vote taken on—
Number of
bargaining
units
Presenting specific proposal to management--------Presenting proposal to management subject to
modification by bargaining committee----------Authorizing bargaining committee to seek certain
contract changes-----------------------------------------Accepting report of contract committee--------------Authorizing bargaining committee to negotiate
with management__________________________
3
1
1
1
2
2
3
1
4
5
1
2
1
1
While certain union spokesmen reported firm
decisions having been taken in the prenegotiation
period, none had ever conducted a strike vote
before the outset of bargaining in the sample units.
Union bargaining teams consisted of from 5 to
11 members, but a 7-man committee was typical.
1062
Whatever the method of selecting members of the
negotiating team, there tended to be many local
union officers and stewards (or committeemen) on
such committees. Some representative of the
district or national organization was reported to
be present during some of the bargaining sessions
in 10 of 14 reporting locals with national affilia
tions. Such a representative was said to be
present only late in the bargaining process in one
of these units. In the case of two other units, a
national representative was present only at the
request of the local group which had, in practice,
made such a request during about one-half of all
recent contract negotiations. Spokesmen for two
units reported that there was seldom a representa
tive of any group beyond the level of the local
union present during bargaining.
A number of union leaders indicated that the
nature and amount of information to be provided
the workers during the course of negotiations
presented major problems. The member attitude
surveys also indicated relative dissatisfaction with
this aspect of the bargaining process. If detailed
reports of bargaining sessions were presented, the
tactics and specific concessions made by the
bargaining committee were reported to have come
under fire. There was even danger of a member
ship vote directing the negotiating committee to
take certain specific actions at a particular stage of
the negotiations. A committee without authority
to pursue its own strategy could scarcely negotiate
effectively. Committee members also resented
such restrictions inasmuch as the final agreement
was always subject to ratification by the mem
bership.
A related problem cited was the possible reaction
to a detailed statement of management’s position.
Union members might wish to accept an offer of
the corporation which the bargaining committee
felt was less than the best settlement obtainable.
Moreover, in a large bargaining unit, there was the
ever-present possibility that information on rankand-file sentiment might reach members of the
management group.at an inopportune time.
While the simplest treatment of the information
problem was the withholding of information
on negotiations until ratification time, this solu
tion had proved unsatisfactory to members of 11
out of 16 reporting unions. Nevertheless, such a
practice had been followed for some time in the
remaining unions and was apparently acceptable
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
to the membership. In the 11 organizations,
reports were presented at regular and special
union meetings, but in only 3 of these locals was
the information detailed. The presentation was
more commonly confined to a brief progress
report on the general tenor of negotiations,
although generally comments on major dis
agreements with employers were included. Judg
ments thus had to be made by the leaders of the
union organization (and the bargaining committee
members) as to precisely how much detail should
be given the rank-and-file membership.
Ratification of the negotiated agreement by the
membership was required in all of the sample
unions. In a majority of cases, the bargaining
committee recommended acceptance or rejection
of the offer. These recommendations were usu
ally, but not always, followed. Voting on con
tract ratification was not always by secret ballot,
as will be seen in the following tabulation of voting
procedures of 16 bargaining units:
Number of
bargaining
units
always by secret ballot___________________
2
usually by secret ballot___________________
3
Vote
Vote
Vote by show of hands unless secret ballot re
quested___________________________________
Voice or standing vote unless other method re
quested___________________________________
Voting method decided by body________________
5
2
4
Participation at ratification periods, as during
earlier phases of the bargaining process, varied as
a function of the issues at stake. In most of the
sample unions, approval of a negotiated agreement
by district or national union offices was required.
There was no evidence, however, that any agree
ments ratified by the local memberships had failed
to receive this approval from the parent organiza
tion in recent years.
Discussions with union officers suggested that
many union members regarded the union as a
type of investment or insurance. When the unionmanagement relationship was relatively satis
factory, members tended to be apathetic. Only
when dissatisfaction arose over either contract
terms or grievances did large numbers of members
typically participate in union activities. Apathy
appeared to be sufficiently normal so that many
union officers regarded such a situation as sym
bolic of unrest among the membership. As one
union spokesman phrased it, “When the boys
DECISIONMAKING UNDER COLLECTIVE BARGAINING
tarn out in force for a regular meeting, we are
pretty sure something is wrong.”
Since final ratification was exercised by the
rank-and-file union members, criteria for decisions
in collective bargaining might be said to be as
numerous as the workers participating. The feel
ings of the workers, however, appeared to be
strongly shaped by their knowledge of current
bargaining settlements in their community and
their industry. Rank-and-file opinion was fre
quently influenced, moreover, by union leaders
who looked to patterns in collective bargainingsettlements partially because of the importance of
such patterns to the membership and partially
because their status as leaders in the union move
ment was involved. In 16 union bargaining units,
the use of patterns of various collective bargaining
settlements as criteria for decisions was cited by
spokesmen 15 times as against only 5 mentions
of other criteria:
Number
of cita
tions
Bargaining settlement patterns_________________
In community___________________________
In similar industries---------------------------------In other industries________________________
In industry and community-----------------------In company’s relations with other unions-----In other relationships of bargaining union----Other criteria________________________________
Ability to pay___________________________
Cost of living____________________________
Needs and feelings of workers---------------------
15
2
4
2
3
1
3
5
3
1
1
The member attitude surveys revealed that sub
stantial majorities of respondents in each group
were more satisfied than dissatisfied with union
contract negotiations. Workers indicated a desire
to play an important role during the entire bar
gaining process but saw themselves playing a
lesser role than desirable. Union members con
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1063
sidered themselves entitled to a major voice in
determination of the content of the contract.
Yet, by apathy and failure to participate, they
failed to assume the responsibilities of such a role.
The lethargy of anion members appeared to be
the most important factor limiting the practice
of fully democratic decisionmaking in the sample
unions. No evidence either of domination of local
unions by the parent organizations or of any
attempt by local leaders to thwart the democratic
operation of the organizations was found.
Interestingly enough, while most management
spokesmen agreed in general terms upon the desir
ability of democratic unions, they frequently com
plained about the inconvenience of such demo
cratic processes. Several company officers sug
gested the desirability of union negotiators having
greater authority to make a settlement binding
upon the membership. In discussing union mem
ber ratification of a tentative agreement, one
management spokesman declared the procedure to
be no good.
It appears, then, that the important final union
decisions were generally made by the rank-andfile members, although varying degrees of partici
pation were observed from group to group and
from one time period to another within any one
union group. The most important factor influ
encing union decisions appeared to be the patterns
of other current settlements. Problems of com
munication between union leaders and union mem
bers during the bargaining process serve to re
emphasize a major problem of most democratic
institutions—the reconciliation of effective action
with a high degree of democratic participation.
Such problems were important in the sample
unions since union decisions, like those of manage
ment, were not made within the actual bargaining
sessions.
Producers’
Cooperatives in
the Soviet Union
F rederick A. L e e d y *
A n in t er estin g sidelight on the economic and
social organization of the Soviet Union has been
the continued^fexistence of producers’ cooperatives
engaged in the production of both goods and
services.1 Although closely controlled by the
Communist Party and the State, these cooper
atives are not State owned—and present indica
tions are that they will continue to survive for
some time.
The system of producers’ cooperatives in the
Soviet Union now /includes slightly more than
1 million members. These cooperatives have
performed several useful functions in Soviet
society. They have been a valuable source of
consumers’ goods, producing an important part
of total output of many products. The cooper
atives have utilized local resources and materials—including scrap and waste from State industry—almost exclusively. This has reduced the demand
for capital investment and transport in consumers’
goods. Finally, although their members and
employees have comprised but a small component
of the labor force, the artel’s have been an impor
tant source of skilled labor for State industries.
In a sense, the producers’ cooperative move
ment is a quasi-autonomous refuge for private
enterprise in Soviet society which is tolerated as a
valuable source of goods, services, and labor at
relatively low cost. It has the status of a secondclass industry and it enjoys few benefits from
State investment—yet its craftsmen members
somehow manage to produce essential consumers’
goods at a level of net productivity comparable to
that of the more favored State worker.
1064
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The Role of Cooperatives in Soviet Society
Producers’ cooperatives in the Soviet Union
today have^direct roots in the highly developed
handicraft industry which flourished in Tsarist
Russia. Although the cooperative movement as a
formal organization was small and poorly devel
oped, a skilled and organized cottage handicraft
industry had existed since the 18th century. The
artisans who worked in this cottage industry were
for the most part peasants who spent the winter
months producing goods in their homes in order to
supplement their earnings from the land. These
peasant craftsmen were located in all parts of
Russia, but the overwhelming majority lived in
the Moscow region, where the opportunities for
trade and the supply of raw materials were espe
cially favorable.2
Soviet leaders were quick to recognize the
necessity for encouraging the development of
producers’ cooperatives. Although all preexisting
cooperatives had been transformed into national
ized establishments during the period of War
Communism from 1918 to 1921, by the latter year,
Lenin was urging Party workers to support new
autonomous cooperatives for the production of
goods for the peasants. Nevertheless, subsequent
official support of cooperatives to stimulate
production did not bring real autonomy, for the
Soviet Government aimed also to circumscribe all
entrepreneurial activities and to plan and control
all production. With the onset of the five-year
plans in 1928, a decree of the Council of People’s
Commissars provided for the inclusion of pro
ducers’ cooperatives in the State planning system
*Of the Foreign Manpower Research Office, U. S. Bureau of the Census.
This article is a condensation of a detailed, annotated report prepared for
the Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center, Air Research and
Development Command, United States Air Force. Copies of the full report
are available upon request to the Census Bureau.
1 A Soviet source defines producers’ cooperatives as: “Voluntary associa
tions of working people in cooperative producers’ artel’s (collectives), which
have as their purpose a general increase in production of consumers' goods,
the improvement of services for the daily needs of the population, raising the
material and cultural level of the members of cooperative producers’ artel’s,
and the education of members as active and conscious builders of a communist
society.” Bol’shayasovetskaya entsiklopediya [Great Soviet Encyclopedia]
(2d ed., Moscow, 1955), vol. 35, p. 40, hereinafter cited as Bol’shaya.
The term, as used in this article, excludes agricultural production cooper
atives.
2 For a description of this cottage industry and the importance of its pro
duction, see D. B. Shimkin, The Entrepreneur in Tsarist and Soviet Russia
(in Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, vol. 2, no. 1, Cambridge, Mass.,
Cambridge University Press, Nov. 15,1949, p. 27). See also N. N. Baranskiy,
Ekonomicheskaya geografiya SSSR [Economic Geography of the USSR]
(15th ed., Moscow, 1954), p. 94.
PRODUCERS’ COOPERATIVES IN THE SOVIET UNION
and directly linked their activities with Stateowned industry and trade, through review and
revision of their plans by governmental officials.
Compulsion, primarily in the form of discrimina
tory income taxes and legislation directly pro
hibiting the practice of most professions and busi
nesses by independent artisans, was used to force
private handicraft workers into cooperatives.3
This process of enforced collectivization was
largely completed by the mid-1930’s, and today
Soviet sources indicate that not more than several
hundred thousand handicraft workers exist as
independent producers. However, the actual
number may be much greater.
The State’s broach&ims for the Soviet producers’
cooperative system were stated in the First FiveYear Plan (1928-32) as: (1) production to satisfy
the demand for consumers’ goods, especially in
rural areas; (2) utilization of local materials in
order to reduce the demands on transportation;
(3) utilization of waste materials and scrap which
State industry cannot efficiently utilize; (4) close
cooperation under the State plan to reduce the
need for the State to make capital investments in
light industry; and (5) provision of equipment and
producers’ goods to other branches of cooperative
and State industry so as to reduce the demand on
State industry for plant and equipment. These
aims are still the official basis for the system.
Organization and Membership
The primary organization of the producers’
cooperative system is^the artel’ (an old Russian
form of collective organization), “where handi
craft workers labor in a commonly owned work
shop with commonly owned tools, and where the
product of their labor belongs to the coopera
tive.” 4 In addition to the handicraft artel’s,
there are cooperatives of invalids and woodwork
ing cooperatives. A general assembly of the
artel’ elects a managing board which performs
such duties as the initial determination of produc
tion norms, admission or expulsion of members,
and the drawing of production plans.
a Norman C. Stines, Jr., Cooperatives in Soviet Industry (U. S. Depart
ment of State, Foreign Service Institute Monograph Series, M ay 1960),
pp. 6-17.
« Ibid., p. 18.
« Ibid., pp. B-7, 43
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1065
Each artel’ sends delegates to an oblast’ council
of artel’s which in turn sends delegates to a republic
council. Real control of the cooperative system
resides in these councils and in local governmental
bodies, which review and revise production plans,
allot raw materials, grant State loans, etc.
Persons accepted for membership in an artel’
must pay an entrance fee, which is set by its
general assembly at a certain percentage of
prospective members’ monthly earnings. Equip
ment and raw materials supplied by an applicant
are counted toward his share of the cooperative’s
assets. In addition to the entrance fee, each
member is assessed a certain percentage of his
total earnings for the basic capital of the artel’.
Profits of the artel’ are used for the payment of
income taxes, for contributions to higher co
operative bodies, for fixed and working capital
funds, for housing and improvement of living con
ditions of the members, and for dividends to mem
bers. These dividends may not exceed 20 percent
of total net profits.5
For the performance of auxiliary or complex
technical work,producers’ cooperatives are per
mitted to hire labor up to the level of 20 percent
of total membership. Such hired persons, unlike
the members, receive work-connected benefits
from the State on an equal basis with persons
employed by State industry. The technicians,
engineers, accountants, and other professional
persons employed in this category perhaps com
prise one means through which cooperative activ
ity is integrated with State industry.
Members generally are employed in workshops
but work at home is permitted, particularly by
cooperatives of invalids. Currently, the number
of such domashniki, or homeworkers, is unknown,
but information indicates that the practice is
widespread. In addition to this, the cooperatives
also subcontract work to independent craftsmen.
The artel’s are authorized to contract with these
artisans for the production of goods and to provide
them witn materials and equipment. As previously
noted, these^ndependent craftsmen number sev
eral hundred thousand workers, and possibly
many more. The use of cottage workers and sub
contractors considerably extends the labor re
sources of Soviet cooperatives, at low cost and
with minimum obligations regarding their con
ditions of employment.
1006
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
The cooperative system has a network of tech
nical schools and special courses to train its
craftsmen. It also has medical-assistance and
pension plans, as well as sanitariums and children’s
homes. These services, however, are paid for by
the cooperatives themselves, and not by the State.
In general, working conditions in the artel’s
probably are not equal to those in State industry.
Although the same State Labor Code applies to
both cooperative and State industry, the pro
visions regarding safety techniques, sanitary and
hygienic precautions, and other working condi
tions apply only insofar as the financial status of
the artel’ makes it possible to adopt them. State
wage and bonus laws are not applicable to most
members of cooperatives, and data from a 1936
survey indicate that wages in cooperatives were
then about 67 percent of those in State industry.6
The membership of producers’ cooperatives
(table 1), exclusive of subcontractors, reached
1.750.000 in 1930 out of a total of some 4 million
craftsmen not in State industry.7 The increase to
2.315.000 by January 1, 1941, came as a result of
the annexation of the Baltic States, the Rumanian
territories, and Eastern Poland in 1939 and 1940.
By the end of World War II, the number had
chopped to less than 1,500,000, and it remained at
roughly this level until 1956 whenit fell to 1,200,000.
Members of producers’ cooperatives have thus
represented an ever smaller proportion of the
able-bodied civilian labor force,8 which grew by
approximately one-third between 1926 and 1955,
T able
Membership and employment in Soviet pro
ducers’ cooperatives, selected years, 1928-57
1
.
Number of members
Year and date
1928: December 31-_
1930: April 1______
1936: January i _
March
(monthly
average)___
1937: January 1___
1940: January 1___
1941: January 1___
1946: January 1___
1950: January 1___
1953: January 1___
1954: January 1____
1955: January 1____
1956: January 1___
1957: January 1.......
Total
1,004,000
1, 750, 000
1, 707,000
Number of hired persons
In
In serv Total
industry
ices
—
—
1, 677,190
1,900,000 1, 320,000
—
1,832,000
2,315, 000 1, 720,000
—
—
1, 578,000 1,196,000
—
—
—
1, 700,000
1,800,000 1, 570,000
—
—
1,200, 000
—
—
—
—
In in In serv
dustry
ices
—
—
220, 038 147, 102
—
580,000
—
—
—
—
595, 000 285,000
—
—
—
—
—
382, 000
—
—
— 300,000
—
—
230,000 161,000
—
—
—
_
_
72,936
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
N ote: Dashes indicate no data.
Sources: All figures were reported in, or estimated from, Soviet sources,
which are not cited specifically because the listing is so voluminous. A
more detailed and fully annotated table is available upon request to the
U. S. Bureau of the Census.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
or from about 64 to 86 million. One reason for
this relative decline is that since the early 1930’s
producers’ cooperatives have been a source of
skilled labor for State industry. Thus, during
the First Five-Year Plan alone (1928-32), 400,000
skilled workers were converted from the status of
cooperative members to that of workers in State
industry.9 Information on transfers during sub
sequent plan periods is not available. In April
1956, however, 600,000 members of cooperatives
which reportedly had lost the “characteristics” of
craft cooperatives were transferred to the status
of State workers.10
Recent data indicate that the geographic
distribution of cooperative membership still resem
bles that of Tsarist times. More than 60 percent
of the membership on January 1, 1955, was in the
Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic,
primarily around Moscow and Leningrad, and
about 20 percent in the Ukraine.11 Production
was distributed in approximately similar ratios.
The problem of supplying consumers’ goods and
services to the growing population in the eastern
areas is especially acute, and Soviet writers express
concern over the failure to develop cooperatives—
as well as State industry—in these areas. The
shortage of transportation facilities hampers the
shipment of consumers’ goods from the western
regions.
Production and Productivity
The rate of growth of production by Soviet
producers’ cooperatives during the last two
decades (table 2) has been slightly higher than the
6
Tsentral’noye upravleniye narodnokhozyaystvennogo ucheta [Central
Administration of National Economic Accounting], Chislennost’ i zarabotnaya plata rabochikh i sluzhashchikh v SSSR [Number and Wages of
Workers and Employees in the USSR] (Moscow, 1936), pp. 8 and 12.
I A census of small-scale industry conducted at the end of 1929 showed a
total of 3 million persons—cooperative and independent—engaged in indus
trial production. The addition of persons employed in service occupations
would raise this total to well over 4 million. See Tsentral’noye upravleniye
narodnokhozyaystvennogo ucheta [Central Administration of National
Economic Accounting], Melkaya promyshlennost’ SSSR po dannym
vsesoyuznoy perepisi 1929 [Small-Scale Industry in the U.S.S.R. According
to D ata of the All-Union Census of 1929] (Moscow, 1930), vol. 1, p. 18.
8 The term “able bodied” as used here includes, according to present
Soviet practice: all salaried employees and wage earners; members of pro
ducers’ cooperatives; independent handicraftsmen; and collective farmers,
independent farmers, and members of employees’ and wage earners’ families
engaged in auxiliary agriculture who are in the ages 16-60 (male) and 16-55
(female).
9 Alexander Vucinich, Soviet Economic Institutions (Stanford, Calif.,
Stanford University Press, 1952), p. 131.
10 Promyslovaya kooperatsiya [Producers’ Cooperatives] (Moscow, 1956),
No. 5, pp. 1-3.
II Bol’shaya, op. cit., p. 41.
1067
PRODUCERS’ COOPERATIVES IN THE SOVIET UNION
T a b l e 2.
Value of 'production of Soviet producers' cooper
atives, selected years, 1932-55
Production of
services
Industrial production
Year
Value of production
(millions of rubles)
1932
prices
1932______
1933______
1934______
1935______
1936______
1937______
1940______
1941 4_____
1950______
1951______
1952______
1953______
1954______
1955______
5,696
5, 471
6,210
7, 314
8,378
13,185
1 19, 600
23,468
—
—
—
—
—
1952
prices
—
—
—
—
—
2 28, 000
—
31, 200
37,100
41, 600
47,300
55, 700
62, 900
Index (1940=100)
1932
prices
29
28
32
37
43
67
100
120
—
—
—
—
—
Value of production
(millions of rubles)
1952
prices
1932
prices
1952
prices
_
_
—
—
—
_
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
100
—
Ill
132
149
169
199
225
—
—
3 4,400
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7,700
11. A. Yevenko, op. cit., p. 9. This total is believed to include production
of the western areas incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1940.
2 Pravda, August 26, 1953. This total is not explicitly stated to be, in 1952
(January 1) prices, but the totals for 1950 and 1952 given in the same source
agree with the totals for 1950 and 1952 which are given by Yevenko, op. cit.,
p. 22, explicitly in 1952 prices. Hence the total of 28 billion rubles for 1940 is
assumed to be in 1952 prices also. The exact relationship between 1932 and
1952 prices is not known.
3 Izvestia, October 17, 1940. This figure, which is that for the 1940 plan,
was probably for the boundaries of January 1, 1940, which excluded the
Baltic and Rumanian territories annexed during 1940.
* Figures given are those for the 1941 plan.
N ote: Dashes indicate no data.
Source : All figures were reported in Soviet sources. A fully annotated table
is available upon request.
reported growth rate for consumers’ goods produc
tion for the USSR as a whole over the same
period.12 This comparison indicates that cooper
ative production has more than held its own as a
component of consumers’ goods production. In
1954, the consumers’ goods produced by coopera
tives reportedly comprised only 13 percent of the
production of consumers’ goods in the USSR,
but the output of such cooperatives was 61 perceiit
of the combined production of cooperative and
locally administered State industry.13 Thus, while
manufacturing only about one-eighth of the
national output of consumers’ goods, the cooper
atives produce more than half of such goods
available to rural and small town markets. Still
another indication of the significance of coopera
tives in the production process can be obtained
from data on the proportion of the Soviet Union’s
output of certain basic consumers’ goods produced
12
Tsentral’noye statisticheskoye upravleniye [Central Statistical Admin
istration], Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR [The National Economy of the
USSR] (Moscow, 1956), p. 47.
131. A. Yevenko, Kooperativnaya promyshlennost’ SSSR i yeye rol’ v
proizvodstve tovarov narodnogo potrebleniya [Cooperative Industry in the
USSR and Its Role in the Production )of Consumers’ Goods] (Moscow,
1954), p. 5.
14 Bol’shaya, op. cit., p. 41.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
by cooperative^in 1954. In that year, the artel’s
manufactured 35 percent of the furniture, 56
percent of enameled iron dishes, 22 percent of
the metal beds, 45 percent of the primus stoves,
and 31 percent of the felt boots.14
In addition to this production of consumers’
goods, ‘the cooperatives turn out many producers’
goods, including building materials, lumber, chem
icals, and machinery. They are permitted to mine
peat and coal, and to extract oil in areas where
State industry is not performing these functions.
However, in 19o4, producers’ goods represented
less than 15 percent of total industrial production
by cooperatives. A percentage distribution of co
operative industrial production, by type of prod
uct, for the years 1935 and 1954 is presented in
table 3.
In addition to units devoted to industrial pro
duction, the system of producers’ cooperatives in
cludes a great number of small shops engaged in
supplying basic, everyday services for the popula
tion. A partial list of such services includes shoe
repair, clothing repair and tailoring, watch repair,
and auto repair, as well as barbershops, photo
graphic studios, and laundries.
Soviet leaders have long expressed concern over
low labor productivity in cooperative enterprises.
Continued reference is made to the low level of
mechanization, with the consequent necessity for
a great proportion of hand labor, and to the poor
organization of work—all of which purportedly
result in shortages of consumers’ goods for the
population. Nevertheless, approximate calculaDistribution of industrial production of Soviet
producers' cooperatives by product, 1935 and 1954
T a ble 3.
Percent of total in
dustrial produc
tion by producers’
cooperatives
Product
1935 >
All products
_
-
...
Sewn go o d s__
______
- ___- _____- - - - - - Lumber and wood products
_____ ___________
Metal products
_
______ __ - . - _____
Textiles and knitted wear. _ ____
_____ _
Processed foods
_______ ______
Leather and fur goods. _ __
.
Dry goods, paper, printing, cultural, and artistic goods.
Chemicals (including wood chemicals)__ _
_____
Huilding materials, silicate-ceramics, and fuels______
1954 2
100.0
100.0
10.5
13.1
16.2
9.6
16.9
10.5
10.7
8.3
4.2
31.1
12.1
10.3
10.2
9.9
9.6
8.4
5.4
3.0
1 Preliminary data, from Gosudarstvennaya planovaya komissiya Soyuza
SSR [State Planning Commission of the USSR], Narodnokhozyaystvennyy
plan na 1936 god [National Economic Plan for 1936] (2d ed., Moscow, 1936),
vol. 1, p. 407.
2 1. A. Yevenko, op. cit., p. 14. Figures given are those for the 1954 plan.
1068
tions from. Soviet data indicate that the net output
of the cooperative craftsman compares favorably
with that of the State industrial worker, and in
deed may surpass it.15 In other words, coopera
tives appear to utilize their meager capital and
raw materials supplies more effectively than
State industry.
One factor which has helped to increase produc
tivity in the artel’s has been the plan, starting in
1946, whereby State industry was required to turn
over to cooperative enterprises all surplus ma
chinery and equipment.10 The addition even of
obsolete machinery no doubt raised productivity
considerably. Also, in 1949, a widely publicized
“patronage plan” was put into effect. Under this
plan, workers of State enterprises guided the
workers of local cooperative enterprises in raising
cooperative technical standards through improved
methods and mechanization. By this means, it
was better assured that workers in the coopera
tives received proper instruction in the operation
and maintenance of machinery which State enter
prises turned over to them.17
Prospects for the Future
The present flux in Soviet industrial organiza
tion makes forecasts difficult; nevertheless, the
continued existence of artel’s is probable. The
Soviets are not likely to abandon a system with
such favorable characteristics ali low costs and
operational flexibility, nor is it likely that they
will wish to dispense with the social safety value
of quasi-cooperative organizations for the produc
tion of many consumer goods and the performance
of varied consumer services. Specific evidence
comes from a statement by the Soviet Minister of
Trade in 1953 that producers’ cooperatives “are
an aid and supplement to State industry .
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
not a temporary, but a permanent aid . . . a
constant and important source of supply of con
sumers’ goods and services.” 18 The reorganiza
tion of the producers’ cooperative system in
April 1956 furnished further evidence on this
subject. While the reorganization itself was con
cerned mainly with decentralizing Government
control of the cooperatives and transferring the
larger units to the status of State establishments,
it was made clear that the remaining coopera
tives primarily the invalids and the small highly
skilled groups which produce artistic goods—will
continue to exist.19
One possible alternative—or complement—to
the producers’ artel’ is the collective-farm indus
trial unit. Relatively little is known about the
production of these groups, but recent data sug
gest that their industrial production has grown
considerably. As an alternative to continued
approval of the present system of producers’
cooperatives, the Soviet Government may well
decide to promote the industrial-service facilities
on the collective farm. Should this take place,
cooperative production would again be a byproduct
of peasant activity.
16
In 1954, the gross value of industrial output by producers’ cooperatives
was 6.4 percent of the output by State industry,while cooperative employ
ment in industry was 9.6 percent of State industrial employment. Thus
cooperative productivity, in terms of gross value, was about two-thirds that of
State industry. In terms of net output, however, considering the lower capi
talization and poorer quality of materials utilized by the cooperatives, the
productivity of a cooperative member is believed to approximate that of the
State worker. Data for these calculations are from table 1 and Tsentral’noye
statisticheskoye upravleniye [Central Statistical Administration], Promyshlennost’ SSSR [Industry of the USSR] (Moscow, 1957), p. 42. The figure
of 17.7 million used for employment in State industry is based on the reported
total of 17 million plus an estimate of 700,000 in repair and captive establish
ments. See Tsentral’noye statisticheskoye upravleniye, Narodnoye khozyaystvo SSSR [National Economy of the USSR] (Moscow, 1956), p. 44.
16 Stines, op. cit., p. 42.
17 Ibid., p. 48.
18 Pravda, August 26,1953.
MSee, for example, discussion of the reorganization in Promyslovaya
kooperatsiya [Producers’ Cooperatives], 1956, No. 6, and 19 5 7 , No. 2.
Hours of Work and
Leave Provisions
in the USSR
E dm und N a sh *
the past 2 years , sweeping changes have
occurred in hours of work in the Soviet Union and
much new information has become available on
Soviet provisions for vacations and other forms of
leave. >Worktime, vacations, and other forms of
leave are still set by law in the Soviet Union, and
are not subject to collective bargaining or volun
tary action by employers.1
I n
Hours of Work
During 1956 and 1957, and especially after the
20th Communist Party Congress in February
1956, when policies calling for a shorter workweek
were announced, the Soviet Government has
promulgated several measures reducing the num
ber of working horns of certain categories of
workers and putting most workers on a 46-hour
workweek. At the congress, Nikita Khrushchev,
first secretary of the Communist Party of the
Soviet Union, promised (1) gradual introduction,
beginning in 1957, of a 40-hour workweek into
selected industries where conditions permitted and
(2) during the sixth Five-Year Plan period (195660), shortening of the workday of most workers
from 8 to 7 hours (Saturday, from 8 to 6 hours).
Some of these promises are apparently beginning
to be implemented. On January 3, 1957, Pravda,
the Communist Party daily, reported the introduc
tion into the mining industry of a 7-hour workday
for auxiliary underground workers and a 6-hour
day for underground workers who actually dig out
the coal or ore. Trud, the Soviet trade union
daily, reported, on February 22, 1957, that “The
Red Proletariat,” the Moscow printing plant, had
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gone on a 7-hour working day on October 1,1956;
and, on July 19, 1957, that the largest garment
sewing factory in Armenia was the first one there
to go on a 7-hour workday. The Moscow News
on June 29, 1957, reported that Government plans
provided for putting the iron and steel industry on
a 7-hour day as of September 1, 1957. The
^present policy appears to be that any shop or
plant may go on a 7-hour day or shift if it can
still meet its normal production quota. (Trud
emphasized this on June 7, 1957, in connection
with a report that a shop in a Sverdlovsk rubber
products plant was going on a 7-hour day.)
Soviet spokesmen have been very vocal at home
and abroad in advocating the 40-hour workweek,
but such a workweek has apparently not been
achieved in any Soviet industry, including mining.
At the June 1956 International Labor Conference
in Geneva,2 a Soviet Government delegate an
nounced that the Soviet Union had, by becoming
the second country to ratify the 1935 ILO Con
vention which approves the 40-hour workweek in
principle, brought it into effect (only New Zealand
had previously ratified it).
A 46-hour workweek is in force for most Soviet
workers 18 years of age and older. The law of
June 26, 1940, establishing an 8-hour day 3 and
6-day workweek was amended by the Ukase of the
Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR,
dated March 8, 1956, to provide a reduction in
hours of work for most workers from 8 to 6 on
Saturday and on the workday preceding each
legal holiday. In arduous or hazardous trades,
the legal workday may be 7 hours or less, depend
ing on the nature of the work.4 Xln enterprises
operating on a 3-shift basis, the night shift is
limited to 7 hours, with pay equivalent to an 8hour day shift.
Effective January 1, 1956, the length of the
workday for industrial trainees aged 14 and 15
♦Of the Division of Foreign Labor Conditions, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1
For a summary of such laws up to 1955, see Monthly Labor Review,
October 1955, pp. 1144-1146.
s For a summary of the conference, see Monthly Labor Review, September
1956, pp. 1047-1051.
3
The constitution of the USSR, as amended in February 1947, established
(Article 119) an 8-hour day, in place of a 7-hour day, as the maximum
and provided for shorter workdays in arduous trades, b ut made no men
tion of the number of workdays per week or the number of work hours per
month.
* A detailed list of industrial occupations on the 6-hour day basis is given
in Spravochnik profsoyuznogo rabotnika [Handbook of the Trade Union
Official] (Moscow, 1956), pp. 259-269, hereafter cited as Spravochnik.
1069
1070
was cut from 6 to 4 hours,5 and effective July 1,
1956, that for workers aged 16 and 17, from 7 to
6 hours.6
The reduction of hours of work from 48 to 46
may have reduced proportionately the take-home
pay of most Soviet industrial workers, whose pur
chasing power has been shown to be inadequate by
United States standards.7 This conclusion is
based on the fact that the decree reducing Satur
day hours from 8 to 6, stated specifically that
p o rk e rs on piecework will continue to be paid
“according to work done.” In the Soviet Union,
about 75 percent of the industrial workers are on
piecework.8 For time workers, the decree pro
vided for no reduction in pay by reason of fewer
hours of work on Saturday.
Overtime, Holiday Work, and Weekly Rest
Overtime work without the “permission” of
trade union and public authorities is forbidden by
law in the Soviet Union. The law also forbids
overtime and nightwork by workers under 18
years of age and by expectant and nursing mothers,
except that expectant mothers may work overtime
during the first 4 months of pregnancy.9 /O ver
time work must be compensated at premium rates,
usually time and a half for the 9th and 10th hours
and double time for the 11th and subsequent
hours. Double time is also paid for work on the
six legal holidays and, under certain circumstances,
for work on the weekly day of rest.10
Workers may not take time off, instead of over
time pay, as compensation for overtime work
done on regular workdays; however, holiday work
may be compensated at the worker’s request by
equivalent time on some other day.11 Work on
the regular rest day is, as a rule, compensated not
in cash but by a day off in addition to the usual
rest days, within 2 weeks. If this is not possible,
double time must be paid.
Managers of enterprises have been frequently
criticized in the Soviet press for failing to maintain
their production processes at a regular pace,
without wasteful periods of idleness and the need
for “storming” in the last days of the month in
order to meet production quotas.12 For example,
Trud, on June 23, 1956, printed a letter from “a
group of workers” in the Bezhetsk timber-cutting
machinery plant (Kalinin Region) which stated
“. . . We do not have normal working conditions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
Consider this: for days we sit at our machines
without work, and then suddenly we begin to
‘storm.’ Then we work up to two shifts a day.
We no longer remember when we used to have a
rest day in the second half of the month.” Trud
stated that these workers “had to work 12 to 14
hours a day,” and that overtime pay was arbi
trarily calculated ; so that no worker knew what
he had earned until he had received his pay.
Vacations
Workers in the Soviet Union are, as a rule,
entitled by law to a minimum annual continuous
vacation with pay of 2 weeks (12 workdays). If
the worker and management agree, the vacation
period can be divided. During 1956,Xrorkers 16
and 17 years of age again became entitled to at
least 1 calendar month of paid annual vacation; 13
1 month was “guaranteed” to them by the Labor
Code of 1922, but enforcement had evidently
lapsed, for in 1955, it was reported that only
workers under 16 were entitled to 1 month of
vacation.14
Workers in arduous and hazardous jobs get
extra days of vacation with pay, usually 6 or 12
days; in a few cases, 24 or 36 days.15 Workers
with 3-year contracts to work in the Far North
get 3 weeks’ vacation each year in addition to
other leave. All production workers get 3 days’
extra annual vacation, or 3 days’ pay, after 2
years of continuous employment in certain in
dustries such as mining, metallurgy, textiles, con
struction materials, and transportation.16
For the purpose of maintaining continued pro
duction, management issues by January 1 a list
4
Vedemosti verkhovnogo sovieta [Journal of the Supreme Council], No. 15
(833), item 303, September 3, 1955, Decree of August 15, 19 5 5 .
6 Trud, May 29, 1956, Council of Ministers’ Decree of May 26, 1956.
7 See Purchasing Power of Soviet Workers, 1953 (in M onthly Labor Re
view, July 1953, pp. 705-708).
8 D. M. Konakov, Organizatsiya zarabotnoi platy i normirovanie truda v
promyshlennosti SSSR [Organization of Wages and Work Quotas in In
dustry in the USSR] (Moscow, 1953), p. 20.
9 Zakonodatelstvo 0 trade [Labor Legislation], edited by I. T. Goliakov
(Moscow, 1947), pp. 202-203; T rad, May 30, 1956.
10 Sunday is the usual day of rest, but a different day is fixed in some local
ities or enterprises.
11 Goliakov, loo. cit.
121 he latest discussion of these practices appeared in Sotsialistichesky
trud [Socialist Labor, a government monthly magazine] (Moscow), May
1957, pp. 49-53.
13 Trud, May 30, 1956; Spravochnik, op. cit., p. 275.
14 Sovietskie profsoyuzy [Soviet Trade Unions, a monthly], May 1 9 5 5 , p. 58.
14 Spravochnik, op. cit. (1949), pp. 216-276.
18 Spravochnik, op. cit. (1956), pp. 279-280.
ion
HOURS OF WORK IN THE USSR
showing the order in which workers may take
their vacations during the year; this list has been
approved by the factory or enterprise Appraise
ment and Disputes Commission, made up of an
equal number of representatives of management
and the workers. ^Normally, 8 to 9 percent of
the workers are on vacation each month. How
ever, in case of an unexpected production stoppage
(because of fire, flood, or other cause) X^he Ap
praisement and Disputes Commission may require
the workers affected to take their annual vaca
tions.17 (These commissions also have jurisdic
tion of workers’ grievances concerning hours of
work, leave, and related matters. Grievances not
settled by the commission may be taken to a
public court.18)
In order to qualify for a vacation, the Soviet
worker must have 11 months’ continuous service
in an enterprise, with a legitimate excuse for every
absence.19 The service requirement of 11 months
may have taken on greater significance since
April 25, 1956, when workers were granted the
right to quit jobs without permission of manage
ment.20
In computing the worker’s service, continuity
of work is not considered to be interrupted if the
worker is transferred by administrative order to
another enterprise. Sick leave from causes con
nected with the job is excused only if it is paid
sick leave and, until recently, under laws designed
to discourage labor turnover, new workers with
less than 6 months’ service were not entitled to
disability benefits.21 For this reason, a consider
able number of new workers appear to have failed
to meet the requirement of 11 months’ continuous
service. This situation was corrected in the
workers’ favor by the USSR Council of Ministers
decree, effective February 1, 1957, which abol« Ibid., p. 275.
n M. Goldshtein and V. Korotkov, Otpuska rabochikh i sluzhashchikh v
SSSR [Leave of Workers and Employees in the USSR] (Moscow, 1956), p. 66.
19 Goliakov, op. cit., p. 173.
29 See Recent Trends in Soviet Labor Policy (in Monthly Labor Review,
July 1956, pp. 767-775).
Goldshtein and Korotkov, op. cit., p. 8.
22 Spravochnik, op. cit. (1956), p. 272.
22 Trud, January 5, 1949.
24 Narodnoe khoziaistvo SSSR v 1956 godu [The National Economy of
the USSR in 1956] (Moscow, 1957), pp. 189 and 275.
22 E. N. Korshunova, Rabochee vremia i vremia otdykha rabochikh i
sluzhashchikh v SSSR [Working Time and Time of Rest of Workers and
Employees in the USSR] (Moscow, 1954), p. 8.
29 B. Konnov, Otpuska rabochikh i sluzhashchikh [Workers’ Leave]
(Moscow, 1956), pp. 4-5.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ished the 6 months’ continuous service require
ment for disability compensation.
The Soviet worker may postpone his vacation
for various reasons, such as sickness, compulsory
state duties, and management’s request; if he is
not under 18, he may even take a longer vacation
the following year or get paid for his unused
vacation. .XVacations may not be accumulated
for more than 2 years,22 except by workers in the
Far North.
Only a limited number of Soviet workers
receive passes annually to summer resorts and
sanatoriums. In 1949, for example, only 3.5
million out of a total of over 35 million wage and
salary earners (or about 1 of every 10) were
reported as receiving passes.23 Data from a 1957
official publication24 indicate a decline in the
proportion of qualified persons receiving passes—
in the period 1950-56, the number of wage and
salary earners increased from 39.8 million to 50
million, or 25.6 percent, while the number of beds
in sanatoria and rest homes (for adults staying
more than 1 day) increased from 383,000 to
448,000, or 17 percent. About 20 percent of the
passes to sanatoria and 10 percent of the passes
to summer resorts are free.25 The remaining
passes appear to be granted at reduced rates (about
30 percent of actual costs).26 All passes to
summer resorts and sanatoria are still distributed
on a preferential basis. The Soviet trade union
monthly, Sovietskie profsoyuzy, stated (May
1956, p. 68) that “Passes must be given first of all
to production leaders and innovators, key workers,
working war invalids, and engineering-technical
workers in production.”
Leave for Taking School Examinations
During the past 2 years, the Soviet press has
begun to give attention to the subject of leave
available to wage and salaried workers for annual
or semester examinations in connection with
correspondence and evening school courses. This
leave is separate from vacation leave, and the
requirement of 11 months’ continuous service
does not apply to workers qualified to take such
examinations. xThe 20th Communist Party Con
gress in February 1956 called for the expansion
of the number of schools giving these courses in
order to enable workers to acquire university and
secondary school specialized training; in the
1072
school year 1956-57, there were reportedly some
1,299,000 workers taking such courses.27
Management appears to have resisted giving
workers leave for school examinations, especially
when several such workers were employed in the
same production section. However, arrange
ments reportedly have been made to stagger the
examinations and to hold them at times most
convenient to the employing enterprise or estab
lishment.28
Evening Schools. ^Workers who have made satis
factory progress in the evening grade and high
schools are entitled to leave with pay to prepare
for final examinations for graduation :M5 workdays
for grade school (grade 7) and>20 workdays for
high school (grade 10). Workers attending the
lower grades may use part of their vacation to
prepare for final examinations.29 Evening stu
dents at technical high schools are granted more
liberal leave for examinations: 10 calendar days
of leave with pay in the first 2 years and, in the
last year, 1 montb of leave (20 calendar days with
pay, and the regular Government stipend for
students for the remainder) in addition to 2
months’ leave for his diploma project (20 calendar
days with pay, and the regular Government
student stipend for the remainder) ,30
Concerning evening schools on the university
level, workers are entitled to 10 calendar days of
leave without pay to take entrance examinations
(this is true also for evening secondary technical
schools). Workers making satisfactory progress
in evening university extension courses are
entitled each year to 20 calendar days’ leave with
pay to finish course requirements and prepare for
examinations, and in their last year, for completing
their dissertations, to 4 months’ leave (1 month with
pay, and a Government stipend for 3 months).
However, students of the humanities and those
who do not have to prepare a dissertation for
graduation are entitled to only 1 month of leave
without pay (but with a Government stipend) to
prepare for final examinations.31
Correspondence Schools. Workers satisfactorily
pursuing adult general education correspondence
courses are entitled to 20 calendar days of leave
without pay to prepare for diploma examinations.
Workers desiring to take correspondence courses
leading to university and secondary technical
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
school diplomas are entitled to 10 calendar days
without pay to take entrance examinations.32
Then, those who have satisfactorily performed the
course assignments are entitled each year to 30
calendar days of leave with pay to prepare for
and take examinations; this leave may be divided
between the semesters. XIn the last year of study,
the worker preparing a university diploma project
or dissertation is entitled to 4 months of leave
without pay, but with the usual Government
stipend. Where no dissertation is required, but
final university examinations must be passed, the
worker is entitled to 1 month of leave with pay.
For a diploma project in the last year of corre
spondence study in the secondary technical school,
the worker is entitled, in addition to the regular
30 days’ leave for examinations, to 2 months’
leave (the first 20 days with pay, the rest with a
Government stipend).33
Sick Leave
Soviet wage or salaried workers'1may take sick
leave only with a doctor’s permission, in the form
of a sickness certificate. This provision was
especially important before April 25, 1956, when
unjustified absence from work was a crime. Sick
ness benefits were, until recently, paid only to
workers incapacitated while they were at work or
while traveling, with expenses paid or drawing a
salary, to a new job. By decree of early 1957, the
6 months’ service requirement for sickness bene
fits was abolished, as noted earlier. Now a worker
is entitled to benefits from the first day of inca
pacity until he returns to work or is declared an
invalid (there are special pensions for invalids).
If sickness occurs during the worker’s paid vaca
tion, only if he is hospitalized will he be paid
sickness benefits and will his vacation be prolonged
for the number of days of sickness (or he may take
these days off later). Sickness benefits for workers
who are trade union members range from 50 per
cent to 90 percent of earnings, according to length
of employment in the same enterprise; those who
are not members of trade unions (about 6 percent
27 Trud, June 1, 1957.
2®Ibid., p. 4.
2®Sovietskie profsoyuzy [Soviet Trade Unions], September 1955, p. 66.
30 Goldshtein and Korotkov, op. cit., p. 42.
si Konnov, op. cit., p. 29.
32 Goldshtein and Korotkov, op. cit., p. 42.
33 Ibid.,pppj42-43;’and Konnov., op. cit., pp. 29-30.
HOURS OF WORK IN THE USSR
1073
of the total) are entitled to only one-half of the
regular sickness benefits.34 As of February 1,
1957, workers temporarily disabled by a work
injury or by occupational disease are entitled to
benefits equal to 100 percent of wages for the
period of disability, regardless of length of service
or whether they are trade union members.35
Maternity Leave
The period of maternity leave was increased
on April 1, 1956, from 77 to 112 calendar days
(56 prenatal and 56 postnatal; in the case of
multiple births, 70 days postnatal; in the case of
still births, 56 or 70 days postnatal). As of
January 1, 1957, the requirement of continuous
employment for 3 months in a given State enter
prise or establishment was abolished in order to
qualify women for maternity leave.X While on
maternity leave, women are entitled to free medi
cal care and regular payments from the State
social insurance funds; these payments range from
66.7 to 100 percent of the worker’s average earn
ings, depending on length of service, type of work,
efficiency records, and various other considera
tions.36 In addition, women have the right to
leave without pay for a period of up to 3 months,
following postnatal leave.37
34 Spravochnik, op. eit. (1956), pp. 384 and 388.
36 Trad, February 6, 1957, p. 3.
36 Trad, January 4, 1957.
37 Goldshtein and Korotkov, op. cit., p. 65.
Conferences and Institutes, October 16 to November 15, 1957
E ditor ’s N ote .—As a service to its readers, the Monthly Labor Review
'publishes a list of forthcoming conferences and institutes devoted to the broad field
of industrial relations. Institutes and organizations are invited to submit
schedules of such meetings for listing. To be timely enough for publication,
announcements must be received 90 days prior to the date of a conference.
Date
Oct. 17-18---------------Oct. 21-25---------------Oct. 30-31---------------Oct. 31—Nov. 2----------
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Conference and sponsor
Place
Northern Minnesota Conference on Industrial Rela- Virginia, Minn.
tions. Sponsor: University of Minnesota, Industrial
Relations Center.
45th National Safety Congress and Exposition. Chicago, 111.
Sponsor: National Safety Council.
22d Annual Meeting. Sponsor: Industrial Hygiene Pittsburgh, Pa.
Foundation of America.
10th Annual Scientific Meeting. Sponsor: Gerontolog- Cleveland, Ohio
ical Society, Inc.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Salaries and Supplementary Benefits
in Private Hospitals, 1956-57
A merican hospitals employ a total of approxi
mately 1,300,000 employees.1 They thus employ
more workers than major industries such as basic
steel (about 650,000 workers), automobiles (be
tween 800,000 and 900,000), and interstate rail
roads (about 1.1 million). Although hospitals
are found in both large and small communities,
a relatively high proportion of the total number
of employees of such institutions is concentrated
in major metropolitan areas. In the 16 metro
politan areas in which the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics in cooperation with the Women’s Bureau
made surveys of hospital salaries and working
conditions in 1956-57, almost 400,000 full-time
hospital workers were employed.
This article is limited to a discussion of salaries
and working conditions in private hospitals in 16
metropolitan areas, because intercity comparisons
based on all hospitals would be affected by varia
tions in the proportion of employment accounted
for by government institutions. Private hospi
tals (including proprietary or profitmaking and
nonprofit institutions) employ slightly more than
half of all hospital employees in the country as
a whole and about three-fifths of all hospital
workers in the areas studied.2
Hospital occupations cover a wide range and
variety of skills and functions, some peculiar to
medical institutions and some common to other
industries. In this survey of salaries and working
conditions in hospitals, occupations representative
of many skill levels and types of duties were in
cluded: Various professional nursing occupations,
other professional and technical positions, and
selected occupations in office clerical, auxiliary
nursing, maintenance, custodial, and other types
of work. Professional nurses and other profes
sional and technical workers together accounted
for almost one-fourth of all employees in private
hospitals in the areas studied ; office clerical workers
1074
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
for a tenth; and other nonprofessional workers for
about half the workers.3 Included in the latter
group were over 40,000 practical nurses and
nursing aides who thus outnumbered the approxi
mately 35,000 professional nurses in these same
hospitals.
The data summarized here, collected for various
payroll periods during 1956 and 1957,4 showed
1 Full-time workers and the full-time equivalent of part-time employees.
Information on salaries and working conditions in government hospitals
and fuller detail on private hospitals are presented in individual Bureau of
Labor Statistics bulletins (Bull. 1210, parts 1 to 16) issued for each of the cities
studied and on sale by the Superintendent of Documents. The surveys
were conducted by personal visits of BLS field staff to representative hospi
tals selected on the basis of size, type of service (e. g., general, mental and
allied, or tuberculosis), and proprietorship (Federal, State, or local govern
ment, or nongovernmental organization). Hospitals having fewer than 51
employees were omitted since they employ relatively few workers in the range
of occupations studied. In each case, the survey covered the entire metro
politan area instead of being confined to city limits.
Data are shown for full-time employees, that is, those hired to work the
regular schedule for the given occupational classification. Students as well
as interns and residents were not considered as employees. All occupational
information excludes not only part-time employees but members of religious
orders and of the Armed Forces.
Earnings data, presented only for selected occupations and collected on
the basis of uniform job descriptions, exclude premium pay for overtime,
for work on holidays and late shifts, and for time on call, as well as the cash
value of room, board, and any other perquisites provided in addition to
cash salaries. The earnings data include any cost-of-living bonuses as well as
extra pay for work performed in certain units such as tuberculosis, psychi
atric, or communicable disease wards and operating or delivery rooms.
Although the value of any perquisites has not been added to the earnings
data, separate information is shown on the extent to which employees in
certain occupations receive room, board, and other perquisites in addition
to their cash salaries; information for other occupations is included in the
individual city bulletins.
s Other occupational groups, such as those involved in hospital adminis
tration, accounted for the remaining portion of hospital employees.
* Although data were collected for different dates in the 16 metropolitan
areas, most of the intercity variation in earnings is not explained by this
variation in pay periods. Moreover, differences in provision of perquisites
would not oflset such intercity variations in cash pay. The areas and pay
periods covered were as follows:
2
A tlanta_______________
Baltimore_____________
Boston_______________
Buffalo-------- -------------Chicago______________
Cincinnati____________
Cleveland____________
Dallas________________
Los Angeles-Long Beach.
Memphis_____________
Minneapolis-St. Paul---New York-----------------Philadelphia............. .......
Portland (Oreg.)----------San Francisco-Oakland..
St. Louis......... ................
September 1956
June 1956
August 1956
June 1956
August 1956
September 1956
November 1956
November 1956
January 1957
December 1956
March 1957
February 1957
July 1956
M ay 1956, revised to July 1956
November 1956
June 1956
1075
SALARIES IN PRIVATE HOSPITALS, 1956-57
T
able
1.
Average straight-time weekly or hourly earnings for selected occupations in private hospitals in 16 metropolitan
areas, 1956-57
Occupation and sex
At
lanta
Balti
more
Bos
ton
Buf
falo
Chi
cago
Los
M in
Cin Cleve
An Mem neapo New
lis— York
cin land Dallas geles- phis
Long
St.
nati
Beach
Paul
Phil
adel
phia
San
Port
St.
Franland Louis ciseoOak(Oreg.)
land
Average weekly earnings 1
PROFESSIONAL AND TECH NICAL OCCUPATIONS
N ursing
Women
$95.50 $99. 00
Directors of nursing.
Supervisors of nurses___________ $76.50 71.00 73.50
69. 00 65.0C 66. OO
Head nurses._____ ____________
General duty nurses____________ 57. 50 62.50 60. 50
74.50
Nursing instructors.. .
Other P rofessional
T echnical
$111.00 $101.50 $106. 50
$120. 50 $112.50 $111.00 $104.00 $109. 50 $117.00
$98.00 $115.50
80.50 81.00 86.00
76.00 86.50 $82.00 84. 50 79.00 85.50 $74. 50 88.00 86.00 70.50
73.50 70.50 77.50
68. 5C 78.50 71 5C 80.00 74. 00 76. 50 65.00 81.00 74.00 63.00
67.50 64.00 72.00
60.00 72.00 63.00 68.00 65.00 71.00 57.50 68.50 67.50 56.50
72.00 92.00
76. 50 87. 50 74.5C 84.00 73.50 82.50 71.00 82.50 82.50 72.00
and
Men
Medical technologists 2
X-ray technicians, chief
X-ray technicians 2._
Women
Dietitians 2___ _________
Medical record librarians______
Medical social workers 2
Medical technologists 2___
Physical therapists 2
X-ray technicians, chief
X-ray technicians 2_________
117. 50
54. 50
66.50
71.00
56.50
55. 50
69.50
66.00
72. 50
57.50
61.50
75.50
57.50
41.50
54. 00
49.00
43.50
56. 50
55.00
46. 00
66. 50
71. 50
69.00
71.00
64.50
63. 50
64. 50
88. 00
53.50
67.50
69. 50
74.00
102. 50
67.00
75.00
87.50
72.50
62.50
81.50
93.50
76.00
65.50
95.00 102.50
61.00 66.50
61.50
72.50
56.50
72.50
76.00 70.50
81.50
82.50
81.50 65.00
80.0C
80.00
79.00
69.00 81.50
85.50 102.50
73.50 82.00
72.0C
83.50
86. OC
65.00
70. OO
81.50
66.00
68. 5C
68.0C
61. 5C
56.00
67. 5C
63.50
56.00
77.5C
78. 5C
74.50
70.0C 79.00
72.5C 82. 00
84. 00
64.00 80.00
75. 5C 78.00
88.00
65.50 73. 50
59.50
61.00
49.50
52.50
51.00
42.00
64.00
66.00
52.00
56.00
57.00
43.00
69.50
81.50
80.00 72.50
82.00 82.50
83. 5C
67.00 67. 50
70. 50
62.50
85.00
78. 00
86. 50
70.50
75. 50
86.00
69.00
63.00
61.00
67.50
73.50
54.00
77. 50
86.00
74.50
58.00
59. 50
52. 00
43.00
67. 50
65.00
51.00
60.50
57.50
45.50
65.50
63.00
50.50
43.00
67.50
70.00
54.50
38.00
59.00
63. 00
52.50
55.00
43.00
41.00
43.50
59.00
48.00
57. 50
57.50
51.00
49.50
69.50
56.00
39.00
52.50
32.00
44.50
51.00
38.50
43.50
62.00
72.00
54.00
52.00
70.00
51.50
35.00
63.50
35.50
27.50
64.00
50.00
45. 50
63.50
39.50
31.00
82.50
57.00
57.00
$1.42
$1.43
63. 50
74.00
80.00
67.00
66.00
75.00
86.00
71.50
79.0C
NONPROFESSION AL
OCCUPATIONS
Office
Women
Clerks, payroll.. . . .
Stenographers, technical
Switchboard operators____
S w itc h b o a rd operator-receptionists
Transcribing-machine operators,
technical______ _____
56.00
32.00
43. 50
36. 00
46. 50
41.00
50.00
50. 50
54. 00
62.50
54. 50
53.50
51.00
66. 50
35.00
45.00
44. 50
41.00
46.50
52.00
42.50
48.50
38.00
51.50
57.00
56.00
41.00
31.00
62.50
48.50
39.50
60.00
45.50
31.00
73.00
50.00
42.50
48.50
35.50
77.50
49.50
39.00
40.50
29.50
74.50
52.50
47.50
75. 00
72.50
62.00
Other N onprofessional
Men
Nursing aides___________
Practical nurses___
Women
Housekeepers, c h ie f____ ____
Practical nurses____ ___ ______
Nursing aides_______ ___ ______
31.00
38.00
29.50
Average hourly earnings 3
Men
Dishwashers, machine..
Electricians, maintenance'
Engineers, stationary_______
Kitchen helpers___
P o r te r s ..._________ ____
Washers, machine________
$0. 60
.69
$0.84
2.00
1.95
.96
.94
1.25
$0.97
2.21
2.08
.91
.97
1.26
$1.02
2.03
2.10
1.04
1.12
1.48
$1.72
.62
.81
.99
$1.19
1.81
2.03
1.15
1.23
1.45
$1.65
.52
.59
.81
2.22
1.41
1.42
1.63
$0. 84
1.73
1.99
.88
.86
1.11
$0. 71
1.58
1.46
.67
.68
.98
$1.25
1.62
.64
.84
1. 22
1.27
1.53
$0.83
1.53
2.05
.81
.86
1.07
.97
.92
.67
.96
.92
.88
.81
.91
.55
1.16
1.06
.45
1.31
1.32
.85
.69
.67
1.08
1.16
.68
.69
1.33
1.31
.92
.91
.86
.63
.88
.91
.86
.80
.97
.91
.65
1.12
1.10
.48
.40
1.36
1.32
.87
.85
.60
.60
1.16
1.11
.69
.65
1.40
1.34
$0.66
1. 56
1.65
.64
.72
.98
$1.00
1. 85
1.69
1.03
1.04
1.35
.64
.61
.61
.59
$0.60
2.27
2.26
1.31
1.44
1.49
Women
Dishwashers, machine
Kitchen helpers____ ____ ___
Laundry finishers, flatwork, machine___ ________ _________
Maids__________
.54
1 Regular straight-time salaries. Averages are rounded to the nearest 50
cents. Extra pay for evening and night shifts is excluded, as is the cash value
of room, board, or other perquisites provided in addition to cash salaries.
2 Data for this occupation exclude chiefs in hospitals employing more than
1 worker in the occupation.
4 3 6 1 5 7 — 57------- 3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
s Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts, as well as the cash value of room, board, or other perquisites
provided in addition to cash pay.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1076
Table 1 also shows the general level of earnings
in other professional and technical jobs surveyed.
In half the cities, the lowest paid professional and
technical group studied in a majority of areas,
women X-ray technicians below the level of chief,
averaged $57.50 to $67.50 a week, while the highest
paid of the nonnursing groups, men chief X-ray
technicians, averaged $88 to $102.50.
Women payroll clerks'—generally the highest
paid office workers studied—averaged $56.50 to
$65.50 a week in half of the cities, while usually
the lowest paid office job surveyed—-that of switch
board operator-receptionist—Averaged $41 to $55
in a majority of the areas. Stationary engineers,
often the highest paid among other nonprofessional
jobs studied, earned an average of $1.69 to $2.10
an hour in a majority of the communities. Gen
erally lowest paid were maids who averaged from
63 cents to $1.10 in more than half of the areas,
with a range from an average of 40 cents an hour
in Memphis to $1.34 in San Francisco.
substantial differences in pay among areas, par
ticularly in the case of the nonprofessional occupa
tions surveyed. Differences also were found in
the extent of supplementary benefits. However,
there was no marked positive or negative correla
tion between salary levels and extent of such
benefits, although San Francisco ranked high in
terms of a number of supplementary benefits as
well as in earnings. The pattern of intercity
differences in hospital pay appears to be generally
consistent with interarea differences in industry
generally, although the variation among cities in
salaries of nonprofessional workers (other than
office) in hospitals appears to be proportionately
greater than for plant workers in industry.
Earnings and Perquisites
Earnings Levels. The salaries of general duty
nurses in private hospitals varied from $56.50 a
week in Philadelphia to $72 in Chicago and San
Francisco; in a majority of the communities
studied, salaries averaged $60 but less than $68.50
weekly. Directors of nursing in the cities where
a large enough number were found in private
hospitals to warrant presentation of data re
ceived salaries varying from an average of $95.50
a week in Baltimore to $120.50 in Minneapolis-St.
Paul; and in a majority of such cities their salaries
averaged between $101.50 and $112.50. (See
table 1.)
T
able
2.
Perquisites. A significant proportion of private
hospitals provided their employees with one or
more meals a day in addition to their cash pay,
and some also provided rooms. Provision of
perquisites varied appreciably among areas; there
was some tendency for the provision of rooms and
meals to be more prevalent in the areas with
relatively low cash salaries. There were some
exceptions: for example, Chicago, with above
Provision of meals in addition to cash salaries for selected occupations in private hospitals in 16 metropolitan areas,
1956-67
Percent of workers in—
Occupation and number of meals
provided daily
General duty nurses (women)----1 mp.al
2 mp.als
3 TTipals
3 mpals and rnnm
None .
--------- .-
Balti
more
Bos
ton
Buf
falo
Chi
cago
100
100
25
100
4
100
22
100
13
3
6
100
10
0
98
Prant.ip.al nnrsPS (wnTT|ivn)
1 mpal
2 mPB.ls
3 m p a ls
3 m p a ls a n d ro o m
None
_________ ______
Kitchen helpers (men)__________
1
2
3
3
m p al
yp pa]s
m p.als
m p a ls a n d rn n m
None. _ ------------ ----------- -» Less than 2.5 percent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cin Cleve Dal
cin land
las
nati
A t
lanta
100
10
41
49
100
100
San
MinLos
FranNew Phila Port
St.
An Mem neland Louis ciscogeles- phis apol is- York del
Oakphia (Oreg.)
Long
St.
land
Paul
Beach
100
100
20
0
75
96
77
79
90
99
80
100
100
100
36
35
100
31
100
10
100
23
100
16
100
100
100
100
5
31
9
20
69
90
4
6
59
83
95
69
100
100
15
11
100
13
100
49
21
9
100
27
34
5
100
11
47
100
100
21
80
20
100
5
13
39
13
30
37
38
8
79
22
8
(l)
31
17
(i)
4
38
(i)
77
100
0
(9
5
ll
9
100
34
100
100
27
100
(9
(9
78
5
62
100
100
100
12
28
100
41
100
(9
(9
58
100
92
100
100
9
34
14
100
17
45
11
100
100
52
100
4
u
(9
(9
100
48
94
(9
82
99
100
100
32
65
3
100
100
57
41
27
(9
72
100
100
8
100
68
17
SALARIES IN PRIVATE HOSPITALS, 1956-57
average pay, provided supplementary meals for a
substantial proportion of its nonprofessional
hospital workers.
In most areas, proportionately more kitchen
workers received meals than workers in other
occupations. There was also a tendency in most
areas, with the notable exceptions of Portland
(where such perquisites were practically non
existent), Dallas, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and
Boston, to supplement the pay of the lowest paid
workers within an occupation by perquisites more
frequently than the higher paid. For example,
in Baltimore, all supervisors of nurses paid less
than $60 a week received at least 2 meals a day
in addition, and half of these received their room
and meals, although more than 2 out of 5 of all
supervisors in private hospitals in the area
received no such benefits. Few workers at any
pay level received such benefits in Portland and
Minneapolis and, except for kitchen help, in
Atlanta, Cleveland, San Francisco, and Los
Angeles. Most commonly the perquisites con
sisted of one meal a day. However, 2 or 3 meals
were typical for kitchen helpers in most areas,
and in a few cities, they were also more common
than 1 meal daily for other nonprofessional
workers as well. (See table 2.)
Some hospitals offered meals and living quarters
that their employees could pay for by means of
payroll deductions. However, most hospital
workers did not rent rooms, and the extent to
which meals were purchased in this way varied
among areas. Charges for rooms, where reported,
varied considerably among areas as well as within
areas; the rent that nurses paid for a single room
generally ranged from $10 to $30 a month. Most
meal charges were 30 to 65 cents a meal. Uni
forms and laundry of uniforms were also provided
some private hospital employees.
1
Since the ratios are based on average earnings for the occupation in all
private hospitals in the area, they are affected by variations in the extent to
which each job is found in hospitals with differing pay levels. The ratios,
therefore, do not necessarily correspond to the earnings relationship among
jobs that would be found in individual hospitals.
6
Unlike the other jobs presented here, the information on medical record
librarians included chiefs in large hospitals. In the case of professional
nurses, and also of medical record librarians below the rank of chief, only
workers who were registered were surveyed. Data for the other occupations
studied, such as dietitians, included all workers performing the duties de
scribed for the occupation regardless of whether they were registered. In
formation on salaries was compiled from all hospitals on the basis of uniform
job descriptions, which are printed in each of the city bulletins.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1077
Occupational Wage Relationships
Average earnings by occupation, reduced to an
hourly basis, are presented in table 3 in the form
of percentages of the average earnings in each
area of women kitchen helpers, one of the lowest
paid job categories surveyed.5 These ratios facil
itate comparisons of the level of earnings among
occupations. Thus, in Cleveland, the level of
earnings of directors of nursing was about three
times as great as the average earnings of kitchen
helpers, who roughly represent the bottom of the
wage structure, while the level of earnings of
general duty nurses was less than twice that of
kitchen helpers. The approximate wage relation
ship between any two occupations studied in this
analysis may be obtained by computing the per
centage difference between the indexes shown for
the occupations. In Cleveland, for example,
directors of nursing earned, on the average, about
63 percent more than general duty nurses (305-f187X100 = 163).
Professional Occupations. Directors of nursing,
the highest paid workers surveyed in most areas,
earned from about 50 to almost 100 percent more
than general duty nurses (55 to 65 percent in
about half of the communities). Men chief
X-ray technicians were usually second in the pay
scale. Generally, supervisors of nursing, and
often nursing instructors as well, ranked next to
directors of nursing and men chief X-ray techni
cians, followed in order by women medical social
workers, medical record librarians,6 and staff
dietitians. Next came physical therapists, head
nurses, and medical technologists. Women X-ray
technicians, excluding chiefs, were most frequently
the lowest paid of the professional and technical
workers studied; however, general duty nurses
were lowest in some communities. Salaries of
men X-ray technicians, excluding those occupying
the position of chief in large hospitals, were also
relatively low.
Professional and Nonprofessional Jobs. Average
earnings in the lowest paid professional and techni
cal occupations in some areas were exceeded by
those of the highest paid office occupations sur
veyed in private hospitals, and pay for occupa
tions at the bottom of the professional and
technical scale was typically less than 10 percent
1078
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
above that of women payroll clerks and technical
stenographers. Stationary engineers earned more
per hour than head nurses in a majority of the
areas and more than supervisors of nursing in a few
areas.
T able 3.
The differences in earnings between women
general duty nurses and women practical nurses
varied from about 25 percent in Boston, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and San Francisco, to about 75
percent in St. Louis; the variation between salaries
Occupational earnings 1for selected occupations as a percentage of pay for women kitchen helpers in private hospitals
in 16 metropolitan areas, 1956-57
[Average hourly earnings of women kitchen helpers=100]
Occupation and sex
Los
MinSan
Cleve
Ange Mem neapo- New Phila Port
St.
Franland Dallas lesphis
lis— York del
land Louis ciscoLong
St.
phia (Oreg.)
OakBeach
Paul
land
At
lanta
Balti
more
Bos
ton
Buf
falo
Chi
cago
Cin
cin
nati
(2)
333
294
244
(2)
392
295
270
252
(2)
270
200
179
164
202
361
281
252
221
282
307
233
213
196
238
(2)
253
221
195
230
305
232
220
187
231
445
360
336
296
335
251
202
180
168
194
(2)
393
340
320
376
228
167
154
129
156
331
253
218
199
242
415
263
236
210
269
(2>
(2)
(2)
(2)
482
215
175
239
146
246
(2)
257
199
238
192
(2)
(2)
(2)
203
281
185
(2)
190
218
173
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
284
198
301
201
(2)
(2)
283
306
(2)
287
(2)
(2)
241
293
287
2S7
264
261
(2)
228
187
182
197
157
167
205
157
225
276
299
246
246
(2)
230
228
212
235
189
202
230
185
232
265
(2)
215
252
(2)
195
220
225
230
185
193
(2)
168
147
163
141
110
214
248
262
196
211
240
199
252
254
233
212
258
240
209
(2)
(2)
174
221
203
179
155
150
125
222
194
161
177
177
135
186
178
141
180
174
138
112
120
99
178
186
147
199
193
157
(2)
130
122
140
123
127
(2)
205
137
201
167
168
147
(*)
108
256
270
105
131
118
90
120
273
257
112
131
120
182
91
217
212
104
117
102
135
136
PROFESSIONAL AND T E C H
NICAL OCCUPATIONS
N ursing
Women
Directors of nursing____________
Supervisors of nurses........ ............
Head nurses___ ______________
General duty nurses........................
Nursing instructors.. ...................
Other P rofessional
T echnical
224
173
159
146
(!)
391
287
249
232
258
224
164
148
137
176
154
243
306
257
156
195
156
248
259
235
151
156
160
153
149
168
140
199
199
152
144
138
118
and
Men
Medical technologists 3_________
X-ray technicians, chief.................
X-ray technicians 3_____________
180
116
230
206
(2)
154
Women
Dietitians 3_______ ___________
Medical record librarians_______
Medical social workers 3.................
Medical technologists3...................
Physical therapists 3. _________
X-ray technicians, chief............. .
X-ray technicians 3_............ ...........
329
375
(2)
307
(2)
(2)
307
179
190
194
192
189
(2)
174
364
(2)
(2)
340
(2)
(2)
280
156
150
(2)
167
169
(2)
154
171
(?)
160
(?)
220
264
(2)
NONPROFESSION AL
OCCUPATIONS
Office
Women
Clerks, payroll________________
Stenographers, technical.................
Switchboard operators....................
Switchboard operator-receptionists... _____________________
Transcribing-machine operators,
technical....... ................................
(2)
158
165
127
(2)
(2)
132
(2)
105
127
154
(2)
159
113
229
157
249
109
178
185
(2)
177
133
112
223
231
114
133
123
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
367
116
(2)
131
108
(2)
168
107
106
108
(2)
(2)
(2)
112
171
192
108
120
116
129
137
(2)
(2)
99
204
234
104
115
101
154
132
106
236
218
100
110
101
152
146
104
109
(2)
132
120
222
297
117
132
125
158
155
109
(2)
173
100
118
110
(2)
114
109
100
170
(2)
100
(2)
99
100
136
(2)
(2)
100
206
103
100
231
93
100
138
99
100
228
102
100
157
106
104
112
124
107
89
156
198
103
100
98
102
102
100
104
152
90
91
99
130
100
96
98
108
100
94
112
133
107
102
109
109
(2)
(2)
196
278
211
138
142
112
Other N onprofessional
Men
Dishwashers, machine. ________
Electricians, maintenance_______
Engineers, stationary------ ---------Kitchen helpers_______________
Nursing aides..................................
Porters................................... ..........
Practical nurses_______ ______
Washers, machine________ _____
(2)
(2)
(2)
161
109
201
184
112
123
113
121
147
(2)
100
(2)
105
100
226
105
100
167
(2)
100
210
104
100
191
109
100
(2)
(2)
100
213
(2)
(3)
131
(2)
100
97
120
170
100
99
108
133
128
94
112
167
96
99
110
130
106
99
110
149
107
100
108
136
(2)
(2)
111
(2)
128
(2)
242
96
148
125
(2)
156
163
313
113
164
147
180
180
123
108
(2)
196
(2)
Women
Dishwashers, machine.................. .
Kitchen helpers.............. .................
Housekeepers, chief......... ..............
Laundry finishers, flatwork machine----------------------------------Maids------- ---------------------------Nursing aides_________________
Practical nurses_______________
i Weekly earnings of professional, technical, and office workers, and of
practical nurses, nursing aides, and housekeepers reduced to an hourly basis
for this comparison.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(2)
100
118
115
133
182
1 Insufficient data to warrant presentation of information,
* Data for this occupation exclude chiefs in hospitals employing more than
1 worker in the occupation.
1079
SALARIES IN PRIVATE HOSPITALS, 1956-57
T a b l e 4.
Variation in earnings 1 in private hospitals among 16 metropolitan areas, by occupational group? 1956-57
[New York, N. Y.=100]
Occupational group 2 and sex
Nursing (women)______________
Other professional and technical
(women)___________________
____ ________
Office (women)
Other nonprofessional:
Paid by the week:
Women_______________
Paid by the hour:
Men__________________
Women______ ______
At
lanta
San
Los
MinChi Cincin Cleve
FranSt.
Ange Mem neap- New Phila Port
cago nati
land Dallas lesland Louis eiscophis olis- York del
Long
OakSt.
phia (Oreg.)
Beach
P a u l3
land
Balti
more
Bos
ton
Buf
falo
81
90
89
88
106
94
102
96
104
84
103
100
84
99
94
106
84
84
91
83
86
90
93
87
104
102
102
92
99
100
101
98
111
111
88
79
109
103
100
100
85
84
104
103
91
87
111
121
80
82
105
86
107
99
106
82
122
75
131
100
73
117
82
142
74
61
82
70
113
107
88
79
107
107
110
95
122
108
87
71
130
128
70
50
154
155
100
100
79
74
138
133
98
79
151
157
1 Weekly earnings, except for occupations generally paid on an hourly basis.
2 The occupational group average for each city was obtained by weighting
the average for the occupation in the city by the total number of workers
employed in the occupation in all cities. The occupations included in each
occupation group were as follows: Nursing— Directors of nursing, supervisors
of nurses, head nurses, general duty nurses, and nursing instructors; other
professional and technical—X-ray technicians, medical technologists, medical
record librarians, medical social workers, physical therapists, and dietitians;
office—payroll clerks, technical stenographers, switchboard operators, switch
board operator-receptionists, and technical transcribing-machine operators;
other nonprofessional (paid by the week)—nursing aides, practical muses, and
chief housekeepers; (paid by the hour—men)—machine dishwashers, mainte
nance electricians, stationary engineers, kitchen helpers, porters, and machine
washers; (paid by the hour—women)—kitchen helpers, maids, and machine
flatwork laundry finishers.
3 If the survey in Minneapolis-St. Paul had been made prior to the date
of the pay raise put into effect on March 1 for certain nonprofessional workers,
it would have reduced the relatives shown for the city to 126 for women non
professional workers paid by the week, 148 for men paid by the hour, and 151
for women paid by the hour.
of these 2 groups of workers amounted to 30 to 60
percent of practical nurses’ earnings in half of the
areas. Women practical nurses in turn typically
earned about 20 to 40 percent more than nurses’
aides. In 3 areas, earnings of the women aides
were virtually identical with those of women
kitchen helpers, and in half of the cities they were
8 to 12 percent higher.
Similarly, the percentage differential in earnings
between office workers and the lowest paid non
professional workers tended to be greatest in the
South and smallest in Minneapolis-St. Paul,
Boston, and on the West Coast. The variation
in pay between office workers in Buffalo and Phila
delphia hospitals and other nonprofessional em
ployees was also relatively large. These differ
ences are generally consistent with the tendency
in other industries for the spread of earnings
between white-collar and unskilled workers to be
greatest in the South and smallest on the West
Coast.
Differences Among Cities. Striking intercity dif
ferences were evident in differentials in earnings
as between the lowest paid nonprofessional jobs
studied and the professional and technical jobs.
The spread was smallest on the West Coast and in
Minneapolis-St. Paul, where pay for directors of
nursing was from 2% to 2% times that of women
kitchen helpers, and general duty nurses’ pay
exceeded that of kitchen helpers by about onethird to two-thirds. In Boston, the variation in
earnings between workers in the latter job and
professional workers was also relatively small.
The range was greatest in the South and Border
areas; thus Dallas directors of nursing received
about 4% times as much as women kitchen helpers.
In Baltimore, Philadelphia,7 and St. Louis, the
ratio was about 4. The hourly pay of general
duty nurses was about 3 to 3% times that of
kitchen helpers in Dallas and Memphis and 2%
times in Atlanta and Baltimore.
7
W ith the exception of directors of nursing, the spread in earnings between
professional and technical occupations and kitchen helpers was generally
smaller in Philadelphia than in cities in the South and Border regions.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Intercity Differences in Pay Levels
As already indicated, the level of earnings varied
substantially among communities. San Francisco
generally stood first in terms of average pay: Pay
levels in this city were equaled in the case of
women nurses by Chicago and in the case of other
women professional and technical workers by Los
Angeles (table 4). At the time of the survey,
Minneapolis ranked slightly ahead of San Fran
cisco in earnings of men nonprofessional workers
paid on an hourly basis; but a pay raise had been
put into effect for these workers in Minneapolis
just before the study, which was conducted later
than the San Francisco survey. Minneapolis-St.
Paul ranked third in pay levels for women profes
sional nurses and second in earnings of other
1080
groups except women office workers. Rates in
Portland, Oreg., and Los Angeles, as well as in
San Francisco, were also among the highest for
all occupational groups. As will be evident from
subsequent sections of this survey, San Francisco
also ranked relatively high in terms of some supple
mentary benefits.
Lowest salaries for nurses and other professional
women workers were reported in Atlanta and
Philadelphia; Boston and Memphis ranked only
slightly higher in remuneration for these workers.
The latter city also ranked lowest of all 16 cities
in the pay of office and of nonprofessional workers
typically compensated on an hourly basis, with
Baltimore, Atlanta, and Philadelphia standing
next for office workers. Lowest average pay for
women in nonprofessional jobs such as those of
practical nurse and nursing aide was recorded in
Philadelphia. Pay for these occupations was only
slightly higher in Memphis.
The interarea variation in earnings was pro
portionately much smaller for professional and
technical and office jobs than it was for other
nonprofessional jobs, again following the pattern
in industry generally. Hospital pay in the city
with the highest earnings was more than 200
percent higher than in the lowest wage city for
women nonprofessional workers paid on an hourly
basis, more than 100 percent higher for men in
these jobs, and almost 100 percent higher for
women in nonprofessional jobs paid by the week
or month. For nursing and other professional
and technical occupations the intercity range
amounted to about 30 percent of the lowest city
average; for office occupations it was about 50
percent.
Work Schedules and Supplementary Benefits8
Hours of Work and Overtime Pay. A 40-hour
week was in effect for the vast majority of em
ployees in private hospitals in most areas studied.
Only in Atlanta were a majority of nurses on a
longer workweek and only in that city and
Memphis were a majority of other white-collar
workers—those in professional and office jobs—
on longer workweeks. In 5 cities, a majority of
nonprofessional workers (other than office) were
on a workweek in excess of 40 hours. Those not
on a 40-hour week typically worked 44 to 45
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
hours, although some schedules in a few cities
were shorter than 40 hours and some workers
were on 42- or 48-hour weeks. In Dallas, a few
nonprofessional workers were scheduled to work
50 hours a week (table 5).
Typically, hospital workers received compensa
tion for work in excess of their weekly hours,
most often straight-time pay, although a substan
tial minority received equal time off and some
were paid time and one-half. In Portland, equal
time off was more common than straight-time pay
for nonprofessional workers (including office). In
San Francisco, almost all workers received time
and one-half for overtime; this provision applied
to a fifth of the nurses in Philadelphia and a third
of those in Minneapolis. Substantial blocks of
employees in Chicago, Minneapolis, Philadelphia,
Portland, and New York also were paid time and
a half for weekly overtime. In Minneapolis,
overtime pay was provided most nonprofessional
workers after 80 hours in 2 weeks.
A substantial number of hospitals required some
workers—generally the operating and delivery
room nurses and sometimes X-ray and laboratory
technicians—to be on call for some hours in addi
tion to their regular weekly schedule. Although
practices varied among cities and hospitals, a
majority of hospitals did not pay workers for time
on call, as distinguished from time actually
recalled to duty.
Split shifts were reported for dietary and kitchen
workers in a few hospitals in most areas. Atlanta
was the only city in which no split shifts were
reported.
Extra Pay for Late Shift Work. The vast ma
jority of nurses employed on late shifts in private
hospitals in each city studied received extra pay
for these assignments. At least 85 percent of the
nurses in all cities received differentials when
assigned to such shifts. The size of the shift
premiums varied considerably among cities, gen
erally being lowest (typically below $2.50 a week)
in Memphis, Philadelphia, and Portland, and
highest in Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, and Cleve
land; in the latter cities and in New York City
9
Information on supplementary benefits is limited to formal provisions
for which the hospitals pay at least part of the cost. Tabular presentation
of data on these various supplementary benefits will be included in a reprint
of this article and in greater detail in the individual city bulletins.
1081
SALARIES IN PRIVATE HOSPITALS, 1956-57
and^Chicago, significant proportions of nurses on
late shifts received a premium of $7.50 or more a
week. In some cases, higher pay was provided
for the second or twilight than for the night shift.
The extent to which nonprofessional workers
on late schedules received a differential varied
among the cities studied, from about 90 percent
in San Francisco and Minneapolis to less than 3
percent in Dallas, and no shift differentials were
reported for these workers in Cincinnati and
Memphis. In more than half the cities, only
a minority of these hospital workers were pro
vided such extra pay. Shift premium pay
usually amounted to less than $2.50 a week,
except in Boston, Cleveland, Philadelphia, and
San Francisco.
T a ble 5.
Vacations and Holidays. Vacations with pay
were afforded all hospital employees after a
year’s service, with the exception of 1 percent of
the registered nurses in Philadelphia and 1 percent
of the professional and technical employees in
New York. Two weeks of vacation were most
common after 1 year of service, except for nurses
in New York, professional workers in Boston,
and nurses and other professional workers in
Baltimore, the majority of whom were eligible
for longer vacations. In addition, longer periods
of leave were provided for at least a third of the
nurses in Atlanta, Boston, Cleveland, and Phila
delphia, for other professional and technical
workers in Chicago, Minneapolis, and New York,
and for both the nurses and other professional
Scheduled weekly hours in private hospitals in 16 metropolitan areas, 1956-57
Percent of workers in—
Weekly hours
All registered professional nurses..
Atlan Balti
more
ta
10 0
35 but less than 40 hours_______ .
3713 hours. ______________
40 but less than 44 hours___ _____
40 hours___________________
44 but less than 48 hours___ _____
44 hours..___ _ ___ ______
45 hours __
________
48 to 50 hours__________________
32
32
68
All other professional and technical workers_____ _____ ______
100
68
30
30
70
50
20
All office clerical workers________
100
All other nonprofessional workers..
35 but less than 40 hours_______
3734 h o u rs___. . . . . . _____
40 but less than 44 hours________
40 hours_____ _.
42 hours. . .
.......................
44 but less than 48 hours________
44 h o u rs___________ .
45 hours. ________ ._ ___
48 to 50 hours__________________
48 hours . . __________
1 Less than 2.5 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
7
7
92
82
(i)
(■)
Buf
falo
Chi
cago
Cin
cin
nati
100
100
10 0
100
100
100
86
86
14
14
91
91
9
9
3
3
97
97
Los
MinCleve
Ange Mem neapland Dallas lesphis ol isLong
St.
Beach
Paul
100
10 0
100
100
98
98
(')
(‘)
100
6
6
94
94
100
94
94
6
6
New
York
Phil
adel
phia
100
100
100
100
100
4
4
95
95
0)
35 but less than 40 h o u rs__
3714 hours... ....... . . . _____
40 but less than 44 h o u rs_______
40 hours_____ _________ _
44 but less than 48 h o u rs_______
44 h o u r s ._____ ________ . . .
45 hours_______ . _______
48 to 50 h o u rs________________
48 hours________ . . . ____
35 but less than 40 hours________
3714 hours. . . _________
40 but less than 44 hours________
40 hours___________________
42 hours____ _______
44 but less than 48 hours_______
44 h o u rs__________ ____. . .
45 hours. . . . ____
48 to 50 h o u rs____ ________ ..
48 hours______________ . .
10 0
Bos
ton
76
22
54
(>)
100
12
12
87
86
(i)
(■)
100
100
100
100
100
8
11
9
89
89
(0
92
92
91
91
9
9
100
91
91
9
9
(!)
23
23
100
78
78
22
22
100
96
95
(i)
4
4
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
95
95
5
5
100
100
100
4
26
26
10
10
44
44
16
16
31
31
96
93
3
100
100
33
33
45
42
3
41
41
8
8
14
14
58
39
100
89
89
11
11
100
100
100
San
Fran
ciscoOakland
100
100
100
100
100
6
6
81
81
13
13
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
81
81
(i)
(>)
100
100
(>)
100
96
96
4
4
100
100
100
100
22
45
45
54
39
15
100
100
33
19
67
67
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
49
30
48
48
100
100
(i)
(!)
72
72
100
100
3
3
25
7
67
55
12
8
8
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
(i)
(i)
75
75
100
100
100
94
94
89
89
25
25
6
6
11
11
75
53
22
(!)
(1)
100
59
58
(i)
15
15
100
99
99
Port
St.
land Louis
(Oreg.)
100
100
83
83
4
4
85
85
10
10
9
9
7
3
3
100
73
73
4
4
17
17
100
26
4
7
17
17
80
67
13
4
4
100
100
0)
85
85
49
49
6
6
27
27
4
4
24
24
21
21
(')
(*)
1082
workers in St. Louis. M a n y hospital employees
were eligible for a vacation after 6 months’ service.
The extent to which vacations were increased
with service of more than a year varied among
occupational groups and cities. In every city
except Portland, a majority of nurses were en
titled to at least 3-week vacations after 10 years’
of service, as were other professional workers
in all cities except Portland and Atlanta; office
and other nonprofessional employees in Boston,
Cincinnati, Dallas, Los Angeles, St. Louis, and
San Francisco; and nonprofessional workers in
Baltimore.
Practically all nurses, other professional and
technical employees, and office employees of
private hospitals surveyed received paid holi
days, and in half tbe cities all nonprofessional
hospital workers were also entitled to paid holi
days. The lowest proportions of nonprofessional
workers entitled to such days off were recorded
in Buffalo and Atlanta, where about 1 out of 5
and 1 out of 6 workers, respectively, received no
holidays with pay. In most cities, at least 6
holidays were observed annually. However, in
Dallas and Memphis, only 5 holidays were granted.
In Atlanta, a half to three-fifths of the employees
received fewer than 6 holidays a year, and in St.
Louis somewhat less than a fifth of the hospital
employees also received fewer than 6 holidays.
In the eastern cities studied, 8 holidays or more
were granted for significant numbers of hospital
workers. Eight holidays were common in Balti
more and Buffalo, applying to a majority of the
nurses and other professional workers in both
cities and to a majority of the office employees
in Baltimore; in Boston and New York, a majority
of all 4 occupational groups studied were given
more than 8 holidays.
Typically, hospital employees required to work
on holidays were allowed equal time off, although
in several cities, notably Los Angeles, Portland,
St. Louis, Boston, and Baltimore, significant
minorities were paid double time (their regular
pay plus straight time) for such work.
Insurance and Pensions. In all cities except
Memphis and Portland, a third or fewer of the
hospital employees were protected by life insur
ance to which the hospital contributed. In
Memphis, approximately two-thirds were eligible
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
for such life insurance benefits and in Portland,
about balf were covered. In Minneapolis-St.
Paul, almost all nonprofessional workers (other
than office clerical workers) were eligible for such
insurance.
Sick leave, generally at full pay without a wait
ing period, was typically provided private hospital
employees. In a majority of cities, all except
some nonprofessional workers were covered by
sick leave; in no city were fewer than four-fifths
of the workers protected by such provisions.
Sick leave provisions were less prevalent in
Chicago than in any other city studied; there, 25
percent of the nonprofessional workers were not
covered by formal plans for paid sick leave.
Hospitalization, surgical, and medical benefits
paid for at least in part by the hospital were less
usual than sick leave.
A majority of workers in more than half of the
cities were covered by hospital benefit plans,
while in more than half the areas, a fourth to a
half of the workers were eligible for surgical and
medical benefits. The extent of such formal pro
visions varied considerably among cities. They
were least usual in Cleveland and most common
in San Francisco, where all workers were covered
by hospital and surgical benefits and practically
all by medical care plans. In Dallas and Mem
phis, no hospital workers were recorded as eligible
for medical benefits under formal plans.
Some type of retirement system covered all
hospital employees in a majority of cities; Boston
was the only area in which as many as 15 percent
of the private hospital employees were not in
cluded in some type of retirement system. Gen
erally, private hospital workers were covered by
the Federal old-age and survivors insurance
system, although in most areas, a substantial
m ino rity were also enrolled in private pension
plans to which the hospitals contributed. Atlanta
was the only community in which more workers
were covered by private retirement plans than
by Federal social security. In Portland, retire
ment systems other than social security applied
to only about 1 to 2 percent of the workers, while
in Minneapolis, less than 8 percent in any occupa
tional group were covered by private plans.
— L ily M ary D avid
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
10 83
LABOR ADJUSTMENTS AT AN OIL REFINERY
Labor Adjustments for Changes in
Technology at an Oil Refinery
No regular employees were laid off when the
management of a medium-size oil refinery re
placed former processes with more automatic
processes between 1948 and 1956. A small
number of workers were upgraded, nearly half
retained their grade, and a sizable group were
downgraded. Through collective bargaining,
management and labor agreed on seniority and
maintenance-of-wage-rate provisions to govern
the reassignment of workers and to minimize the
impact of the adjustments.
To learn how these adjustments were effected
was the main objective of a case study by the
U. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor
Statistics.1 The study also yielded information
on working conditions and labor relations at a
plant with a higher degree of automatic operation
than is present in most industries.
The study was intended to be illustrative of
the effect of technological change on the work
force in the petroleum refining industry. Im
plications for labor suggested by the study reflect
only the experience of the refinery studied, al
though it also presented some industry back
ground.
The oil refinery studied employed approximately
660 employees in 1956. It is a part of an inte
grated multiplant company with producing,
processing, and marketing facilities located at
various points in the United States. Since its
construction in 1930, the refinery has undergone
a number of changes in plant and equipment
leading to greater diversification of output and
more automatic control of processing. However,
this summary discusses those changes since 1948,
as these held the most important implications
for the workers.
Major Technological Changes
The major changes resulting from the $20million modernization program completed in
1949 were the installation of a fluid catalytic
cracking unit (a unit in which a catalyst is em
ployed to bring about a desired chemical reaction)
and a delayed coking unit (a unit for producing
4 3 6 1 5 7 — 57------- 4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
additional gas, oil, gasoline, and gas and coke
from heavier residual oil after crude distillation).
These units replaced a number of batch-type
thermal pressure stills in use since the refinery
started. The new units were introduced primarily
to upgrade the quality of the gasoline produced
rather than to increase substantially the crude
oil charging capacity.
One result of the installation of these two units
was more automatic and continuous operation of
the plant. Changes in temperature, pressure,
flow, and level are controlled automatically on the
new units which operate on a continuous 24-hour
basis, shutting down only about twfice a year for
cleaning and necessary repairs. The old pressure
stills were shut down 22 hours out of every 72hour operating cycle for cleaning out accumulated
coke.
Planning began in 1951 for a $14-million pro
gram for increasing crude oil charging capacity
and further raising the yield of quality gasoline per
barrel of crude oil. This program provided for
building an additional crude distillation unit and
a new catalytic reforming unit (which replaced a
thermal reforming unit) and further instrumenta
tion of existing equipment. The new crude dis
tillation unit was ready for operation by April
1954, and the catalytic reformer started operating
in January 1955. Both of these new units are
highly instrumented and highly automatic.
As a result of these changes in technology, the
quality of gasoline produced was upgraded from
an octane rating of 87 in 1948 to 97 in 1956. With
virtually the same number of plant production
and related workers, crude oil charged per day
rose 57 percent—from 35,000 barrels in 1948 to
55,000 barrels in 1956. Direct labor requirements
on the new units were about one-third less than on
the old pressure stills. However, labor require
ments on auxiliary operating and mechanical
functions had expanded during the same period.
Planning the Workers’ Adjustments
Technological changes in 1949 resulted in the
reassignment of 164 workers—about one-fourth of
all personnel. Changes in 1954 were less extensive.
i A Case Study of a Modernized Petroleum Refinery, BLS Report 120.
This study, based on interviews w ith company and union officials, is th®
fourth in a series of case studies on automatic technology. For a summary
of the first three studies, see Monthly Labor Review, January and September
1956, pp. 15-19 and 1037-1040, respectively.
1084
No regular employee was laid off as a result of the
changes in either year. Fifteen months’ advance
planning preceded each of these personnel changes.
Management and union representatives jointly
discussed the number of workers required on the
new units and their qualifications. They also
worked out union contract provisions governing
layoff, transfer, and promotion in the reassignment
of personnel.
Negotiations leading to the 1949 union contract
helped to crystallize two basic principles concern
ing displacement and reassignment of the plant
workers. First, length of service was established
as the basis for retention of workers in the event
of projected layoffs and also as a factor in regulat
ing demotions. The objective was to minimize
displacement of older men with years of service
at the refinery. Second, the placement of men in
newly created or reorganized departments and
any proposed change in the application of the
demotion or promotion procedures were made the
subject of management and union conferences.
Changes in assignment necessarily were made
in reference to the lines of progression from one
job to another that the technology of the plant
required. Although the progression system had
existed at the refinery from its very beginning, the
negotiations led to setting up of a more formal
system. A basic feature of the progression system
is that virtually all workers are hired at the plant
as probationary laborers and advance to higher
paid jobs when available on the basis of their
length of service. At each job level, the worker
is trained on the job to meet the demands of the
next highest classification. After a trial period, a
probationary laborer has a choice between 2
routes of advancement, 1 covering operating jobs
and the other, maintenance jobs. He is then
assigned as a regular laborer to the labor pool of
the route he has chosen and his plant seniority is
effective from the date of his employment. When
a job opening or a chance for “breaking in” at a
specific department arises in the chosen route,
eligible workers may apply for the assignment and
selection is made on the basis of plant seniority.
Once a worker is assigned to such a job, he ac
cumulates seniority in the department. There
after, he advances in the department on the basis
of departmental seniority, irrespective of plant
seniority.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
To assure operating workers that their seniority
rights would be fully protected during the plan
ning and construction period preceding the startup
of the new units in 1949, management and union
officials agreed that job vacancies in the various
departments would be filled on a temporary basis
for that period. Workers hired during the period
to fill any jobs were told that they might have to
step back to lesser paying jobs when the new units
were started and senior employees exercised their
rights.
Reassignment and Retraining
Production workers whose jobs were directly
affected by the introduction of the catalytic
cracking unit and other changes were reassigned
to other jobs on the basis of their position on
special seniority registers established during the
bargaining negotiations. Of the 164 workers
affected in 1949, approximately 102, or 62 percent,
were placed in jobs paying at least the same wage
rate they had previously; the remaining 62 work
ers were downgraded to jobs at lower rates. Under
the seniority provisions of the union contract,
some of these latter workers were not downgraded
in pay immediately. They were protected by a
maintenance-of-wage-rate provision which guaran
teed affected workers with 5 or more years of
service against a reduction in their rate of pay for
6 months after being reassigned.
Among the 102 workers who retained or bettered
their job rates were 81 direct operating employees,
that is, stillmen, operators, and helpers. There
was not much difficulty in reassigning these
workers, because the new units used the same job
classifications and required all the direct operating
employees displaced from the old pressure stills.
The remaining 21 employees were coke cleanout
workers on the pressure stills.
The 62 workers who were downgraded were the
balance of the crew of 83 coke cleanout workers.
They were displaced because the new equipment
required only 21 men for the cleanout. Coke
cleanout workers received relatively high wage
rates for performing physically onerous work
under unpleasant conditions. With the applica
tion of the seniority system, the only jobs open to
these 62 workers were as helpers or laborers,
which meant their downgrading.
1085
LABOR ADJUSTMENTS AT AN OIL REFINERY
training periods, all workers received their regular
wage rates and substitute workers were employed
to fill their regular jobs.
Approximately half of those downgraded had
sufficient seniority to be guaranteed against a
decrease in their hourly rate of pay for 6 months
after their transf er. The remainder, while having
placement rights, started with the lower job rate
at the time of their transfer.
Most of these 62 workers were still employed by
the refinery at the time of the study. No one
of this group had obtained a position with a wage
rate as high as that for the coke cleanout job.
The 1954 changes involved the reassignment of
12 employees without any downgrading. These
employees were transferred from the old thermal
reforming unit to the new catalytic reforming unit,
on which the same job classifications were used.
Advance training to operate the new equipment
was given to both operating employees and super
visors during working hours. This training in
cluded in-plant classroom instruction and direct
observation of new equipment. Since, as already
indicated, continuous catalytic cracking repre
sented a significant departure from previous proc
essing, training for work in this unit was relatively
long and extensive. Training for supervisors
started 6 months before the new unit began
operating. Stillmen received training for 3 months
before the startup, and operators and helpers
working in the same process unit as stillmen, for
a somewhat lesser period. Training for operating
the catalytic reformer, another new and unfamiliar
process, was also quite extensive. During the
Employment and Occupational Structure
Total employment at the refinery over the 8
years remained relatively stable (663 employees
in 1948, 661 in 1956), with fluctuations resulting
mainly from greater construction activity rather
than from any significant changes in operating
requirements. Production workers made up 84
percent of the total employees in 1949 and 83
percent in 1956.
Of the 4 departments to which production
(hourly rated) workers are assigned—operations,
maintenance, laboratory and testing, and miscel
laneous—the first 2 employ approximately 90
percent of the hourly rated workers. About 50
percent are in operations and 40 percent in
maintenance.
Although the overall numbers employed in the
two major departments have not changed greatly,
there have been several noteworthy shifts in the
number of workers required in individual job
classifications. In the operations department, the
number of employees required for direct process
ing jobs increased substantially. The number of
stillmen increased by 17 percent, operators by
about 6 percent, and helpers by 69 percent. The
large increase in the helper classification was
Percentage distribution, at 1956 wage rates, of required hourly rated workers 1 in an oil refinery, by 1948 and 1956 occupational
distribution
1956 occupational distribution
1948 occupational distribution
1956 hourly wage rate
$2 90-$2 99
$2.80-$2.89
$2.70-$2.79
$2 60-$2.69
$2 50-$2 59
$2.40-$2.49_____________________
$2 30-$2 39
$2.20-$2.29
All hourly
rated em
ployees
0.4
7.9
33.9
24.6
4.2
3.3
15.3
Opera
tions
Mainte
nance
13.3
58.7
15.4
5.6
.5
6.5
8.1
37.7
1.3
5.8
23.3
10.4
Laboratory
and testing
0.9
25.6
12.8
21.5
17.9
17.9
4.3
Miscella
neous
16.3
55.3
28.4
22.9
All hourly
rated em
ployees
0.2
8.9
24.5
33.3
5.3
3.3
19.1
.2
5.2
Opera
tions
14.9
42.8
25.1
6.6
0.5
10.1
Mainte
nance
0.1
5.7
47.9
1.4
5.7
29.6
9.6
Laboratory
and testing
24.2
12.1
18.2
25.5
12.7
3.0
4.3
Miscella
neous
58.3
41.7
Total____________________
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of workers 2 . . . _____
Average (weighted) 3 hourly rate—
556.0
$2. 686
285.0
$2. 796
223.0
$2. 568
23.4
$2. 742
24.6
$2.442
561.0
$2.691
281.2
$2. 764
230.0
$2,620
33.0
$2.732
16.8
$2.362
1 Workers required by the staffing pattern for a 168-hour week.
2 Excludes supervisors and administrative personnel; the number of hourly
rated workers shown does not necessarily represent the actual number of
such workers on the payroll.
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3 The rate for each job classification was weighted by the number of jobs
in that classification,
1086
attributable principally to an effort to develop a
larger number of workers qualified to staff the
separate process units. These increases were off
set by a large reduction in the number of coke
cleanout workers. Shutting down the pressure
stills reduced the required number of workers in
this job classification by 85 percent, as previously
indicated. During 1949-56, the maintenance
department experienced increases in the instru
ment repairman and pipefitter classifications.
Increased instrumentation made it necessary to
add seven men to the instrument repairman group
when the catalytic cracker and delayed coker
were introduced. An increase in pipefitter and
pipefitter’s helper jobs was the result of an agree
ment between management and union to maintain
a balance of one pipefitter’s helper for each pipe
fitter, as well as the greater need for their services
in maintaining the plant. The laboratory and
testing group also showed some increase.
On the administrative staff, the most note
worthy change was a reorganization of functions
and the creation of three assistant plant manager
positions which gave greater recognition to the
engineering and personnel functions.
Job Content and Changing Requirements
More automatic processing modified some de
tails of production jobs in the operations depart
ment but did not require new job classifications.
The duties of stillmen, operators, and helpers—
the principal operating jobs—now involve more
monitoring by means of instruments and less
direct manual manipulation of controls. The
most drastic change occurred on the coke cleanout
job, where mechanical equipment was substituted
for hand labor.
The work of maintaining and repairing the
extensive equipment at the refinery engages a
large group of craftsmen in the metal and other
trades: pipefitters, welders, machinists, painters,
electricians. These craftsmen perform jobs simi
lar to workers in their trades in industry and
construction. Only carpenters, machinists, and
brickmasons are hired directly as fully qualified
journeymen. Since most of the other craftsmen
have received their training on the job, their skills
and knowledge of the trade are more or less
directly related to the plant’s needs.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
The duties of the laboratory and testing jobs
require professionally trained chemists to make
routine chemical tests to determine the octane
rating and other measures of product quality.
A bachelor’s degree in chemistry is a requirement
for these workers. Like other production work
ers, laboratory employees are paid on an hourly
basis and are covered by the union contract.
One of the most important personnel develop
ments at the refinery during the postwar period
has been the raising of educational standards for
both production and supervisory workers. In
1948, the management adopted the requirement
of a high school education for employment. In
1953, a preemployment test was designed for
applicants for production jobs. The test attempts
to determine an individual’s ability to memorize,
concentrate, observe, and follow instructions. It
covers mathematical knowledge through the
second-year high school level, i. e., algebra and
geometry. An engineering degree is now a quali
fication sought in selecting supervisors.
The question of more stringent personal qualifi
cations figured in a dispute between management
and union in 1954 over a seniority provision in
the agreement. The provision read, in part,
“Senior employees eligible under this article shall
be given preference on (such) jobs in line with
their choice of work route advancement.” The
company felt that the word “eligible” implied
that factors other than seniority could be con
sidered in filling posted jobs. The union’s position
was that the word referred only to seniority
eligibility. The issue was submitted to arbitra
tion, which resulted in a decision supporting the
company. This same problem was one of the
issues in a 1956 work stoppage. The contract end
ing the strike provided that when a job vacancy is
announced, it must be given to the senior plant
applicant in line for the job for a trial period of
30 days. Since this agreement, approximately 40
jobs have been posted and filled by the senior
person. In each case, the employee has finished
his trial period without any questions raised about
his qualifications.
Wage Structure and Changes
Production workers in this continuous process
plant receive relatively high wage rates, compared
THE $1 MINIMUM WAGE IN THREE SEASONAL INDUSTRIES
with factory workers generally. In 1956, among
the operating workers, stillmen received $2.99 an
hour, operators, $2.80 an hour, and helpers, $2.71
an hour. In the maintenance department, except
for a brickmason at $3.05 an hour, all other crafts
men received $2.77 an hour and craftsman helpers
were paid $2.47 an hour.
Changes in job requirements over the 1948-56
period left the overall average grade of production
workers virtually unchanged. Thus, the average
wage rate in 1956 was about the same as the com
parable average for 1948—if the effect of general
wage increases is eliminated. In making the
comparison, the rate for each job classification was
weighted by the number of persons shown on the
staffing pattern for each year in that classification.
(See table.)
Wage rates advanced each year from 1948
through 1956, except for 1954. The wage changes
negotiated during the period were all across-theboard general increases. No special rates have
been established as a result of the modernization
program.
Attitudes of Company and Its Workers
The company emphasizes the advantages of
greater output, improved quality, and lower costs
of production in meeting competition. Because
refinery processes are constantly changing, officials
believe that it is important to have a work force
which is adaptable and which can be easily re
trained.
The union spokesmen cite benefits in less sea
sonal fluctuation in employment, and safer and
less onerous working conditions, as a result of the
new processing methods. They emphasize the
importance of the seniority, maintenance-ofwages, and training measures in their collective
bargaining agreement in meeting the problems of
worker adjustment.
Looking forward, the union officials feel par
ticularly concerned about the impact on job oppor
tunities of the growing tendency elsewhere in the
industry to turn over to special contractors certain
types of maintenance work at refineries. In their
view, this trend may mean a greater loss of jobs
than the gradual introduction of technological
change.
1087
Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage
in Three Seasonal Industries
T he F air L abor S tandards A ct of 1938 was
amended in August 1955 to raise the Federal
minimum wage from 75 cents to $1 an hour.
The higher rate was effective on March 1, 1956.
The U. S. Department of Labor conducted a
series of surveys to determine the effects of this
increase on low-wage industries. The results of
some of the Bureau of Labor Statistics surveys
were summarized in earlier issues of the Review.1
Surveys were recently completed in three addi
tional industries: fruit and vegetable canning and
freezing; raw cane sugar manufacturing; and
tobacco stemming and redrying to determine the
effects of the increase on highly seasonal industries,
dependent to a large extent on a somewhat tran
sitory work force of generally unskilled workers.
Results of these surveys, presented below, revealed
that the effects of the $1 minimum wage were
generally characteristic of the effects in the other
low-wage industries studied: an immediate in
crease in the level of wages; an increased concen
tration of workers at the new minimum wage;
and marked reduction in occupational and geo
graphic wage differentials.
Table 1 shows the industries studied by size of
employment and number of establishments, by
location, and by employment periods covered.
The canning surveys were limited to three south
ern States: fruit and vegetable canning in Georgia
and Texas and citrus canning and freezing in
Florida. The surveys in tobacco stemming and
redrying were limited to Kentucky, North Caro
lina, and Virginia, where over four-fifths of the
plants and nine-tenths of the industry’s workers
are located. The survey of raw cane sugar mills
was confined to Louisiana, where this industry is
very largely concentrated.
Since production in each of these industries is
dependent on an agricultural crop which must
be harvested or processed at a particular degree
of maturity, the major employment periods may
vary by a few weeks from one year to the next.
Because of this, the specific payroll periods studied
were varied over a 2- or 3-month period to assure
— H erman J. R othberg
Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 See Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage in Seven Industries, March and
April 1957, pp. 323-328 and 441-446.
1088
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
comparability of the data between the 1955 and
1956 seasons for each establishment. The two
payroll periods studied represented peak employ
ment periods during the producing seasons prior
to and subsequent to the effective date of the $1
minimum wage.
A sharp division exists in most plants in these
industries between regular or year-round workers
and seasonal workers. The former maintain plant
and equipment during the off season, generally
perform the more skilled jobs required during the
processing season, and are usually men. The
seasonal workers, often housewives from the sur
rounding area, generally perform the unskilled
jobs. A similar division is usually found in wage
rates for the two types of workers. The earnings
of seasonal workers cluster around the minimum;
since these workers constitute a large proportion
of the total labor force during the peak periods,
the change in the minimum wage resulted in sub
stantial increases in average hourly earnings in
most plants, as well as marked revisions in their
wage structures.
The comparative data in table 2 indicate a
high degree of uniformity in the changing dis
tribution of earnings between payroll periods
studied. Except in the Florida citrus canneries,
the majority of workers in each of the industries
studied earned between 75 cents and $1 an hour,
prior to the new minimum. In the following
season, more than three-fourths of the workers
in all industries earned at least $1 but less than
$1.25 an hour.
Establishments and workers included in survey
of 3 seasonal industries for payroll periods during peak,
employment seasons before and after the effective date
of the $1 minimum wage (March 1, 1956)
T a ble 1.
Industry and State
Fruit and vegetable can
ning:
Georgia___________
Texas_______ ______
Florida__
_ ___ _
Tobacco stemming and
redrying:
Kentucky_________
North Carolina______
Virginia____________
Raw cane sugar manufac
turing:
Louisiana__________
Number of
Number of
establishments
workers 1
Peak
employment
period
Before After Before After
$1 mini $1 mini $1 mini $1 mini
mum
mum
mum
mum
Sept.-Oct—
N ov.-Jan__
Jan.-Feb—-
19
25
35
19
25
35
3, 546
3,648
12,353
2,131
3,319
11, 879
Dec.-Jan..
Sept.-N ov..
Oct.-Nov.-
18
65
20
18
65
20
5,277
27, 549
7,693
5,164
28,085
7,906
Nov.-Dee—.
45
40
6,000
5,252
1 From two-thirds to nine-tenths of the workers in the industries were em
ployed in the establishments studied except in the case of raw cane sugar
manufacturing where the plants studied included about 45 percent of the
industry’s workers.
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Percent of workers at selected average hourly
earnings 1 levels, S seasonal industries, major producing
periods, before and after the effective date of the $1 mini
mum wage (March 1, 1956)
T a ble 2.
Average hourly earn
ings i before and after
March 1,1956 (in cents)
Raw
cane
Fruit and vegetable sugar Tobacco stemming
canning
manu
and redrying
factur
ing
Geor
Flor
gia Texas ida
Loui Ken North Vir
siana tucky Caro ginia
lina
Effective minimum wage
75 and under 76: Before.100 and under 101: After.
93
85
72
81
1
1
4
96
9
93
0
32
2
87
2
95
46
77
13
86
36
84
11
92
20
89
12
13
5
9
5
13
6
4
7
6
11
3
5
2
3
3
4
3
5
6
27
37
55
27
42
26
64
6
38
Earnings intervals
Under 75:
Before____________
After____ ______ .
75 and under 100:
Before ___________
After.. __________
100 and under 125:
Before________ ____
After____ ____ _
125 and under 150:
Before___ . . . . . . .
After_____ . . . ___
150 and over:
Before____________
After_____________
1
1
0
1
5
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
80
56
0
10
80
0
70
0
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
2 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote : Because of rounding, sums of individual columns do not necessarily
equal 100.
Generally, the increase in earnings for those
workers at the 75-cent level to the $1 level was
accompanied by higher earnings for only a limited
number of workers already at or above the $1
level. Hence, as in other low-wage industries sur
veyed by the Bureau, wage differentials were
narrowed, with large proportions of the workers
concentrated at the new minimum wage. Actually
a high degree of compression and concentration
had previously existed in most cases so that the
changes in 1956 were more in the nature of shifts
in levels than of a redistribution of earnings.
The average hourly earnings during peak operat
ing seasons before and after March 1, 1956, are
shown in table 3.
These generalizations, as can be noted from
table 2, do not reflect the degree of variability
in the wage structure changes that occurred in
these industries.
Canning and Freezing
The wage structures of the canning operations
in Georgia and Texas were very dissimilar to that
in Florida. This differentiation resulted from
THE $1 MINIMUM WAGE IN THREE SEASONAL INDUSTRIES
several factors, including product diversity, degree
of seasonality, the proportion of seasonal to regu
lar work force, occupational structure, and meth
ods of production. For example, Florida processes
2 varieties of oranges (valencias and temples) and
has more than 1 crop per year. Consequently,
many of its canneries are able to operate practi
cally year round in contrast to the much more
limited operating season of fruit and vegetable
canneries in the other two States. Employment
in Florida is, therefore, relatively less seasonal.
In Georgia and Texas, the change in average
hourly earnings of cannery workers was almost
the same as that for the Federal minimum wage—
rising from 77 and 76 cents to 98 and 99 cents,
respectively. These increases were the equivalent
of a 27- and a 30-percent rise. In contrast, the
$1.13 average in the Florida citrus canneries rose
only a moderate 5 percent.
Another provision of the Fair Labor Standards
Act had a significant influence on the wages of
some of the workers covered in these surveys.
The act provides an exemption from its minimum
wage provisions for certain industries operating
in the “area of production” of agricultural crops.
The definition of the area of production for wage
survey purposes—all plants located in communi
ties of less than 2,500 population or more than
2 miles from a community of 2,500 or more popu
lation—was somewhat simplified but, in general,
corresponded to the scope of the act. The pro
portions of workers in plants included in such
areas were 11 and 6 percent in Florida and Texas,
respectively, but 57 percent in Georgia in the
first pay period and 38 percent in the second.
However, not all of the eligible plants took
advantage of the exemption. In Georgia, the
data indicate that the exemption was more widely
used by employers when the new minimum became
effective. Its use reduced the concentration of
earnings after March 1, 1956. In the first pay
period studied, 93 percent of the workers were
earning 75 cents an hour, with only 1 percent re
ceiving less than that minimum; in the second
pay period, 85 percent of the workers were con
centrated around the new Federal minimum while
10 percent earned wages averaging less than $1
* P art of this may be due to the fact that three-fourths of the workers in
the communities of less than 2,500 in Florida were employed in freezing
plants to which the area-oi'-production exemption does not apply.
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1089
an hour. In both Texas and Florida, the $1 mini
mum had little, if any, discernible effect on the
use of the exemption.2
As was stated earlier, wage structure changes
in Georgia and Texas canneries were directly re
lated to the increase in the minimum wage. In
1955, after 6 years under the 75-cent minimum
wage, peak season average hourly earnings in
these canneries were only 1 or 2 cents above that
minimum. In Florida, where average earnings
at the time of the surveys were considerably higher
than either the old or the new Federal minimums,
32 percent of the workers earned less than $1 an
hour just prior to the effective date of the new
minimum. All of these workers earned $1 or more
a year later. No significant changes occurred in
the proportion of workers earning $1.25 or more
in any of the canneries studied.
As would be expected from the overall average
and the concentration of workers about the legal
minimums, little wage differentiation among jobs
existed in Georgia and Texas. The majority of
the workers in all jobs studied earned 75 cents
and $1, respectively, during the two payroll peri
ods studied. In Florida, there was greater varia
tion in earnings among jobs; however, the changes
which did occur resulted, primarily, from the re
quired increases to workers below $1 an hour.
The average earnings of the jobs shown in table 4
are fairly representative of the average wages
paid by this industry.
In Georgia, the hourly earnings of maintenance
mechanics (before March 1, 1956) averaged about
60 percent higher than those for the other four
selected jobs. Such marked earnings differences
between skilled trades and common labor are not
Average straight-time hourly earnings1 during
peak operating seasons in 3 industries, by major producing
States, before and after the effective date of the $1 minimum
wage (March 1, 1956)
T a b l e 3.
Industry and State
Fruit and vegetable canning:
Georgia-. . ______________
Texas____________________
Florida______ . . . _______
Raw cane sugar manufacturing:
Louisiana______ _ . . . . . . .
Tobacco stemming and redrying:
Kentucky__ ______________
North Carolina__ _____. . .
Virginia_______
Before $1 After $1 Centsminimum minimum per-hour
increase
$0.77
.76
1.13
$0. 98
.99
1.19
.88
.97
.89
.96
Percent
increase
$0.21
.23
.06
27
30
5
1.10
.22
25
1.11
1.07
1.10
. 14
. 18
.14
14
20
15
1 Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1090
4. Average straight-time hourly earnings1 for
selected occupations in fruit and vegetable canning, three
States, before and after the effective date of the $1 minimum
wage (March 1, 1956)
T a ble
Texas
Georgia
Florida
Occupation and sex
Before After Before After Before After
Men
$0.76
Container feeders.
.75
Laborers, material handling..
1.21
Mechanics, maintenance—
F, 1p.etrir.ians, maintfinance,
Cutters, peelers, slicers, cubp.fs nr pi tiers, hand__
$0. 97
.94
1.31
$0. 77
.75
1.00
$1.00
.98
1.27
$0.98
.99
1. 29
1.54
$1.06
1.07
1.41
1.58
1.92
1.92
1.16
.98
1.20
1.06
Women
Cutters, peelers, slicers, cubprs nr pit.t.ers, hand
Graders.
.
. __ . . .
.76
.75
.99
.92
.75
.76
.95
1.00
i Excludes premium pay for overtime and for work on weekends, holidays,
and late shifts.
uncommon in many areas of the South.3 As in
other affected industries, the higher minimum
wage reduced these differentials. The smaller
increase of 10 cents in the average hourly earnings
of mechanics compared with increases ranging
from 17 to 23 cents for the other jobs reduced the
60-percent differential to about 35 percent. In
Texas, however, the earnings of mechanics were
only about one-third higher than those of the
other workers during each pay period. The in
crease in earnings in Texas canneries was approxi
mately of the same magnitude for all workers,
albeit slightly larger for mechanics. In Florida,
the wage relationships were somewhat similar to
those in Texas. The earnings of maintenance
mechanics were about 30 percent higher than
those of lesser skilled workers and wages for the
two groups increased by substantially the same
ratio. However, if the earnings of maintenance
electricians are used, the findings differ. Electri
cians in Florida earned $1.54 an hour, or about 57
percent more than women graders. Following
the new minimum, electricians earned $1.58, or
only 49 percent more than women graders.
Raw Cane Sugar Manufacturing
All of the raw cane sugar mills in the United
States—with the exception of three in Florida—
are located in Louisiana. The Louisiana mills
surveyed operate only during the 2- or 3-month
period between October and December. Most of
the mills employ a nucleus staff throughout the
year to maintain equipment. Nearly one-third
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of the workers in the 1956 grinding season were
permanent personnel. Table 1 indicates a decline
of about 750 workers (12.5 percent) between the
pay periods studied. Most of the decline, how
ever, was accounted for by the closing of several
mills—a nearly continuous process in the industry
as obsolescence sets in and mills become unprofit
able. Nearly all of the mills reported somewhat
fewer workers and a broadening of job duties in
the later pay period as an attempt to reduce costs.
Wages were substantially increased as average
hourly earnings rose from 88 cents to $1.10—a
rise of 25 percent—between the 1955 and 1956
grinding seasons (table 3). Four-fifths of the
workers earned at least 75 cents but less than $1
an hour during the 1955 season (table 2). All of
the workers were earning $1 or more an hour the
following season. As in the case of other lowwage industries studied—both seasonal and nonseasonal—there was a sharp compression of the
earnings distribution and a larger concentration of
workers about the minimum wage. All earnings
below $1 an hour were eliminated. There was also
an increase of from 8 to 14 percent in the number
of workers earning $1.25 or more (about 200 more
sugar workers earned these higher rates in the
later season), but increases granted to the higher
wage workers were not extensive enough to main
tain wage differentials. Average hourly earnings
of maintenance mechanics rose from $1.27 in 1955
to $1.43 in 1956; of laborers, from 77 cents to
$1.02; and of cane rakers, from 79 cents to $1.
These changes reduced the relative wage advan
tage of the mechanics from about 65 percent to
40 percent and the money advantage from about
50 cents to about 40 cents.
Tobacco Stemming and Redrying
More than four-fifths of the establishments
primarily engaged in stemming and redrying of
tobacco, and over 95 percent of the industry’s
workers are located in North Carolina, Virginia,
and Kentucky.4 Employment fluctuates widely
throughout the year. In 1956, for example, em
ployment for the stemming and redrying industry
during September and October reached almost
3 See Wages and Related Benefits, 17 Labor Markets, 1955-56, BLS Bull.
1188, or M onthly Labor Review, September 1956, pp. 1040-1046.
4 Not all tobacco is processed in stemming and redrying plants; some of it
is processed in plants which are predominantly operated by manufacturers
or warehouses.
THE $1 MINIMUM WAGE IN THREE SEASONAL INDUSTRIES
40,000 as compared with about 10,000 during
April to July.5 The work force undergoes signifi
cant changes during the processing period, notably
in the decline in the ratio of skilled to unskilled
workers and of men to women. The shifts in
these proportions result in substantially lower
average hourly earnings in the periods of peak
employment.6
Leaf tobacco must be prepared for storage as
soon as it leaves the farm; in Kentucky, burley
tobacco, the predominant type grown, is mar
keted in December. North Carolina and Virginia
process flue-cured tobacco which leaves the farm
in the fall. The payroll periods studied in these
surveys were, therefore, varied to correspond
with the processing periods.
Other differences exist between the Kentucky
industry and that in North Carolina and Virginia.
For example: Virtually all the workers in North
Carolina, and three-fifths in Virginia, were em
ployed by independent dealers, whereas twothirds of the workers in Kentucky were in stem
ming and redrying establishments operated by
tobacco manufacturers; the majority of the
workers in North Carolina and Virginia were in
establishments with over 500 workers, while the
majority in Kentucky were employed in smaller
plants; and finally, whereas most of the workers in
North Carolina and Virginia were in establish
ments which had labor-management agreements
covering a majority of their workers, this was so
for fewer than two-fifths in Kentucky.
While slightly more than one-half of the workers
in Kentucky earned less than $1 an hour during
the season prior to the new minimum, 70 and 80
percent of the workers in Virginia and North
Carolina earned under $1, respectively (table 2).
Over one-third of the Kentucky workers earned
$1 to $1.25 prior to the minimum. During the
following season, greater similarity appeared in
the distributions of earnings, but a discernible
difference still existed between Kentucky and the
other two States. In the latter States, the
workers below $1 had moved into the $1 to $1.25
earnings interval while virtually no movement
out of that class took place by those workers who
had already been earning that amount. In
Kentucky, some indirect effects of the increase in
the minimum on the earnings of workers were
discernible in the additional 9 percent of the
workers earning $1.25 or more.
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1091
Although the differences between Kentucky and
both North Carolina and Virginia have been em
phasized, differences also existed between the
latter two States. In fact, the average hourly
earnings in the Virginia industry were closer to
the average in Kentucky than to that in North
Carolina (table 3). The 97-cent-an-hour average
in Kentucky was matched by the 96-cent average
in Virginia and, under the influence of the new
minimum, both averages increased exactly 14
cents. The lower average of 89 cents an hour in
North Carolina rose 18 cents. Over 70 percent
of the workers in Virginia were in establishments
in which the majority were covered by labormanagement agreements, compared with 54 per
cent in North Carolina, which may be one reason
for the wage differences. Size of community
may also have had an influence. About 80 per
cent of the workers in Virginia were employed in
or near cities of more than 25,000 population,
while 70 percent of the North Carolina workers,
were employed in smaller community areas.
The effects of the $1 minimum wage on occu
pational differentials were such as to be expected
in an industry with the wage and occupational
structure which prevails in tobacco stemming and
redrying plants. The large proportion of un
skilled workers may be illustrated by the category
Laborers (men), which comprised from a fifth to
a fourth of all the production workers in each of
the three States. In the first pay period studied,
these workers averaged 91 cents an hour in North
Carolina and 95 cents an hour in the other two
States. In the second pay period, the averages had
increased by 17 cents in North Carolina, 13 cents
in Virginia, and 15 cents in Kentucky. Mainte
nance mechanics, during the early pay period,
averaged $1.95 an hour in North Carolina, $1.92
in Virginia, and $1.61 in Kentucky. These earn
ings increased 8 cents in North Carolina, 5 cents
in Virginia, and 15 cents in Kentucky. The rela
tive advantage in earnings of mechanics over
laborers was, therefore, sharply reduced—from
114 to 88 percent in North Carolina, 102 to 82
percent in Virginia, and 69 to 60 percent in
Kentucky.
— N orm a n J. S a m u e l s
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
s Based on employment series regularly published by the Bureau of
Labor Statistics.
(See table C - l, p. 1138 of this issue.
1092
The $1 Minimum Wage Impact
on 15 Oklahoma Industries*
Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, as
amended, the Federal Government raised the
statutory minimum wage rate from 75 cents to $1
an hour, effective March 1 , 1956, for workers
engaged in interstate commerce or in the produc
tion of goods for such commerce. A study to
determine the effects of such an increase was made
of 136 firms in 15 low-wage industries in Oklahoma
during periods just prior to and immediately fol
lowing the effective date of the increase. This
study, which included 110 firms employing some
workers at wages averaging less than $1 an hour
prior to March 1 , 1956, revealed that the increased
minimum had little or no general effect on the
employment level. Major adjustments of the 110
firms to the increased minimum were to increase
production (48 firms), raise prices (50 firms),
reduce overtime (21 firms), increase mechanization
(34 firms), and increase efficiency (24 firms).
A comparison of the activities of these 110 firms
with the 26 firms which did not have to adjust
to the $1 minimum reveals that the 110 firms
registered greater increases in production during
the period of the survey, introduced more new
machinery, increased efficiency at a faster rate,
and availed themselves of opportunities to reduce
overtime much more frequently than the higher
wage firms. A higher percent of these firms
raised prices than did those already paying over
$1 an hour; however, 54 percent of the firms
raising wages did not raise prices even though in
many instances raw material costs had increased.
U nder the
Scope and Method of Study
The 15 industries included in the study were
manufacturers of wood furniture, soft drinks,
leather products, canvas products, salad dressing,
paint, bedding, potato chips, candy, clothing, and
cottonseed products. Also included were poultry
dressers, cucumber processors, sawmillers, and
pecan shellers. Almost a third of the 136 firms
in the Oklahoma study were either in the apparel
or sawmilling industry, 5 of which (all apparel)
were located in Oklahoma City or Tulsa. Of the
firms studied in the 13 remaining industries, 44
percent were located in Oklahoma City or Tulsa.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
Because of the small number of firms in these
industries (table 1), an attempt was made to
include in the study all of the firms in the 15
industries except soft-drink bottling of which
only a sample number of firms were included.
Two personal interviews were conducted with
officials of each of the 136 firms, one in February
or March of 1956, the other in October, November,
or December of the same year.
Employment
Employment dropped from 5,566 in the third
quarter of 1955 to 5,442 in the same period of
1956 for those firms having to raise wages. (See
table 1.) Most of the employment drop, how
ever, was due to factors not connected with the
minimum wage law. A severe drought during
the 1956 growing season resulted in a sharp curtail
ment of employment in 2 industries—cottonseed
and cucumber processing—dependent on agri
cultural output for raw materials. These 2
industries, employing a total of 522 workers
during the third quarter of 1955, had decreased
employment to 351 during the same period of
1956. If these industries are eliminated, employ
ment increased from 5,044 in the third quarter
of 1955 to 5,091 in the third quarter of 1956 for
those firms having to raise wages. The corre
sponding figures for the firms already paying all
employees over $1 an hour prior to March 1, 1956,
showed a decline from 1,284 to 1,275. To be
sure, the firms paying all employees over $1 an
hour (22 of the 26), were located primarily in 6
industries but even if the statistics are restricted
to the 6, the same pattern follows. For those
firms under $1, employment increased from 849
to 895, whereas it decreased from 1,272 to 1,264
for those already over $1.
In other industries, too, drops in employment
were recorded that were not primarily caused by
the raising of the minimum wage. In poultry
dressing, which showed a decline from 195 to 190
employees, the one firm already paying all workers
above $1 an hour employed the same number of
employees. Of the 6 firms which had to raise
wages, 2 maintained the same number of em
ployees, 2 showed increases of 6 and 7 employees,
*This article represents a summary of a study prepared under a University
of Oklahoma faculty research grant and presented by the author before the
Southwestern Social Science Association, Dallas, Tex., on April 20, 1957.
1093
THE $1 MINIMUM WAGE IN 15 OKLAHOMA INDUSTRIES
pecans at the end of the 1955-56 season. Later,
the Agriculture Department revised its forecast
to double the original figure, and the processors
were faced with a surplus crop. The processors
had bought at an exceptionally high price and then
were forced to sell at a low price. Median labor
costs of the reporting firms were only 12 percent
of total costs. The increase in minimum wages
required by the law by itself should not have
unduly burdened the pecan shellers.
Obviously an increase in the minimum wage may
be adapted to more easily if production and sales
increase, and such increases were noted for almost
half the firms. The largest increase in employment
occurred in the 27 apparel firms. These firms em
ployed 2,575 workers in the third quarter of 1955
and 2,856 in the same quarter of 1956. Over the
same period nationwide, the number of employees
in this industry decreased slightly. Fourteen of
the 27 firms expanded employment in the third
quarter 1956 over the corresponding 1955 period,
6 employed the same number of workers, and 7
showed a decrease. Rather interestingly, the 6
lowest wage firms which had paid from 75 to 85
cents an hour before the effective date of the $1
minimum expanded employment 32 percent, a
figure considerably higher than for the group as a
whole.
respectively, and 2 reported a decline—1 of only
1 employee, while the other, deciding to close
except for Thanksgiving operations, reduced em
ployment by 18. In the particular area where the
latter plant was located, 3 large poultry-dressing
plants had closed during the last 6 years because
of curtailment in the supply of chickens.
In the candy industry, extraneous factors caused
employment to drop from 192 to 151. The firm
cutting employment the most, by 25 employees,
reported that the summer season had been so hot
that without an air-conditioned building the candy
became too sticky. By September, this firm re
ported not only that the 25 had been rehired but
that 25 additional employees had been hired.
In the sawmilling industry, employment would
not have declined from 951 to 787 had it not been
that fires destroyed 2 mills employing over 100
employees. Both sawmills were expected to be
rebuilt. A third firm consolidated 2 plants and
laid off about 50 employees. It had expected to
employ the same number of employees, but the
drought caused a drop in demand for its creosoted
posts. The consolidation was attributable entirely
to the poor location of one of the plants, and not
in any degree to the minimum wage law.
Pecan shellers in Oklahoma employed 157 em
ployees in the third quarter of 1955 and 94 in the
same period of 1956. Four of the 6 reported a drop
in employment while the other 2 employed the
same number of workers. In early 1956, the U. S.
Department of Agriculture forecast an exception
ally short crop for that year. Consequently, the
pecan processors began bidding up the price of
T
able
1.
Methods of Adjustment
Production. Since the combined employment of
13 of the industries studied increased in firms pay
ing less than $1 an hour, it is of interest to note
Number of firms studied and employment in 15 selected low-wage industries, Oklahoma, 3d quarter 1955 and 1956
Firms paying all workers $1 an hour Firms paying some workers less
than $1 an hour prior to March 1,1956
or more prior to March 1, 1956
All firms studied
Industry
Number
Employment,
3d quarter
1955
Employment,
3d quarter
Number
1955
1956
Number
Employment,
3d quarter
1955
1956
1956
Total.................................................................
136
6,840
6,717
26
1,284
1,275
110
5, 566
5,442
Paint,
_ _____________________
Furniture __________________________
Bedding
_____________ _
Leather prodnuts
_ ______________
Onn vas prod nuts
_ ______________
Salad dressing
____________
Poultry dressing
___________
Pntcitn pRins
Candy
_________ ________________
xctdll O U C llU ig ....--------------------------------------------------------
7
5
4
10
12
3
7
5
4
6
27
14
16
13
3
116
44
1,137
449
100
56
196
75
194
157
2,575
490
954
275
32
120
35
1,137
490
101
55
191
69
153
94
2,856
348
789
276
8
5
4
2
4
4
1
1
49
29
1,130
6
32
6
1
53
19
1,130
6
30
6
1
1
2
2
1
3
3
26
2
26
2
11
2
6
8
2
6
5
3
6
27
14
15
10
3
67
15
7
443
68
50
195
75
192
157
2, 575
490
951
249
32
67
16
7
484
71
49
190
69
151
94
2, 856
343
787
250
8
Cottonseed prneessin g
Sawmill in g
- ______________
Soft-drink bottling
____
Cucumber processing-. —— --------- ----------
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1094
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
what adaptation firms made to the increased
wages. Table 2 shows the major adjustments.
Forty-eight, or 44 percent, of the 110 firms which
had to raise wages to comply with the $1 minimum
increased production. About the same percent of
firms already paying all employees over $1 also
increased production. However, firms below $1
an hour tended to increase production by a
greater amount than firms paying $1 an hour.
Overtime. Twenty-four of the 110 firms having
to raise wages cut back the hours of overtime
worked. Of those that continued their employ
ment at the same level, 4 reported an increase in
production; 5, the same production level; and 2,
a decline in production. Both employment and
production were increased by 6 firms and decreased
by 5. Two others claimed that production was
the same although both employment and hours
had been reduced. The fact that production was
not always reduced when hours were cut lends
support to the position that increasing wages
encourages employers and workers to greater
efficiency. Only 2 of the firms already paying
over $1 an hour reduced overtime work.
Prices. Another method of adjusting to the mini
mum wage was to raise prices. Fifty of the 110
firms (45 percent) which had to raise wages also
raised their selling price. Almost as large a pro
portion of the firms already paying over $1 an
hour to all employees raised prices (38 percent)
as did those having to raise wages. In 7 of the
15 industries, less than 20 percent of the firms
paying less than $1 an hour raised their prices.
Eighteen percent of the firms paying some em
ployees under 81 lowered their selling price,
while 37 percent kept prices constant. That more
firms did not raise selling prices was of interest
especially because 68 percent had to pay higher
raw material costs as well as higher wages. After
excluding those firms which experienced either a
reduction in sales or raw material prices, there
were still remaining 33 percent of the 110 firms
that did not raise selling prices in the face of wage
raises and increases of raw material prices.
T a b l e 2.
Mechanization. Thirty-four of the 110 firms
having to raise wages introduced new machinery
in 1956, whereas none of the firms already paying
above $1 an hour did so. Of the 34 firms, 16
cut back employment, 11 increased it, and 7
maintained the same level. Evidently the neces
sity to increase wages had stimulated the mechani
zation, although in only 4 of the 15 industries did
50 percent or more of the firms purchase new
machinery.
Efficiency. The manager of one of the firms,
referring to increasing efficiency, remarked, “Be
fore the minimum wage was raised, things were
Methods used in adapting to the $1 minimum hourly wage by 186 firms in 15 selected low-wage industries, Oklahoma
3d quarter 1956
Percent of firms—
Industry
Increasing production
h av in g m inim um
plant rate 1
Increasing prices hav
ing minimum plant
ra te 1
Reducing
overtime
h av in g m inim um
plant rate 1
Adding new machin
ery having minimum
plant rate 1
Increasing
efficiency
h av in g m inim u m j
plant rate 1
Below $1
Below $1
Above $1
Below $1
Above $1
Below $1
Above $1
Below $1
Above $1
Above $1
Average___________ ______
44
46
45
38
21
4
31
0
22
8
P ain t. _______
_____ .
Furniture_________ - _____
Bedding___ ____________
Leather products___________
Canvas products____ - Salad dressing_____
_
Poultry dressing- _____ ___
Potato chips. . ___ . . _____
Candy______ --- ________
Pecan shelling__ _____ - Apparel.............. ___ ______
Cottonseed processing_____ -Sawmilling_____ __________
Soft-drink bottling__________
Cucumber processing________
50
100
0
67
63
50
33
60
33
0
52
14
33
90
0
40
50
50
25
100
0
0
100
100
0
17
13
100
0
0
33
0
44
93
67
70
0
60
25
100
0
50
0
0
100
0
0
67
13
50
33
20
67
17
4
0
47
20
0
0
0
50
0
0
0
0
0
100
0
67
0
50
33
40
100
17
26
29
40
30
0
0
0
0
o
0
0
0
o
0
50
50
13
0
33
o
o
33
33
7
27
10
0
o
o
o
o
25
o
100
iPrior to March 1,1956.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—
0
—
—
—
0
67
—
0
—
—
—
0
67
0
_
_
0
0
N ote: Dashes indicate no firms in category.
0
_
_
0
0
o
o
0
1095
THE $1 MINIMUM WAGE IN 15 OKLAHOMA INDUSTRIES
going all right, and we did not have to worry
about improvements. Now that wages have
been raised, we do worry about them.”
As used here, the term increased efficiency
includes all changes in plant layout, machinery
arrangement, personnel policy, etc., resulting in
improved plant operation and increased produc
tion. The term does not include the introduction
of new machinery unless such additions were made
in conjunction with improved plant layout which
resulted in increased production. Also included
are nonproduction changes such as improved cost
accounting and increased sales efforts.
Twenty-four of the 110 firms (22 percent)
attempted to counteract the increased labor costs
by increasing efficiency during 1956. Methods
used to improve plant efficiency varied widely;
some firms made major changes in operations
methods, many others rearranged plant layouts,
and some added new machinery. One manufac
turer rescheduled his production with the goal
of increasing efficiency by reducing seasonality.
Personnel policies were altered, training periods
intensified, and work hours enforced.
Closed Firms
Four firms ceased operation in 1956, one of
which had been paying all its employees over
$1 an hour before the effective date of the new
minimum. The higher wage firm was a furnituremanufacturer facing stiff competition from lower
wage firms located in Arkansas. One pecan
sheller also closed his doors. A letter from the
owner containing information as to the reason for
closing stated that while the $1 minimum was “a
very deciding factor,” the inability to market
the product, even at a discount forced the firm
to close. An apparel firm which had reduced
its employment from 18 to 5 in 1955 also closed
its doors in 1956. This firm was forced out of
business by poor selling practices. When queried
as to the effects of the minimum wage on the
plant’s closure, the firm’s manager replied that it
had no effect. He had been paying 95 cents an
hour before March 1956, slightly above the aver
age for the industry in Oklahoma. The fourth
firm which closed in 1956 was a potato-chip
manufacturer which employed 10 employees, and
had little modern equipment. The firm had
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
shown no profit in 1954 and a very small profit
in 1955. In 1956, the firm was forced to close
when the price of potatoes rose spectacularly,
increasing by 400 percent before dropping. Since
potato costs were 72 percent of total costs com
pared with 17 for labor (median firm), the firm
could not pay the increased prices. Another of
the plants in the same town hired the drivers and
took over the orders of the closed firm but was
able to increase its production without adding
any new plant employees.
*
*
*
*
*
The firms paying below $1 an hour showed a
better record of employment than the firms already
paying all employees over $1 an hour. The firms
paying below $1 an hour were stimulated to
increase production more, add more machinery,
and increase efficiency. In the 6 industries in
which 22 of the higher wage firms were located, 11
firms reported an increase in production in the
third quarter of 1956 over the same period in 1955,
5 the same, and 6 a drop. The corresponding
figures for the firms under $1 were 22, 7, and 1.
The same pattern held when comparing 1955 with
1954. In the 6 industries, the firms paying all
workers over $1 employed 1,283 employees in
1954 and 1,272 in 1955. The corresponding figures
for the firms having to raise wages were 616 in
1954 and 849 in 1955. Also, except for one large
firm employing over 1,000 employees, the firms
paying over $1 an hour were smaller than the firms
paying below $1 an hour (average of 7 compared
with 30). The firms paying some or all employees
below $1 an hour appeared to be a more dynamic
group of entrepreneurs who were able to expand
business even in the face of increased wages.
Omitting the firms in cottonseed and cucumber
processing, the study of 93 firms showed that
raising the minimum wage to $1 an hour did not
result in unemployment. I t is true that employ
ment did not expand as much for these firms in
1956 over 1955 as in 1955 over 1954, but the same
holds true for all firms in the United States for
the same period. Even though employment did
not expand as rapidly in 1956 as in 1955, the firms
were able to expand production at about the same
rate each year.
—P aul A. B rinker
Chairman, Department of Economics
University of Oklahoma
Foreign Labor Briefs*
Freedom of Association
for Congo Workers
Two n e w d e c r e e s 1 issued by the Belgian Gov
ernment, effective February 15, 1957, repealed
restrictions on workers’ freedom of association.
Civil servants, covered by one of the decrees, are
permitted to join unions at any time, but may not
strike. Workers in private industry, covered by
the other decree, may join a labor union, but not
until after 3 years’ service, and their right to
strike cannot be invoked until all available con
ciliation and arbitration procedures have failed.
Under both decrees, any workers’ organization
“must be exclusively devoted to the study, de
fense, and development of their economic, pro
fessional, and social interests”—e. g., cannot
engage in political activity. In addition, all trade
unions must submit their bylaws to the govern
ment for approval.
Among other provisions, the new decrees elim
inated a number of restrictions issued between
1921 and 1946 prohibiting racially mixed (Con
golese and white) unions and membership by civil
servants in the Congo counterparts of the two main
Belgian trade union confederations—the Confed1096
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
eration of Christian Trade Unions (Confederation
des Syndicats Cretiens de Belgique, CSC—
Catholic) and the General Federation of Labor
(Federation Generale du Travail de Belgique,
FGTB—Socialist). Under the new decrees, pro
hibitions of organizational links between unions of
civil servants and those of workers in private
industry have also been revoked.
Upon enactment of the new decrees, the Belgian
FGTB and CSC, which have for some time
advocated greater freedom for Congo workers and
Congo trade unions, stepped up their activities
in the Belgian Congo. Different methods of
organization are to be used by the two federations.
Congo unions will be formed by the FGTB-Congo
on an industrial basis and will be part of the cor
responding FGTB industrial federations in Bel
gium and the FGTB confederation; also, the
various Congo unions will make up a regional
confederation within the FGTB. The CSC will
have three separate federations for the Congo—
to encompass skilled workers, unskilled workers,
and public service workers.
‘ Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Foreign Labor Conditions.
1 For text of the decrees, see Bulletin OfQciel du Congo-Beige, February 1,
1957.
FOREIGN LABOR BRIEFS
Population and Labor Market in
the Federal Republic of Germany
A ccording to the German Minister of Labor,1 as
of September 30, 1956, 19.2 million wage and
salary earners, including the unemployed, were
registered with labor exchanges in the Federal
Republic of Germany. The number of selfemployed and family helpers was estimated at
6.2 million. Thus, the total labor force in the
Federal Republic was estimated to be 25.4 mil
lion. This was 50 percent of the total population
of 50.8 million—the highest postwar labor force
percentage in the Federal Republic. This per
centage is believed to exceed that of any other
West European country.
Between September 13, 1950 (the date of the
last population census) and September 30, 1956,
the total population of the Federal Republic of
Germany rose by 6.4 percent, the total number
of gainfully occupied by 15 percent, and the total
employed wage and salary earners by 22.8 per
cent. The increase in the latter category was
largely attributable to greater participation of
women in the labor force. The self-employed
and family helpers group declined by 3.9 percent,
the decrease consisting almost entirely of women
in the family-helper category.
Unemployment declined from almost 1.3 million
on September 30, 1950, to about 400,000 on
September 30, 1956, or from 8.2 to 2.2 percent of
the wage and salary earners. The regional distri
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1097
bution of unemployment in the Federal Republic
still varies widely. For example, as of September
30, 1956, the unemployment rate in the labor
office district of Schwaebisch Gmuend (Baden
Wuerttemberg) was only 0.2 percent, contrasted
with 9.1 percent in the labor office district of
Cham (distressed area of East Bavaria). In 1956,
the difference between the seasonal high and
seasonal low of unemployment ranged from
409,000 in August to 1.8 million in February.
In analyzing projected population and labor
market trends, the Ministry of Labor concluded
that, by January 1, 1958, the Federal Republic
will have a population of 51.5 million, a 700,000
increase over September 30, 1956, and a labor
force of 26 million by March 31, 1958, an increase
of 600,000. This addition to the labor force will
be drawn from natural growth, immigration, and
mobilization of now unused labor reserves. The
estimates also show that the real increase in the
gross national product (GNP) in the 1957-58
fiscal year will be approximately 6 to 7 percent, of
which 3.5 percent may be attributed to produc
tivity gains and the remainder to growth in the
labor force (180,000 new workers contributing a
1-percent rise in GNP); and there will be greater
reliance in the future on industrial mechanization
to make up for scarce manpower. No marked
impact from the Bundeswehr (armed forces)
buildup will be felt in the immediate future.
1 In a report submitted to the Bundestag on March 29,1957, giving a com
prehensive analysis of the Federal Republic’s labor market.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases*
Labor Relations
Federal Jurisdiction—State Railroad Workers. The
Supreme Court of the United States held1 that
a State by engaging in interstate commerce by
rail subjected itself to the commerce power of
Congress and that Congress could therefore regu
late its employment relationships. Consequently,
the Court concluded, the Federal Railway Labor
Act applied to these State activities and its pro
visions superseded State civil service laws.
The railroad in this case was a common carrier
engaged in interstate commerce. It had been
owned by the State of California for 65 years
and was operated by the Board of State Harbor
Commissioners. Its employees were hired in
accordance with the State civil service laws which
also provided procedures for hiring, promotion,
layoff, and dismissal and authorized the State
Personnel Board to fix rates of pay and overtime.
In 1942, the incumbent Board of State Harbor
Commissioners entered into a collective bargain
ing agreement with several unions which stipu
lated procedures for layoff, promotions, and dis
missals and fixed rates of pay and overtime which
were different from those established under the
State civil service laws. The collective bargain
ing agreement conformed to the Federal Railway
Labor Act. A successor board contended in the
California courts that the Federal act did not
apply to the railroad and that the wages and
working conditions of the employees were governed
by State civil service laws. The Supreme Court
of California agreed2 and the United States
Supreme Court denied3 review.
Thereafter, in a Federal district court, several
employees of the railroad brought action against
the first division of the National Railroad Adjust
ment Board charging that five of its carrier mem
bers refused to consider their claims on the grounds
of lack of jurisdiction because the railroad was
1098
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
not subject to the Railway Labor Act. The
lower court dismissed the complaint but was
reversed by a court of appeals which directed
the district court to grant the relief sought.
The Supreme Court, in upholding the appellate
court decision, said the Railway Labor Act
applies to any rail carrier subject to the Inter
state Commerce Act, and that the latter act
applies to all common carriers by railroad engaged
in interstate transportation. Because the rail
road in question was a common carrier engaged
in interstate commerce, the Court held that the
State civil service laws conflicted with the feder
ally protected rights of the employees to bargain
collectively with their employer and that States
may not prohibit the exercise of rights which the
Federal acts protect.
Retail and Nonretail Jurisdictional Standards. The
National Labor Relations Board held4 that it
will continue to apply nonretail jurisdictional
standards to enterprises which are combination
retail and nonretail operations except where the
nonretail aspects are de minimis. The Board
also modified its jurisdictional standards for both
retail or service and nonretail establishments by
eliminating established tests for multistate enter
prises and applying the yardsticks previously
applied to single establishments and intrastate
chains.
In this case, an employer operated a mill and
a warehouse in one State and a chain of lumber
yards in several States; a union sought to represent
his employees at the mill and warehouse only.
The employer contended that his operations should
be governed by retail jurisdictional standards
but that, whether considered retail or nonretail,
his operations did not meet the Board’s juris
dictional standards.
In its ruling in this case, the Board said that in
the past, when dealing with combination retail*Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to he of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may be reached based upon local statutory provisions, the existence of
local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
1 State o) California v. Taylor (U. S. Sup. Ct., June 3, 1957).
2 State of California v. Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, 232 P. 2d 857.
2 342 U. S. 876.
4 T. H. Rogers Lumber Co. and Carpenters Local 986, 117 N LRB No. 230
(May 23,1957).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
nonretail establishments, it had not formulated a
separate jurisdictional standard but had applied
nonretail standards. Such standards had been
applied without regard to whether the employer
consisted of a single establishment engaged in both
retail and nonretail operations or separate estab
lishments, some retail and some nonretail, and
without measuring the relative size of the em
ployer’s retail and nonretail operations. In apply
ing the nonretail standards to multistate enter
prises, the Board had exercised jurisdiction over a
single establishment in a chain if it met the stand
ards even though the enterprise as a whole did not
satisfy the requirements. (In the instant case, it
found that the employer had met its nonretail
standards.) However, it had never assumed juris
diction over a segment of a multistate nonretail
enterprise by applying its standards for intrastate
chains of such enterprises. By contrast, it had
done so in the case of multistate retail chains.
Consideration of the problems which had been
recurring under the prior standards and those
which might follow from modifying nonretail
standards to parallel the modification in retail
standards led the Board to the conclusion that one
set of standards for all nonretail enterprises,
whether comprised of a single establishment, an
intrastate group of establishments, or a multistate
group of establishments, was the best solution.
That single standard was accomplished by elimi
nating the multistate standard hitherto applicable
to nonretail enterprises and applying the single
establishment and intrastate chain standards to
the combined operations of such enterprises.
Hence, the Board said, it will, in the future, assert
jurisdiction over nonretail enterprises having one
or more establishments where the enterprise has a
total direct inflow of $500,000 or more, total in
direct inflow of $1,000,000 or more, total direct
outflow of $50,000 or more, or total indirect out
flow of $100,000 or more. Therefore, in this case,
the Board asserted jurisdiction, holding that, since
the combined direct inflow of the employer’s en
terprise was in excess of $500,000 and since the
operations were both retail and nonretail, the
« 110 NLRB 481; see Monthly Labor Review, January 1955 (p. 92).
« 114 NLRB 1423 (1955).
7110 NLRB 543; see M onthly Labor Review, January 1955 (p. 93).
8
Wilkins v. DeKoning and Local 138, International Union of Operating
Engineers (U. S. D. C. ,E. D. ,N. Y. .June 7,1957).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1099
revised nonretail jurisdictional standards, appli
cable in such cases, were met.
The Jonesboro Grain Drying Cooperative case,6
which set standards applicable to nonretail enter
prises under the Board’s 1954 jurisdictional stand
ards, and the Coca-Cola Bottling Co. oj New York,
Inc .6 case, which provided an alternative standard
of $3}( million gross sales for asserting jurisdiction
over multistate nonretail enterprises, and cases
relying thereon, were specifically overruled insofar
as they were inconsistent with the ruling in the
instant case.
The Board also modified the standards which
will be applied in the future to multistate chains
of retail and service enterprises by eliminating the
requirement of a gross volume of business of $10
million. Jurisdiction will be asserted over such
enterprises on the basis of standards previously
applied only to single and intrastate chain estab
lishments: (1) total direct inflow of $1,000,000 or
more, (2) total indirect inflow of $2,000,000 or
more, (3) or total direct outflow of $100,000 or
more. The Hogue and Knott Supermarkets case,7
which set prior standards for retail and service
enterprises, and cases relying thereon, were over
ruled to the extent that they were inconsistent with
the new standards.
Injunction Against Union Discipline. A Federal
district court held 8 that a union member was en
titled to a temporary injunction prohibiting union
disciplinary action against him for disclosure to
his attorney of a record of the annual audit of the
union welfare fund. Such disclosure, the court
said, was an exercise of the member’s statutory
right under the Taft-Hartley Act and not a
violation of his duty as a union member.
In this case, a union member, a contributor to
the welfare fund, had exhibited a copy of the
annual audit of the fund to his attorney. This
disclosure had been deemed to be a violation of his
duty as a union member and he was notified that
he was to be tried at a union meeting. In his
complaint to the district court, the union member
stated that the purpose of the trial was to preclude
him from inquiring into the finances of the fund.
The court said that the Labor Management
Relations Act, in section 302 (c) authorizing wel
fare funds, provides that agreements “shall . . -
1100
contain provisions for an annual audit of the trust
fund, a statement of the result of which shall be
available for inspection by interested persons at
the principal office of the trust fund and at such
other places as may be designated in such written
agreement.” The court said that the union mem
ber was an “interested person” within the mean
ing of the act and it was clearly unnecessary for the
statute to declare that interested persons could
consult their attorneys regarding the sufficiency
of an audited statement. Moreover, the court
held, since this was a right given by the statute, it
was difficult to see how it could be regarded as an
offense against the union.
The court recognized certain complications in
the case because the union member had been
charged with several other violations of the
union’s constitution, one of which was “wilfully
and wrongfully creating dissension among the
members.” On the charges relating to conduct as
a union member, the court said they should be
determined according to the procedures of the
union constitution and that they were none of its
concern until the remedies within the union were
exhausted. It said the language of the union
constitution which contained the clause on
“creating dissension among the members” was
broad enough to cover nearly any action a union
officer chose to condemn. However, no matter
how liberal a construction the provisions of the
constitution were given, the member’s “conduct
in examining the report of the welfare fund and
consulting his counsel about it, was the exercise of
a right created for him by act of Congress, and . . .
it cannot be tortured into a violation of his duty as
a member of a union; if that is true, he is sought to
be held to answer to a charge for which there is no
basis in the fundamental law which governs his
union membership.”
The court said if the member should be con
victed and expelled after exhausting his remedies
within the union, he could appeal to the court for
remedial action, but he need not go through that
process to protect the exercise of this statutory
right.
City Licensing of Union Organizers. A Federal
district court held 9 that it had jurisdiction to
restrain enforcement of a city ordinance providing
for the licensing of labor organizers and labor
solicitors and that such an ordinance was uncon
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
stitutional as an unlawful interference with the
collective bargaining process under the National
Labor Relations Act.
In this case, a union had sent its organizers
into a city for the purpose of soliciting membership
among the workers in a nearby manufacturing
company. The organizers and the union were
threatened with prosecution for any attempt to
solicit members unless they first complied with
the ordinance which made it unlawful to conduct
any of “the businesses, trades, occupations or
professions” of labor organizer and labor solicitor
within the city without first obtaining a license.
The license fee was fixed at $25 and penalties
of fines and imprisonment were provided for
failure to comply with the ordinance. It also
subjected labor organizations to a penalty of $50
to $100 for each day of violation if an unlicensed
organizer or solicitor operated in the city as an
agent of such organizations.
In its opinion in this case, the court pointed out
that, as the case was presented, two questions
were to be determined: the jurisdiction of the
court; and the constitutionality of the ordinance.
It was of the opinion that “jurisdiction [the dis
trict court’s] was clear without regard to diversity
of citizenship or amount in controversy because
the action arose under the law to regulate labor
management relations in interstate commerce
and the ordinance was a burden on such com
merce . . .” The city sought to distinguish the
instant case from a Federal appellate decision in
Denton v. City of Carrollton, Ga.10 which involved
a similar city ordinance, on the grounds that
the fees involved in the Denton case were pro
hibitive.
The court said “it is not so much the amount
to be charged but the fact that any local inter
ference is a burden upon interstate commerce and
is intolerable.” It further stated that “it is
apparent that the ordinance if applied would
prevent the union and its selected representatives
from functioning as collective bargaining agents
except upon the conditions fixed by this local
law.” If the ordinance were sustained on the
basis of “small” requirements, each community
could fix terms to which labor organizers would
• United Steelworkers of America (A FL-CIO ) v. Fuqua (U. S. D. C., W. Ky.,
June 10, 1957).
1» 235 F. 2d 481 (1956).
1101
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
have to comply; this, the court said, would render
the national labor legislation ineffective.
The court stated that Hill v. Florida,n a United
States Supreme Court case which declared a State
statute requiring the licensing of labor organizers
unconstitutional, was directly in point. It said
that the ordinance in this case, which established
its own standards for those who attempt to qualify
for a license, was an appendage to the Federal
law and an interference with collective bargaining.
Damages vs. Reemployment in Discharge Suits. A
Federal district court held 12 that it had jurisdic
tion in a suit by a railroad worker who had estab
lished seniority in 2 distinct crafts to recover
damages for wrongful discharge based upon loss
of seniority in 1 craft, even though he retained
seniority and employment in the other craft. The
court had originally dismissed the case on grounds
of lack of jurisdiction. However, on rehearing,
the employee amended his complaint to alleged
“wrongful discharge” rather than damages by
loss of his income, seniority rights, and pension
rights in one of the crafts—the basis of his prior
complaint.
The worker was first employed in 1928 as a
laborer. In 1934, he became a boilermaker’s
helper. In accordance with the collective bar
gaining agreement in effect at the time, the em
ployee was listed on the seniority roster and
retained seniority dates in both positions. Conse
quently, he retained reemployment rights as a
laborer in the event of layoff as a boilermaker.
Upon removal from the laborers’ list in 1937, the
employee and others complained to their foreman
and were informed that their rights as laborers
had not been impaired and could be asserted at
any time. With the ascendancy of the diesel
locomotives, boilermaker helpers’ jobs declined
and irregular employment resulted. The em
ployee sought to exercise his rights as a laborer
in 1954 and such rights were denied.
The railway company and the union to which
the worker belonged, intervening as a codefendant,
contended that the court had no jurisdiction
because, under the Railway Labor Act, exclusive
jurisdiction of such a dispute was in the National
n 325 U. S. 538; see Monthly Labor Review, July 1945 (p. 98).
12 Rose v. Great Northern Railway (U. S. D. C., N. Dak., June 10, 1957).
is Borqes v. Art Steel Co., Inc. (C. A. 2, July 8,1957).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Railroad Adjustment Board, that the employee
had failed to exhaust his administrative remedies,
and that he had waited some 15 years to protest.
The question the court had to determine was
“can a railway employee who has established
seniority in 2 distinct crafts maintain an action
for wrongful discharge based upon the loss of
seniority in 1 craft while retaining seniority and
employment in the other?” The court ruled that
he could because he was not seeking reemploy
ment. If he were, the NRAB would have exclu
sive jurisdiction because it would involve inter
pretation and enforcement of the collective
bargaining agreement and would directly affect
other employees, the court said. As this action
was for damages for wrongful discharge in breach
of the employee’s contract of employment and
apart from the Railway Labor Act, it constituted
a valid claim under State law.
The court said: “While an argument could be
made that an action for wrongful interference
with seniority rights can be distinguished from an
action for wrongful discharge (especially where
the employee is still employed in another craft),
it is a distinction without a difference. The action
is to remedy the violation of rights having both
economic and legal reality, rights which the em
ployee depends upon for his means of livelihood.”
Accordingly, the court ordered a new trial on the
basis of the amended complaint.
Veterans’ Reemployment
Escalation oj Pay Increases. A Federal court of
appeals decided 13 that, under the Universal Mili
tary Training and Service Act, veterans who had
returned to their preservice employment should,
as a statutory right, have been allowed the pay
increases from which they would have benefited
if they had not been in military service when the
increases were cost-of-living and across-the-board
increases and did not depend on skill or merit.
In this case, 11 veterans brought action for
judgment entitling them to damages and wage
increases which they had been denied following
their reemployment. By the applicable collective
bargaining agreements, these increases were con
ditioned on presence on the job on a specific day,
with the amount being determined by the em
ployee’s length of consecutive service preceding
1102
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
that date.14 The veterans had been in military
service on the specified date and had not per
formed actual service as described. According to
the court’s opinion, it was established that the
rules and practices of the employer and union did
not allow persons on furlough or leave of absence
to accrue “consecutive working service.”
The appellate court said: “The real dispute
between the parties is whether for the purpose of
determining their current wage rate the plaintiffs
should be regarded as having been away on leave
of absence or whether they should be given equal
status with nonveterans who remained continu
ously on the job.” The employer argued that the
statute recognizes only two classes of rights,
seniority rights and “insurance or other benefits,”
and that wage increases are not seniority rights.
The court disagreed, referring to the association
of “seniority, status, and pay” in the definition of
“position,” to which a veteran must be restored
as contained in subsection (b).15 It pointed out
that a veteran’s eligibility to such job components
is not to be measured by regarding the veteran
“as one come back from leave of absence.” The
court stated that the phrase “insurance or other
benefits” contained in subsection (c) was meant
to cover a fairly narrow group of economic ad
vantages whose common quality was that they
were miscellaneous fringe benefits, not usually
regarded as “pay,” “status,” or “seniority.” It
refused to apply to this pay increase situation its
earlier decision 16on vacation rights, reaffirming its
earlier decision to the effect that vacations are a
fringe benefit, and not “pay” in the statutory
sense. The wage increases were regarded as in
no sense fringe benefits; they became a regular
part of the jobholder’s pay or status, swelling his
pay check every week he worked until the pay
system changed. The court therefore ruled that
these pay increases were within statutory protec
tion under the escalator principle, whether re
garded as “pay” or “status.”
The court recognized that pay increases may be
awarded on the basis of skill or merit, and not
on mere passage of time and, in that event, cannot
be regarded as the fruits of seniority. Since the
increases involved in this case reached all em
ployees of all degrees of skill, the court said, there
can be no serious contention that the requirement
of actual service was designed to reward profi
ciency acquired through experience, rather than
mere seniority.
14 As typical of the agreements, the court cited the following: “A general
across-the-board general [sic] increase shall be given to each and every one of
the present employees of the company now upon the company’s employ
ment roll (and to none other whatsoever) as follows:
“1. 12H0 per hour to all employees having more than 45 days working
service and less than 1 year consecutive working service.
“2. 15£ per hour to all employees having 1 year or more consecutive work
ing service.”
Consecutive working service was defined as “actual service of 1,800 hours
per year as a minimum calculated on the basis of the employee’s straighttime hourly earnings.”
is 50 U.S.C., App. 459 (b).
i« 229 F. 2d 408; see Monthly Labor Review, April 1956 (p. 450).
Union Conventions, October 16 to November 15, 1957
Date
October 16__
October 18__
October 21 __
October 21
Date
October 26__.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
National and international unions
Place
Air Line Dispatchers Association________ Las Vegas, Nev.
American Railway Supervisors Association_ Chicago, 111.
United Slate, Tile and Composition Roofers, Detroit, Mich.
Damp and Waterproof Workers Associa
tion.
National Brotherhood of Packinghouse Kansas City, Mo.
Workers (Ind.).
State federations
Rhode Island State Federation of Labor__
Place
Providence.
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
July 10
United Automobile Workers and the National Urban
League, an interracial organization for the improvement
of economic opportunities for minority groups, jointly
announced an agreement to eliminate racial discrimination
in all industries in which the union has collective bargain
ing contracts. (See also p. 1111 of this issue.)
T he
July 11
July 1, 1957
G e o r g e M e a n y , president of the AFL-CIO, announced
that the special committee set up in January by the
Federation’s Executive Council to study jurisdictional
problems involving the building trades and industrial
unions had reached a tentative agreement on a method
for handling disputes over construction work at industrial
plants. (See also p. 1111 of this issue.)
July 2
NLRB ruled, in John L . Clemmey Co., Inc., Mansfield,
Mass., and United Steelworkers of America, A F L -C IO ,
that the employer violated the “essential principle of
collective bargaining” under the Taft-Hartley Act when
he concluded an agreement with a local union without the
knowledge or approval of the international union, certified
as the statutory representative of his employees, while
negotiations with the international were still in progress.
T he
July 12
NLRB ruled, in Puccinelli Packing Co., Turlock,
Calif., and Local 748, Cannery Warehousemen, Food
Processors, Drivers, Helpers, A F L -C IO , that the failure of
an employer during protracted negotiations to submit
promised counterproposals did not amount to a lack of
good faith in bargaining because the Taft-Hartley Act
does not compel a party to bargaining negotiations to
make counterproposals in the form of concessions, and
further submissions would have been futile because of
the union’s consistent rejection of the employer’s earlier
proposals.
T he
International Longshoremen’s Association (Ind.)
announced the amalgamation of 4 small locals of 5,000
pier clerks and checkers in the port of New York into
Clerks and Checkers Local 1, thus furthering the ILA’s
efforts to consolidate its strength by sharply reducing the
number of small locals. (See also p. 1110 of this issue.)
T he
July 5
president of the Laundry Workers Union announced
that its officers had forced the resignation of Samuel J.
Byers as lifetime president emeritus in an effort to restore
the union to full membership in the AFL-CIO. (See
Chron. item for May 20, 1957, MLR, July 1957; see also
p. 1109 of this issue.)
T he
July 8
A F e d e r a l court of appeals in New York ruled, in Borges
v. Art Steel Co., Inc., that under the Universal Military
Training and Service Act, a reemployed veteran is entitled
to general and cost-of-living wage increases based on
length of service on the job and granted under a collective
bargaining contract while he was in the Armed Forces,
regardless of contractual requirements as to consecutive
working service. (See also p. 1101 of this issue.)
July 13
T h e International Confederation of Free Trade Unions
ended its Fifth World Congress in Tunis, Tunisia. Among
the actions taken was the adoption of a statement in which
the Congress reiterated its opposition to colonialism and
the approval of resolutions (1) condemning the oppression
of free trade unions and (2) recommending that the
French Government negotiate with the true representatives
of the Algerian people, recognizing their right to selfgovernment while protecting the interests and freedom of
the French population of Algeria.
July 14
New York Hotel Trades Council and the Hotel
Association of New York City, Inc., representing 185
hotels, signed an agreement (to run until June 1, 1960)
providing for an average weekly wage increase of $5.72 in
2 steps and featuring a provision for free medical care for
the families of the 35,000 workers affected. (See also
p. 1107 of this issue.)
1103
T he
July 9
T h e AFL-CIO issued a charter to an independent railroad
union, the 9,000-member American Railway Supervisors
Association, organized in 1934. (See also p. 1110 of this
issue.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1104
July 16
T h e last of a series of work stoppages that had affected
members of 16 unions in the New York City construction
industry ended with the signing of an agreement between
the Sheet Metal Workers and the Building Trades
Employers Association of New York City. (See also
p. 1107 of this issue.)
July 17
T h e Governor of New Jersey signed a bill raising the
salaries and annual increments of the State’s public school
teachers and professional employees of local boards of
education, effective July 1, 1958. (See also p. 1107 of this
issue.)
T h e NLRB ruled, in Englander Co., Inc., Seattle, Wash.,
and Upholsterers International Union . . .; International
Brotherhood of Teamsters . . . ’, and Washington Oregon
Council of Furniture Workers . . ., that the employer and
a union violated the Taft-Hartley Act by concluding a
union-shop contract before a representative number of
employees had been hired. The agreement, the Board
held, amounted to illegal support of the union and repre
sented an attempt by the union to cause the employer to
discriminate against employees.
Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in
the Labor or Management Field disclosed evidence that
in 1952 two top United Textile Workers officials—
Anthony Valente, president, and Lloyd Klenert, secretarytreasurer—used $57,000 of union money as downpayments
on homes in Washington, D. C., suburbs and later obtained
loans to replace the money through certain employers who
had contracts with their union. (See also p. 1108 of this
issue.)
T he
July 18
A n 8 8 -day strike against the Railway Express Co. by the
Teamsters in 7 major cities was settled by an agreement
running until October 31, 1959, and providing for a 3-step,
29-cent hourly wage increase, with 15 cents retroactive
to January 16, 1956, plus cost-of-living adjustments.
(See Chron. item for Apr. 23, 1957, MLR, June 1957; see
also p. 1105 of this issue.)
July 19
T h e New York State Industrial Commissioner ordered
increases, effective September 17, in the hourly minimum
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
wage rates for about 212,000 restaurant workers.
also p. 1107 of this issue.)
(See
July 22
J o in t l y , t h e International Association of Machinists and
the Brewery Workers announced a 2-year agreement for
mutual assistance and cooperation in organizing and
collective bargaining and for settlement of jurisdictional
disputes in the brewing industry. (See also p. 1111 of this
issue.)
Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. signed a new agree
ment with the United Rubber Workers, providing for a
wage package of 15 cents an hour which set a pattern for
the industry. (See also p. 1105 of this issue.)
T he
July 25
J o h n D i o g u a r d i (Johnny Dio), onetime union officer, and
two other former unionists were convicted by the Court
of General Sessions of New York City on charges of con
spiring to take bribes from certain employers to end labor
troubles in their plants. (See also p. 1109 of this issue.)
July 26
F o l l o w in g his acquittal on charges of bribery and con
spiracy to obtain access to the files of the Senate Select
Committee on Improper Activities in the Labor or Manage
ment Field (see Chron. item for Mar. 29, 1957, MLR,
May 1957), James R. Hoffa, a Teamster vice president,
announced his candidacy for the union’s presidency at its
convention in September. (See also p. 1110 of this issue.)
July 27
T h e first major break in the prolonged nationwide strike
of 16,000 cement workers came with the settlement
between the Universal Atlas Cement Co. and the United
Cement Workers, providing for a package valued at
about 16.5 cents an hour but retaining the old subcon
tracting clause. (See also p. 1106 of this issue.)
July 30
of the Teamsters union ratified a contract with
Montgomery Ward & Co. The agreement, retroactive
to June 1, provides for average hourly wage increases
of between 11 and 12 cents for 16,000 mail-order employees
and weekly increases of $2 for 4,000 retail store salespeople,
as well as additional benefits.
L ocals
Developments in
Industrial Relations*
T h e fin a l major settlement in the current round
of collective bargaining in the railroad industry
was concluded in July with an agreement involv
ing the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers
(Ind.). Later in the month, the United Rubber
Workers negotiated general wage increases with
the Big 4 rubber companies. A widespread walk
out in the cement industry was virtually ended
by the close of the month. Other significant
settlements included a number in the New York
City construction industry affecting more than
70,000 workers.
The Senate Select Committee on Improper
Activities in the Labor or Management Field
continued its investigation of unions during the
month, while the American Federation of Labor
and Congress of Industrial Organizations took
steps to force certain member unions to correct
various abuses. Actions were also taken within
the Federation to settle jurisdictional problems.
Collective Bargaining
Transportation. The Locomotive Engineers—the
last of the major railroad unions to conclude
negotiations on 1956 contract demands 1—reached
accord on a 3-year contract with 140 of the
Nation’s railroads on July 2. The settlement
called for a first year increase of 6 percent in basic
daily rates of 44,000 road and yard engineers,
retroactive to November 1, 1956.
Effective
November 1, 1957, and again a year later, pre
settlement rates will advance further by 3.5 per
cent. A semiannual wage escalator clause retro
active to May 1, 1957, was also adopted. Yard
engineers obtained the option of 7 paid holidays a
year beginning either (1) November 1957, with a
deduction of 2 cents an hour from each of their
second and third year raises, or (2) November
1958 or the first of any subsequent year, with a
deduction of 4 cents an hour of that year’s increase.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Agreement on the terms of a new contract on
July 18 ended an 88-day strike by the International
Brotherhood of Teamsters against the Railway
Express Agency in Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago,
St. Louis, Newark, Philadelphia, and San Fran
cisco. The strike had begun on April 22, when
the union refused to accept the recommendations
made by a Presidential emergency board in
March. (Railway Express employees represented
by the Teamsters in the New York City area,
who had left their jobs on April 23, were ordered
back to work on May 3 by a Federal district
court injunction. The New York City area dis
pute was still being mediated, and workers in
this area were not included in the settlement.)
The final settlement, which will run to October
31, 1959, provided a 15-cent-an-hour increase ret
roactive 18 months to January 16, 1956, an
additional 7 cents on November 1, 1957, and
another 7 cents on November 1, 1958. In addi
tion, the strikers were to receive an extra 3 cents
an hour on their return to work under a contract
clause providing for wage adjustments reflecting
cost-of-living changes.
Wage adjustments of 15 cents an hour effective
July 1 were provided under an agreement between
the Teamsters Union, representing approximately
6,000 drivers, and 350 gas and oil refining, distrib
uting, and tank transportation companies in the
Chicago area. Other terms included a 2-cent in
crease in the night-shift differential to 10 cents
an hour; an 8th paid holiday (Good Friday);
double time and a half instead of double time for
holiday work; and 4 weeks’ vacation after 20
instead of 25 years’ service.
An unusual benefit in collective bargaining was
negotiated by a New York City local of the Trans
port Workers Union when two private buslines
agreed to extend free riding privileges to the wives
of retired union members.
Rubber. A 15-cent-an-hour package negotiated
on July 22 by the United Rubber Workers with
the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. set a pattern
for this year’s wage bargaining in the rubber
industry. The settlement, reached under a wage
’ Prepared in the Division of Wages and Industrial Relations, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, on the basis of currently available published material.
1 For discussion of earlier settlements, see Monthly Labor Review, January
and August 1957, pp. 81 and 985, respectively.
1105
1106
reopener of a contract signed last February2 and
expiring April 15, 1959, called for an immediate
rate rise of 14% cents an hour (about 6 percent),
plus an increase in the nightwork bonus at 6 of
the company’s plants, bringing it to a uniform 6
cents an hour at all of the 11 locations covered by
the agreement. The increased night premium was
stipulated in the working agreement concluded
earlier this year and amounted to about %cent an
hour, when averaged over all company workers
represented by the union. Part of the general
wage increase at each plant could be used to correct
intraplant inequities. Generally similar terms
were agreed upon within the next few days by
B. F. Goodrich Co., U. S. Rubber Co., and Fire
stone Tire and Rubber Co. Altogether about
85,000 workers were affected by the 4 settlements.
Cement. A widespread work stoppage that had
seriously curtailed cement production during
July was largely settled by the end of the month.
The first walkouts in the dispute had occurred in
May after most of the collective bargaining agree
ments in the industry negotiated by the United
Cement, Lime and Gypsum Workers International
Union had expired. However, many of the agree
ments, which expired April 30, were extended to
May 16 and then on a day-to-day basis. Addi
tional workers walked out later; by July 3, over
a third of all plants were idle, and during the
month the strike continued to spread.
A major issue in the dispute reportedly was the
union demand for a subcontracting clause that
would forbid a company, when union members
and equipment were available, to farm out work
such as maintenance, packaging, or quarrying.
Some companies in the industry had been con
tracting this type of work to other firms not neces
sarily employing union workers.
On July 1, a new contract containing such a
subcontracting clause was negotiated between the
union and the Marquette Cement Manufacturing
Co., retroactive to May 1, 1957, for the Oglesby,
111., plant and a week later for plants at Cape
Girardeau, Mo., and Brandon, Miss. The 1-year
Marquette contract called for a wage increase
averaging 13.6 cents an hour; 1- and 2-cent in
creases in differentials for second and third shifts,
respectively; double time for over 12 hours of
consecutive work; time and one-tenth for Sunday
work; and 4 weeks’ vacation for 30 years’ service
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
and, after January 1, 1958, for 25 years’ service.
A number of other cement companies reached
generally similar agreements, but the major com
panies refused to settle on the basis of the Mar
quette agreement, balking specifically at the
retroactivity and subcontracting clauses.
The first major break occurred late in the
month when representatives of the Universal
Atlas Cement Co. and the union reached an
agreement regarded as setting a pattern. The
Lone Star Cement Co. settled on a generally
similar contract for its Nazareth, Pa., plant about
the same time and plants of other companies
quickly followed suit. The Universal Atlas pack
age was reportedly valued at about 16.5 cents an
hour. Wage changes consisted of an immediate
increase of 11 cents across the board (of which 10
cents was made retroactive to May 1) plus an
average of 2.6 cents an hour for classification
adjustments. Night-shift differentials were in
creased from 6 cents an hour to 8 cents for the
second turn and from 9 cents to 12 cents for the
third turn. Other economic terms were identical
with those in the Marquette contract. Instead of
a new subcontracting clause, the union agreed to
retain the former clause, which afforded the com
pany wider discretion on which jobs were to be
contracted out to other firms and which were to be
performed by union members.
Other Manufacturing. Ratification of a new con
tract by members of the American Federation of
Grain Millers at the Kellogg Co. in Battle Creek,
Mich., on July 13 ended a strike that had begun
June 4. The 2-year agreement provided a gen
eral wage increase of 7 cents an hour retroactive
to April 1, 1957, additional advances of 9 cents
for women and 7 cents for men effective on the
ratification date, and a further raise of 7 cents an
hour beginning next April 15. A year-end bonus
plan to encourage reduction in waste material was
discontinued and the $409,000 accumulated in the
bonus fund was to be distributed among the
approximately 4,000 workers affected.
Effective July 1, the prevailing 6-percent pay
increase in the petroleum products industry 3 was
extended by the Halliburton Oil Well Cementing
Co. of Oklahoma to its 8,200 unorganized em
ployees in 23 States.
2 See M onthly Labor Review, April 1957, pp. 493-494.
5 See M onthly Labor Review, July 1957, p. 859.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
A package settlement valued at about 18 cents
an hour was ratified on June 30 by the 4,200
members of the Boilermakers union employed at
the Barberton, Ohio plant of Babcock and Wilcox
Co., the world’s largest boiler manufacturer. The
new 2-year contract called for wage increases rang
ing from 9 to 14 cents an hour (averaging 10%
cents), with a reopening in 1958, and other im
provements, including a seventh paid holiday,
liberalized vacations, and health and welfare
benefits.
A 2-year contract providing a 7-cent hourly
pay increase July 1 with a wage reopener next
year was negotiated by the International Associ
ation of Machinists for 5,000 employees of Cessna
Aircraft Co. in Wichita, Kans. Other terms in
cluded a 7th paid holiday, a company-paid retire
ment plan effective October 1, 1958, and longevity
pay on a companywide basis.
Nonmanujacturing. Free medical care for families
of 35,000 hotel workers was featured in an agree
ment announced on July 14 by the New York
Hotel Trades Council and the Hotel Association
of New York City, Inc., representing 185 hotels.
Originally scheduled to expire on May 31, 1958,
the contract was extended for 2 years. It calls for
an additional $1 a week to be paid by management
into the jointly administered Union Family Medi
cal Fund of the Hotel Industry of New York City
on behalf of each employee. It also provides for
an average weekly pay increase of $2.86, retro
active to June 1, 1957, and a further rise in June
1958, averaging $2.86 a week and ranging from
$1.50 to $4.
Union recognition for the first time was won by
3,000 employees of 80 private nursing homes in
New York City when an intensive organizing
campaign by the Hotel Front Service Employees
culminated in the signing of a contract with the
New York City Nursing Home Association, Inc.
The union, an affiliate of the Building Service
Employees Union, represents all employees except
registered and practical nurses, office personnel,
and supervisory chefs. The agreement provided
wage increases averaging $25 a month and ranging
from $10 to $47; employees, some of whom had
been earning $120 a month for a 48-hour week,
were scheduled to receive a basic monthly mini
mum of $125 for 44 hours, with guaranteed over
time for another 4 hours a week. Supplementary
4 3 6 1 5 7 — 57 ------- 5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1107
benefits included 6 paid holidays with double-time
pay for holiday work; vacations; and an employerfinanced welfare fund for life insurance, hos
pitalization, and disability benefits—provisions
reportedly new in most of the establishments.
On July 19, the New York State Industrial
Commissioner ordered an increase in basic mini
mum wage rates for approximately 212,000 work
ers in 33,000 establishments, effective September
17. An 11-cent hourly raise in the rate for
restaurant workers not on a tipping basis will
bring the minimum to 86 cents an hour, and it is
to be stepped up to $1 in June 1958. For those
receiving tips, the existing 52-cent minimum was
advanced to 62 cents an hour until next June and
then will rise to 70 cents.
A revision of the New Jersey law governing min
imum standards of pay for teachers signed in
July will raise both starting and maximum salaries
for public school instructors by $600-$800 a year,
effective July 1, 1958. Starting salaries for teach
ers not holding a bachelor’s degree will be raised
from $3,000 to $3,600, effective July 1, 1958, and
maximum salaries for such teachers will advance
to $5,400 after 10 years’ service. The new salary
range will become $3,800 to $5,800 for teachers
with bachelor’s degrees and $4,000 to $6,200 for
those with master’s degrees. Present scales for
the corresponding training levels reach $4,800,
$5,100, and $5,400 in the 13th to 17th years. In
addition, annual increments will be raised from
$150 to $200 for all teachers. Of the 40,000
teachers in the State, about 8,000—mostly in
rural areas and needier school districts—will be
the initial beneficiaries under the measure, which
also applies to professional employees of local
boards of education, such as supervisors, guidance
directors, curriculum experts, and statisticians.
Individual school jurisdictions must meet but may
exceed these State standards.
In late June, members of the International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers ratified a 15month contract with the Bell Telephone Co. of
Pennsylvania, covering 13,000 traffic department
employees and calling for weekly salary raises
ranging from $2.50 to $3, retroactive to June 16.
Operators’ starting rates were also advanced.
The last settlement in a dispute that had idled
the Steamfitters, Iron Workers, and Sheet Metal
Workers in the New York City construction
industry since July 1 was reached on July 16
1108
when the Sheet Metal Workers concluded an
agreement for a 75-cent hourly wage increase
over a 3-year period. Pay increases varying from
50 to 65 cents an hour for a similar contract term
had been negotiated by the Steamfitters, Iron
Workers, and 13 other construction unions with
members of the Building Trades Employers
Association at varying times during the first half
of the month. For 9 of these unions, representing
about 60,000 workers, the contracts provided a
65-cent wage adjustment—15 cents an hour
effective July 1, with additional 10-cent increases
due on January 1, 1958, July 1, 1958, and January
1, 1959, and 20 cents on July 1, 1959—plus
changes in fringe benefits.
Union Affairs
Investigations and Ethical Practices. Before re
suming public hearings in mid-July, the Senate
Select Committee for the first time outlined the
scope of its investigations in detail but did not
preclude additional areas of inquiry. The 11
specific areas agreed on were listed as labormanagement collusion, improper activities by
management to prevent organization, undemo
cratic union procedures, misuse of union funds,
racketeer control of unions, secondary boycotts,
bribery and extortion, organizational picketing,
union violence, “paper” locals, and political
activities involving the use of funds by unions
and management.
Before turning its attention to a new subject—
alleged misuse of funds by officials of the United
Textile Workers—the Senate panel wound up its
hearing of the Bakery Workers 4 with the recall of
union President James G. Cross. Mr. Cross de
clined a challenge from a committee member to
call a special convention of the union, stating that
the membership would be able to judge his conduct
at the regularly scheduled convention in 1961.
Later in the month, 4 vice presidents—the only
members of the 17-member Executive Board not
appointed by the president—together with Curtis
R. Sims, the suspended secretary-treasurer, de
manded Mr. Cross’ resignation for an “evasive and
dishonest performance” before the Senate Com
mittee.
The committee opened its hearing on the United
Textile Workers with disclosure of a series of com
plicated financial transactions purporting to show
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
that over $100,000 was borrowed “from any and
all sources” by two top union officials in 1952 to
replace union funds that had been diverted to
their personal use. President Anthony Valente
and Secretary-treasurer Lloyd Klenert disavowed
any link between their sudden flurry of moneyraising activities and the suspicions of George
Meany, then secretary-treasurer of the AFL, that
the union’s application for a loan from the AFL
was padded with unduly heavy outlays for organiz
ing expenses. (In his first appearance before the
committee, Mr. Meany asserted that the UTW
Executive Board had whitewashed Valente and
Klenert in early 1953 after he had suggested that
they had misused union funds. Explaining that
the Senate Committee possessed the authority to
unearth evidence that was hitherto unavailable to
the Federation, the AFL-CIO president an
nounced that the AFL-CIO Ethical Practices
Committee would now be enabled to pursue its
own inquiry into the union’s administration.) The
two UTW officials insisted that a substantial por
tion of the money was assigned to them by the
union as a “political slush fund to deal with in
ternal problems” and was entered on the union’s
books as organizational expenses to conceal it from
possibly hostile new members who had bolted the
rival CIO union, the Textile Workers Union of
America. While acknowledging that the money
was used for downpayments on their two new
homes and other personal items, they claimed
that they had considered the downpayment money
“only a loan” (although the union’s records failed
to list it as such) which they later repaid to the
union treasury. Most of the personal items, Mr.
Klenert contended, were bought “probably for
gifts” with a special annual expense fund voted
him by the union in 1948 instead of a salary raise.
(Recently, his salary was raised and the personal
expense allowance was canceled.) Mr. Valente
and Mr. Klenert swore that a company through
which they obtained one of the loans to repay the
union—Keasby and Mattison Co., a Pennsylvania
asbestos manufacturer—received no favors in re
turn, although it had contractual relations with
the union.
In an epilog to the probing of Dave Beck’s
financial deals by the committee, John A. Barr,
president of Montgomery Ward & Co., testified
* See Monthly Labor Review, August 1957, pp. 08&-987.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
at his own request before the committee. He
stated that the company’s recognition of the
Teamsters union 2 years earlier had been due to
the union’s certification by the National Labor
Relations Board and a subsequent strike threat,
and was not a quid pro quo for a reported union
pledge to support the Montgomery Ward adminis
tration’s proxy fight.5 Asserting that inferences of
a collusive deal between the two parties were un
true, the mail-order house official contended that
the union was not a stockholder of record in 1955
and whatever influence it may have exerted on the
campaign was “finconsequential.”
On July 25, John Dioguardi, alias Johnny Dio,
who was slated to testify before the Senate Select
Committee on alleged gangster-union alliances in
New York City, was convicted by the Court of
General Sessions of New York City of conspiring
with 2 union officials to exact $30,000 from 2
electroplating firms in exchange for labor peace.
The prosecution, which introduced as evidence
wire-tapped conversations between the defend
ants—officers of the Teamsters and Retail Clerks—and partners of the concerns, stated that the ar
rangement called for the substitution of the Retail
Clerks for a local of the United Electrical Workers
(lnd.) as representative of the workers.
In other developments, the Ethical Practices
Committee heard testimony by the Bakery
Workers’ president and set August 27 for hearings
on charges that top officials of the United Textile
Workers misused union funds. At the same time,
Federation President George Meany permanently
expelled Paul Dorfman, the suspended secretarytreasurer of the Waste Material Handlers Union,6
for violation of the AFL-CIO ethical practices
code. Mr. Dorfman had allegedly derived “per
sonal advantage” from his family’s insurance
agency through its handling welfare accounts of
the Teamsters Central States Conference and
Michigan State Council and an International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers local in the
Midwest. Although Mr. Dorfman had placed his
union’s insurance policies elsewhere, he was
charged with using his connections to secure
business for the agency which resulted in annual
8 See M onthly
6 See Monthly
7 See Monthly
* See M onthly
Labor Review, July 1957, pp. 855-856.
Labor Review, February 1957, pp. 209-210.
Labor Review, July 1957, p. 856.
Labor Review, May 1957, p. 612.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1109
profits of $100,000 for his wife. As further grounds
for expulsion, Mr. Dorfman was reportedly receiv
ing, in addition to his regular salary from the
union, remuneration from his local’s welfare fund,
which was commingled with the local’s dues funds
and was not being audited in compliance with the
Federation’s standards. These findings were
based on evidence presented to the Senate Sub
committee on Welfare and Pension Funds which
investigated the administration of private plans
during 1954-56, and at hearings conducted
recently by a Federation vice president, Joseph A.
Beirne, president of the Communications Workers.
Mr. Meany, who is empowered to take disciplinary
action against federal labor unions also continued
the local’s trusteeship until “it is capable of con
ducting its affairs in conformance with the AFLCIO constitution.”
As part of an effort to restore their union to the
good graces of the AFL-CIO, officers of the
Laundry Workers Union obtained the resignation
of Samuel J. Byers from his post of president
emeritus and adviser, which he had held since
May, when he resigned as president of the union.7
A special Executive Board meeting decided to
sever all connections with him after Federation
President George Meany reportedly protested
that Mr. Byers was still influential in the union’s
affairs. A more complete reform plan proposed by
the union was reportedly rejected by Mr. Meany
as unsatisfactory for eliminating corrupt influences.
Teamsters Union. In Seattle, Teamster President
Dave Beck and his son were indicted on July 12
by a King County grand jury on grand larceny
charges of appropriating for personal use the
proceeds from the sale of union-owned automobiles.
The secretary-treasurer of a Seattle Teamster
local, Nugent La Poma, was found guilty by a
Federal district court of contempt of the Perma
nent Investigations Subcommittee of the Senate
Committee on Government Operations.8 Last
January, he had refused to produce union records
and answer certain questions, contending that
the subcommittee lacked authority; the Govern
ment successfully argued that it was properly
probing under requirements established for unions
by the Taft-Hartley Act and Federal tax laws.
Meanwhile, the Teamsters were granted a third
and supposedly final deferment to August 28 of a
hearing before the AFL-CIO Ethical Practices
1110
Committee,9 upon promising that the union’s Ex
ecutive Board, which had also thrice postponed a
meeting, would consider corruption charges at
its rescheduled August 19 session.
A “Draft Hoffa” drive was set under way when
800 Teamster members met in Chicago late in the
month to advance the candidacy of the present
chairman of the Central States Conference (and
a Teamster vice president) for president of the
union. The movement followed Hoffa’s acquittal
by a Federal district court jury of charges that he
conspired to bribe a Senate Select Committee in
vestigator to obtain confidential information from
the files of the committee.10 Proclaiming that “we
will never leave the AFL-CIO voluntarily,” Mr.
Hoffa announced a campaign platform which
endorsed several principles of the AFL—CIO code
of ethical practices, including those proscribing
to racketeers, crooks, Communists, and Fascists
the right to hold office, in addition to the sections
referring to union charters, finance, health and
welfare funds, and conflicts of interest. It also
recommended that locals’ finances be audited by
certified public accountants, and copies made
available to the international. However, he in
dicated the Teamsters would never yield to the
AFL-CIO position that union officials who plead
the fifth amendment for personal protection re
garding union matters should be disciplined by
the international union, because they have “no
right to continue to hold office.” 11 Other goals he
proposed were benefits for members striking for
recognition and for workers respecting authorized
picket lines of sister locals; enlargement of the
membership from about 1.6 to 2 million; and ex
pansion of joint campaigns with other unions.
In connection with the latter, Hoffa reportedly
was seeking to form, within the framework of
the Federation, a bloc of all transport unions.
Although he favored discussion among inter
national unions both within and outside the
Federation, he indicated that approval by the
Teamsters board and the AFL-CIO would be
required for any such discussions with the un
affiliated International Longshoremen’s Associa
tion and the International Longshoremen’s and
Warehousemen’s Union.
Longshore Unions. In sounding the keynote at
the biennial convention of the unaffiliated In
ternational Longshoremen’s Association in mid-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
July, President William V. Bradley served notice
on employers and the rival International Brother
hood of Longshoremen (AFL-CIO) that his union
was preparing to launch a “full-scale campaign”
to regain its Great Lakes membership and win
control of representation rights on the St. Law
rence Seaway when it reaches completion in 1959.
About 95 percent of the area’s 8,500 longshoremen
are represented by the IBL, chartered by the
AFL in 1953 after the ILA was ousted from the
Federation for alleged racketeering. In other
convention actions, the delegates supported a
“nationwide contract” calling for elimination of
wage differentials between the various ports as a
main objective in 1959 and singled out for attack
the increased power of the New York-New
Jersey Waterfront Commission.12 Forthcoming
payment of hospitalization, medical, and death
benefits under a new southern welfare fund was
announced. That fund covers 26,000 southern
dockers and their 41,000 dependents,13 bringing
to 205,000 the number of pierworkers and their
families covered by the union’s benefit program.
A week later, the IBL also held its convention
in Chicago, countering with adoption of an
expanded organizational program of its own that
was given assurance of backing by a host of AFLCIO officials. The brotherhood’s president, Larry
W. Long, asserted that there would be no merger
or peace pact with the ILA unless that organi
zation “cleans itself up.”
An International Longshoremen’s Association
“super local” of all clerks and checkers employed
on piers in the port of New York was formed to
replace 4 individual units comprising 5,000
members. Approved in a membership referen
dum earlier this year, the amalgamation was the
second such action in the union’s long-range plan
for abolishing many of the separate jurisdictions
that divide the New York waterfront. In the
first unification move, virtually all of the Brook
lyn dockworkers had been merged by Anthony
Anastasia into his sprawling local.
Other Union Developments. A new railroad affil
iate was acquired by the AFL-CIO on July 9
in Chicago. After 23 years of independent
• See Monthly Labor Review, July 1957, p. 855.
10 See M onthly Labor Review, M ay 1957, p. 612.
11 See M onthly Labor Review, March 1957, p. 353.
11 See M onthly Labor Review, May 1957, p. 616.
lsSee Monthly Labor Review, April 1957, p. 493.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
existence, The American Railway Supervisors
Association, headed by James P. Tahney, was
granted a Federation charter for its nearly 9,000
members. (The Railway Labor Act accorded
these lower echelon supervisors the right to
organize and bargain collectively.)
A formula aimed at settling the prolonged con
troversy—craft versus industrial union jurisdic
tion over construction work at industrial plants—
was set forth on July 1 by AFL-CIO President
George Meany in letters to the heads of the
Industrial Union Department and Building and
Construction Trades Department. Formulated
by a special committee of the AFL-CIO Execu
tive Council,14 the interim plan announced general
agreement on (1) the assignment of “new building
construction” to the crafts and “running mainte
nance work” to the industrial unions, and (2) the
settlement of differences over contested types of
work, such as alterations, plant relocations, and
changeovers, on a case-by-case basis, governed by
established past practices. The 3-step procedure
proposed for such cases called for (1) on-the-spot
participation by 2-man teams of staff members
(1 representing each department) ; (2) a committee
consisting of the presidents of the 2 departments
and a representative of the AFL-CIO president;
and (3) a special committee of the Executive
Council. No provision was made for final or
binding arbitration.
Shortly thereafter, the Machinists and the
United Brewery Workers announced signature of
a jurisdictional and mutual-aid agreement. The
pact defines the domain of each organization in the
brewing industry in instances where there is no
past practice to govern the division of work. It
also differs from the craft-industrial union agree
ment by setting up a procedure for settling disputes
that culminate in impartial arbitration. Other
provisions call for cooperation in organizing activ
ities as well as joint consultation and assistance
in collective bargaining and strike action.
The United Automobile Workers and the
National Urban League signed a formal agree
ment in early July in a move toward the elimina
tion of racial discrimination in all industries in
which the UAW has labor contracts. Viewed by
both parties as a “voluntary” fair employment
practices commission, the pact affects about
200,000 Negro workers in these industries and
provides grievance machinery for joint settlement
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1111
of employment bias cases by the union’s fair prac
tices department and the interracial organization’s
representatives.
The annual convention of the American News
paper Guild held in St. Louis during early July
approved increases in its minimum wage goals to
$200 a week for experienced news employees in
key classifications and $100 for beginners in these
jobs and other adult members of the union (those
not employed as copy and office boys). The
union reported that its longtime twin pay targets
of $150 and $75 a week, respectively, for these
classifications had been substantially achieved by
a number of its major locals during the last year.
The convention strengthened the union’s con
stitutional ban against contracts exceeding 2 years
in length and urged “a continued striving for short
term contracts.” It also assailed a trend in multi
newspaper cities toward a merger of mechanical
facilities of the papers. Another action provided
for the chartering of a nationwide local to encom
pass all U. S. wire service members, who are
presently attached to locals in the cities where
they are employed. The Guild represents over
29,000 members employed in news, editorial, busi
ness, advertising, circulation, promotion, and
maintenance departments of newspapers and
news agencies.
Administrative Decisions
On July 12, the Ohio Bureau of Unemployment
Compensation issued a second adverse ruling
against integration of State unemployment insur
ance and supplemental unemployment benefit
plans. The bureau’s administrator announced
that supplemental unemployment benefits paid
on a periodic or lump-sum basis under so-called
“alternate type” plans 15 constitute income that
must be deducted from State unemployment com
pensation. About a year earlier, concurrent pay
ments were also disallowed.
In denouncing the decision, the United Auto
mobile Workers observed that the three other
States (Indiana, North Carolina, and Virginia)
which had made similar rulings were subject to
statutory restrictions that did not apply to Ohio.
MSee Monthly Labor Review, March 1957, p. 363.
i* See Legal Problems in Plans for Private Layoff Pay (in M onthly Labor
Review, August 1956, pp. 895-900).
Book Reviews
and Notes
E ditor ’s N ote .—Listing
of a publication in this
section is for record and reference only and does
not constitute an endorsement of point of view
or advocacy of use.
Special Reviews
New Concepts in Wage Determination. Edited by
George W. Taylor and Frank C. Pierson.
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.,
1957. 336 pp. $6.50.
Twelve labor economists and experts in labor
relations have collaborated in tbe preparation of
this volume dealing with wage structures and wage
determination. Except for 2 union economists,
who prepared 1 paper, and 1 industry representa
tive, all the participants are distinguished aca
demic economists.
The authors of the symposium met periodically
over a period of 3 years to develop an integrated
approach to the common problem of interpreting
wage theory and wage relationships. The result is
a lucid and comprehensive summary of the vast
literature in the field as it has developed over the
past two decades and to which the participants
in this volume have been major contributors.
Part one opens with a review of received wage
theory by Frank C. Pierson. He pays his respects
to the traditional theory but believes further
empirical work necessary to synthesize inductive
and deductive wage analysis. Three papers pre
sent a tripartite approach to wage theory: Leland
Hazard presents the management view, Nathaniel
Goldfinger and Everett M. Kassalow discuss
labor’s view, and George W. Taylor speaks for
the public interest in wage determination proc
esses. The union and management spokesmen
arrive at the not too startling conclusion that
1112
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
unions are in business to get more, and manage
ment is in the game for maximizing profits, but
they labor hard to sugarcoat this “vulgar” con
clusion. However, their analyses of management
and union motivations are stimulating and valu
able to the understanding of collective bargaining.
Taylor’s concluding essay is a thoughtful presenta
tion on the need to formulate a theory of collective
bargaining in order to understand present-day
wage determination.
In part two, the structural characteristics of
wages are considered within the firm, the industry,
and the Nation. The four contributors—John T.
Dunlop, E. Robert Livernash, Arthur M. Ross,
and Richard A. Lester—show that the multitude
of wage structures in our economy are inter
related, but the relationships lack rationality since
many factors, including custom, technology, and
the state of management and labor organization,
combine to affect the level and structure of wages
and wage movements.
The final section discusses general wage move
ments. The first two essays in this section have
wide public policy implications. Lloyd G. Rey
nolds seems to be well satisfied with present con
ditions and predicts a relatively stable economy
in the years to come. His prediction that wages
will rise about 1 percent a year is questionable in
light of wage and price movements during the
past year. Clark Kerr follows with the assertion
that unions have no impact upon the distributive
shares of income. The volume closes with a keen
comparative study of wage movements in the
United States, Great Britain, and France by
Melvin Rothbaum, who synthesizes the discussion
in the last two parts of the symposium by applying
the analyses of the other contributors to inter
national wage structures and movements.
The symposium is largely limited to a review
of the state of present-day wage theory in the
United States. The contributors have achieved
the utmost success in this endeavor and have
presented a most penetrating analysis of the
subject.
— S ar
A. L evitan
Library of Congress
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
The Economic Consequences of Automation. By
Paul Einzig. New York, W. W. Norton &
Co., Inc., 1957. 255 pp., bibliography.
$3.95.
Automation: Its Purpose and Future. By Magnus
Pyke. New York, Philosophical Library,
Inc., 1957. 191 pp. $10.
Automation in Business and Industry. Edited by
Eugene M. Grabbe. New York, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc., 1957. xix, 611 pp. $10.
Here are three books that might be termed
“optimistic” in their viewpoint toward automa
tion. The authors agree that new opportunities
and challenges for skilled workers, and not whole
sale unemployment, will result from this new
technology.
Dr. Einzig attempts an analysis of automation
from the viewpoint of the classical economist.
He fears the ever-rising price level in both Great
Britain and America and feels that the best solu
tion for the present inflationary trend will come
when progressive firms realize that they should use
the benefits of automation to adjust their prices
downward. Up to now, his thesis goes, firms
which have automated have preferred to increase
profits and give higher wages rather than compete
through lower prices. When the moment of price
lowering does arrive, however, Dr. Einzig points
out that “less productive [firms] will be competed
out of existence.” From the wage viewpoint,
he says, “Wage demands resulting from automa
tion can only be supported by considerations of
social justice and of the need for maintaining good
industrial relations.” Nowhere does he consider
the need for increased purchasing power following
rising productivity. He points out that the best
solution would be the widespread adoption of a
modified guaranteed annual wage plan like that
now in use by the American automobile industry.
This he says would establish a cushion to take care
of unemployment that might result from business
failures and setbacks.
He also sees automation as driving the economy
into a smaller number of large concentrated units
because of the great capital needs implicit in this
technology. Moreover, he states that the “big
ness” brought on by automation, although not
causing business slumps, will aggravate them.
Dr. Pyke, British engineer, presents a scientific
description of automation in the United States and
the United Kingdom as well as some general
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1113
philosophic discussion. Looking at automation in
the United Kingdom today, Dr. Pyke character
izes its rate of growth as slow because of the
persistent capital shortage and the inability to
meet the amount of investment required. He
feels, however, that Britain has no choice but to
keep completely up to date in automation if she is
to maintain her place in international competition.
Looking to the future, Dr. Pyke sees automation
as a true second industrial revolution which will
lead to “an automatic age,” an age in which man
kind will be relieved of the onerous aspects of
labor, and will be free to develop himself more
fully along cultural and social lines.
Mr. Grabbed book is made up of a series of
quite technical lectures and essays, one authored
by himself, on automation in the United States.
Each describes specific business applications of
automatic technology. The individual authors
are well-known scientific people, outstanding in
electronics or other engineering fields. The dis
cussions of feedback, applications of electronic
computers, and instrumentation and control
equipment are definitely for the initiate and not
the layman.
The last two chapters discuss some of the
broader aspects of automation. Dean Wool
dridge, president of a growing electronics firm,
predicts that the bulk of all data processing will be
done with automation techniques and that this
will affect the work of “many thousands of
people.” A large percentage of repetitive factory
operations will also be performed automatically.
All of this, Mr. Wooldridge says, will result in a
large increase in national productivity, but he does
not indicate the length of time necessary for these
results. Frank Shallenberger of Stanford Uni
versity meets the point by saying, “Automation
will not and cannot come as a tidal wave. It will
develop at a disappointingly slow pace, one job,
one department at a time. The techniques of
automation are still only partially developed.”
Each of these books is oriented toward automa
tion from the entrepreneurial viewpoint and does
not treat in any detail the broader social impacts
implicit in the new technologies described. Ex
cept in Dr. Einzig’s book, there is little or no men
tion of the human being and his part in this in
creasingly complex technical society. More spe
cifically, little attempt is made to understand the
basis of union attitudes toward technological
1114
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
change or to meet the charges (undocumented)
which are alleged to emanate from trade union
leaders. To this extent, these books suffer from
their failures to look at automation in the frame
work of our society.
— K . G. V an A uk en, J r .
Bureau of Labor Statistics
The Communist Party vs. The CIO—A Study in
Power Politics. By Max M. Kampelman.
New York, Frederick A. Praeger, 1957. 299
pp., bibliography. $6.
In these days of public interest in corruption
within parts of the organized labor movement, it is
difficult to recall that only 8 to 10 years ago the
Congress of Industrial Organizations was em
battled in a struggle against Communist centers
of power in a number of its affiliated unions.
Max Kampelman’s rather brief book recalls for
the reader those days that seem so far away,
when Communists and anti-Communists maneu
vered and counter-maneuvered in numerous bat
tles within the Automobile Workers, Maritime
Workers, and other national and international
unions.
The battle, which had raged both covertly and
openly from almost the time of the CIO’s birth,
was over in 1950. “The decisiveness of the CIO
victory over the Communist Party,” Mr. Kampel
man declares, “is in a measure illustrated by
the fact that Communist-led unions in 1949
claimed a membership of more than 2 million and
are today estimated to represent no more than
200,000 workers.”
The book reports on the disciplined machinery
through which a minuscule minority of Communist
Party members were able to dominate and control
organizations that had tens of thousands of
members. The author was fortunate, in this
regard, to have had the opportunity to examine
the CIO proceedings against 10 of its affiliates
on charges of Communist domination.
Mr. Kampelman has gone through a multitude
of basic sources of material that deal with the
history of Communist infiltration in the CIO.
The hundreds of citations of these sources provide
a mine of information for future students.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— N at G oldfinger
American Federation of Labor and
Congress of Industrial Organizations
The Psychology of Careers. By Donald E. Super.
New York, Harper & Brothers, 1957. 362
pp., bibliography. $5.75.
In The Psychology of Careers, Donald E.
Super explores careers not only from the psycho
logical, but also from the economic and sociologi
cal points of view. This well-written, easy-toread book is divided into four parts which inte
grate much previous research and many opinions
on the nature of work, career patterns, and the
techniques of psychology and guidance.
The introductory section, The Nature of Work,
examines the reasons why people work, the way
their work affects their nonworking lives, and
the relationship of the work life cycle to the human
life cycle. Also studied are occupational life
spans and output curves, a discussion which
would have been more meaningful if incorporated
in Part Two.
The author, in Part Two-—The Course and
Cycle of the Working Life, modifies Miller and
Form’s career patterns for men and women, and
then goes on to describe the stages of occupational
development, labeling them as exploration, estab
lishment, maintenance, and decline.
The Dynamics of Vocational Development is
delved into in Part Three. This section would
have been more effective if it had followed Part
One. Here, somewhat duplicating the data pre
sented in Part Two, the various factors such as
vocational interests and aptitudes, and family,
economic, and social factors, which influence
vocational development, are analyzed. Dr. Super
warns against the “fallacies which can result
from concern with a single factor or type of factor,”
and stresses the importance of considering “how
these various factors act together to determine
vocational development.” In addition, there is
a forward looking chapter on the impact of physi
cal, intellectual, and emotional disabilities on
vocational development.
Implications and Applications, the last section
of the book, considers implications “of the nature
of vocational development for general develop
ment and adjustment, particularly the relation
ships between adjustment to work, adjustment on
the job or in the workplace, adjustment in the
community, and adjustment in the home.” The
final chapter, which some counselors may con
sider far too sparse, deals with the implications
1115
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
of the data presented and their applications to
vocational guidance and personnel work.
For those youngsters faced with the agonizing
decision of choosing a career, and for those
parents interested in understanding the factors
involved in their bewildered offspring’s choice of
a career, The Psychology of Careers will prove
very valuable.
— L . B . W allerstein
Bureau of Labor Statistsics
Organization of Occupational Health Services in Places of
Employment. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1957. 53 pp. (Report VI (1) prepared for Inter
national Labor Conference, 42d session, 1958.) 50
cents. Distributed in the United States by Washing
ton Branch of ILO.
Labor-Management Relations
Long-Range Planning in Industrial Relations. By James
W. Oram. {In Personnel, American Management
Association, New York, July-August 1957, pp. 63-68.
$1.75; $1.25 to AMA members.)
Labor Relations in the United States Textile Industry. By
Solomon Barkin. {In International Labor Review,
Arbitration and Mediation
Rights of Individual Workers in Union-Management
Arbitration Proceedings. {In Yale Law Journal, New
Haven, Conn., May 1957, pp. 946-954.
$2.)
Labor Relations and Arbitration: Proceedings for a Con
ference on Labor Relations and Arbitration, San
Francisco, M ay 23, 1956. Berkeley, University of
California, Institute of Industrial Relations, [1956].
65 pp. $1.
How to Get the Most from Mediation. By George Bennett.
(In Labor Law Journal, Chicago, August 1957, pp.
534-536, 563.
$1.)
Handicapped
Vocational Counseling with the Physically Handicapped.
By Lloyd H. Lofquist. New York, AppletonCentury-Crofts, Inc., 1957. 384 pp., bibliography.
$5.
Ten
Washington
President’s Committee on Employment of the
Physically Handicapped, 1957. 30 pp. Free.
Years
of
Teamwork,
1947-1957.
The Legal Obligation to Employ the Disabled.
(In Inter
national Labor Review, Geneva, March 1957, pp.
246-264. 60 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
By Adelaide K.
Bullen. Gainesville, University of Florida Press,
1956. 176 pp. $4.50.
New Answers to the Fatigue Problem.
A n Approach to Radiation Health Problems in Industry.
By Charles T. Disney, M. D. {In Industrial Medi
cine and Surgery, Chicago, July 1957, pp. 343-347,
bibliography. 75 cents.)
The Expanding Scope of Occupational Medicine. By C. A.
D ’Alonzo, M. D. {In A. M. A. Archives of Industrial
4 3 6 1 5 7 — 57-------6
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The Attitude Survey in Industrial Relations; Attitude Survey
Methodology in Industrial Relations. By James H.
Mullen. {In Economics and Business Bulletin,
Temple University, School of Business and Public
Administration, Philadelphia, March 1957, pp. 7-20;
June 1957, pp. 11-29.)
By
Curtis Aller. Berkeley, University of California,
Institute of Industrial Relations, 1957. 108 pp.
(West Coast Collective Bargaining Systems.) 50
cents.
Labor Relations in the Hawaiian Sugar Industry.
Union-Management Relations in Italy— Some Observations.
By Ross Stagner. {In Current Economic Comment,
University of Illinois, College of Commerce, Urbana,
May 1957, pp. 3-15.)
Grievance Procedures in Soviet Factories. By Janusz
Zawodny. {In Industrial and Labor Relations
Review, Ithaca, N. Y., July 1957, pp. 532-553.
$1.50.)
Reform of Labor Disputes Procedure in Soviet Undertakings.
{In Industry and Labor, Geneva, May 1, 1957,
pp. 344-350. 25 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Manpower
Industrial Hygiene
Health, Chicago, July 1957, pp. 1-7.
Geneva, May 1957, pp. 391-411. 60 cents. Dis
tributed in United States by Washington Branch
of ILO.)
$1.)
Broad-Woven Fabrics {Cotton, Silk, and Synthetic Fibers).
By Ruth Rosenwald. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, 1957.
9 pp. (Industry Manpower Survey 83.) Free.
Professional and Technical Manpower [in Canada].
{In
Labor Gazette, Canadian Department of Labor,
Ottawa, June 1957, pp. 691-700. 50 cents; 25 cents
in Canada.)
The Influx of Young People into the Employment Market
in Western and Northern Europe. {In International
1116
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
Labor Review, Geneva, April 1957, pp. 335-353.
60 cents. Distributed in United States by Wash
ington Branch of ILO.)
Occupations
Recruitment in an Australian Labor Market. By Cecil E.
Carr and Norman F. Dufty. (In Industrial and
Labor Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y., July 1957,
pp. 579-587. $1.50.)
By Carroll L.
Shartle. Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1956. 302 pp. $4.50.
Executive Performance and Leadership.
By Anne Roe. New
York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1956. 340 pp.,
bibliographies. $6.75.
The Psychology of Occupations.
Careers in Department Stores; Men's Clothing Industry.
Washington, B’nai B’rith Vocational Service, 1957.
2 pamphlets, 11 and 15 pp., bibliographies. (Occu
pational Brief Series.)
May-June 1957, pp. 15-22.
$1.)
Staffing Social Services in Texas—the Problem and the
Challenge. By Charles W. Laughton. Austin, Uni
25 cents each.
By Lynn L.
and Lillian L. Ralya. Santa Monica, Calif. (907
14th Street), the authors, 1957. 31 pp., bibliographies.
$1.25.
A Guide to Vocations in the Social Sciences.
Occupational Abstracts: Automobile Mechanic, Legal Sec
retary, Television Service and Repairman, Sports
Announcer, Advertising Copy Writer. Peapack, N. J.,
Personnel Services, Inc., 1957. 6 pp. each.
199, 200, 201, 203, 204.) 50 cents each.
The New Dimension of Supervision. By F. Kenneth
Berrien. (In Personnel Administration, Washington,
(Nos.
Pensions and Retirement
versity of Texas, School of Social Work, 1957.
50 cents.
84 pp.
Production and Productivity
Production Trends in the United States Through 1975.
By Bonnar Brown and M. Janet Hansen. Menlo
Park, Calif., Stanford Research Institute, 1957.
65 pp. $2.
Productivity in the Short Term. By Robert H. Persons,
Jr. (In Business Record, National Industrial Con
ference Board, Inc., New York, March 1957, pp.
110-116, 142.)
By Henry W. Otis. (In
Harvard Business Review, Boston, July-August 1957,
pp. 58-66. $2.)
Unemployment Insurance and Benefits
(In Labor Research, Canadian Labor
Congress, Ottawa, April-May 1957, 8 pp., 15 cents.)
Development in Unemployment Insurance Operations.
(In Employment Security Review, U. S. Department
By Gifford
R. Hart. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1957.
179 pp. $3.95.
of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security, U. S.
Employment Service, Washington, June 1957, pp.
3-40. 20 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Washington (1129 Vermont Ave
nue NW.), Senior Citizens of America, June 1957.
64 pp. $1.00.
Selected Bibliography of Unemployment Insurance Benefit
Studies and Related Topics, 1951-56. Washington,
Comparing Pension Costs.
Portable Pensions.
Retirement: A New Outlook for the Individual.
Preretirement Manual.
By Wilbur J.
Cohen. Berkeley, University of California, Institute
of Industrial Relations, 1957. 105 pp. $3, University
of California Press, Berkeley.
Retirement Policies Under Social Security.
Personnel Management and Practices
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment
Security, Unemployment Insurance Service, 1957.
17 pp. (BES Report U-170.) Free.
Significant Temporary Disability Insurance Data, 1955.
By Albert A. Belman. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
Unemployment Insurance Service, 1957. 25 pp.
(BES Report U-121.) Free.
Personnel Management— Principles and Practice. By C. H.
Northcott. New York, Philosophical Library, Inc.,
1956. 428 pp., bibliography. 3d ed. $10.
How They Handle Their Personnel: A Step by Step Com
parison of Over a Hundred Actual Programs. By
William L. Barton. Greenwich, Conn., Management
Publishing Corp., 1957. 196 pp. $14.75.
Up-date Your Personnel Program. By Louis J. Kroeger.
(In Personnel Administration, Washington, July-
August 1957, pp. 33-38.
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$1.)
Wages and Salaries
Factory Workers’ Earnings in 5 Industry Groups, April
1956—-Food, Textiles, Apparel, Furniture, Leather.
By James F. Walker. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957.
38 pp. (BLS Report 118.) Free.
Studies of the Effects of the $1 Minimum Wage— Hickory,
N. C.; Fort Smith, Ark.; Meridian, Miss.; February
and April 1956. Washington, U. S. Department of
1117
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957. 18, 21, and
18 pp., respectively. (BLS Reports 114-7, 114-8,
114-9.) Free.
Earnings and Supplementary Benefits in Hospitals: Balti
more, M d., June 1956; Chicago, III., August 1956;
Boston, Mass., August 1956; Cleveland, Ohio, No
vember 1956. Washington, U. S. Department of
Head Injuries in Workmen’s Compensation— Medical and
Administrative Data. By Leo M. Davidoff, M. D.,
and Benno Schlesinger, M. D. New York, Commerce
and Industry Association of New York, Inc., 1956.
244 pp. $2.50.
Miscellaneous
By John H. Davis and Ray A.
Goldberg. Boston, Harvard University, Graduate
School of Business Administration, Division of
Research, 1957. 136 pp. $6.
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1957. 22, 24,
20, 20 pp., respectively. (Bulls. 1210-4, 1210-5,
1210-6, 1210-7.) 25, 25, 20, 20 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
A Concept of Agribusiness.
Professional Income of Engineers, 1956.
[New York],
Engineers Joint Council, Special Surveys Committee,
1957. 36 pp. (Report 102.) $1.50.
Readings in Economics from Fortune.
Professional Engineers' Income and Salary Survey, 1956'
A Primer of Input-O utput Economics.
Washington, National Society of Professional En
gineers, 1957. 44 pp. $1; 50 cents to NSPE mem
bers.
Chicago, American
Federation of Teachers (AFL-CIO), 1957. 41 pp. $1.
Edited by Richard
E. Mulcahy. New York, Henry Holt and Co.,
1957. 154 pp. Rev. ed. $1.95.
By William H.
Miernyk. Boston, Northeastern University, Bureau
of Business and Economic Research, 1957. 33 pp.,
bibliography. (Business and Economic Education
Series, 2.) $1.
Survey of Teachers Salaries, 1956-57.
Women Workers
By Paul Sultan. New York, Henry
Holt and Co., 1957. 580 pp. $6.50.
Labor Economics.
Women Past Thirty-Five in the Labor Force, 1947 to 1956.
National Survey of Personnel Standards and Personnel
Practices in Services for the Blind, 1955. Washing
Washington, U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau
of the Census, 1957. 19 pp. (Current Population
Reports, Labor Force, Series P-50, No. 75.) 15
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
ton, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics (for American Foundation for the Blind),
1957. 151 pp.; appendix published separately, 63
pp. Free.
Government Careers For Women: A Study of the Salaries
and Positions of Women White-Collar Employees in
the Federal Service, 1954■ Washington, U. S. De
partment of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1957. 69 pp. 45
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
By Miriam Keeler.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Women’s
Bureau, 1956. 53 pp. (Pamphlet 1.) 25 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Job Horizons for the College Woman.
Job Safety for Women. (In Industrial Bulletin, Department
of Labor, New York, July 1957, pp. 15-18.)
Women Workers in California Manufacturing Industries,
1956. San Francisco, State Department of In
dustrial Relations, Division of Labor Statistics and
Research, 1957. 17 pp.
Women at Work: A Fact Book of the Female Labor Force of
Canada. Ottawa, Canadian Department of Labor,
Women’s Bureau, 1957.
60 pp.
25 cents.
Workmen’s Compensation
Second Injury Funds— Standards and Patterns in State
Legislation. By Robert G. Rodden. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand
ards, 1957. 61 pp. (Bull. 190.) 25 cents, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Washington (1001
Connecticut Avenue NW.), Conference on Economic
Progress, 1957. 63 pp. 50 cents.
Consumption— Key to Full Prosperity.
(An inventoried examination of the
world’s physical resources showing changes over the
period 1882-1952.) By Robert R. Doane. New
York, Harper & Brothers, 1957. 260 pp., bibli
ography. $10.
World Balance Sheet.
Proceedings of 9th Annual Meeting of Industrial Relations
Research Association, Cleveland, Ohio, December 28-29,
1956. Edited by L. Reed Tripp. [Madison, Wis.,
Secretary-Treasurer of Association, Sterling Hall,
University of Wisconsin], 1957. 348 pp. (Publica
tion 18.) $3.50.
Proceedings of 20th A nnual Meeting of Interstate Conference
of Employment Security Agencies, Los Angeles, Calif.,
October 8-11, 1956. [Washington, W. R. Curtis,
Executive Secretary of the Conference, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor Building, 1957.] 101 pp. Free.
The National Employment Service of Chile. By Sra. Aida
Belmar de Montesinos. (In Employment Security
Review, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Employment Security, U. S. Employment Service,
Washington, July 1957, pp. 13-16. 20 cents, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.}
Current Labor Statistics
CONTENTS
A.—Employment and Payrolls
1120 Table A -l.
1121 Table A-2.
1125 Table A-3.
1128 Table A-4.
1128
1129
1130
1131
Table A-5.
Table A-6.
Table A-7.
Table A-8.
1132 Table A-9.
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing
Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of
unemployment compensation for Federal employees, by geographic
division and State
Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, se
lected operations
B.—Labor Turnover
1133 Table B -l. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing
1134 Table B-2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
1136 Table 0-1.
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
1152 Table C-2. Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49
dollars
1152 Table C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc
tion activity
1153 Table C-4. Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
1154 Table C-5. Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of produc
tion workers in manufacturing, by major industry group
1155 Table C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
1118
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1119
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
CONTENTS—Continued
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1162 Table D -l.
1163 Table D-2.
1163 Table D-3.
1164 Table D-4.
1165
1166
1167
1168
1170
1170
Table D-5.
Table D-6.
Table D-7.
Table D-8.
Table D-9.
Table D-10
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: All items and
major groups of items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Food, housing,
apparel, transportation, and their subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Special groups of
items
Consumer Price Index—United States city average: Retail prices
and indexes of selected foods
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
.f
Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors.
Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
E. —Work Stoppages
1171 Table E -l.
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F. —Building and Construction
1172 Table F - l . Expenditures for new construction
1173 Table F-2. Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
1174 Table F-3. Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
1174 Table F-4. Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
1175 Table F-5. Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetro
politan location and State
1176 Table F-6. Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by owner
ship and location, and construction cost
G. —Work Injuries
Table G -l. Injury-frequency rates for selected manufacturing industries 2
2 This table is included in the January, April, July, and October issues of the Review.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1120
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
A.—Employment and Payrolls
T able
A -l. Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
1957 1
Employment status
July
June
May
Apr.
1956
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.*
Annual average
Sept.
Aug.
Total labor force................. ................... 73,051 72,661 70,714 69, 771 69, 562 69,128 68,638 69,855 70,560 70,905 70,896
Civilian labor force. ............ ......... ...... 70,228 69,842 67,893 66, 951 66,746 66,311 65,821 67,029 67, 732 68,082 68,069
Unemployment__________________ 3,007 3,337 2,715 2,690 2,882 3,121 3,244 2, 479 2,463 1,909 1,998
Unemployed 4 weeks or less____ 1, 582 2,028 1, 398 1,251 1,167 1,335 1,645 1,231 1, 401
964 1,019
731
Unemployed 5-10 weeks -------620
684
520
507
883
808
580
443
408
368
201
Unemployed 11-14 weeks ____
182
224
161
368
288
292
183
182
117
139
234
261
Unemployed 15-26 weeks _____
439
377
410
390
312
238
233
209
261
260
Unemployed over 26 weeks. ___
247
260
267
253
227
188
247
204
211
209
Employment........... ............. ............ 67, 221 66, 504 65,178 64, 261 63,865 63,190 62, 578 64, 550 65, 269 66,174 66, 071
Nonagricultural . ........................ 59, 449 58,970 58, 519 58, 506 58, 431 57, 996 57,643 59,440 59,076 59,000 58,683
Worked 35 hours or more___ 44, 272 46,988 47,116 47, 230 46, 989 46,183 46, 638 48, 309 43,158 46, 867 47, 371
Worked 15-34 hours_______ 5,969 6, 241 6, 576 6, 671 6,699 7,134 6,612 6, 555 11,164 7,305 5,963
Worked 1-14 hours___ _____ 2,345 2,498 2, 942 2,920 3, 065 2,894 2,672 2,804 2, 775 2, 646 2, 516
With a job but not at work 4 6,863 3,243 1, 886 1, 684 1, 678 1,787 1,721 1, 772 1, 980 2,182 2,834
Agricultural. _______________ 7, 772 7,534 6,659 5,755 5,434 5,195 4,935 5,110 6,192 7,173 7,388
Worked 35 hours or more___ 5,742 5,402 4,616 3,851 3,492 3,254 3,032 3,245 4,163 5,384 6,554
Worked 15-34 h o u rs .............. 1,514 1,622 1,523 1,411 1,352 1,264 1,162 1,175 1,445 1,305 1,348
Worked 1-14 hours________
366
396
351
356
364
454
471
460
433
350
329
115
With a job but not at work A 150
170
137
225
222
270
229
151
134
157
Oct.
July
1956
1955
71,787 72,325
70,387
68,896
68,947
2,195
1, Oil
491
223
237
233
66,752
59, 487
45, 975
5, 710
2,171
5,631
7,265
5,300
1,384
361
219
67,530
2,551
1,214
'594
211
301
232
64,979
58, 394
46, 062
6, 715
2,648
2,969
6,585
4, 577
1,399
416
192
65,847
2, 654
1,138
' 598
217
367
336
63,193
56,464
45,046
6,422
2, 261
2, 736
6,730
4,887
b 332
' 314
196
Total labor force___________________ 50, 307 50,160 48,657 48, 214 48,006 47, 692 47,498 47,927 48,303 48,340 48,490 49,682 49,969
48, 579
48,054
Civilian labor force _______________ 47,517
Unem ploym ent... . . . . . . ----------- 1, 803
Employment--------------------------- . 45, 713
Nonagricultural______________ 39, 738
Worked 35 hours or more___ 31, 823
Worked 15-34 hours_______ 2, 891
Worked 1-14 hours______
1,010
With a job but not at work 4 4,015
Agricultural ________ ________ 5, 975
Worked 35 hours or more___ 4,862
754
Worked 15-34 hours_______
238
Worked 1-14 hours____ ____
121
With a job but not at work A
47,167
1,672
45,495
39,569
31,439
2,888
957
4,285
5,926
4,640
864
266
156
45,756
1,608
44,148
38,870
32, 536
3,388
1,135
1,810
5,278
3,993
806
308
171
45,041
b 752
43,290
37i 803
31, 897
3,257
967
1,681
5,487
4,298
777
233
177
Total labor force.................................... . 22,745 22, 500 22,056 21, 556 21, 557 21,436 21,140 21,928 22,258 22, 565 22,405 22,105 22,355
21,808
20,842
Civilian labor force . . . _____ _____ 22, 711
Unemployment--------------------------- 1,203
Employment____________________ 21, 508
Nonagricultural__ ___ ______ 19, 711
Worked 35 hours or m ore___ 12, 449
Worked 15-34 hours_______ 3,078
Worked 1-14 hours________ 1,335
With a job but not at work A 2,849
Agricultural. . _______ ____ 1, 797
Worked 35 hours or more___
879
760
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours_______ _ 129
With a job but not at work A
29
21, 774
943
20,831
19, 524
13,526
3,327
1, 513
1,158
1,307
585
594
108
21
20,806
903
19,904
18, 661
13,147
3', 164
b 294
1,055
1, 243
589
555
81
19
Total, both sexes
69, 489
2, 833
1,384
784
184
269
213
66, 655
58, 955
43,661
5,725
2,283
7,287
7,700
5,419
1,656
431
194
Males
47,375
2,054
45,321
39,647
33,713
2,984
1,096
1,854
5,674
4,499
820
260
96
45,870
1,665
44, 205
38,982
33, 251
3,165
1,309
1,257
5,222
4, 006
815
249
152
45,428
1,809
43, 620
38, 747
33,027
3,350
1,248
1,122
4,872
3,560
912
282
118
45, 223
1,950
43, 273
38, 635
33,046
3,260
1, 218
1, 111
4,638
3,279
856
309
194
44,908
2. 095
42, 813
38, 331
32,439
3,424
1, 228
1, 240
4,482
3,076
867
354
185
44, 714
2,150
42. 564
38, 244
32,619
3,291
1,143
1,190
4,320
2,854
825
400
240
45,135
1,665
43,470
39,112
33,620
3,080
1, 219
1,193
4,358
2,998
773
378
210
45,508
1,466
44,042
39,020
30, 422
6,232
1,126
1,240
5,022
3,741
837
307
137
45,550
1,124
44, 426
39,007
33,036
3,482
1,123
1, 366
5,419
4,374
691
226
128
45, 697
1,152
44, 546
39,056
33, 519
2,771
1,012
1, 754
5,490
4,484
636
226
144
46,875
1,319
45, 556
39,880
32, 980
2,869
863
3,168
5,676
4, 511
732
242
191
Females
22,467
1,283
21,183
19,323
13, 275
3,257
1,402
1,389
1,860
902
802
137
19
22,023
1,050
20, 974
19, 537
13, 865
3, 411
1,632
628
1,437
609
708
101
18
21, 523
882
20,641
19, 758
14, 203
3,322
1, 672
562
883
291
499
74
19
21, 524
932
20,592
19, 796
13,943
3, 439
1,847
567
796
213
496
56
31
i Estimates are based on information obtained from a sample of households
and are subject to sampling variability. Data relate to the calendar week
ending nearest the 15th day of the month. The employed total includes all
wage and salary workers, self-employed persons, and unpaid workers in
family-operated enterprises. Persons in institutions are not included.
Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily equal
totals.
i Beginning with January 1957, two groups numbering between 200,000 and
300,000 which were formerly classified as employed (under “with a job but
not at work”) were assigned to different classifications, mostly to the unem
ployed. For a full explanation, see M onthly Report on the Labor Force,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
21, 403
1,026
20,377
19, 665
13, 745
3, 710
1,666
544
712
178
398
100
36
21,107
1,094
20,013
19, 399
14,018
3,321
1, 529
531
614
178
337
71
30
21,894
814
21,080
20,327
14,689
3,475
1, 585
579
752
248
403
82
20
22,224
997
21, 227
20,056
12, 736
4,932
1,649
740
1,171
422
608
126
14
22, 532
785
21, 748
19, 994
13,831
3,823
1,523
817
1, 754
1,010
614
124
6
22,372
847
21, 525
19, 627
13,852
3,192
1,504
1,080
1,898
1,070
712
103
13
22,071
876
21,196
19, 607
12,995
2,841
1,308
2,463
1,589
789
652
119
28
22,321
1,161
21,160
19,386
12,222
2,837
b 326
3,002
1, 775
779
792
165
38
February 1957 (Current Population Reports, Labor Force, Series P-57,
No. 176).
8 Survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Inoludes persons who had a job or business but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, or labor dispute.
Prior to January 1957, also included were persons on layoff with definite
instructions to return to work within 30 days of layoff and persons who had
new jobs to which they were scheduled to report within 30 days. Most of
the persons in these groups have, since that time, been classified as
unemployed.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
1121
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
A nnual
av erag e
1956
1957
I n d u s tr y
J u ly 2 Ju n e 2 M ay
T o ta l em p lo y ees........... ............. ....... ...................
M a r.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
1956
1955
52, 574 52, 874 52, 482 52,270 51,919 51,704 51,716 53,639 53,007 52,952 52,663 52,258 51,258 51,878 50,056
852
114.0
Mining _____________________________
___________________________
M fttal
Iro n «
__ ________________________
C o p p er
_______________________
L e ad a n d zinc ______________________
A n t h r a c i t e _____________________________
B itu m in o u s-co a l________________________
228.9
C ru d e -p e tro le u m a n d n a tu ral-g as prod n o tio n
_____________________
P e tro le u m a n d n atu ra l-g a s p ro d u c tio n
(except c o n tra c t serv ic es!___________
W n n m etallic m in in g an d q n a rrv in g ______
120.1
Contract construction__ ________________
3,290
JSTonhnilding c o n s tr u c tio n ______________
H ig h w a y an d s tre e t _ _____________
O th e r non b u ild in g co n stru c tio n _
B u ild in g c o n s tr u c tio n ._________________
Genp.ral c o n tra c to rs
S p ecial-trad e c o n tra c to rs ............................
P lu m b in g a n d h e a tin g ______________
P a in tin g a n d d e c o ra tin g ____________
FJeotrioal w ork
O th e r sp ecial-tra d e c o n t r a c t o r s .____
A pr.
—
859
112.8
39.1
33.5
17.9
835
111.9
38.2
33.0
17.4
833
110.8
36.1
33.5
18.2
831
110.2
34.8
33.9
18.3
833
110.2
34.9
33.7
18.3
832
110.2
35.1
33.6
18.3
837
111.1
35.7
33.7
18.3
837
111.3
36.5
33.7
18.1
836
112.4
38.0
33.6
17.7
842
113.8
38.8
33.8
17.7
839
110.2
36. 5
33.6
17.3
765
85.3
11.2
33. 5
17.3
816
108.3
34.6
33.3
17.4
777
101.4
34.2
28.9
16.6
30.7
242.0
26.6
238.7
28.5
239.0
30.4
240.1
30.8
242.9
31.1
242.0
31.8
242.4
30.6
240.7
30.3
240.6
29.8
239.4
30.0
235.3
29.0
188.6
29.7
230.8
31.3
218.7
354.4
340.0
339.8
338.8
338.7
336.5
336.1
335.4
333.1
338.5
342.9
342.9
330.8
317.1
212.0
203.6
204.0
202.3
201.8
200.4
197.6
197.6
197.3
202.9
205.6
205.3
196.4
189.0
119.1
118.2
115.3
111.8
110.0
111.8
115.7
118.7
119.9
120.6
120.9
119.4
116.2
108.3
3,233 3, 082 2,906 2,756 2,673 2,667 2,997 3,174 3,296 3,342 3,361 3,256 2,993 2,759
606
705
516
722
698
715
502
647
496
580
514
572
713
663
319. 9 296.2 237.3 199.9 184.9 191.5 233.3 274.1 309.7 324.2 329.1 323.9 263.3 232,4
381.1
342.6
284.0
391.2
392.9
393.3 366.8 334.7 314.1 310.6 310.4 346.9 372.8 388.5
2,334 2, 242 2,177 2,165 2,417 2,527 2,598 2,627 2,639 2,551 2,387 2, 243
2,520 2,419
1,009.9 977.5 944.6 898.7 878.2 885.7 1,001.6 1,054. 7 1,099.1 1,116. 5 1,130.0 1,087. 8 995.1 922.6
1, 509. 7 1,441.1 1,389. 5 1,343.3 1,298. 5 1,279. 5 1,415. 5 1,472. 5 1,498.7 1, 510. 9 1, 509.3 1,463. 2 1, 391.8 1,320.8
342.9 333.7 334.6 331.8 331.5 335.1 345.7 351.1 355.9 355.2 351.8 346.4 334.0 317.0
206.1 190.5 176.5 159.0 148.9 151.5 176.4 192.0 203.8 214.0 217.8 202.3 179.5 162.3
236.5 223.5 218.2 219.5 221.0 223.2 228.7 226.4 226.4 221.2 213.8 205.8 198.1 168.4
724.2 693.4 660.2 633.0 597.1 569.7 664.7 703.0 712.6 720.5 725.9 708.7 680.2 673.1
_____ ________________ 16,671 16,847 16, 762 16,822 16,933 16,945 16,959 17,159 17,180 17,238 17,119 17,035 16,301 16,905 16,563
D u ra b le goods 3_________________ 9, 755 9,906 9,895 9,927 9, 976 9,992 9,990 10,067 10,071 9,999 9, 826 9, 780 9,313 9,825 9, 549
N o n d u ra b le goods 3__________ . . 6,916 6,941 6,867 6,895 6,957 6,953 6,969 7,088 7,113 7,239 7,293 7,255 6,988 7,080 7,014
Manufacturing
126.0
O rd n an ce a n d accessories...............................
128.3
127.6
129.4
130.0
130.6
132.0
132.9
131.5
131.0
131.6
129.3
130.9
130.6
139.2
F o o d a n d k in d re d p ro d u c ts _____________ 1, 561.0 1, 509.4 1,451.8 1, 433.1 1,430.8 1,429. 2 1,459.0 1, 521.8 1, 573.0 1,659.3 1, 738.1 1, 707.1 1, 598.4 1, 552.0 1, 536.9
325.3 320.7 320.3 323.1 325.4 338.2 350.8 353.1 347.9 342.6 340.9 336.7 337.4 325.9
___________________
ATeat p ro d u c ts
99.4
98.7 102.6 103.8 105.7 107.6 112.2 117.2 118.8 109.3 112.7
109.4 104.3 101.5
"Dairy p ro d u c ts
___________________
196.5 168.2 166.1 158.0 159.5 164.9 183.0 215.8 300.7 392.6 358.9 255.7 231.1 227.4
C a n n in g a n d p re se rv in g _______________
116.5 117.0 116.8 120.1 121.0 121.9 122.3 118.7 121.3
116.1
116.3
114.4
113.9
113.5
___________
G rain -m ill p ro d u c ts _
290.1 287.6 286.5 285.9 286.2 286.3 290.8 292.1 293.1 290.7 292.0 291.5 289.1 285.9
B a k e ry p ro d u c ts
___________________
27.4
32.4
31.8
27.1
44.6
46.8
29.8
30.4
42.7
25.2
25.9
25.4
27.4
25.0
S u g ar
___________________
79.3
79.8
70.0
87.2
77.9
86.6
83.8
86.6
79.1
77.4
81.1
75.6
73.5
73.7
C o n fectio n ery and re la te d p ro d u c ts ___
211.1
232.0
215.3
218.2
227.6
204.2
218.1
224.7
211.1
202.7
207.4
209.0
228.0
218.8
B ev erages
______________
140.4
140.0
144.0
145.1 140.2 135.9 136.7 135.4 134.8 136.0 138.0 139.9 140.7 143.6
M iscellaneous food p ro d u c ts . _ _______
78.1
T o b acco m a n u fa c tu re s __________________
C ig a rettes
_ __ ________________
C ig ars
__ ______________________
T n h acoo an d sn n ff
T o b acon s te m m in g and re d ry in g
T e x tile-m ill p ro d u c ts ___________________
S co rn ing a n d com b in g p la n ts ......... .........
Y a r n a n d th re a d m ills ________________
"Broad-w oven fabric m ills
N a rro w fabrics a n d sm all w ares_______
________
TTnitt.ing m ills
D y e in g a n d finishing te x tile s_________
C a rp e ts m g s o th e r floor coverings
H a ts (pYCP.pt eloth and m illin ery )
M iscellaneous te x tile goods
—
82.5
34.2
32.7
6.7
8.9
81.9
33.7
32.9
6.6
8.7
82.8
33.7
33.4
6.7
9.0
85.9
33.7
33.4
6.7
12.1
92.6
33.7
33.7
6.7
18.5
97.3
34.2
33.1
6.7
23.3
101.7
34.3
34.4
6.7
26.3
104.7
34.6
34.7
6.8
28.6
112.4
34.2
34.1
6.8
37.3
114.7
34.3
33.8
7.0
39.6
106.1
34. 5
33.5
6.9
31.2
83.9
34.2
32.2
6.9
10.6
97.3
34.2
34.5
7.0
21.6
102.2
33.0
38.1
7.4
23.7
976.6 1,003.1 1,003.6 1,012.1 1,020.1 1,024. 5 1,026.9 1,039.3 1,046.7 1,049. 5 1,046.8 1,047.8 1,019.9 1,057.3 1,077.0
6.6
6.9
6.8
6.9
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.4
6.8
6.7
6.2
6.6
6.9
117.6 118.1 118.5 119.2 120.5 120.7 121.6 121.5 120.5 120.8 120.7 119.3 123.0 129.9
428.1 429.2 434.5 437.4 441.5 444.9 448.1 449.9 451.0 451.2 454.4 442.2 457. 2 467.4
30. 5
28.4
29.8
29.9
29.7
29.3
29.2
29.6
29.8
29.8
29.4
29.6
29.2
29.1
216.1 213.2 211.7 212.6 209.6 208.9 215.6 221.7 224.7 222.6 223.7 215.1 220.6 221.9
86.4
91.7
91.0
89.6
90.6
89.6
89.6
90.6
90.8
89.3
88.9
89.1
88.0
88.0
54. 2
53.1
50.6
51. 6
53.7
53. 6
53. 5
53.8
55.2
54. C
54.3
52.8
51.1
49.4
13.1
12.3
12.3
11.9
11.7
11.7
11.3
11.1
11.8
11.5
10.9
11.5
10.0
10.1
61.6
63.5
58.8
60.5
59.8
61.0
61.7
61.0
61.3
60.0
60.4
59.2
58.2
57.8
A p p a re l a n d o th e r fin ish ed te x tile p rodlin ts
______________________ 1,143.6 1,181. 2 1,173.2 1,204. 5 1,233.4 1,228.5 1,209.2 1,227.4 1, 226.9 1,230.4 1, 217.9 1,220. 5 1,154. 5 1,215.4 1,206.3
124.1 121.0 122.6 124.8 124.8 124.5 125.9 125.1 125.1 125.8 125.7 118. 5 124.1 119.7
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ su its a n d c o a ts---------- _________
M e n ’s a n d b o y s ’ fu rn ish in g s a n d w o rk
307.9 304.9 307.2 310.1 309.0 303.3 305.6 311.1 317.8 316.8 318.9 305.9 315.4 309.7
c lo th in g .......................... ........................... —
337.5 337.2 357.9 372.6 372.1 368.1 371.0 359.0 353.0 350.5 359.1 331.0 356.4 358.0
W o m e n ’s o u te rw e a r___________________
123.6 120. 7 121.8 125.0 124.5 123.2 121.4 114.7 121.6 119. 7
124.8
119.1 121.1 123.8
W ^ m p n ’s nhildrp.n\s u n d e rg a rm e n ts
20.2
16.4
18.7
18.8
19.5
19.0
16.6
18.6
22. 4
21.9
18.9
20.5
15.3
13.8
M illin e ry
___________________
73.0
74.7
74.8
74.9
75.7
75.1
77.0
74.9
75.8
72.5
76.5
78. 4
75.4
79.9
C h ild re n ’s o u te rw e a r __ ____________
11.6
12.3
12.6
12.4
12.1
13.2
13.1
10.0
12.8
9.5
9.8
9.8
11.7
12.5
F n r goods
________________
63.4
61.4
59. 3
65.3
66.5
65.8
65.3
60.2
62.8
61.1
61.2
62.7
60.5
61.5
M iscellaneous a p p a re l an d accessories
129.4
132.3
121.4
124.3
128.7
136.6
133.8
134.0
127.7
129.7
128.1
129.0
126.3
124.9
O th e r fa b ric a te d te x tile p ro d u c ts .............
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1122
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
Ju n e 1 May
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)..............................................
Logging camps and contractors.............
Sawmills and planing mills....................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________
Wooden containers............................ ...
Miscellaneous wood products_______
718.3
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture..............................
Office, public-building, and profes
sional furniture...................................
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures..........................
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
1955
729.7
109.9
377.9
708.1
100.6
368.4
680.0
83.2
359.5
660.9
75.4
349.4
657.4
72.0
349.4
662.9
71.4
353.5
696.9 723.9
89. C 102.6
366.9 377.5
754.4
115.9
390.1
770.9
120.9
397.2
789.2
128.4
405.4
773.3
123.0
400.8
741.4
104.0
388.1
746.6
103.0
393.1
132.2
52. {
57.2
129.2
52. 5
57.4
127.2
52.2
57.9
126.4
52.0
57.7
125.9
52.6
57.5
127.2
53.3
57.5
129.2
53.6
58.2
131.3
53.6
58.9
134.6
54. Í
59.0
139.2
54.4
59.2
141.8
54.5
59.1
137.6
54.6
57.3
135.8
55.0
58.5
139.8
55.3
65.4
372.7
261.6
368.6
259.1
372.5
263.2
373.1
263.1
373.9
263.1
373.0
261.5
380.4
267.4
381.0
268.4
386.0
271.2
384.8
269.2
379.6
264.2
367.2
257.3
379.0
266.4
36a 2
259.3
47.5
47.1
47.6
47.4
47.9
47.4
48.0
48.2
48.9
49.4
49.6
47.7
48.1
44.2
38.8
38.1
37.7
37.6
37.6
38.3
38.5
37.7
39.1
39.5
39.3
36.2
37.9
37.7
24.8
24.3
24.0
25.0
25.3
25.8
26.5
26.7
26.8
26.7
26.5
26.0
26.6
27.0
569.5
578.7
281.7
158.8
138.2
573.1
277.8
157.1
138.2
575.0
278.8
157.1
139.1
574.6
279.1
156.7
138.8
573.1
279.6
155.9
137.6
575.7
280.9
157.6
137.2
580.1
282.5
160.5
137.1
577.0
279.2
161. S
135.9
577.2
279.6
161.2
136.4
578.3
281.9
159.3
137.1
577.4
283.6
157.9
135.9
568.9
279.9
154.6
134.4
569.9
278.0
156.7
135.2
550.0
271.2
148.3
130.5
862.9
862.7
321. 9
58.4
53.3
227.5
62. 5
17.7
46.2
859.5
320.5
59.2
53.4
227.0
62.1
16.6
45. 9
863.8
320.0
59.7
54.0
227.6
62.6
16.4
46.4
864.4
319.5
60.5
55.0
227.9
62.7
16.3
45.9
861.0
318.8
61.0
54.7
225.8
62.1
16.2
45.9
862.2
317.3
61.5
54.4
228.1
62.2
17.2
46.2
874.8
321.0
66.5
54.4
228.9
64.0
18.7
46.5
868.6
316.7
65.6
54.0
227.3
64.5
20.0
46.1
867.8
317.7
65.0
53.6
226.5
64.3
20.3
46.7
858.8
316.1
63.7
53.2
224.0
63.6
19.8
46.8
852.2
314.5
62.6
53.3
222.7
62.8
19.3
46.4
847.0
313.7
62.3
53.9
220.6
62.0
18.6
45.5
852.5
313.7
64.2
53.1
222.4
63.1
18.8
46.0
823.6
302.1
64.0
51.1
214.2
62.0
18.9
42.9
75.2
74.8
77.1
76.6
76.5
75.3
74.8
74.4
73.7
71.6
70.6
70.4
71.2
68.4
Chemicals and allied products................ .
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Drugs and medicines_______________
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions..................................................... .
Paints, pigments, and fillers................
Gum and wood chemicals___ _______
Fertilizers________________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats.......
Miscellaneous chemicals____________
827.4
832.1
108.2
316.3
102.5
837.8
108.0
314.7
101.5
841.8
107.7
316.4
101.5
840.1
107.7
317.1
101.4
835.7
107.6
317.4
100.9
834.5
107.8
318.8
100.3
834.4
107.8
318.0
100.5
832.6
107.7
316.9
100.2
835.5
108.3
316.3
99.9
834.0
109.4
317.7
99.8
832.8
109.2
320.0
99.9
823.7
109.1
313.4
99.5
830.6
108.4
315.7
97.7
810.5
105.0
308.6
93.2
50.7
77.9
8.5
33.4
36. 5
98.1
50.1
77.5
8.6
42.5
37.2
97.7
50.3
77.0
8.7
44.9
38.0
97.3
50.6
76.6
8.7
42.0
39.4
96.6
50.6
76.6
8.6
36.7
40.6
96.7
50.2
76.4
8.5
34.4
41.2
96.9
50.1
76.2
8.5
33.3
42.1
97.9
50.3
76.5
8.4
32.2
42.7
97.7
50.6
76.4
8.4
33.7
43.3
98.6
50.7
76.7
8.4
31.9
41.4
98.0
51.5
77.4
8.4
30.1
37.9
98.4
50.4
76.8
8.3
30.6
36.8
98.8
50.3
76.2
8.4
36.0
40.5
97.4
49.8
73.8
8.0
36.7
41.5
93.9
Products of petroleum and coal................
Petroleum refining.................................
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products................................................
263.6
260.6
207.6
257.2
205.4
256.8
205.5
255.6
204.4
255.9
204.5
253.0
203.9
255.2
203.9
256.0
203.9
257.0
204.0
259.1
205.7
261.2
207.9
253.1
205.5
254.3
202.6
252.8
201.3
53.0
51.8
51.3
51.2
51.4
49.1
51.3
52.1
53.0
53.4
53.3
47.6
51.7
51.6
Rubber products.........
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear..........
Other rubber products.
260.3
256.2
104. 5
21.7
130.0
262.1
110.7
21.6
129.8
249.7
97.5
21.7
130.5
269.9
113.1
22.1
134.7
271.1
113.1
22.1
135.9
274.5
113.6
22.6
138.3
274.3
113.6
22.9
137.8
251.6
94.6
23.3
133.7
273.1
112.3
23.8
137.0
268.4
112.3
24.0
132.1
264.8
111.4
24.0
129.4
261.6
111.3
23.6
126.7
269.2
111.5
24.1
133.6
271.9
115.4
22.5
134.0
Leather and leather products....................
Leather: tanned, curried, and finishedindustrial leather belting and packing..
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber).......................
Luggage....................................................
Handbags and small leather goods........
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
372.9
374.1
40.9
5.0
20.1
243.6
17.1
30.3
17.1
366.3
40. 4
5.1
19.7
238.4
16.8
29.2
16.7
375.3
40.7
5.2
19.9
243.7
16.6
32.6
16.6
382.3
40.9
5.2
20.4
248.2
16.8
34.0
16.8
381.3
41.5
5.3
20.5
246.5
16.5
35.0
16.0
376.6
41.7
5.3
20.2
245.8
15.9
33.0
14.7
378.9
42.2
5.3
20.4
244.2
16.3
33.9
16.6
376.1
42.2
5.2
20.1
239.6
16.4
35.2
17.4
376.3
42.3
5.1
19.6
237.6
16.6
37.2
17.9
377.0
41.8
5.1
19.3
239.9
16.6
36.2
18.1
385.4
42.5
5.1
19.9
247.0
17.2
35.7
18.0
376.7
41.8
4.9
19.6
243.4
16.8
32.7
17.5
381.5
42.7
5.2
20.0
246.3
16.6
33.7
17.0
382.9
44. 6
5.0
18.3
248.4
16.8
33.1
16.7
Stone, clay, and glass products.................
Flat glass.................................................
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products.........................
Pottery and related products.................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts.......................................................
Cut-stone and stone products..............
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products................................................
See footnotes at end of table.
535.9
555.2
30.8
97.4
16.6
41.6
83. 5
51.4
550.4
30. 7
96.0
16. 5
42.6
80.7
52.0
549.0
31.5
94.8
16.7
42.2
80.5
53.4
545.5
32.3
94.1
16.9
42.4
79.3
54.0
543.0
33.4
93.1
16.9
42.3
78.1
54.6
545.6
34.2
93.6
17.2
42.4
80.5
54.0
558.0
34.9
95.5
17.8
43.2
83.2
55.1
663.4
35.0
96.9
17.8
43.4
84.6
55.3
567.6
34.7
97.4
17.6
43.6
87.1
55.2
563.5
34.3
92.3
17.3
44.0
88.4
53.9
567.4
34.2
94.9
16.8
44.4
88.8
54.5
559.5
33,4
91.2
16.1
43.9
88.8
52.7
561. 5
34.2
95.0
17.6
43.4
86.9
54.6
548.1
33.5
93.7
17.3
42.6
82.5
53.9
122.6
18.9
120.2
19.1
117.6
19.2
114.8
18.9
113.3
18.8
112.9
18.8
116.1
19.2
118.3
19.4
119.9
19.4
121.3
19.6
122.3
19.3
121.7
19.8
117.6
19.5
111.7
19.8
92.5
92.6
93.1
92.81
92.5
92.0
93.0
92.7
92.7
92.4
92.21
91.9
92.8
93.1
Paper and allied products....................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes__
Other paper and allied products.......
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries___________________________
Newspapers______________________
Periodicals.............................................. .
Books___________________________
Commercial printing........._...................
Lithographing.........................................
Greeting cards_________ __________
Bookbinding and related industries__
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services.................... .......................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1123
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry ‘—Continued
[In thousands]
July» June* May
Apr.
Annual
average
1956
1957
Industry
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries..... .................... 1,307.3 1,318.1 1, 318. 7 1, 328.0 1,338. 2 1,348.8 1,355. 4 1,357.3 1,353.6 1,350.6 1,345.0 1,307.6
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
651.4 651.5 654.6 659.5 662.2 661.8 663.7 663.5 663.8 666.6 647.9
mills
___________________
229.0 229.8 231.5 234.9 240.4 241.8 242.9 240.9 241.0 234.8 237.8
Iron and steel foundries.............. ...........
Primary smelting and refining of non69.4
70.2
70.3
69.7
64.8
68.9
68.9
68.5
70.3
67.9
68.0
ferrous metals _________________
Secondary smelting and refining of
14.4
14.4
14.5
14.5
14.5
14.3
14.6
14.3
14.1
14.1
14.4
nonferrous metals......... ........... ...........
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non112.4 112.2 112.4 109.7 112.2 115.8 115.5 115.5 114.1 116.3 110.3
ferrous metals
________________
83.3
77.2
79.6
82.3
83.5
79.7
82.6
83.8
82.8
76.9
77.4
Nonferrous foundries_______________
Miscellaneous primary metal indus166.3 165.5 166.6 168.5 168.4 167.4 166.9 166.4 164.9 163.1 155.5
tries___ ________________________
July
1956
1955
966.0 1,311.0 1, 284.1
312.1
235.5
630.6
241.0
635.3
230.5
68.7
67.5
63.4
14.1
14.3
13.0
115.6
75.5
116.9
79.6
114.0
77.5
144.5
161.1
150.4
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)................................... 1,114.2 1,125.9 1,121.1 1,128. 2 1,134.1 1,138.8 1,137.8 1,141.8 1,142.2 1,140.6 1,114.3 1,094.7 1,054.0 1,116.6 1,108.6
53.4
61.0
57.4
53.3
58.5
61.7
61.6
55.4
54.7
53.8
58.3
57.7
58.6
56.6
Tin cans and other tinware------ --------Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
140.8 142.7 144.4 147.9 150.1 152.3 153.1 151.8 148.2 143.5 140.2 137.4 149.2 154.1
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
111.3 111.7 111.7 111.4 111.6 110.3 113.6 117.0 121.2 121.2 119.6 118.1 121.4 125.7
plumbers’ supplies_______________
Fabricated structural metal products
334.1 327.5 323.4 322.1 320.2 317.0 316.7 316.0 315.8 314.0 312.5 292.5 303.4 278.2
Metal stamping, coating, and engrav229.1 230.4 236.0 240.6 244.1 246.3 247.5 246.6 242.3 226.1 218.9 213.0 234.3 242.4
ing
______________________
53.4
53.4
53.2
52.9
49.8
48.7
47.6
52.0
52.7
53.8
50.8
51.6
50.9
51.2
Lighting fixtures _________________
64.9
69.2
66.8
62.1
65.0
65.1
64.0
61.6
62.8
63.8
61.9
61.1
60.3
60.6
Fabricated wire products___________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod140.8 140.4 141.2 141.2 140.9 139.9 138.7 139.1 137.7 136.4 134.0 127.6 137.9 137.2
ucts __________________________
Machinery (except electrical)--------------- 1, 686.6 1, 712.0 1, 728. 4 1, 750.1 1,764.0 1, 763.6 1, 752.4 1, 740. 5 1, 722. 2 1, 711.0 1, 711.6 1,707.6 1, 703.1 1, 716.4 1, 592.3
85.5
81.2
85.0
85.5
86.5
85.8
86.5
84.1
82.6
76.6
79.6
74.3
84.1
84.0
Engines and turbines.... ............. ...........
Avrienltnral machinery and tractors__
145.2 147.7 154.2 157.3 154.7 149.4 144.9 139.2 134.4 142.3 142.1 146.5 149.5 154.3
Construction and mining machinery__
151.6 153.9 155.2 155.4 156.9 154.6 154.7 153.1 154.0 154.1 154.2 152.1 151.9 132.7
288.6 290.9 292.3 293.5 291.7 290.7 289.5 286.9 284.4 283.6 281.3 279.6 282.5 262.9
Metalworking machinery------- ---------Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)...................
183.7 183.6 183.8 185.4 185.8 187.9 188.4 188.2 187.4 188.4 188.2 189.2 188.1 179.0
267.1 266.7 268.2 269.8 269.2 268.3 267.3 267.1 265.7 265.0 264.5 262.4 259.6 236.8
General industrial machinery-----------Office and store machines and devices..
135.2 135.2 136.0 136.4 136.0 134.5 131.4 130.0 127.9 123.8 125.6 124.9 124.7 109.8
Service-industry and household ma179.8 187.3 192.9 196.7 199.6 198.5 196.1 193.7 195.9 197.7 198.6 202.3 205.6 189.3
chines
. ____________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts_______
276.8 279.0 282.5 284.0 283.2 282.7 281.7 278.5 277.2 274.1 271.9 269.5 274.9 253.2
Electrical machinery............. ........... . . . 1, 207. 8 1, 221. 2 1, 211.2 1,216.2 1,228.2 1,232.0 1,236. 2 1,250. 7 1,260.9 1,251.2 1,228.8 1,215.1 1,187.3 1,202.9 1,123. 6
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa417.1 419.6 424.1 428.6 430.1 433.0 433.2 432.0 432.0 428.5 425.5 421.1 415.9 383.4
ratus
___ ____________________
50.4
51.5
53.2
53.8
50.2
48.1
52.6
52.4
53.6
54.0
54.3
47.4
52.6
46.4
Electrical appliances-----------------------26.2
26.8
27.5
27.6
27.1
26.4
25.8
25.3
26.2
27.0
27.0
26.0
26.1
22.8
Insulated wire and cable. --------------75.3
79.1
79.4
Flectrical equipment for vehicles
78.6
77.2
74.1
70.3
67.6
66.4
79.6
73.9
74.0
71.8
80.3
28.5
28.4
28.6
28.4
28.5
28.3
28.0
28.4
28.4
28.6
28.6
28.3
27.1
26.6
FIftc.trin lamps
________ _____
Communication equipment _______
577.7 568.0 562.4 564.9 565.5 566.1 579.7 592.1 585.2 570.0 563.8 548.5 557.7 515.7
50.4
49.3
48.9
50.6
47.4
48.8
49.0
50.0
50.3
51.0
49.6
50.5
49.3
48.4
Miscellaneous electrical products-------- —
Transportation equipment------------------ 1,883.1 1,920.6 1,941. 4 1, 950.8 1,980.1 1,984.7 1,977.3 1,971.0 1, 928.1 1,839.0 1,718.9 1,746.0 1,759.1 1,830. 5 1,832.1
Au tom obiles
_______________
795.8 812.7 823.4 853.1 863.6 872.7 876.4 856.1 787.7 684.9 722.0 741.9 815.2 903.8
898.2 906.9 909.1 908.6 904.8 891.5 884.6 870.7 853.4 841.2 827.5 813.9 814.4 740.5
Aircraft and parts__________________
549.4 558.3 557.0 557.2 554.9 546.8 540.0 531.6 522.1 515.6 509.3 500.9 499.1 466.6
Aircraft _ ____ ________________
178.6 179.7 183.3 184.2 183.8 181.0 181.1 177.7 173.9 170.6 166.0 164.3 165.6 147.1
Aircraft engines and parts_________
20.6
20.4
17.1
20.1
19.7
19.6
19.0
18.5
18.0
16.8
20.6
20.4
16.9
13.8
Aircraft propellers and parts----------149.6 148.5 148.2 146.8 146.0 144.0 143.9 142.4 138.9 137.0 135.1 131.9 132.8 113.0
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent..
Ship and boat hnildine and repairing..
148.6 146.5 143.6 145.2 142.3 139.6 137.6 132.3 127.1 125.3 126.2 132.9 128.9 123.0
129.9 127.1 124.0 125.5 122.7 120.7 119.5 115.1 110.6 109.1 110.5 115.0 110.0 101.0
Shipbuilding and repairing____ ____
___
19.6
18.1
17.2
16.5
16.2
15.7
17.9
19.7
19.6
18.9
19.4
18.9
22.0
Boatbuilding and repairing........... .
18.7
58.4
65.3
64.0
65.2
56.4
59.5
60.4
65.0
63.6
59.8
62.1
65.6
55.8
68.0
Railroad equipment____ ___________
9.4
9.2
9.0
8.8
10.6
10.8
8.3
11.0
11.1
10.0
9.9
10.0
9.7
Other transportation equipment_____
9.0
Instruments and related products--------Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments________ _______ -- Mechanical measuring and controlling
in strum ents__ _______________
Optical instruments and lenses__ ___
Surgical, medical, and dental instrum e n ts_______ _________ _______
Ophthalmic goods _
Photographic apparatus.----- ------------Watches and clocks________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Tewp.lry, silverware, and plated ware__
Musical instruments and parts_______
Toys and sporting goods. __________
Pens, pencils, other office supplies........
Oost.umft jewelry, buttons, notions___
Fabricated plastics products_________
Other manufacturing industries............
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
335.5
___
472.1
—
339.0
342.3
342.2
341.2
341.7
343.4
343.4
342.4
340.8
338.6
333.2
335.9
75.0
74.8
75.6
73.9
73.8
72.7
72.2
71.9
71.6
70.1
68.9
68.0
67.3
57.6
85.0
13.8
85.5
13.7
86.4
14.0
87.3
14.1
86.3
14.1
87.5
14.0
88.2
14.1
88.1
14.0
87.2
13.9
85.9
14.0
85.3
13.6
84.0
13.7
85.5
13.9
82.4
13.8
42.3
24.0
69.5
27.7
42.2
24.0
68.5
30.3
42.3
24.2
68.6
31.2
42.0
24.5
68.8
31.6
42.0
24.7
69.0
31.3
41.7
24.7
69.2
31.9
41.5
24.9
69.3
33.2
41.3
24.9
69.3
33.9
40.8
25.2
69.1
34.6
41.0
25.4
69.6
34.8
41.1
25.6
70.2
33.9
40.6
25.5
68.8
32.6
41.0
25.7
68.1
34.4
39.9
25.2
65.7
36.4
485.2
47.3
16.9
89.3
32.0
59.8
88.2
151.7
480.6
47.2
17.1
88.2
31.1
58.1
88.0
150.9
480.1
47.7
17.3
84.9
31.0
59.0
87.9
152.3
479.4
48.8
17.8
80.8
30.7
60.3
89.9
151.1
477.6
50.1
18.0
79.1
30.7
60.4
89.6
149.7
475.5
50.3
18.1
76.1
31.4
60.8
89.6
149.2
498.5
51.6
18.9
85.0
32.3
62.2
90.7
157.8
516.7
52.0
18.9
97.3
33.0
64.1
91.4
160.0
525.3
52.5
18.8
104.1
33.3
65.9
90.6
160.1
615.9
51.5
18.5
103.0
32.9
65.6
87.8
156.6
505.0
50.1
18.2
100.0
32.6
65.1
84.7
154.3
479.0
46.6
17.5
94.0
31.4
61.2
82.7
145.6
499.3
50.8
18.3
93.2
31.9
63.8
86.5
154.8
485.2
52.3
17.7
86.9
30.7
64.9
SI. 5
151.2
337.3
321.0
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1124
T a ble A-2. Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
July * June 2 May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
1955
Transportation and public utilities________ 4,203 4,182 4,156 4,153 4,147 4,120 4,126 4,194 4,184 4,189 4,191 4,190 4,161 4,157 4,062
Transportation................................... ........ 2,763 2,761 2,749 2,747 2,746 2, 723 2, 733 2,797 2, 785 2,792 2, 783 2, 769 2,742 2,768 2, 727
I n t e r s t a t e r a ilr o a d s
1,144.3 1,137.1 1,136.0 1,132.0 1,132.6 1,139.0 1,172.5 1,174.1 1,188.1 1,188.6 1,184.4 1,171.8 1,190. 5 1,205.3
i; on. 91, 004. 4 992.4 988.0 988.7 996.1 1,016.0 1,027. 7 1,041.1 1,040.8 1,036.9 1,031.7 1,042.6 1,057.2
Class I railroads_________________
Local railways and buslines_________
107.8 108.4 108.4 108.6 108.5 108.2 108.6 108.6 109.0 109.8 110.1 110. 4 110.6 116.1
Trucking and warehousing__________
829.2 821.0 821.1 820.2 819.3 817.0 842.8 838.6 832.6 820.1 809.9 798.8 807.5 764.9
679.6 682.6 681.4 685.2 662.3 669.0 672.9 663.2 661.8 664.5 664.5 661. C 658.9 640.7
Other transportation and services.........
43.2
45.0
42.6
42.3
42.5
42.0
42.5
Buslines, except local_____________
44.0
41.8
43.0
43.6
43.6
43.6
42.4
Air transportation (common carrier).
146.0 145.2 144.7 143.1 141.8 141.2 137.9 136.3 135.2 134.5 134.4 133.1 130.5 114.3
Communication__________ _________ 825
815
809
802
806
803
799
803
801
810
806
813
811
795
750
772.4 767.1 766.3 763.8 760.9 756.9 759.4 760.1 757.9 762.1 769. 7 767.2 751. 2 706.7
Telephone.. - __________________
42.1
41.4
42.1
42.4
Telegraph_________ _______________
42.0
41.9
41.7
41.8
42.6
42.8
42.8
42.8
42.6
42.3
597
594
606
595
593
595
596
596
Other public utilities_________________ 615
597
602
608
608
594
585
581.1 573.3 572.5 570.7 569.9 569.6 571.0 571.8 572.1 578.2 583. 5 583.0 570.1 562.1
Gas and electric utilities........... .............
252.9 249.3 248.8 247.9 247.1 246.6 247.2 247.3 247.4 251.2 253.6 253.3 247.8 248.7
Electric light and power utilities___
145.9 143.7 143.6 143.1 143.4 143.8 144.5 145.2 145.4 146.6 148.0 147.6 144.2 140.8
Gas u tilitie s____________________
Electric light and gas utilities com182.3 180.3 180.1 179.7 179.4 179.2 179.3 179.3 179.3 180.5 181.9 182.1 178.1 172.6
bined- ___________________ - . .
24.5
24.0
23.9
23.6
23.6
23.8
24.1
24.0
23.8
24.0
24. 7 25.1
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified-.
23.0
23.9
Wholesale and retail trade______________
Wholesale trade_____________________
Wholesalers, full-service and limited
function______________________
Automotive
_________________
Groceries, food specialties, beer,
wines, and liquors, _ ................. .
Electrical goods, machinery, hardware, and plumbing equipment___
Other full-service and limited-function wholesalers-----------------------Wholesale distributors, other________
Retail trade_______________ _________
General merchandise stores..................
Department stores and general mailorder houses_________________
Other general merchandise stores. .
Food and liquor stores______________
Grocery, meat, and vegetable markets. _____________________
Dairy product stores and dealers__
Other food and liquor stores.......... .
Automotive and accessories dealers___
Apparel and accessories stores________
Other retail trade__________________
Furniture and appliance stores..........
Drug stores. ____________________
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______
Banks and trust companies___________
Security dealers and exchanges____ ____
Insurance carriers and agents._________
Other finance agencies and real estate___
Service and miscellaneous______________
Hotels and lodging places_____________
Personal services:
Laundries
___________ ______
Cleaning and dyeing plants_________
Motion pictures____________ ________
11,486 11,501 11,411 11,428 11,265 11,225 11,298 12,260 11,657 11,445 11,319 11,198 11,164 11,292 10,846
3,156 3,134 3,113 3,114 3,117 3,114 3,106 3,149 3,119 3,090 3,068 3,064 3,033 3,032 2,873
1, 805. 2 1, 795.8 1,796.3 1,800. 9 1,800.6 1,803.2 1,837.5 1,811. 2 1, 795.7 1, 784.3 1, 780.2 1, 766. 9 1,767. 5 1,679.4
123.6 121.6 121.6 120.3 119.8 119.5 119.5 119.1 119.5 120.5 ' 121. 5 120.8 118.8 113.4
317.5
315.2
318.4
464.0
460.9
461.4
319.2
317.8
316.4
322.3
318.1
313.4
312.3
310.7
309.9
310.2
298.4
462.8
462.7
462.4
464.8
464.1
461.5
462.3
463.4
461.8
456.9
432.2
900.1 898.1 894.9 898.6 900.3 904.9 930.9 909.9 901.3 889.2 884.6 874.4 881.6 835.4
1,328.9 1,317.3 1,317. 6 1,315.9 1, 313.6 1,302. 7 1,311.8 1,307. 6 1, 294.0 1,283.3 1,283.6 1, 265.8 1, 264.9 1,193.9
8,330 8,367 8,298 8, 314 8,148 8,111 8,192 9, 111 8, 538 8, 355 8, 251 8,134 8,131 8,260 7,973
1, 342. 5 1, 376.3 1,382. 2 1, 401. 9 1, 343.0 1,333. 2 1,387. 7 1,969.6 1, 600.2 1,475. 9 1,421. 5 1,344.4 1,338. 5 1,450. 7 1,430.9
880.3 885.0 890.5 862.0 859.2 899.4 1, 266.8 1,049.1 955.0 917.3 876.5 876.9 938.8 912.7
496.0 497.2 511.4 481.0 474.0 488.3 702.8 551.1 520.9 504.2 467.9 461.6 611.9 518.2
1, 604. 5 1, 610. 5 1, 600. 7 1,602. 6 1,590. 8 1, 586.8 1,575.2 1,612.2 1, 587.9 1, 567. 5 1, 549.4 1,541. 5 1,549.8 1, 553.6 1,486.4
1,127. 7 1,126. 2 1,124.7 1,123. 5 1,118. 5 1,113.3 1,137.0 1,119.0 1,102.1 1,082.8 1,070.1 1,076. 5 1,086.4 1,034.2
243.0 237.3 234.0 230.3 227.3 226.7 227.4 228.8 229.5 236.4 ' 241.8 242.7 231.9 226.6
239.8 237.2 243.9 237.0 241.0 235.2 247.8 240.1 235.9 230.2 229.6 230.6 235.3 225.6
810. 3 803.5 798.2 795.8 796.0 793.2 794.1 816.6 804.1 795.5 797.1 804.6 810.1 808.7 803.0
582.1 619.1 621.7 657.9 592.4 581.2 608.2 758.5 655.8 633.4 610.5 563.2 572.0 616.0 596.8
3,990.1 3,957. 6 3,895. 5 3, 855.6 3,826.1 3,816.2 3,827.1 3,954. 2 3,889. 5 3,883.1 3,872.0 3, 880.1 3,860.2 3,831.0 3,655.9
393.1 392.2 394.7 395.3 395.1 394.2 415.7 402.8 397.1 393.9 391.9 390.2 395.8 384.7
372.9 360.9 364.2 354.7 352.2 360.1 378.7 354.9 354.7 346.5 345.2 344.1 345. 6 328.5
2,392
2,359
615.3
83.8
853.7
806.0
2,329
606.7
82.8
845.8
793.4
2,320
606.9
83.0
845.6
784.3
2,310
605.2
83.6
842.5
779.1
2,301
602.3
82.7
837.0
779.1
2,293
596.5
82.6
830.3
783.1
2,308
597.2
83.0
829.9
797.6
2,314
594.9
82.9
828.5
807.9
2,315
690.4
82.7
826.0
815.7
2,325
688.1
82.8
826.2
828.0
2,361
596.0
84.4
836.4
844.1
2,349
593.5
84.1
833.8
837.8
2,306
581.9
82.4
821.7
820.1
2,219
549.3
77.6
795.4
796.8
6,520
6,552
541.1
6,520
512.6
6,432
499.0
6,317
482.3
6,273
480.7
6,239
473. 6
6,295
482.0
6,327
488.2
6,343
494.8
6,322
534.5
6,293
6Ó9.0
6,296
6Ó6.4
6,231
518.0
5,916
498.7
336.5
168.9
229.0
333.5
168.0
227.0
328.5
164.0
224.1
328.2
160.3
216.5
328.0
158.9
212.3
329.6
160.6
211.6
330.2
162.9
214.8
331.7
163.8
220.2
332. 9
165.7
228.8
333. 7
164.3
234.3
336.6
160.7
234. 5
341. 9
166.8
234. 5
333. 5
164.8
226. 6
332.1
163.4
231.6
___
___
Government__________________________ 7,160 7,341 7,387 7,376 7,360 7,334 7,302 7,589 7,334 7,290 7,203 6,981 6,966 7,178 6,914
Federal * . . __________ _____ ________ 2,220 2, 211 2,202 2,205 2,203 2,200 2,196 2,483 2, 201 2, 202 2,196 2,208 2,208 2,209 2,187
State and local6_____________________ 4,940 5,130 5,185 5,171 5,157 5,134 5,106 5,106 5,133 5,088 5,007 4,773 4, 758 4,969 4, 727
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data for 1955-56 shown in this
table are not comparable with those published in previous issues. They have
been revised because of adjustment to first quarter 1956 benchmark levels indi
cated by data from government social insurance programs. Comparable data
for earlier years are available upon request. Data for 1956, and 1957 are sub
ject to revision when new benchmarks become available.
These series are based on establishment reports which cover all full- and
part-time employees in nonagricultural establishments who worked during,
or received pay for, any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the
month. Therefore, persons who worked in more than one establishment
during the reporting period are counted more than once. Proprietors, selfemployed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic servants are ex
cluded.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
» Durable goods include: Ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
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4Nondurable goods include: Food and kindred products; tobacco manu
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products.
s Data for Federal establishments refer to the continental United States;
they relate to civilian employees who worked on, or received pay for, the last
day of the month.
6 State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units and paid volunteer firemen.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
source : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics for all
series except that for the Federal Government, which is prepared by the
U. S. Civü Service Commission, and that for Class I railroads, which is
prepared by the U. S. Interstate Commerce Commission.
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
1125
T a ble A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands!
1957
1956
Annual
average
Industry
July * June 8 May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
1955
705
95.8
34.2
28.2
15.2
686
95.7
33.8
27.7
14.8
685
94.2
31.5
28.1
15.5
686
93.9
30.3
28.6
15.6
689
94.5
30.6
28.6
15.7
689
94.6
30.8
28.5
15.6
696
95.2
31.5
28.5
15.6
696
95.7
32 2
28.7
15.4
696
95.9
33 4
28.4
15.1
699
97.1
34.1
28.6
15.0
699
94.0
31.8
28.5
14.8
625
68.7
6.3
28.4
14.7
680
92.5
30.0
28.3
14.9
651
86.6
29.7
24.4
14.2
Anthracite________________________________
Bituminous coal------------ -------------------- -------
28.4
218.8
24.7
216.7
26.6
217.4
28.4
218.4
28.9
221.8
28.9
221.4
29.4
222.0
28.2
220.5
27.7
220.3
27.2
219.5
27.4
216.0
26.5
168.6
27.1
210.8
28.3
200.5
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
d u ctio n ....................... .....................................
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)______ _________
260.9
248.5
248.8
249.7
250.5
249.4
250.7
250.2
248.6
251.7
258.0
259.6
249.8
243.1
136.7
129.5
130.1
130.1
131.0
130.3
129.0
128.8
128.8
132.1
136.1
137.4
130.7
129.4
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.
101.4
100.8
98.0
95.2
93.4
95.0
99.0
101.8
103.0
103.8
103.8
102.0
99.5
92.7
Mining_________
M etal................
Iron.................
Copper_____
Lead and zinc.
Manufacturing___________________
Durable goods8—...................
Nondurable goods 4________
12,768 12,962 12,894 12,960 13,085 13,114 13,150 13,350 13,392 13,465 13,345 13,256 12,536 13,196 13,061
7,436 7,601 7,600 7, 635 7,693 7,721 7,740 7, 827 7,839 7, 788 7.616 7, 572 7,113 7, 659 7, 551
5,332 5,361 5,294 5,325 5,392 5,393 5,410 5, 523 5,553 5,677 5,729 5,684 5,423 5, 537 5,510
76.5
78.3
79.0
Food and kindred products___ _______ 1,105.3 1,056. 2 1, 004. 2
Meat products___________________________ 257.4 253.2
75.6
71.5
Dairy products...... .............................. ................
Canning and preserving...... .............................. 163.8 136.2
78.2
78.4
Grain-mill products_________________ _____
Bakery products........................................ ......... 172.3 169.4
2 2 .2
19.8
S u g ar..................................................................
59.8
59.6
Confectionery and related products_________
Beverages_______________________________ 126.5 120.9
95.2
Miscellaneous food products............................... 100.4
989.8
252.7
68.5
135.1
78.7
168.4
20.3
61.3
113.0
91.8
988.8
255.3
66.8
127.2
80.5
168.2
20.2
62.8
114.8
93.0
Ordnance and accessories_____________
74.7
77.0
79.4
80.6
82.5
81.8
81.6
81.6
79.6
81.7
83.0
93.8
987.1 1,014. 9 1,075.6 1,125. 2 1, 209.3 1,281.6 1, 246.4 1.139.9 1.105.3 1,097.3
257.6 269.9 282.9 283.8 279.2 274.2 272.2 267.8 269.1 255.9
67.2
69.4
65.3
67.9
74.7
71.1
78.8
80.2
7.27
74.9
128.6 134.3 152.0 184.6 268.3 358.6 325.0 223.7 199.6 196.3
81.4
80.7
81.9
81.8
85.0
85.7
86.4
86.6
83.7
87.1
168.5 168.3 172.5 174.7 175.7 173.4 174.0 173.2 172.1 172.1
25.3
37.3
40.9
20.9
38.9
24.6
21.8
22.1
26.5
27.0
66.4
64.5
71.7
72.2
71.0
69.1
63.7
56.0
64.8
65.5
109.2 111.0 117.9 124.2 123.8 125.3 126.9 131.6 120.8 119.9
94.1
91.1
92.2
91.8
95.1
96.0
97.6
98.7
96.0
98.6
Tobacco manufactures...............................
68.7
Cigarettes................................................. ............
Cigars....................................................................
Tobacco and snuff................................... ............
Tobacco stemming and redrying.......................
73.1
29.6
31.0
5.6
6.9
72.8
29.3
31.2
5.6
6.7
73.6
29.3
31.7
5.7
6.9
76.5
29.3
31.6
5.6
10.0
83.7
29.8
32.0
5.6
16.3
88.1
30.4
31.2
5.7
20.8
93.0
30.7
32.7
5.7
23.9
95.7
30.9
33.0
5.7
26.1
103.5
30.7
32.4
5.7
34.7
106.2
31.0
32.2
5.9
37.1
97.7
31.2
31.8
5.9
28.8
75.5
30.7
30.5
5.8
8.5
88.7
30.7
32.8
5.9
19.3
93.8
30.0
36.3
6.3
21.2
Textile-mill products.................................. 887.2
Scouring and combing plants..................... ........
Yam and thread mills............................ ............
Broad-woven fabric mills__________________
Narrow fabrics and small wares____ ________
Knitting mills___________________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__________
Hats (except cloth and millinery)............... ......
Miscellaneous textile goods________________
912.1
6.2
108.4
401.5
25.5
196.8
76.6
40.0
9.0
48.1
911.2
5.9
109.2
401.9
25.6
193.2
76.5
41.9
8.8
48.2
919.4
5.5
109.5
407.1
25.8
191.5
77.4
43.7
9.6
49.3
928.5
5.8
110.6
410.4
26.0
192.7
77.5
45.3
10.1
50.1
932.7
6.1
111.5
414.5
26.2
189.5
77.8
46.2
10.1
50.8
934.6
6.2
111.6
417.6
26.0
188.7
78.2
45.2
9.7
51.4
947.8
6.3
112.6
421. 2
25.6
195.2
79.2
45.1
10.5
52.1
955.4
6.2
112.4
422.9
26.3
201.5
79.5
44.7
10.3
51.6
957.9
6.2
111.6
423.8
26.3
204.8
79.2
45.0
9.8
51.2
955.5
6.3
111.8
423.9
26.2
203.0
78.4
44.9
10.4
50.6
956.2
6.5
111.8
427.1
25.8
203.6
78.4
42.8
10.2
50.0
928.3
6.3
110.4
415.2
24.9
195.2
75.0
41.8
10.6
48.9
965.6
6.3
113.9
430.0
26.2
200.7
80.1
45.6
10.8
52.0
983.7
6.0
120.4
439.6
26.6
201.0
79.7
44.8
11.6
54.0
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts.......................................... ............
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats........ .
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing________________________
Women’s outerwear________________
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
M illin ery ...____ ____________ _____
Children’s outerwear.............................
Fur goods............................................... .
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
Other fabricated textile products..........
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)_______________________
Logging camps and contractors.............
Sawmills and planing mills....................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________
Wooden containers.________________
Miscellaneous wood products.............. .
Furniture and fixtures_______________
Household furniture.............................. .
Office public-building, and professional
furniture_______________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures......................................................
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures_____________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
,
1 011.6
647.5
306.1
1, 046. 4 1, 039. 0 1,068.9 1,098.1 1,094. 5 1,075. 5 1,092.8 1,092.1 1,096.4 1,085. 2 1,089.0 1,024. 7 1,083.3 1,077.1
111.3 108.1 110.0 112.2 112.5 112.3 113.2 112.6 112.7 113.5 113.5 106.9 111.8 107.7
281.7 278.3 280.6 282.8 282.1 277.0 278.9 284.6 291.3 290.6 293.0 279.9 289.5 285.6
297.5 296.9 316.5 331.9 331.2 327.8 329.7 318.1 312.3 310.2 318.6 291.7 316.0 317.5
105.8 107.9 110.5 111.9 111.0 107.5 108.9 111.9 111.4 110.1 108.6 102.0 108.9 107.1
13.1
11.7
18.1
20.0
19.5
16.5
16.4
14.5
17.1
16.8
16.6
14.2
16.4
17.9
63.7
67.8
67.4
70.8
66.8
69.8
66.7
69.0
67.9
66.8
67.1
67.0
66.9
65. 9
9.4
8.9
7.0
7.2
7.3
7.0
9.8
10.2
9.8
9.6
9.3
9.5
8.6
9.3
54.9
54.0
56.3
55.0
54.7
53.6
56.7
58.5
59.2
59.8
59.0
53.1
57.0
54.9
103.2 105.0 107.6 108.0 106.7 106.1 112.5 115.3 112.6 107.3 103.3 100.4 108.2 111.2
660.1
102.5
347.3
638.0
92.6
337.6
611.8
76.3
329.2
592.6
68.3
318.9
589.0
64.8
318.9
594.3
64.5
322.9
627.8
81.6
335.9
654.9
95.2
346.8
683.5
107.7
358.4
699.7
112.8
366.0
718.1
120.6
374.4
703.4
115.6
370.3
672.2
96.6
358.0
679.2
96.3
364.5
111.6
48.1
50.6
108.8
48.2
50.8
107.1
47.9
51.3
106.5
47.8
51.1
106.1
48.3
50.9
107.0
49.0
50.9
109.1
49.3
51.9
111.0
49.3
52.6
114.3
50.5
52.6
118.1
50.0
52.8
120.3
50.1
52.7
116.3
50.2
51.0
115.0
50.6
52.0
118.3
51.0
49.1
311.6
225.4
307.5
222.5
311.5
226.9
312.3
226.6
312.8
226.5
312.4
225.4
319.6
231.1
320.0
232.0
324.6
234.6
323.6
233.0
318.2
227.9
305.7
221.4
318.5
230.4
310.8
225.3
37.7
37.5
38.0
38.0
38.5
37.9
38.9
38.9
39.5
39.8
40.1
38.4
38.9
35.7
29.1
28.6
27.9
28.1
28.0
28.7
29.0
28.2
29.6
30.0
29.8
26.1
28.6
29.1
19.4
18.9
18.7
19.6
19.8
20.4
20.6
20.9
20.9
20.8
20.4
19.8
20.6
20.7
1126
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T a ble A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
Industry
July * June*
Manufacturing—C ontinued
Paper and allied products..........................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products______
May
Apr.
Annual
average
1956
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
1955
459.7
469.8
233.2
128.4
108.2
464.9
230.0
126.7
108.2
467.1
231.1
126.6
109.4
466.5
231.1
126.5
108. £
465.5
231.5
126.1
107. £
467.8
232. C
127. i
108. C
472.2
233. £
130.7
107.6
469.9
230.6
132.6
106. 7
470.2
231.0
131.9
107.3
471.8
233.1
130.6
108 1
470.4
234.2
129.1
10 7 1
462.2
230.9
125.4
105 9
465.2 452. 5
230.4 227.4
128.0 121.7
106 8 1H Q A
Printing, publishing and allied industries. Newspapers__________ ___________
Periodicals_______ _____ __________
Books____ ____ _______________
Commercial printing_______________
Lithography______________________
Greeting cards.. __________ _ ___
Bookbinding and related industries___
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services_________________________
555.6
557.2
159.7
24.3
33.9
184.2
47.4
554.9
159.3
24.9
34.2
183.4
47.1
558.7
158. 5
25.6
34.9
184.1
47.9
555.3
157.8
25. 5
34.8
182.0
47.2
563.7
158 7
28 0
34 0
184.1
49 2
14.3
37. 5
563.4
158 9
28 1
33 6
183 9
48 7
14.8
38.0
556.9
157 4
27 7
33 6
181 7
48 2
14 6
38.1
550.2
155 4
96 9
33 1
180 6
47 5
14 2
551.1
156 0
37.2
565.9
160. S
27. 5
34. 5
185.0
48.9
13.3
37.8
5 4 3 .6
37.2
557.1
157. 4
25.5
34.8
183.9
47.3
11.9
37.6
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals___
Industrial organic chemicals_________
Drugs and medicines_______________
Soap, cleaning and polishing preparations______ _________ _________
Paints, pigments, and fillers_________
Gum and wood chemicals___________
Fertilizers_______________
___
Vegetable and animal oils and fats____
Miscellaneous chemicals____________
530.6
Products of petroleum and co al..............
Petroleum refining__ . . . . . _______
Coke, other petroleum and coal products.___________ _______________
37.1
36.9
559.2
158.7
25.4
34.8
184.2
47.7
11.3
37.4
57.8
57.5
59.7
59.3
59.6
58. 7
58.1
57.9
57. 4
55 6
536.4
73.2
207.3
59.1
544.3
73.2
206.7
58.8
549.1
73.2
208.4
58.7
550.0
73.5
210.7
58.8
547.9
73.6
212.1
58.8
548.5
73.8
214.4
59.1
547.4
73.7
213. 5
58. 6
545.8
74.1
212.0
58. 7
549.8
74.6
212 2
58.3
548.1
75.3
212 9
58.7
30.7
47.6
7.2
24.4
24.5
62.4
30.4
47.5
7.3
33.3
24.9
62.2
30.7
47.2
7.4
35.8
25.9
61.8
30.9
46.9
7.4
33.1
27.5
61.2
31.0
47.2
7.3
27.8
28.7
61.4
30.6
47.3
7.2
25.7
28.9
61.5
30. 4
47.1
7.1
24. 6
29.8
62.6
30. 5
47.1
7.1
23 4
30.1
62.8
30 5
30 8
25 1
31.0
63.9
4 7 .1
7 .1
4 7 .4
7 .1
23 4
29 3
63 2
31 1
48.0
7.1
91 6
25 8
63 1
178.3
176.5
134.3
174.0
132.9
173.4
132.7
172.8
132.0
173.4
132.3
171.8
132.8
174.3
133.1
175.9
133.9
176.2
133. 2
177.2
133. 9
178.8
135.8
42.2
41.1
40.7
40.8
41.1
39.0
41.2
42.0
43 0
43 3
43 0
36 9
Rubber products....................... ................. 202.7
Tires and inner tubes______ ______ _
Rubber footwear___ _______________
Other rubber products______________ —
199.9
80.8
17.3
101.8
204.2
84.9
17.3
102.0
191.3
71.1
17.5
102.7
211.4
86.9
17.8
106.7
212.6
86.8
17.8
108.0
216.0
87.4
18.3
110.3
215.8
87.3
18.6
109.9
194.4
70.1
18.9
105.4
214.5
86 0
19.3
109.2
209.9
86 0
19 4
104.5
205.5
84 4
19 3
2 0 2 .8
84 7
2 11.1
85 2
IQ g
106.1
214. 7
19 0
99 ! 1
Leather and leather products________
Leather: tanned, curried, and finishedIndustrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber)___________
Luggage......... .'_______________ _____
Handbags and small leather goods____
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
332.3
333.1
36.5
3.9
17.9
219.4
14.4
25.8
15.2
324.8
36.0
3.9
17.6
213.8
14.1
24.7
14.7
333.6
36.3
4.0
17.7
218.9
14.0
28.1
14.6
340.8
36.5
4.0
18.2
223.4
14.1
29.8
14.8
340.1
37.1
4.0
18.3
221.8
14.0
30.8
14.1
335.5
37.3
4.0
18.1
221. 2
13.4
28.9
12.6
337.8
37.8
4.0
18.3
219 5
13 8
29.8
14.6
335.2
37.7
3.9
18. 0
215 2
14 0
31 0
15.4
335.8
37.9
3.8
17. 5
213 6
14 1
3 4 4 .6
336. 5
37.5
3. 7
17 5
21Q 1
14 4
98 8
15.5
340 8
38 4
4. 0
18 0
221 5
14 2
29 7
15.0
342 0
40* 1
38
16.3
223. 6
14. 4
15.9
336.5
37.5
3.9
17 2
215 7
14 2
32 0
16.0
Stone, clay, and glass products.................
F latglass.. _______________ ______
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic...................... ...........
Structural clay products____________
Pottery and related products____ ____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products____________________ ______
Cut-stone and stone products_____ _
Miscellaneous nonmetaliic mineral
products.......................................... .
443.5
459.6
27.2
82.6
13.9
34. 7
73.4
44.6
456.2
27.4
81.7
13.8
35.7
70.8
45.3
455.2
28.3
80.5
14.0
35.3
70.5
46.7
451.4
28.9
79.6
14.1
35. 5
68.9
47.2
449.0
30.0
78.4
14.2
35. 4
68.1
47.8
453.3
30.9
79.1
14.5
35 7
70 4
47.3
464.5
31 3
81.0
15.1
36 4
72 9
48.4
470.4
31 4
82.6
15.1
36 6
74 7
48.6
475.6
31 1
83.1
15.0
36 8
77' 2
48.8
469.4
30 7
76.6
14.6
37 1
78* 4
47! 1
474.6
469.6
14.2
466.4
90 g
76.8
13.4
460 6
30il
79 6
14 9
48.1
46.0
48.1
99.5
16.4
97.3
16.7
94.8
16.8
92.5
16.5
90. 7
16.4
91 0
16. 4
93 8
16.7
96 1
16.9
97 8
16.9
99 2
h !0
16.8
ÏÏ! 2
12 .8
11 .6
11.2
11 .2
33 0
33 1
180 6
47 6
13 6
26 7
31 0
173 8
46 9
13 9
3 7 .4
3 7 .2
3 4 .3
55 1
54 7
55 3
52 1
215 3
58.5
538.9
74.6
910 5
58! 6
551.6
75.0
215 6
546.0
74.1
5 7 .8
56.6
30 ?
47! 6
7.0
29 1
94 8
63 5
30 4
30 1
46 6
68
62 8
28 7
60 3
170.4
134.2
173. 8
132.2
173. 8
5 4 5 .1
7 4 .6
10 1.8
38.3
3.8
17 7
999 3
14 9
31 7
15.9
80 ! 4
27 7
4 7 .3
7 .1
27 3
28 3
A
2 15 0
41 6
80 4
14.8
107.9
14.4
3 5 .8
67.3
67.5
68.3
68.2
68.0
68.0
68.9
68.4
68.9
6 8 .7
68.1
Primary metal industries_____________ 1,080.3 1,091. 6 1,092. 6 1,101.0 1,112.0 1,123. 7 1,132.7 1,135. 4 1,134.1 1,133. 5 1,128.0 1, 091.0
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills____ _____________
546.0 546.4 518.9 553. 7 558 7 559 0 562 5 564 3 565 Q 569 5
Iron and steel foundries_____________
197.9 198.4 199.9 203.3 208.3 210 4 211.1 209! 8 209.8 2 0 3 ! 5 206.7
Primary smelting and refining of non53.9
ferrous m etals................ ........... ........ .
53.5
54.7
54.6
54. 5 56.5
56.5
56.0
55.8
56.6
51.5
Secondary smelting and refining of
10.5
nonferrous metals________________
10.7
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.8
10.9
10.7
11.0
10.7
10.5
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non87.4
87.2
87.5
ferrous m e ta ls _________________
85. 5 87. 2 91 1 90 6 90 6 90 0 91 3
Nonferrous foundries_______________
63.0
63.3
65.6
68.0
68.3
69 7 69.3
69.1
6&6
65!7
63.2
Miscellaneous primary metal industries............. ............. ................. ..........
133.3 132.7 133.6 136.1 135.9 135.2 134.5 133.6 132.4 130.7 123.9
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)_____________ 870.2 885.4 882.9 889.4 898.0 902.4 903.7 907.8 910.5 910.3 885.1 863.7
___ 51.0 49.3 50.2 48.3 47.5 46.8 46.2 46.3 51.2 54.4 54.2
Tin cans and other tinware_____
111.2 113.4 114.9 118. 5 121. 2 123 2 124.1 122.9 119.6 115.1 111.6
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware____
Heating apparatus (except electric)
85.0
and plumbers’ supplies__________ ___
85.3
85.1
84.5
84.5
83.5
86.4
89.6
93.5
94.0
92.4
249.1 243.4 239.5 239. 6 237. 6 235. 5 235 8 235 8 236 8
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
187.5 189.1 193.9 199. 6 202 6 205 2 206 0 206 5
Lighting fixtures____ ______ _____
40.1
41.4
40.6
42. 0 42. 7 42 7 43 2 42 Q 42 8
48.7
Fabricated wire products____
49.2
50.7
54 1 53 8
51.3
52. 5 53 6
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
112.8 112.6 113.7 114.2 113.8 113.2 112.0! 1 1 2 ! 7 1 1 1 ! 2 lio! 2 16 7 ! 7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1529.1
VI
1^4 0
97 0
39 g
178 3
46 5
13 6
3e!7
67.3
73. 7
47 6
91.7
17.4
6 8 .9
69.8
747. 2 1, 096 0 1,084.8
532.9
544.6
55.1
54.2
51.1
10.4
10. 7
203.9
98
91.2
61.8
65.8
112.4
129.8
121.5
823.2
53.9
108.8
888.4
50. 5
120.3
893 6
51 0
126.5
90.9
94.1
^ n ’-
lOl! 7
111.6
98 9
209.0
¿U o.
0
41. /
50. 9
112.1
A —EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
1127
T a b l e A-3. Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1957
Industry
1956
Annual
average
_____
J u ly 2 J u n e 2 May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
1955
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical).................... 1,207.9 1,239. 3 1, 255. 4 1,277.3 1, 291.1 1,294. 4 1,287.4 1, 277.2 1, 262.3 1, 254.6 1,254.4 1,249.9 1, 247.3 1,267.9 1,178.6
Engines and turbines...........................................
59.3
60.5
59.5
62.3
61.3
61.9
62.8
61.2
61.7
60.1
59.2
53.4
54.6
57.9
Agricultural machinery and tractors.... ............. 103.3 106.5 111.8 114.3 112.4 107.8 103.2
98.6
92.9 100.8
99.8 104.1 108.0 114.4
Construction and mining machinery................ 108.7 110.8 112.5 112.6 114.4 112.6 112.4 110.7 112.1 112.2 112.3 110.6 111.1
96.2
Metalworking machinery_____________ ____ 220.8 222.6 224.3 225.7 224.4 223.5 222.5 220.5 218.5 217.9 215.2 213.9 217.2 200.9
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________________ 128.0 128.0 128.4 129.7 130.2 132.0 132.5 132.8 132.4 133.4 133.0 133.8 133.5 127.0
General industrial m achinery............................ 174.3 174.5 175.8 178.3 178.6 178.7 178.5 178.3 177.5 176.4 175.6 175.1 174.3 159.6
Office and store machines and devices...............
97.8
98.5
99.8 100.2 101.2 100.5
98.5
97.9
96.7
91.8
94.5
94.0
85.4
94.2
Service-industry and household ma
chines__ ____ __________________________ 133.7 140.6 146.4 149.6 152.0 150.8 148.2 145 6 148.0 149.5 150.7 153.4 157.4 143.7
Miscellaneous machinery p a r t s ........................ 213.4 214.4 217.8 219.4 218.9 219.6 218.6 216.2 215.3 212.3 209.6 207.8 214.3 198.0
Electrical machinery..................................
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, and industrial apparatus...
Electrical appliances...............................
Insulated wire and cable.___ _______
Electrical equipment for vehicles........
Electric lamps..........................................
Communication equipment_________
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
Transportation equipment___________
Automobiles______ ______________
Aircraft and parts________________
Aircraft_______________________
Aircraft engines and parts............... .
Aircraft propellers and parts......... .
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent...
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Shipbuilding and repairing.............
Boatbuilding and repairing______
Railroad eq u ip m en t.......................... .
Other transportation equipment____
841.0
855.1
847.3
853.0
869.4
876.7
884.4
900.1
912.9
908.4
886.3
872.8
849.1
871.3
822.0
286.5
35.7
19.9
57.7
24.6
394.2
36.5
290.1
36.6
19.8
55.8
24.8
384.6
35.6
294.2
38.7
19.9
59.5
24.7
380.3
35.7
299.2
39.9
20.6
63.2
24.7
386.5
35.3
301.8
41.1
20.9
63.9
24.8
389.0
35.2
304.9
41.1
21.5
64.3
24.9
392.3
35.4
307.4
41.6
21.7
63.6
24.8
404.5
36.5
307.5
42.0
21.5
62.4
25.1
417.5
36.9
309.8
42.7
21.5
59.5
25.1
413.1
36.7
306.1
43.2
20.9
55.6
24.9
398.3
37.3
302.5
42.6
20.4
53.1
24.7
392.3
37.2
299.0
39.3
20.0
51.6
25.2
379.7
34.3
297.3
41.8
20.8
59.0
23.9
392.0
36.5
270.1
37.3
18.2
65.6
23.2
371.5
36.1
1,371.8 1,412. 4 1,434. 8 1,446.0 1,474.3 1,482.2 1,480.8 1,477.8 1,438.4 1,354.1 1, 236. 2 1,265.8 1,279. 5 1,358.3 1,407.7
634.2 651.9 663.0 689.2 699.8 709.7 714.6 693.7 627.6 524.8 562.0 581.2 651.8 746.4
589.2 598.3 601.6 603.1 602.6 595.2 589.2 579.2 564.0 554.0 543.1 530.8 540.8 506.6
358.2 366.8 366.5 367.2 367.3 362.6 358.0 351.9 343.0 337.7 333.0 324.1 329.8 319.3
112.7 113.2 116.8 117.9 117.6 116.0 115.1 112.8 109.7 106.5 102.6 101.8 104.4
95.3
14.2
14.1
13.9
13.6
13.9
13.3
13.2
12.4
11.3
11.1
9.4
12.8
12.0
11.3
104.1 104.4 104.2 104.1 104.1 103.3 102.9 101.7
98.9
96.2
97.8
93.8
82.6
95.3
127.8 125.8 123.2 124.9 122.3 119.8 118.2 113.1 108.4 106.6 107.1 114.3 110.5 105.7
111.7 109.1 106.3 107.8 105.4 103.5 102.6
94.4
92.9
94.0
98.8
94.1
86.6
98.5
16.1
16.9
16.7
17.1
16.9
16.3
15.6
14.6
13.7
15.5
14.0
13.1
16.4
19.1
52.9
50.5
50.8
49.6
50.1
49.5
41.4
48.7
43.6
44.9
44.5
44.9
47.0
41.7
8.3
7.7
8.0
7.4
7.5
6.6
9.2
9.4
7.1
8.8
9.1
8.3
8.2
7.3
Instruments and related products............ 219.8
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments................. .....................................
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments.......................................................
Optical instruments and lenses_____________
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
m ents_________________________________
Ophthalmic goods________________________
Photographic a p p a ra tu s....................................
Watches and clocks________________ _____ _
223.2
226.1
229.5
230.6
230.2
231.4
233.3
234.6
234.4
232.6
230.7
226.1
230.3
223.8
42.2
42.3
44.3
42.3
42.6
42.2
41.9
41.9
41.5
40.4
39.5
38.9
39.1
34.0
57.8
10.2
58.5
10.2
58.5
10.4
60.6
10.5
59.5
10.6
61.0
10.5
61.6
10.5
61.9
10.5
61.6
10.5
60.1
10.6
59.3
10.4
58.0
10.4
59.9
10.6
58.6
10.6
29.1
18.8
43.4
21.7
29.1
18.8
42.9
24.3
29.4
18.9
42.9
25.1
29.3
19.2
43.2
25.5
29.2
19.3
43.5
25.5
28.9
19.3
43.7
25.8
28.8
19.5
44.1
26.9
28.8
19.6
44.3
27.6
28.5
19.9
44.2
28.2
28.6
20.0
44.5
28.4
28.6
20.1
45.2
27.6
28.2
20.1
44.2
26.3
28.5
20.3
43.9
28.0
27.6
20.0
43.3
29.8
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 373.4
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware________
Musical instruments and parts_____________
Toys and sporting goods............ ............. ........
Pens, pencils, other office supplies__________
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions....................
Fabricated plastics p ro d u cts...........................
Other manufacturing industries................... .
386.1
36.9
14.0
74.2
24.0
48.1
68.9
120.0
382.7
36.7
14.3
73.4
23.2
46.6
68.8
119.7
382.3
37.1
14.4
70.1
23.2
47.5
68.9
121.1
382.0
38.2
14.9
66.2
23.1
48.5
71.2
119.9
380.7
39.6
15.1
64.7
23.0
48.5
71.4
118.4
379.0
40.0
15.2
62.1
23.1
48.9
71.4
118.3
401.0
41.1
16.0
70.8
24.0
50.1
72.8
126.2
418.8
41.3
16.1
82.7
24.7
51.6
73.5
128.9
427.2
42.0
15.9
88.7
25.0
53.3
72.9
129.4
418.8
41.1
15.7
87.9
24.8
53.1
70.3
125.9
407.9
39.7
15.5
84.7
24.3
52.7
67.4
123.6
383.5
36.9
14.7
79.3
23.3
49.3
65.1
114.9
403.5
40.6
15.5
78.3
23.8
51.7
69.5
124.1
395.9
42.0
15.1
73.0
22.8
53.9
66.4
122.7
1 For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Production and related workers include working foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees) engaged in fabricating,
processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage, handling, packing,
warehousing, shipping, maintenance, repair, janitorial, watchman services,
product development, auxiliary production for plant’s own use (e. g., power
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
plant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associated with the
aforementioned production operations.
2 Preliminary; subject to revision without notation.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2.
4 See footnote 4, table A-2.
S ource : U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1128
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T able A-4. Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing1
[1947-49=100]
Period
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
Average____________
Average.. ___ ____ _
Average. . . . . ____
Average____________
Average ......................
Average.. .................
Average....... ............ .
Average____ _____
Average. __________
Average. . .................
A verage..................... .
Employ
ment
Weekly
payrolls
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8
93.8
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1
97.2
Period
Employ
ment
Weekly
payrolls
Average...
Average...
Average...
Average...
Average...
Average__
Average...
99.6
106.4
106.3
111.8
101.8
105.6
106.7
111.7
129.8
136.6
151.4
137.7
152.9
161.4
1956: July_____
August___
September.
101.4
107.2
107.9
150.5
161.5
166.7
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1 For coverage of the series and comparability of data with those published
in issues prior to July 1957, see footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
*Preliminary.
Period
E m pbyment
1956: October.........................
November__________
December. ________
1957: January _________ _
February___________
M a rc h .____
. ...
April_______________
M ay___ ___________
June 2______ _______
July 2______________
10Î.9
10S.3
107.9
ioe.3
îoe.o
105.8
104 8
104.2
104.8
103. 2
Weekly
payrolls
169.0
168.2
171.4
165.5
165.0
164.3
161.5
161.0
163.9
N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able A-5. Government civilian employment and Federal military personnel1
[In thousands]
1957
Item
June
May
Apr.
1956
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
T o ta l civilian em ploy
ment 2................................ 7,341
7,361
7,351
7,335
7,334
7,302
7,589
7,334
7,290
Federal employment______ 2,211
2,202
2,205
2,203
2,200
2,196
2,483
2,201
2,202
Executive________ . . . 2,184.4 2,175. 8 2,178. 6 2,176. 5 2,173.3 2,170.1 2,456.2 2,174. 7 2,175.9
Department of Defense_____ _____ 1,023.0 1,021.1 1, 025. 2 1,028. 7 1,031. 7 1,033.5 1,034. 8 1,037. 5 1,041.0
Post Office Department _ ________ 518.7
522.3
521.8
521.9
520.4
519.1
805.3
518.9
514.0
Other agencies......... 642.7
632.4
631.6
625.9
621.3
617.6
616.1
618.3
620.9
Legislative... ________
21.9
22.3
21.9
22.0
21.9
21.8
22.0
22.0
22.1
Judicial...................... .
4.6
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.5
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.4
District of Columbia 2___
Executive___________
Department of Defen se__________
Post Office Department . ____
Other agencies____
Legislative___________
Judicial_____________
236.2
215.2
232.1
211.3
232.8
212.0
232.9
212.0
232.5
211.6
232.2
211.4
88.2
87.0
87.3
87.4
87.5
8.9
118.1
20.3
.7
8.9
115.4
20.1
.7
9.0
115.7
20.1
.7
8.9
115.7
20.2
.7
8.9
115.2
20.2
.7
State and local employment 4___.................
State. ____ _________
Local_______________
Education__________
O th er.............................
5,130
1,355. 5
3,774.0
2,230. 2
2, 899.3
5,159
1,344. 7
3, 814. 2
2,342. 6
2, 816.3
5,146
1,340.7
3, 804.9
2,350. 8
2, 794.8
5,132
1, 333. 4
3, 798. 6
2, 351.0
2, 781.0
Total military personnel
2,824
2,820
2,821
2,821
Army _ ......... ...........
Air Force___________
N avy............................
Marine Corps__ _
Coast Guard_______
997.9 1,000. 2 1,001.1 1,001. 2
919.1
916.4
914.8
914.2
676.5
675.9
678.0
678.3
200.9
197.4
197.7
198.1
29.9
29.7
29. 5
29.3
7,203
Aug.
6,981
July
6,966
June
7,165
1956
7,178
1955
6,914
2,196
2,208
2,208
2,209
2,193
2,169.1 2,181.1 2,182.0 2,166. 6 2,183.1
2,187
2,161. 7
1,038. 8 1,046. 5 1,046.2 1,040. 2 1,034.1
1,027.9
511.4
618.9
22.1
4.4
509.8
624.8
22.1
4.3
510.1
625.6
21.9
4.3
506.1
620.3
22.1
4.3
535.3
613.7
21.9
4.3
530.0
603.8
21.6
4.1
239.4
218.5
231.4
210.4
231.2
210.1
230.3
209.2
233.0
211.9
233.7
212.8
232.7
211.7
231.2
210.3
230.1
209.6
88.0
88.0
88.1
88.3
88.2
89.7
90.1
89.8
88.6
89.3
8.9
114.5
20.1
.7
16.8
113.7
20.2
.7
8.8
113.5
20.3
.7
8.7
113.1
20.4
.7
8.6
112.4
20.4
.7
8.6
113.6
20.4
.7
8.6
114.1
20.2
.7
8.5
113.3
20.3
.7
9.3
112.4
20.2
.7
9.3
111.0
19.8
.7
5,134
1, 328. 5
3, 805. 9
2, 345. 5
2, 788. 9
5,106
1,323. 9
3, 782. 3
2,313. 9
2, 792.3
5,106
1,321. 5
3, 784. 7
2, 314. 3
2, 791. 9
5,133
1, 322. 7
3, 810. 2
2, 316. 4
2,816. 5
5,088
1,319. 2
3, 769. 0
2, 283.0
2,805. 2
5,007
1,279. 4
3, 728.0
2,159. 8
2,847. 6
4, 773
1,252.1
3,521. 0
1, 878. 5
2,894. 6
4, 758
1,256. 2
3, 504. 9
1,877. 2
2,880. 3
4,972
1, 291.1
3, 680. 8
2,125.3
2,846. 6
4, 969
1, 281. 5
3, 687. 3
2,178. 6
2, 790.2
4,727
1, 215. 4
3,511.2
2,060.8
2,665.8
2,817
2,816
2,809
2,827
2,829
2,824
2,827
2,839
2,835
2,848
3,024
997.3
915.3
676.4
198.9
29.1
993.4
918.4
676.0
199.6
29.0
* For comparability of data with those published in issues prior to July
1957, see footnote 1, table A-2.
Data for Federal establishments relate to persons who worked on, or
received pay for, the last day of the month. Those for State and local govern
ment relate to employees who worked during, or received pay for, any part
of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Because of rounding, the sums of individual items may not equal totals.
* Data refer to the continental United States only.
! Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard M et
ropolitan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sept.
Annual average
992.3 1,002.4 1,004.1 1,005. 6 1,013. 5 1,027. 3 1,025. 8 1,030.1
914.6
918.3
916.0
911.5
909.0
909.0
910.0
916.1
673.1
675.0
677.7
676.9
675.1
673.6
669.9
672.7
200.8
202.1
202.8
201.5
200.9
200.5
200.4
200.8
28.6
28.8
28.8
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.4
28.8
1,165.8
' 955. 3
668.8
205.9
28.6
4 Excludes, as nominal employees, elected officials of small local units and
paid volunteer firemen.
5 D ata refer to the continental United States and elsewhere.
Source: Federal civilian employment, U. S. Civil Service Commission;
State and local government employment, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau
of Labor Statistics; military personnel, U. S. Department of Defense, Office
of the Secretary.
1129
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-6. Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
[In thousands]
1957
State
June
May
Apr.
Annual average
1956
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1956
1955
737.4
734.4
705.4
720.7
690.8
739.5
740.8
733.0
744.8
698.6
A la b a m a ..._____________
734.7
738.5
739.0
720.7
736.0
221.2
255.9
255.8
257.2
241.3
243.1
256.8
255. 7 253.4
257.8
252.1
248.4
239.1
242.0
Arizona_________________
246.7
327.9
317.5
Arkansas____ ___________
332.5
331.1
328.0
326.1
321.6
322.5
333.8
334.1
334.8
328.0
329.7
335.0
326.8
4,087.
5
California_____ ________ 4, 513. 7 4,461.6 4,434.9 4,403.3 4,392.3 4,387. C 4,548.2 4,469. C 4,486.2 4,475.8 4,446.5 4,354.6 4, 348. 7 4,348. C
460.4
463.9
433.2
469.0
458.1
454.1
452.3
455.6
466.5
470.9
456.7
Colorado________________
454.9
469.0
472.2
473.2
909.9
929.7
922.1
917.9
904.9
901.9
930.3
910.4
904.7
909.6
903.8
Connecticut_____________
914.7
912.2
903.7
148.8
152.5
151.7
146.5
146.1
147.0
153.5
152.6
152.6
156.3
152.5
157.7
Delaware__________ _____
147.8
157.1
505.4
505.6
503.2
501.8
500.8
516.5
504.2
504.2
501.1
District of Columbia....... .
505.5
505.7
503.2
500.9
502.0
Florida_________________ 1,098.1 1,109.4 1,132. 7 1,140.4 1,141.0 1,133.6 1,128.6 1,079.2 1,039.0 1,015.2 1,006.1 1,003.0 1,015.3 1,044.0
969.9
968.1
971.4
968.1
967.8
970.9
995.9
971.1
974.8
985.3
982.9
980.3
976.7
963.5
Georgia______________ . . .
137.4
146.9
143.5
146.0
139.3
145.6
149.4
151.2
Idaho___________________
142.7
140.7
137.7
146.6
149.3
153.1
869.3
141.1
494.6
951.0
936.7
137.5
Illinois____ ______ _____ 3,514.5 3,495.1 3,500.2 3,481.9 3,470.3 3,466.3 3,579.9 3,538.8 3,538. 5 3,528.4 3,501.5 3,464.4 3, 522.3 3,498.8 3,392.7
Indiana_________________ 1,412.2 1,406.9 1,404.3 1,399.9 1,393.2 1,393. 5 1,435.3 1,422.9 1,427.0 1,424. 2 1,407.7 1,344.3 1,423.8 1,413.2 1,393.2
660.4
644.1
644.2
659.6
653.5
641.3
Iowa_____________ _____
655.5
654.9
648.3
664.5
657.6
665.2
667.3
661.2
656.5
550.4
560.4
545.8
543.9
557.6
Kansas___ ______________
556.3
550.3
557.3
554.6
549.9
555.0
547.5
553.4
554.3
554.0
756.2
771.6
767.3
767.3
756.1
781.0
775.5
768.3
787.8
776.1
769.7
765.6
765.5
761.8
711.1
Louisiana_________ _____
287.0
271.6
273.3
284.4
287.2
292.7
281.7 3274.4
Maine____________ _____
273.8
266.2
268.0
283.7
289.3
291.8
295.1
872.3
863.0
824.6
882.6
863.2
862.1
897.1
888.2
883.7
875.0
841.3
873.5
866. 7 871.3
885.1
M aryland_______________
Massachusetts___________ 1,857.5 1,845.1 1,841. 9 1,822. 7 1,817.0 1,817.6 1,892.8 1, 859. 0 1,860.6 1,855.4 1, 864.8 1,841.4 1,864.6 1,844. 5 1,800.3
Michigan 3______________ 2,367.4 2,393.4 2,409. 9 2,423.0 2,432.0 2,441. 4 2,514.5 2,482. 9 2,452.3 2,366.6 2,359. 5 2,352.5 2,403. 0 2,438.0 2,477.8
861.9
906.2
895.0
883.8
865.2
Minnesota___ ______ ____
893.9
874.0
857.5
914.0
859.5
900.0
900.5
917.7
879.7
361.4
362.8
362.6
360.5
365.3
355.5
Mississippi______________
359.1
363.7
360.8
361.5
374.3
370.8
372.1
372.0
365.5
Missouri__ _ _. ________ 1,289. 4 1,283.9 1,285.2 1,287.5 1,280. 0 1,279.3 1,322. 7 1,301.7 1,299.4 1,294. 5 1,291.1 1,290. 5 1,300.2 1,293.1 1,277.6
172.4
168.6
158.6
159.0
167.9
175.0
166.7
159.8
M ontana________________
163.0
157.8
165.2
173.6
176.9
177.5
175.7
358.4
361.6
356.9
355.5
358.6
353.5
352.1
349.0
346.1
343.0
359.0
361.2
359.7
356.9
358.7
Nebraska______ ________
84.2
82.5
88.9
90.9
88.9
84.0
90.3
87.7
83.0
82.1
85.3
86.3
91.0
85.5
Nevada_________________
85.0
180.2
188.4
178.9
184.4
188.2
New Hampshire_________
183.0
180.1
179.6
182.6
184.7
185.7
186.1
186.0
182.5
179.5
1,930.4 1,913.5 1, 908.1 1,904.0 1,893. 7 1,895.3 1,957. 7 1,944. 6 1,940. 7 1,942.9 1,940.5 1,929.1 1,932.7 1,918.4 1,863. 7
New Jersey__ ______
181.6
202.0
196.8
196.7
200.4
197.4
195.4
195.0
New Mexico_____________
205.3
202.7
199.0
202.3
200.5
195.5
193.6
New York. _. _________ 6,045.0 6,023. 8 6,014.6 5,980.4 5,952. 3 5, 984. 5 6,228. 2 6,166. 6 6,163.6 6,130.9 6,101.4 6,013.0 6,079.6 6,062.6 5,942.0
N orth Carolina__________ 1, 080. 7 1,080. 6 1,083.7 1,080.8 1,082.2 1,090.4 1,117.4 1,112. 5 1,107.3 1,103.7 1, 091. 8 1,078.7 1,085. 5 1,091.5 1,049.1
111.4
115.3
122.4
121.4
113.5
N orth Dakota___________
121.9
119.3
111. 1 110.3
118.8
120.7
119.5
116.7
122.0
116.5
Ohio. . ______________ 3,155.1 3,147.8 3,130. 9 3,130.0 3,124.2 3,126.8 3, 233.3 3,194.6 3,203.2 3,195. 9 3,156. 5 3,056. 7 3,172. 6 3,153.6 3, 086.3
571.9
567.4
566.3
567.0
577.4
572.8
576.1
572.7
559.8
Oklahoma_______________
566.6
566.7
576.3
575.8
577.7
573.7
472.6
Oregon__________________
480.2
466.3
512.9
492.8
505.0
490.5
467.1
464.0
487.9
493.5
509.5
524.0
521.0
511.8
PennsylvaniaJ. . . . . .
3,826.5 3,806.4 3,802.6 3, 771.3 3, 763.6 3,765. 7 3,895.7 3,855.3 3,855.8 3,832.3 3, 796.2 3,595.5 3,823.1 3, 777.2 3,700.7
293.9
295.4
Rhode Island____________
285.2
285.3
282.6
286.1
294.4
291.2
283.0
283.3
296.3
295.7
296.7
295.2
294.7
524.7
South Carolina___________
531.8
531.4
536.4
527.2
534.2
534.1
528.3
531.8
534.5
532.1
542.8
535.9
535.5
533.1
124.4
127.9
123.2
121.1
121.9
127.2
South Dakota__ ____. . .
125.2
121.0
129.9
131.9
131.8
130.4
130.7
131.5
125.7
854.1
852.4
854.5
845.9
849.2
869.9
858.8
858.9
859.8 5847.2
Tennessee 3_____ _______
850.1
874.8
864.8
868.2
862.9
Texas___________________ 2,481.3 2,461.1 2,456.4 2,445.6 2,437.4 2,431.3 2,497.4 2,458.7 2,450.3 2,442.3 2,426.9 2,417.0 2,425.8 2,412.2 2,302.7
Utah 3__________________
241.1
238.8
235.3
Vermont „ _ . _________
105.0
103.2
102.3
Virginia_____ __________ 1,012. 5 1,007.0 1,002. 5
Washington____ _________
786.2
817.0
800.6
497.4
West Virginia____________
495.9
494.6
231.6
102.1
990.5
776.4
488.9
227.6
102.1
985.8
761.8
483.9
228.5
239.1
102.7
105.2
983.9 1,011.6
768.4
794.2
485.6
506.9
237.9
104.1
999.6
790.4
501.8
241.7
106.1
997.0
799.6
499.5
247.2
107.0
989.5
804.9
496.4
239.8
110.7
976.6
792.0
496.2
234.7
108.9
972.2
782.6
479.9
237.4
106.4
976.6
781.1
496.2
233.9
105.0
972.4
771.8
492.8
223.3
101.9
920.4
756.4
472.7
Wisconsin_______________ 1,144.4 1,135. 7 1,129. 7 1,122.9 1,121.0 1,119.6 1,158.6 1,147.7 1,155. 7 1,170.8 1,158.3 1,149.5 1,141. 3 1,136.4 1,103. 5
W yom ing..._____________
93.4
86.8
84.2
82.2
82.9
91.4
85.8
83.0
87.3
88.0
93.0
96.5
94.2
87.6
92.0
1 D ata for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make avail
able more detailed industry data. See table A-7 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 N ot strictly comparable with data shown for later years.
3 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1130
T able A-7. Employees in manufacturing industries by S ta te1
[In thousands]
State
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Annual average
1956
1957
Feb.
Jan.
243.1
244.9
242.9
243.8
245.6
245.0
38.3
38.0
37.7
39.3
38.7
40.2
86.3
85.6
85.9
87.9
88.5
88.5
1,246.8 1,238.4 1,236.0 1,229.6 1,222.7 1,219.1
72.2
72.2
73.6
72.4
72.5
73.0
436.5
437.4
436.5
430.8
434.6
430.6
59.4
59.2
59.1
60.4
59.4
61.1
16.4
16.4
16.2
16.5
16.5
16.6
164.4
165.1
161.2
164.1
159.4
162.7
331.4
332.0
334.8
329.9
327.7
326.1
24.2
25.2
23.9
27.6
25.4
24.7
1,259.6 1,256.1 1,272.1 1,282.1 1,284.9 1,286.8
609.9
612.0
609.1
601.9
604.8
600.5
168.8
167.7
168.0
166.0
164.6
166.9
128.4
127.8
127.8
129.3
128.8
130.0
166.9
168.2
165.4
172.5
166.5
164.5
147.7
146.5
146.6
147.5
147.2
149.6
107.0
103.3
107.0
110.6
99.6
102.0
275.4
275.0
274.4
274.4
274.6
273.5
707.8
704.6
705.3
694.4
693.3
700.6
1,006.2 1,034.1 1,057.3 1,087.5 1,102.7 1,110.2
217.9
217.3
216.2
218.9
221.8
107.4
106.4
104.3
106.5
106.5
106.9
395.5
393.2
390.2
392.5
394.5
391.0
19.4
19.4
20.2
20.6
20.4
19.7
55.3
55.7
56.1
57.1
56.3
55.7
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.7
5.6
5.6
84.1
83.8
82.4
82.2
83.0
83.5
815.9
818.0
814.2
801.9
797.2
798.7
19.6
19.6
20.9
19.5
20.3
20.0
1,862.8 1,860. 3 1,887.8 1,912.4 1,911.2 1,913.4
467.3
464.3
460.2
458.8
471.7
463.0
6.2
6.1
6.2
6.5
6.3
6.3
1,325.6 1,331.1 1,335. 7 1,359.5 1,369.8 1,374. 8
89.7
90.3
86.4
85.8
89.1
87.1
150.2
126.6
125.1
124.8
140.6
134.3
1,513. 9 1,509. 3 1,512.0 1,516.5 1, 522.3 1,522. 5
119.9
121.2
118.6
118.3
125.0
117.6
229.4
229.9
224.9
226.4
228.5
228.1
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.2
11.7
11.2
294.9
291.9
294.8
293.5
292.9
294.2
487.8
483.8
480.1
486.0
484.3
484.5
34.8
34.2
33.8
33.3
33.9
34.3
36.6
36.8
37.8
38. 1
38.8
37.5
258.4
257.6
259.7
258.3
258.7
256.7
214.4
237.1
226.7
215.5
208.3
208.0
129.9
126.4
125.7
128.9
128.7
128,7
457.9
452.0
450.3
454.0
457.7
458.5
6.2
5.9
5.9
5.9
6.0
6.1
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make
available more detailed industry data.
Alabama________________
Arizona_________________
Arkansas____ ___________
California_______________
Colorado________________
Connecticut_____________
Delaware_______________
District of Columbia............
Florida___ _____ ________
Georgia_________________
Idaho __________________
Illinois__________________
Indiana_________________
Iowa___________________
Kansas_____________ ____
Kentucky_______________
Louisiana_______________
M aine.. ______ ________
M aryland______ _______
Massachusetts....... ...............
Michigan
...
... .
Minnesota . . . ______ ____
Mississippi___ . . . _______
M issouri-___ ___________
Montana________________
Nebraska_______________
Nevada_________________
New Hampshire_________
New Jersey____ _________
New Mexico............ .............
New York______________
North Carolina_____ _____
North Dakota___________
Ohio___________________
Oklahoma______ _______ _
Oregon............................ .
Pennsylvania 2___________
Rhode Island______ ______
South Carolina........ .............
South Dakota_________ ..
Tennessee_______________
Texas_________________
Utah 2__________
Vermont_____________
Virginia........ .........................
Washington............
West Virginia______ .
Wisconsin________
W yoming___
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1956
248.4
225.2
229.6
240.8
248.2
241.4
246.2
246.8
36.4
36.1
37.4
37.1
36.5
34.2
35.7
37.9
90.6
90.7
91.3
91.1
89.5
89.2
88.6
87.0
1,233.8 1,239.0 1,269.8 1, 267.8 1,271.8 1,203.4 1,188.8 1,202. 6
71.9
65.6
71.3
77.3
75.5
73.7
76.5
75.7
429.4
434.4
434.4
435.7
434.0
428.8
435.1
438.3
59.9
57.6
61.1
57.9
61.1
59.7
59.6
59.3
16.4
16.2
16.2
16.3
16.2
16.4
16.1
16.5
140.9
148.2
144.3
149.8
157.6
141.0
145.7
163.0
337.0
330.1
337.2
337.7
336.7
336.0
333.1
335.3
30.9
30.6
29.9
29.7
28.1
27.2
26.8
28.9
1,294.9 1,297.3 1,299. 3 1,300.1 1,288.7 1,251.3 1,292. 9 1,291.2
606.8
547.0
613.4
615.3
609.8
608.7
611.4
616.5
167.8
170.2
171.9
171.5
168.1
169.0
168.3
169.5
124.0
123.9
123.9
128.4
124.0
123.6
123.9
126.8
163.4
169.1
169.5
169.5
168.7
170.3
170.0
175.7
152.1
150.7
150.5
150. 7
150.5
149.6
152.6
155.1
115.4
112.3
112.6
116.3
112.8
110.1
108.3
110.3
279.2
280.9
276.4
249.7
273.1
269.9
279. 1 279.0
711.8
687.8
711.6
712.4
713.5
707.7
710.6
715.1
1,116.0 1,105. 4 1,065. 5 989.5 1,003. 5 1,007.0 1,040.2 1,081.0
231.6
218.8
218.4
222.3
227.7
221.7
220.0
220.5
108.6
107.0
106.3
107.4
109.0
108.6
106.7
108.5
386.4
388.8
386.0
389.0
389.4
388.8
393.8
391.0
22.8
22.6
22.3
21.9
21.2
21.8
22.5
21.1
57.8
58.1
57.8
57.9
59.1
57.7
57.8
58.1
6.0
5.9
5.8
5.8
5.9
6.1
5.7
5.7
82.6
81.2
82.9
83.1
82.6
82.7
83.0
83.5
817.8
821.4
823.1
824.9
822.3
808.7
816.0
823.7
19.4
20.1
20.0
19.9
20.0
19.9
19.9
19.8
1,956.9 1,972.7 1,982.0 1,963.1 1,941.4 1,847.7 1,910. 4 1,929. 2
479.4
463.6
466.8
479.6
477.5
471.3
476.8
481.8
6.8
6.9
6.8
6.6
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.3
1,380. 7 1,368. 2 1,378. 8 1,364.8 1,350.2 1,257. 5 1,357. 5 1,360. 9
91.8
90.0
90.7
90.8
91.0
90.7
91.0
92.0
161.6
152.4
162.2
162.5
147.1
166.5
132.6
141.1
1, 532.9 1,534. 2 1,540. 9 1, 532.0 1, 516.2 1,350.6 1,520.5 1,503.3
127.4
123.0
127.8
129.1
125.7
127.2
128.3
126.3
231.4
231.3
232.6
231.8
226.5
230.2
231.1
229.8
12.0
12.1
11.7
12.0
11.7
12.0
12.0
11.7
301.9
298.6
298.5
299.6
297.6
299.7
301.6
302.5
467.6
471.9
475.8
477.0
476.3
479.3
479.8
478.5
35.2
36.8
33.7
35.5
35.8
38.5
40.5
36.5
39.2
37.6
38.8
38.6
38.9
39.2
39.0
38.5
256.4
258.3
264.1
261.0
255.0
266.7
262.3
264.6
218.9
211.8
210.6
207.5
218.3
222.7
211.6
213.0
130.8
121.9
131.7
130.1
132.4
128.7
130.6
131.3
474.4
463.8
457.5
466.2
480.5
466.1
462.6
460.5
6.8
6.4
6.4
6.8
6.6
6.9
7. 1
6.6
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
1955
235.4
31.3
85.7
1,121.0
67.1
419.2
58.3
16.2
138.5
331.7
25.2
1,257. 9
620.2
167.4
126.2
165.7
149.5
107.4
259.7
691.8
1,162.8
209.8
104.7
383.4
20.4
58.7
5.7
82.2
800.5
18.1
1,913.0
460.4
6.4
1,346.8
87.9
143.3
1,480.9
130.3
229.8
11.6
292.4
446.4
33.4
36.5
250.7
202.4
128.6
450.5
6.5
Cooperating State Agencies
Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 4.
Arizona—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Security
Commission, Phoenix.
Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Little
Rock.
California—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 1.
Colorado—U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Denver 2.
Connecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor,
Hartford 15.
Delaware—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Wilmington 99.
District of Columbia—U. S. Employment Service for D. C., Washington 25.
Florida—Industrial Commission, Tallahassee.
Georgia—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta 3.
Idaho—Employment Security Agency, Boise.
Illinois—Division of Unemployment Compensation and State Employment
Service, Department of Labor, Chicago 6.
Indiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 25.
Iowa—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
Kansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Topeka.
Kentucky—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic
Security, Frankfort.
Louisiana—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Baton
Rouge 4.
Maine—Employment Security Commission, Augusta.
Maryland—Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1.
Massachusetts—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and Industries,
Boston 8.
Michigan—Employment Security Commission, Detroit 2.
Minnesota—Department of Employment Security, St. Paul 1.
Mississippi—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
Missouri—Division of Employment Security, Jefferson City.
Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nebraska—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Lincoln 1.
Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
New Hampshire—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Concord.
New Jersey—Bureau of Statistics and Records, Department of Labor and
Industry, Trenton 25.
New Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
New York—Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Employment,
State Department of Labor, 500 Eighth Avenue, New York 18.
North Carolina—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor, Raleigh.
N orth Dakota—Unemployment Compensation Division, Workmen’s
Compensation Bureau, Bismarck.
Ohio—Division of Research and Statistics, Bureau of Unemployment Com
pensation, Columbus 16.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Oregon—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
Pennsylvania—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Labor and
Industry, Harrisburg.
Rhode Island—Division of Statistics and Census, Department of Labor,
Providence 3.
South Carolina—Employment Security Commission, Columbia 1.
South Dakota—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas—Employment Commission, Austin 19.
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission, Salt
Lake City 10.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 14.
Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
West Virginia—Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
Wisconsin—Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
1131
A.—EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -8. Insured unemployment under State programs and the program of unemployment compen
sation for Federal employees,1 by geographic division and State
[In thousands]
June
May
Apr.
Annual average
1956
1957
Geographic division and State
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Continental United States..................- 1, 251. 2 1,349.7 1,475. 4 1, 592. 5 1, 730.3 1, 737. 4 1,285.0 1,013.4
98.3 113.7 122.9 125.4 136.1 145.9 109.3
80.7
New England-_____ _______________
7.6
10.2
7.3
11.0
10.6
11.7
10.0
13.3
Maine_____ _________________
5.3
5.9
5.9
5.3
6.6
7.0
5.6
6.9
New Hampshire_______________
2.1
3.2
2.2
1.6
2.7
3.1
2.6
2.3
Vermont____ _____ ___________
50.2
59.4
42.9
57.2
59.8
64.7
72.1
79.9
Massachusetts________________
8.9
14.3
17.2
12.8
18.9
19.8
19.8
18.9
Rhode Island________________ 18.8
19.5
21.2
24.5
25.9
19.0
14.7
22.0
Connecticut___________________
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1956
1955
878.4
66.0
4.8
5.1
1.3
34.0
8.2
12.7
988.3 1,058.6 1,209. 5 1,177.6
73.7
69.1
83.0
64.8
6.2
5.1
5.9
5.1
5.9
5.4
5.6
6.0
1.2
1.6
1.2
1.6
37.0
34.0
31.5
30.1
12.9
10.8
9.5
8.0
15.2
17.8
20.1
13.0
1,225.2
86.7
8.2
6.4
1.8
41.7
12.0
16.5
1,269.4
100.9
10.6
6.4
2.9
47.3
12.5
21.1
Middle Atlantic___________________
New York__________ ____ _____
New Jersey____________________
Pennsylvania-...................................
390.3
183.8
71.2
135.3
411.6
190.5
77.2
143.9
429.4
191.7
81.1
156.5
441.6
195.2
83.1
163.3
481.6
217.8
91.3
172.6
511.9
231.5
101.5
178.9
377.9
176.3
68.2
133.4
292.7
125.6
57.1
110.0
259.5
102.0
50.8
106.7
284.0
114.4
53.3
116.3
308.8
117.2
55.9
135.7
376.8
161.7
65.1
150.0
369.5
176.2
63.2
130.1
370.8
165.4
67.6
137.8
403.5
185.5
67.1
150.9
East North C e n tra l--..........................
Ohio_________________ ________
Indiana_______________________
Illinois__________ _____________
Michigan_________________ ____
Wisconsin........................................ .
252.3
54.0
28.7
70.5
81.2
17.8
254.8
55.3
31.8
67.0
81.4
19.3
272.3
62.4
33.7
68.1
84.8
23.3
283.8
65.8
33.7
74.9
82.7
26.7
304.2
70.7
41.6
79.6
82.8
29.5
308.5
69.1
43.8
85.3
80.4
30.0
228.3
51.4
29.3
56.0
67.8
23.9
193.0
38.4
24.4
51.4
58.9
19.8
195.4
30.7
23.0
45.8
83.8
12.2
274.0
35.2
29.5
53.9
142.7
12.6
277.7
43.4
32.7
58.5
128.0
15.1
288.9
48.8
36.0
65.6
121.1
17.4
281.0
48.9
33.6
64.4
115.9
18.2
257.5
47.5
31.3
59.6
100.0
19.0
221.1
48.9
23.7
78.3
51.8
18.4
West N orth Central________________
Minnesota__ ________ _______
Iowa__________________ ______
Missouri. __________________North Dakota_________________
South D a k o ta .............................. Nebraska_____________________
Kansas___________ _____ _____
58.8
13.5
6.3
28.3
.5
.5
3.1
6.6
69.6
18.7
7.2
'29.9
1.0
.8
4.3
7.6
96.0
32.1
9.6
32.0
3.4
2.1
6.9
10.0
110.8
37.2
12.7
31.7
5.6
3.7
8.9
11.1
126.6
38.1
15.5
37.8
6.0
4.5
10.8
13.8
120.0
34.8
14.2
38.7
5.4
4.0
9.9
12.9
83.6
23.1
9.5
29.4
3.4
2.4
6.9
8.8
60.0
14.2
6.2
26.0
1.5
1.1
4.3
6.5
46.6
9.1
4.7
23.5
.4
.5
2.7
5.7
47.6
9.1
4.6
26.0
.2
.4
2.6
4.6
49.2
11.9
6.7
22.7
.3
.5
3.0
5.1
51.8
11.5
6.0
25.0
.4
.5
3.0
5.3
53.3
11.1
6.3
26.3
.4
.5
3.2
5.5
71.9
19.8
7.8
27.9
2.2
1.6
5.1
7.6
75.9
22.3
6.7
29.3
2.7
1. 5
4.2
9.2
South Atlantic—___________________
Delaware_______ — .....................
M aryland_____________________
District of Columbia-............ ........
Virginia________________ ______
West Virginia..... ........ - _________
North Carolina______ __________
South Carolina........ —___________
Georgia______ _______________
Florida_______________________
148.8
2.4
15.5
4.4
15.9
12.1
40.7
14.8
26.8
16.3
148.3
2.5
16.9
4.4
12.3
12.2
44.5
14.6
26.8
14.0
146.5
3.0
15.3
5.1
11.1
12.7
44.9
14.9
26.5
13.0
154.3
3.7
14.0
6.1
14.2
13.9
45.8
15.3
27.2
14.1
163.2
4.2
17.3
7.2
15.5
15.7
45.9
15.3
27.6
14.5
162.6
3.7
17.9
6.3
13.9
15.0
43.9
16.8
30.1
15.1
116.4
2.6
12.2
4.6
9.4
10.3
30.1
12.7
21.6
13.0
100.8
1.9
8.7
4.0
7.1
8.3
25.2
12.4
19.1
14.1
96.6
2.2
8.1
3.7
6.0
7.8
20.5
12.1
18.1
18.1
109.7
1.7
9.3
3.5
7.7
9.1
23.2
13.8
19.5
21.9
120.8
1.9
11.0
3.9
10.4
11.7
24.8
12.4
21.5
23.2
143.2
1.8
13.2
3.9
14.8
13.3
34.3
14.1
26.9
21.0
130.9
1.7
12.2
3.6
16.0
10.1
35.6
13.0
24.5
14.1
123.3
2.1
12.2
4.4
11.3
11.0
31.3
13.0
21.9
16.0
133.8
2.2
16.5
4.9
12.9
17.2
30.8
11.5
21.1
16.6
East South Central_______________
Kentucky____________________
Tennessee_____________________
Alabama______________________
Mississippi____________________
101.8
31.9
37.3
18.9
13.7
109.2
34.5
38.6
20.5
15.5
119.8
37.4
43.5
22.1
16.9
125.7
38.5
45.0
23.8
18.4
133.3
40.4
49.7
24.1
19.1
127.0
35.6
50.4
22.6
18.4
97.7
29.6
36.4
17.5
14.1
85.8
27.3
32.1
15.6
10.8
75.5
26.0
28.3
12.8
8.4
76.9
26.1
28.2
14.2
8.4
92.7
29.1
32.8
20.5
10.3
108.8
30.2
38.4
28.4
11.7
110.5
30.6
36.7
32.5
10.8
98.5
30.1
36.1
20.8
11.5
95.9
31.0
35.6
17.9
11.3
West South Central_______________
Arkansas______________________
Louisiana_________________ ____
Oklahoma__ _ _______ —
Texas____________________
62.5
11.4
12.3
11.4
27.4
72.6
14.3
14.2
13.1
31.0
81.5
18.2
15.9
14.0
33.5
85.7
19.3
16.7
14.9
34.7
94.2
23.0
17.8
17.4
36.0
86.5
21.6
16.5
15.8
32.7
65.3
15.0
11.2
12.3
26.8
51.7
10.6
8.8
9.8
22.5
42.5
7.6
7.5
8.1
19.4
42.9
7.1
8.6
7.8
19.4
48.1
8.8
9.9
8.4
21.0
50.5
9.3
11.5
8.7
21.0
50.5
9.0
11.9
8.5
21.2
57.9
11.6
12.4
10.5
23.5
63.6
11.8
16.4
11.3
24.1
M ountain________________________
M ontana___________ _________
Idaho____ ______________ _____
Wyoming________________ _____
Colorado______________________
New Mexico_____________ ______
Arizona____________________ —
U tah___ ____ _________________
Nevada _____________________
20.4
2.9
1.9
.9
3.7
2.7
4.0
2.8
1.5
26.8
4.5
3.3
1.3
4.5
3.2
4.6
3.6
1.8
37.8
7.8
5.4
1.9
5.7
4.0
5.6
4.9
2.5
49.6
10.5
8.4
3.0
6.6
4.8
6.4
6.7
3.4
56.9
11.3
10.2
3.6
7.5
5.5
6.8
8.1
3.9
49.4
8.9
9.0
3.1
6.6
4.3
6.0
7.8
3.8
33.0
5.2
6.5
1.7
4.7
2.7
4.2
4.8
3.2
21.5
2.3
3.6
.9
3.4
2.1
3.5
3.1
2.7
13.5
.9
1.6
.4
2.2
1.5
3.1
1.8
2.1
12.5
.7
1.2
.3
2.0
1.5
3.1
1.8
1.9
14.3
.8
1.4
.4
2.6
1.8
3.4
2.3
1.6
16.3
1.0
1.6
.8
3.0
1.9
3.3
3.1
1.6
14.8
1.4
1.4
.7
2.0
2.1
3.2
2.4
1.6
26.5
3.7
3.9
1.4
3.6
2.7
4.5
3.9
2.8
28.3
3.9
4.7
1.6
3.5
3.3
4.5
4.6
2.1
Pacific________________ ___________
Washington_____ - _ _________
Oregon_______________________
California........................... ...............
118.0
13.3
9.1
95.7
143.1
18.3
13.1
111.7
169.1
26.6
20.7
121.8
215.5
38.8
30.0
146.6
234.2
51.4
35.6
147.2
225.4
52.2
37.5
135.8
173.5
41.8
28.8
102.9
127.3
30.6
19.3
77.5
82.8
19.5
10.1
53.2
75.9
15.0
6.4
54.6
78.0
14.4
5.8
57.9
90.2
14.2
6.3
69.7
93.3
11.9
6.3
75.1
132.2
28.1
16.2
87.8
146.5
30.9
17.1
98.4
1 Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month, Figures
may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Source: U. S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
1132
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T able A-9. Unemployment insurance and employment service programs, selected operations1
[All items except average benefit amounts are in thousands]
1957
Item
June
Employment service:
New applications for work_____
Nonfarm placements........ ...........
832
528
May
740
534
Apr.
709
480
1955
1956
Mar.
691
425
Feb.
747
387
Jan.
898
433
Dec.
612
410
Nov.
674
474
Oct.
683
599
Sept.
608
591
Aug.
660
577
July
690
519
June
799
558
June
794
548
State unemployment insurance pro
grams 3
Initial claims
............ ............
881
1,001
1,099
897
1,002
1, 565
1,229
973
834
761
837
1,119
898
863
Insured unemployment 4 (average weekly volume)_________
1,251
1,350
1, 475
1,592
1,730
1,737
1,285
1,013
878
988
1,059
1,144
1,209
1,178
Rate of insured unemployment*_
3.1
3.3
3.6
4.0
4.3
4.4
3.3
2.6
2.3
2.6
'2.7
3.1
'3.1
'3.1
Weeks of unemployment compensated___________ . .
4,686
5,517
5,766
6,302
6,118
6,680
3,950
3,503
3,461
3,556
4,650
4,286
4,292
4,503
Average weekly benefit amount
for total unemployment______ $27. 44 $27.47 $27. 72 $27. 72 $27.85 $27. 73 $27. 42 $27.26 $27.57 $27. 77 $27.05 $26.91 $26. 79 $24.36
Total benefits p aid ...................... $123, 540 $145,657 $154,329 $168,841 $164, 860 $177, 598 $104, 245 $91, 700 $91,476 $94,919 $112, 207 $111, 708 $116,052 $108,861
Unemployment compensation for
veterans:8
Initial claims A.............................
24
16
18
21
23
31
21
23
18
18
27
27
40
29
Insured unem ploym ent4 (average weekly volume)_________
33
31
39
47
49
45
35
28
24
33
42
41
37
56
Weeks of unemployment compensated____________ _____
138
156
191
218
207
206
145
118
122
169
211
187
248
167
Total benefits paid 7_________
$3, 710 $4,222 $5,155 $5,886 $5, 594 $5, 572 $3,883 $3,168 $3,258 $4,499 $5,630 $4,970 $4, 452 $6,606
Railroad unemployment insurance:
Applications 8____ ____ ______
33
16
10
9
11
19
17
21
12
11
23
97
18
9
Insured unemployment (average
weekly volume).........................
36
42
53
60
67
68
59
49
37
41
57
66
19
27
Number of paym ents9________
86
109
125
151
138
165
119
98
89
94
173
85
70
50
Average amount of benefit paym e n t9________ ______
$60. 86 $57.68 $58.14 $59. 68 $60. 01 $58. 65 $58.08 $.58. 04 $59.19 $58.92 $58. 23 $48.89 $52. 66 $52.06
Total benefits paid 10__________ $5,109 $6,211 $7,227 $8,973 $8,252 $9, 772 $6,868 $5, 637 $5,197 $5, 561 $10, 201 $4,145 $2, 571 $3,468
All programs:11
Insured unem ploym ent4____
1,319
1,424
1, 565
1,700
1,846
1, 850
1,379
1,090
939
1,060
1,158
1,234
1,316
1,226
1 Average weekly insured unemployment excludes territories; other items
7
Federal portion only of benefits paid jointly with other programs. Weekly
include them.
benefit amount for total unemployment is set by law at $26.
3
Data include activities under the program of Unemployment Compensa
3
An application for benefits is filed by a railroad worker at the beginning of
tion for Federal Employees (UCFE), which became effective on January 1,
his first period of unemployment in a benefit year; no application is required
1055.
for subsequent periods in the same year.
3 An initial claim is a notice filed by a worker at the beginning of a period
3
Payments are for unemployment in 14-day registration periods; the aver
of unemployment which establishes the starting date for any insured unem
age amount is an average for all compensable periods. Not adjusted for
ployment which may result if he is unemployed for 1 week or longer.
recovery of overpayments or settlement of underpayments.
4 Number of workers reporting the completion of at least 1 week of unem
10Adjusted for recovery of overpayments and settlemen t of underpayments.
ployment.
11 Represents an unduplicated count of insured unemployment under the
* The rate of insured unemployment is the number of insured unemployed
State, U CFE, and veterans’ programs, and that covered by the Railroad
expressed as a percent of the average covered employment in a 12-month
Unemployment Insurance Act.
period.
Source- U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security
4
Based on claims filed under the Veterans’ Readjustment Assistance Act
for all items except railroad unemployment insurance, which are prepared
of 1952. Excludes claims filed by veterans to supplement State, U CFE, or
by the U. S. Railroad Retirement Board.
railroad unemployment insurance benefits.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1133
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
B.—Labor Turnover
T a ble B -l. Labor turnover rates in manufacturing 1
[Per 100 employees]
Year
Jan.
Mar.
Feb.
Apr.
May
July
June
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Annual
average
Dec.
Total accessions
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
4.6
3.2
3.6
5. 2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.3
3.9
2. 9
3.2
4. 5
3. 9
4.2
2.5
3.2
3.1
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
3.4
3.3
5.7
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.3
4.2
4.0
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
3.1
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
3.3
4.1
3.6
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
3.4
4.3
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
3.7
4.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
3.2
3.4
5.0
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
4. 5
3.8
5.1
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.4
4.1
4.5
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
4.1
4.2
3.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
3.3
3.0
2.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2. 5
2. 5
2.2
4.4
3. ö
4. 4
4.4
4. 4
3. 9
3.0
3. 7
3. 4
5.1
4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
4.0
3.9
5.4
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4.5
3.3
3.5
3.5
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
3.1
3.3
4.3
3.2
3.6
3. 5
3.4
4.0
3.0
3.0
2.8
4.6
4.3
3. ö
4. 4
4.1
4. 3
3. 5
3. 3
3. Ö
3.4
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
2.2
2.2
3.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.1
1.8
2.8
2.6
2.8
1. 5
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.1
1.2
1.8
1.7
2.2
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.7
.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
2.8
1.4
1.3
1.1
.9
1.1
1.0
0.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.4
0.3
0.4
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
1.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.3
1.2
1.0
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.1
1.4
1.2
2.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
1.2
1.5
2.2
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.4
1.4
1.3
2.4
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
Total separations *
4.4
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
3.4
3.2
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
43
4. 6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2.9
3.6
4.7
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3. 5
2. 5
3.6
4. 5
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.0
3.5
4. 7
4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
3.1
3.4
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
2.6
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.0
1.4
1.3
2.5
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
1.3
1.2
2.8
1.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
1.4
1.3
3.0
1.7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
1.5
1.5
1.3
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
1.6
1.4
2.9
1.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6
1.1
1.5
1.6
a 1.3
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.3
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.2
.3
0.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.3
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
1.2
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.2
2.8
1.2
2.8
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.1
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
1956.
1957.
0.1
.1
.1
.7
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
Quits
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1.1
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
1.1
1.6
1.6
Discharges
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
Layoffs
2.5
1.7
1.0
1.4
.9
2.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
.8
1.4
.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
1.1
2.2
1.1
1.8
2.4
1.4
2.3
1.3
1.6
1.4
0.1
.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.8
.8
1.3
.9
1.9
1.1
1.6
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.5
2.5
.9
1.0
1. 1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.3
1.0
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
1.2
1.5
2 1.1
Miscellaneous separations, including military
* Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) The labor turnover series measure changes during the calendar month,
while the employment series measure changes from midmonth to midmonth;
(2) Industry coverage is not identical, as the printing and publishing
industry and some seasonal industries are excluded from turnover;
(3) Turnover rates tend to be understated because small firms are not as
prominent in the turnover sample as in the employment sample; and
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
2.2
0.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
xvtjpuits iiuui pioubo u i l
ti L,u'i i! y
«via
v
.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
——
—
—-——"
turnover series, but the employment series reflect the influence of such
stoppages.
i Beginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
separation rates because of rounding.
N ote: F ora description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
riT'iici'. tt S 1
mpn t nf Labor. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1134
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T a b l e B -2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries1
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Industry
Total accessions
Total
June
1957
Manufacturing
All manufacturing. __
Durable goods3__
Nondurable goods 3___
__j ______
j
Food and kindred products
Meat products___ _____
Grain-mill products_______
Bakery products___
Beverages:
M alt liquors_______
Tobacco manufactures.
Cigarettes____________
Cigars______________
Tobacco and snuff. . .
Textile-mill products _______
Yam and thread m ills. .
Broad-woven fabric m ills. .
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber..
Woolen and worsted.
Knitting mills__ _
Full-fashioned hosiery
Seamless hosiery . . . .
Knit underwear__
Dyeing and finishing textiles.
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts _____________
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats.. .
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing______
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)________
Logging camps and contractors__ . . .
Sawmills and planing mills
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products.. .
Furniture and fixtures...
Household furniture__ _
Other furniture and fixtures__
Paper and allied products
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes
Chemicals and allied p roducts...
Industrial inorganic chemicals..
Industrial organic chemicals..
Synthetic fibers______
Drugs and medicines
Paints, pigments, and fillers. .
Products of petroleum and coal
Petroleum refining ..
Rubber products
Tires and inner tu b es..
Rubber footwear ___
Other rubber products___
Leather and leather products
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished
Footwear (except rubber)_____
Stone, clay, and glass products
Glass and glass products
Cement, hydraulic____
Structural clay products
Pottery and related products
Primary metal industries..
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills...................
Iron and steel foundries . .
Gray-iron foundries . . .
Malleable-iron foundries
Steel foundries. ..
Prim ary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc .
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous m eals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper_______ _
Nonferrous foundries
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel foreines
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
May
1957
June
1957
3.8
3.7
3.9
3.4
5.3
3.6
5.1
4.7
3.0
2.9
3.0
2.4
4.7
5.0
3.1
3.9
2.9
3.1
2,5
2.4
2.9
2.0
2.8
2.9
(4)
2.0
2.2
1.5
2.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
2.7
4.5
3.7
1.3
3.7
(9
2.6
(9
6.2
2.1
2.3
(<)
1.5
1.1
1.5
2.9
3.1
2.7
2.5
4.0
3.6
1.5
4.1
2.3
2.2
2.0
3.1
3.2
3.1
3.5
3.0
2.9
2.8
(9
2.9
«
Quits
May
1957
June
1957
3.0
1.9
3.8
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.7
3.6
4.0
2.9
3.0
3.8
4.3
May
1957
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.3
.8
1.0
2.0
1.4
1.4
1.5
1.2
1.3
.9
1.0
2.0
(<)
1.1
.5
3.2
3.2
3.9
2.2
Discharges
.7
1.4
.9
1.5
1.6
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.9
1.6
2.0
(*)
1.1
«
June
1957
May
1957
0.3
.3
.2
0.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
1.0
1.2
.8
1. 5
.4
1.8
2.1
3.2
1.4
0.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
0.1
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
«
.4
.2
(*)
.8
0.1
.3
.2
.3
.2
(<)
.2
.2
.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
2.2
1. 5
4.1
3.7
3.9
2.6
2.4
11.2
5.7
3.7
4.7
3.7
4.5
5.9
4.2
2.3
3.8
2.2
2.4
2.9
2.3
3.9
3.9
4.2
3.1
2.6
1.5
3.6
1.7
1.8
1.4
1.3
1.6
1.4
1.0
1. 5
1. 4
1. 5
1. 2
1.3
.8
1.8
2.2
1.9
2.1
1.3
1.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1
.4
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
5.3
3.2
4.2
3.3
3.3
3.2
3.3
2.7
2.6
2.8
2.1
1.9
2.2
3.6
3.9
2.8
2.4
1.7
2.6
1.4
1.2
1.2
1.9
1.2
1.7
1.0
.7
2.2
1.6
2.1
2.7
3.1
1.8
3.3
2.7
2.8
2.7
2.8
3.7
1.8
2.5
2.2
2.0
19
2.5
1.4
2.1
1.8
3.0
2.0
1.4
2.5
3.3
1.9
2.0
3.4
|9
2.4
2.3
2.4
2.4
1.7
4.3
3.0
2.9
3.8
1.7
2.2
3.0
3.6
3.7
3.3
4.5
3.4
3.3
2.9
1.3
4.1
2.8
3.7
2.8
A. 0
3.9
2.2
4.2
2.6
2.5
3.3
1.5
1.7
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.7
1.2
2.1
1.4
3.1
2.2
3.5
3.7
3.5
2.5
2.8
.8
2.6
1.4
3.1
3.5
3.9
2.8
4.1
2.9
3.0
1.6
2.4
3.9
1.8
.8
.8
.5
.4
1.0
1.0
.5
.4
1.0
.6
1.6
1.2
1.9
.6
2.1
.9
.7
.9
1.6
1.3
.6
.8
.5
.9
.6
1.1
1.3
1.3
.9
.9
1.5
li
1.6
1.3
2.5
.9
.2
.1
2.0
.9
.9
.5
1.1
.9
.4
.3
1.1
.6
1.8
1.4
2.2
1.3
2.4
1.1
.9
.7
1.4
1.5
.9
May
1957
0.2
.3
.2
2.1
1.1
9.7
4.8
June
1957
1.5
1.6
1.4
4.4
5.2
3.4
May
1957
1.1
1.3
.8
3.0
1.5
6.7
June
1957
0.2
0.3
.3
.3
. 2 ______._2_
1.3
.9
1. 8
1.6
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.9
2.0
1. 7
1. 6
1.0
1.1
Miscellaneous, in
cluding military
Layoffs
(4)
.2
.1
.3
.2
1.2
.9
1.3
1.2
1.7
.8
1.0
.5
«
1.4
«
.7
2.9
.5
.1
.9
.5
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.8
1.8
1.3
1.7
.8
1.0
2.3
2.7
(*)
.1
.2
.3
(*)
.1
.1
(s)
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
(<)
.2
(s)
.4
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.4
.2
.2
.6
.3
1.9
3.3
(‘)
(6)
.1
.1
.3
.2
.7
1.2
(5)
.1
.5
.7
.4
.4
.3
.4
.8
.7
.1
1.5
2.6
1.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
1.7
1.9
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.6
1.3
.8
.4
1.0
.5
.5
.5
.5
.3
.2
.3
.3
1.1
.5
.9
1.6
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.8
.5
.5
1.4
1.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
(')
.1
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.6
.6
.3
.3
.1
.4
1.2
.1
.3
.1
({)
.7
.5
.1
1.0
.5
.6
.5
1.3
1.8
1.3
.7
2.0
.7
.4
1. 1
1.9
.4
(s)
.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.5
.3
.6
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.6
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.5
.8
1.1
1.6
1.3
.6
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.4
.2
.5
.3
.3
.9
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.2
1. 2
.9
3.2
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
.9
1.1
.1
.2
.2
.4
B.—LABOR TURNOVER
1135
T able B -2. Labor turnover rates in selected industries 1— Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separations
Industry
Manufacturing— Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)................................ ..............
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools..........................
Handtools......................... ..............
Hardware__ _________________
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies___________
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies_______ __________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified______________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving............................. ..........
Machinery (except electrical)____ _____
Engines and tu r b in e s ........................
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining m achinery..
Metalworking machinery................... .
Machine tools______ __________
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)_______________
Machine-tool accessories................
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)............... .
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household machines— _____ _________________
Miscellaneous machinery parts............
Electrical m achinery........................ .........
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus......................... .....................
Communication equipment________
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment__________
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment__________________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products______________
Transportation equipment_____________
Autom obiles___________ ______ _
Aircraft and parts..................................
Aircraft______ _____ __________
Aircraft engines and parts_______
Aircraft propellers and parts____
Other aircraft parts and equipm ent_______________________
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment________ ______
Locomotives and parts_________
Railroad and street cars________
Other transportation equipment_____
Instruments and related products..............
Photographic apparatus_____ ____ _
Watches and clocks........................... .
Professional and scientific instruments_____ ___ ________________
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries...
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.
Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining_______ _________ ______
Iron mining______
Copper mining__
_______ ______
Lead and zinc mining....... ....................
Anthracite mining........................................
Bituminous-coal mining..............................
Communication:
Telephone..............................................
Telegraph 8______ _______ ________
Total accessions
Total
Quits
Miscellaneous, in
cluding military
Layoffs
June
May
June
May
June
May
1957
June
May
1957
1957
1957
1957
1957
1957
1957
June
May
June
1957
May
1957
1957
1957
4.1
2.7
1.3
2.7
3.0
3.1
2.0
1.2
2.0
2.1
3.3
2.9
3.5
2.0
3.1
4.0
4.0
4.6
3.5
4.1
1.2
1.1
.9
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
0.3
.3
.2
.3
.3
0.4
.3
.3
.1
.4
1.5
1.2
2.1
.5
1.3
2.0
2.0
2.4
1.8
1.9
0.2
.9
2.6
2.8
2.8
3.7
1.1
1.3
.3
.4
1.1
1.8
.2
.3
1.7
1.9
2.1
3.0
.9
.9
.3
.2
.8
1.6
.2
.3
3.1
4.6
3.3
3.4
3.1
2.9
4.2
3.2
1.3
1.4
1.6
1.5
.3
.4
.5
.4
1.3
.9
1.9
1.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
4.2
2.8
2.3
(4)
3.1
2.2
1.8
3.3
1.9
1.3
1.8
1.8
1.4
1.0
4.8
2.9
4.2
(4)
4.0
2.0
1.9
5.1
3.3
3.1
5.3
3.1
2.3
2.5
1.1
1.0
1.0
(‘)
1.4
1.0
.9
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.3
1.0
.9
.3
.2
.2
3.1
1.4
2.7
(4)
2.1
.6
.5
3.1
1.7
1.7
3.3
1.3
.8
1.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.4
.3
.3
.6
.2
.2
.3
2.3
2.8
1.5
2.1
1.9
2.4
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.2
.9
1.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.6
.6
.5
.5
.1
.3
.2
.2
2.5
3.1
2.9
1.8
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.4
1.8
2.7
2.6
3.1
1.0
1.1
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.4
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.3
.7
.9
.5
1.0
.9
1.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.2
4.0
2.5
3.6
2.1
1.9
2.8
5.1
2.1
3.0
5.8
2.9
3.0
.9
1.0
1.4
1.0
1.1
1.5
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
3.9
.7
1.1
4.3
1.4
1.0
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
2.6
1.8
3.6
2.6
(‘)
2.8
2.8
1.1
(4)
1.3
1.7
.1
.2
.3
1.1
(4)
1.1
.6
.2
.2
.2
5.0
3.3
3.2
1.8
.3
.6
.9
«
5.4
(4)
1.3
4.1
4.1
3.5
3.5
3.8
1.6
(‘)
2.9
3.6
3.0
2.6
2.7
1.7
2.8
3.9
4.3
11.8
5.7
2.4
7.4
6.0
2.0
«
(*)
«
3.1
4.8
(4)
(4)
.9
(4)
1.2
3.9
3.7
4.3
2.5
2.5
2.2
3.5
4.2
4.6
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.4
1.1
1.3
.8
1.7
1.7
1.1
(4)
1.3
1.5
.9
1.8
2.0
1.2
1.4
3.5
1.9
2.2
3.2
2.7
4.8
10.3
2.4
1.7
2.8
3.2
2.4
1.3
4.6
(*)
«
(4)
(*)
(*)
.9
1.4
.5
1.1
2.3
1.1
.7
1.3
2.3
4.5
2.8
1.2
1.8
1.0
1.2
1.9
1.2
2.7
1.3
4.4
3.1
12.0
1.5
4.1
1.2
5.2
3.5
1.3
1.4
1.7
.4
3.5
2.0
.4
.4
3.0
.4
4.1
2.2
.7
.4
(4)
(4)
1.6
1.9
2.9
2.3
(<)
(4)
2.8
3.3
3.7
5.1
2.4
2.1
4.1
1.6
2.4
3.9
1.6
2.6
1.5
2.3
3.1
1.1
.9
2.8
.6
2.5
2.3
1.1
.8
1.7
1.5
(*)
(4)
m
«
1.0
1.4
w
(*)
w
(4)
(4)
(4)
.4
1.8
1.9
1 See footnote 1 and Note, table B -l.
* For definition, see footnote 3, table A-2.
*For definition, see footnote 4, table A-2, except that the labor turnover
series excludes the printing, publishing, and allied industries group, and the
following industries: canning and preserving; women’s, misses', and children’s
outerwear; and fertilizer.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Discharges
1.4
1.2
.2
(4)
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
2.2
1.6
2.4
.5
.4
.8
(4)
1.7
2.0
2.8
.8
.5
1.1
.5
.6
.6
.7
.4
.1
.6
.3
.3
.1
.3
.9
1.8
6.1
.7
.3
1.0
.4
.8
.4
2.9
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.9
.8
.1
.2
.3
.1
.2
«
«
«
(4)
(4)
.4
.2
(5)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
.2
.8
.1
.9
.3
.9
.7
.4
.2
1.5
.2
2.1
1.1
.3
.5
.6
.4
.5
.2
.7
.4
.8
.4
.2
m
.1
.8
11.4
.9
«
.1
.1
(4)
(4)
.1
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
(4)
(4)
.5
.2
.2
.5
.9
.2
.1
.3
.4
.4
.7
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.3
.4
(4)
(4)
(4)
.3
.3
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
0.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.4
.2
.9
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.2
.2
.1
(4)
(4)
.2
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.3
* Not available.
» Less than 0.05.
• Data relate to domestic employees except messengers and those compen
sated entirely on a commission basis.
Soukce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1136
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
C.—Earnings and Hours
T a ble
C - l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Mining
Metal
1955: Average_____ $92. 42
1956: Average_____ 96.8;
June________ 9 7 . i;
96.02
July ----------August______ 92.40
September___ 100. 30
October_____
97. 39
November___ 96. 0(
99.92
December___
1957: January_____ 98. 05
February____ 97. 29
M arch______
97.23
April____ ___ 97.10
M ay________ 97. 58
June________ 98.16
42.2 $2.19 $92.86
42.1
2. 30 96. 71
42.6
2. 2Í 98.2;
42.Î
2. 27 89. 05
40.0
2. 31 82. 38
2. 36 103. 41
42.5
41. f
2. 3;
97. 71
41.2
2.3 ; 98. 21
42.7
2.34 103.09
41.9
2. 34 100. 9(
41.4
2.35 99. 31
41.2
2. 36 99. 45
40.8
2. 38 96.26
41.0
2. 38 99. 5S
40.9
2. 40 100. 23
Mining—Continued
Petroleum and natural-gas production (except contract services)
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
June________
Ju ly ------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
$94.19
101. 68
99.60
106. 01
100. 28
107. 70
101.09
101. 50
104. 58
104.83
101.91
101.25
100. 75
104.23
109. 98
40.6
41.0
40.0
41.9
40.6
42.4
40.6
40.6
41.5
41.6
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.4
41.5
1955: Average_____
1956- Average
June________
July- ______
August
September___
October
November___
December___
1957: J a n u a r y
F e b ru ary
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
1955: Average_____ $96. 21 35.5
1956: A verage____ 102. 39
35.8
June________ 104. 80 36.9
July________ 103. 94 36.6
August______ 105.33
36.7
September___ 107. 22 37.1
October_____ 107. 67
37.0
November___ 103.08
35.3
December___ 104. 73 35.5
1957: January_____ 95.93
32.3
February____ 104.25
35.1
M arch______ 103. 49 35.2
April_______ 105.14
35.4
M ay________ 107. 04 35.8
June________ 109. 20 36.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.2
39.1
41.1
36.2
33.9
41.2
39.4
39.6
41.4
40.2
39.1
39. C
37.6
38.9
39.0
$2.31
2. 4!
2.39
2.46
2.4;
2. 51
2.4i
2. 4i
2. 49
2. 51
2. 54
2.55
2.56
2. 56
2. 57
44.5
44.6
45.9
45.6
45.2
45.8
45.6
44.5
43.6
42.0
43.1
43.4
43.3
44.3
44.9
$1.82
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.98
2.00
General contractors
$96.29
36.2 $2.66 $90. 22
101. 92
36.4
2.80 95.04
37.2
2. 78 96.42
103. 42
2.79 96. 52
103.23
37.0
104.53
37.2
2. 81 98.05
106.22
2.84 99.06
37.4
2. 86 99. 80
106.96
37.4
102.75
2. 87 96. 21
35.8
104. 91
2.89 96.48
36.3
99. 57 34.1
2.92 89. 76
2. 91 98.19
105. 63 36.3
104. 76 36.0
2.91 95.93
2.92 97. 46
105. 70 36.2
2.94 99.00
107. 02 36.4
109.15
37.0
2. 95 101.02
Building construetion—Con.
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Other special-trade
contractors
Copper
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
$2.32 $80. 99
2. 48 85. 63
2.49 88. 59
2. 53 88.01
2. 47 87. 69
2. 54 89. 77
2. 49 89.83
2.50 87. 22
2. 52 85.46
2. 52 82.32
2.51 84.05
2.50 84.63
2.50 84.87
2. 58 87.71
2. 65 89.80
construction
Coal
Iron
Total: Metal
35.8
36.0
36.8
36.7
37.0
37 1
37.1
35.5
35.6
33.0
36.1
35.4
35.7
36.0
36.6
44.1
43.6
44. (
42.9
43. (
44.0
43.;
41.6
43.2
42.6
42.4
42.1
42. S
42.2
41.9
$2.17 $83.82
2. 3( 89. 2'
2. 2Í 88.17
2.3' 90. 3(
2.31 91.37
2. 36 89. 4(
2.3' 89.25
2. 3;
88. 37
2.3c 91.14
2.34 89. 44
2. 32 88. 78
2. 35 90. 25
2.36 91.1C
2.35 90.03
2.37 88. 97
Total: Contract
construction
$95. 94
101.83
103. 41
103.25
104. 94
106.92
107.14
102. 48
103. 78
98. 55
104. 80
104.23
104.88
106. 39
108.49
Anthracite
36.4
36.7
37.5
37.2
37.4
37.7
37.6
36.0
36.8
34.9
36.5
36.5
36.5
36.8
37.2
Bituminous
41.7 $2. 01 $84. 50 33.4 $2. 53 $96.26
41.7
2.1' 87. 65
33.2
2. 6' 106.22
41.2
2.L 88.6;
33.7
2.63 107. 82
42. (
2.15 92.20
35.6
2. 5S 102.16
42.:
2.16 87.25
33.;
2. 62 102. 49
41.2
2.17 87.88
33. Í
2. 60 106.12
41. Í
2. i: 94. 87
35.'
2.68 110. 38
41.1
33.9
2.15 91.1C
2.69 106. 79
42.0
2.17 107. 45
36.3
2. 96 115. 33
41.6
2.15 105. 55
35. C 2.94 110. 63
41.1
2.16 95.36
32.0
2.98 112. 51
41.4
2.18 79. 7C 27.8
2.87 109.58
2.1C 92.06
41.6
31.1
2.96 111.74
41.3
2.18 88. 7C 30. ;
2.88 107.76
41.0
2.17 100. 55
34.2
2.94 1 112.18
Contract construction
37.6 $2. 56
37.8
2. 81
38.1
2.83
36.1
2.83
37. C 2. 77
37.9
2.80
37.8
2.92
36.2
2.95
38.7
2. 98
37.5
2. 95
38.4
2.93
37.4
2.93
37.0
3.02
35.8
3.01
36.9
3.04
Nonbuilding construction
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
36.9 $2.60 $95.11
40.3 $2. 36
2. 73 101. 59
40.8
37.3
2.4S
42.2
38.3
2.7C 104. 66
2. 48
38.1
2. 71 105. 58
42.4
2. 49
38.3
2. 74 106.42
42.4
2. 51
38.6
2. 77 108.28
2. 53
42.8
38.4
2. 79 108.12
42.4
2. 55
36.6
2.80 100. 84
39.7
2. 54
36.8
2.82 99.96
39.2
2. 55
34.7
2.84 94.86
37.2
2. 55
36.9
2.84 101. 38
39.6
2.56
36.7
2.84 100.47
39.4
2. 55
36.8
2. 58
2.85 100.88
39.1
37.2
2.86 103. 88
39.8
2.61
37.8
2. 87 106.90
40.8
2.62
Building construction
Special-trade
Total Special-trade
contractors
$2. 52 $100.83
2.64 107.16
2.62 108. 75
2.63 108. 25
2.65 109.96
2. 67 111.97
2.69 112.05
2. 71 108.00
2. 71 111. 14
2.72 106.45
2.72 111.33
2.71 110. 96
2.73 111.33
2.75 112. 61
2.76 114. 58
Plumbing and
heating
$2. 77 $106. 40
2.92 112. 31
2.90 113. 00
2. 91 113. 58
2.94 114. 35
2.97 115.03
2.98 115. 41
3.00 112. 57
3. 02 117. 56
3.05 115. 67
3.05 116.89
3.04 116.97
3.05 116.97
3.06 117. 73
3.08 119.04
38.0
38.2
38.7
38.5
38.5
38.6
38.6
37.4
38.8
37.8
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.1
38.4
$2.80
2. 94
2,92
2.95
2.97
2.98
2.99
3.01
3.03
3.06
3.06
3.07
3. 07
3.09
3.10
Highway and street
$91. 27
97.63
102. 49
102. 70
105.16
106.12
106. 52
95.41
90. 94
83. 90
93. 09
91.77
93. 37
96. 64
101.33
41.3
41. £
43.8
43.7
44.0
44.4
44.2
40.6
39.2
36.8
40.3
39.9
39.9
40.1
41.7
$2.21
2. 33
2.34
2.35
2. 39
2. 39
2. 41
2. 35
2. 32
2.28
2. 31
2. 30
2. 34
2.41
2. 43
Other nonbuilding
construction
$98. 50
104. 94
106. 75
107. 68
107. 83
110. 27
109.75
105. 30
106. 23
101.73
106. 50
106. 35
106. 54
109. 93
111.60
39.4
39.9
40.9
41.1
41.0
41.3
40.8
39.0
39.2
37.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
39.4
40.0
$2.50
2.63
2. 61
2.62
2.63
2.67
2. 69
2.70
2. 71
2. 72
2. 71
2. 72
2. 76
2. 79
2.79
contractors
Painting and
decorating
$94.38
100.10
101. 24
100. 04
103.10
103. 24
104.11
98.36
100.74
97.28
99. 57
102. 31
102. 31
104.14
105. 85
34.7
35.0
35.9
35.1
35.8
35.6
35.9
33.8
34.5
33.2
34.1
34.8
34.8
35.3
35.4
Electrical work
$2. 72 $116.52
2.86 125. 61
2. 82 124. 66
2.85 124.03
2.88 127.68
2.90 131.78
2.90 130. 87
2.91 124. 97
2. 92 129. 82
2.93 127. 65
2.92 130. 75
2.94 131.26
2. 94 130. 48
2. 95 131.66
2.99 133.33
39.1
39.5
39.7
39.5
39.9
40.3
39.9
38.1
39.7
38.8
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.8
$2.98
3.18
3.14
3.14
3.20
3.27
3.28
3.28
3.27
3.29
3.31
3.34
3. 32
3. 35
3. 35
Manufacturing
Total: Manufacturing
$2.71 $76.52
2.86 79.99
2.84 79.19
2.84 78.60
2. 87 79.79
2. 89 81.81
2. 91 82. 21
2. 92 82. 22
2. 95 84.05
2. 97 82.41
2. 97 82.41
2.94 82. 21
2. 97 81.59
2.99 81.78
3.00 82.80
$95. 70
100.28
100. 32
100. 31
100. 62
103. 84
101. 32
96. 9;
100. 66
99.68
98. 37
98.94
99. 8;
99.17
99.30
Lead and zinc
40.7
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.5
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
39.7
40.0
Durable goods 3
$1.88 $83. 21
1.98 86.31
1.97 85.27
1.96 84.25
1.98 85.68
2.01 88.38
2.02 89.01
2.03 88.99
2.05 91.34
2.05 89.16
2.05 88.75
2.05 88.94
2.05 88.29
2.06 87.85
2.07 88. 91
41.4
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.6
Nondurable goods 3
$2.01 $68. 06
2.10 71.10
2.09 70.95
2. 07 71. 71
2.10 71.68
2.14 72.44
2.15 72. 65
2.16 72. 86
2.18 73.84
2.18 72.73
2.17 73.10
2.18 73.12
2.18 72.74
2.18 73. 13
2.19 74. 09
39.8
39.5
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.2
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$1.71 $83.44
1.80 91.54
1.81 91.52
1.82 91.74
1.81 90.64
1.82 93.88
1.83 95.18
1.84 94. 50
1.86 96. 70
1.86 95. 76
1.86 96.18
1.87 95.68
1.87 95. 63
1.88 94.02
1.89 94. 60
40.7
41.8
41.6
41.7
41.2
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
4.16
41.4
40.7
40.6
Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products4
$2.05 $72.10
2.19 75. 03
2.20 75.21
2.20 75.03
2.20 74.16
2.23 76. 02
2.25 75.99
2. 25 78.06
2.27 77.71
2.28 77.18
2.29 77.39
2.30 76.81
2.31 77.20
2.31 78.38
2. 33 79.13
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.2
42.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.4
41.0
$1.75
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.80
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1. 93
1.94
1.93
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1137
C - l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—C on tinued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat products 44
1955: Average-....... - $83.16
1956: Average........ . 84.03
June________ 83. 20
J u ly ................ 82. 20
August—......... 80.59
September___ 85. 20
84. 23
October_____
November___ 91.80
December___
87.14
1957: January_____ 87.10
February........ 85. 57
83. 71
M arch______
84.99
April_______
M ay...... .......... 86.28
June________ 87.13
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.1
40.7
42.6
41.7
43.3
41.3
40.7
39.8
39.3
39.9
40.7
41.1
$1.98 $86. 92
2.02 92.00
2.00 90.07
2.00 89. 44
1.98 87. 74
2.00 93. 74
2.02 92. 84
2.12 101. 85
2.11 96. 87
2.14 97. 25
2.15 94. 71
2.13 92. 52
2.13 93.15
2.12 95.17
2.12 95.87
Canning and
preserving 4
1955: Average_____ $56. 50
1956: Average.......... 62.02
June................ 59. 91
Ju ly ------------- 61.23
August............ 65. 05
September___ 66. 73
64. 96
October_____
November___ 57. 56
61.02
December___
1957: January_____ 61.99
February____ 61.78
61.59
M arch______
62.83
April_______
M ay________ 62.75
June................ 61.88
38.7
39.5
38.9
39.5
41.7
42.5
40.6
36.9
37.9
37.8
37.9
37.1
37.4
37.8
38.2
40.9
40.6
40.9
41.0
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.4
40.9
1955: Average......... $58.11
1956: Average........... 61.85
June............. .
61.86
July------------- 62.17
A u g u st_____ 61.54
September___ 64.53
October. ___ 63.34
November___ 62.71
December___
63.02
1957: Ja n u ary ......... 62.09
February........ 63.84
March_____
64.32
April_______
63.60
M ay________ 63. 57
June________ 66.26
39.8
39.9
39.4
39.6
39.7
41.1
40.6
40.2
40.4
39.3
39.9
40.2
39.5
39.0
40.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32.2
30.7
32.2
31.3
30.9
28.9
30.1
26.8
31.9
29.7
27.4
30.9
31.4
31.1
32.4
41.1
40.7
41.1
41.0
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.9
39.7
39.8
39.3
38.8
39.5
41.0
40.4
40.1
40.3
39.0
39.6
40.0
39.2
38.7
40.2
41.8
41.5
42.9
42.4
41.7
41.9
40.7
42.2
41.4
40.1
39.8
39.3
40.5
41.0
41.8
39.9
41.5
39.8
41.2
43.4
44.9
43.1
39.0
39.4
38.8
39.3
38.4
38.2
39.2
38.8
Dairy products4
$1.94 $72.48
2.05 74. 47
2.06 76.04
2.06 75. 95
2. 04 74. 47
2.06 75.68
2.05 74.80
2.10 75.23
2.11 75. 54
2.12 75.66
2.13 75.06
2.13 76.02
2.15 75.84
2.17 77. 53
2.17 78.69
Canned fruits vegetables, and soups
$1. 57 $58.65
1.65 65. 99
1. 54 62.88
1.59 64. 27
1.61 68. 57
1.69 71.39
1.67 70. 25
1.67 61.23
1.72 65.01
1.70 65.18
1.69 65.63
1.72 65.66
1.71 66.47
1.73 66.64
1.56 64.80
39.7
40.0
39.9
40.9
40.1
41.4
40.0
39.0
39.3
38.7
38.9
38.8
39.0
39.6
41.1
$1.47 $77. 62
1. 59 80. 97
1.58 80.22
1.56 81.35
1.58 81.59
1.59 85.00
1.63 84.42
1.57 82.70
1.65 83.14
1.68 83.38
1. 67 82.60
1. 71 82.03
1. 74 82.22
1. 70 83.61
1.67 83.66
$1.41 $82.22
1.50 85. 41
1.53 87.10
1.52 88. 99
1.51 87. 51
1.53 84.99
1.52 84.96
1. 52 85.97
1. 52 86.18
1. 53 84. 67
1.56 85. 72
1.56 86. 29
1.57 87.16
1.58 88.62
1.60 91.80
40.5
40.1
40.7
41.2
40.7
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.9
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.8
40.1
40.8
44.1
43.3
43.6
43.5
43.4
44.5
44.2
43.3
43.3
43.2
42.8
42.5
42.6
43.1
43.8
43.8
43.0
41.3
42.1
40.8
41.8
43.0
49.5
47.5
39.4
40.6
40.8
39.4
40.2
43.3
42.0
41.2
41.6
42.0
42.3
41.1
40.6
40.4
41.6
40.5
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.5
43.1
45.4
43.9
45.3
44.5
44.0
44.4
43.0
42.5
42.7
43.4
42.6
42.9
42.7
43.3
43.2
44.9
43.9
43.6
43.0
43.9
45.9
45.4
44.6
44.8
45.5
44.1
43.3
43.1
43.4
43.3
$1.51
1. 57
1.59
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.56
1.58
1.61
1.58
1.58
1.60
1.59
1.62
1.68
42.7
41.8
42.2
44.5
42.6
43.5
43.9
41.7
40.9
41.1
39.7
40.9
40.2
41.6
45.1
Malt liquors
$97.84
103.08
106.34
110. 24
107.33
102.31
100. 49
102. 57
104.28
102.18
103. 49
103. 74
105.86
108.13
111. 48
40.1
39.8
40.9
41.6
40.5
39.5
38.5
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.0
39.5
39.9
40.1
42.9
42.1
43.1
43.0
42.0
42.7
42.2
41.8
41.3
40.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
42.8
42.6
$1. 75
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.93
1.96
Prepared feeds
$1.86 $74. 25
1.93 76.83
1.89 77.33
1.93 78.05
1.96 75.86
2.00 78.94
1.98 78.32
2.00 77. 94
1.98 78.99
2.00 79.17
1.98 77. 47
1.96 77.29
1.97 79.06
1.97 79.17
1.99 79.66
Cane-sugar refining
$1.76 $84.12
1.86 86.94
1.94 87.35
1.98 93.01
1.95 87. 76
1.98 92. 22
1.81 93.95
1.73 89.66
1.76 86.71
2.00 88.78
2.01 85. 75
2.04 88. 75
2.06 87. 64
2.08 91.10
2.14 102.38
Ice cream and ices
$1. 64 $75. 08
1. 73 77.46
1.74 78.87
1. 74 78.69
1. 74 76.86
1. 77 79. 42
1. 75 78.49
1. 77 78.17
1.78 78. 47
1.80 77.33
1.80 78.66
1.83 79. 07
1.83 79. 27
1.83 82.60
1.85 83.50
Flour and other
grain-mill products
$1.76 $83. 51
1.87 84.73
1.84 82.40
1.87 82.99
1.88 86.04
1.91 91.80
1.91 89.89
1.91 89.20
1.92 88.70
1.93 91.00
1.93 87.32
1.93 84.87
1.93 84.91
1.94 85. 50
1.91 86.17
Bottled soft drinks
$2.03 $63.42
2.13 64.68
2.14 66.14
2.16 66.36
2.15 66.83
2.13 65.35
2.14 63.34
2.16 63.83
2.16 66.98
2.16 63.99
2.17 64.31
2.19 64.96
2.19 65.19
2. 21 67.23
2.25 72.41
Condensed and
evaporated milk
$1. 67 $74. 46
1.74 75.95
1. 74 78.82
1. 75 77. 43
1.74 76. 56
1. 76 78.59
1.76 75.25
1. 77 75.23
1.79 76.01
1.81 78.12
1.80 76.68
1.81 78. 51
1.81 78.14
1.82 79.24
1.83 79.92
Sugar 4
$1.58 $77.09
1.65 79. 98
1.65 80.12
1.64 83.36
1.66 79. 56
1.66 82. 76
1.66 77.83
1.67 85. 64
1.70 83. 60
1.71 78.80
1.71 81.61
1.70 83. 23
1.71 81.16
1.71 83.62
1.72 92.66
Beverages 4
43.4
42.3
43.6
43.4
42.8
43.0
42.5
42.5
42.2
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
43.0
Grain-mill products4
Biscuits, crackers,
and pretzels
$1.75 $62. 73
1.84 66.00
1.85 65.84
1.85 67.08
1.86 66. 57
1.87 68.72
1.87 66. 40
1.89 65.13
1.86 66.81
1.87 66.18
1.88 66. 52
1.88 65.96
1.89 66. 69
1.91 67. 72
1.92 70.69
Confectionery
$1.46 $55.98
1.55 59. 70
1.57 60.13
1.57 58.98
1.55 59.65
1.57 62. 73
1. 56 61.41
1.56 60.95
1.56 61.26
1.58 59. 67
1.60 61.78
1.60 62.40
1.61 61.54
1. 63 61.15
1.64 64.32
Sausages and
casings
$2.05 $81.09
2.18 85. 08
2.16 88. 37
2.15 87. 34
2.14 85.07
2.17 86.31
2.20 83.44
2.32 88.62
2.29 87.35
2.31 85.01
2.31 84. 77
2.29 83. 71
2.30 87.08
2.31 88.97
2.31 90.71
Bread and other
bakery products
$1. 72 $71.93
1.80 74.89
1.81 76.04
1.81 75.85
1.82 75. 52
1.83 76.30
1.83 76.11
1.85 77.30
1.83 75. 52
1.84 74. 99
1.85 75. 76
1.84 75.39
1.85 76. 55
1.87 77. 55
1.88 78.53
Confectionery and
related products 4
42.4
42.2
41.7
41.6
41.0
43.2
42.2
43.9
42.3
42.1
41.0
40. 4
40.5
41.2
41.5
Seafood, canned and
cured
$1.46 $50. 55
1.57 50.66
1.54 49.59
1. 55 49. 77
1.56 49. 75
1. 57 48. 84
1.60 50. 27
1.56 44.76
1.61 54. 87
1.64 50. 49
1.63 46.31
1.66 53.15
1.68 53. 69
1.66 53.80
1.62 50. 54
Bakery products 4
1955: Average....... . $70.35
1956: Average_____ 73.08
June________ 74.03
July------------- 74. 21
August______ 73. 71
September___ 74.85
October. . . .. 74.30
November___ 74.93
December___
73.75
1957: January____
73.23
February____ 74.00
M arch______
73.23
A pril......... .
74.37
M ay...... ......... 75.55
June________ 76.89
Meatpacking, wholesale
45.0
43.9
44.7
44.6
43.6
44.6
44.0
43.3
43.4
43.5
42.8
42.7
43.2
43.5
44.5
$1.65
1.75
1.73
1.75
1.74
1. 77
1.78
1.80
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.82
1.79
Beet sugar
$1.97 $73.35
2.08 78.12
2.07 76.33
2. 09 75.66
2.06 72. 57
2.12 77.60
2.14 71.88
2.15 85.31
2.12 85.80
2.16 71.23
2.16 83.07
2.17 79.98
2.18 78.39
2.19 74.40
2.27 81.40
42.4
43.4
40.6
38.6
37.6
40.0
43.3
49.6
48.2
37.1
42.6
39.4
39.0
37.2
40.1
$1.73
1.80
1.88
1.96
1.93
1.94
1.66
1.72
1.78
1.92
1.95
2.03
2.01
2.00
2.03
Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
$2. 44 $78.76
2. 59 81.90
2.60 79.66
2. 65 81.48
2. 65 79.46
2. 59 80.05
2. 61 86. 62
2.63 88.94
2.64 82.35
2.62 80.59
2.64 84. 42
2.66 83. 76
2.68 85.09
2.71 83. 54
2. 78 84.20
38.8
39.0
38.3
38.8
38.2
38.3
40.1
40.8
38.3
36.8
38.2
37.9
38.5
37.8
38.1
$2.03
2.10
2.08
2.10
2.08
2.09
2.16
2.18
2.15
2.19
2.21
2.21
2. 21
2.21
2.21
1138
T a ble
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
C - l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings
Year and month
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
w kly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Miscellaneous food
products *
$67. 97
72.92
72. 45
72.04
73.80
75.17
74. 98
75.95
75.40
75.62
77.00
75.03
74.85
74. 30
76.18
41.7
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.0
41.3
41.2
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.6
41.4
Corn sirup, sugar,
oil, and starch
$1. 63 $83.16
1. 77 86.53
1. 75 85.49
1. 77 80.70
1. 80 90.09
1.82 89.62
1. 82 92.42
1.83 90.50
1.83 90.03
1.84 89.44
1. 86 87. 53
1.83 87.10
1.83 86.88
1.83 88.80
1.84 90.25
Tobacco and snuff
42.0
41.4
41.7
38.8
41.9
41.3
42.2
41.9
41.3
41.6
40.9
40.7
40.6
41.3
41.4
Manufactured ice
$1.98 $66. 28
2.09 69. 71
2.05 71. 84
2. 08 71.71
2.15 69. 64
2.17 69. 76
2.19 69.28
2.16 71.07
2.18 72. 61
2.15 71. 97
2.14 73. 55
2.14 72.58
2.14 73.02
2.15 72.90
2.18 71.28
45.4
44.4
44.9
45.1
43.8
43.6
43.3
43.6
45.1
44.7
45.4
44.8
44.8
45.0
44.0
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
$1.46 $51.60
1.57 56.41
1.60 59.58
1.59 58.74
1. 59 55.52
1.60 56.30
1.60 54.91
1.63 56.41
1.61 58.90
1.61 57. 81
1.62 57. 37
1.62 57.99
1.63 57.04
1.62 61.78
1.62 61.85
$54.17
57.13
56.52
55.3£
57.44
58. 28
58. 28
58. 88
60. 2S
58.30
57. 56
57.92
57.83
59.98
60.47
37.1
37.1
36.7
36.2
37. i
37.6
37.6
37.5
38.4
36.9
36.2
36.2
35.7
36.8
37.1
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
$1.46 $42.08
1. 54 47. 04
1.54 53. IS
1. 53 51.05
1. 54 45.98
1. 55 49. 7C
1. 55 45. 65
1.57 44.01
1. 57 48.86
1. 58 47.62
1.59 49.15
1.6C 49. 45
1. 62 53.65
1.62 56.36
1.63 54.38
39.7
39.2
39.1
38.1
39.2
43.6
40.4
37.2
39.4
38.1
38.7
36. £
37. C
38.6
37.5
Total: Textilemill products
$51. 74
53.33
52.13
53. 45
54.25
53.70
53. 76
54.24
56.00
56. 26
55.30
55.13
54.60
54.88
54.46
39.8
39.5
38.9
39.3
39.6
39.2
38.4
38.2
40.0
39.9
39.5
39.1
39.0
39.2
38.9
$1.30 $54.27
1.35 56.28
1.34 53.96
1.36 53. 82
1.37 54.23
1. 37 55. 04
1.40 58.46
1. 42 59. 42
1.40 59. 71
1.41 57. 57
1.40 56.70
1.41 56.55
1.40 56.26
1.40 55.97
1.40 56.41
Narrow fabrics
and small wares
40.5
40.2
39.1
39.0
39.3
39.6
40.6
40.7
40.9
39.7
39.1
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.9
$1.06 $55. 74
1.2C 57. 57
1.36 55.87
1.34 55.87
1.17 56.45
1.14 56.9£
1.12 59. 75
1. IS 60.3C
1. 24 60. 3C
1.25 58. 65
1. 27 58.8C
1.34 58.35
1.45 57. 9C
1.46 57. 6C
1.45 58.20
40.1
39.7
38. S
38. S
39.2
39.2
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38. £
38.6
38.4
38.8
$1.39 $63. 86
1. 45 66. 56
1.44 66.17
1. 44 70. 84
1.44 68.48
1.45 66.32
1.4£ 66.67
1.50 67.16
1.5C 67. 22
1.50 65.1£
1.5C 65.82
1.5C 62.65
1.50 64.72
1.50 65.92
1.50 67.94
40.2
39.8
39.9
39.3
39.4
39.9
39.2
38.8
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.2
39.8
39.8
40.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cigarettes
$1.33 $67.30
1. 45 70.88
1. 52 73. 81
1. 51 72.34
1.42 72.34
1.38 71.98
1.39 70.35
1.45 72.85
1.48 76.08
1. 49 75.17
1.49 71.06
1.53 71.28
1. 55 67.88
1.58 77.19
1.59 76.14
40.3
40.5
41.7
41.1
41.1
40.9
40.2
40.7
41.8
41.3
39.7
39.6
37.5
41.5
40.5
Cigars
$1.67 $43.90
1. 75 47.63
1. 77 47. 74
1. 76 47.74
1. 76 47.87
1. 76 48. 77
1.75 49.41
1. 79 50. 57
1.82 49.92
1.82 48.12
1. 79 49.01
1.80 48.10
1.48 47.55
1.86 48.86
1.88 50.03
37.2
37.5
37.3
37.3
37.4
38.1
38.3
38.6
38.4
37.3
37.7
37.0
36.3
37.3
37.9
$1.18
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.29
1. 31
1.30
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.32
41.2
41. f
41.1
44.0
42.8
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.0
41.4
39.4
40.2
41.2
42.2
Y am and
thread mills *
$1. 55 $50.04
1.6C 52. 5i
1. 61 50. 41
1.61 51.05
1.60 51.86
1.61 51.72
1.63 53.72
1.65 55.46
1.62 54.79
1.59 54.1C
1.59 53.82
1.59 52.99
1.61 52.44
1.60 52.68
1.61 52.85
39.4
39.2
37.9
38.1
38.7
38.6
39.5
39.9
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
38.0
37.9
38.3
Yam mill»
$1. 27 $50.04
1.34 52. 53
1.33 50.41
1.34 51.05
1.34 51.86
1.34 51.72
1.36 54. 25
1.39 56.00
1. 38 55.18
1. 38 54. 49
1.38 54. 21
1.38 52.99
1.38 52.68
1.39 52.54
1.38 53.24
39.4
39.2
37.9
38.1
38.7
38.6
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.2
39.0
38.4
37.9
37.8
38.3
$1.27
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.37
1.40
1. 39
1.39
1.39
1.38
1.39
1. 39
1.39
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
Woolen and worsted
$1.34 $52.79
1. 40 54.66
1.38 52.11
1.38 51. 72
1. 38 52. 65
1. 39 53.06
1.44 57. 51
1.46 58.54
1.46 58.34
1. 45 56.49
1.45 55.10
1.45 55.34
1.45 55.06
1.45 54.10
1.45 54.91
40.3
39.9
38.6
38.6
39.0
39.3
40.5
40.8
40.8
39.5
38.8
38.7
38.5
38.1
38.4
North
$1.31 $57.63
1.37 58. 46
1.35 56.92
1.34 58.80
1. 35 57.37
1.35 57.75
1. 42 60.10
1.43 59. 58
1. 43 61.16
1. 43 57.00
1. 42 56.47
1.43 57. 61
1. 43 57. 46
1.42 57.61
1.43 59. 67
40.3
39.5
38.2
39.2
38.5
38.5
39.8
39.2
40.5
37.5
37.4
37.9
37.8
37.9
39.0
South
$1.43 $51.99
1.48 54.00
1. 49 51. 08
1.50 50. 82
1.49 51.61
1.50 52. 40
1. 51 56.84
1. 52 58.36
1. 51 58.08
1.52 56.12
1. 51 54. 99
1. 52 54. 71
1.52 54.43
1.52 53. 72
1.53 54.00
40.3
40.0
38.7
38.5
39.1
39.4
40.6
41.1
40.9
39.8
39.0
38.8
38.6
38.1
38.3
Full-fashioned hosiery
$1.29 $63.38
1.35 65. 31
1.32 66.36
1. 32 64.53
1.32 64. 37
1.33 64.84
1.40 65. 76
1.42 64.16
1. 42 66.49
1.41 65.44
1.41 66.49
1.41 65. 92
1.41 65.44
1.41 66. 72
1.41 67.20
41.7
41.6
42.0
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.1
40.1
41.3
40.9
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.7
42.0
$1. 52
1. 57
1.58
1. 57
1. 57
1. 57
1.60
1.60
1. 61
1.60
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
Seamless hosiery
Knitting mills 8
United States
$56. 28
58.51
58. 25
57. 77
58.31
59.05
58.80
58.59
60.30
60.80
60. 40
60.70
60.10
60.10
61.41
38.8
38.9
39.2
38.9
39.1
40.8
39.5
38.9
39.8
38.8
38.5
37.9
36.8
39.1
38.9
Scouring and
combing plants
United States
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
June________
July.................
August_____
Septem ber...
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January..........
February.......
M arch...........
April_______
M ay.................
June................
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Textile-mill products
13road-woven
fabric mills *
1955: Average..........
1956: Average_____
June................
July.................
August............
Septem ber.. .
October.........
November__
December___
1957: January_____
February___
March............
April—
M ay.......
June.......
Avg. Avg.
w kly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Tobacco manufactures
Tobacco manufactures—Continued
1955: Average___
1956: Average___
June______
July--------August___
September.
October___
November.
D ecem ber1957: January___
February...
March____
April_____
M a y______
June.............
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
M anufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
1955: Average—
1956: Average___
June............
July.............
August___
September.
October___
November.
D ecem ber1957: January___
February...
March........
April...........
M ay______
June______
Avg. Avg.
wkly. w kly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.40 $50. 81
1.47 53.68
1. 46 53.25
1. 47 53. 25
1.48 54.10
1.48 54.20
1.50 55.06
1. 51 55.15
1.50 54.43
1.52 53.36
1. 51 54. 09
1. 51 54.31
1. 51 53.65
1.51 53.73
1.52 54.46
38.2
37.8
37.5
37.5
38.1
37.9
38.5
38.3
37.8
36.8
37.3
37.2
37.0
36.8
37.3
$1.33 $56. 54
1.42 58.98
1. 42 57.13
1. 42 56. 39
1.42 57.53
1.43 57.83
1.43 59. 21
1.44 60.37
1.44 60. 61
1.45 59.59
1.45 59. 59
1. 46 59. 75
1.45 57.97
1.46 55.80
1.46 54.56
38.2
38.3
37.1
37.1
37.6
37.8
38.7
39.2
39.1
38.2
38.2
38.3
37.4
36.0
35.2
$1.48 $55. 42
1. 54 58. 98
1. 54 57.91
1. 52 56. 77
1.53 58. 67
1. 53 59.98
1.53 59. 89
1. 54 61.20
1. 55 59.34
1. 56 58. 75
1. 56 58.60
1. 56 59.06
1.55 56.62
1.55 57.60
1.55 58.06
North
37.7
38.8
38.1
38.1
38.6
39.2
39.4
40.0
39.3
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.0
37.4
37.7
South
$1.47 $56.83
1. 52 59.06
1. 52 56.89
1.49 56.52
1. 52 57.13
1.53 56.92
1.52 58.75
1.53 60.30
1. 51 61.23
1. 55 59. 75
1.53 59. 82
1.53 59.82
1.49 58.40
1.54 55.22
1.54 53.35
38.4
38.1
36.7
36.7
37.1
37.2
38.4
38.9
39.0
38.3
38.1
38.1
37.2
35.4
34.2
United States
$1. 48 $42.80
1. 55 46.21
1. 55 45. 57
1. 54 45. 44
1. 54 47.09
1.53 47. 06
1.53 49.13
1. 55 49.50
1. 57 49.24
1. 56 47.75
1.57 48.64
1. 57 47.97
1.57 47.30
1.56 47.88
1.56 49.08
36.9
36.1
35.6
35.5
36.5
36.2
37.5
37.5
37.3
35.9
36.3
35.8
35.3
36.0
36.9
$1.16
1.28
1. 28
1.28
1. 29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1139
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w'kly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
M anufacturing—Continued
Vp.ar iunrl m o n th
Textile-mill products—Continued
Seamless hosiery—Continued
1955: Average.- . . .
1956: Average_____
June_______
July________
August______
September___
O ctober____
November . .
December___
1957: January_____
February____
M arch______
April___ ____
M ay________
June_______
71
49. 27
49. 79
49. 79
49. 79
51.60
52.00
51.07
50.12
50.18
51.51
50. 92
50.59
51.17
51. 05
38.6
37.9
38.3
38.6
38.6
38.8
39.1
38.4
37.4
36.9
37.6
36.9
37.2
37.9
38.1
$
1. 21
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.36
1. 35
1.34
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings «
1955: Average_____
1956: Average___ _
June___ ..
July________
August— ___
September___
October._____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
Ju n e .. _____
$ 73.
74
73.98
67. 06
71.38
74.46
75.89
76. 49
76. 31
77.28
76. 96
78. 26
75.44
74. 34
73.05
72. 29
41.9
41.1
38.1
40.1
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.7
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.0
40.4
39.7
39.5
$
1.76
1.80
1.76
1.78
1.79
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.83
$ 42.21
45.82
45.06
44.80
46. 57
46.18
48. 73
49.24
49.24
47. 61
48. 01
47. 35
46. 90
47.48
48.81
36.7
35.8
35.2
35.0
36.1
35.8
37.2
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.1
35.6
35.0
35.7
36.7
$
1.15
1. 28
1.28
1.28
1.29
1.29
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.33
1.33
Wool carpets, rugs.
and carpet yarn
$ 71.
73.
05
26
67.97
71.68
73.44
76.18
75.81
74.85
76. 54
77.15
77. 52
73.20
72.44
71.16
68.76
40.6
40.7
38.4
39.6
40.8
41.4
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.9
40.0
39.8
39. 1
38.2
$
1.75
1.80
1.77
1.81
1.80
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.83
1.82
1.82
1. 80
$ 53.
76
56.15
56.21
57. 72
58.31
56.83
58. 80
58.05
55. 58
53.87
55.43
56.10
55. 88
57.00
58.22
38.4
38.2
38.5
39.0
39.4
38.4
39.2
38.7
37.3
36.4
37.2
37.4
37.5
37.5
38.3
$
1.40
1.47
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.48
1. 50
1.50
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.49
1.52
1.52
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$ 58.
03
57.38
60. 09
58.03
60. 09
56. 91
53.79
55.61
58.13
53. 61
61.15
56.76
54. 61
58.48
59.24
37.2
35.2
36.2
35.6
36.2
34.7
32.8
33.5
34.6
33.3
36.4
34.4
33.3
36. 1
35.9
$
1.56
1.63
1.66
1.63
1.66
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.61
1.68
1.65
1.64
1.62
1.65
$ 48.
34
49.91
49.91
48.86
49. 28
50.94
49.34
49. 82
48. 74
48. 55
49.87
50.14
51.47
50.05
51.00
39.3
38.1
38.1
37.3
38.2
38.3
37.1
36.9
36.1
35.7
36.4
36.6
37.3
36.8
37.5
$
1.23
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.29
1.33
1.33
1.35
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.36
1.36
Paddings and upholstem filling
June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
M arch..'____
A pril... . ___
M ay________
Ju n e .. . . . ..
$ 73.44
68.85
66.53
67.89
68. 57
72.56
73. 27
72.07
75. 50
71.17
72. 38
71.45
70.24
69.49
69.95
43.2
40.5
39.6
39.7
40.1
41.7
42.6
41.9
42.9
40.9
41.6
41.3
40.6
40.4
40.2
$
1.70
1.70
1.68
1.71
1.71
1.74
1.72
1.72
1.76
1.74
1.74
1. 73
1. 73
1.72
1. 74
Men’s and boys’
furnishings and
work clothing «
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
$ 41.
45.
92
26
37.1
36.5
36.1
June__ ______ 44. 76
44.88
35.9
July________
46.00
36.8
August_____
36.7
September___ 46.24
36.7
October ___ 46.61
35.8
November. . . 45.82
35.9
45.95
December___
35.5
45.44
1957: January_____
36.5
February____ 46.36
46. 72
36.5
M arch______
36.0
April . _____ 45.72
36.2
M ay________ 45. 97
36.5
June________ 45. 99
See footnotes at end of table.
436157— 57----- A
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 1.13
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.27
1.28
1.27
1.27
1.26
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
$ 51.17
53. 97
54.13
52.53
52. 93
53.33
54.95
56. 71
59. 60
56.72
57. 54
57. 55
56. 30
57.26
58. 80
41.6
41.2
40.7
40.1
40.1
40.4
40.7
41.7
43.5
41.4
42.0
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.7
$ 1.
23
1.31
1.33
1.31
1.32
1.32
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.41
Dyeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
$ 42 .
45.
44.
44.
29
51
39
89
46.13
47. 87
48. 63
48. 49
47.32
46.44
46. 21
46.18
44.67
45. 57
45.34
37.1
36.7
35.8
36.2
37.2
37.4
37.7
37.3
36.4
36.0
36.1
35.8
34.9
35.6
35.7
$ 1.14
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.28
1.29
1.28
1.28
1.27
59
88.00
82.26
85.41
87.96
89.89
94.60
93.11
98.70
92. 35
86.10
85. 27
85.28
86.53
93.28
45.9
44.0
42.4
43.8
44.2
44.5
45.7
45.2
47.0
$ 66.
66.
64.
56
83
87
64.78
66.40
68.14
70. 04
70.28
71.99
69.02
68. 85
68. 68
67. 49
67.15
69. 55
41.6
40.5
39.8
39.5
40.0
40.8
41.2
41.1
42.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
39.7
39.5
40.2
$
1.60
1.65
1.63
1.04
1.66
1.67
1.70
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.70
1.73
$ 1.93
2.00
1.94
1. 95
1.99
2.02
2. 07
2. 06
2.10
2.08
2 . 05
2.04
2.05
2 . 07
2.12
44.4
42.0
41.8
41.6
41.8
44.0
Cordage and twine
$ 55.
56.
58
99
56. 26
55. 58
55.83
57. 82
57. 09
57. 87
59. 60
59.40
59. 70
59. 85
58.80
57. 15
57. 68
52
46.49
47.10
46. 75
46. 34
45.09
46.44
45. 54
48.10
47. 84
48. 36
48.73
47. 65
46.80
47.19
37.2
36.9
36.8
37.1
36.2
35.5
36.0
35.3
37.0
36.8
37.2
37.2
36.3
36.0
36.3
$
1.17
1.26
1.28
1.26
1.28
1.27
1.29
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.30
39.7
39.3
38.8
38.6
38.5
39.6
39.1
39.1
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.2
38.1
38.2
$
1.40
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.50
1. 50
1.50
1.50
1. 51
42.3
41.2
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.7
41.8
42.3
41.9
39.7
41.3
41.0
40.9
40.5
41.5
$
1.54
1.60
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.57
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.65
1.66
1. 65
1.65
1.66
$ 73.93
71.10
68. 08
67. 20
70. 27
75.66
79.18
80. 09
81.65
77.89
74.74
75. 62
71.02
71. 23
74.24
41.3
40. 4
38.9
38.4
39.7
41.8
42.8
42.6
43.2
42.1
40.4
41.1
38.6
38.5
39.7
$
1.79
1.76
1.75
1.75
1.77
1.81
1.85
1.88
1.89
1.85
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.87
$ 36.
39.
39.
39.
29
82
93
96
40.32
40. 93
40. 71
37.15
40. 72
40.47
45. 40
42. 60
42.60
42. 34
42. 32
37.8
36.2
36.3
36.0
36.0
35.9
35.4
32.3
35.1
34.3
38.8
35.8
36. 1
36.5
36.8
Total: Apparel and
other finished textile products
$ 49.41
52.64
51.48
52. 27
54.17
53.28
54. 24
53. 43
54.45
53.49
54. 39
54. 75
52.84
52.98
53. 34
36.6
36.3
35.5
35.8
36.6
36.0
36.4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36. 5
36.5
35.7
35.8
35.8
$
1.35
1. 45
1.45
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.48
1. 48
1.49
Women’s outerwear 4*
Work shirts
Separate trousers
$ 43.
64.78
64. 31
64.78
63. 90
68.97
70. 22
69.55
65.51
68.15
68.06
67.49
66. 83
68.89
$ 64.87
65. 51
64.21
63. 59
64.37
63.80
69.30
70. 55
69.89
65.44
68.15
67. 65
66. 75
66.09
68.31
42.4
41.2
40.9
40. 5
41.0
40.9
42.0
42.5
42.1
39.9
41.3
41. 0
40. 7
40.3
41.4
$
1.53
1. 59
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.64
1. 65
1.65
1. 64
1.64
1. 65
$
1.66
1. 73
1. 72
1.74
1.76
1.74
1. 76
1.77
1.77
1.80
1.78
1.80
1.80
1. 79
1.82
Lace goods
$ 63.91
66.09
66.05
66.64
67.23
67.86
68.11
66. 02
67.97
67.68
67.28
67.32
67. 32
67.13
68.80
38.5
38.2
38.4
38.3
38.2
39.0
38.7
37.3
38.4
37.6
37.8
37.4
37.4
37.5
37.8
Apparel and other finished textile products
Artificial leather, oilcloth, and other
coated fabrics
$ 88.
$ 65.14
65. 92
Felt goods (except
Miscellaneous textile
woven felts and hats)4
goods 5
Textile-mill products—Continued
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
Dyeing and finishing
textiles
South
North
$ 46 .
Knit underwear
Knit outerwear
$ 0.96
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.14
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.18
1.17
1.19
1.18
1.16
1.15
$ 52.
90
57. 02
54. 24
57.40
59. 26
56.45
57. 44
56. 54
58. 38
58. 27
58. 74
59.43
57.70
57.35
55.58
35.5
35.2
33.9
35.0
35.7
33.8
34.6
34.9
35.6
35.1
35. 6
35.8
35.4
35.4
34.1
$
1.49
1.62
1.60
1.64
1.66
1.67
1.66
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.65
1.66
1.63
1.62
1.63
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
$ 59.86
63.12
63.18
62.11
65. 33
64. 97
65.16
64. 25
64.78
63. 89
64.06
64.05
62.48
63.37
64.26
36.5
36.7
36.1
35. 9
36.7
36.5
36.4
36.3
36.6
36.3
36.4
36.6
35. 5
35.8
35. 9
$ 1.64
1. 72
1. 75
1.73
1.78
1.78
1. 79
1.77
1.77
1.76
1. 76
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.79
Women s dresses
$ 53.40
55.62
51.46
53.48
57.16
54. 76
55. 55
55.97
57.28
55. 49
55. 62
57.80
59.01
58.03
53.09
35.6
35. 2
33. 2
34. 5
35. 5
33. 8
34. 5
35. 2
35.8
34. 9
35.2
35. 9
36. 2
35.6
33.6
$ 1.50
1. 58
1.55
1.55
1. 61
1. 62
1. 61
1. 59
1.60
1. 59
1. 58
1.61
1. 63
1.63
1. 58
1140
T a ble
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Household apparel
1955: Average.........
1956: Average_____
June____ . .
July________
August- _ _
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_
February _.
March
___
April.............
M ay_______
June________
$40. 52
44.76
43. 72
43.88
45.11
43. 56
44. 58
45. 97
47.74
46. 08
46.83
48.23
48.10
47.97
45.37
36.5
36.1
34. 7
35.
35.8
34.3
35.
36.2
37.3
36.0
36.3
37.1
37.0
36.9
34.9
Women’s suits, coats, Women’s and chil
and skirts
dren’s undergarments
$1.11 $64. 27
1.24 68.14
1.26 66. 92
1. 25 73.03
1.26 73.19
1.27 68.13
1. 27 69. 63
1. 27 65. 27
1.28 68.74
1.28 70. 52
1.29 70. 45
1.30 68.68
1.30 59.87
1.30 63.70
1. 30 66.46
33.3
33.9
33.8
35.8
35. 7
32.6
33.8
32.8
34.2
34.4
34.2
33.5
30.7
32.5
32.9
$1.93 $44. 77
2.01 47. 55
1.98 46. 24
2.04 46. 41
2. 05 47.68
2.09 49.08
2.06 50.49
1.99 49.48
2.01 48. 81
2.05 48.28
2.06 49. 21
2.05 49. 45
1.95 47.70
1.96 47. 57
2.02 48.11
apparel
Children’s outerwear Miscellaneous
and accessories
1955: Average....... . $45. 38
1956: Average.-- . .
48. 31
June______
48. 71
July-----------49. 18
August______ 49. 45
September___ 48.33
October. . . . . 49. 58
November___ 48. 94
December___
49.14
1957: January_____ 50. 55
February____ 51. 27
M arch. ___
50. 86
April_______
48.28
M ay________ 49.41
June. ____
51. 75
37.2
36.6
36.9
36.7
36.9
35.8
37.0
36.8
36.4
36.9
37.7
37.4
36.3
36.6
37.5
$1.22 $45.63
1.32 49. 71
1. 32 48. 68
1.34 49.08
1. 34 50. 86
1.35 51.24
1.34 52.30
1.33 50.37
1.35 51.15
1.37 49. 23
1.36 49. 73
1. 36 49. 27
1.33 48.37
1.35 48.16
1.38 49.49
37.1
37.1
36.6
36.9
37.4
37.4
37.9
36.5
36.8
36.2
36.3
35.7
34.8
34.4
35.1
36.
36.3
35.3
35.7
36.4
36.9
37.4
37.2
36.7
36.3
37.0
36.9
35.6
35.5
35.9
$1. 22 $42. 44
1.31 45.50
1.31 43. 75
1.30 44.63
1.31 46.12
1.33 47.62
1. 35 49. 14
1.33 48. 00
1. 33 46.74
1. 33 45.86
1.33 47.50
1. 34 47.62
1.34 45. 95
1.34 45.70
1.34 46.08
Other fabricated
textile products »
$1.23 $51.32
1.34 53. 53
1.33 52.17
1.33 52. 82
1.36 53.16
1.37 54.10
1.38 56.12
1.38 56. 30
1. 39 57.22
1.36 55. 35
1.37 55. 86
1. 38 55. 42
1.39 54. 54
1. 40 55. 73
1.41 56. 93
38.3
37. 7
37.0
37.2
37.7
38.1
38.7
38.3
38.4
37.4
38.0
37.7
37.1
37.4
37.7
Underwear and night
wear, except corsets
36.
36.4
35.0
35.7
36.6
37.2
37.8
37.5
36.8
36.4
37.4
37.2
35.9
35.7
36.0
Corsets and allied
garments
$1.1£ $48. 78
1. 25 51.77
1. 25 51. 55
1.25 50. 69
1. 26 51.62
1.28 52.13
1.30 53.07
1.28 52.93
1. 27 52. 93
1.26 52. 85
1. 27 52.64
1.28 52. 85
1.28 51.60
1.28 51. 74
1.28 52.27
Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings
$1.34 $45. 72
1. 42 46.98
1.41 45.44
1. 42 45. 67
1. 41 48. 38
1.42 48.64
1.45 50. 31
1.47 48. 62
1.49 48. 10
1.48 47. 45
1.47 48. 86
1.47 49. 52
1. 47 48. 86
1.49 46.64
1.51 48.18
38.1
36. 7
35.5
35.4
37.5
38.0
39.0
37.4
37.0
36.5
37.3
37.8
37.3
35.6
36.5
36.4
36.2
35.8
35.7
36. 1
36.2
36.6
36.5
36.5
36.2
36.3
36.2
35.1
35.2
35.8
$1.34 $56. 99
1.43 61. 85
1.44 53. 94
1.42 61. 75
1. 43 63. 13
1. 44 66. 61
1. 45 67.20
1. 45 56. 95
1. 45 61.03
1.46 63.00
1. 45 69.27
1.46 72.98
1. 47 57. 62
1.47 51.15
1.46 54.78
Textile bags
$1.20 $53. 65
1. 28 57.28
1.28 56.60
1. 29 57.92
1.29 58.90
3. 28 59.05
1. 29 58. 95
1. 30 57.09
1. 30 59. 64
1.30 58.07
1.31 59. 35
1.31 57. 72
1.31 56.74
1.31 57. 30
1.32 59. 70
38.6
39.5
38. 5
39.4
39.8
39.9
40.1
39.1
40.3
39.5
40.1
39.0
38.6
38.2
39.8
Millinery
36.3
36.6
32.3
35.9
37.8
38.
39.3
33.9
35.9
36.0
38.7
40.1
34.3
31.0
33.2
$1. 57
1. 69
1.67
1.72
1. 67
1. 73
1. 71
1.68
1.70
1.75
1. 79
1. 82
1.68
1.65
1.65
Canvas products
$1.39 $53. 58
1. 45 55.66
1.47 57. 20
1. 47 57. 63
1.48 56. 34
1.48 54. 81
1. 47 56. 41
1.46 54.53
1.48 56. 06
1. 47 56. 99
1.48 55.20
1.48 56.06
1. 47 56.34
1. 50 58. 69
1. 50 58.36
39.4
39.2
40.0
40.3
39.4
38.6
38.9
38.4
39.2
39.3
38.6
39.2
39.4
40.2
39.7
$1.36
1. 42
1.43
1.43
1.43
1. 42
1. 45
1.42
1.43
1.45
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.46
1.47
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
1955: Average_____ $68. 88
1956: Average_____ 70.93
June_____ _
73. 31
July------------- 72. 36
August______ 75.12
September___ 74. 03
October _. . . . 73.03
November___ 70.80
December. . . . 69.25
1957: January____
67.25
February____ 68. 51
March______
70. 27
April_______
72.00
M ay_______
73.16
June________ 75.30
41.0
40.3
40. 5
40.2
41. 5
40.9
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.1
39.6
39. 7
40.0
40.2
40.7
Millwork
1955: Average_____ $72. 56
1956: Average_____ 72.90
June________ 74. 75
July................ 73. 53
August______ 74.44
September___ 74.70
October_____
73. 35
November___ 72. 98
December___
73. 93
1957: January____
72. 65
February____ 72. 86
M arch______
72. 68
April___ ____ 73.63
M ay________ 75. 33
June________ 77.64
41.7
40.5
41.3
40.4
40.9
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.4
39. 7
39.6
39.5
39.8
40.5
41.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1. 68
1.76
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.81
1. 79
1. 77
1. 74
1.72
1. 73
1. 77
1.80
1.82
1.85
Sawmills and plan
ing mills 5
$69. 55
71. 51
74. 62
73. 35
74.80
73. 71
72.90
71. 20
69. 13
66. 95
68. 21
69.74
70. 67
72. 00
73.38
41.4
40.4
41.0
40.3
41.1
40. 5
40. 5
40.0
39. 5
38. 7
39.2
39.4
39.7
40.0
40.1
Plywood
$1. 74 $78. 37
1.80 76. 22
1.81 75. 52
1.82 74. 52
1. 82 75. 99
1.84 74. 85
1.82 73. 71
1.82 73.02
1.83 75. 67
1.83 74. 37
1. 84 76.07
1.84 71. 23
1.85 76.11
1.86 78.31
1.88 78.34
43.3
41.2
40.6
40.5
41.3
40.9
40.5
39.9
40.9
40. 2
40.9
38.5
40.7
41.0
40.8
Sawmills and planing mills, general
United States
$1. 68 $70. 38
1. 77 72. 54
1. 82 76.04
1.82 74.15
1.82 76. 22
1.82 74.93
1.80 74.12
1. 78 72.22
1. 75 69. 95
1.73 67.94
1. 74 69. 21
1. 77 70.53
1.78 71.86
1.80 73.20
1.83 74. 77
41.4
40.3
41.1
40.3
41.2
40.5
40.5
39.9
39.3
38.6
39. 1
39.4
39.7
40.0
40.2
Wooden containers «
$1. 81 $52. 48
1. 85 56. 71
1.86 57. 53
1.84 57. 53
1.84 57. 92
1.83 57.92
1.82 58. 50
1.83 56.14
1. 85 57. 53
1. 85 55.72
1.86 55.30
1.85 56.00
1.87 56.82
1.91 57.08
1.92 57.08
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.5
41.2
40. 1
40.8
39.8
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.2
40.2
South
$1.70 $46. 76
1.80 49.09
1.85 49.68
1.84 49.68
1. 85 50. 52
1. 85 50. 52
1.83 50. 16
1. 81 49.80
1.78 49. 56
1.76 48. 00
1. 77 48.12
1. 79 48. 52
1.81 48. 64
1. 83 50. 26
1.86 49.61
43.7
41.6
41.4
41.4
42.1
42.1
41.8
41. 5
41.3
40.0
40. 1
40.1
40.2
41.2
41.0
West
$1.07 $88.43
1.18 90. 87
1.20 95.99
1.20 92. 51
1.20 95. 51
1.20 92.90
1.20 91.73
1. 20 90. 64
1. 20 86.16
1.20 84.04
1.20 86.18
1. 21 87. 78
1.21 89. 31
1.22 90.25
1.21 91. 89
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
$1. 28 $53.12
1.39 56.58
1. 41 57. 26
1.41 57.40
1.43 57.11
1.43 57.94
1. 42 57. 95
1.40 56.03
1. 41 56. 30
1.40 55.18
1.40 55. 04
1.40 55.88
1.41 56.42
1.42 56. 96
1.42 57.49
41.5
41.0
40.9
41.0
40. 5
40.8
41.1
40.6
40.5
39.7
39.6
40.2
40.3
40.4
40.2
39.3
39.0
40.5
39.2
40.3
39. 2
39.2
38.9
37.3
36. 7
37.8
38.5
39.0
38.9
39. 1
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products 5
$2. 25 $73. 99
2. 33 74. 30
2. 37 75. 26
2. 36 74.34
2. 37 75.26
2. 37 74. 70
2. 34 73. 75
2. 33 73. 02
2.31 75.11
2. 29 73.63
2. 28 74.00
2.28 71. 97
2.29 74.40
2.32 76.73
2. 35 77. 90
41.8
40.6
40.9
40.4
40.9
40.6
40.3
39. 9
40.6
39.8
40.0
38.9
40.0
40.6
41.0
$1. 77
1.83
1. 84
1.84
1.84
1. 84
1.83
1. 83
1. 85
1. 85
1. 85
1.85
1.86
1.89
1.90
Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products
Total: Furniture and
fixtures
$1.28 $57.82
1.38 60.15
1.40 60. 30
1. 40 60. 53
1. 41 60. 27
1.42 61. 57
1. 41 61. 80
1.38 61. 39
1.39 61. 39
1.39 60.05
1.39 60.94
1. 39 61. 50
1.40 61.76
1.41 61.86
1.43 63.45
41.6
41.2
41.3
40.9
41.0
41.6
41.2
41. 2
41. 2
40.3
40.9
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.2
$1. 39 $67. 07
1. 46 68. 95
1.46 68.11
1.48 67.54
1.47 69. 87
1. 48 71.04
1.50 71. 97
1.49 69.66
1.49 71.45
1. 49 68. 46
1.49 69. 55
1.50 69. 55
1. 51 68.28
1. 52 67. 82
1. 54 69.08
41.4
40.8
40.3
40.2
41.1
41.3
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.8
40. 2
40.2
39. 7
39.2
39.7
$1. 62
1.69
1. 69
1.68
1. 70
1. 72
1.73
1.72
1. 73
1. 72
1.73
1. 73
1.72
1.73
1.74
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
1141
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Furniture and fixtures
Household furniture
41.4
40.6
39.8
39.8
40.8
41.4
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.5
40.0
40.0
39.4
38.8
39.6
1955: Average_____ $64.17
1956: Average_____ 65. 77
June________ 64.08
July ----------------------- 63.68
August______ 66.10
September___ 67.90
October_____ 68. 64
November___ 66.42
December___
68. 56
1957: January_____ 64. 78
February .............. 66.00
M arch ___________ 66. 40
A pril,. _ _____ 65.01
M ay________ 64.02
June. ______ 65. 74
8
Wood household
furniture ( except
upholstered)
Wood household
furniture, upholstered
$1.55 $58.24
42.2 $1.38 $69.19
1.62 59.20
41.4
1.43 71.82
1.61 57.63
40.3
1.43 68. 74
1.42 66. 55
1.60 57. 79 40.7
1.62 59.06
41.3
1.43 71.06
1. 64 60. 61
41.8
1.45 74.80
1.46 75.95
1.65 61. 76 42.3
1. 64 60.15
41.2
1.46 74.62
1.66 61. 45
41.8
1. 47 77.93
1. 64 58. 84
40.3
1. 46 68. 58
40.4
1. 65 58.98
1.46 72.86
1.66 59. 39 40.4
1.47 73. 97
1. 65 58.80
40.0
1.47 71.92
1.65 58. 61
39.6
1.48 67. 51
39.9
1.66 59.05
1.48 71.19
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Metal office furniture
Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures
Paperboard boxes
$73. 60
1955: Average____
1956: Average_____ 75.89
74. 75
June__ _____
July ----------------------- 75. 76
August___________ 76. 54
September______ 78.63
O cto ber ............. .. 78.63
November _____ 77.65
77. 89
December___
1957: January_____ 76. 45
February____ 76. 86
M arch__ ___ . 77.64
April--------------------- 77.08
77.11
M ay_______
June________ 79. 27
42.3
41.7
41.3
41.4
41.6
42.5
42.5
42.2
42.1
41.1
41.1
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.5
Books
1955: Average_____ $80. 40
1956: Average_____ 83. 84
June________ 84.45
July ----------------------- 83.81
August______ 85. 48
September _____ 85.06
October................ .. 85.69
November___ 84. 44
December______ 84. 66
1957: January _________ 82. 74
February _______ 84.80
M arch _______ __
85.68
April_____________ 85.26
M ay________ 85.84
Ju n e ______________ 83.95
40.0
40.5
40.6
40.1
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.4
40.7
39.4
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
39.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Fiber cans, tubes,
and drums
$1.74 $77.30
1.82 79.37
1.81 77.97
1.83 75. 66
1.84 77.95
1. 85 79.38
1.85 81.36
1.84 83. 42
1. 85 82. 61
1. 86 78.21
1. 87 81.20
1.88 81.61
1.88 82.42
1.89 81.80
1.91 81.61
40.9
40.7
40.4
39.2
40.6
40.5
41.3
41.5
41.1
39.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.9
40.2
$2.01 $90. 23
2.0? 93.03
2. 08 91.25
2. 09 92. 73
2. 09 92. 57
2. 09 95. 82
2. 09 95. 41
2. 09 92.90
2. 08 95. 41
2. 10 94.24
2.12 94. 80
2.10 96. 39
2.10 95.20
2.13 94.49
2.12 95.04
40.1
40.1
39.5
39.8
39.9
40.6
40.6
39.7
40.6
40.1
40.0
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.6
41.3
40.5
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.3
40.0
39.1
40.3
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.5
41.1
41.3
41.0
41.2
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.9
$2.25 $91. 66
2. 32 94.16
2.31 94. 80
2.33 96. 56
2. 32 96. 56
2. 36 98.49
2. 35 96. 32
2. 34 92. 75
2.35 94. 41
2. 35 93.51
2. 37 95.35
2. 38 96. 87
2.38 95. 50
2.38 96. 53
2. 40 97.42
40.2
39.9
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.3
39.3
39.5
38.8
39.4
39.7
39.3
39.4
39.6
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
38.9
38.8
38.6
38.6
38.8
39.0
39.1
38.6
39.1
38.3
38.5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.3
$2. 35
2.43
2.43
2.43
2. 43
2. 46
2. 45
2. 45
2. 46
2. 46
2. 48
2.49
2.49
2.51
2. 51
38.3
38.4
37.8
38.7
38.2
37.8
38.9
39.6
38.0
38.2
38.1
38.1
38.0
38.5
38.1
Newspapers
$96. 65
99. 64
. 00
98.73
99.08
100. 24
101. 36
102. 28
103. 21
97.86
98.84
99. 76
101.03
103.25
102.67
1 0 1
36.2
36.1
36.2
35.9
35.9
35.8
36.2
36.4
36.6
35.2
35.3
35.5
35.7
36.1
35.9
1
39.6
39.4
39.1
39.4
40.0
39.3
39.7
39.0
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.6
39.0
38.9
39.4
$1.55
1. 66
1. 65
1.62
1.65
1.67
1. 63
1.63
1. 65
1.60
1.61
1. 59
1. 57
1. 58
1. 58
8
42.2
41.6
41.2
41.1
41.5
42.3
42.4
32.1
42.0
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.4
$1.75
1.83
1. 82
1. 84
1. 85
1. 86
1. 86
1.86
1.87
1. 87
1. 89
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.92
Periodicals
$2.67
2. 76
2. 79
2. 75
2. 76
2.80
2.80
2. 81
2.82
2. 78
2.80
2.81
2.83
2.86
2.86
Bookbinding and
related industries
$1.48 $70. 09
1.60 72.10
1.60 71.16
1.62 71.71
1.58 73.60
1.59 72. 71
1.61 73. 84
. 61
72. 54
1.64 74. 61
1.69 73.12
1.71 73.66
1.70 74. 45
1.71 73. 32
1.70 73.13
1.65 74.07
42.0
42.9
43.2
41.6
42.9
42.7
42.8
41.0
42.7
42.0
42.0
41.4
40.8
39.9
41.1
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes
43.0 $1.83 $85.94
44.3 $1.94 $73. 85
1.94 91.05
42.8
44.2
2.06 76.13
1.93 90. 61
42.7
44.2
2. 05 74. 98
43.0
1.96 93. 21
44.6
2.09 75.62
42.6
1.96 92.19
43.9
2.10 76.78
43.0
1. 97 93.05
44.1
2.11 78.68
42.9
1. 98 93.28
44.0
2.12 78. 86
42.7
1.98 92. 86 43.0
2.12 78. 31
43.0
1. 99 94.15
44.2
2.13 78. 54
42.3
1. 99 93.07
43.9
2.12 76.48
42.3
2.00 93.08
43.7
2.13 77.49
42.3
2.00 92.66
43.5
2.13 78.28
42.1
43.4
2.00 92. 44
2.13 77.71
2.01 92.23
42.0
43.3
2.13 77.74
42.1
2.03 93.53
43.1
2.17 79. 49
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Greeting cards
$2. 28 $56. 68
2. 36 61.44
2.37 60. 48
2.39 62.69
2. 39 60.36
2.42 60.10
2. 39 62.63
2.36 63. 76
2.39 62.32
2. 41 64. 56
2. 42 65.15
2. 44 64. 77
2.43 64.98
2.45 65. 45
2. 46 62.87
Wood office furniture
$1.75 $75. 78
42.1 $1.80 $65.10
1.83 79.42
41.8
1.90 71.21
1. 82 78.96
42.0
1. 88 71.28
1.80 78. 66
41.4
1.90 67. 39
1. 83 80. 41
1. 91 70. 79
42.1
1. 86 77. 71
40.9
1. 90 71. 31
1. 92 69.76
42.1
1.87 80. 83
1.87 79. 52
41.2
1.93 66. 83
1.87 82. 91 42.3
1. 96 70. 46
1.88 78. 55 40.7
1.93 67.20
1.88 79.13
1. 93 67.62
41.0
1. 86 79.73
41.1
1.94 65.83
1.84 77.78
40.3
1.93 64. 06
1.87 77.79
1.94 63.04
40.1
1.91 76.63
1.94 64. 94
39.5
Paper and allied products
Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries
$1.69 $91. 42
1.77 94.28
1.77 93.80
1.78 93. 80
1.78 94. 28
1.79 95.94
1.81 95.80
1.81 94. 57
1.82 96.19
1.83 94. 22
1.83 95. 48
1.83 96. 61
1. 84 95.87
1.84 96.38
1.85 96.13
Lithographing
40.9
39.4
39.9
40.2
41.6
41.5
40.6
38.4
39.4
38.8
39.0
38.5
37.2
38.7
40.2
Total: Paper and
allied products
$1.59 $78.69
1.64 83. 03
1.63 82. 41
1.62 84.28
1.63 83. 50
1.66 84. 71
1.66 84.94
1.66 84. 55
1.69 85. 57
1.66 84.18
1.68 84.60
1.69 84.60
1.68 84.20
1.69 84.42
1.70 85. 46
Other paper and
allied products
$1.89 $69.97
1.95 72.92
1.93 72. 57
1.93 73. 87
1.92 73.16
1.96 73.93
1.97 74. 21
2. 01 74. 57
2.01 75. 35
1.99 74.48
2. 02 75.03
2. 03 74. 85
2.04 75.07
2.05 74.89
2.03 75.67
Commercial printing
$1.70 $71. 58
1.80 72.10
1.79 72.62
1.77 72.36
1. 79 76.13
1.82 77.19
1.83 75. 92
1.82 71. 81
1. 86 73.68
1. 80 72.94
1. 84 73.32
1.84 71.61
1.83 68. 45
1.81 72.37
1.83 76.78
Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous furni
ture and fixtures
42.2 $1.99 $80. 78 40.8 $1.98 $65.67
41.6
2.09 84.05
41.0
2.05 66. 42
41.6
2.05 66.02
41.7
2.07 85. 28
41.0
41.0
2. 09 84. 05
2. 05 66.26
41.0
2.08 88. 62 42.2
2.10 66.18
39.1
2.07 87.15
41.5
2.10 66. 90
42.0
2.14 87. 78
41.8
2.10 66. 40
2.14 84.45
40.6
2.08 64. 91
41.5
42.4
41.2
2.18 85.70
2.08 68.11
40.8
2.15 86. 32
41.3
2.09 65.40
40.4
2.07 66. 53
2.15 84. 66 40.9
40.3
41.0
2.09 67. 77
2.15 85.69
2.14 84.23
39.3
40.3
2.09 68. 04
40.4
39.1
2.15 85.24
2.11 67.26
2.14 86.05
40.4
37.4
2.13 68.00
Paper and allied products—Continued
1955: Average_____ $83.98
1956: Average_____ 86. 94
June________ 86. 32
July ----------------------- 85.69
August............ 85.28
September___ 80.94
October......... .. 89.88
November___ 88. 81
92.43
December___
1957: January. ___ 87. 72
February____ 86. 86
March ___________ 86. 65
April_____________ 84.10
84.07
M ay_______
June ______________ 80.04
40.7
39.9
38.4
37.6
39.7
41.1
41.5
41.0
41.9
38.1
39.6
40.2
39.3
37.3
38.9
Office, publicbuilding, and
professional
furniture 8
Mattresses and
bedsprings
$92. 97 39.9 $2. 33
96.16
39.9
2. 41
96. 80
2. 42
40.0
95. 60 40.0
2.39
100. 77 41.3
2. 44
102. 41
2.51
40.8
102. 56 40.7
2. 52
96. 92 39.4
2. 46
93.30
39.7
2.35
95. 68 39.7
2. 41
99.60
40.0
2.49
99. 75
39.9
2. 50
101. 09 39.8
2. 54
96.47
38.9
2.48
97.57
39.5
2.47
Miscellaneous pub
lishing and printing
services
$1.77 $109.05
1.83 109. 09
1.84 108.03
1.82 109.20
1.82 110.94
1.85 110. 94
1.86 107. 59
1.86 108. 64
1.87 110. 26
1.87 109. 06
1.86 112. 22
1.88 113.18
1.88 109. 52
1.88 110.88
1.88 108.87
39.8
39.1
39.0
39.0
39.2
39.2
38.7
38.8
39.1
38.4
39.1
39.3
38.7
38.5
38.2
$2.74
2. 79
2. 77
2. 80
2.83
2.83
2. 78
2.80
2. 82
2. 84
2. 87
2.88
2.83
2.88
2.85
1142
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Chemicals and allied products
Total: Chemicals and Industrial inorganic
allied products
chemicals 8
1955: Average........... $82. 39
1956: Average_____ 87.14
June________ 87. 77
Ju ly ................ 87.76
August______ 87. 74
September___ 88. 60
October_____ 88. 60
November___ 89. 23
December___ 89. 86
1957: January_____ 89. 21
February........ 89. 40
M arch______
89. 40
April_______
89. 40
M ay_____
90. 64
June__ . . .
91.88
41.4 $1.99 $89. 98
41.2
2.11 95.12
41.4
2.12 94. 71
41.2
2. IS 94. 42
41. C 2.14 95. 94
41.4
2. 14 98. 53
2. 14 97. 17
41.4
41. 5 2.15 97.00
41.6
2.16 98.12
41. 3 2.16 96. 93
41.2
2.17 97. 34
41.2
2.17 97. 51
41.2
2.17 97.99
41.2
2. 20 98. 33
41.2
2.23 99.39
Synthetic fibers
1955: Average_____ $75. 36
1956: Average_____ 77.81
June________ 80. 40
July------------- 79. 20
August........... 77. 22
September___ 79.19
October_____ 78. 20
November___ 78. 99
December___
79.38
1957: January_____ 79. 79
February........ 80. 00
M arch______ 79. 60
April______.
80. 80
M a y ... _ __ 81.61
June__ . . . .
83.03
40.3
39.9
40.4
39.8
39.4
40.2
39.9
40.3
40.5
40.5
40. 2
40.0
40.4
40. 4
40.5
Paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and enamels
1955: Average_____ $82.29
1956: Average_____ 84. 04
June________ 83. 21
J u ly ............... 83. 63
A ugust........... 84. 66
September___ 85.49
October_____ 86. 32
November___ 85. 70
December___
86.11
1957: January
85.28
February____ 85. 69
M arch______
85. 06
April_____ _
86.93
M ay________ 86. 92
June________ 88.61
42.2
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.5
41. 7
41.4
41.4
41.0
41.0
40. 7
41.2
41.0
41.6
40.9 $2. 20 $87.67
41. C 2. 32 93. 20
41. C 2. 31 92. 84
2. 32 92. 92
40.7
41. C 2. 34 95. 3C
41. 4 2.38 95. 94
41. C 2. 37 95.06
2. 36 93.96
41.1
41.4
2. 37 95. 94
2. 37 94. 37
40.9
40. 9 2. 38 95. 71
2. 39 95. 24
40.8
2. 39 95. 65
41.0
2. 41 95. 41
40.8
40.9
2.43 96.32
40.1 $2.03 $75. 07
2. 15 78. 55
40.5
2. 14 78. 34
41.0
2. 16 78. 57
39.9
2. Hi 78. 20
40.1
2. 19 79. 17
40.9
41.0
2.18 79. 98
2. 20 80. 78
41.5
2. 20 81. 19
41.8
41. 2 2. 21 81. 60
41. 1 2. 22 82.00
41.2
2.24 82.01
2. 25 81.61
41.0
2. 27 82.01
41.8
41.2
2. 28 82. 62
Gum and wood
chemicals
$1. 95 $71. 98
2.03 75. 33
2.01 77. 51
2. 02 77. 70
2. 04 76.68
2.06 77.15
2. 07 77. 15
2. 07 76. 01
2.08 76. 08
2.08 77.25
2.09 76. 32
2.09 75.60
2.11 77. 35
2. 12 79.49
2.13 77.04
43.1
42.8
43.3
43.9
42.6
43.1
43. 1
42. 7
42.5
43.4
42.4
42.0
42.5
43.2
42.1
40.4 $2.17
2.29
40.7
40.9
2. 27
40.4
2. 3C
40. £ 2. 32
41. C 2. 34
2. 33
40.8
2. 32
40.5
41. C 2. 34
40.5
2. 33
40. £ 2. 34
40. 7 2. 34
2. 35
40.7
40.6
2. 35
2. 39
40.3
Drugs and medicines
Explosives
$1. 87 $81. 40
1.95 87.08
1.99 87. 74
1. 99 86.18
1.96 86.62
1. 97 89. 57
1.96 89. 38
1.96 91. 30
1.96 91.96
1. 97 91. 05
1.99 91. 24
1. 99 92. 29
2.00 92. 25
2.02 94.89
2.05 93.94
Alkalies and chlorine
40.8
40.7
40.8
40.5
40.1
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.4
40. 4
40.7
42.6
42.3
42.5
42.0
39.9
41.1
41. 7
41. 7
42.6
42.3
42.2
43. 5
43.6
44.4
41.6
$87. 33
92. 8£
93. 98
93. 71
93. 02
94. 53
93. 8E
94. 76
95. 40
94. 94
94. 8£
95. 06
95.30
96.35
97. 82
41.0
41.1
41.4
41.1
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.2
41.3
41.1
40.9
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.7
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.0
41. 1
41.3
41.3
41.2
41. 5
41.0
40. 6
41.2
45.6
45.1
43.8
44.3
43.5
46.1
46.6
46.8
46.5
45.6
44. 7
44.3
43.6
43.4
43.9
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Miscellaneous chemicals 8
1955: Average_____ $75. 48
1956: Average_____ 80. 38
June________ 79.58
July------ ------ 79. 79
August........ .
79. 58
September___ 81. 19
October........ . 81.20
November___ 82. 81
December___
83. 84
1957: January
82.42
February____ 83. 03
March______
83. 23
April_______
83. 03
M ay____
83.22
June________ 83.82
40.8
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.3
40.4
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Essential oils perfumes, cosmetics
$1. 85 $63.18
1.97 66. 47
1.96 64. 39
1.97 65.11
1.96 65. 86
1.99 66.13
2.00 67. 09
2. 01 68. 97
2.03 70. 93
2.04 66. 99
2. 03 67.25
2. 04 68.03
2.04 68. 78
2.06 68.64
2. 08 70.02
42.3 $2.09 $97.81
42. 1 2. 23 103. 50
2. 22 103. 41
42.8
42.2
2. 22 103. 75
42.2
2.26 108. 03
2. 30 104. 90
41.7
42.1
2. 27 107. 52
42.0
2. 32 103. 57
42.1
2. 33 107. 33
2. 31 106. 30
41.8
2. 32 104.19
41.9
2. 34 104. 86
42.0
2. 33 103. 94
42.0
41.7
2. 36 105. 93
2. 39 107.01
41.6
Soap and glycerin
$91. 88
98.16
100. 43
100.19
98.88
99.12
98. 33
99. 39
100. 28
102. 92
101. 93
102.84
102. 66
102.97
105.06
40.3
40.9
41.5
41.4
41. 2
41.3
40.8
40.9
41.1
41. 5
41. 1
41.3
40.9
40.7
41.2
$2.28
2. 40
2. 42
2. 42
2. 40
2. 40
2. 41
2. 43
2. 44
2. 48
2. 48
2. 49
2.51
2. 53
2. 55
Vegetable oils
$1. 56 $65.07
1. 65 67. 95
1.75 69. 37
1. 75 70. 36
1. 74 68.10
1. 62 67. 89
1.63 70. 74
1. 62 69.97
1. 62 69. 24
1. 65 69. 60
1.68 68.40
1.73 69. 26
1. 76 69. 17
1.81 71.05
1.84 73. 53
Synthetic rubber
45.5
45.0
42.3
42.9
42.3
46. 5
47.8
47.6
47.1
46.4
45.3
44.4
43.5
42.8
43.0
41.8
41.4
41.2
41.5
42.2
41.3
42.0
41.1
41.6
41.2
40.7
40.8
40.6
40.9
41.0
$2. 34
2. 50
2.51
2. 50
2. 56
2. 54
2. 56
2. 52
2. 58
2. 58
2. 56
2. 57
2. 56
2.59
2. 61
Paints, pigments, and
fillers 8
$84.18
86.11
85. 70
86. 53
87. 57
87.36
87. 99
87. 35
88.18
87. 54
87. 53
87. 31
88.78
88.75
90.69
42.3
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.9
41.6
41.7
41.4
41.4
41.1
40.9
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.6
$1.99
2. 07
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.18
Animal oils and fats
$1.43 $81.17
1.51 85. 43
1.64 85. 27
1.64 86. 67
1. 61 85. 05
1.46 85. 81
1.48 85. 25
1. 47 87.17
1.47 85. 54
1. 50 84. 86
1.51 85.89
1.56 87. 32
1. 59 87.60
1.66 87.96
1. 71 89.35
45.6
45.2
45.6
46.1
45.0
45.4
44.4
45.4
45.5
44.2
43.6
44.1
43.8
44.2
44.9
$1.78
1.89
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.92
1. 92
1.88
1.92
1. 37
1.98
2.00
1.99
1.99
Products of petroleum and coal
Compressed and
liquefied gases
39.0 $1.62 $87. 72
39. 1 1. 70 90. 09
38.1
1. 69 90. 95
38.3
1.70 89. 88
39.2
1.68 89. 45
38.9
1.70 92.23
1.69 91.54
39.7
40.1
1. 72 94.35
40.3
1.76 94.13
38.5
1. 74 94. 08
39.1
1. 72 95.18
39.1
1. 74 94. 50
1.75 95. 37
39.3
1. 76 94. 81
39.0
38.9
1.80 96. 37
$2.08
2.20
2. 21
2. 21
2. 20
2. 21
2. 21
2.23
2. 25
2.28
2.28
2. 29
2. 30
2. 32
2.33
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 8
$1. 50 $71.14
1.60 74. 42
1.65 76. 65
1.65 77.53
1. 63 75.69
1.65 74.68
1.64 75. 96
1.65 75.82
1.66 75. 33
1.66 75. 24
1. 65 75.10
1.63 76.64
1. 62 76.74
1.69 78. 55
1.70 80.78
Plastics, except synthetic rubber
$2.13 $88. 41
2.26 93. 88
2. 27 95. 02
2. 28 93.68
2. 28 95. 60
2. 30 95. 91
2. 2£ 95. 57
2. 30 97. 41
2. 31 98. 09
2.31 96. 56
2. 32 97. 21
2. 33 98. 28
2. 33 97.86
2.35 98.41
2. 38 99.42
Soap, cleaning and
polishing preparations8
$1.84 $85. 07
1. 93 90. 64
1.92 92.16
1.94 91.49
1.95 91.08
1.95 91. 72
1.97 90.61
1.98 91. 65
1.99 92. 93
2.00 94.16
2. 00 93. 94
2. 01 95. 04
2. 02 94. 30
2. 03 94.19
2.03 96.00
Fertilizers
$1.67 $63. 90
1. 76 67.68
1. 79 70.13
1. 77 69. 30
1.80 65. 04
1.79 67. 82
1. 79 68. 39
1. 78 68. 81
1. 79 70. 72
1.78 70. 22
1.80 69. 63
1.80 70. 91
1. 82 70. 63
1.84 75.04
1.83 70.72
Industrial organic
chemicals 8
43.0
42.1
42.5
42.0
41.8
42.5
41.8
42.5
42.4
42.0
42.3
42.0
42.2
41.4
41.9
$2. 04
2.14
2.14
2. 14
2.14
2. 17
2.19
2. 22
2. 22
2. 24
2. 25
2. 25
2.26
2. 29
2. 30
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$97. 00
104. 39
104. 81
107. 01
103. 89
108. 00
104. 86
105.11
105. 37
106. 45
104. 45
104. 60
106. 71
106. 75
109.06
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.8
40.9
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40. 7
41.2
40.9
41.0
Petroleum refining
$2. 36 $100. 37
2. 54 108. 39
2. 55 108. 67
2. 56 111. 22
2.54 107. 73
2. 59 111. 78
2. 57 108.14
2. 57 109. 20
2.57 109. 74
2. 59 110.68
2. 56 107. 86
2. 57 108. 26
2.59 110. 95
2. 61 110.84
2.66 113. 57
40.8
40.9
40. 7
41.5
40.5
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.1
41.3
40. 7
40.7
41.4
40.9
41.0
Coke,otherpetroleum,
and coal products
$2. 46 $86. 31
2. 65 91.32
2. 67 92. 00
2.68 92. 67
2.66 92. 42
2. 70 96. 48
2. 67 93. 83
2. 67 91. 98
2. 67 91.53
2. 68 93. 38
2. 65 93. 5?
2. 66 92. 57
2. 68 92. 57
2. 71 93.02
2. 77 94.12
41.9
41.7
42.2
43.1
42.2
42. 5
41.7
40.7
40.5
40.6
41.2
40. 6
40.6
40.8
41. 1
$2.06
2.19
2. IS
2. 15
2.19
2. 27
2.25
2. 26
2. 26
2.30
2. 27
2. 28
2.28
2.28
2.29
1143
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Leather and leather products
Rubber products
Total: Rubber
products
1955: Average_____ $87.15
1956: Average_____ 87.23
84. 74
June............. .
Ju ly ..-............ 85. 75
August-........... 87. 23
September___ 89. in
October,......... 89.98
November___ 87.89
92. 74
December___
91.21
1957: January . . .
F e b r u a r y __ 90.80
89. 28
M arch______
87.60
April_______
88.80
M ay_____ .
91.21
June.. ____
41.7
40.2
39.6
39.7
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
Tires and inner
tubes
$2.09 $101.09
2.17 100. 95
2. 14 98. 25
2. 16 98.14
2.17 101. 20
2. 20 102. 51
2. 20 102. 66
2. 17 103. 53
2. 24 109. 25
2. 23 107. 64
2.22 106.19
2. 21 102. 40
2.19 103. 46
2. 22 103.46
2.23 106.81
41. 6
39.9
39.3
39.1
40.0
40.2
40. 1
40.6
41.7
41.4
41.0
40.0
40. 1
40.1
41.4
Rubber footwear
$2.43 $70. 70
2.53 71.89
2. 50 70.53
2. 51 71. 28
2. 53 70. 35
2. 55 71. 71
2. 56 71. 71
2. 55 71. 55
2. 62 73. 26
2.60 71. 76
2. 59 72.10
2. 56 72. 68
2. 58 70. 64
2.58 71.92
2.58 72.10
Other rubber products
40.4 $1. 75 $78. 35
39.5
1.82 78. 96
39.4
1.79 76. 02
1.80 77. 78
39.6
39.3
1. 79 78.76
39.4
1.82 81.18
39.4
1.82 82.98
39. 1 1.83 79. 98
39.6
1. 85 82. 59
1.84 81.39
39.0
39.4
1.83 81. 18
39.5
1.84 81. 19
1.83 79.60
38.6
39.3
1.83 79.80
39.4
1.83 81.81
41.9
40. 7
39.8
40.3
40.6
41.0
41. 7
40.6
41.5
40.9
41.0
40.8
4.02
40.1
40.7
Total: Leather and
leather products
$1.87 $53. 44
1.94 56. 02
1.91 55. 95
1.93 56. 62
1.94 56. 40
1. 98 55. 72
1.99 55. 72
1.97 56.09
1.99 57. 30
1. 99 57. 76
1.98 58. 60
1. 99 58. 52
1.98 56. 83
1.99 65.90
2.01 58.21
37.9
37.6
37.3
38.0
37.6
36.9
36.9
36.9
37.7
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.9
36.3
37.8
Leather: tanned,
curried, and finished
$1. 41 $72. 40
1. 49 74. 24
1.50 73. 87
1.49 73.49
1.50 74. 26
1. 51 75. 03
1.51 74.86
1.52 75. 64
1.52 76. 42
1. 52 75. 65
1.53 75. 65
1 54 75.26
1.54 76. 43
1.54 75. 27
1.54 77.81
40.0
39.7
39.5
39.3
39.5
39.7
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.4
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.0
39.9
$1.81
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.89
1. 90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.95
Leather and leather products—Continued
Industrial leather
belting and packing
1955: Average_____ $71.81
72.40
1956: Average_____
70. 71
June______
71. 20
J u ly ...............
August______ 71.64
September___ 73. 31
October.......... 75. 07
November___ 79. 38
December....... 75.70
78. 63
1957: Ja n u a ry ___
February____ 75. 70
M a r c h . . . ___ 75. 36
73. 47
April_______
M ay.. . . . _ 74.34
74. 77
June__ . __
40.8
40.0
39.5
40.0
39.8
40.5
40.8
42.0
40.7
42.5
40. 7
40.3
39.5
40.4
40.2
Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
$1. 76 $51. 95
1.81 53. 48
1.79 54. 58
1. 78 54. 05
1.80 53. 77
1.81 53. 07
1.84 53.07
1.89 53. 14
1. 86 55.30
1.85 55. 77
1.86 56.50
1.87 55. 71
1.86 53. 07
1.84 54. 68
1.86 57. 72
38.2
37.4
37.9
37.8
37.6
36.6
36.6
36.4
38.4
38.2
38. 7
37.9
36.6
37.2
39.0
Footwear (except
rubber)
$1. 36 $49. 98
1. 43 53. 57
1.44 53. 22
1. 43 54. 96
1. 43 54.17
1.45 52. 56
1.45 52. 41
1.46 52. 71
1.44 54. 31
1.46 55. 71
1.46 56. 39
1. 47 56. 47
1.45 54. 39
1.47 53.04
1.48 55. 73
Handbags and small Gloves and miscel
laneous leather goods
leather goods
Luggage
37.3 $1.34 $60. 28
1.44 62. 72
37.2
36.7
1. 45 62.17
37.9
1. 45 61. 69
37. 1 1. 46 62.64
36.0
1.46 64. 32
35. 9
1. 46 63.99
1. 46 67.03
36.1
37.2
1.46 64.13
37.9
1.47 61. 88
38. 1 1.48 62. 59
37.9
1.49 63. 08
1.49 61.45
36.5
35.6
1.49 61.56
37.4
1.49 63.34
39.4
39.2
39.6
38.8
39.9
40.2
39.5
39.9
38.4
37.5
38.4
38.7
37.7
38.0
39.1
$1.53 $48. 51
1.60 51. 00
1. 57 50.73
1. 59 50.09
1.57 51.68
1.60 51.61
1. 62 53.76
1.68 53. 30
1.67 53.02
1. 65 52. 50
1.63 53. 82
1.63 53. 96
1.63 52.05
1.62 51.05
1.62 52.11
38.2
37.5
37.3
37.1
38.0
37.4
38.4
37.8
37.6
37. 5
37.9
38.0
36.4
35.7
36.7
$1. 27 $46. 38
1. 36 48.34
1.36 48.10
1.35 47. 82
1.36 49. 74
1.38 49.58
1.40 50. 63
1.41 48. 37
1.41 49. 71
1.40 49. 28
1.42 49. 82
1. 42 49. 87
1.43 48.96
1.43 49.46
1.42 50.01
37.1
36.9
37.0
36.5
37.4
37.0
37.5
36.1
37.1
36.5
36.9
36.4
36.0
36.1
36.5
$1. 25
1.31
1.30
1.31
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.37
1.36
1.37
1.37
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
1955: Average_____ $77.19
1956: Average_____ 80. 56
81.14
June_______
July................. 80. 77
August______ 81.36
September___ 81.18
82.19
October_____
November___ 82.61
82.81
December___
81.41
1957: January....... .
February____ 81.61
82.21
M arch______
April________ 81. 20
M ay________ 82.42
83. 44
June__ ___
41.5
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.3
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
$1. 86 $114.38
1.96 113.03
1.96 110.16
1.97 112.06
1.97 110.02
1.98 111.38
1. 99 112.34
2.01 119. 23
2.01 117.99
2. 02 117. 29
2.01 114. 49
2.02 112. 59
2.01 110. 80
2.02 110.95
2.04 107.96
Cement, hydraulic
1955: Average_____ $78. 85
83. 84
1956: Average....... .
June________ 85. 49
87. 78
July________
August______ 86. 74
September___ 90.53
O ctober......... 86. 74
November___ 86.11
85.49
December___
1957: January-------- 86.73
February____ 84. 46
March........... . 85. 28
April______ . 84.66
84.66
M ay_______
June________ 86. 72
41.5
41.3
41.1
41.8
41.5
42.5
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.3
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.7
41.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown 5
Flat glass
43.0
41.1
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.2
39.4
$2.66 $74.82
2. 75 79.80
2. 70 80. 40
2. 72 81.00
2. 69 79.18
2. 73 75. 31
2. 72 81.81
2. 88 82.00
2. 85 82.21
2. 84 82. 59
2. 82 81. 78
2. 78 81.99
2. 77 81.18
2. 76 84.44
2.74 84.42
Structural clay
products !
$1.90 $70.04
2.03 73. 62
2.08 74.16
2.10 73.80
2.09 74.39
2. 13 74. 85
2.09 74.85
2.09 73.60
2.08 73.97
2.10 72.86
2.07 73. 23
2.08 73.82
2.08 74.00
2.08 74. 59
2.11 75. 92
41.2
40.9
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.9
40.9
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.6
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.9
39.2
37.1
40.3
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.4
40.2
$1.88 $76.19
2.01 80. 59
2.01 82. 82
2.03 83. 63
2.02 80. 94
2.03 73.34
2.03 82. 62
2. 05 83. 21
2.05 82. 81
2.07 84. 44
2.06 82. 78
2.06 82. 78
2.05 82.80
2.09 86. 09
2.10 86.05
Brick and hollow tile
$1.70 $67. 94
1.80 70.14
1.80 71.40
1.80 71.99
1.81 71.40
1.83 71.40
1.83 70.98
1.84 68. 78
1.84 68.71
1. 84 65. 24
1.84 66.07
1.85 67.30
1.85 69. 29
1.86 69.87
1.87 71.80
43.0
42.0
42.5
42.6
42.5
42.0
42.0
40.7
40.9
39.3
39.8
40.3
41.0
41.1
41.5
Glass containers
40.1
39.7
40.4
40.4
39.1
35.6
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.8
39.8
40.0
40.8
40.4
$1.90 $73.08
2. 03 77. 81
2.05 76. 44
2. 07 75.66
2.07 76.04
2. 06 79.00
2. 05 81.20
2.07 79.80
2. 06 81.40
2. 09 79.76
2. 08 80.39
2. 08 80. 59
2.07 78. 97
2.11 81.39
2.13 81.40
Floor and wall tile
$1.58 $69.25
1.67 73. 75
1.68 72.80
1.69 74. 52
1.68 75.36
1.70 74. 74
1.69 73.60
1.69 73. 66
1.68 74.43
1.66 75.03
1.66 74.80
1.67 74.05
1.69 73.87
1.70 75.81
1.73 77.39
39.8
40.3
40.0
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.9
40.1
Pressed and blown
glass
39.5
39.7
39.4
38.8
39.4
39.9
40.4
39.7
39.9
39.1
39.6
39.7
38.9
39.7
39.9
Sewer pipe
$1.74 $69.32
1.83 72.76
1.82 75. 48
1.84 76. 59
1. 87 75.30
1. 85 76. 41
1. 84 76. 22
1.86 74. 56
1.87 72. 29
1.89 73.16
1.87 73.16
1. 87 72.83
1.87 71.00
1.90 74.64
1.93 73.88
40.3
40.2
40.8
41.4
40.7
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.2
39.8
38.8
39.7
39.3
Glass products made
of purchased glass
$1.85 $65.03
1.96 68. 71
1.94 67.80
1.95 67.20
1.93 68. 51
1.98 69.02
2.01 70. 58
2.01 73.10
2.04 72.39
2. 04 70. 22
2.03 69. 30
2.03 70.80
2.03 69. 65
2.05 67.55
2.04 68.64
40.9
40.9
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
40.8
41.3
40.9
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.8
38.6
39.0
$1.59
1.68
1.67
1.68
1. 70
1.70
1.73
1.77
1. 77
1.76
1.75
1.77
1.75
1. 75
1.76
Clay refractories
$1. 72 $75.27
1. 81 80.36
1.85 80.19
1.85 74. 77
1.85 78. 56
1.85 79.31
1.85 80. 73
1.85 81.48
1.83 83. 95
1.82 84.38
1. 82 84.14
1.83 84. 56
1.83 83.50
1.88 83.07
1.88 83.10
38.8
39.2
39.5
37.2
38.7
38.5
39.0
38.8
39.6
39.8
39.5
39.7
39.2
39.0
39.2
$1.94
2.05
2.03
2.01
2.03
2.06
2.07
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.12
1144
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
mgs
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
mgs
tags
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
tags
tags
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
tags
tags
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
tags
tags
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
tags
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
P o tte r y a n d re la te d
p ro d u cts
1955: A v e ra g e ............ $66.38
1956: A v e ra g e ........... 72.20
J u n e _________
71.81
J u ly --------------69.26
A u g u s t_______
72.58
S e p te m b e r___
74.11
O c t o b e r . . ___
73.14
N o v e m b e r___
74. 50
D e c em b er____
74. 88
1957: J a n u a r y ______ 71.20
F e b r u a r y _____
74.10
M a rc h _______
74.69
A p ril...... ...........
73. 91
M a y _________
73.11
J u n e ___ .
71. 71
37.5
37.8
37.4
35.7
38.0
38.4
37.7
38.4
38.4
36.7
38.0
38.3
37.9
37.3
36.4
C oncrete, g y p su m ,
a n d p la ste r p r o d u c ts 5
$1.77 $78.23
1.91 81.88
1.92 84. 63
1.94 82.70
1.91 84.44
1.93 83.07
1.94 82. 77
1.94 81.03
1.95 81.03
1.94 77. 75
1.95 79.98
1.95 81.08
1.95 80. 51
1.96 83.28
1.97 85.11
44.7
44.5
45.5
44.7
45.4
44.9
44.5
43.8
43.8
41.8
43.0
42.9
42.6
43.6
44.1
Concrete products
$1.75 $74.98
1.84 78. 75
1.86 81.42
1.85 81.07
1.86 81. 70
1.85 81.07
1.86 80. 36
1.85 77.70
1.85 77.79
1.86 74. 16
1.86 77. 25
1.89 78. 01
1. 89 78. 62
1.91 81.07
1.93 83. 51
44.9
45.0
46.0
45.8
45.9
45.8
45.4
44.4
44.2
41.9
43.4
43.1
43.2
44.3
44.9
$1.67 $67. 78
1.75 69.87
1.77 70. 21
1.77 69.63
1.78 70.35
1.77 70.28
1.77 72. 56
1.75 70.93
1. 76 71.40
1.77 68.16
1.78 69.65
1.81 70.00
1. 82 70.05
1.83 72.62
1.86 71.46
S to n e, clay a n d glass p ro d u c ts— C o n tin u e d
Asbestos products
1955: A v e ra g e ... . . . $84.67
1956: A v erag e______ 84. 65
J u n e ________
83.63
J u ly __________
82.21
A u g u st_______
87. 78
S e p te m b e r___
88.40
O cto b e r______
87. 98
N o v e m b e r____ 87.14
D e c e m b e r____
88.19
1957: J a n u a r y ______ 85.49
F e b ru a ry _____
88.41
M a r c h _______
88.20
A p ril_________
89.46
M a y _________
92. 24
J u n e _________
93.09
43.2
41.7
41.4
40.7
42.2
42.5
42.3
42.3
42.4
41.5
42.1
41.8
42.0
42.9
42.9
$1.96 $81. 75
2. 03 88.24
2.02 89.55
2.02 73.59
2.08 83.98
2.08 87.02
2.08 84.73
2.06 96.52
2.08 91.41
2.06 96.56
2.10 100.45
2.11 94.49
2.13 85. 98
2.15 86.30
2.17 92.04
Iro n a n d steel fo u n d
r ie s 5
1955: A verage______ $85. 06
1956: A v erag e______ 87. 34
J u n e _________
85. 89
J u l y . . ................
85. 47
A u g u st_______
86.30
S e p te m b e r___
87. 95
O cto b e r_____ _ 88.56
N o v e m b e r___
87. 89
D e c e m b e r____
91.32
1957: J a n u a r y ______ 88.73
F e b ru a ry _____ 87.78
M a rc h _______
87.12
A p r i l . . ______
86. 68
M a y ______ _
86.85
J u n e __ _____
87. 91
41.9
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.9
41.1
41.0
40.5
41.7
40.7
39.9
39.6
39.4
39.3
39.6
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.4
38.5
40.6
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.3
40.5
40.7
40.9
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.2
38.7
39.8
33.0
38.0
38.0
37.0
40.9
39.4
40.4
41.0
39.7
36.9
37.2
39.0
$2.14
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.21
2.29
2.29
2.36
2.32
2.39
2.45
2.38
2. 33
2. 32
2. 36
Oray-iron foundries
$2.03 $84.00
2.12 83. 84
2.10 82.42
2.10 82. 41
2.11 83.84
2.14 84. 25
2.16 84.84
2.17 84. 59
2.19 88.80
2.18 84.99
2.20 84.07
2.20 82. 99
2. 20 82.78
2. 21 82.94
2.22 84. 20
Primary refining of
aluminum
1955: A verage______ $89.28
1956: A verage______ 95.34
J u n e _________
94.83
J u ly __________ 94. 54
A u g u st_______
93.17
S e p te m b e r___
99.06
O c to b e r............. 99.38
N o v e m b e r___
99.06
D e c em b er____ 100.86
1957: J a n u a r y ______ 100.21
F e b ru a ry _____ 100. 94
M a rc h ______ _ 100.35
A p ril_________ 101. 25
M a y ________
102.16
J u n e _________ 103.07
Nonclay refractories
42.0
40.7
40.4
40.2
40.7
40.7
40.4
39.9
41.3
39.9
39.1
38.6
38. 5
38.4
38.8
$2.21 $81.45
2.36 85.04
2.33 82.78
2. 34 83.21
2. 42 86. 52
2. 44 86.74
2. 46 86. 52
2. 44 84. 86
2.46 87.78
2. 45 87.35
2.48 86. 51
2. 49 87. 57
2. 50 87.56
2.51 86.09
2. 52 86.28
42.2
42.1
41.6
41.4
42.0
41.7
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.0
41.7
41.3
40.8
40.7
$1.93
2. 02
1.99
2.01
2.06
2.08
2.06
2.04
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.12
2.11
2.12
42.1
41.1
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.1
41.7
41.0
40.8
39.4
39.8
40.0
39.8
40.8
40.6
M iscellan eo u s n o n m e tallic m in e ra l
p ro d u c ts 5
$1.61 $81.12
1.70 83.03
1.70 82.42
1.69 80.79
1.72 82. 82
1.71 84. 46
1.74 85.07
1.73 86. 73
1.75 88.41
1. 73 86. 72
1.75 87.77
1.75 87.34
1.76 85. 67
1.78 86.92
1.76 88.15
41.6
40.7
40.6
39.8
40.4
40.8
40.9
41.3
41.9
41.1
41.4
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.0
Abrasive products
$1.95 $86. 73
2.04 88.18
2.03 86.63
2.03 87. 52
2. 05 85. 75
2.07 85. 57
2.08 91.83
2.10 93.89
2.11 99. 72
2.11 91. 76
2.12 91.13
2.12 92.89
2.11 91.35
2.12 91.30
2.15 91.43
41.3
39.9
39.2
39.6
38.8
38.2
40.1
41.0
42.8
40.6
40.5
41.1
40.6
40.4
40.1
$2.10
2. 21
2. 21
2.21
2. 21
2.24
2.29
2.29
2. 33
2. 26
2.25
2.26
2. 25
2.26
2.28
P r im a r y m e ta l in d u s trie s
T o ta l: P r im a ry m e ta l
in d u s trie s
B la st fu rn aces, steel
w ork s, a n d ro llin g
m ills 5
$92.29
96. 52
95.71
91.88
93.69
100.12
98. 74
99.06
100. 94
101. 27
99.14
98. 65
97. 91
97.42
99.45
$95.99
102.06
100.94
96. 47
97. 52
107. 53
104.90
105.18
107.16
108. 79
105.06
104.01
103. 89
102.31
105.07
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.3
39.7
41.2
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.3
40. 1
39.8
39.6
40.1
$2.24
2.36
2 34
2.28
2.36
2.43
2.42
2. 44
2. 45
2. 47
2.46
2. 46
2.46
2. 46
2.48
Malleable-iron found
ries
$2.00 $83. 82
2.06 83. 84
2. 04 78.38
2.05 81.19
2.06 82. 80
2.07 86. 50
2.10 85. 67
2.12 85.44
2.15 86.07
2.13 86.24
2.15 85.39
2.15 83. 50
2.15 82.01
2.16 84.10
2.17 85.10
S eco n d a ry sm eltin g
a n d refining of
n o nferrous m e tals
C u t-sto n e a n d sto n e
p ro d u cts
41.7
40.5
38.8
39.8
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.3
39.9
39.2
38.5
39.3
39.4
40.5
40.5
40.7
38.9
38.7
41.2
40.5
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.8
$2. 37 $96. 39
2.52 102. 47
2.48 101.34
2.48 97.25
2. 52 f 97. 91
2.61 107.94
2.59 105. 30
2.61 Í105. 59
2. 62 107.57
2.66 109. 20
2. 62 |105. 46
2.62 104. 41
2. 63 104. 28
2.61 102. 70
2.64 105.47
Steel foundries
$2.01 $88. 62
2.07 95.63
2.02 95. 87
2.04 93. 66
2. 07 92. 99
2.12 95.99
2.11 96.87
2.12 95. 30
2.12 99.10
2.14 98.18
2.14 96.28
2.13 97.86
2.13 96.98
2.14 95. 58
2.16 96.88
41.8
42.5
42.8
42.0
41.7
42.1
42.3
41.8
42.9
42. 5
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.2
41.4
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills, except electro
metallurgical prod
ucts
40.5
40.5
40.7
38.9
38.7
41.2
40.5
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.1
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.8
$2.38
2. 53
2. 49
2.50
2.53
2.62
2.60
2. 62
2.63
2.67
2.63
2.63
2. 64
2.62
2.65
Electrometallurgical
products
$87.14
88. 44
88.91
85. 53
88.80
89.15
91.08
90. 27
91.13
92. 21
90.85
90.80
91.25
90. 52
91.54
41.3
40.2
40.6
38.7
40.0
39.8
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.2
40.0
40. 2
39.7
39.8
$2.11
2.20
2.19
2. 21
2.22
2.24
2.26
2.24
2. 25
2.26
2.26
2. 27
2. 27
2.28
2.30
P r im a ry
sm eltin g Primary smelting and
a n d refin in g of nonrefining of copper,
ferrous m e ta ls 5
lead, and zinc
$2.12 $84. 66
2.25 91. 46
2.24 90.45
2.23 93.18
2.23 91.17
2.28 95.04
2. 29 94.16
2. 28 93. 71
2. 31 93. 43
2.31 94. 76
2.32 93.43
2. 33 93. 61
2. 32 94.02
2. 32 94.89
2.34 95. 53
40.7
41.2
41.3
41.6
40.7
41.5
41.3
41.1
40.8
41.2
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.0
$2.08 $81. 61
2. 22 89.02
2.19 87.14
2.24 92.42
2.24 90.47
2. 29 93.26
2. 28 90. 69
2. 28 90.03
2.29 89. 38
2.30 90. 64
2.29 88. 94
2.30 89. 79
2.31 89. 57
2.32 90.20
2.33 90.42
40.6
41.6
41.3
42.2
41.5
42.2
41.6
41.3
41.0
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.1
$2.01
2.14
2.11
2.19
2.18
2. 21
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.20
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.20
2.20
R o llin g ,
d raw in g ,
a n d allo y in g of Rolling, drawing, and
alloying of copper
n o n ferro u s m e ta l s 5
Rolling, drawing, and
alloying of aluminum N onf errous f o u n d rie s
$89.89
93. 38
90. 98
89.91
89. 55
94. 58
93.02
92.97
95.82
94. 71
92. 86
93.32
94.30
94.54
96.12
$86.09
91.13
89. 65
89.24
87. 86
94.83
93. 56
93. 09
94. 42
94. 60
95.34
94.24
95. 99
95. 27
95.04
42.2
41.5
40.8
40.5
39.8
41.3
40.8
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.4
40.9
$2. 13
2. 25
2.23
2.22
2. 25
2.29
2. 28
2.29
2.32
2.31
2.31
2.31
2. 34
2.34
2.35
$93. 31
95.18
91.02
90.32
90.58
94. 02
91. 58
91.94
96. 28
94. 53
91. 77
93.32
92.40
93. 96
97.11
43.4
42.3
41.0
40.5
40.8
41.6
40.7
40.5
41.5
41.1
39.9
40.4
40.0
40.5
41.5
$2.15
2. 25
2. 22
2.23
2. 22
2. 26
2.25
2. 27
2.32
2. 30
2.30
2.31
2.31
2.32
2. 34
40.8
40.5
40.2
40.2
38.2
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.1
$2.11 $85. 89
2.25 88.94
2. 23 87.05
2.22 89.13
2. 30 89. 57
2.33 91.91
2.31 91.69
2.31 90. 76
2.32 94. 02
2. 33 91. 13
2.36 91.35
2.35 91. 58
2. 37 89. 95
2.37 90.63
2.37 91. 66
40.9
40.8
40.3
40.7
40.9
41.4
41.3
40.7
41.6
40.5
40.6
40.7
39.8
40.1
40.2
$2.10
2.18
2.16
2.19
2.19
2. 22
2. 22
2.23
2.26
2. 25
2. 25
2. 25
2.26
2. 26
2.28
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
1145
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
tags
mgs
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
tags
tags
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
tags
tags
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours
tags
tags
tags
tags
Avg.
hrly.
earntags
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance,
machinery, and transportation equipment)
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal in Iron and steel forgings
dustries 8
1955: Average........
1956: Average____
June...............
July_______
August_____
September__
October_____
November___
December.......
1957: January_____
February........
March.
April..
M a y ..
Ju n e ..
$97.10
99. 9C
99.3C
96. 81
96. 21
98. 88
100. 36
101. 26
102. 83
103. 91
102. 92
102. IS
100.12
99. 38
102. 67
42.4
41.8
41.9
41.2
40.8
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.5
41.2
40.7
40.4
41.4
$2.29 $101.28
2.39 105. 42
2.37 101.68
2.35 101.93
2.36 101.02
2. 40 104.08
2.43 109. 65
2. 44 108. 71
2. 46 108.88
2. 48 112.66
2. 48 109. 62
2. 48 109. 36
2. 46 105. 52
2. 46 105. 52
2. 48 107. 90
Cutlery, nana tools,
and hardware 5
1955: Average........... $79.30
1956: Average........... 81. 60
June................. 79. 00
July— ........... 79. 20
August______ 80. 40
September___ 85.08
October......... . 87.15
November___ 85. 70
December___
88.41
1957: January_____ 83. 62
February____ 84.03
M arch........ .
83.82
April________ 83. 21
M ay________ 84.44
June...... .......... 84. 63
42.2
42.0
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.3
42.5
42.3
42.2
43.0
42.0
41.9
40.9
40.9
41.5
$2.40
2. 51
2. 45
2. 48
2. 47
2. 52
2. 58
2. 57
2. 58
2. 62
2. 61
2. 61
2.58
2. 58
2.60
Cutlery and edge tools
41.3 $1.92 $69. 87
40.8
2. 00 72. 62
40.1
1.97 70. 58
40.0
1.98 71.33
40. 4 1.99 70.80
41.5
2.05 73. 26
41.9
2.08 74. 44
41.4
2. 07 75. 53
42.1
2.10 75. 58
40.2
2.08 74.30
40.4
2.08 74.12
40.3
2.08 75.07
40.2
2.07 74.34
40.4
2. 09 74. 40
40.3
2.10 74. 59
41.1
40.8
40.1
40.3
40.0
40.7
40.9
41.5
41.3
40.6
40.5
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.1
Wire drawing
$95. 67
97.06
95.76
93.60
94. 39
96. 56
97.39
98.28
99. 59
97. 53
97. 70
96. 76
96. 52
95.18
97. 47
42.9 $2.23 $91.46
42.2
2.3C 94. 66
42.0
2.28 97. 63
41.6
2. 25 94.16
41.4 2.28 93. 32
41.8
2.31 95.00
2. 33 91.10
41.8
42. C 2.34 94. 64
42.2
2. 36 96. 32
41.5
2.35 97.20
41.4
2. 36 98.25
41.0
2. 36 96.56
40.9
2. 36 96. 80
40.5
2. 35 96. 47
41.3
2. 36 104. 33
Hand tools
$1.70 $77.95
1.78 82. 62
1.76 81.00
1. 77 79. 80
1.77 82. 62
1.80 84. 26
1. 82 85.08
1.82 84.05
1.83 85. 90
1.83 83.01
1.83 83. 01
1.84 82. 99
1.84 82.58
1.86 82. 99
1.86 83. 58
Welded and heavyriveted pipe
41.2
40.8
41. £
41.3
40.4
40.6
39.1
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.6
39.9
40.0
39.7
41.9
$2.22
2. 32
2. 33
2. 28
2.31
2. 34
2.33
2. 36
2. 39
2. 40
2.42
2. 42
2. 42
2. 43
2.49
Hardware
40.6 $1.92 $82. 78
40.9
2.02 83. 44
40.5
2.00 80.60
40.1
1.99 80. 79
40.9
2.02 82.21
41.1
2. 05 88.83
41.1
2. 07 91.16
40.8
2. 06 88.61
41.3
2.08 92.87
40. 1 2.07 86. 03
40.1
2.07 86. 67
39.9
2.08 86. 86
39. 7 2.08 85.84
39.9
2. 08 87.91
39.8
2.10 87.89
41.6
40.7
39.9
39.8
40.3
41.9
42.4
41.6
42.6
40.2
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.0
39.5
40. 2
40.8
40.9
39.7
40.3
39.7
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.3
40.1
$1.89 $83. 01
1.98 87. 57
1. 96 87. 99
1.95 85. 49
1.98 86. 05
2. 01 89. 86
2. 02 90. 92
2. 01 89. 42
2. 03 92. 21
2. 04 90.47
2. 06 91.12
2.06 91.76
2.05 91. 96
2. 06 93. 04
2. 07 93. 91
Metal stamping, coat
ing, and engraving 8
1955: Average_____ $86.10
1956: Average_____ 87. 34
June________ 86. 71
July------------- 86. 09
August______ 85.67
September___ 91. 56
October_____ 92.86
November___ 91.78
December___ 94.15
1957: January_____ 87.91
February____ 87.51
M arch______ 87.89
April............... 88.29
M ay________ 89. 32
June________ 91.02
42.0
41. 2
40.9
40.8
40.6
42.0
42.4
42.1
42.6
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.6
41.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.3
41.5
41.9
41.1
40.4
41.6
41.9
41.4
42.3
41.5
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.1
42.3
$2. 01 $83.00
2.11 87. 57
2.10 87. 57
2.08 85. 49
2.13 84. 35
2.16 89. 21
2.17 90. 72
2.16 90. 69
2.18 92. 21
2.18 90. 89
2.18 91.98
2.19 93.28
2.20 93.93
2. 21 94. 57
2. 22 96.11
Vitreous enameled
products
$2. 05 $65.11
2.12 66.64
2.12 65.62
2. 11 67.13
2.11 66. 92
2.18 71.81
2. 19 71.23
2.18 70. 24
2. 21 67. 83
2.16 70. 07
2.15 69. 25
2.17 74.39
2.18 64. 90
2.20 65.14
2. 22 68. 85
39.7
39.2
38.6
40.2
39.6
40.8
40.7
40.6
39.9
40.5
39.8
43.0
37.3
36.8
38.9
41.5
41.5
41.9
41.3
39.6
41.3
42.0
41.6
42.3
41.5
42.0
42.4
42.5
42.6
43.1
$2.00 $82. 82
2. 11 84.85
2. 09 88.20
2. 07 82. 21
2.13 82. 58
2. 16 87. 54
2.16 87.29
2.18 81.93
2.18 90.09
2.19 86.07
2. 19 86.48
2.20 87. 51
2. 21 87.91
2. 22 89.42
2. 23 91.12
Stamped and pressed
metal products
$1.64 $89. 25
1.70 91. 30
1.70 90.86
1.67 91.05
1.69 89. 79
1. 76 96.25
1. 75 97. 81
1. 73 96.25
1.70 99. 13
1. 73 91.62
1.74 90. 98
1.73 92. 89
1.74 91.76
1.77 93. 25
1. 77 95. 58
41.0
40.6
41.8
40.3
39.7
41.1
40.6
39.2
41.9
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
41.4
41.8
$2. 02
2. 09
2.11
2. 04
2.08
2. 13
2.15
2.09
2. 15
2. 12
2.13
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.18
41.0
40.0
39.4
40.0
40.1
40.8
41. 0
40.9
41.3
39.8
39.8
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.4
40.3
39.7
39.4
39.0
39.9
40.4
40.4
39.2
39.8
39.4
39.9
39.5
39.2
39.1
39.7
40.7
41.5
41.4
40.5
40.9
41.7
41.9
42.0
42.2
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.6
$1.92 $77. 87
1.91 80. 75
1.90 79. 93
t. 89 77. 16
1.89 79. 37
1. 92 82. 59
1.96 84. 62
1.97 82. 81
2.00 84.65
1.98 82. 22
1.97 81. 20
1.97 82. 42
1. 97 81. 20
1.99 80. 40
1. 99 82.22
41.2
41.2
41.2
40.4
40.7
41.5
42.1
41.2
41.7
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.2
39.8
40.5
Tin can and other
tinware
$85. 69
91.78
92.01
93.52
94.17
94.81
94. 73
90.80
95.15
90.17
91.98
92. 84
97.25
94. 07
97. 25
41.8
42.1
42.4
42.9
43.0
42.9
42.1
40.9
42.1
39.9
40.7
40.9
42. 1
40.9
42.1
$2.05
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.21
2.25
2. 22
2. 26
2. 26
2. 26
2.27
2.31
2.30
2.31
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
$1.94 $82.21
2. 02 82. 68
2.00 80. 01
2.01 80. 89
2. 02 82. 32
2.04 84.14
2.06 84.07
2.05 81.70
2.06 83.21
2.08 83. 76
2.09 84. 63
2.09 83. 55
2.09 84. 53
2.10 84. 53
2.11 85. 97
Boiler-shop products
$81. 40
87. 98
87. 35
85. 05
87. 53
90. 07
91.34
91. 14
92.00
91. 56
91.98
92. 40
91.54
92.40
91.10
Lighting fixtures
42.3 $2.11 $78. 72
41.5
2.20 76. 40
41.3
2. 20 74. 86
41. 2 2. 21 75.60
41.0
2.19 75. 79
42.4
2. 27 78. 34
42.9
2.28 80. 36
42.4
2. 27 80. 57
43.1
2. 30 82. 60
40.9
2.24 78.80
40.8
2.23 78.41
41.1
2.26 78.41
40.6
2. 26 78. 21
40.9
2. 28 78.80
41.2
2. 32 78.41
$82. 37 41.6 $1.98
85.28
41.2
2.07
84. 46 41.0
2.06
83. 44 40.7
2. 05
84. 25 40.7
2.07
87. 78 41.6
2. 11
89. 03
2.13
41.8
87. 56 41.3
2.12
90. 09 42.1
2.14
86.90
40.8
2.13
87.33
41.0
2.13
87. 74 41.0
2.14
87. 94 40.9
2.15
88. 34
40.9
2.16
89. 40 41.2
2.17
Heating apparatus
(except electric)
and p lu m b e rs’
supplies 5
$1.99 $78.18
2.05 80.19
2. 02 78.80
2. 03 78.39
2.04 80. 60
2.12 82. 42
2.15 83. 22
2.13 80.36
2.18 81.99
2.14 81.95
2.14 83.39
2.15 82. 56
2.13 81.93
2.16 82.11
2.17 83. 77
Oil burners, nonelectrie heating and Fabricated structural Structural steel and or- Metal doors. sash.
cooking apparatus,
metal products 8
namental metal work
fram es, molding,
not elsewhere classi
and trim
fied
1955: Average......... . $76.17
1956: Average....... .
79. 00
June________ 78.40
July___ _____ 77.03
August______ 79. 60
September___ 82. 01
October_____ 82.62
November___ 79. 80
December___ 81. 81
1957: January_____ 80. 99
February........ 83. 02
March______
82.19
April_______
80. 77
M ay________ 80. 96
June________ 83.01
Total: Fabricated
metal products
40.3
39.0
38.1
37.8
39.2
39.5
39.1
38.0
38.7
38.6
39.0
38.5
38.6
38.6
38.9
$2.04
2.12
2.10
2. 14
2.10
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.19
2. 21
Sheet-metal work
$2.00 $84.85
41.8 $2. 03
2.12 90. 52 42.3
2.14
2.11 90. 31 42.6
2.12
2.10 89.46
42.0
2.13
2.14 91.15
42.2
2.16
2.16 93. 29 42.6
2.19
2.18 93. 30 42.8
2.18
2.17 91.56
42.0
2.18
2.18 93. 94 42.7
2.20
2.18 91. 12 41.8
2.18
2.19 91.96
41.8
2. 20
2.20 91.94
41.6
2. 21
2.19 90.61
2. 21
41.0
2.20 93.18
41.6
2.24
2.19 94. 69 41.9
2. 26
Miscellaneous
fabri
Fabricated wire
cated metal prod
products
ucts 8
$1.89 $84. 08
1. 96 86. 09
1.94 84.23
1.91 84.25
1. 95 84.25
1.99 86. 73
2. 01 88.20
2. 01 88. 20
2. 03 90. 52
2.03 89.25
2. 02 89.68
2.03 89. 89
2.02 89.24
2. 02 88.18
2. 03 89.24
42.9
42.2
41.7
41.5
41.3
41.9
42.2
42.0
42.7
42.1
42.3
42. 2
41.7
41.4
41.7
$1.96
2. 04
2. 02
2.03
2. 04
2. 07
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.13
2.14
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1146
T a ble
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Machinery (except electrical)
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—
Continued
Metal shipping barrels,
drums, kegs, and pails
1955: Average___ 1956: Average_____
June____ _ .
Ju ly ______ _
August-. ___
September. . .
October_____
November___
December.. .
1957: January_____
February___
M arch..'. ._ _
April________
M ay________
June. ______
$91.16
97.16
105. 34
107. 87
95. 57
94. 25
92. 40
95.30
97. 58
97. 06
96. 05
98.65
97. 64
96. 70
104. 44
42.6 $2.14 $89.02
42.8
2. 27 90.17
45.8
2. 30 88. 73
46.1
2. 34 88. 07
42. 1 2. 27 86.40
40.8
2.31 88. 44
40.0
2.31 93. 71
40.9
2. 33 92.11
2. 34 98. 94
41.7
41.3
2.35 95. 94
2. 36 93. 50
40.7
41. 8 2. 36 96.17
41.2
2. 37 94.60
41. 5 2. 33 93. 32
2.39 98. 83
43.7
Steam engines, turbines, and water
wheels
1955: Average_____
1956: Average....... .
June________
July________
August______
September__
October___
November___
December___
1957: January___ _
February........
M arch______
April_______
M ay. ______
June__ ___
$91. 96
101. 50
96. 88
97.11
96. 88
101.57
106. 26
105. 50
113. 27
108. 88
110. 85
113. 71
111. 11
113.62
112. 99
1955: Average_____ $87.14
1956: Average_____ 92.01
June________ 92. 43
88.15
July.............
August........... 88.58
91.98
September__
92. 40
October. _
November___ 91.08
94. 55
December..
1957: January_____ 93.44
February____ 93. 41
94. 28
M arch______
A p ril_____ . 93.56
93. 56
M ay___
93.11
June . . ___
42.3
42.4
42.4
41.0
41.2
42.0
42.0
41.4
42.4
41.9
41.7
41.9
41.4
41.4
41.2
1955: Average_____ $83. 58
1956: Average.......... 89. 67
June________ 88.82
89. 46
July_______
August______ 89.25
September___ 91.59
October.. __
91.16
November___ 91.38
92.88
December...
1957: January_____ 90. 73
February____ 90.73
March__ ____ 90. 72
90.07
April_______
89. 42
May ______
June___ . . _ 89.84
42.0
42.7
42.7
42.4
42.5
43.0
42.6
42.5
43.0
42.2
42.2
42.0
41. 7
41.4
41.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.0
41.4
41.5
41.2
40.3
41.0
40.8
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.8
$2.16 $83. 84
2. 27 86.80
2. 27 85.81
2. 27 85.14
2. 26 85. 57
2. 30 87. 69
2.30 87. 30
2.30 87. 47
2. 32 89.15
2. 32 89.95
2. 32 89. 89
2.31 91. 43
2. 31 90. 57
2. 35 91. 25
2. 38 91. 60
Oilfield machinery
and tools
$2.06 $86. 90
2.17 92. 45
2.18 92. 23
2.15 92.87
2.15 93. 95
2.19 93.93
2.20 94.37
2.20 93.46
2.23 94. 57
2.23 92. 62
2. 24 94. 75
2. 25 93. 44
2.26 94. 28
2. 26 89. 60
2. 26 93. 38
Special-industry machinery (except
metal working machinery) 5
41.6 $2.14 $88. 27
40.8
2. 21 88. 20
40.7
2.18 84. 05
2.18 83. 23
40.4
40.0
2.16 85. 28
40.2
2. 20 90. 31
41.1
2. 28 91.38
40.4
2. 28 89.88
2.35 92. 60
42.1
2.34 90. 72
41.0
40. 3 2.32 91. 58
41.1
2.34 91.14
2.33 90. 27
40.6
2. 31 89. 62
40.4
2. 37 89. 62
41.7
43.7
42.2
41.0
41.0
41.0
42.6
42.7
42.0
42.9
42.0
42.4
42.0
41.6
41.3
41.3
Screw-machine
products
$2. 02 $82. 94
2.09 85. 63
2.05 82. 37
2.03 82.60
2. 08 83.40
2.12 85. 26
2.14 87.13
2.14 86. 94
2. 16 89. 65
2.16 89. 66
2.16 90. 08
2.17 89. 66
2.17 89. 25
2.17 87. 57
2.17 86. 94
Diesel and other internal combustion, Agricultural machinery and tractors *
not elsewhere classified
39.3 $2.34 $90. 72
2. 44 93. 98
41.6
41.4
2. 34 94.21
41. 5 2.34 93. 52
2.41 91.08
40.2
41.8
2.43 94. 30
2. 53 93. 84
42.0
2. 53 94. 07
41.7
43.4
2. 61 95. 82
42.2
2.58 94.89
2. 59 91. 66
42.8
43. 4 2. 62 94.02
42.9
2.59 93. 32
43.2
2. 63 94.94
42.8
2. 64 97.10
Construction and mining machinery, except for oilfields
Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets
Steel springs
42.6
42.8
43 3
43.6
42.9
42. 5
42.7
42.1
42.6
42.1
42.3
41.9
41.9
40.0
41.5
$2.04
2.16
2.13
2.13
2.19
2.21
2.21
2.22
2. 22
2.20
2.24
2.23
2. 25
2.24
2. 25
Food-products
machinery
$1.99 $84. 86
2.10 89. 45
2.08 87.99
2.11 90.94
2. 10 89.45
2.13 89.64
2.14 89. 40
2.15 88. 75
2.16 91.12
2.15 88. 75
2.15 90.03
2. 16 91.94
2.16 91. 52
2.16 91. 49
2.17 91. 46
41.6
41.8
41.7
42.1
41.8
41.5
41.2
40.9
41.8
40.9
41.3
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.2
Metalworking machinery
$98.10
108. 69
108.00
107.49
108.14
111.64
109. 52
107.12
111.44
110.16
111.10
111.50
110.81
109. 25
108. 68
43.6
45. 1
45. 0
44.6
44.5
45.2
44.7
43.9
45.3
44.6
44.8
44.6
44.5
43.7
43.3
$2. 25
2. 41
2.40
2.41
2. 43
2. 47
2.45
2. 44
2. 46
2. 47
2. 48
2. 50
2. 49
2. 50
2.51
Textile machinery
$2. 04 $74. 11
2.14 76.59
2.11 75. 62
2.16 75. 67
2.14 76. 63
2.16 78. 35
2.17 78. 44
2.17 78.85
2.18 78. 85
2.17 78. 47
2.18 78. 25
2.21 77. 68
2.20 76. 57
2.21 76.76
2. 22 77. 93
41.4
41.4
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.9
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
41. 1
40.3
40.4
40.8
$1.79
1.85
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.91
43.2 $1.92 $87.36
42.6
2.0! 93. 26
41.6
1.98 92. 20
41.3
2. 00 91.96
41.7
2. 00 92.16
2.03 95.18
42.0
42.5
2.05 94.73
2.07 93.83
42.0
43.1
2. 08 96. 70
42.9
2. 09 95.11
43.1
2.09 95.11
42.9
2. 09 95. 30
42. 5 2.10 94. 39
41.9
2. 09 93. 71
41.6
2. 09 94. 53
40.9 $2.15 $79. 80
2. 24 82. 37
40.3
40. 1 2. 21 82. 40
2. 20 81. 30
40.2
2. 20 83. 62
39.5
2. 29 82. 43
40.1
40.2
2. 29 80. 47
39.9
2. 29 82.04
40.1
2.31 84. 93
2. 33 84. 67
40.2
2.
33 86. 07
39.8
40.0
2. 33 89. 47
2. 32 89.28
39.5
39.6
2. 31 90. 58
39.6
2. 34 90. 72
Machine tools
$95.27
106. 26
104. 42
103.28
103. 70
109. 02
108.32
107.81
110. 64
106. 83
107.07
105.16
104. 44
102. 29
101. 76
43.7
45.8
45.4
45.1
44.7
46.0
45.9
45.3
46.1
44.7
44.8
44.0
43.7
42.8
42.4
$2.18
2.32
2. 30
2. 29
2.32
2. 37
2.36
2.38
2.40
2.39
2.39
2. 39
2. 39
2. 39
2.40
Paper-industries
machinery
$89. 40
97. 48
98. 37
96. 98
98.12
100. 58
96. 92
100.19
106.00
102. 86
101. 77
100. 04
99. 82
95. 03
94. 59
44.7
46.2
46.4
46.4
46.5
47.0
45.5
46.6
48.4
47.4
46.9
46.1
46.0
44.2
44.2
41.8
42.2
42.1
41.8
41.7
42.3
42.1
41.7
42.6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
$2.09
2.21
2.19
2.20
2. 21
2.25
2. 25
2. 25
2. 27
2.27
2. 27
2. 28
2. 28
2. 28
2. 30
Agricultural machinery (except tractors')
Tractors
40.5 $2.07 $87. 94
40.0
2.17 90. 27
2.14 88.62
40.1
39.6
2.15 88. 44
39.8
2.15 86.90
39.5
2. 22 91. 83
2.21 92.06
39.5
39.4
2. 22 91.37
39.8
2. 24 92. 63
2.26 93. 67
39.8
39.6
2. 27 92. 73
40. 1 2. 28 93.20
2. 27 91.64
39.9
40.2
2. 27 91.48
40.0
2. 29 92. 66
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
$2.00
2.11
2.12
2.09
2.11
2.14
2.13
2,15
2.19
2.17
2.17
2.17
2. 17
2.15
2.14
40.1
39.6
40.0
38.9
40.2
38.7
38.5
38.7
39. 5
39.2
39.3
40.3
40.4
40.8
40.5
42.5
43.2
43.0
42.8
41.8
42.3
42.7
42.1
43.3
42.3
42.6
42.6
42.7
42.0
42.0
41.9
43.7
43.8
44.2
42.9
44.0
43.7
43.8
43.5
43.0
43.4
42.8
42.8
42.7
41. 1
41.4 $2.20
41.5
2. 30
41.5
2. 28
41.2
2.28
40.3
2. 29
41.2
2.33
41.1
2.36
41.1
2.36
41.8
2.40
41.2
2.39
41.3
2. 40
41.4
2. 40
41. 1 2. 39
41.2
2. 44
41.4
2. 46
Construction and
mining machinery «
42.4
42.5
42.7
41.8
41.7
42.2
42.2
41.6
42. 5
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.6
41.0
41.3
$2.05
2.17
2.16
2.14
2.16
2. 20
2.20
2.21
2. 23
2. 22
2. 24
2. 24
2. 26
2. 25
2. 26
Machine-tool
accessories
$2.16 $102. 52
2. 26 115.12
2.24 115.37
2.26 114. 30
2. 25 116.94
2. 27 119.08
2.30 114.88
2.31 110. 74
2.33 116. 28
2. 34 116. 68
2. 35 118.36
2.36 119. 73
2. 36 118. 82
2. 38 116. 48
2.38 115. 62
Printing-trades machinery and equipment
$92. 60
102. 70
102. 93
104. 75
101.24
105.16
104. 44
105.12
103.10
101.91
104.16
101. 86
102. 29
102. 05
97. 82
$91.08
95. 45
94. 62
93. 94
92.29
96. 00
97. 00
97. 00
100. 32
98. 47
99.12
99.36
98. 23
100. 53
101. 84
$1.99 $86. 92
2. 08 92. 23
2. 06 92.23
2. 09 89. 45
2.08 90. 07
2.13 92. 84
2.09 92. 84
2.12 91.94
2.15 94. 78
2.16 93.24
2.19 93. 86
2. 22 93. 86
2. 21 94.02
2. 22 92. 25
2.24 93.34
Metalworking machinery (except machine tools)
$91. 80
97.63
96.32
96. 73
94.05
96.02
98. 21
97. 25
100. 89
98.98
100.11
100. 54
100. 77
99. 96
99. 96
Engines and turbines6
44.0
45.5
45. 6
45.0
45. 5
45.8
44.7
43.6
45.6
45.4
45.7
45.7
45.7
44.8
44.3
$2.33
2. 53
2. 53
2. 54
2.57
2. 60
2.57
2.54
2. 55
2. 57
2. 59
2. 62
2.60
2. 60
2. 61
General industrial
machinery «
$2.21 $86.11
2.35 92. 87
2.35 92.44
2. 37 90.27
2. 36 92.42
2. 39 95. 44
2. 39 95. 44
2.40 94.78
2. 37 96. 77
2.37 93.44
2. 40 93. 44
2.38 93.63
2. 39 92.10
2. 39 92. 51
2. 38 92. 48
41.8
42.6
42.6
41.6
42.2
42.8
42.8
42.5
43.2
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.3
41. 3
41.1
$2.06
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.23
2. 23
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.23
2.24
2. 23
2.24
2.25
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
1147
T able C - l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Pumps, air and gas
compressors
1955: Average_____ $84. 45
1956: Average_____ 90.53
June________ 90.31
July.......... ...... 87.34
August______ 88. 61
September___ 91. 58
91.80
October_____
November___ 91.37
December....... 92. 66
1957: January_____ 91.12
February____ 92. 43
90. 91
M arch______
April____ . . . 89.19
M ay________ 91.10
June________ 89.76
41.6
42.5
42.6
41.2
41.6
42.4
42.5
42.3
42.7
41.8
42.4
41.7
41.1
41.6
40.8
$2.03
2.13
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.17
2.19
2. 20
Office and store ma
chines and devices 8
1955: Average_____ $82.81
1956: Average_____ 90.23
June________ 88.91
July____ ____ 91.49
August______ 90.23
September___ 93.41
October_____ 93.86
November___ 92.06
93.41
December___
1957: January_____ 91.46
February........ 91.21
90. 76
March______
89.47
April_______
88.93
M ay_______
June________ 90. 52
40.2
41.2
40.6
41.4
41.2
41.7
41.9
41. 1
41.7
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.3
39.7
39. 7
40.4
41.0
40.8
42.5
39.8
40.5
40.3
40.2
40. 2
39.3
39.5
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.1
$86. 51
97. 61
98. 76
95. 34
97.81
102. 66
102.26
98. 87
101.09
96. 98
98. 56
99.83
99.36
97.81
96.70
41.0
43.0
43.7
42.0
42.9
43.5
43.7
42.8
43.2
41.8
42.3
42.3
42.1
41.8
41.5
$2.11
2. 27
2. 26
2.27
2. 28
2. 36
2.34
2.31
2.34
2.32
2.33
2.36
2.36
2. 34
2.33
Computing machines
and cash registers
$2.06 $89.06
2.19 96.05
2.19 94. 42
2.21 99. 22
2.19 96.51
2.24 100.14
2.24 99. 96
2. 24 96.70
2.24 98.88
2.22 99.30
2.23 98. 53
2. 23 97. 58
2.22 95.34
2. 24 96. 56
2. 28 98.15
Sewing machines
1955: Average_____ $83. 22
1956: Average_____ 88. 97
June________ 88.13
July------------- 93. 50
August,.......... 87.16
September___ 89.10
October........... 88. 26
Novenber....... 88. 04
88. 44
December___
1957: January_____ 86. 46
F e b ru a ry ___ 86.11
87.78
March__ _ April________ 88.80
M ay________ 89. 87
June____ _ - 89. 42
Conveyors and con
veying equipment
40.3
41.4
40.7
42.4
41.6
41.9
42.0
40.8
41.9
41.9
41.4
41.0
40.4
40.4
39. 9
40.8
40.1
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.7
38.9
38.9
40.1
39.9
40.8
40.1
38.3
38.4
39.0
$79. 95
86.53
86. 94
87. 57
85.70
87. 57
88.20
86.53
90.31
87.76
85. 65
86.28
85.05
86.88
87.94
41.0
41.8
41.8
41.7
41.2
41.9
41.8
41.4
42.4
41.2
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.6
40.9
40.0
41.1
40.2
40.5
40.9
42.0
43.1
43.1
42.0
39.6
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.0
38.9
42.1
41.7
41.4
41.0
41.1
41.8
41.8
41.6
42.6
41.9
41.8
41.6
41.1
40.9
40.7
42.2
41.8
41.0
39.4
40.8
42.0
41.5
42.3
43.0
39.9
39.9
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.2
40.8
40.3
39.8
40.3
39.6
40.2
39.6
39.6
40.4
39.7
40.5
40.0
38.6
38.8
39.3
40.9
41.2
41.0
40.1
40.2
41.4
41.4
41.2
42.4
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.5
40.2
40.6
41.0
40.6
39.1
40.1
39.1
41.3
40.8
40.9
41.4
37.8
38.7
38.2
36.7
38.7
40.1
43.5
41.4
40.3
40.1
40.0
41.3
41.8
41.8
42.3
41.4
41.1
41.0
39.7
39.8
39.5
41.3
41.9
42.0
40.8
42.1
42.2
41.6
41.2
42.3
42.0
41.4
42.1
41.7
41.6
41.8
$2.06
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.21
2.20
2.19
2.21
2.22
2.21
2.23
2.24
2. 23
2. 26
Commercial laundry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing machines
$2.08 $78.06
2.20 81.34
2.14 79. 79
2.17 80. 56
2. 21 80. 56
2. 24 81.93
2. 24 79. 77
2. 26 80.34
2.28 83.13
2. 24 79.56
2. 22 79.20
2.22 80. 59
2.20 81.76
2.24 81.18
2. 23 80. 40
Ball and roller
bearings
$2. 03 $90. 92
2.16 89.01
2.14 85. 44
2.14 85.01
2.18 84. 40
2. 21 89.62
2. 21 92.38
2. 21 92. 80
2.22 94.33
2. 22 91.91
2.22 91. 24
2. 22 91.43
2.23 87.34
2.22 88.36
2. 23 88. 48
Mechanical stokers,
and industrial
furnaces and ovens
42.8 $2.11 $85.08
42.9
2.22 90.92
42. B 2.19 91.56
41.8
2.19 88.94
42.8
2.23 91.78
2. 26 93. 26
42.8
43.1
2. 27 91.52
42.3
2. 27 90.23
43.4
2. 29 93. 48
42.0
2.28 93.24
42.1
2.26 91.49
42.0
2.29 93.88
41.4
2. 27 93. 41
2. 28 92. 77
41.0
41.1
2. 29 94. 47
Domestic laundry
equipment
$2.05 $85.28
2.14 89.32
2.12 83.67
2.12 87.02
2.15 86.41
2.17 92. 51
2.16 91.39
2.18 92.43
2.19 94.39
2.18 84.67
2.19 85. 91
2.19 84. 80
2.18 80. 74
2.18 86.69
2.19 89. 42
Fabricated pipe, fit
tings, and valves
$2.04 $83. 03
2. 15 88.99
2. 13 87. 74
2.13 85.81
2.14 87.64
2.18 91. 49
2.19 91.49
2.20 91.05
2. 22 94.13
2. 21 91.02
2. 21 91.24
2.22 90. 58
2.21 90. 32
2. 22 89.24
2. 25 90. 54
Mechanical powertransmission equip
ment
$2.06 $90.31
2.18 95. 24
2.13 93.29
2.13 91. 54
2.17 95.44
2.22 96. 73
2. 21 97.84
2. 26 96. 02
2.27 99. 39
2.20 95. 76
2.21 95.15
2. 22 96.18
2.23 93. 98
2.22 93. 48
2. 24 94.12
Service-industry and
household machines 8
$1.90 $83. 64
2.00 86. 24
1.97 84. 38
1.99 85. 44
1.99 85.14
2.05 87.23
2.04 85. 54
2.08 86.33
2. 06 88. 48
1.93 86. 55
1.93 88.70
1.94 87. 60
1. 95 84.15
1.93 84.58
1.93 86.07
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts 8
$2. 07 $85. 88
2.15 89. 66
2.13 88. IS
2.12 87. 33
2.16 87.95
2.18 91.12
2.17 91.54
2.20 91.52
2. 21 94. 57
2.20 92.60
2. 22 92.38
2.21 92.35
2.20 90.83
2.20 90.80
2. 21 91. 58
Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.
$1.95 $86.93
2.07 91.12
2.08 87.33
2.10 83.92
2.08 88. 54
2. 09 93.24
2.11 91.72
2.09 95.60
2.13 97. 61
2.13 87.78
2.12 88.18
2.12 89. 47
2.10 90. 54
2.14 89. 47
2.15 90. 05
Typewriters9
$2. 21 $76.00
2.32 82.20
2.32 79.19
2.34 80.60
2.32 81.39
2.39 86.10
2.38 87.92
2.37 89. 65
2. 36 86. 52
2.37 76. 43
2.38 76.04
2.38 77. 41
2. 36 77. 61
2. 39 75 27
2. 46 75. 08
Refrigerators and airconditioning units
$2.06 $84.46
2.17 86.22
2.16 84. 56
2. 20 84.80
2.19 85. 54
2.20 86. 55
2.19 84. 41
2.19 85. 58
2.20 88.62
2.20 87.78
2.18 90.58
2. 20 88.62
2. 22 84.26
2. 23 84. 48
2.23 86.19
Blowers, exhaust and
ventilating fans
41.3
41.5
40.5
41.1
41.1
41.8
40.7
41.2
42.2
40.8
40.0
40.7
41.5
41.0
39.8
$1.89
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.95
1.98
1.98
1.97
1.98
2.02
Machine shops (job
and repair)
$2.09 $85. 45
2.15 90. 31
2.12 89. 67
2.12 89. 25
2.11 89. 88
2.17 91.57
2.21 91.36
2. 22 91.32
2. 23 94.81
2.22 93.93
2. 22 93.93
2.23 93.68
2.20 92.60
2. 22 92. 57
2. 24 93.34
42.3
42.2
42.1
41.9
42.0
42.2
42.1
41.7
42.9
42.5
42. 5
42.2
41.9
41.7
41.3
$2.02
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.21
2.21
2. 21
2.22
2.21
2.22
2. 26
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
1955: Average_____ $76. 52
1956: Average_____ 80. 78
79. 98
June................
Ju ly------------- 79.40
August--------- 80.19
September___ 82. 61
O c to b e r.-___ 83. 22
November___ 83.23
84.46
December___
1957: January_____ 82. 82
February........ 83.23
83.43
March......... .
A p r il.._____ 83.02
M ay________ 82. 21
June________ 83. 42
Electrical generating,
transmission, distri
bution, and indus
trial apparatus 8
40.7 $1.88 $80. 57
1.98 87.15
40.8
1.97 86.94
40.6
40.1
1.98 86. 73
1.98 86.92
40. 5
41. 1 2.01 89. 66
2. 02 89. 42
41.2
41.0
2. 03 89.40
41.2
2.05 90.69
40.4
2.05 88.13
40.6
2.05 88. 13
2. 06 88. 75
40.5
40.3
2. 06 87.89
2.05 87. 67
40.1
2. 07 89.35
40.3
See fo o tnotes a t en d of ta b le.
4 3 6 1 5 7 — 5 7 --------8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.9
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.0
41.7
41.4
41.2
41.6
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.8
Wiring devices and
supplies
$1.97 $71.15
2.10 76.11
2.09 75.14
2.10 75. 55
2.12 74. 24
2.15 77.11
2.16 77. 71
2.17 77.38
2.18 78.12
2.16 76.97
2.16 77. 57
2.17 77. 39
2.17 76.24
2.17 76. 43
2.19 77. 79
40.2
40.7
40.4
40.4
39.7
40.8
40.9
40.3
40.9
40.3
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.6
40.1
Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)
$1. 77 $80.10
1.87 84. 46
1.86 83. 44
1.87 84. 66
1.87 83. 84
1.89 85.48
1.90 83. 62
1.92 84.86
1.91 86.93
1.91 85. 89
1.92 84. 65
1.93 85.88
1.93 85. 26
1.93 84. 40
1.94 84. 02
41.5
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.9
40.2
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.0
40.2
Electrical indicating,
measuring, and re
cording instruments
$1.93 $74. 56
2.05 80. 16
2. 04 82. 74
2.08 78.39
2.07 79. 76
2.09 81.58
2.08 82.01
2.08 81.00
2.11 83. 23
2.10 80.00
2. 09 81.61
2.11 81.00
2.10 81.20
2.11 81.20
2. 09 82. 62
40.3
40.9
42.0
40.2
40.9
41.2
40.8
40.1
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.7
Motors, generators,
and motor-generator
sets
$1.85 $85. 90
1.96 90. 86
1.97 90. 25
1.95 90.01
1.95 90.13
1.98 94. 39
2. 01 92.89
2.02 93.11
2.03 95.08
1.99 91.98
2.02 91.53
2.02 92.39
2.03 90. 85
2.02 91.25
2. 03 94. 42
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.1
40.6
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.7
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.7
$2.09
2.20
2.18
2.19
2. 22
2.28
2.26
2.26
2.28
2. 26
2.26
2. 27
2.26
2. 27
2.32
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1148
T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Electrical machinery—Continued
Power and distribution transformers
19S5: Average_____ $84.03
1956: Average____
92. 62
June ______ 92. 20
July_______
93. 72
August______ 94. 98
Septem ber...
96. 08
October ___
95. 95
November___ 97. 71
December___ 97.02
1957: January_____ 93. 89
F ebruary..
94. 76
M arch. . .
95.17
April______ . 93.89
M ay_______
91. 94
June________ 93.25
41.6
42.1
42.1
42.6
42.4
42.7
41.9
42.3
42.0
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.0
40. 5
40.9
$2.02 $80.18
2.20 90. 30
2.19 90. 73
2.20 90.29
2.24 90. 07
2. 25 93.50
2.29 93. 48
2.31 92. 80
2. 31 94. 30
2. 29 91. 91
2.30 91. 72
2. 31 92.13
2.29 92.13
2.27 92.10
2. 28 93.15
Electric lamps
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____
June________
July________
August_____
September___
O ctober____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February _ _
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June______ .
$68.80
75.07
73. 75
71.50
72. 76
73.60
74.05
76. 57
77. 74
78.12
77. 55
77. 36
76.19
74.86
75.65
40.0
40.8
40.3
39.5
40.2
40.0
39.6
40.3
40.7
40.9
40.6
40. 5
40.1
39.4
39.4
Switchgear, switchboard, and industrial controls
40.7
42.0
42.2
41.8
41.7
42.5
42.3
41.8
42.1
41.4
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.4
$1.97
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.20
2.21
2. 22
2. 24
2. 22
2.21
2. 22
2. 22
2. 23
2. 25
Communication
equipm ents
$1. 72 $72.09
1.84 75. 95
1. 83 74. 59
1. 81 73. 30
1.81 75. 76
1. 84 77.33
1.87 78.12
1.90 77.95
1.91 78. 55
1.91 78. 40
1.91 79. 58
1. 91 79. 59
1.90 79.19
1.90 79. 00
1.92 79.39
40.5
40.4
40.1
39.2
40.3
40.7
40.9
40.6
40.7
40.0
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.3
Electrical welding
apparatus
$91. 35
101. 20
103. 73
102. 56
99.76
102.08
102. 75
97. 78
100. 99
99. 79
100. 25
101. 38
97. 44
98.18
99.06
43.5
44.0
45.1
44.4
43.0
44.0
44.1
42.7
44.1
43.2
43.4
43.7
42.0
42.5
42.7
$2.10 $79.17
2.30 80. 60
2. 30 78.79
2.31 81. 18
2.32 81.20
2.32 82. 41
2. 33 84. 87
2. 29 84. 25
2.29 83. 01
2. 31 82. 58
2. 31 82. 74
2.32 82. 92
2.32 82.50
2.31 81.83
2.32 82. 22
Padios, phonographs,
television sets, and
equipment
$1. 78 $69. 77
1.88 72. 98
1.86 72. 40
1.87 72. 83
1.88 73.75
1.90 74. 74
1.91 75.70
1.92 74. 77
1.93 75.76
1.96 75.24
1. 96 76.40
1.97 76.80
1. 97 76.61
1.97 76. 21
1.97 77.18
40.1
40.1
40. 0
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.2
40.3
39.6
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.9
40.2
Electrical appliances
40.6
39.9
39.2
39.6
40.0
40.2
41.0
40.7
40.1
39.7
39.4
39.3
39.1
38.6
38.6
$1.95 $77.04
2.02 84.32
2.01 82. 45
2.05 82. 98
2.03 84. 38
2.05 87. 84
2.07 88.10
2.07 87. 95
2. 07 88. 54
2.08 85. 27
2.10 84. 45
2.11 85. 48
2.11 85. 46
2.12 86. 50
2.13 86.72
40.0
39.1
38.7
37.2
38.8
40.0
39.7
38.8
39.0
37.7
39.1
39.3
38.9
38.8
39.5
$1.66
1. 72
1.69
1.71
1. 73
1. 75
1.76
1. 75
1.75
1. 75
1.77
1.78
1. 79
1.80
1.81
1955: Average... _
1956: Average... __
Ju n e .. . . .
July__ ____
August______
September___
October.._ _.
November. _
December___
1957: January... _
February ___
March______
April_______
M ay________
June................
$84.86
87.12
83.77
83.77
86. 71
88.99
93.93
94.30
96.11
89.10
89.54
88. 44
86. 94
86. 94
89.42
41.6
40.9
39.7
39.7
40.9
41.2
42.5
42.1
43.1
40.5
40.7
40.2
39.7
39.7
40.1
$2.04 $61. 69
2.13 64.48
2.11 64.16
2.11 63.20
2.12 63.36
2.16 64.39
2. 21 66.00
2.24 65.74
2.23 65.90
2.20 66. 86
2.20 67. 43
2.20 68.34
2.19 70.18
2.19 70.11
2. 23 67. 43
Truck and bus bodies
1955: Average_____ $81.38
1956: Average... . . . 81.41
82.22
June____ . . .
July...... ....... 80.60
August__ ___ 83. 44
September.. . 81.80
October _
81.58
November. . 81.58
December___
84. 85
1957: J a n u a ry ..___ 81.35
February____ 83. 79
March_____
85.01
85. 86
April.. . ___
M ay________ 83. 37
June________ 83. 56
41.1
40.3
40.5
39.9
40.9
40.1
39.6
39.6
40.6
39.3
39.9
40.1
40.5
39.7
39.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Primary batteries
(dry and wet)
39.8
39.8
40.1
40.0
39.6
39.5
40.0
39.6
39.7
39.8
39.9
40.2
40.8
41.0
39.9
Trailers (truck and
automobile)
$1.98 $84. 44
2.02 82.80
2.03 82.19
2.02 80.99
2.04 82.41
2.04 84.00
2.06 84. 84
2.06 80. 47
2.09 81.97
2.07 80.11
2.10 78. 74
2.12 79. 75
2.12 80.94
2.10 79.93
2.11 82.81
41.8
40.0
39.9
39.7
40.2
40.0
40.4
38.5
39.6
38.7
38.6
38.9
39.1
38.8
40.2
X-ray and nonradio
electronic tubes
$1. 55 $81.20
1.62 87. 53
1.60 87.56
1.58 86.67
1.60 88.56
1.63 88.15
1.65 88. 78
1.66 89.60
1.66 89.10
1.68 86.76
1.69 87.60
1.70 89.10
1. 72 88.00
1.71 88.26
1.69 89. 06
40.4
40.9
41.3
40.5
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.1
40.5
39.8
40.0
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.3
Total Transportation equipment
$2.01 $93. 44
2.14 94.71
2.12 91.37
2.14 93.84
2.16 94. 25
2.15 97.47
2.16 99.07
2.18 100.86
2.20 105.95
2.18 99. 25
2.19 98.36
2. 20 97.82
2.20 96. 22
2.19 94. 56
2. 21 96.96
Aircraft and parts !
$2.02 $89. 62
2.07 95. 99
2.06 95.08
2.04 95.95
2.05 97. 29
2.10 97.94
2.10 97.71
2.09 98.37
2.07 100.39
2.07 99. 26
2.04 98. 56
2.05 99.17
2.07 99.12
2. 06 94. 60
2.06 95.88
$1.83 $83. 64
1.97 84. 42
1.94 80. 55
1.99 81.56
1.99 83. 37
2.01 87.94
2. 03 89. 84
2. 05 90. 47
2. 04 94.13
2.04 86. 62
2.03 85. 32
2.04 84. 10
2.03 83. 85
2.04 83. 03
2.05 86. 02
$90. 94
95. 24
92. 62
84. 89
92.60
95. 22
95. 67
101. 22
100. 55
100. 25
100. 53
98. 67
97.75
95. 49
94.39
43.1
42.9
42.1
39.3
41.9
42.7
42.9
44.2
44.1
43.4
43.9
42.9
42.5
41.7
41.4
41.2
40.2
39.1
39.4
39.7
40.9
41. 4
41.5
42.4
40.1
39.5
39.3
39.0
38.8
39.1
$2.03
2.10
2.06
2.07
2.10
2.15
2.17
2.18
2. 22
2.16
2.16
2.14
2.15
2.14
2.20
Miscellaneous electrical products 5
$2.11 $74. 48
2. 22 78. 34
2. 20 76. 36
2.16 76. 57
2. 21 77.14
2.23 78. 74
2.23 81. 73
2.29 82.19
2. 28 83. 42
2.31 81.20
2. 29 82.01
2. 30 81.00
2.30 80. 79
2.29 80. 20
2. 28 80.80
40.7
40.8
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.8
41.7
41.3
41.5
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.3
40.4
$1.83
1.92
1.89
1.90
1.90
1. 93
1.96
1.99
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.00
1.99
1.99
2.00
Transportation equipment
Electrical machinery—Continued
Storage batteries
42.1
42.8
42.5
41.7
42.4
43.7
43.4
42.9
43.4
41.8
41.6
41.9
42.1
42.4
42.3
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
Telephone, telegraph,
and related equivment
Padio tubes
$1. 74 $66. 40
1.82 67. 25
1.81 65. 40
1.83 63.61
1.83 67.12
1. 85 70.00
1.86 69. 87
1.86 67. 90
1.88 68. 25
1.90 65. 98
1. 91 69. 21
1.92 69. 95
1.92 69.63
1.91 69. 84
1.92 71.50
Insulated wire and
cable
41.3
42.1
41.7
41.9
42.3
42.4
42.3
42.4
42.9
42.6
42.3
42.2
42.0
40.6
40.8
$2.17 $89. 40
2.28 94.89
2.28 93. 75
2.29 95. 49
2.30 96.60
2.31 96.60
2.31 96. 79
2. 32 97. 25
2.34 97.67
2.33 97.71
2.33 97.21
2.35 98.05
2.36 97. 76
2.33 92. 80
2.35 94. 30
41.9
41.0
39.9
40.8
40.8
41.3
41.8
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41 1
40.6
39.9
40.4
$2.23
2.31
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.36
2.37
2. 39
2. 43
2.38
2.37
2 38
2.37
2. 37
2.40
$97. 78
94.71
88.09
92.57
92.90
99.06
102. 41
105. 72
112.95
100.36
99.29
97.12
94.17
93.84
98. 25
42.7
40.3
38.3
39.9
39.7
40.6
41.8
42.8
45.0
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.4
39.1
40.1
$2.29
2.35
2. 30
2.32
2.34
2 44
2.45
2. 47
2. 51
2. 43
2.41
2.41
2.38
2.40
2. 45
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
41.2
41.8
41.3
41.7
42.0
42.0
41.9
42.1
42.1
42.3
41.9
41.9
41.6
40.0
40.3
Automobiles *
$2.17
2.27
2.27
2.29
2.30
2.30
2.31
2.31
2. 32
2.31
2.32
2. 34
2.35
2.32
2.34
$88. 97
96. 67
94. 89
96. 22
97. 55
99. 76
99.76
99.26
104.92
102. 82
102. 62
101.20
100. 25
95.06
96.76
41.0
42.4
41.8
42.2
42.6
43.0
43.0
42.6
43.9
43.2
43.3
42.7
42.3
40.8
41.0
Motor vehicles, bodies,
parts, and accessories
$98. 87
96.15
88. 77
93.77
93.85
100.94
103.91
107. 75
115.32
101.84
101.02
98. 17
95.11
95. 01
99.85
42.8
40.4
38.1
39.9
39.6
40.7
41.9
43.1
45.4
41.4
41.4
40.4
39.3
39.1
40.1
$2.31
2.38
2.33
2.35
2.37
2.48
2.48
2. 50
2.54
2. 46
2.44
2.43
2.42
2.43
2.49
Aircraft propellers
and parts
$2. 17 $90.47
2.28 96. 93
2. 27 94.92
2.28 97.13
2. 29 96. 50
2.32 98. 27
2.32 97.81
2.33 99.62
2.39 103. 84
2. 38 92. 52
2.37 95.17
2. 37 97.16
2.37 102. 58
2. 33 97. 76
2. 36 96.12
41.5
42.7
42.0
42.6
42.7
43.1
42.9
43.5
44.0
40.4
41.2
41.7
43.1
41.6
40.9
$2.18
2. 27
2.26
2.28
2.26
2.28
2.28
2.29
2.36
2.29
2.31
2.33
2.38
2.35
2. 35
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
1149
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnIngs
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Manufacturing—Continued
Year and month
Transportation equipment—Continued
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
1955: Average
1956: Aveiage.
June___
July ...
August.
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
1957: January..........
February-.......
M arch.........
April_______
M ay________
June............. .
$90. 48
98 24
99 36
96 87
98 21
99 72
99 76
101 32
104 31
101 76
100 15
101 05
101.24
99.17
100. 06
41
42. 9
43 2
42.3
42 7
42 8
43 0
43 3
44 2
43 3
42 8
43 0
42.9
42.2
42.4
Ship and boat build
ing and repairing i
$2 17 $83. 53
2 28 89. 10
2.30 89 6(
2. 28 89 60
2.30 90 35
2. 33 91 14
2.32 90 68
2. 34 90. 40
2.36 94 71
2. 35 93 67
2 34 94. 4(
2. 35 94 8(
2. 36 94. 87
2.35 96. 32
2. 36 96. 63
Shipbuilding and
repairing
39
$2. 12 $86. 63
39 6 2. 25 92. 27
2. 2' 92. 57
40. (
2 24 92 2Í
40.0
39 8 2. 27 92. 71
2 29 93 53
39 8
39.6
2. 29 93.06
2 33 93. 12
38.8
2. 35 97. 77
40.3
40 2 2. 33 96. 88
40 C 2 36 97 1]
2.37 97. 76
40 0
40.2
2.36 97.60
2. 39 98. 65
40.3
40.6
2.38 99. 47
$2. 21 $70. 3C
39.
39 6 2. 3Í 73 hi
2. 32 73. 3:
39.9
40.1
2.30 72 50
39.8
2. 3;
75. 79
39 8 2. 35 73.87
39. 6 2. 35 75. 6(
2.40 74. 07
38. Í
2 42 74. 6'
40. '
2. 41 74. 4Í
40 2
2. 4' 78.06
39 £
39 9
2 45 76. 1'
40. C 2. 4* 77. 9Í
40. 1 2. 46 80. 0Í
40.6
2. 45 77.95
Transportation equipment —Continued
Railroad and street
cars
1955: A v e ra g e ............ $88 20
91 96
1956: A v erag e______
Ju n e________
J u ly ....................
A u g u s t........ ..
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r............
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r____
1957: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a ry ..........
M a r c h ...............
A p ril_________
M ay________
J u n e ...............
89 30
93 38
85 88
94. 95
97 84
91 63
97 11
97.66
98 40
99 94
99.60
99.10
97. 71
39. 2
38. 8
38 0
39 4
36 7
39 4
40. 1
38 5
39 8
39. 7
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.8
39.4
$77. 83
77. 59
80. 20
78.00
77. 60
79. 15
78.72
76. 61
77 02
77. 42
80. 40
79 99
79. 40
81.20
82. 01
41. 4
40. 2
40 3
40 0
40.0
40.8
41 0
39 9
38 9
39 3
40 4
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.2
40. 4
40
40.
39. '
40. :
39 5
40 0
39.'
39.7
39 ?
41. Í
40 5
40.8
41.9
40.6
$1.74 $90. 45
1.81 94 56
1.81 93. 22
1.8' 95. 99
1.89 88.5'
1. 87 96. 96
1. 8Í 97. 77
1.88 93. 30
1.81 98. 58
1. 87 98. 7'
1.8E 98. 98
1.88 100. 28
1. 91 100. 44
1.91 98. 55
1.92 98.85
$1.88 $77 93
1. 93 82 01
1.99 81.20
1.95 81.81
1. 94 82. 21
1.94 84. 26
1. 92 84. 05
1. 92 83 64
1.98 84 87
1.97 84.66
1. 99 85 69
1.98 85. 47
1.98 85.26
2.01 84.42
2. 04 85.46
40.8
40.8
40.6
40. 5
40. 7
41. 1
41.0
40.8
41.0
40 7
41.0
40. 7
40.6
40.2
40. 5
Laboratory, seientifie, and engineering instruments
$1. 91 $88. 99
2. 01 94. 95
2.00 92.99
2. 02 95. 40
2. 02 96. 02
2. 05 98.01
2. 05 97. 33
2.05 95. 11
2. 07 98. 18
2. 08 99.03
2. 09 99. 26
2. 10 98 65
2.10 97. 34
2.10 93.03
2.11 96.05
41.2
42.2
41.7
42 4
42 3
42.8
42. 5
41. 9
42.5
42. 5
42.6
41.8
41.6
40.1
40.7
$2. 16
2 25
2.23
2. 25
2.27
2. 29
2.29
2. 27
2. 31
2. 33
2. 33
2.36
2.34
2.32
2. 36
Instruments and related products—Continued
Surgical, medical,
and dental instruments
1955: Average_____ $69.02
1956: Average.......... 71.51
June________ 70.00
Ju ly ................. 70. 75
A ugust........... 71.51
September___ 72. 50
October_____
72. 04
November___ 73. 75
December___
73.12
1957: January_____ 72.94
February____ 74.48
M arch______
73. 71
April________ 73. 38
M ay.... ........... 74.15
June________ 75.30
40.6
40.4
40.0
40.2
40.4
40.5
39.8
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.7
$1.70 $62. 52
1. 77 64. 48
1. 75 66. 26
1. 76 64.80
1.77 63.28
1.79 64.40
1.81 64.00
1.83 64. 64
1.81 65.93
1.81 64. 55
1.83 66. 23
1.82 67. 77
1.83 67.54
1.84 67. 77
1.85 67.94
Jewelry and findings
1955: Average_____ $67.04
41.9
1956: Average_____ 69.06
41.6
June________ 68. 39
41.2
Ju ly ................ 65.01
39.4
40.8
August............ 67.32
September___ 68. 39
41.2
October_____ 71.74
42.2
November___ 71.91
42.3
73. 27 42.6
December___
1957: January_____ 68.28
40.4
February........ 68. 85 40.5
68.80
March______
40.0
April............... 68.68
39.7
M ay................ 69.60
40.0
June________ 71.05
40.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ophthalmic goods
$1.60 $80.14
1. 66 83. 38
1. 66 77.39
1.65 81. 20
1.65 84. 02
1.66 87.72
1.70 89. 42
1.70 92. 14
1.72 90. 67
1.69 82. 00
1.70 84.66
1. 72 86. 72
1.73 84.23
1.74 80.20
1.75 80.40
Photographic apparatus
40.6 $1.54 $85. 70
40.3
1.60 91.46
40.9
1.62 89.84
40.0
1.62 91.62
1.59 92. 29
39.8
40.0
1. 61 93. 34
40.0
1.60 93.75
39.9
1.62 93.30
1.64 94. 85
40.2
39.6
1.63 94. 30
39.9
1.66 93.89
40. 1 1.69 93.84
40.2
1.68 93. 84
1.69 94.02
40.1
40.2
1.69 94.48
Silverware and plated
ware
Railroad equipment *
40.
39.
39.
40.
38.0
40.'
40.'
39.2
40. '
40 ;
40.'
406
40.5
39.9
39.7
$2. 25
2. 37
2. 36
2.37
2. 33
2.40
2. 42
2.38
2. 4'
2.45
2. 45
2. 47
2. 48
2. 47
2.49
Locomotives and
parts
$94. 28
99. 17
102. 82
101 01
94. 89
100.86
97. 82
97. 10
102. C6
101. 75
100. 85
101.02
102. 48
97.28
102. 47
41.
42.
43.2
42.8
40.S
42.2
41.
40.8
42.0
41.7
41.5
41.4
42.0
40.2
40.5
$2.25
2.35
2.38
2. 36
2.32
2.39
2.38
2.38
2.43
2.44
2.43
2.44
2. 44
2.42
2. 53
Instruments and related products
Other transportation Total: Instruments
equipment
and related products
$2 25
2. 37
2. 35
2. 37
2.34
2.41
2. 44
2.38
2. 44
2. 46
2. 46
2. 48
2.49
2. 49
2.48
Boatbuilding and
repairing
41.2
41.2
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.6
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.7
40.9
42.4 $1.89 $75. 44
41.9
1.99 80. 54
40. 1 1.93 77. 76
40.6
2. 00 79. 37
41.8
2.01 80.16
2.04 82. 80
43.0
43.2
2. 07 83. 60
44.3
2.08 84.02
43.8
2. 07 83. 21
2.00 81.00
41.0
41.5
2.04 82. 01
42.3
2.05 83. 43
41.7
2.02 83. 44
40.1
2.00 82. 42
40.2
2.00 81.80
$79 15
83. 64
82. 62
81.80
82 01
85. 49
85. 49
85. 49
85 90
85. 68
86. 72
86. 92
87. 54
86.69
86.27
40.8
41.0
40.5
40. 1
40. 2
41.1
41.1
41.3
41. 1
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.1
40.7
40.5
Optical instruments
and lenses
$1.94 $78. 36
2.04 83 03
2.04 82 00
2.04 83. 02
2.04 84. 05
2.08 84. 25
2.08 84. 25
2.07 84.23
2.09 85. 06
2.10 83.98
2.11 85.24
2.12 85.24
2.13 85.05
2.13 85.41
2.13 85. 63
40.6
40. 5
40.0
40.3
40.8
40.7
40. 7
40.3
40. 7
39.8
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.2
$1. 93
2. 05
2. 05
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.07
2 09
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.13
2.13
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Watches and clocks
$2.08 $69. 20
2. 22 70. 77
2.17 69. 87
2. 24 70.05
2.24 72. 25
2. 26 72. 47
2. 27 73. 75
2. 27 71. 21
2. 28 71.76
2.30 71.97
2. 29 73. 47
2. 30 72.34
2.30 70.10
2. 31 71.23
2.31 72.15
Musical instruments
and parts
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments
40.0 $1.73 $67. 40
39. 1 1.81 70. 53
38.6
1.81 69. 77
38. 7 1.81 68. 90
39.7
1.82 69. 95
39.6
1.83 70. 93
40.3
1.83 72. 45
38.7
1.84 71.73
39.0
1.84 72. 67
38.9
1.85 72.40
39.5
1.86 72. 94
39. 1 1.85 73. 49
38.1
1. 84 72. 22
38.5
1.85 72.04
39.0
1.85 72.00
Toys and sporting
goods 4
41.0 $1.84 $60. 52
41.3
1.95 62. 56
40.5
1.92 61.78
40.7
1.95 61.30
40.9
1.96 62.49
41.4
2.00 62.40
2.00 64.64
41.8
41.8
2.01 63. 41
41.4
2.01 63. 80
40.5
2.00 66.69
2. 02 67. 37
40.6
41. 1 2. 03 66. 92
40.7
2. 05 66. 59
40.4
2.04 65. 74
39.9
2. 05 65.24
Total Miscellaneous
manufacturing industries
39.3
39.1
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.0
39.9
38.9
38.9
39.0
39.4
39.6
39.4
38.9
39.3
40.6
40.3
40.1
39.6
40.2
40.3
40. 7
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.8
40.0
$1.66 $71.40
1. 75 74. 23
1. 74 71.40
1. 74 70.05
1.74 72.75
1.76 74. 82
1.78 77.35
1.78 78.69
1.79 79.12
1.81 72. 67
1.81 74. 26
1.81 75.07
1.81 73.93
1.81 73.20
1.80 74.12
Games, toys, dolls, and
children’s vehicles
$1.54 $60. 28
1.60 61.85
1.58 61.86
1. 58 61.23
1.59 61.86
1.60 61.15
1.62 64. 24
1.63 62. 76
1. 64 61.29
1.71 63. 08
1. 71 64.08
1.69 64. 29
1. 69 63.80
1.69 63. 69
1.66 63. 27
39.4
38.9
39.4
39.0
39.4
38. 7
39.9
38.5
37.6
38.0
38.6
39.2
38.9
38.6
39.3
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware *
42.0
41.7
40.8
39.8
41.1
41.8
42.5
43.0
43.0
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.5
$1.70
1. 78
1.75
1. 76
1. 77
1.79
1. 82
1.83
1.84
1.79
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.83
Sporting and athletic
goods •
$1.53 $60. 92
1.59 63. 99
1.57 61.76
1.57 61.82
1. 57 63.90
1.58 65.11
1.61 65. 04
1.63 65. 27
1.63 67.73
1.66 71.33
1. 66 71.86
1.64 71.33
1.64 70. 98
1.65 69.17
1.61 69.34
39.3
39.5
38.6
38.4
39.2
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.8
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.1
39.3
39.4
$1. 55
1.62
1.60
1.61
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.66
1. 77
1. 77
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.76
1150
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T able C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Con.
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
Manufacturing—Continued
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Pens, pencils, other
Costume jewelry,
Fabricated plastic
Other manufacturing
Class I railroads t
Local railways
office supplies
buttons, notions
products
industries
buslines
$62. 88
41.1 $1.53 $60. 30 40.2 $1.50 $72.80
41.6 $1.75 $70.30
40.4 $1.74 $82.12
41.9 $1.96 $80. 60 43.1
41.1
41.4
1.59 75.35
1.62 62.49
66.58
1.82 74.37
39.3
40.2
1.85 88.40
41.7
43.1
2.12 84.48
67.24
1.64 61.62
41.0
40.2
1.81 74.77
41.0
39.0
1.58 74. 21
1.86 87.78
41.6
2.11 85. 85 43.8
65.93
1.64 60.13
40.2
38.3
1. 57 74.21
41.0
1.81 73. 87 39.5
1.87 85. 67
40.6
2.11 85. 73 43.3
66.01
1.61 59. 75 38.3
41.0
41.3
1. 56 75.58
42.5
1.83 74.56
40.3
1.85 88.83
43.3
2. 09 85.30
65.69
1.55 78. 73 42.1
1.63 60. 61
40.3
39.1
1.87 74.59
1.86 87.10
40.1
40.7
2.14 85.14
43.0
1.69 62. 95 39.1
70.98
1.61 78. 77 41.9
42.0
1.88 74.59
1.86 89.46
40.1
42.6
2.10 85. 54 43.2
69. 39 41.8
1.63 77. 61
1.66 63.08
1.87 73. 23 39.8
41.5
38.7
1.84 92.20
42.1
43.2
2.19 85.97
69. 22 41.7
41.6
39.9
1.62 78.21
1.66 64.64
40.2
1.88 75.17
1.87 90.61
2.21 86. 80 43.4
41.0
67.24
41.3
1.63 78.06
1.64 64.06
41.0
1.89 74.84
39.3
1.89 93.08
39.6
42. 5 2.19 86.86
43.0
67.89
1.64 78. 25 41.4
1.66 65.27
40.9
1.89 75.41
39.8
1.89 94. 53 42.2
39.9
2.24 86.25
42.7
67.49
41.7
1.65 79.65
40.9
1.65 65. 67 39.8
1.91 76.14
40.5
1.88 89.98
40.9
42.9
2.20 86.66
40.5
39.8
67.23
1.89 74.82
40.7
38.9
1.65 76.92
1.66 64.19
1.88 92.82
2.21 87.29
43.0
42.0
68.88
1.89 75. 01
38.9
1.66 76. 36 40.4
41.0
1.68 64. 57
39.9
1.88 94. 55 42.4
2.23 88.71
43.7
68.30
40.6
39.1
1.64 77.14
1.67 64.12
40.9
1.90 75. 58 40.2
1.88
44.3
90.37
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Communication
Telephone *
1955: Average.......... $72.07
1956: Average........... 73.47
June................ 73.10
74.21
July________
August______ 72.89
September___ 74. 21
October......... 74.03
November___ 77.08
75. 46
December___
1957: January........ . 73.92
February____ 74.88
March______ 74. 30
April------------ 74.69
M ay____ _
75.66
76.44
June___ . .
39.6
39.5
39.3
39.9
39.4
39.9
39.8
41.0
39 3
38.7
39.0
38.7
38.7
39.0
39.2
$1.82
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.92
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
Total: Gas and elec
tric utilities
$1.87 $86. 52
1.97 91.46
2.03 91.69
2.02 92. 32
2.03 91.88
2.03 92. 74
2.03 92.66
2.02 94.21
2.02 93.94
2.07 92.84
2.08 92. 62
2. 09 93.02
2. 08 94.07
2.10 93. 61
2.10 95. 53
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.6
41.2
41.4
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.1
41.5
41.1
41.4
41.4
40.8
41.3
40.4
41.2
40.8
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.9
40.5
40.6
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.4
41.0
41.5
41.2
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.7
41.0
$2.10 $87. 76
2.22 93.38
2. 22 93.18
2.23 94.69
2.23 94. 24
2.24 94.21
2.26 94.58
2. 27 95.26
2.28 95. 45
2. 27 94.12
2.27 94.12
2.28 94. 76
2. 30 95.82
2.30 95.76
2.33 99.07
W holesale tra d e
$2.11 $77.14
2.26 81.20
2. 26 81.41
2. 26 82. 22
2.27 81. 61
2. 28 82.82
2. 30 82. 22
2.33 83.03
2. 34 83. 84
2. 33 82.81
2. 33 82. 81
2.35 83.01
2. 36 82.80
2. 35 83.81
2. 36 84. 84
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.5
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.0
40.1
40.4
R e ta il tra d e (except
ea tin g a n d d r in k
ing places)
$1.90 $58. 50
2.01 60. 60
2.02 61.15
2.03 62.17
2. 02 61. 78
2.04 61. 22
2.03 60.90
2.05 60. 42
2.06 59.83
2.06 61.50
2.06 61. 50
2. 07 61. 56
2. 07 61.56
2.09 62. 32
2.10 63. 20
39.0
38.6
38.7
39.1
39.1
38.5
38.3
38.0
38.6
38.2
38.2
38.0
38.0
38.0
38.3
G en eral m erch an d ise
stores
$1.50 $41. 65
1. 57 43. 40
1. 58 44.10
1. 59 44.73
1. 58 44. 50
1. 59 43.97
1.59 43.60
1.59 42. 63
1. 55 43. 80
1. 61 43.94
1.61 43. 90
1. 62 43. 65
1.62 44. 38
1.64 44.54
1.65 46. 02
35.3
35.0
35.0
35.5
35.6
34.9
34.6
34.1
36.2
34.6
34.3
34.1
34.4
34.0
34.6
1955: Average_____ $61. 72
1956: Average-------- 63. 38
June________ 64.39
July------------- 65. 62
August______ 64.90
September___ 64.30
63. 78
October_____
November___ 63. 98
December___
63.27
1957: January_____ 63. 66
February____ 63. 86
63. 68
March______
April_______
63.86
M ay________ 64. 59
June________ 65.67
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 13
2. 25
2.24
2.26
2. 26
2. 27
2.29
2.29
2. 30
2. 29
2.29
2. 30
2. 32
2.33
2.37
36.0
35.6
35.6
36.0
35.9
35.5
35.3
34.6
37.1
34.8
34.6
34.5
34.8
34.7
35.2
$1.32
1. 37
1.40
1.39
1. 39
1.40
1.40
1.38
1.35
1.41
1. 42
1.42
1.43
1.45
1.47
W holesale a n d re ta il tra d e —C o n tin u e d
A vg. w k ly . earn in g s
R e ta il tra d e —C o n tin u e d
F in a n c e , in su ran ce,
a n d real e sta te 10
A u to m o tiv e a n d ac
cessories dealers
38.1 $1. 62 $79. 64
37. 5 1. 69 81. 28
1. 69 82. 59
38.1
38.6
1.70 82. 97
38.4
1.69 82.16
37.6
1. 71 81. 53
37.3
1. 71 81.03
37.2
1. 72 81. 72
37.0
1. 71 81.91
36.8
1. 73 82. 34
36.7
1. 74 82.53
36.6
1. 74 82.78
1.74 83.22
36.7
36.7
1.76 84. 48
37.1
1.77 85. 55
41.2
41.5
41.6
41.9
41.7
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.1
41.8
D e p a r tm e n t
stores
a n d g en eral m a il
o rd e r houses
$1.18 $47. 52
1.24 48. 77
1.26 49. 84
1. 26 50.04
1. 25 49.90
1. 26 49.70
1. 26 49.42
1. 25 47. 75
1. 21 50.09
1.27 49.07
1. 28 49.13
1. 28 48.99
1.29 49.76
1.31 50. 32
1.33 51.74
O th e r re ta il tra d e
F o o d a n d liq u o r stores
Electric light and
power utilities
R e ta il tra d e
E le c tric lig h t a n d gas
u tilitie s com b in ed
$2.02 $87. 57
2.11 92.89
2.12 93. 56
2.13 93. 56
2.12 92.62
2.16 94 16
2.17 92.92
2.16 96.00
2. 17 95.47
2.18 94.13
2.17 95.06
2.16 95.41
2.17 96.52
2.19 95.18
2. 23 95.82
$1.87
1.96
1.96
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.03
2. 03
2. 04
W holesale a n d re ta il tra d e
O th e r p u b lic u tilitie s —C o n tin u e d
1955: Average-------- $82. 62
1956: Average........... 86. 30
June________ 86. 28
July------------- 86. 48
August______ 86. 28
September___ 88. 99
October_____ 89. 84
November___ 89. 86
89.40
December___
1957: January-------- 90. 25
February____ 87.67
M arch______
86.83
87.23
A pril......... .
88. 04
M ay_______
June________ 89. 42
and
Other public utilities
construction, in
Switchboard operating Line
stallation, and main
Telegraph
employees 8
tenance employees 9
$59. 72 37.8 $1.58 $101.85
43.9 $2. 32 $78. 54 42.0
43.5
60.70
37.7
1.61 101.36
2.33 82.74
42.0
1.62 100.46
2. 32 85. 87 42.3
60. 75 37.5
43.3
61.34
38.1
1.61 102. 75
44.1
2.33 85. 24 42.2
37.6
60.16
1.60 100. 25 43.4
2.31 86.28
42.5
61.34
1.61 102.08
2.32 85. 26 42.0
38.1
44.0
61.66
38.3
43.5
2.32 85. 26 42.0
1.61 100. 92
1.62 102.96
65. 61
40.5
2.34 84.03
44.0
41.6
36.7
1.66 104.01
43.7
60.92
2.38 84.03
41.6
1.66 99.88
42.5
2.35 86.32
60. 26 36.3
41.7
61.79
37.0
2.35 86.94
1.67 100.58
42.8
41.8
60. 62 36.3
1.67 99.88
42.5
2.35 87. 57 41.9
60. 45 36.2
1.67 101. 91
43.0
2.37 86.11
41.4
63. 27 37.0
1.71 101.63
42.7
2.38 89. 25 42.5
63. 92 37.6
1.70 103. 39 42.9
2.41 88.62
42.2
T ra n s p o rta tio n a n d p u b lic u tilitie s— C on.
G as u tilitie s
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Transportation and public utilities
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
1955: Average..........
1956: Average..........
June________
J u ly -.......... August....... .
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January...........
February____
March______
April________
M ay.. ____
June________
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
44.0
43.7
43.7
43.9
43.7
43.6
43.8
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.9
43.8
43.8
44.0
44.1
A p p arel a n d acces
sories stores
$1.81 $46. 82
1. 86 47. 54
1. 89 48.16
1. 89 48.36
1. 88 48. 28
1. 87 48.16
1. 85 47. 96
1.87 47.47
1. 87 50.04
1. 88 48.65
1. 88 48. 44
1.89 47. 75
1.90 47. 74
1.92 48. 56
1.94 49.70
35.2
34.7
34.9
35.3
35.5
34.4
34.5
34.4
36.0
34.5
34.6
34.6
34.1
34.2
35.0
F u r n itu r e a n d a p p li
L um ber an d h ard
ance stores
w are s u p p ly stores
$1.33 $66.94
42.1 $1. 59 $69.82
43.1 $1.62
1. 37 69. 30
42.0
1. 65 72. 68
42. 5
1. 71
43.1
1. 38 69.89
42.1
1. 66 74. 13
1.72
1. 37 69. 97
41.9
1. 67 74. 30
43.2
1. 72
1.36 69. 55
41.9
1. 66 74. 56
43.1
1. 73
1. 40 69. 97
41.9
1. 67 74. 65
42.9
1. 74
1.39 70. 56
42.0
1.68 75. 33
42.8
1. 76
41.9
1.38 70. 81
42.2
1. 69 73. 43
1. 74
1. 39 73.19
42.8
1.71 73. 08
42.0
1. 74
1.69 72. 21
41. 5
41.9
1. 41 70. 81
1.74
1. 40 68.81
1.65 72. 73
41.7
41.8
1.74
1. 38 69.81
1.67 72. 73
41.8
41.8
1. 74
1.40 69.81
1.67 73. 85
42.2
41.8
1.75
1.42 71.06
41.8
1.70 75. 23
42.5
1.77
1.42 71.65
41.9
1.71 75. 65
42.5
1.78
B an k s
and
tr u s t
com
panies
$59. 28
61. 97
61. 53
62. 11
61.79
61.93
62. 55
62.35
62.86
63. 82
63. 74
63.89
63. 78
63. 67
63. 75
Secu
rity
dealers
a n d ex
change.'
$102.1C
97. 5f
9 8 .It
94. 7.
96. 2C
94. 0"
92. 8"
94.91
99. 61
101. 4f
100. 5'
9 6 .3S
97. 4i
101.21
100. 91
I n s u r
ance
car
riers
$73. 29
77.50
77. 39
78. 32
77. 77
78.10
78.21
78. 92
79. 89
79.43
79. 95
80.03
80. 32
80.47
80.51
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
1151
T able C - l. Honrs and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees —Con.
A vg.
w k ly .
earnings
A vg.
w kly.
hours
A vg.
h rly .
earnings
A vg.
w k ly .
earnin g s
Y ear a n d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
h rly .
earn in g s
A vg.
h rly .
earn in g s
P erso n al services
L a u n d ries
$41.09
42.13
42.43
42.23
42. 43
42. 63
42. 74
42.63
43.14
42. 42
42. 32
42.63
42.21
43.23
43.20
41.5
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.6
40. 7
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.2
40.4
40.0
$0. 99
1.03
1.04
1.03
1.04
1. 05
1. 05
1.05
1.06
1.05
1.05
1. 05
1.05
1.07
1.08
$40. 70
42. 32
42. 95
42. 42
41. 90
42.61
42 61
42.29
42.91
42. 59
42.59
42. 69
43.20
43.93
43.93
1 F o r coverage of th e se series, see footnote 1, ta b les A -2 a n d A -3.
F o r m in in g , m a n u fa c tu rin g , la u n d ries, a n d cleaning a n d d y ein g p la n ts ,
d a ta refer to p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w o rk ers o n ly . F o r th e rem ain in g
in d u s trie s , un less o th e rw ise n o te d , d a ta re la te to n o n su p erv iso ry em ployees
a n d w o rk ing supervisors.
D ata for the most recent month are subject to revision without notation.
* F o r d efin itio n , see footnote 3, ta b le A -2.
* F o r d efin itio n , see footnote 4, ta b le A -2.
4 A v erages sh o w n for 1955 a re n o t s tric tly co m p arab le w ith th o se for la ter
y ears.
4 Ita lic iz e d title s w h ic h follow a re co m p o n en ts of th is in d u s try .
* D a ta b eg in n in g w ith J a n u a r y 1957 a re n o t s tric tly co m p a ra b le w ith th o se
sh o w n for earlier years.
1 F ig u res for C lass I railroads (excluding s w itch in g a n d te rm in a l com panies)
a re b ased u p o n m o n th ly d a ta su m m a riz e d in th e M -300 re p o rt b y th e I n te r
s ta te C o m m erce C om m ission a n d re la te to all em ployees w ho received p ay
d u rin g th e m o n th , except executives, officials, a n d staff a s s is ta n ts (IC O
G ro u p I ).
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
A vg.
w k ly .
earn in g s
Service a n d m iscellaneous
H o tels, y e a r-ro u n d »
1955: A v erag e_______ ____ _
1956: A v erag e_______ ____ _
J u n e . . . ____ ___________
J u ly ----------------------------A u g u s t................................
S e p te m b e r____________
O cto b e r__________ . . .
N o v e m b e r_____________
D e c e m b e r_____________
1957: J a n u a r v _______________
F e b r u a ry ______________
M a r c h _____ ___ _____
A p ril-------------------- --- .
M a y __________________
J u n e __________________
A vg.
w k ly .
earn in g s
40.3
40.3
40.9
40.4
39.9
40. 2
40.2
39.9
40. 1
39.8
39.8
39. 9
40.0
40.3
40.3
C lean in g a n d d y ein g p la n ts
$1.01
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.05
1.06
1.06
1.06
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.09
$47.40
49. 77
51.69
49.90
48. 39
50. 94
50. 82
50.56
50. 05
49. 92
48.90
49. 54
52.26
52. 79
52.40
39.5
39. 5
40. 7
39.6
38. 1
39.8
39.7
39.5
39.1
38. 7
38.2
38.7
40.2
40.3
40.0
$1.20
1.26
1. 27
1.26
1. 27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.29
1.28
1.28
1. 30
1.31
1.31
M o tio n
p ic tu re p ro
d u c tio n a n d
d is trib u tio n io
$93. 78
91. 75
89.54
90.20
92.06
92.87
90.13
95. 73
94. 95
94.14
99.00
99.13
94.09
97.61
101.30
• D a ta relate to em ployees In su ch o ccu p atio n s in th e telep h o n e in d u s tr y
as sw itc h b o a rd o p erato rs, serv ice a s sista n ts, op eratin g -ro o m in s tru c to rs , a n d
p a y -s ta tio n a tte n d a n ts . I n 1956, su ch em ployees m a d e u p 40 p e rc e n t of th e
to ta l n u m b e r of n o n su p erv iso ry em p lo y ees in e s ta b lis h m e n ts re p o rtin g h o u rs
a n d earn in g s d a ta .
I D a ta relate to em p lo y ees in su ch o cc u p atio n s in th e te lep h o n e in d u s tr y
as ce n tra l office craftsm en ; in s ta lla tio n a n d exchange re p air craftsm en ; line,
cab le, a n d c o n d u it craftsm en ; a n d lab o rers. I n 1956, su ch em p lo y ees m a d e
u p 27 p erce n t of th e to ta l n u m b e r of n o n su p erv iso ry em p lo y ees in e s ta b lis h
m e n ts rep o rtin g h o u rs a n d earn in g s d a ta .
10 D a ta o n av erag e w eek ly h o u rs a n d av e ra g e h o u rly ea rn in g s a re n o t
av a ilab le.
II M o n ey p a y m e n ts on ly ; a d d itio n a l v alu e of b o ard , ro o m , u n ifo rm s, a n d
tip s n o t in c lu d ed .
N ote: F o r a d escrip tio n of th e se series, see T e c h n iq u e s o f P re p a rin g M a jo r
B L S S ta tis tic a l Series, B L S B u ll. 1168 (1954).
S o u r c e : U . 8 . D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S ta tis tic s for all
series ex cep t t h a t for C lass I railro ad s (see fo o tn o te 7).
1152
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T a ble
C-2. Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufac
turing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
N e t sp en d ab le average w eek ly
earn in g s 1
N e t sp en d ab le average w eek ly
ea rn in g s 1
G ross average
w eek ly earnings
Y ear
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
G ross average
w eek ly ea rn in g s
W o rk er w ith no
d e p e n d e n ts
A v erag e____________
A v erag e...... ............... A v erag e____________
A v e r a g e ..._________
A v erag e____________
A v erag e____________
A v erag e____________
A v e ra g e ... ________
A v erag e____________
A v erag e____________
A v erag e____________
A verage____________
A verage........ ...............
A verage___ ________
A verage_______ ____
A v e ra g e ... ________
A v erag e_______ ____
A verage____________
W o rk er w ith 3
d e p e n d e n ts
C u r
re n t
194749 2
C u r
re n t
194749 2
C u r
ren t
194749 2
$23. 86
25.20
29. 58
36.65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43. 82
49.97
54 14
54. 92
59.33
64. 71
67.97
71.69
71.86
76. 52
79.99
$40.17
42.07
47.03
52. 58
58.30
61.28
57. 72
52. 54
52.32
52.67
53. 95
57.71
58.30
59.89
62.67
62.60
66.83
68.84
$23. 58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38.29
36. 97
37. 72
42.76
47.43
48. 09
51.09
54. 04
55.66
58. 54
59.55
63.15
65.86
$39. 70
41.22
44. 59
45.58
48 66
50. 92
48. 08
45.23
44.77
46.14
47.24
49. 70
48.68
49. 04
51 17
51.87
55.15
56.68
$23. 62
24. 95
29.28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42. 74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53. 83
57.21
61.28
63.62
66. 58
66.78
70.45
73.22
$39. 76
41.65
46. 55
52. 05
55. 93
58. 59
55. 58
51.80
50.51
51. 72
52.88
55.65
55. 21
56.05
58.20
58.17
61.53
63.01
Y ear a n d m o n th
1956: J u n e _______________
J u ly -----------------------A u g u st_______ ____ S e p te m b e r_________
O c to b e r____________
N o v e m b e r ________
D e cem b er__________
1957: J a n u a r y . . . ________
F e b r u a r y . ________
M a r c h _____________
A p ril_______________
M a y _____ . ______
J u n e 3___
. . . ___
1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends,
of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as
on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, therefore,
been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no de
pendents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross
average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing indus
tries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The
T a ble
W o rk er w ith no
d e p e n d e n ts
W o rk er w ith 3
d ep e n d en ts
C u r
re n t
1947493
C u r
ren t
194749 2
C u r
re n t
$79.19
78.60
79. 79
81.81
82. 21
82. 22
84.05
82. 41
82. 41
82. 21
81.59
81.78
82.80
$68.15
67.18
68. 31
69.86
69.85
69.80
71. 23
69.72
69. 43
69.14
68.39
68. 38
68.89
$65. 24
64. 78
65.71
67. 30
67.62
67.63
69. 10
67. 58
67.58
67. 42
66. 93
67.08
67.90
$56.14
55.37
56. 26
57.47
57 45
57. 41
58. 56
57.17
56. 93
56.70
56.10
56.09
56.49
$72.58
72. 11
73. 06
74. 70
75.03
75.04
76.54
74.99
74.99
74. 82
74. 31
74. 47
75.31
194749>
$62. 46
61.63
62. 55
63.79
63. 75
63. 70
64. 86
63.44
63.18
62. 93
62.29
62.27
62. 65
primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
2 These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings after
adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured by the Bureau’s
Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
3 Preliminary.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Technical Note on the Cal
culation and Uses of the Net Spendable Earnings Series (Revised February
1957), which is available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
C-3. Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity1
(1947-49=100)
1957
Annual
average
1956
Industry
T o ta l3______________________________
Mining division__
_ _____ _
Contract construction division _________
Manufacturing division________ _ ____
Durable goods___
__________
Ordnance and accessories__ _ ____
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)___________ ______
Furniture and fixtures ___ ___ ____
Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries____ ___
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)__________ ___ _
Machinery (except electrical)________
Electrical machinery__ __ _________
Transportation equipment__________
Instruments and related products____
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Nondurable goods___________________
Food and kindred products_________
Tobacco manufactures_____ _ ______
Textile-mill products___ _ __
___
Apparel and other finished textile
products------------ ---------------------Paper and allied products_______ ___
Printing, publishing, and allied industries ___ _____________________
Chemicals and allied products_______
Products of petroleum and coal______
Rubber products_______ _________
Leather and leather products________
Ju n e2 May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
109.6
87.9
151.6
105.1
114.9
338.3
107.0
83.8
141.4
103.7
114.0
337.0
106.5
84.0
131.1
104.5
115.1
350.9
107.0
84.3
123.0
106.3
116.8
355.6
88.1
102.3
106.3
107.9
84.0
99.7
105.4
106.6
80.1
102.2
104.1
108.0
116.0
109.9
134.5
142.7
116.3
100.2
93.3
86.6
70.5
74.6
114.7
111.4
132.4
142.9
117.1
98.7
91.4
81.1
70.6
73.7
99.5
116.2
112.9
104.6
95.9
102.7
92.7
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
107.2 106.4
85.3
85.1
119. 8 112.0
106. 9 107.0
117. 7 117.9
360.9 366.3
112.5
87.7
135.9
110.8
122.0
380.4
112.6
85.2
144. 2
109.9
120.2
371.9
115.2
86.9
157. 7
111.0
120. 2
373.6
114.7
88.3
160. 7
109.9
117.3
371.8
77.0
104.0
103.9
109.7
76.3
104.0
103.2
111.6
76.2
102.9
103.3
114.3
81.8
109.3
108.2
115.3
85.8
107. 3
109.3
113.3
91.4
111.7
111.2
113. 9
115.5
114.0
133.9
146.5
120.0
98.9
91.9
79.2
67.2
74.8
116.9
116.5
137.2
151.3
121.0
100.5
93.7
78.8
72.0
76.0
117.6
117.2
138.7
153.8
121.5
99.4
94.0
79.2
80.0
76.9
117.2
116.3
139.2
154.1
121. 4
98.3
94.0
81.6
85.0
77.0
121.4
117.4
144. 7
161.0
123.3
105.6
97.4
87.9
91.9
80.3
119.7
113. 7
145.8
151.6
123.2
109. 4
97.6
92.9
92.4
80.8
99.1
114.6
101.6
115.6
106.7
115.8
106. 3
115.8
102.6
116.3
105.5
119.1
112.7
106.1
94.2
102.7
86.8
113.8
107.1
94.7
96.2
90.7
114.5
107.3
93.1
107.2
95.6
112.8
106.9
93.8
109. 2
95.9
112.6
107. 2
93.6
111. 1
94.0
116.8
107.9
94.6
112.3
93.8
1 Beginning with the July 1957 issue, the data shown in this table are not
comparable with those published in previous issues. See footnote 1,
table A-2.
Aggregate man-hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month. For mining
and manufacturing industries, data refer to production and related workers.
For contract construction, the data relate to construction workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan.
June
1956
1955
113.2 106.8
86.4
78.3
161 1 154. 6
108.1 101.8
115.1 107. 8
355.0 368.7
111.2
87.1
154. 3
106.6
116.2
374.6
110.3
84.7
138.0
108.1
117.2
375.3
108.4
81.1
125.9
107.7
116.3
413.2
93.7
110.6
108. 9
114.5
97.5
108. 3
110.9
106.7
92.7
101. 7
108.2
74.2
94.6
104.1
111.9
112.7
88.8
107. 4
109.3
110.5
91.1
106.6
108.2
110.1
121.1
114.0
145.8
141.3
123.8
112.6
100.2
99.8
101.6
80.9
117.1
114. 4
142.0
127.6
123.0
109.5
101.1
107.8
107.6
79.1
111.6
112.5
138.0
128.8
121.0
106. 2
99.8
102.8
94.9
79.0
106.6
112.4
132.8
130. 2
118.0
98.4
94.8
93.6
72.8
75.8
113.6
115.6
136.5
129.5
119.5
103.4
95.2
90.0
76.0
78.9
116.3
115.6
138.6
139.0
121.1
105.5
97.2
90.7
85.6
80.6
118.0
106.4
130.6
147.2
117.5
104.2
97.4
90.5
90.3
83.1
104.9
117.9
106. 3
118.3
103.9
119.0
105.9
117.7
97. 7
116.6
99.2
117.0
104.5
116.9
104.9
114.4
115.1
107.3
95.2
98.8
91.1
116.3
107.7
95.2
110.1
91.2
114.7
107.5
97.8
106. 9
91.4
112.9
105.8
96.9
103.9
95.6
111.0
105.1
94.4
101.3
94.2
112.0
107.5
95.3
101.1
93.5
113.0
107.9
94.6
106.7
94.4
108.7
107.0
94.5
112.4
95.5
July
2 Preliminary.
3 Includes only the divisions shown.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1153
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -4 . Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
G ross
Ex
c lu d in g
o v er
tim e 3
G ross
Ex
cluding
o v er
tim e 3
G ross
Ex
clu d in g
o v er
tim e 3
G ross
G ross
Ex
clu d in g
o v er
tim e 3
G ross
Ex
clu d in g
o v er
tim e 3
T o ta l:
m a n u fa c tu rin g
$1.98
1. 97
1 96
1 98
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.05
2. 05
2. 06
2.07
$1.91
1.91
1.90
1. 91
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2. 00
2.00
2.01
T o ta l: D u ra b le
goods
$2.10
2. 09
2. 07
2.10
2. 14
2.15
2.16
2.18
2. 18
2.17
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.19
$2. 03
2. 02
2.01
2. 03
2. 06
2. 06
2.08
2. 09
2. 10
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.13
O rd n an ce a n d
accessories
$2.19
2. 20
2. 20
2.20
2.23
2. 25
2 25
2 27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.31
2.33
$2.12
2.13
2 13
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.18
2. 21
2 22
2.23
2.24
2. 25
2.28
L um ber and
w ood p ro d u cts
(except
fu rn itu re )
$1.76
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.79
1.77
1.74
1.72
1.73
1.77
1.80
1.82
1.85
$1.69
1.74
1. 73
1.73
1.73
1.72
1. 71
1.68
1. 66
1. 67
1.71
1. 74
1.76
1.78
F u r n itu r e a n d
fixtures
$1.69
1.69
1. 68
1.70
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1. 73
1.72
1.73
1.74
$1.64
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.70
S to n e, clay,
a n d glass
p ro d u c ts
$1.96
1.96
1. 97
1. 97
1.98
1.99
2. 01
2.01
2.02
2.01
2.02
2. 01
2.02
2.04
$1.88
1.88
1.88
1. 89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.96
Ex
clu d in g
o v er
tim e 3
G ross
Ex
clu d in g
o v er
tim e 2
M achinery
(except
electrical)
$2 21
2.19
2.20
2. 21
2. 25
2. 25
2. 25
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2.28
2. 28
2. 28
2.30
$2 12
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.15
2.15
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2. 20
2. 21
2.23
E lectrical
m a c h in e ry
$1.98
1.97
1.98
1.98
2.01
2. 02
2.03
2. 05
2.05
2.05
2.06
2. 06
2. 05
2.07
$1.92
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.98
1.99
2. 00
2.01
2. 01
2.01
2.02
T ra n s p o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t
$2 31
2.29
2.30
2.31
2. 36
2. 37
2.39
2. 43
2. 38
2. 37
2.38
2. 37
2. 37
2.40
$2 23
2. 22
2. 23
2.24
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2.30
2.29
2. 29
2.30
2.31
2. 32
2.35
In s tru m e n ts
a n d re la te d
p ro d u c ts
$2.01
2.00
2.02
2.02
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
P r im a r y m e ta l
in d u s trie s
$2.36
2. 34
2. 28
2.36
2. 43
2.42
2. 44
2.45
2. 47
2.46
2.46
2.46
2. 46
2.48
$2.29
2. 26
2.20
2.30
2.34
2. 35
2. 36
2. 37
2.39
2.39
2.40
2. 40
2.40
2.41
F a b ri cated
m e ta l p ro d u cts
$2.07
2.06
2.05
2.07
2.11
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.17
$1.99
1.99
1.98
2.00
2. 03
2. 04
2. 04
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.09
N o n d u ra b le goods
D u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
1956: A v erag e_____
J u n e _________
J u l y _________
A u g u s t______
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r_____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
1957: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ____
M arch ___
A p r il________
M a y _________
J u n e 3_______
G ross
D u ra b le goods
Y e a r a n d m o n th
1956: A v erag e_____
J u n e _________
J u l y _________
A u g u s t---------S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r_____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
1957: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a ry ____
M a rc h _______
A p ril_______
M a y . . - - ...........
J u n e 3. .............
Ex
clu d in g
o v er
tim e 3
$1.96
1.95
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2. 04
2. 04
2.05
2.06
M iscellaneous
m a n u fa c tu rin g
in d u strie s
$1.75
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.80
$1.69
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
T o ta l: N o n d u ra b le goods
$1.80
1.81
1.82
1.81
1. 82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.89
$1.75
1.75
1.76
1. 75
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
Food and
k in d re d
p ro d u c ts
$1.83
1.83
1.83
1.80
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.93
$1.76
1.76
1.76
1.73
1.73
1.76
1.81
1.82
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.86
T o b acco
m a n u fa c tu re s
$1.45
1.52
1.51
1.42
1.38
1.39
1.45
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.53
1.55
1.58
1.59
$1.43
1.49
1.49
1.41
1.36
1.37
1.43
1.45
1.47
1.48
1.51
1.54
1.56
1.56
N o n d u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
T extile-m ill
p ro d u c ts
Ju n e
J u l y ____ ____
S e p te m b e r___
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
M arch
___
A p ril................
M ay
J u n e 3_______
$1.45
1.44
1.44
1. 44
1.45
1 49
1.50
1.50
1 50
1 5ft
1. 50
1.50
1. 50
1.50
$1. 40
1. 40
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.44
1.45
1.45
1 45
1. 46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
A p p a re l an d
o th e r finished
te x tile p ro d u c ts
$1. 45
1.45
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.48
1.48
1.49
$1. 43
1.43
1.44
1. 45
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1. 47
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.46
1.47
P aper and
allie d p ro d u cts
$1.94
1.93
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.03
$1.84
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.94
P rin tin g ,
p u b lish in g ,
a n d allied
in d u s tr ie s 4
$2.43
2. 43
2. 43
2.43
2.46
2.45
2.45
2.46
2.46
2.48
2.49
2.49
2.51
2. 51
1 B eg in n ing w ith th e Ju ly li)57 issue, th e d a ta show n in th is ta b le are n o t
co m p arab le w ith those p u b lish e d in previous issues. See footnote 1, ta b le
A-2.
i D eriv ed b y assum ing th a t th e o v ertim e h o u rs sh o w n in ta b le 0 - 5 are
p a id for a t th e ra te of tim e a n d one-half.
* P re lim in a ry .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
C h em icals a n d
allied p ro d u c ts
$2.11
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2. 20
2.23
$2.05
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.17
P ro d u c ts of
p e tro le u m a n d
coal
$2.54
2. 55
2.56
2. 54
2. 69
2.57
2. 57
2.57
2. 59
2. 56
2. 57
2. 59
2. 61
2.66
$2. 47
2.48
2.49
2.48
2. 52
2.50
2.51
2. 52
2. 54
2. 51
2.52
2. 52
2.54
2.58
R ubber
p ro d u c ts
$2.17
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.20
2.20
2.17
2. 24
2.23
2.22
2. 21
2.19
2. 22
2.23
$2.09
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.11
2.10
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.15
L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r
p ro d u c ts
$1.49
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.54
1.54
$1.47
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.52
* A verage h o u rly earn in g s, ex clu d in g o v ertim e , are n o t av a ilab le se p a ra te ly
for th e p rin tin g , p u b lish in g , an d allied in d u s trie s gro u p , as g ra d u a te d o v er
tim e rates are fouDd to a n ex te n t likely to m a k e average o v ertim e p a y
significantly ab o v e tim e a n d one-half. In clu sio n of d a ta for th e in d u s tr y
in th e no n d u rab le-g o o d s to ta l has little effect.
Source: U . 8 . D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u rea u of L a b o r S ta tistic s.
1154
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T a b l e C-5. Gross average weekly hours and average overtime hours of production workers in manu
facturing, by major industry group 1
G ross
O ver
tim e 3
G ross
O ver
tim e 3
Gross
O v er
tim e 3
G ross
Gross
O v er
tim e 3
G ross
O v er
tim e 3
T o ta l: M an u
factu rin g
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.5
41.0
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.8
39.7
40.0
2.8
2.7
2.6
2.7
3.1
3.1
3.0
3.1
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.4
T o ta l: D u ra b le
goods
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.8
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.9
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.6
3.0
2.9
2.8
2.9
3.3
3.3
3.3
3.5
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.3
2.4
O rd n an ce a n d
accessories
41.8
41.6
41.7
41.2
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.6
42.0
42.0
41.6
41.4
40.7
40.6
2.9
2.7
2.9
2.6
3.5
3.4
3.1
3.4
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.1
1.9
L um ber and
w ood p ro d u cts
(except fu rn i
tu re )
40.3
40.5
40.2
41.5
40.9
40.8
40.0
39.8
39.1
39.6
39.7
40.0
40.2
40.7
3.3
3.5
3.3
3.6
3.6
3.2
2.9
3.0
2.7
2,6
2.6
2.6
2.8
3.2
F u r n itu r e a n d
fixtures
40.8
40.3
40.2
41.1
41.3
41.6
40.5
41.3
39.8
40.2
40.2
39.7
39.2
39.7
2.8
2.5
2.4
2.9
3.2
3.2
2.7
3.0
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.0
1.9
2.2
S to n e, clay , a n d
glass p ro d u c ts
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.3
41.0
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.3
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.9
3.6
3.7
3.7
3 .6
3.6
3.6
3.6
3.4
2.9
2.9
3.0
2.9
3.2
3.3
D u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
1956: A verage...........
J u n e .............. ..
J u ly ...................
A u g u s t.............
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r_____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
1957: J a n u a r y _____
F e b ru a ry .........
M arch _______
A p r i l . . . ...........
M ay. . . . ..
J u n e 3_______
G ross
O v er
tim e 3
G ross
O v er
tim e 3
D u ra b le goods
Y e a r a n d m o n th
1956: A v erag e_____
J u n e .................
J u ly _________
A u g u st.............
S e p te m b e r___
O cto b e r_____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
1967: J a n u a r y ...........
F e b ru a ry ____
M arch _______
A p ril________
M a y . _____
J u n e 3 ____ _
O v er
ti m e 3
M ach in ery
(except
electrical)
E le c tric a l
m a ch in ery
42.2
42.1
41.8
41.7
42.3
42.1
41.7
42.6
41.9
41.9
41.8
41.4
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.6
40.1
40.5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.3
3.7
3.6
3.4
3.5
3.8
3.7
3.4
3.7
3.3
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.0
2.5
2.9
3.1
2.9
2.8
2.4
2.3
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.9
T ra n sp o rta tio n
e q u ip m e n t
41.0
39.9
40.8
40.8
41.3
41.8
42.2
43.6
41.7
41.5
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.4
2.9
2.2
2.5
2.7
3.4
3.8
4.5
4.8
3.3
3.0
2.7
2.4
1.8
1.8
40.9
40.9
40.3
39.7
41.2
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.3
40.1
39.8
39.6
40.1
2.8
2.9
2.8
2.3
3.1
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.9
2.2
2.0
2.0
1.8
2.3
F a b ric a te d
m e ta l p ro d u cts
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.7
41.6
41.8
41.3
42.1
40.8
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.2
3.0
2.9
2.7
2.9
3.5
3.6
3.2
3 .6
2.8
2.8
2.8
2.7
2.7
3.0
N o n d u ra b le good
I n s tru m e n ts
a n d re la te d
p ro d u cts
40.8
40.6
40.5
40.7
41.1
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.2
40.5
P r im a r y m e tal
In d u strie s
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.5
2.4
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.3
2.1
1.9
1.8
M iscellaneous
m a n u fa c tu rin g
in d u strie s
40.3
40.1
39.6
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.3
40.6
40.0
40.3
40.6
39.9
39.8
40.0
2.6
2.3
2.2
2.6
2.8
3.1
2.8
2.7
2.3
2.4
2.6
2.2
2.1
2.3
T o ta l: N o n d u ra b le goods
39.5
39.2
39.4
39.6
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.7
39.1
39.3
39.1
38.9
38.9
39.2
2.5
2.4
2.5
2.5
2.8
2.7
2.7
2.6
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.2
2.4
Food an d
k in d re d
p ro d u cts
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.2
42.0
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.8
40.0
40.4
41.0
3.3
3.5
3.4
3.3
3.9
3.6
3.8
3.2
3.0
2.8
2.6
2.7
3 .0
3.4
T o b acco
m a n u fa c tu re s
38.9
39.2
38.9
39.1
40.8
39.5
38.9
39.8
38.8
38. 5
37.9
36.8
39.1
38.9
1.1
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.3
1.0
1.1
1.5
1.0
.6
.9
.5
1.1
1.7
N o n d u ra b le goods—C o n tin u e d
T e x tile-m ill
p ro d u c ts
1956: A v erag e...........
J u n e _________
J u ly _________
A u g u s t............
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r...........
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
1957: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ____
M arch _______
A p ril________
M a y _________
J u n e 3 ______
39.7
38.8
38.8
39.2
39.3
40.1
40.2
40.2
39.1
39.2
38.9
38.6
38.4
38.8
2.6
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.1
2.0
2.3
A p p a re l a n d
o th e r finished
te x tile e ro d u cts
36.3
35.5
35.8
36.6
36.0
36.4
36.1
36.3
35.9
36.5
36.5
35.7
35.8
35.8
1.2
.9
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.3
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.0
P aper and
allie d p ro d u c ts
42.8
42.7
43.0
42.6
43.0
42.9
42.7
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42.1
42.0
42.1
4.6
4.4
4.8
4.5
4.8
4.8
4.7
4.6
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
4.0
4.2
P rin tin g , p u b fishing, a n d allied in d u strie s
38.8
38.6
38.6
38.8
39.0
39 1
38.6
39.1
38.3
38.5
38.8
38.5
38.4
38.3
1 B eg in n in g w ith th e J u ly 1967 issue, the d a ta show n in th is ta b le are n o t
co m p a ra b le w ith th o se p u b lish e d in p revious Issues. See footnote 1, tab le
A-2.
* C overs p re m iu m o v ertim e h o u rs of p ro d u c tio n a n d re la te d w orkers d u rin g
th e p ay period e n d in g n ea re st th e 15th of th e m o n th . O v ertim e h o u rs are
th o se for w h ic h p re m iu m s w ere p a id because th e h o u rs w ere in excess of th e
n u m ber of ho u rs of e ith e r th e s tra ig h t-tim e w o rk d a y or w orkw eek. W eekend
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.2
3.7
3.6
3.2
3.5
2.8
2.9
3.2
2.9
2.9
2.8
C h em icals a n d
allied p ro d u cts
41.3
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.4
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.2
2.3
2.3
2.3
2.2
2.5
2.3
2.2
2.3
2.2
2.1
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.1
P ro d u c ts of
p etro leu m
a n d coal
41.1
41.1
41.8
40.9
41.7
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.2
40.9
41.0
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.1
2.3
2.0
1.9
1.8
1.6
1.6
1.6
2.2
2.2
2.2
R ubber
p ro d u c ts
40.2
39.6
39.7
40. 2
40. 5
40.9
40. 5
41.4
40.9
40.9
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.9
L e a th e r a n d
le a th e r
p ro d u c ts
2.8
2.3
2.5
2.8
3.0
3.4
2.8
3. 2
3.0
2.7
2.6
2.4
2.5
2.9
37.6
37.3
38.0
37. 6
36. 9
36. 9
36.9
37.7
38.0
38.3
38.0
36.9
36.3
37.8
1.4
1.0
1.1
1. 2
1. 1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.3
1.1
.9
1.2
an d ho lid ay h o u rs are In clu d ed only if p rem iu m w age ra te s w ere paid . H o u rs
for w h ich o n ly sh ift d ifferen tial, h az ard , in c en tiv e, o r o th e r sim ilar ty p e s of
p re m iu m s w ere p a id are exclu d ed . T h e se d a ta are n o t av a ilab le p rio r to
1956.
3 P re lim in a ry .
Source: U . S. D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S tatistic s.
1155
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1
Y ear and m o n th
Avg.
w kly. wAvg.
kly.
earn hours
ings
1955: A verage_____ $60.34
1956: A verage_____ 64.15
40.5
39.6
61.46
59. 90
62. 88
67. 47
67. 30
66. 92
68. 57
68. 68
67. 25
67.34
67.34
67.55
68.85
38.9
38.4
39.3
40.4
40.3
39.6
40.1
39.7
39.1
38.7
38.7
38.6
38.9
1956: J u n e _________
J u ly ........_.........
A ugust______
Septem ber___
O ctober. ___
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber. . . .
1957 J a n u a ry ... . . .
F eb ru ary ____
M arch _______
A pril________
M a y ________
J u n e . .. _____
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.49 $78.34
1.62 82.82
$1. 92 $69. 55
2.05 76. 95
$1.73 $83. 62
1. 90 90.09
$2. 01 $80. 60
2.14 87. 78
40.5
41.6
$1.99 $53.41
2.11 56.30
41.4
40. 5
$1.29
1.39
89. 89
89.68
86. 09
92. 01
92. 00
89.44
91. 57
91.32
88.10
87. 26
86.22
86.76
88. 53
42.2
42.5
40.8
42.4
42.2
41.6
42.2
41.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
39.8
39.7
56. 56
56.54
54.94
57. 67
57.53
56.94
57. 20
57. 02
57.02
57.31
57.31
57. 28
57.52
40.4
40.1
40.1
40.9
40.8
40.1
40.0
39.6
39.6
39.8
39.8
39. 6
39.4
1.40
1. 41
1.37
1.41
1.41
1.42
1.43
1. 44
1.44
1. 44
1.44
1. 45
1.46
1. 58
1. 56
1. 60
1.67
1.67
1.69
1.71
1. 73
1.72
1.74
1. 74
1. 75
1. 77
40.8
40.4
76. 00
75. 01
75. 25
88. 81
86. 90
87.48
86.67
89.10
87. 42
87.20
88. 40
87.82
88. 84
1.90
1.88
1. 97
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.14
2. 20
2.18
2.18
2. 21
2.19
2. 21
40.0
39.9
38.2
41.5
40.8
40.5
40.5
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.2
77. 39
78. 55
78.78
82.17
76.03
76. 25
87.31
83.60
86. 50
86. 53
85.28
84. 87
85. 20
40.2
40.5
40.1
40.7
40.4
41.5
39.6
39.1
42.8
41.8
42.4
41.6
41.4
41.0
40.0
1. 93
1. 93
1.95
1.98
1.92
1. 95
2. 04
2.00
2.04
2. 08
2.06
2. 07
2.13
91.38
89. 89
88. 80
92.62
93. 06
92. 86
94. 33
93.66
90. 64
89. 06
89.69
90. 35
90. 68
41.6
42.1
42.5
42.4
41.3
42.1
42.3
42.4
42.3
42.0
41.2
40.3
40.4
40.7
40.3
2.15
2.12
2.15
2. 20
2.20
2.19
2. 23
2. 23
2. 20
2. 21
2. 22
2. 22
2. 25
California
Los AngelesLong Beach
55. 49
54. 67
54. 94
55. 76
56. 72
56.43
57.11
56. 80
57.23
57. 92
58. 32
58. 58
58.18
40.8
40.2
40.1
40.7
41.1
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.5
40.5
40.4
40.4
1956: J u n e ________
J u ly _________
A ugust______
Septem ber___
O ctober_____
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber___
1957: Jan u a ry _____
F e b ru a ry ____
M arch ______
A p ril________
M a y ________
J u n e ________
$1.27 $85. 24
1.36 89. 93
1.36
1. 36
1.37
1.37
1. 38
1.39
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.44
Fresno
S tate
90. 28
89.80
90.96
92. 07
92.42
91.99
93.17
92. 39
93.15
92. 90
93. 51
91.82
93.42
40.5
40.6
$2.11 $73. 45
2. 22 77.20
2. 23
2. 22
2. 21
2.23
2. 24
2.26
2. 28
2. 29
2. 30
2.30
2. 31
2. 31
2.33
40.5
40.5
41.2
41.2
41.3
40.7
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.4
40.5
39.8
40.1
80. 25
78. 08
80. 44
77.17
79. 26
74. 68
76.64
77. 53
77.92
83.09
81. 55
78. 66
80.73
38.1
38.8
39.3
39.1
40.4
38.6
39.9
37.4
38.1
37.8
37.6
38.8
38.1
37.4
38.4
$1. 93 $85. 60
1.99 89. 90
2. 04
2. 00
1.99
2.00
1.99
2.00
2. 01
2.05
2. 07
2.14
2.14
2.10
2.10
89.64
89. 64
90. 86
91.18
91.97
92. 61
94.01
93.31
93. 86
93.86
94. 40
92. 54
93.59
2.13
2.11
2.11
2.17
2.18
2.15
2.17
2.19
2.17
2.16
2.15
2.18
2. 23
San FranciscoOakland
San Diego
40.7
41.6
95. 08
93. 26
92. 88
94.18
94. 71
96. 24
99.11
96. 99
94. 49
93. 56
96. 05
90. 65
92.61
42.4
41.7
41.3
41. 8
41.7
42.4
43.6
42.7
42.0
41.4
42.0
40.1
40.7
1956: J u n e .................
J u ly ------------A ugust______
Septem ber___
O ctober_____
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber___
1957: J a n u a ry _____
F e b ru a ry ____
M arch ______
A pril________
M a y ________
J u n e ________
$2.13 $86. 98
2.22 92.12
39.6
39.7
40.9
40.9
$2.09 $80. 88
2. 20 92. 59
39.2
41.5
40.8
40.8
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.2
41.5
41.1
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.3
40.5
2. 20 87. 45
2. 20 93. 59
2. 21 90. 09
2. 22 112.66
2. 23 104.10
2. 25 95.11
2. 26 94.34
2. 27 93.66
2. 28 94. 58
2. 29 95.22
2. 30 96. 79
2. 30 94.32
2.31 87.15
39.0
40.2
41.6
48.8
46.4
40.6
40.0
38.8
39.3
39.4
41.7
40.2
35.7
$2.06 $81. 09
2. 23 87.86
40.0
40. 4
$2.03
2.18
87. 25
87.37
86. 62
90. 57
91.94
91.03
91.62
90.24
90.74
90. 66
90. 68
90. 66
93. 26
40.1
40. 6
39.9
40.9
41.0
40. 6
40. 6
39.8
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.7
40. 5
2.17
2.15
2.17
2. 22
2. 24
2.24
2.26
2. 27
2.28
2.27
2.27
2. 28
2.30
2. 24
2. 33
2.17
2.31
2. 24
2. 35
2. 36
2. 41
2.41
2. 41
2.32
2.35
2.44
Colorado
93. 03
91.52
92.15
95. 32
94. 95
93. 61
95.35
95. 02
94. 94
94.49
94.49
94. 45
96.55
40.0
39.4
40.3
40.7
40.4
39.3
39.5
39.2
39.1
39.0
39.0
39.1
39.7
2.25
2.24
2. 25
2. 25
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2. 27
2. 25
2. 26
2. 28
2. 26
2. 27
2. 33
2. 32
2. 29
2. 34
2. 35
2. 38
2.41
2. 42
2. 43
2.42
2.42
2. 42
2. 43
88. 52
87. 07
89. 41
89. 76
88. 67
92. 41
93. 54
91. 36
96.32
90. 22
90. 59
91.13
95.10
40.7
41.3
40.3
42.0
44.3
43.6
42.5
40.8
40.5
39.8
41.3
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.5
$2. 02 $77. 75
2.13 83.93
2.19
2. 07
2. 02
2.06
2. 09
2. 27
2.31
2. 30
2. 33
2. 27
2. 27
2.30
2.35
81.37
87. 48
84. 65
89. 50
89. 81
79. 66
83. 67
83. 42
83. 55
85. 40
84. 89
84. 45
82.97
39.4
40.3
38.8
41.7
41.9
43.6
43.5
37.3
38.8
37.8
38.1
38.7
39.3
39.2
38.1
D enver
State
Stockton
San José
$2.20 $82.19
2. 32 87. 92
San B ernardinoR iverside-O ntario
Sacram ento
California—-Continued
1955 A verage-------- $86. 72
1956: Average_____ 92.31
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly.
kly.
earn earn w
ings
ings hours
L ittle R ock-N orth
L ittle Rock
41.1
40.4
State
Phoenix
State
M obile
A rkansas—C ont inued
1955: Average......... $52. 20
1956 A verage......... 54. 94
A rkansas
Arizona
A labam a
B irm ingham
State
$1.97 $76. 92
2.08 82. 21
40.7
40.9
83. 22
80. 77
85. 46
82. 22
81.61
84. 46
86.11
84.84
84.85
84. 61
85. 44
86. 50
89. 02
41.2
41.0
42.1
40.5
40.4
41.4
41.6
40.4
40.6
40.1
40.3
40.8
41.6
2.10
2.10
2. 02
2. 05
2. 07
2.14
2.16
2. 21
2.19
2.20
2.16
2.15
2.18
$1.89 $77. 74
2. 01 82. 21
40.7
40.7
$1. 91
2.02
81.20
84.67
83. 64
84. 46
84. 26
85. 28
85. 28
84.04
84.44
84.63
84.44
85. 46
87.10
40.2
41.3
41. 2
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.2
40. 6
40. 4
40.3
40.4
40. 5
40. 7
2.02
2.05
2.03
2.06
2.05
2.07
2.07
2. 07
2.09
2.10
2.09
2.11
2.14
2.02
1.97
2.03
2. 03
2.02
2. 04
2.07
2.10
2. 09
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.14
C onnecticut
1955: Average_____ $78. 21
1956: Average_____ 82. 57
41. 6
41.7
80.56
81.18
81.18
83. 40
84. 84
84 84
80 51
84 87
85 49
85. 91
85. 49
83 84
84. 45
41.1
41. 0
41. 0
41.7
42. 0
42. 0
42. 2
41. 4
41. 5
41. 5
41.1
40. 7
40.6
1956: J u n e ________
J u ly ------------A ugust______
Septem ber___
O ctober_____
N ovem ber___
D ecem ber___
1957: J a n u a ry -------F e b ru a ry ____
M arch ______
A pril________
M a y ............... .
J u n e .................
See footnotes a t end of table.
436 1 5 7 — 57------- 9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.88 $81. 51
1. 98 86.52
1.96
1.98
1.98
2.00
2. 02
2.02
2. 05
2.05
2.06
2. 07
2. 08
2. 06
2.08
84. 46
84. 46
85. 28
85. 91
88.20
89. 25
91.16
91. 58
89.44
89. 64
88. 56
87.29
87. 89
41.8
42.0
41.4
41.2
41.4
41.5
42.0
42.3
42.4
42.4
41.6
41.5
41.0
40.6
40. 5
$1.95 $81. 90
2. 06 88.17
42.0
42.8
2.04 86. 29
2.05 87. 54
2. OR 84. 46
2.07 87. 98
2. 10 90. 29
2.11 91.14
2.15 94.82
2.16 92. 45
2.15 93.10
2.16 93.31
2.16 93.10
2.15 88.61
2.17 87. 34
42.3
42.7
41.2
42. 5
43.2
43.4
43.9
43.0
43.1
43.2
43.1
41.6
41.2
$1.95 $77. 56
2. 06 80. 75
2.04
2. 05
2. 05
2. 07
2. 09
2.10
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.13
2.12
79.17
78. 60
78. 59
81.77
80. 79
82.19
81.59
81.40
81.61
82. 82
83. 64
84. 45
82. 82
41.7
41.2
40.6
40.1
40.3
41.3
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.7
40.6
41.0
41.0
41.4
40.6
Stamford
N ew H aven
N ew B ritain
H artford
B ridgeport
S tate
$1.86 $72. 50
1.96 78.31
40.5
41.0
78.34
77.74
78.94
79.13
76.24
80.51
82. 35
81.18
82.00
82. 41
83. 02
81.20
81.41
40.8
40.7
40.9
41.0
39.5
41.5
41.8
41.0
41.0
41.0
41.1
40.4
40.5
1.95
1.96
1.95
1.98
1.99
1.99
1.99
2. 00
2. 01
2. 02
2. 04
2. 04
2.04
$1.79 $81. 40
1.91 85. 88
1.92
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.97
1.98
2.00
2. 01
2.02
2.01
2. 01
83.16
83.16
85. 41
87.31
88. 60
88.80
87.91
86. 43
87.29
88.15
85. 41
84.99
85. 60
40.1
40.7
$2.03
2.11
39.6
39. 6
40.1
40. 8
41. 4
41.3
40.7
40. 2
40. 6
41.0
40.1
39.9
40. 0
2.10
2.10
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.13
2.13
2.14
1156
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T able C 6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
C o n n e c tic u t—C on.
D ela w are
VTaterbrn •y
S ta te
D is tric t of C o lu m b ia
W ilm in g to n
F lo rid a
W a sh in g to n
S ta te
Jack so n v ille
Y e a r a n d m o n th
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
1955: A v erag e____
$80.37
1956: A v erag e______ 82. 78
42.3
41.6
1956: J u n e _____
J u ly --------------A u g u s t___ . ^
S e p te m b e r___
O cto b e r______
N o v e m b e r___
D e c em b er____
1957: J a n u a r y ______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h _______
A p ril_________
M a y _________
J u n e . . . _____
40.7
40.8
40.6
41.1
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.2
40.6
80.18
81.19
80.39
82.20
82. 00
82. 82
83. 23
82.42
84. 05
84.46
83.63
83. 21
84.04
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
ho u rs
$1.90 $74.70
1.99 79. 37
79.84
75.81
76.78
78. 31
79. 59
85.69
89.88
82. 21
83.22
81.56
85.08
83.44
84.67
1.97
1.99
1.98
2. 00
2.00
2. 02
2. 03
2.04
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.07
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
40.6
40.7
$1.84 $87. 97
1.95 90. 72
41.3
40.5
41.8
39.9
40.2
41.0
40.4
41.8
42.8
40.1
40.4
39.4
41.1
40.7
41.3
1.91 91.13
1.90 89. 95
1.88 87. 86
1.91
89. 33
1.97 90. 57
2.05 96.10
2.10 101. 52
2.05 92. 52
2.06 93. 79
2.07 91.25
2.07 95.35
2.05 93.03
2.05 94. 77
40.5
39.8
39.4
39.7
39.9
41.6
43.1
40.4
40.6
39.5
41.1
40.1
40.5
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
$2.13 $81. 60
2.24 83. 77
40.2
39.7
2. 25
2. 26
2. 23
2. 25
2. 27
2.31
2.35
2. 29
2.31
2.31
2. 32
2. 32
2. 34
84.84
81.93
81.90
86. 62
85.75
85.10
86. 37
83.16
87.38
86.11
85. 02
86. 98
87. 20
F lo rid a —C o n tin u e d
M ia m i
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
$2.03 $58.10
2.11 62. 47
41.5
41.1
2.10
2.09
2.10
2.16
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.16
2.19
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.18
62.88
63. 55
63. 02
63. 43
64. 21
63. 70
65.10
64. 79
65.10
64. 53
63.44
64. 96
65. 20
T am p a -S t. P etersburg
40.5
$1. 56
$57.53
61. 71
40.8
40.6
1956: J u n e _________
J u ly --------------A u g u s t_______
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r............
N o v e m b e r___
D ecem b er____
1957: J a n u a r y ______
F e b ru a ry _____
M a r c h _______
A p ril________
M a y ________
J u n e ____ __
40.7
40.7
40.2
39.7
40.8
40.5
40.9
41.3
40.9
40.4
40.1
38.7
38.6
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.56
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.65
61.71
61.91
60.28
61.54
63. 36
64. 06
65. 25
63.99
66.14
65. 57
63. 52
63.60
64.00
40.6
40.2
39.4
39.7
40.1
40.8
41.3
40.5
41.6
41.5
40.2
40.0
40.0
1955: A v erag e_____
1956: A v erag e_____
1956: J u n e _________
J u ly __________
A u g u s t_______
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r______
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r. ._
1957: J a n u a r y ______
F e b ru a ry . . .
M a r c h _______
A p ril___ ____
M a y ___ . . .
J u n e . . . . . . ._
$82. 27
86.15
41.2
41.0
S ta te
$1.41 $54.00
1.52 57.17
1.52
1.54
1.53
1.55
1.58
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.60
56. 20
56. 02
57. 02
57.71
59. 20
61.26
61.65
60.04
59.13
58. 44
58. 59
58. 59
58. 98
C hicago
$2.00 $85.78
2.10 90.04
85. 37
84.17
84.77
88.17
87. 74
88.68
89. 59
88. 77
88. 95
88. 71
88.07
87.72
88.78
40.8
2.09
40.4
2.08
40.6
2.09
41.3
2.13
41.1
2.13
41.2
2.15
41.4
2.16
40.7
2.18
40.8
2.18
40.7
2.18
40.4
2.18
40.2
2.18
40.5
2.19
Io w a—C o n tin u e d
89.21
87.18
88. 53
93.23
92.09
92. 59
94. 01
92.99
93. 25
92.87
92. 01
91.66
92.97
D es M oines
1955: A v erag e______ $80.84
1956: A verage______ 83.37
39.8
39.5
40.3
39.7
39.3
38.9
39.6
39.8
40.0
40.3
40.3
39.5
38.9
38.7
38.8
38.8
38.8
A tla n ta
$1.34 $68. 54
1.44 71.38
40.8
40.1
69.48
69. 65
70. 70
71.73
72.76
77. 49
79. 27
74. 59
73. 47
71.97
72.13
71.92
74. 80
39.7
39.8
40.4
40.3
40.2
41.0
41.5
40.1
39.5
38.9
39.2
39.3
40.0
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.45
1.48
1.52
1.53
1. 52
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.52
1956: J u n e ________
J u ly __________
A u g u st— ____
S e p te m b e r___
O c t o b e r . ____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c em b er____
1957: J a n u a r y .. ._
F e b ru a ry _____
M a r c h _______
A p ril________
M a y _________
J u n e . . . _____
39.1
36.1
39.9
40.2
39.5
39.6
40.1
39.8
40.5
39.8
38.9
39.0
39.5
81.33
75.15
84.43
87. 58
85. 72
83. 58
87. 26
88.33
90. 38
88.72
85. 53
86.17
88.14
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.2
41.0
40.8
40.5
40.4
41.6
41.2
41.2
41.5
40.8
40.9
40.8
40.4
40.2
40.4
P eo ria
$2.08 $87. 69
2. 20 88.74
2.19
2.15
2.19
2.24
2. 24
2. 25
2. 27
2.28
2.28
2.28
2. 28
2.28
2.30
89. 83
88.12
86.66
91.05
89. 97
91.21
91.45
91.17
89.98
89.80
89.43
89. 82
91.26
S ta te
$2. 03 $80. 81
2.11 84. 42
2.08
2.08
2.12
2.18
2.17
2.11
2.17
2. 22
2.23
2.23
2. 20
2. 21
2.23
82.94
83. 72
83. 47
86. 30
85. 51
89.15
90.25
86. 98
86. 91
86. 90
87.61
85. 59
85. 74
A vg.
w k ly .
e a rn
ings
41.9
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.2
42.0
41.5
42.3
42.6
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.2
41.2
41.8
40.6
41.4
40.9
40.1
40.7
40.5
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.9
40.3
K an sas
45.1
44.1
88.42
85.93
87.67
90. 60
92.14
93. 78
94.98
93.00
94.72
94.19
92.86
93. 04
93. 36
42.9
41.9
42.6
43.2
43.8
44.2
44.1
43.0
43.5
43.4
42.9
42.8
42.8
2.17
2.15
2.16
2.24
2.22
2. 25
2. 25
2.26
2. 25
2.26
2. 25
2.25
2. 26
Topeka
$1.93 $79. 36
2. 02 80.12
1.98
2. 00
2.03
2.05
2. 06
2.11
2.12
2. 09
2. 09
2. 09
2.10
2.08
2.08
78.86
80. 26
78. 07
82. 76
83.46
84.41
81.73
81.06
81.99
84. 29
83. 06
82.12
82.65
42.7
41.0
$1.68 $70. 22
1.78 74.76
42.3
42.0
75. 23
79.10
78.08
75.89
76. 68
77. 28
77. 75
79.34
76.82
77.98
77.98
78.66
81.67
42.5
42.3
42.9
41.7
41.9
42.0
41.8
42.2
41.3
41.7
41.7
41.4
42.1
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.78
1.81
1.89
1.91
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.87
41.0
41.6
40.2
41.4
41.7
42.0
40.5
40.2
40.6
41.5
41.1
41.1
40.8
$2.00 $83. 47
2.09 86.66
2. 06
2. 05
2. 06
2.10
2.10
2.12
2.15
2.16
2.18
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.18
85.81
82. 83
84.99
88. 60
89.46
89. 80
91.94
90. 03
90. 30
89. 67
88.43
89. 87
91.56
W ic h ita
$1.86 $84. 29
1.96 88.02
1.92
1.93
1.94
2.00
2.00
2. 01
2. 02
2.02
2. 02
2. 03
2. 02
2. 00
2.03
84.40
86.86
87. 32
90. 08
90. 30
92.42
94.12
92.00
93. 62
94. 75
94.15
88. 75
89. 00
41.8
41.8
41.4
41.8
40.9
42.0
41.8
42.2
43.0
42.1
42.7
43.0
42.8
41.0
41.1
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
$1.40
1.52 $67.47
40.4
$1.67
69. 05
67. 43
66.30
67. 66
72.14
72.62
73. 85
70. 76
68. 63
69.60
68.06
71.17
72. 57
41.1
39.9
39.7
39.8
41.7
41.5
42.2
40.9
39.9
40.0
39.8
40.9
41.0
1.68
1.69
1.67
1.70
1.73
1.75
1. 75
1.73
1.72
1.74
1.71
1.74
1.77
1.53
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.57
1.59
1.60
1.61
S avannah
R ockford
$2.10 $90. 26
2.18 92.24
A vg.
w k ly .
h o u rs
Id a h o
Illin o is
S ta te
41.1
41.0
40.4
40.4
40.9
41.1
42.0
41.8
42.0
41.1
39.9
40.6
40.5
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
G eorgia
1955: A v e r a g e . . ___
1956: A verage_____ $63.18
63. 90
64. 31
63. 52
61.93
64.46
63. 99
64. 62
65.25
65.44
65.45
64. 96
63.08
63.69
40.4
39.2
39.0
40.1
39.7
39.4
39.8
38.5
39.9
39.5
39.0
39.9
40.0
A vg.
h rly .
e a rn
ings
S ta te
$1.66 $81. 54
1.78 84.67
41.6
41.3
$1.96
2.05
89.24
88.74
89.14
85.46
82.39
83. 23
81.20
87. 72
80.19
79.40
79.20
85.24
87. 78
42.7
43.5
42.0
40.5
39.8
41.0
40.0
43.0
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.4
41.8
2.09
2.04
2.12
2.11
2. 07
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.02
1.99
1.99
2.11
2.10
1.77
1.87
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.90
1.94
In d ia n a
Io w a
S tate
S ta te
41.2
40.7
40.5
40.2
40.0
41.4
41.1
40.9
41.5
40.6
40.6
40.4
39.9
40.3
40.7
$2.03 $75. 73
2.13 78. 37
2.12
2.06
2.12
2.14
2.18
2. 20
2. 22
2. 22
2. 22
2. 22
2. 22
2.23
2. 25
76.75
74.95
76.38
80. 76
80. 43
81.77
83.11
82. 53
82.30
82. 41
80.65
81.62
81.72
K e n tu c k y
S tate
$2. 02 $71.75
2.10 79. 27
2.04
2. 08
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.19
2.19
2.18
2.19
2. 20
2. 20
2.17
2.16
74. 52
72. 69
75.67
76. 70
76.25
76.23
75. 20
75. 22
76. 77
76. 73
77.14
77.18
79.68
41.0
40.2
40.1
39.7
40.6
40.7
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.6
39.3
39.5
40.3
41.1
40.4
$1.84
1.94
40.1
39.0
40.2
40.8
40.6
40.7
40.9
40.3
40.1
40.2
39.7
40.0
40.0
1.91
1.92
1.90
1.98
1.98
2. 01
2.03
2.05
2.15
2.05
2.03
2.04
2. 05
L ou isv ille
$1.75 $79.47
1.85 83.14
1.86
1.83
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.88
1.88
1.92
1.94
1.96
1.95
1.98
81.79
81.78
84. 90
85. 50
85.00
86. 36
86.04
84. 76
85.84
85.48
86. 54
86. 77
90.12
41.0
40.8
$1.94
2.04
40.3
40.0
40.8
41. 0
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.3
40.7
40.0
40.2
40.3
41.1
2.03
2.04
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.19
1157
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
C-6. Honrs and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
]
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1955: Average_____ $69. 55
1956: Average_____ 74.98
41.9
41.2
74. 89
76. 86
75.11
76. 63
75. 99
76. 74
76. 73
77.11
77.14
77. 57
77. 57
78.36
79.15
40.7
41.1
40.6
41.2
41.3
42.4
41.7
40.8
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.8
1956: June________
July________
August______
September___
October.. . November___
December__
1957: January_____
February____
M arch_____
April_______
M ay. ______
June________
Maine
Louisiana
State
Baton Rouge
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.66 $95. 47
1.82 103. 79
$2.34 $68. 40
2.55 73. 57
$1. 71 $58.98
1.83 63.43
40.6
40.7
62. 25
63.08
65.17
63.79
65. 63
64. 31
66.40
66. 22
66. 93
65. 76
64. 85
63.40
63.85
40.1
40.2
42.2
40.2
41.1
39.9
41.3
40.9
41.8
41.0
40.1
39.7
40.0
1.84
1.87
1.85
1.86
1.84
1.81
1.84
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.94
40.8
40.7
102. 75
108. 79
103.83
107. 46
105. 82
105. 26
103.83
104.09
100. 55
99.79
101. 56
102.26
102. 54
41.1
40.9
40.4
39.8
40.7
40.8
40.4
40.5
39.9
39.6
40.3
40.1
39.9
2. 50
2. 66
2. 57
2.70
2.60
2. 58
2. 57
2. 57
2. 52
2. 52
2. 52
2. 55
2. 57
72.86
74. 61
74. 37
74. 34
75.44
75. 30
75. 98
75. 43
77. 78
77. 62
78.39
79.40
79.18
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.9
40.2
40.4
41.0
40.7
40.2
39.7
40.3
39.6
40.2
40.1
40.4
1.84
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.89
1.90
1.93
1.96
1.95
1.98
1.96
1955: Average._____ $74. 52
1956: Average_____ 79.15
40.9
40.8
1956: June_____ _
J u ly .....____
August______
September___
October. ___
November___
December___
1957: January . . . .
February____
M arch______
April_______
M a y . _____
June________
41.0
40.7
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.8
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.7
40.0
40. 7
79. 46
77.11
78.08
79.64
80. 71
82.25
82.64
81.34
81.58
81.36
81.11
81.20
83. 62
Baltimore
$1.82 $78.89
1.94 83.82
1.94
1.90
1.92
1.94
1.97
2.01
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.03
2.05
41.1
41.1
83.84
82.07
83. 64
85. 47
86. 03
87.15
86.93
85. 36
85. 80
85. 21
85. 04
85.41
88. 45
$1.92 $69.09
2. 04 72. 21
41.2
41.1
40.8
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.2
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.0
40.3
41.2
2.04
2. 00
2.05
2.06
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.12
2.15
70. 71
71.06
72.00
73. 75
73. 42
73.26
75.33
73.47
74.40
74. 61
74. 05
73.88
74.82
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.7
40.0
40.3
39.9
39.6
40.5
39.5
40.0
39.9
39.6
39.3
39.8
$1.71 $71.48
1.80 75. 41
40.0
40.0
74.05
74. 26
75. 58
77. 55
76.81
76.63
79.38
76. 44
79.00
78. 60
78.41
78. 21
79.60
39.6
39.5
40.2
40.6
39.8
39.5
40.5
39.0
40.1
39.9
39.8
39.5
40.0
1.79
1. 79
1.80
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.88
$1.45 $52. 25
1.56 54.41
38.0
37.7
$1.37 $63.19
1.45 68. 60
41.2
41.5
$1.53
1.65
54.29
56.11
55.56
55. 51
54. 05
51.89
55. 22
56. 56
57.24
56.87
54.96
52.97
55.00
37.2
38.5
38.1
37.7
37.3
35.3
38.0
38.1
38.7
38.2
36.8
35.4
37.5
67.01
72.48
67.87
68.62
69.97
68.33
71.99
70. 23
70.98
71.57
71.57
68.64
69.06
41.7
43.2
41.2
40.5
41.7
40.3
42.1
40.9
41.5
41.7
41.5
40.5
40.6
1.61
1.68
1.65
1.69
1.68
1.69
1. 71
1. 72
1. 71
1.72
1.73
1.70
1.70
1.55
1.57
1.55
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.62
1.60
1.60
Worcester
1955: Average_____ $75.31
1956: Average_____ 79.00
41.1
41.1
$1.83 $78.45
1.92 82.37
41.3
40.9
$1.90 $94.84
2.01 94.98
42.3
40.8
76. 57
77.93
78.72
81.93
81.36
81.38
83.00
82. 21
81.20
80. 79
80.20
80.20
80.40
40.3
40.8
41.0
41.8
41.3
41.1
41.5
40.7
40.6
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.2
82.41
78. 76
81.20
84.05
83. 85
81.97
83. 64
82.41
83.03
83.03
81.80
80. 99
83.23
41.0
40.6
40.4
41.0
40.9
39.6
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.5
39.9
39.7
41.0
2.01 91.20
1.94 93.83
2. 01 94.35
2.05 99.16
2.05 100.12
2.07 100. 02
2.06 106.03
2.05 98. 36
2.05 97. 52
2.05 97.16
2.05 94.84
2. 04 95.64
2.03 98. 69
39.6
40.6
40.6
41.3
41.7
41.5
43.4
41.0
40.7
40.4
39.6
39.7
40.3
1955: Average........ . $106.76
1956: Average.......... 98.31
45.2
41.1
$1.79 $54. 96
1.88 54.16
38.8
37.1
49.98
53.87
53. 94
55. 35
55. 87
57.13
55.88
54. 21
54.15
55. 42
52.60
53.76
54.15
34.0
36.9
37.2
37.4
37.0
39.4
37.5
35.9
36.1
36.7
35.3
35.6
36.1
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.91
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.98
1.99
1956: June_______ 91.56
July________ 94.92
A u g u st_____ 94.92
September___ 101.06
October.. . 106. 72
November__ 111.93
December___ 115.80
1957: January_____ 97.28
February____ 97.89
March _____ 97.04
April. _ . . . _ 96.15
M a v ... _____ 88.40
June________ 96.11
39.5
40.1
40.1
40.9
41.3
44.4
45.5
40.1
40.3
40.1
39.7
36.5
38.8
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2.32
2.37
2.37
2. 47
2.58
2. 52
2. 55
2. 43
2.43
2.42
2.42
2. 42
2.48
86.11
88.16
87. 26
91.17
90.11
88.80
96. 58
93.96
93.96
92. 50
91.16
89.19
88.78
$1.42 $58.53
1.46 57. 71
1.47
1.46
1.45
1.48
1.51
1.45
1.49
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.49
1.51
1.50
55.33
56.46
57.61
58.28
58. 56
59. 03
60. 37
59.35
60.14
59.90
59.12
58.13
59.66
39.5
37.8
$1.48
1. 53
36.4
36.9
37.9
37.6
37.3
37.6
38.7
37.8
38.8
38.4
37.9
37.5
38.0
1.52
1.53
1.52
1. 55
1.57
1.57
1. 56
1.57
1. 55
1. 56
1.56
1. 55
1.57
$2. 24 $97.64
2.33 100. 98
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.40
2.40
2.41
2. 44
2.40
2.40
2.41
2.40
2.41
2.45
96. 32
100.12
101.84
107.89
106. 51
106.13
112. 52
105.16
103. 94
102. 55
98.90
101. 29
103. 88
41.8
41.0
39.3
40.8
40.9
41.8
41.8
41.9
43.8
41.4
41.1
40.5
39.2
39.8
40.0
Grand Rapids
Flint
Detroit
State
$2.34 $105.94
2.46 98.21
44.7
40.8
92.08
95.88
96.28
102.89
108. 63
113.97
121.45
96.20
94. 43
91.91
93.86
90. 86
97.98
39.1
40.2
40.3
40.3
42.8
44.8
46.8
39.8
39.1
37.9
38.8
37.3
39.1
2. 45
2. 45
2.49
2.58
2. 55
2. 53
2. 57
2. 54
2. 53
2. 53
2. 52
2. 55
2.60
$2.37 $84.82
2. 41 86.86
41.6
40.8
$2.04
2.13
84.82
85.61
87.34
90.33
92.27
87.40
89. 98
86.29
87.11
88.06
87. 54
88.72
88.36
40.2
40.4
40.7
41.4
42.0
40.0
41.2
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.1
40.4
40.0
2.11
2.12
2.15
2.18
2.20
2.19
2.18
2.17
2.17
2.19
2.18
2.20
2. 21
2.36
2.39
2.39
2.55
2. 54
2. 54
2.60
2.42
2. 42
2.43
2. 42
2.44
2. 51
Minnesota
41.0
40.0
$2.15 $92.09
2. 22 88.66
42.4
40.3
39.3
39.5
39.7
40.5
39.8
39.1
41.9
40.8
40.8
40.2
39.6
39.0
38.6
2.19 88.19
2. 23 88.86
2. 20 86.41
2. 25 86. 45
2. 26 91.41
2. 27 94.12
2.31 100. 55
2.30 94.82
2.30 90.56
2.30 90. 56
2.30 88.82
2. 29 90.65
2. 30 92.96
40.4
40.5
39.6
38.8
40.9
41.3
43.1
41.3
40.0
40.0
39.3
39.9
40.0
$2.17 $78.30
2. 20 81.01
2.18
2.19
2.18
2. 23
2. 24
2.28
2.33
2.30
2. 26
2. 26
2. 26
2. 57
2. 32
79. 79
79.48
79.06
79. 94
83.69
83.15
84. 65
84. 74
85.01
84.03
83.60
83.50
41.3
40.8
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.5
41.4
40.9
41.2
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.1
40.2
Minneapolis-E3t. Paul
Duluth
State
Saginaw
Muskegon
$2. 36 $88.11
2. 39 88.96
New Bedford
Fall River
Michigan—Continued
Lansing
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.45
1.47
1.45
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.47
Michigan
Massachusetts—Continued
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.96
1.97
1.98
2.00
2.02
2.00
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.00
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Boston
State
Springfleld-Holyoke
1956: June_____
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December__
1957: January.. . ..
February___
March______
A pril.._ . . . .
M ay_______
June________
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Massachusetts
Maryland
State
Portland
Lewiston
State
New Orleans
$1.90 $79.00
1.99 83.06
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.98
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.08
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.08
83.94
76.46
82.18
79. 35
82. 79
84. 36
85. 54
89. 56
88.16
87.00
86.30
87.89
39.3
38.2
39.9
38.1
38.7
37.9
39.0
39.4
39.4
40.1
39.1
39.3
38.9
38.7
$2.01 $80. 59
2.18 83. 41
40.9
40. 6
$1.97
2.05
81.94
83.30
83. 60
83.73
85. 69
85.35
86.24
86.91
85. 56
85. 69
85.63
85.19
40.2
40.6
40.6
40. 4
41.0
40.6
40.8
40.8
40. 5
40.3
40.3
40.0
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.09
2.10
2.11
2.13
2.11
2.13
2.13
2.13
2.10
2. 01
2.12
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.18
2.24
2.26
2. 22
2 . 22
2. 27
1158
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T able C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Mississippi
Missouri
State
Jackson
State
Montana
Kansas City
St. Louis
State
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.32 $71.24
1.42 75.50
$1.79 $80.71
1.90 81.58
40.9
40.1
$1.97 $78. 20
2.02 83.19
40.1
40.2
$1.95 $85. 66
2.07 91.30
39.9
39.4
39.6
40.3
39.9
40.9
41.2
39.9
39.7
39.3
39.2
39.7
39.9
2.01 82.15
2.01 83.49
2.03 82. 77
2.04 83.94
2.05 85. 55
2.08 87. 29
2.10 87.35
2.09 87.16
2.09 86. 81
2.10 87. 21
2.11 86.27
2.12 85. 81
2.13 86.99
New Hampshire
40.0
40.2
39.9
39.9
40. 5
40. 7
40. 8
40.6
40.5
40.6
40.2
39.8
40.0
1955: Average_____ $49.80
1956: Average_____ 51.73
41.5
40.1
$1.20 $54.25
1.29 59.78
41.1
42.1
1956: June________
«Flily------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
March____ _
April..
M ay________
J line___ __
39.5
40.0
40.4
41.0
40. 5
39.6
39.0
39.1
40.0
39. 6
39.2
39.7
39. 7
1.34 61.19
1.34 61.01
1.34 59.04
1.35 61.92
1.35 62.93
1.36 61.76
1.36 60. 76
1.37 59.86
1.37 61.30
1.37 60.49
1.39 62.01
1.42 61.98
1.40 62.10
Nebraska
42.2
41.5
41.0
43.0
43.1
42.3
41.9
41.0
41.7
40.6
41.9
41.6
41.4
52.93
53.60
54.14
55. 35
54. 68
53. 86
53.04
53. 57
54.80
54.25
54.49
56.37
55. 58
State
1955: Average_____ $71.83
1956: Average_____ 75.19
42.2
41.8
1956: June________
J lily— -------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
M ay_______
June________
42.4
41. 8
41.9
42.8
42.2
42.5
42.0
41.0
41.2
40.6
40. 6
41. 3
42. 6
75.04
73. 56
74. 75
77. 79
76.14
79. 55
78. 92
78. 33
77. 98
76.36
76.09
77.32
79.37
$80.02
84.33
40.6
40.6
1956: June_______
Ju ly ----------August____
September...
October____
Novem ber...
December__
1957: January____
February___
M arch_____
April______
M ay_______
June_______
83.30
82.72
84.36
85.02
84.52
86.41
88. 37
86.89
86.15
86. 71
85.80
84. 77
86. 52
40.3
40.0
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.8
41.2
40.3
40.2
40.5
40.0
39. 5
40.0
$1.70 $76. 68
1.80 80.36
1.77
1. 76
1. 78
1.82
1.80
1.87
1.88
1.91
1.90
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.87
80. 08
78. 24
78. 86
82. 76
80. 95
85.87
83.34
84. 51
82.18
80.16
80. 73
82.26
84. 28
$1.97 $79.07
2. 08 83.31
2. 07
2. 07
2.09
2. 09
2. 09
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.16
$75.17
78. 96
39.5
39.6
1956: June_______
July........
August____
Septem ber...
October____
N ovem ber...
December__
1957: January____
February......
M arch_____
April______
M ay_______
June...... ........
77. 91
78.99
79. 43
80. 01
80.78
81.28
82.19
80. 87
81.34
81.69
80. 44
80.31
81.49
39.3
39.5
39.6
39.7
39.8
40.0
40.0
39.3
39. 5
39.0
39.0
39.0
39.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
82.42
82.42
82.17
83. 56
86. 32
86. 53
86. 77
85.19
85. 32
84. 99
84.81
85. 23
86.05
42.8
42.2
$1.90 $81.66
1.99 86.95
1.98
2.00
2. 01
2. 02
2. 03
2.03
2.05
2.06
2. 06
2. 06
2.06
2. 06
2. 08
86.94
86. 22
85.42
88. 71
90.95
91.30
92. 46
87.83
91.45
90.74
89.10
88. 33
90.79
39.5
39.8
39.4
39.8
40.0
40.0
39.9
39.9
39.8
39.8
39.5
39.2
39.5
Nevada
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.93
1.94
1.98
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
$1. 79 $86.97
1.90 92.10
39.0
37.9
State
$2. 23 $60.12
2.43 63.24
42.5
1.89 92.58
38.1
41.8
1.87 95. 23 38.4
41.8
1. 89 95. 75 38.3
42.9
1.93 94. 72 37.5
42.2
1.92 95. 25 38.1
43.1
1.99 93. 86 38.0
42.0
1.98 96. 50 38.6
42.0
2. 01 93. 84 38.3
41.4
1.98 94. 43 38.7
40.6
1.97 96. 00 38.4
41.0
1.97 96.50
38.6
41.4
1.99 98. 89 39.4
42.0
2. 01 98.16
38.8
New Jersey—Continued
2.43
2. 48
2.50
2.51
2. 50
2. 47
2.50
2. 45
2.44
2.50
2. 50
2. 51
2. 53
Paterson 2
Perth Amboy 2
41.4
41.1
41.0
40.5
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.7
41.5
41.4
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.8
40.9
40.5
40.6
40.6
40.6
39.4
40.8
41.3
41.5
41.7
40.1
41.0
41.1
40.5
39.9
39.9
80. 71
79.43
80. 63
82.06
81.57
85.44
87.12
84. 00
83. 44
82.39
82. 75
84. 22
85.10
State
$1.91 $81. 22
2.03 84.85
2.02
2. 02
2.02
2.04
2. 07
2.09
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.08
2.09
2. 09
2.10
Albany-SehenectadyTroy
State
1955: Average____
1956: Average____
74.50
75. 28
75.05
76.93
77. 72
79. 26
78. 67
78.28
78.02
78.14
77. 39
77.12
78.39
Omaha
Ne wark-Jerse y C ity 2
1955: Average____
1956: Average____
1.45
1.47
1.44
1.44
1.46
1.46
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.49
1.48
1.49
1. 50
39.9
39.8
83.46
85.91
84. 89
86.41
86. 57
86. 79
88.22
88. 75
86. 77
86. 89
87.06
85.95
87.06
$1.98 $78.32
2.10 81.41
40.3
40.6
40.1
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.9
40.9
40.3
40.3
40.1
39.7
40.1
2.07
2.12
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.16
2.17
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
New
72.87
73. 97
75. 33
75. 63
75. 26
76.06
75.43
75.19
75.93
76.14
74.38
75. 56
75.00
39.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.7
40.0
40.2
39.7
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.5
39.6
79.32
80.12
78. 76
84. 21
83. 46
83.14
85.19
82. 37
84.36
84. 61
81.94
83.88
84.89
York
1. 55
1.56
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.58
1.59
1. 59
1.59
1.60
1.60
56. 25
57.60
58.05
57.15
57. 53
57. 23
59. 58
60.13
61. 51
61.75
58.52
57.44
60. 21
93.13
92.46
94.42
97.06
96.95
96.88
98.60
95.86
94.92
95.43
95.13
94. 40
96.63
State
40.7
40.5
$1.94
2. 05
37.5
38.4
38. 7
38.1
38.1
37.9
39. 2
39.3
40. 2
40.1
38.0
37.3
39.1
1.50 82. 46
1.50 82 53
1. 50 82 20
1. 50 82 59
1 51 84 52
1 51 85 27
1. 52 86 50
1. 53 85 27
1. 53 85 07
1. 54 85 28
1. 54 84. 51
1. 54 84. 26
1.54 85.49
New Mexico
40 4
40 2
40 0
40 5
40 7
40 7
40 Q
40 2
40 2
40 4
39 9
29 8
40. 1
2 04
2 05
2 06
9 06
2 08
2 10
2 12
2 19
9 11
2 11
2 12
2 12
2.13
$1.91 $80. 78
2.02
85.70
40.
41.2
39. 5
40.2
39.6
40.8
40.3
40.3
40.7
39.6
40.4
40.6
39.7
40.0
40.1
84.05
86.10
83.03
85.07
85.49
86.30
88.60
88. 54
88.97
88. 36
89. 44
2.10
87.50
2.12 1 90.45
41.0
41.0
40.9
40.9
41.3
40.9
41.4
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.6
40.7
41.3
1.99
1.99
2.06
2.07
2.06
2. 09
2.08
2.09
2.08
2.06
2 21
2 25
2 9.4
9 27
9 IQ
9 20
9 IQ
2 20
2 21
2 90
2 21
2 21
2. 21
$1.44 $79.16
1.49 82.98
40.9
40.3
2.01
$2.08
2.21
38.8
38.5
State
Buffalo
$1.79 $89.39
1.86 93.84
1.85
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.90
1.87
1.91
1. 89
40.3
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.4
41.0
40.8
41.3
41.1
40.0
39.9
40.9
$1.47 $55.87
1.55 57.37
41.3
41.3
92.42
41.8
91. 21
40. 6
94 22
42 1
40 4
91 61
92 22
42 8
89. 79 40 9
87 71
40 1
28 6
84. 81
87.11
39 4
86 91
39 5
88. 87 40 3
28 6
85.36
85. 76 38.8
New Jersey
Manchester
Trenton
Binghamton
$2.02 $70.02
2.14 73. 98
2.14
2.12
2.17
2.18
2.20
2.20
2.22
2.19
2. 23
2.21
2.20
2. 21
2. 27
62.47
63.80
63.40
63. 65
63.59
63.83
64. 78
64.46
65.67
65. 35
63.60
63.84
65.44
40.9
40.8
2.06
2.08
2.07
2.11
2.11
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.14
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.18
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Albuquerque
$1. 98 $76.36
2. 08 83.84
2. 05
2. 10
2. 03
2. 08
2. 07
2. 11
2. 14
2. 17
2. 17
2. 15
2. 15
2. 15
2. 19
$2.17 $76.10
2.28 78.43
40.5
40.6
41.0
40.8
41.2
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.7
40.6
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.0
40.4
2.27 76. 55
2. 27 76. 91
2. 29 77. 07
2. 34 80.12
2.34 82.07
2.34 81.25
2.37 82. 78
2.36 78.15
2. 35 78.15
2.36 77. 55
2.36 78.94
2.36 78.31
2.39 81.10
40.0
39.9
39.8
41.1
41.7
41.5
41.9
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.9
39.6
40.3
$1.89
2. 03
41.4
40.8
40.8
41.2
40.7
41.2
42.2
40.1
41.3
41.0
42.9
41.9
42.4
1.97
2.00
2.04
2. 05
2.08
2.09
2. 09
2.08
2.10
2.06
2.09
2.14
2.17
Nassau and Suffolk
Counties 2
Elmira
41.2
41.1
81. 56
81. 60
83.23
84.46
84. 66
86.11
88.20
83. 41
86.73
84.46
89. 66
89. 67
92.01
40.4
41.3
$1.88 $83.56
1.94 90.07
1.91
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.98
1.96
1.98
1.98
2.01
87.09
90.70
89. 61
90.23
91.68
95.45
97.14
93. 53
93.79
93.83
91.25
86.29
87.94
40. 6
41. 7
$2.06
2.16
40.2
41.8
41.1
41.2
41.7
42.7
43.1
41.8
42.4
42.3
41.3
39.7
40.0
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.23
2.26
2.24
2. 21
2.22
2.21
2.17
2.20
0.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
1159
C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
New York--Continued
Year and m onth
1955: Average......... .
1956: Average...........
1956: June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February.......
M arch______
April_______
M a y ............
June________
New York-Northeastern New Jersey
New York C ity 2
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- wkly.
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$75.26
78. 79
77.80
79.37
79.58
79.37
80.17
81.18
82.18
81.12
81.12
81.74
80. 50
79. 90
81.51
$1.92 $71.65
2.01 74. 76
2.00 73. 53
2.03 75.56
2.03 75. 66
2.03 74. 71
2.04 75.94
2.05 76.23
2.07 77.07
2.08 76.15
2.08 76. 81
2.08 77. 72
2.08 76.06
2.07 76.02
2.09 76. 80
39.2
39.2
38.9
39.1
39.2
39.1
39.3
39.6
39.7
39.0
39.0
39.3
38.7
38.6
39.0
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- wkly.
ings hours
$51.46
54.26
53. 70
53.18
53. 86
54.00
55. 89
56.96
57. 51
55. 66
55. 81
56.06
55. 77
55. 48
55.73
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- wkly.
mgs hours
38.0
38.0
37.7
37.9
38.0
37.7
38.1
38.2
38.3
37.7
37.8
38.2
37.4
37.6
37.8
$1.89 $81.00
1.97 85.67
1.95 84.64
1.99 86.15
1.99 86. 33
1.98 87. 83
1.99 87.36
1.99 87. 94
2.01 87.93
2.02 87.14
2.03 87.89
2.03 87.58
2.03 86.07
2.02 86. 74
2.03 87.07
North Carolina
State
1955: Average_____
1956: Average...........
1956: June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February ...
M a rch ... .
April__ _____
M ay................
June________
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Rochester
Charlotte
40.2
39.9
39.2
39.1
39.6
40.0
40.5
40.4
40.5
39.2
39.3
39.2
39.0
38.8
38.7
$1.28 $55. 89
1.36 58.61
1.37 57. 89
1.36 56.06
1.36 57. 74
1.35 58. 29
1.38 61.27
1.41 60. 53
1.42 61. 84
1. 42 60.25
1.42 59. 80
1.43 60.70
1.43 63.04
1.43 61.97
1. 44 61.71
41.4
40.7
40.2
39.2
40.1
40.2
41.4
40.9
41.5
39.9
39.6
40.2
41.2
40.5
40.6
Syracuse
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.6
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.3
40.5
40.2
39.6
39.9
40.0
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- wkly.
ings hours
$1.99 $80.08
2.10 83.61
2.08 81.83
2.12 82.56
2.13 82.65
2.14 85. 81
2.14 86. 93
2.15 86.48
2.15 86.60
2.16 84.45
2.17 84. 98
2.18 85. 64
2.17 84.36
2.17 82. 55
2.18 84.52
41.3
41.4
41.0
41.6
41.2
42.2
41.9
41.6
41.6
40.8
41.1
41.1
40.6
39.9
40.5
Westchester
2
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.94 $73.44
2.02 78.42
2.00 77.27
1.99 78.55
2.01 77. 51
2.03 78.11
2.07 77. 90
2.08 79.27
2.08 82.20
2.07 79.06
2.07 79.49
2.08 78.22
2.08 79.32
2.07 79.30
2.09 80.64
$1.80 $74.24
1.90 79.92
1.89 78. 62
1.91 78.65
1.89 80. 69
1.91 80.31
1.91 83.13
1.92 86.33
1.96 87.16
1.97 81.60
1.97 80.08
1.94 80.02
1.95 80.08
1.96 79. 93
1.99 86.97
40.7
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.0
40.9
41.3
41.9
40.2
40.4
40.3
40.6
40.5
40.6
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- wkly.
ings hours
N orth Dakota
Greensboro-High
Point
$1.35 $50. 42
1.44 53. 24
1.44 52.58
1.43 52. 30
1.44 52. 82
1.45 53.38
1.48 54. 95
1.48 55. 38
1.49 57.60
1.51 55.44
1. 51 56. 55
1. 51 56. 21
1.53 54. 75
1.53 53.07
1.52 53. 94
Utica-Rome
38.2
38.3
38.1
37.9
38.0
38.4
38.7
39.0
40.0
38.5
39.0
38.5
37.5
36.6
37.2
40.0
40.4
40.2
39.8
40.9
40.3
40.7
41.8
41.8
40.1
39.8
40.0
39.7
39.4
41.3
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.85
1.98
1.95
1. 98
1.97
2.00
2.04
2.06
2.09
2.04
2.01
2.00
2.02
2.03
2.11
Ohio
State
Fargo
$1.32 $68. 45 44.4 $1.54 $77. 65
1.39 2 75.53 3 43.7 3 1. 73 80. 94
1.38 76. 53 44.5
1.72 82.20
1.38 75. 74 44.5
1.70 82.87
1.39 76.37
44.5
1.72 82.22
1.39 73.49
42.5
1.73 74.51
1.42 76.15
43.3
1.76 79. 91
1.42 77. 98 43.2
1.81 86. 56
1.44 76.68
42.7
1.80 80.30
1.44 77. 85 42.8
1.82 80. 65
1.45 76. 57 42.1
1.82 84.70
1.46 75.38
42.0
1.80 79.83
1.46 74. 97
42.0
1.79 78. 53
1.45 78. 95
43.5
1.82 84.60
1.45 78.06
42.9
1.82 81.94
44.9
43.3
44.4
44.6
44.3
41.1
42.9
44.2
41.5
41.4
43.0
41.6
41.7
43.8
42.3
State
$1.71 $86. 74
1.87 90. 81
1.85 89. 93
1.86 88.73
1.86 89.47
1.82 93.30
1.86 93. 58
1.96 92.66
1.93 95. 70
1.95 93.65
1.97 93.38
1.92 92.26
1.88 91.30
1.93 91.59
1.94 93. 29
41.1
41.0
40.8
40.6
40.5
41.4
41.4
41.0
41.7
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.2
$2.11
2.21
2.20
2.19
2. 21
2.25
2.26
2.26
2.29
2.29
2.29
2.28
2.28
2.29
2.32
Ohio—Continued
Akron
1955: Average. . . .
1956: Average...........
1956: June...............
July------------August______
September___
October___.
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February........
March_____
A p r i l ...____
M ay______
June________
39.2
38.9
38.9
39.2
37.1
38.7
39.2
39.7
40.5
39.7
39.6
38.5
39.5
39.8
40.3
$88. 98
91.73
90. 46
92.73
87.06
93.56
94.12
93.76
98.77
95. 81
95. 84
92.33
95.22
97. 42
98. 39
Canton
$2.27
2.36 $90. 81
2.33 90. 93
2.37 86.14
2.35 90.34
2. 42 93.43
2.40 93. 66
2. 36 91.95
2. 44 94. 61
2.41 95. 40
2. 42 93.11
2. 40 91.79
2. 41 89. 66
2. 45 89. 06
2. 44 89. 51
40.3
40.7
39.9
40.6
40.4
40.4
39.6
40.4
40.3
39.5
39.1
38.4
37.8
38.0
Cincinnati
$2. 25
2.23
2.16
2. 23
2.31
2. 32
2.32
2.34
2.37
2. 36
2. 35
2.33
2. 36
2.36
$80. 60
84.62
84.07
83.05
85.01
87.07
87. 65
87. 21
88. 69
87.01
86. 99
86.48
85. 52
85. 55
85. 38
41.2
41.6
41.3
40.8
41.6
42.1
42.1
41.8
42.2
41.3
41.2
41.0
40.4
40.4
39.9
Cleveland
$1.96 $90.37
2.03 95.13
2.04 93.16
2.04 92.36
2.04 94. 73
2.07 97.37
2.08 97. 94
2.09 98.37
2.10 100.33
2.11 97. 24
2.11 97. 48
2.11 95.69
2.12 95. 54
2.12 95. 61
2.14 95. 38
Ohio—Continued
Toledo
1955: Average_____
1956: Average_____ $92.04
1956: June................ 91.38
July________ 91.60
August....... .
91.30
September___ 94.45
October_____ 94.22
November___ 91.27
December___ 96. 70
1957: January_____ 91.14
February__ _ 92. 76
M arch______ 93.46
April__ _____ 94. 98
May . _____ 94.32
June________ 95.66
40.1
40.0
40.0
39.9
40.4
40.2
39.2
40.7
38.7
39.4
39.6
39.7
39.7
40.0
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$101.19
101.89
94.86
95.78
107.33
105. 66
103.54
107. 76
108.58
105.28
104.74
103. 44
99. 26
101. 97
Columbus
$2.17
2.28 $85.03
2. 27 85.24
2.24 84. 52
2.28 86.39
2.33 87.25
2.33 87.25
2. 34 86.01
2.36 88.20
2.34 86. 28
2. 35 87.34
2. 33 88. 82
2. 34 86.95
2.34 87. 42
2.37 89.03
40.7
41.0
40.2
40.8
40.3
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.2
40.5
40.9
40.1
40.3
40.6
Dayton
$2.09
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.17
2.17
2.19
$04
97.14
96. 25
97.49
97. 34
100. 96
99.60
96.88
101.17
99. 21
98.91
98. 65
94.93
96.02
100. 20
Oklahoma
Youngstown
$2.30
2.28
2. 29
2. 29
2.34
2. 34
2.33
2.38
2.36
2.35
2. 36
2.39
2.38
2.39
41.7
41.7
41.1
41.2
41.6
41.8
42.0
42.0
42.5
41.5
41.5
41.0
40.8
40.8
40.2
40.8
41.0
41.1
39.1
41.3
41.4
40.4
41.7
42.0
40.8
40.6
40.2
38.7
38.9
$2.48
2. 49
2.31
2. 45
2.60
2.55
2.56
2. 58
2. 59
2. 58
2.58
2. 57
2.56
2.62
State
$73.87
78.66
79. 65
78.66
78.34
80.48
80.67
79. 93
81.09
80. 54
80.12
78.38
78. 98
78. 60
80. 78
41. 5
41.4
41.7
41.4
40.8
41.7
41.8
41.2
41.8
41.3
41.3
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.8
42 2
42.6
42.4
42.7
41.9
43.2
43.1
42.9
42.5
42.5
42.2
41.8
42.0
41.9
42.6
$1 fi7
l! 76
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.82
1.80
1.80
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.87
2! 35
2.35
2.37
2.36
2. 40
2.41
2.39
2.43
2.43
2.42
2.42
2. 43
2. 44
2.49
Oregon
Oklahoma City
$1 78 $70 47
1.90 74. 98
1.91 74.62
1.90 75. 58
1.92 74. 58
1.93 77.33
1.93 77. 58
1.94 77.32
1.94 77.35
1.95 76. 50
1.94 75.96
1.94 76.08
1.95 76.86
1.96 77.10
1.98 79.66
41.3
41.0
41.1
41.3
42.0
41.4
40.5
41.7
40.9
40.8
40.7
39.0
39.3
40.3
Tulsa
85.07
83.64
84.04
84.85
86. 27
89.24
85. 81
88.60
89.03
89.86
87. 51
88.51
86. 62
87. 60
4o! 9
40.6
41.0
40.6
40.5
41.7
40.1
41.4
41.8
41.6
40.7
40.6
40.1
40.0
State
Ì. 08
2.06
2.05
2.09
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.13
2.16
2.15
2.18
2.16
2.19
89! 98
90.71
89.86
92.26
90.48
88. 55
88.51
87.10
87.25
87.48
86. 75
88.43
92. 71
91.96
38.9
39.2
38.7
39.7
39.0
38.4
38.2
38.0
38.0
38.1
37.8
38.0
39.2
39.4
2.31
2.31
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.31
2.32
2.29
2.30
2.29
2.30
2.33
2.37
2.33
1160
T a ble
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Oregon—Continued
Pennsylvania
Portland
State
Allento wn-Bethlehem-Easton
Erie
Harrisburg
Lancaster
Year and month
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
1955: Average------- $82. 00
1956: Average_____ 86.07
1956: Ju n e______ _ 85. 77
July________ 86.07
August______ 88.44
September___ 86. 70
October_____ 85.19
November___ 85.49
December___ 87. 49
1957: Jan u ary .,....... 84.52
February____ 84. 88
M arch______ 85.23
April------------ 84.22
M ay------------ 88. 55
Ju n e................ 88. 34
38.9
39.0
38.9
38.7
39.5
39.3
38.9
38.3
38. 9
37.9
38.2
38.1
37.2
38.5
38.9
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.11 $75. 20
2. 21 80. 20
2. 21 80.28
2. 22 76. 81
2. 24 79. 20
2. 21 81.80
2.19 83. 02
2. 23 83. 21
2. 25 84.03
2. 23 84. 84
2. 22 83. 20
2. 24 83. 60
2.26 82. 97
2. 30 82.37
2.27 82. 78
$1.88 $71. 59
2.00 78. 41
2.00 76. 73
1.93 73. 58
2. 00 78. 97
2.04 83.22
2.06 80. 96
2. 07 83.18
2.08 84.40
2.10 84. 53
2.08 79. 99
2.09 80.17
2.09 83. 56
2. 08 83. 56
2.08 80.34
$1.85 $80. 62
1.99 86. 51
1.99 85.91
1.85 84. 33
2.03 86. 51
2.06 87. 78
2.06 90.52
2.09 89.46
2.11 90.30
2.14 90. 50
2.05 88.80
2.04 88. 58
2.07 87. 72
2.07 89. 40
2.06 91.15
$1.94 $65. 93
2.05 72.47
2.03 71.75
2.03 67.37
2.05 72.10
2.08 74.96
2.11 74.03
2.13 75.83
2.15 75. 24
2.16 75. 26
2.15 74. 24
2.15 74. 84
2.15 78. 34
2.17 75. 65
2.16 75. 83
$1.68 $66. 91
1.83 70.35
1. 82 68. 65
1.71 67. 68
1.83 69. 08
1.86 71.28
1.86 72. 28
1. 91 73. 28
1.90 72.39
1.92 70.62
1.87 72. 45
1.89 72.80
1.92 72. 62
1.92 71.91
1.91 72.09
40.0
40.1
40.0
39.8
39.6
40.1
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.0
39.7
39.6
39.8
38.8
39.4
38.5
39.9
38.9
40.4
39.3
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.0
39.3
40.4
40.0
39.0
41.6
42.2
42.3
41.5
42.2
42.2
42.7
42.0
42.0
41.9
41.3
41.2
40.8
41.2
42.2
39.2
39.6
39.4
39.4
39.4
40.3
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.2
39.7
39.6
40.8
39.4
39.7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.2
40.9
40.6
40.0
40.4
41.2
41.3
41.4
40.9
39.9
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.4
40. 5
$1.62
1.72
1.69
1.69
1.71
1.73
1.75
1.77
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.78
Pennsylvania—Continued
Philadelphia
1955: Average-------- $78.15
1956: Average-------- 83.22
1956: June___ ___ 82. 90
July________ 82.17
August______ 83. 60
September___ 84. 85
October-------- 85.65
November___ 84. 44
December___ 85.86
1957: January_____ 84. 80
February____ 85.03
March______ 84. 80
April.. -------- 84. 74
M ay............... 84. 74
June________ 84. 96
40.2
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.6
39.8
39.8
$1.94
2. 06
2.05
2.04
2.06
2.09
2.12
2.09
2.12
2.12
2.11
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.16
Pittsburgh
$89. 99
95.99
96. 45
90. 74
90. 09
96. 88
99.06
98.33
101.02
100.85
100.19
99. 94
100. 75
98.95
100. 90
40.5
40.5
40.8
39.8
38.5
40.2
40.6
40.3
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.3
39.9
40.2
Reading
$2.22 $68. 36
2.37 72.94
2. 36 72. 50
2.28 73.16
2.34 73. 20
2. 41 72. 83
2.44 74. 07
2. 44 74. 52
2. 47 73.60
2. 49 74.00
2. 48 74.19
2. 48 73. 82
2. 50 73.28
2.48 74. 24
2. 51 74. 28
1955: Average-------- $62.47
1956: Average-------- 66.00
1956: June_____ _ 65. 57
July________ 66.13
August______ 65.02
September___ 66.30
October_____ 66. 35
November----- 66. 61
December___ 68.51
1957: January_____ 65. 58
February___ 67. 04
March . . . .
67.16
April______
66. 63
M a y .. ____ 67. 26
June. ____
68. 51
40.3
39.7
39.5
39.6
38.7
39.7
38.8
38.5
40.3
38.9
39.3
39.1
39.1
39.4
40.0
38.3
38.8
38.4
38.2
39.0
39.1
38.7
39.6
39.4
38.9
39.5
38.9
38.2
38.4
38.5
Wilkes-BarreHazleton
$1.45 $52.03
1.55 55.58
1.57 55.09
1.54 55.39
1.56 55. 58
1.56 55.33
1.58 56.32
1.58 58.37
1.58 57. 30
1.59 57.99
1.59 57. 99
1.58 58. 59
1.61 57.04
1.60 57.13
1.61 57. 66
37.7
37.3
36.7
37.1
37.3
36.4
37.3
38.4
37.7
37.9
37.9
37.8
36.8
37.1
37.2
South Carolina
Providence
$1.55 $63.33
1.66 66.17
1.66 65.11
1.67 66. 33
1.68 64. 85
1.67 66.73
1.71 67.26
1.73 67.09
1.70 68. 85
1.68 66.92
1. 71 67.32
1.72 68. 23
1.70 68. 06
1.71 67.66
1.71 68.80
$1.72 $55. 57
1.81 60.14
1.82 60. 25
1.82 58.98
1. 83 60.84
1.83 61.00
1.82 61.46
1.84 62.57
1.84 62.25
1.85 61.85
1.85 62. 81
1.85 61.46
1.86 61.50
1.87 61. 44
1.89 61. 99
39.7
40.3
39.9
40.2
40.0
39.8
40.7
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.1
39.9
39.4
39.7
39.3
Rhode Island
State
Scranton
40.6
40.1
39.7
40.2
39.3
40.2
39.8
39.7
40.5
39.6
39.6
39.9
39.8
39.8
40.0
State
$1.56 $53. 30
1.65 55. 61
1.64 53. 72
1.65 54.79
1. 65 54. 80
1.66 55.35
1.69 57. 08
1.69 58. 75
1.70 58. 49
1.69 57.63
1.70 57. 31
1. 71 56.59
1.71 56. 59
1. 70 55. 77
1.72 56. 74
41.0
40.3
39.5
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.2
40.8
40.9
40.3
39.8
39.3
39.3
39.0
39.4
$1.38 $65.15
1.49 68.88
1.50 69.46
1.49 67.39
1.49 68. 21
1.52 67.43
1.51 69. 80
1.52 70.04
1.52 72.04
1.53 70.41
1.53 70. 41
1.55 70.12
1.55 68. 85
1.54 70.24
1.55 70.82
40.4
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.0
40.2
39.0
40.1
40.0
38.9
39.4
40.2
39.9
40.4
40.0
$1.40 $72. 49
1.52 76. 64
1.49 76. 42
1.59 74. 66
1.55 71.71
1.56 76.38
1.56 79. 33
1.58 80. 85
1.57 81.17
1.56 81.38
1.55 77. 76
1.59 76.62
1.61 73. 75
1.61 80.16
1.60 80.20
State
45.3
44.8
45.4
44.5
43.0
44.5
46.4
47.0
44.8
45.1
43.0
42.6
41.3
44.8
44.9
State
1955: Average_____ $60. 64
1956: Average_____ 63.20
1956: June________ 63.12
July________ 63.04
August... . .. 62.57
September___ 64. 55
O ctober.._ . . . 64.00
November___ 64. 48
December. . _ 65.60
1957: January_____ 65.11
February____ 65.11
March______ 65. 67
April.
65. 34
M ay____ . . . 65.34
June_______ 65.50
40.7
40.0
39.7
39.4
39.6
40.6
40.0
39.8
40.0
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.6
39.6
39.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.49 $62.37
1.58 65. 20
1.59 64.38
1.60 63.14
1.58 65.04
1.59 65. 76
1.60 64. 48
1.62 66. 63
1.64 68. 85
1.64 67.15
1.64 67. 83
1.65 68. 97
1. 65 69.14
1.65 68.23
1.65 68.17
40.5
40.0
39.5
38.5
39.9
40.1
39.8
39.9
40.5
39.5
39.9
40.1
40.2
39.9
40.1
$1.54 $69. 20
1.63 73.66
1.63 73.08
1.64 72. 37
1.63 69.19
1.64 76.40
1.62 74. 68
1.67 76. 64
1.70 76.24
1.70 76.63
1.70 77.22
1.72 77.42
1. 72 77. 22
1.71 77.03
1.70 76. 83
47.9
47.3
46.9
46.0
43.0
47.6
49.6
49.9
49.5
47.7
44.6
44.1
41.9
47.1
46.1
$1.68
1.79
1.78
1.77
1.75
1.80
1.78
1. 78
1.93
1.87
1.89
1.89
1.88
1.89
1.90
Texas
Knoxville
40.0
39.6
39.5
38.7
37.4
40.0
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.4
39.3
39.2
$1.59
1.68
1.69
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.69
1.70
1.74
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.73
1.73
1.74
Sioux Falls
$1.60 $80.55
1.71 84.59
1.68 83. 26
1.68 81.44
1.67 75.37
1.72 85. 49
1.71 88.10
1.72 88.73
1.81 95. 67
1.80 89.09
1.81 84.10
1.80 83. 52
1.81 78.93
1.79 89.09
1.79 87.43
Tennessee
Chattanooga
40.9
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
39.9
41.3
41.2
41.4
40.7
40.7
40.3
39.8
40.6
40.7
South Dakota
Charleston
$1.30 $56. 56
1.38 60.95
1.36 60.05
1.38 64. 40
1.37 62. 00
1.37 62. 71
1.42 60. 84
1.44 63.36
1.43 62.80
1.43 60. 68
1.44 61.07
1.44 63. 92
1.44 64. 24
1.43 65.04
1.44 64.00
York
Memphis
$1.73 $69.01
1.86 70.69
1.85 68.85
1.87 70. 11
1.85 71.14
1.91 73.39
1.91 71.62
1.96 72.16
1.93 72. 98
1.94 71.02
1.97 72. 00
1.96 72. 54
1.96 72. 36
1.96 72.36
1.96 72. 40
42.6
41.1
40.5
41.0
41.6
41.7
41.4
41.0
41.0
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.2
40.2
40.0
Nashville
$1. 62 $62.02
1.72 65.37
1.70 65. 60
1.71 64. 80
1.71 66.26
1.76 66.26
1.73 65.20
1.76 65.53
1. 78 66. 82
1. 78 66. 99
1.80 66. 40
1.80 67.13
1.80 66.63
1.80 66. 30
1.81 66.47
40.8
40.6
41.0
40.0
40.4
40.9
40.0
40.2
40.5
40.6
40.0
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.8
State
$1.52 $75. 78
1.61 80.32
1.60 80.12
1.62 80.93
1.64 80.75
1.62 82. 57
1.63 81.76
1.63 82.19
1.65 84.00
1.65 83.20
1.66 81.97
1.67 82. 81
1.67 82.82
1.67 82. 01
1.67 84.66
42.1
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.2
41.7
41.5
41.3
42.0
41.6
41.4
41.2
41.0
40.6
41.5
$1.80
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.98
1.97
1.99
2.00
2.00
1.98
2.01
2.02
2.02
2.04
1161
C.—EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble
C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Texas—Continued
Year and m onth
41.3
74. 48
75.21
77. 56
78.17
77. 93
78.02
79. 76
79. 76
77.60
78. 02
77. 27
76. 54
77. 74
40.7
41.1
41.7
41.8
41.9
41.5
42.2
42.2
41.5
41.5
41.1
40.5
40.7
1956: June________
July________
August-- ___
September__
October
.
November___
December. 1957: January_____
February____
M arch___
April-.
M ay________
June__ ______
State
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.83 $91. 53
41.8
$2.19
$77.60
83.01
40.0
40.1
42.2
42.2
41.7
41.9
40.7
40.5
42.4
41.8
41.2
41.3
41.5
40.6
42.0
2.23
2.17
2.19
2. 26
2. 22
2. 21
2.23
2. 24
2.24
2. 25
2. 27
2. 28
2.30
83. 82
76.83
75.14
83.63
81.93
86. 92
87.91
88.22
88.98
87. 52
89. 44
88.13
90. 90
40.3
39.4
37.2
41.4
39.2
41.0
40.7
40.1
39.9
39.6
39.4
39.7
40.4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1955: Average
1956: Average_____ $75. 58
Utah
Houston
Dallas
1.83
1.83
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.89
1. 87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.91
94.11
91. 57
91.32
94.70
90.35
89. 51
94. 55
93.63
92. 29
92. 93
94. 21
92. 57
96.60
Vermont—Con.
43.1
43.4
1956: June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1957: January .........
February____
M arch___
April____ -M ay________
June________
43.4
44.4
43.3
42.9
42.4
41.5
42.6
42.4
42.1
40.9
40.2
40.1
40.5
84.34
85. 65
83.29
83. 99
83. 57
81.82
84. 66
84.04
83. 48
80.54
78. 83
80. 22
81.10
State
$1.81 $59.30
1.94 61.81
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.98
1.98
1.97
1.96
2.00
2.00
61.91
61.75
61.35
62. 22
62. 27
63.80
64.46
63.52
63.84
64.00
64.64
64. 40
64. 72
40.9
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.1
40.4
40.7
40.9
40.8
39.7
39.9
40.0
40.4
40.0
40.2
$1.45 $66. 56
1.53 67.47
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.54
1.53
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.61
65.84
65.18
65. 57
72.07
69.36
72. 62
74.10
69.20
69.37
70. 76
72.49
69.03
70.64
41.6
40.4
40.7
39.9
91.97
93.20
90. 97
97. 67
92.29
94.58
95.18
94.47
92. 76
90. 94
93.23
93. 68
94. 62
39.9
40.2
39.6
40.9
39.6
40.0
39.7
39.6
38.9
38.1
38.9
38.7
39.5
1956: June________
July- ______
A u g u st___
September___
October____
November___
December___
1957: January_____
February____
March______
A p ril---------M ay________
June_______
$2.16 $82. 23
2.30 84.89
2.31
2.32
2. 30
2.39
2. 33
2. 37
2. 40
2. 39
2.38
2.39
2.40
2.42
2.39
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.94 $77. 52
2. 07 83.23
$1.90 $63. 57
2. 03 67.36
$1. 51 $58. 95
1.60 60. 79
2.08
1.95
2. 02
2.02
2.09
2.12
2.16
2.20
2. 23
2. 21
2. 27
2. 22
2.25
83.43
83.83
83.03
85. 90
83.23
84. 67
84. 66
85. 90
84. 44
84.00
86.05
84.86
87.14
40.8
41.0
41.3
41.5
40.9
41.9
41.0
41.1
40.7
41.1
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.8
41.3
2.02
2. 02
2.03
2.05
2.03
2.06
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.10
2.13
2.08
2.11
68.10
67.68
66.88
67. 52
68. 21
66. 67
69. 25
67.63
68.44
68.14
67.58
67.88
68.95
42.1
42.1
42.4
42.3
41.9
41.9
42.0
40.9
42.1
41.2
41.4
41.2
40.9
40.7
41.2
87.48
84.14
81.32
86.12
86.34
83.91
88. 21
87.97
85.52
85. 58
88. 73
88.86
89.87
38.9
38.3
38.8
37.4
37.1
39.1
3.8.9
37.2
39.3
38.4
38.0
37.7
38.4
38.0
39.2
$1.60 $65.19
1.67 68.47
39.9
39.5
39.5
41.9
40.8
41.5
42.1
40.0
40.1
40.9
41.9
39.9
40.6
1.65
1. 65
1.66
1.72
1.70
1.75
1.76
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.74
State
$2.12 $75.45
2. 22 80.18
2. 26
2.25
2.19
2. 20
2. 22
2. 26
2.24
2.29
2. 25
2. 27
2.31
2. 34
2.29
80.39
78. 92
78. 98
82. 73
81.97
82.18
82.37
84.84
80.50
82. 55
81.69
82.32
81.90
1955: A verage____ $78. 92
1958: Average-------- 80.80
40.0
40.3
$1.97 $83. 66
2.00 91. 63
40.3
41.2
68.88
68.71
67. 56
68.06
68. 30
71.38
72.41
71.10
70.58
69. 77
70.35
72.92
72.09
41.0
41.0
$1. 59 $84.68
1.67 88. 77
41.0
40.9
40.7
41.0
40.9
41.5
42.1
41.1
40.8
40.1
40.2
41.2
40.5
1.68
1.68
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.77
1.78
90.05
89.80
89.58
88.74
89.39
89.49
91.28
90. 45
89.25
91.28
91.90
89. 82
90.35
39.5
39.5
$1.91 $93.09
2.03 97.85
40.3
40.6
39.6
38.5
39.1
39.4
39.6
39.7
39.6
40.4
38.7
39.5
38.9
39.2
39.0
2. 03 98.70
2. 05 98. 74
2. 02 98.01
2.10 95.92
2. 07 98. 73
2.07 98.82
2. 08 101.11
2.10 100.03
2.08 98. 95
2. 09 99.14
2.10 99.63
2.10 100. 37
2.10 99.88
41.3
40.8
40.5
39.8
40.3
40.5
41.1
40.5
39.9
40.3
40.5
40.8
40.6
81.30
81. 68
78. 92
83. 54
82. 86
83.32
85. 30
85.12
85. 22
85. 56
84.44
84. 81
89.24
40.9
40.9
40.0
41.4
40.6
40.6
41.2
40.6
40.7
40.3
39.3
39. 5
40.8
1.99 88. 39
2.00 86.29
1.97 88. 62
2. 02 90.88
2.04 92.43
2.05 102. 90
2.07 102.09
2.09 97.33
2.10 93. 92
2.12 93. 82
2.15 94.38
2.15 93.16
2.19 94. 25
41.0
40.0
40.3
40.8
40.1
43.9
43.3
41.4
40.6
40.5
41.0
40.3
40.8
1956: June________
July________
August - . . .
September---O c to b e r.-___
November, .
December. 1957: January-..
February____
M arch______
A p ril_______
M a y ... ____
June________
2.16
2.16
2.20
2. 23
2.31
2. 35
2. 36
2.35
2.31
2. 32
2 30
2. 31
2.31
91.97
93. 51
92.71
94.08
94. 37
92. 87
96. 67
96. 39
94. 78
94.90
94.18
93.94
95.24
41.2
41.4
41.1
41.6
41.2
41.3
41.3
40.5
41.6
41.3
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.3
40.7
i Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. See table A-7 for addresses of
cooperating State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.1
40.8
$1.47
1.49
40.3
41.1
41.8
40.3
42.4
41.8
43.7
40.7
41.2
40.9
40.2
40.4
39.7
1.49
1.49
1.50
1. 51
1. 54
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.60
1.59
1.61
1.61
1.63
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.2
39.3
39.1
39.1
38.7
39.3
38.9
38.7
39.0
39.2
38.6
38.9
Seattle
$2.17 $82. 20
2. 27 86. 87
38.6
38.9
$2.13
2.23
86. 26
89.07
88.49
85.81
87. 27
89.24
91.34
92.32
90.30
92.41
91.70
86.16
87.18
38.9
39.2
39.3
38.3
38.5
39.0
39.8
39.9
39.3
39.9
39.6
37.6
37.7
2.22
2.27
2. 25
2.24
2. 27
2.29
2.30
2.32
2.30
2.32
2.32
2.29
2.31
2.28
2.29
2.28
2. 27
2.29
2.31
2.32
2.32
2.31
2.34
2.34
2.33
2.32
Wisconsin
Charleston
State
$2.31 $80. 61
2.41 84. 25
2.39
2. 42
2. 42
2.41
2.45
2. 44
2.46
2.47
2. 48
2. 46
2.46
2. 46
2.46
83.64
82.43
82.08
83.84
86.12
84. 22
88.32
87.50
86.33
86. 64
85.90
85.59
86.53
42.0
41.7
41.6
41.6
41.4
42.0
41.9
40.8
42.0
41.5
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.7
41.1
Kenosha
$1. 92 $87.90
2.02 82.19
2.01
1.98
1.98
2.00
2.06
2.07
2.10
2.11
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.10
2.11
84.40
81.95
83. 97
90. 67
88. 90
58.28
93.94
87. 77
88.09
86. 84
86.74
85.41
88. 77
41.2
37.8
$2.13
2.17
39.3
38.0
39.1
40.6
40.0
26.9
41.4
39.4
39.7
38.9
38.9
38.4
39.1
2.15
2.15
2.15
2.23
2.22
2.17
2. 27
2.23
2.22
2.23
2. 23
2.23
2.27
Wyoming
Milwaukee
$2. 07 $87.42
2. 22 93.21
59.94
61.10
62. 67
60. 87
65.18
65. 71
68. 44
64.17
65.95
64.87
64. 57
64.23
64.78
State
Wisconsin--Continued
Madison
LaCrosse
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.65
1.64
1.65
1. 66
1.65
1.67
1.67
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Washington
Richmond
West Virginia
Tacoma
Burlington
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Norfolk-Portsmouth
Washington —Continued
Spokane
1955: Average__ . . $87. 62
1956: Average_____ 91.82
State
Virginia
Springfield
1955: Average_____ $78.01
1956: Average____
84.20
Vermont
Salt Lake City
Racine
$2.12 $84. 55
2. 25 85. 77
2. 24
2. 25
2. 25
2. 28
2. 28
2.29
2.32
2.33
2.32
2.33
2.33
2.33
2.34
82.14
82. 86
83. 47
85.60
86.68
86.59
87. 72
88. 72
88.28
89. 70
89.62
88. 49
88.24
41.2
40.4
39.2
39.3
39.9
40.5
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.0
40.4
40.2
39.8
39.6
State
$2.05 $83. 23
2.12 89. 73
41.0
40.6
87.91
90. 72
87. 67
90. 76
88.99
89.42
91.32
90. 46
89. 83
90.91
91.76
93. 03
92.16
39.6
40.5
40.4
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.7
39.5
39.4
39.7
40.6
40.1
38.4
2.10
2.11
2.09
2.11
2.13
2.14
2.18
2.20
2. 21
2. 22
2.23
2. 22
2. 23
Casper
$2.03 $99.80
2. 21 106. 52
2.22
2.24
2.17
2. 23
2.16
2.16
2.19
2. 29
2. 28
2.29
2. 26
2. 32
2.40
2 Subarea of New York-Northeastern New Jersey.
3 Not strictly comparable with data for prior years,
107.06
110. 09
104.15
106. 92
109.18
104.00
104. 02
107. 87
102.05
102. 70
107. 45
105.34
115.42
40.9
40.5
$2.44
2.63
40.4
41.7
39.6
40.5
41.2
40.0
39.4
40.4
39.4
39.5
40.7
39.6
40.5
2. 65
2. 64
2.63
2. 64
2. 65
2.60
2.64
2. 67
2. 59
2.60
2.64
2. 66
2.85
1162
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D -l. Consumer Price Index1—United States city average: All items and major groups of items
[1947- 49= 100]
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
All items
Food
Housing
Apparel
Transporta
tion
Medical care Personal care Reading and
recreation
Other goods
and services
Average.....................
Average__________
Average.,..................
Average__________
Average__________
Average__________
Average__________
Average....................
A verage...................
Average___ ______
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
114.5
116.2
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
110.9
111.7
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
120.0
121.7
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
103.7
105.5
90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
126.4
128.7
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
128.0
132.6
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
115.3
120.0
95. 5
100.4
104.1
103. 4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
106. 6
108.1
96 1
100 5
103 4
105 2
109 7
115.4
118.2
120.1
120 2
122.0
1953: January____ _____
February...... ...........
March..... ................ .
April_____________
May_____________
June_____________
Ju ly .......................
August___________
September................
October_________
November____ ____
December..............
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105.5
105.5
105.3
129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9
119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6
112.4
112.5
112. 4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6
107.8
107. 5
107. 7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107. 4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9
115 9
115 8
117 5
117. 9
118.0
118. 2
118 3
118. 4
118. 5
119 7
120. 2
120.3
1954: January__________
February_________
March____________
April.......... ............ .
May.......... ................
June_____________
Ju ly -------------------August__ ________
September________
October. ________
November________
December________
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114.5
114.6
114.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111. 1
110.4
118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118.9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3
130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126. 4
125.0
127.6
127.3
123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125. 7
125.9
126.1
126.3
113.7
113.9
114. 1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
113.5
113.4
113.8
113.6
108.7
108.0
108. 2
106. 5
106. 4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106. 5
106.9
106.8
106.6
120.3
120 2
120.1
120 2
120 1
120.1
120 3
120. 2
120.1
120 1
120 0
119.9
1955: January____ ______
Feburary_____ ...
March____________
April_____________
May_____________
June_____________
Ju ly _____________
August
_______
September________
October__________
November.... ...........
December.............. .
114.3
114 3
114.3
114.2
114.2
114.4
114.7
114.5
114.9
114.9
115.0
114.7
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111. 1
111.3
112.1
111.2
111.6
110.8
109.8
109.5
119.6
119.6
119.6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
120.0
120.4
120.8
120.9
120 8
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103 2
103.2
103.4
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.7
127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125. 5
125.8
125.4
125. 4
125.3
126.6
128.5
127.3
126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127.6
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.7
129.8
130.2
113.7
113.5
113 5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115. 5
115.8
116.6
117.0
117.5
117.9
106.9
106. 4
106.6
106.6
106. 5
106.2
106.3
106.3
106.7
106.7
106.8
106.8
119.9
119.8
119. 8
119. 8
119. 9
119.9
120.3
120.4
120. 6
120 6
120 6
120.6
1956: January__________
February_________
March... ________
April____________
May________ _____
June_____________
Ju ly _____________
August___________
September________
October. .................
November............. .
December________
114.6
114.6
114.7
114.9
115.4
116.2
117.0
116.8
117 1
117. 7
117.8
118.0
109.2
108.8
109.0
109.6
113.2
114.8
113.1
113.1
113.1
112.9
112.9
120.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.9
121. 4
121.8
122.2
122. 5
122.8
123.0
123.5
104.1
104.6
104.8
104.8
104. 8
104.8
105.3
105. 5
106.5
106.8
107.0
107.0
126.8
126.9
126.7
126.4
127.1
126.8
127. 7
128.5
128.6
132.6
133.2
133 1
130.7
130.9
131.4
131.6
131.9
132.0
132.7
133.3
134.0
134.1
134.5
134.7
118.5
118.9
119.2
119.5
119.6
119.9
120.1
120.3
120. 5
120.8
121. 4
121.8
107.3
107. 5
107.7
108. 2
108 2
107.6
107.7
107. 9
108 4
108. 5
109.0
109.3
120.8
120 9
121. 2
121.4
121. 6
121.8
122.2
122.1
122. 7
123 0
123 2
123.3
1957: January__________
February........... ......
March____________
April_______ ___
May__________ ..
June____________
Ju ly ---------------------
118.2
118.7
118.9
119.3
119.6
120.2
120.8
112.8
113.6
113.2
113.8
114.6
116.2
117.4
123.8
124.5
124.9
125.2
125. 3
125.5
125.5
106.4
106.1
106.8
108.5
106.5
106.6
106.5
133.6
134.4
135.1
135.5
135.3
135.3
135.8
135.3
135.5
136.4
136 9
137.3
137.9
138.4
122.1
122.6
122.9
123.3
123. 4
124.2
124.7
109.9
110.0
110. 5
111.8
111 4
111.8
112.4
123.8
124 0
124. 2
124. 2
124 3
124.6
126.6
111.0
i The Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices of goods
and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker families.
Data for 46 large, medium-size, and small cities are combined for the United
States average.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N o t e : For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1964).
„
„ _
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics»
1163
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -2. Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Food, housing, apparel, transpor
tation, and their subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1956
1957
Group
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
1955
Food 1_______________________________
Food at home_____________________
Cereals and bakery products_____
Meats, poultry, and fish_________
Dairy products_________ ______
Fruits and vegetables___________
Other foods at home A.....................
117.4
116.1
130.8
109.5
110.5
126.9
111.7
116.2
114.7
130.6
106.9
110.0
126.8
109.5
114.6
113.0
130.4
103.7
110.0
122.5
109.9
113.8
112.1
130.1
102.0
110.5
118.7
111.0
113.2
111.4
129.8
100.6
110.7
116. 1
111.6
113.6
112.0
129.1
101.4
111. 1
116.5
113.0
112.8
111.1
128.0
99.0
111.2
116.9
112.7
112.9
111.2
127.4
98.0
111.3
117.4
114.2
112.9
111.3
127.0
98.8
111.1
115.8
115.2
113.1
111.7
126.8
100.8
110.7
113.9
115.8
113.1
111.7
126.6
101.3
109.8
114.8
115.4
113.1
111.8
126.3
99.9
109. 2
120. 7
113.9
114.8
113.8
125.8
99.3
108.7
135.2
112.8
111.7
110.2
125.6
97.1
108.7
119.0
112.8
110.9
109.7
123.9
101.6
105.9
113.5
111.5
Housing*___________ _________________
Rent__ ____ _____ ________________
Gas and electricity_________________
Solid fuels and fuel oil________ _____
Housefumishings_________ _________
Household operation_______________
125, 5
135.2
112.3
135.9
104.1
127. 9
125.5
135.0
112.3
135.3
104.6
127.6
125.3
134.7
112.3
135.4
104.2
127.3
125.2
134.5
112.4
138.1
105.1
126.4
124.9
134.4
112.4
139. 2
104.9
126.2
124.5
134.2
112.4
139.3
105.0
125.6
123.8
134.2
112.3
138.9
104.0
125.4
123.5
134.2
112.0
136.1
104.1
124.8
123.0
133.8
111.8
134.3
103.8
124.5
122.8
133.4
112.0
132.9
103.6
124.2
122.5
133.4
112.2
130.5
103.3
123.7
122.2
133. 2
112.1
129.5
102.6
123.4
121.8
133.2
111.7
128.7
102.8
123.0
121.7
132.7
111.8
130.7
103.0
122.9
120.0
130.3
110.7
125.2
104.1
119.1
Apparel__________ ___________ _______ 106.5
Men’s and boys’. ___ ______________ 108. 8
Women’s and girls’.............. .................. 98.6
Footwear_____ _______ __________ 128.1
Other apparel *........................................ 91.9
106.6
109.1
98.5
127.8
91.9
106.5
109.0
98.6
127.8
92.0
106.5
108.8
98.7
127.3
92.0
106.8
108.8
99.3
127.6
92.2
106.1
108.6
98.2
127.2
91.7
106.4
108.4
98.9
126.7
91.9
107.0
108.6
100.3
126.4
92.2
107.0
108.4
100.4
126.2
92.1
106.8
108.2
100.1
126.2
92.1
106.5
108.3
99.6
126.0
92.0
105.5
107.7
98.1
124. 8
91.5
105.3
107.7
98.0
124.2
91.4
105.5
107.4
98.7
123.9
91.4
103.7
105.7
98.0
117.7
90.6
Transportation_______________________
Private____ ____ ___________ _____
Public___________________________
135.3
125.4
176.8
135.3
125.4
176.8
135.5
125.5
176.8
135.1
125.2
175.8
134.4
124.5
175.8
133.6
123.8
174.9
133.1
123.3
174.1
133. 2
123.5
173.4
132.6
122.9
173.0
128.6
118.7
173.0
128.5
118.6
172.9
127.7
117.6
172.7
128.7
118.8
172.2
126.4
117.1
165.7
135.8
125.6
180.2
4 In addition to subgroups shown here, total housing includes the purchase
price of homes and other homeowner costs.
* Includes yard goods, diapers, and miscellaneous items.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 In addition to subgroups shown here, total food includes restaurant meals
and other food bought and eaten away from home.
! Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic),
and other miscellaneous foods.
T able D -3. Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Special groups of items
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
All com
modities
less food
Durable
commodi
ties 2
Nondura
ble com All services All services
modities and shelter4 less shelter
less food 2
All items
less food
All items
less shelter
All com
modities
Average............. ........... .................................. ...........
Average........ ...................................................... ........
Average___________________________ _____ ___
A verage___________________________________
Average____________________________________
A verage___________________________________
Average........................................................................
Average________________________________ ____
Average.,.....................................................................
Average__________________ ______ __________
95.1
101.9
103.0
104.2
110.8
113.5
115.7
116.4
116.7
118.8
95.6
103.1
101.3
102.0
110.5
112.7
113.1
113.0
112.4
114.0
96.3
103.2
100.6
101.2
110.3
111.7
111.2
110.1
108.7
109.8
95.7
102.9
101.5
101.3
108.9
109.8
109.9
108.4
107.1
108.4
94.9
101.8
103.3
104.4
112.4
113.8
112.3
107.5
103.7
103.4
95.7
103.1
101.1
100.9
108.5
109.1
110.1
110.6
110.6
113.0
94.5
100.4
105.1
108.5
114.1
119.3
124.1
127.3
129.4
132.2
94.7
100.1
105.2
108.1
114.6
120.1
125.1
128.5
131.4
135.1
1956: July_______________________________________
August...... ........... ...................... ............. ..................
September__________________ _______________
October.............................. ............ .................. ..........
November___________________ ______________
December__________________________________
118.6
119.0
119.4
120.2
120.5
120.8
114.9
114.5
114.8
115.5
115.6
115.7
110.9
110.3
110.6
111.4
111.5
111.5
107.9
108. 1
108.8
110.1
110.5
110.6
102.2
102.6
102.9
105.8
106.4
106.4
112.9
113.1
114.0
114.4
114.6
114.7
132.5
132.9
133.2
133.3
133.5
134.0
135.2
135.7
135.9
136.1
136.5
136.9
1957: January____________________________________
February___________________________________
March.......................................................... ........... .
April.____ _____ ____ _______ ________________
M ay___ ______________ _____________________
June_______________________ _______ ________
Ju ly _______________________________________
121.0
121. 5
122.0
122.3
122.3
122.5
122.8
115.9
116.4
116.5
116.9
117.1
117.8
118.5
111.6
112.0
112.1
112.5
112.7
113.5
114.1
110.7
110.9
111.3
111.5
111. 1
111.3
111.5
106.7
106.8
107.1
107.3
106.7
106.7
106.5
114.7
115.0
115.5
115. 7
115. 5
115.7
116.2
134.5
135.2
135.8
136.2
136. 7
137.0
137.4
137.6
138.2
138.7
139.0
139. 5
139.9
140.6
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1955:
1956:
1 See footnote 1 and note, table D -l.
2 Includes household appliances, furniture and bedding, floor coverings,
dinnerware, automobiles, tires, radio and television sets, durable toys, and
sporting goods.
* Includes solid fuels, fuel oil, textile housefumishings, household paper,
electric light bulbs, laundry soap and detergents, apparel (except shoe re
pairs), gasoline, motor oil, prescriptions and drugs, toilet goods, nondurable
toys, newspapers, cigarettes, cigars, beer, and whiskey.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4 Includes rent, home purchase, real estate taxes, mortgage interest, prop
erty insurance, house repairs and maintenance, gas, electricity, dry cleaning,
laundry service, domestic service, telephone, water, postage, shoe repairs,
auto repairs, auto insurance, auto registration, transit fares, railroad fares,
professional medical services, hospital services, group hospitalization, barber
and beauty shop services, television repairs, and motion picture admissions.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
1164
T a ble
D-4. Consumer Price Index 1—United States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods
Commodity
Cereals and bakery products: Unit
Flour, wheat____________ 5 lb_.
Biscuit mix 3................... „20 oz_.
Corn meal________________ ib__
Rice____ ________________ lb ..
Rolled oats_____________ 20 oz__
Corn flakes......................... 12oz__
Bread___________________ lb ..
Soda crackers ». __________ lb ..
Vanilla cookies__________ 7 oz_.
Meats, poultry, and fish:
M eats____ __________________
Beef and veal_____________ _
Round steak__________ lb.
Chuck roast....... ........... ..lb ..
Rib roast............... ........... lb_.
Hamburger_______ ____lb .
Veal cutlets__________ lb
Pork___________ _____ _____
Pork chops, center cu t. ..l b ..
Bacon, sliced_______
_lb_.
Ham, whole___________ lb ..
Lamb, l e g ______________lb_.
Other meats:
Frankfurters*_________ lb ..
Luncheon m eat3..12-oz. can..
Poultry, frying chickens_______
Ready-to-cook.................... .lb ..
Fish_____________ _____ _____
Fish, fresh or frozen_________
Ocean perch fillet, frozen...lb..
Haddock, fillet, frozen.........lb ..
Salmon, pink_____ 16-oz. can..
Tuna fish, chunk *
6-6^-oz. can..
Dairy products:
Milk, fresh, grocery___________
Homogenized, with vitamin D
added_____ _____ _____qt_.
Milk, fresh, delivered________ _
Homogenized, with vitamin D
added_______________ qt._
Ice cream 3_.......... ..................pt._
B utter..................................... lb ..
Cheese American process___lb ..
Milk evaporated.__14^-oz. can..
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables 3___
Strawberries 3................ .10 oz._
Orange juice concentrate*. 6 oz_.
Peas, green 3 _________ 10 oz__
Beans, green3_________10 oz_.
Fresh fruits and vegetables_____
Apples___________ ____ ..lb ..
Bananas________________lb ..
Oranges_______________ doz..
Lemons
_____________ lb.
Grapefruit *8__________ each..
Peaches * * ____ _______ lb ..
Strawberries 518_________ pt._
Grapes, seedless 3 *_______ lb ..
Watermelons 514_________ lb._
Potatoes_____________ 101b
Sweet potatoes__________ lb .
Onions_________________ lb ..
Carrots_____________ ...l b ..
Lettuce.......... ..................head..
Celery8. ______________ lb ..
Cabbage________________lb ..
Tomatoes 3______________lb ..
Beans, green______ _____ lb ..
Canned fruits and vegetables___
Orange juice *.......... 46-oz. can..
Peaches___________ #2H can..
Pineapple___________ #2 can..
Fruit cocktail3. . . ...#303 can.
Corn, cream style___#303 can..
Peas, green-------------#303 can .
Tomatoes_________ #303 can..
Baby foods________4J.S-5 oz..
Dried fruits and vegetables_____
Prunes_________________ lb ..
Dried beans.........................lb ..
See footnotes at end of table»
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Aver
age *
price,
July
1957
Cents
54.7
26.8
12.7
17.4
22.1
23.0
18.9
29.1
24.6
96.9
53.0
75.4
43.6
117.8
92.7
80.7
64.3
72.6
57.7
45.3
49 4
1957
Annual
average
1956
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
1955
113.7
95.7
113.4
93.3
136.0
135.4
141.5
113.2
127.3
113.7
95.7
113.7
93.1
135.7
135.0
141.0
113.1
127.7
113.6
95.8
113.6
92.9
135.4
135.1
140.6
112.9
127.5
113.3
95.9
113.0
92.7
134.7
135.1
140.3
112.4
127.4
113.0
95.7
112.4
92.2
133.6
135.0
140.0
112.5
127.3
112.5
95.9
112.1
92.2
131.7
134.5
139.1
111.5
126.7
111.9
95.7
111.2
92.2
128.5
133.4
138.2
107.3
125.4
111.2
95.6
111.4
92.2
120.2
132.6
137.5
108.7
125.3
110.7
95.6
111.0
92.1
119.5
130.2
137.2
108.6
125.1
110.5
95.5
111.1
92.2
119.2
129.2
137.1
107.8
125.0
110.5
95.3
111.4
92.9
119.2
128.5
136.6
107.7
124.8
110.9
95.2
111.8
93.1
119.3
128.5
136. 0
107.8
124.6
111.1
95.2
111.9
93.0
119.0
128.4
134.9
107.7
124.1
110.7
95.4
111.0
92.8
119.1
128.9
134.7
107.3
124.0
110.8
96.3
111.4
95.2
117.6
128.0
131.6
104.9
122.4
102.4 103.5
96.3
97.1
105.8 107.1
88.2
89.8
104.5 104.7
80.9
80.6
126.3 126.7
101. 1 103.0
112.0 113.9
95.4
93.2
96.9
95.6
97.5
99.0
101.2
97.1
107.7
88.8
108.5
80.4
124. 5
98.5
109.7
88.6
95.4
98.2
100.3
98.6
109.0
93.0
110.2
80.6
122.0
95.6
106.9
84.4
94.3
98.9
101.3 103.5
101.2 103.5
113.3 117.2
96.2
98.1
113.3 115.1
81.4
82.3
122.0 122.6
95.2
98.5
109. 1 116.9
83.5
84.9
91.8
92.6
102.3 101.4
103.8
102.7
117.5
96.1
113.8
81.1
122.6
99.8
120.9
83.3
95.1
103.0
101.3
98.0
111.8
89.0
106.4
79.9
120.7
98.6
117.3
81.9
96.7
102.2
99.8
94.4
106.7
83.6
102.8
79.0
120.0
98.2
118.1
80.6
96.5
103.5
97.9
95.7
107.1
87.2
104.7
79.3
120.8
93.1
107.6
79.0
92. 4
99.8
101.2
97. 2
108.7
89.5
105.3
81.4
119.4
98.1
108.5
89.7
93.8
98.2
113.2 110.5
105. 5 103.0
117.8 114.1
94.4
96.1
113.5 111.8
87.0
89.7
128.0 128.8
114. 3 110.9
127.3 127.5
111.0 103.0
98.4
99.1
105.5 107.2
106.7 104.5
99.4
101.3
112.4 110.2
92.1
94.0
110.2 107.1
82.5
84.2
127. 2 127.3
105.2 102.3
117.0 114.2
94.3
98.3
95.8
96.9
105.6 104.1
95.0
93.8
83.3
93.0
93.5
80.9
89.7
92.7
78.9
88.4
91.8
79.1
88.1
90.7
80.4
87.8
89.4
79.9
86.6
87.9
75.9
86.0
96.8
74.7
86.2
85.9
75.1
86.1
84.9
76.7
85.9
83.6
78.7
85.2
83.6
81.4
85.4
83.5
84.7
85.4
84.4
80. 4
87.1
89.9
91.7
109.6
106.8
109.0
106.0
109.7
107.2
108.8
106.0
108.6
105.4
109.3
106.7
109.5
107.3
108.9
106.7
108.3
105.8
108.3
105.7
108.1
105.6
108.0
105.3
107. 6
104.7
42 9
45.6
62.5
108.5
105.5
108. 6
105. 4
130.1
129.9
129.9
129.7
129.9
130.2
129.5
129.0
128.6
128.0
126.9
126.5
125.9
125.5
115.7
32.2
93.6
93.4
93.2
92.9
93.0
92.9
92.7
92.4
92.2
92.6
92.7
92.9
93.1
94.6
99.6
115.0
114.2
114.7
116.0
116.2
117.1
117.2
117.2
117.0
116.5
115.3
114.2
113.6
113.6
110.3
120.1
119.3
119.3
120.0
120.5
121.0
121.4
121.5
121.4
120.9
119.8
119.0
118.6
118.4
113.9
97.7
93.2
109.3
108.0
97.7
93.4
109.4
107.2
97.3
93. 7
109.0
106.8
97.0
93.6
109.0
106.0
96.6
93.8
109.2
105.4
96.3
93.8
108.9
105.3
96.5
94.0
108.8
105.3
96.3
94.6
108.8
105.2
96.2
94.3
108.5
105.1
95.9
92.9
108.5
105.1
96.0
91.5
108.7
105.0
95.7
91.1
108.9
104.5
95.5
90.9
108.5
103.9
95.5
91.3
108.4
103.4
95.6
89.2
108.0
100.2
95.8
79.0
95.0
100.6
100.2
137.4
194.8
112.2
126.8
96.5
(*)
123.5
o
129.6
86.4
114.3
166.3
135.9
117.2
130.7
115.9
124.6
95.7
109.7
106.0
110.3
111.3
110.4
100.3
101.9
103.2
102.9
102.8
111.7
141.4
84.9
95.9
79.5
95.6
100.4
99.1
137.1
195.2
112.4
121.2
98.2
(*)
(*)
80.0
(*)
103.4
111.1
155.1
153.4
115.9
125.6
112.0
125.6
121.1
99.9
106.3
113.3
110.8
110.3
100.2
101.6
102.7
102.8
102.7
111.8
142.2
84.5
97.2
82.2
98.7
100.2
98.6
129.8
171.9
103.6
118.1
104.0
113.0
98.7
85.1
101.7
100.1
98.3
123.5
150.1
100.8
119.4
102.5
110.1
0)
(»)
(‘)
(•)
105.3
128.6
116.8
99.9
109.5
101. 0
153.1
129.4
124.1
106. 7
116.5
110.7
110.0
100.1
101.9
102.0
102.7
102.5
111. 5
142.0
84.2
99.6
86.5
102. 4
102.0
98.1
119.0
134.6
101.1
119.0
105.9
109.1
99.8
87.5
102.9
103.0
95.9
119.5
131.7
105.5
119.2
113.2
109.9
100.3
88.4
104. 4
103.0
94.8
120.0
126.3
106.8
118.1
113.4
113.4
100.4
88.2
104.8
103.3
94.3
120. 4
123.5
107.5
122.6
110.3
114.6
(*)
(*)
W
(»)
101.2
113.4
89.9
109.4
145.4
101.3
107.1
122.8
130.3
108.3
124.9
109.7
109.8
100.2
103.6
101.8
103.3
102.2
112. 7
143.6
85.1
101.1
88.0
106.3
103.8
94.2
117.4
113.9
107.8
130.1
109.8
121.6
(»)
(•>
(“)
(»)
99.4
105. 5
84.6
108.3
167.8
92.0
97.1
94.5
110.9
108.8
126.4
109.9
109.3
100.7
105.3
101.5
103.9
102.3
113. 6
145.0
85.6
102.5
88.8
108.0
104.5
96.5
114.1
111.5
106.1
151.0
108.3
(3>
m
(*)
74.5
<»>
97.6
106.9
89.2
106.2
125.4
84.7
100.3
74.8
102.1
108.9
126.4
110.1
109.1
101.0
106.9
101.5
103.5
102.2
114.6
147.5
85.7
104.1
89.5
109.8
108.2
95.0
115.5
128.0
104.8
148.1
106.6
(s)
91.2
(8)
68.4
«
108.9
117.6
106.0
110.9
111.0
86.0
104.1
59.2
86.3
108.7
124.2
110.5
109.0
101.1
108.4
101.4
103.6
102.1
115.3
149.9
85.3
104.5
90.4
109.7
109.2
95.2
124 9
136.9
103.2
139.5
100.4
(5)
89.6
(5)
75.6
62.4
146.4
136.1
159.6
108.8
102.8
92.8
107.4
77.2
81.4
108.8
123.4
111. 1
108.9
100.9
108.4
101.8
104.2
101.9
115. 4
149. 7
85.5
104.7
92.3
109.0
110.0
95.5
148.4
157.0
101.2
142.7
102.3
22 9
24 fi
29.5
73.7
57.7
14.7
25.5
17.5
19.6
24.1
22.8
18.0
58.2
17.8
(*)
20.0
(*)
36.4
5.3
60.3
18.7
11.5
14.9
18.7
16.9
8.6
26.9
23.2
34.5
34.9
34.1
26.0
17.1
21.7
15.0
10.0
34.2
16.1
( 5)
81.4
(*)
(«)
108.1
143.8
145.1
110.8
107.7
106.7
132.5
143 4
128.0
106.6
115.4
110.7
110.2
100.1
101.6
102.4
102.7
102 9
111.5
142.0
84.2
( 8)
(*)
m
w
103.7
122.1
99.4
101.8
95.4
107.7
138.7
116.5
153.8
107.1
118.7
110.4
109.9
i00. 3
102.2
101.9
103.0
102.5
111.6
142.3
84.2
( 5)
(>)
<•)
0)
106.0
121.6
102.5
103.0
117.3
114.9
125.4
99.3
146.9
107.3
120.1
110.3
109.6
100.1
102.3
101.7
102.8
102.4
112.1
142.9
84.5
( 5)
(«)
(!)
«
106.3
118.2
91.5
110.5
129.1
117.2
120.4
113.7
129.4
107.7
122.6
109.7
109.7
100.0
102.6
101.7
102. 9
102.7
112. 2
143.1
84.5
( 8)
111.4
(5)
104.9
77.1
218.6
138.4
186.4
108.5
96.9
99.6
116.3
106.9
101.5
108. 6
121. 4
112.1
109.1
100.8
108.1
102.5
104.0
101.8
115. 4
149.5
85.5
103.1
99. 5
91.2
93.7
107.0
99.2
107.5
102.7
95.9
98.9
122.8
116.0
128.9
128.5
104.4
105.0
126.7
113.8
101.9
97.1
104.0 197.5
»97.4 • 133.0
•99.7
»95.3
u 80.9 33 79. 4
*79.5 »80.2
127.8
107.2
114.9
123.1
112.4
95.2
108.1
108.8
114.4
113.7
92.7
98.9
114.5
119.9
105.4
98.5
119.5
105.1
107. 9 104. 0
107.4
120 0
111.0
108.0
108.8
106.1
100.8
101.3
106.8
101.5
102.1
101.8
104.1
103.0
100.9
98.6
111 6 116 3
147.2
138.4
85.7
93.7
1165
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T a ble
D-4. Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States city average: Retail prices and indexes of selected
foods—Continued
Indexes (1947-49=100, unless otherwise specified)
Average
price,
July
1957
Commodity
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
Unit Cents
Soup, tomato *•___ 11-oz. can.- 12.5
Beans with pork__ 16-oz. can.. 14.7
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sw eet2_______ 7Vi oz._ 27.2
Catsup, tomato » ......... .14 oz.. 22.0
Beverages __________________
Coffee___________ _______ — (>•)
23.7
Tea bags •_____ package of 16.
Cola drink »____carton, 36 oz.. U 27.3
Fats and oils.
____________
Shortening, hydrogenated
3-lb. can.. 97.7
Margarine, colored-----------lb._ 29.6
L ard____ ____ __________lb .. 22.5
37.4
Salad dressing------ ----------p t.
Peanut butter *....................lb_. 53.6
Sugar and sweets_____________
Sugar________________ 5 lbs.. 55.3
Com syrup •.................. .24 oz.. 24.9
Grape jelly ' . . . ................ 12 oz._ 27.3
4.5
Chocolate bar « ...............1 oz..
Eggs, grade A, large............. doz.. 54.1
Miscellaneous foods:
8.8
Gelatin, flavored •......... 3-4 oz..
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
1955
99.9
104.1
99.7
104.3
99.5
103.3
99.6
103.5
99.1
103.1
98.9
104.1
98.2
104.0
97.8
103.2
97.6
102.4
97.3
102.8
97.7
103.2
99.0
103.2
98.7
103.4
98.3
103.0
98.7
103.9
100.3
97.2
193.3
186.9
123.3
120.7
86.5
100.0
97.8
194.7
190.3
123.0
117.8
86.7
99.6
102.7
194.6
190.3
122.9
117.5
87.1
99.5
102.6
196.5
193.3
122.7
117.1
87.4
99.8
102. 5
199.5
197. 7
122.6
116.5
88.0
100.2
102.5
200.8
199. 7
122.4
116.3
87.8
99.3
99.0
102.4 102.4
201. 3 201.6
201.0 201.8
122. 2 121.9
115. 0 114.3
86.6
85.3
98.5
102.3
202.8
203.7
121.1
114.2
84.6
98.6
102.1
202.8
203.7
120.9
114.2
84.2
99.4
102.4
201. 5
202.1
121.0
113.9
84.2
99.0
102. 2
197.8
196.9
121.0
113.8
84.4
98.5
102.0
196.9
195.8
120.8
113.6
84.4
98.8
101.6
194.0
192.0
121.2
113.0
83.1
99.4
98.1
185.6
180.7
122.5
111.9
81.3
92.8
77.7
83.1
99.8
109.7
113.0
114.9
106.3
114.8
100.5
77.5
93.6
78.1
82.3
99.3
109.5
112.7
114.2
106.2
114.7
100.5
68.8
94.0
78.5
83.6
99.5
109.7
112. 7
114. 2
105.8
114.8
100. 5
69.9
94.3
79.2
84.1
99.3
109.7
112. 5
114.0
105.7
114.3
100.4
72.3
95.3
80.3
84.7
99.0
109.4
112.4
113.9
105.5
114.4
100.3
72.4
95.4
80.0
84.5
97.7
109.6
112.1
113.8
105.3
113.6
100.1
76.9
94.1
79.0
81.9
97.0
109.7
111.5
112.8
104.5
113.2
100.0
77.0
92.6
77.3
79.2
96.4
109.9
110.9
111. 5
103.7
113.4
100.0
83.8
92.2
76.6
76.9
95.6
109.9
110.6
110.7
103.4
113.8
100.0
87.7
92.2
76.2
75.9
94 6
110.0
110.3
110.2
103.1
113.4
100.1
90.7
92.4
76.4
74.4
94.8
109.9
109.9
110.0
102.5
112.2
99.9
89.9
93.3
76. 4
73.6
95.4
109.9
109.7
110.0
101. 5
111.6
100.0
86.5
93.6
76.2
72.9
95.5
110.1
109.6
110.0
100.9
111.6
100.0
83.4
90 5
75.6
73.1
94.3
110.0
109.6
109.8
101.5
111.4
100.0
86.3
84.7
75.0
76.0
92.8
110.4
112.2
108.0
100.9
107.8
112.6
86.8
103.1
103.0
103.0
102.7
102.3
102.6
102.4
101.3
100.6
99.0
98.8
99.4
99.3
99.3
98.8
1See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l.
»Based on prices in the 46 cities used in compiling the Consumer Price
Index. Average prices for each of the 20 large cities listed in table D-5 are
available upon request.
• December 1952 = 100.
• May 1953=100.
• Priced only in season.
• January 1953=100.
r 7 months’ average.
• July 1953=100.
• 3 months’ average,
w April 1953=100.
T a ble
Annual
average
1956
1957
u Not available,
i* 4 months’ average,
i* 5 months’ average.
MJune 1953 = 100.
» Vegetable soup priced from December 1952 through July 1956; tomato
soup substituted August 1956.
1« Price of 1-lb. can 101.7 cents. Price of 1-lb. bag 83.1 (priced only in
chain stores and large supermarkets).
ir Cola drink specification revised to include 2 brands per outlet. Com
parable June price, 26.7 cents.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
D-5. Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
[1947-49=100]
Annual average
July
1957
June
1957
May
1957
Apr.
1957
Mar.
1957
Feb.
1957
Jan.
1957
Dec.
1956
Nov.
1956
Oct.
1956
Sept.
1956
Aug.
1956
July
1956
United States city averages.
120.8
120.2
119.6
119.3
118.9
118.7
118.2
118.0
117.8
117.7
117.1
116.8
117.0
116.2
114.5
Atlanta, Ga____________
Baltimore, M d___________
Boston, Mass____________
Chicago, B1 ____ ____
Cincinnati, Ohio--------------
122.1
124.1
0
121.2
121.2
0
(0
(0
122.2
(*)
(*)
(3)
120.2
122.0
0
120.6
119.9
0
121.6
118.1
0
0
0
121.5
0
0
0
119.0
121.0
0
119.5
119.5
0
121.0
117.5
0
0
0
121.0
0
0
0
119.3
121.1
0
118.9
117.5
0
120.3
117.1
0
0
0
120.0
0
0
0
117.8
120.5
0
118.1
116.9
117.1
119.5
116.0
116.3
115.2
113.8
117.9
113.7
121.7
121.9
121.1
(0
120.8
0
121.4
0
120.4
120.6
0
121.0
0
0
120.4
120.4
121.0
120.5
0
120.3
0
120.5
0
119.8
119.6
0
120.2
0
0
119.4
120.0
120.6
119.7
0
119.1
0
120.0
0
118.9
118.5
0
119.7
0
0
117.8
119.1
119.6
118.2
0
117.4
0
120.2
0
117.6
118.1
118.0
118 7
117.8
117.5
117.4
115.6
116.5
115.9
115.7
115.6
0
117.2
119.8
(3)
(3)
119.8
116.9
119.7
118.8
121.6
0
116.0
120.0
0
0
0
115.9
119.7
0
0
119.4
115.6
118.8
118.8
120.1
0
115.5
118.6
0
0
0
115.6
118.2
0
0
117.4
115. 7
118.6
118.2
119.5
0
115.1
118.4
0
0
0
114.4
117.9
0
0
117.7
114.6
117.9
117.3
118.6
117.0
113.9
117.0
116.5
118.0
116.8
112.2
115.5
113.8
115.1
120.2
122.3
0
0
0
0
0
115.5
122.2
117.5
119.1
121.6
0
0
0
0
0
114.9
120.2
115.9
118.1
119.0
0
0
0
0
0
113.5
118.8
115.7
117.2
118.4
112.9
118.1
114.9
116.0
115.6
111.4
116.7
113.6
City
0
00
00
122.9
119.7
Cleveland, Ohio__________
Detroit. Mich___________
Houston, Tex.. _________
Kansas City, Mo_______ .
Los Angeles, Calif------------
121.7
121.1
121.0
Minneapolis. M inn_______
New York, N. Y____ ____
Philadelphia, P a_______ .
Pittsburgh, Pa_________ _
Portland, Oreg-----------------
121.6
118.4
121.2
120.7
122.2
117.9
120.1
(0
St. Louis, Mo___________
San Francisco, Calif_____
Scranton, P a____________
Seattle, Wash__________ Washington, D. C________
00
123.1
00
oo
00
oo
00
00
00
122.5
00
00
00
00
121.3
122.8
(O
00
00
(3)
00
116.4
122.8
117.2
0
0
0
0
0
‘ See footnote 1 and Note, table D -l. Indexes measure time-to-time
changes in prices of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and
clerical-worker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live
in one city than in another.
2 Average of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1956
1955
• Indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and once every 3 months on a
rotating cycle for the 15 remaining cities.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1166
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T a ble
D-6. Consumer Price Index 1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49 = 100]
Food at home
Total food 2
City
Total food at home
July
1957
June
1957
July
1956
July
1957
June
1957
Cereals and bakery products
July
1956
July
1957
June
1957
Meats, poultry, and fish
July
1957
July
1956
June
1957
July
1956
United States city average 3_„
117.4
116.2
114.8
116.1
114.7
113.8
130.8
130.6
125.8
109.5
106.9
99.3
Atlanta, Q a................... ........ .
Baltimore, M d____________
Boston, Mass______________
Chicago, 111_______________
Cincinnati, Ohio....... ...... ........
114.7
118.7
118.2
115.6
120.5
113.7
117.5
115.3
113.6
118.8
113.5
115.1
114.2
112.8
117.2
113.5
115.8
116.5
113.7
119.4
112.4
114.4
113.0
111.6
117.5
112.6
113.1
112.7
111.4
116.5
123.8
127.2
131.1
123.1
131.9
124.3
127.1
128.4
123.0
131.5
117.7
121.9
122.9
120.3
124 9
113.0
109.4
107.2
103.6
112.2
109.2
107. 5
104.9
100.6
110.2
102.5
100 1
99. 3
93 0
101.5
Cleveland, Ohio................ ......
Detroit, Mich_____________
Houston, Tex...........................
Kansas City, M o__________
Los Angeles, C a lif..................
115.3
119.8
114.3
114.1
117.7
114.6
118.9
113.3
112.9
117.7
113.1
119.0
110.4
111.0
114.8
113.6
118.5
112.6
112.4
114.7
112.7
117.3
111.2
111. 1
114.6
111.9
118.3
108.8
109.6
111.6
123. 7
124.9
121.1
126.6
138.7
123.8
124.9
121.5
126.6
137.1
122.2
119.9
117.5
121.2
131.1
105.9
106.1
104.9
106.7
109.7
103.3
104. 8
101.6
102.8
106.8
96 3
99.1
93.3
94. 2
99.0
Minneapolis, M inn_________
New York, N. Y ___________
Philadelphia, P a----------------Pittsburgh, Pa -------- --------Portland, Oreg...................... .
115.4
117.3
121.1
119.2
118.5
114.5
115.6
118.6
117.9
117.5
115.3
114.0
117.5
115.8
116.7
114.2
115.4
119.3
118.0
117.3
113.3
113.6
116.6
116.3
115.7
115.3
112.9
116.2
114. 7
116.0
129.6
135.1
132.7
129.1
132.0
129.5
135.2
132.6
128.0
132.1
126.3
129.8
124.7
125.6
130.1
102.6
109.8
112.1
108.5
111.5
101.0
107. 4
108.9
106. 2
108.1
94. 8
100.9
102.6
98. 2
101.2
St. Louis, Mo--------------------San Francisco, Calif________
Scranton, P a.................... ........
Seattle, Wash-------------------Washington, D. C _________
118.3
118.2
115.7
118.6
119.4
116.7
118.2
114.2
117.7
117.5
115.4
115.3
113.1
115.0
115.9
115.6
116.9
115.7
118.2
117.6
113.6
116.8
114.0
117.1
115.3
113.9
114.2
112.9
115.0
114.7
124.9
140.1
126.9
137.9
129.6
125.1
140.1
127.0
137.9
129.7
120.1
131.1
124.3
136.8
123.0
106.6
111.8
109.7
109.6
109.7
104.3
109.8
108. 2
108.3
106.3
96.7
104 9
99.3
99.0
97.0
Food at home—Continued
Dairy products
City
July
1957
June
1957
Fruits and vegetables
July
1956
July
1957
June
1957
Other foods at home *
July
1956
July
1957
June
1957
July
1956
United States city average 3____________
110.5
110.0
108.7
126.9
126.8
135.2
111.7
109.5
112.8
Atlanta, Qa____________________ _____ .
Baltimore, M d________________________
Boston, M ass.____ ___________________
Chicago, 111___________________________
Cincinnati, Ohio__ ____________________
110.2
112.6
114.7
109.6
114.7
113.2
112.6
112.1
107.8
114.8
112.2
109.2
110.0
109.5
113.6
124.0
124.9
129.9
128.8
133.0
123.1
122.3
123.4
125.2
128.0
137.8
130.3
134.2
133.7
137.8
103.2
111.8
108.7
116.1
116.2
101.8
110. 0
104.9
115. 6
114.3
105 0
113 3
107.5
119 6
119.1
Cleveland, Ohio___________ ___________
Detroit, Mich___________ ____________
Houston, Tex________ _ _ . . .
_______
Kansas City, Mo______ _______ _______
Los Angeles, Calif______ _______________
104.4
109.3
109.2
107.9
105.5
104.4
107.7
109.3
107. 7
105.8
104.1
109.3
109.0
110.8
103.6
124.2
146.0
124.3
124.4
117.7
126.1
144.3
123.3
125.3
123.2
131.5
159.6
125.5
127.5
125.1
115.6
113. 5
110.5
104.7
111.6
114.0
112.4
109.3
103. 5
110.8
117 1
115 2
110 9
107 3
110.9
Minneapolis, M inn_____________ _______
New York, N. Y ____ ___
___________
Philadelphia, P a___ _____ _____ _____
Pittsburgh, Pa______________ ________
Portland, Oreg________________________
104.7
109.1
116.7
111.8
117.2
105.1
108.3
113.6
111.7
117.2
110.9
106.0
111.4
107.7
113.6
130.9
120.6
129.7
129.4
119.6
130.2
120.9
127.6
127.7
119.5
144.1
128.5
140.0
134.9
131.9
117.7
113.2
112.7
121.3
114.5
116.0
108. 7
109. 3
118. 5
112.0
120 7
113 6
113 2
122 4
115.8
St. Louis, Mo____ ________________ .
San Francisco, Calif___________________
Scranton, Pa..................................... .............
Seattle, W ash... ______________ . . . ___
Washington, D. C„_..................... ..................
102.7
109.8
110.5
118.4
116.6
100.0
109.8
110. 1
118.3
116.5
104.5
105.9
105.4
113.0
115.5
134.3
124.5
127.7
126.2
125.4
131.0
130.8
125.3
126.1
122.8
140.7
130.0
137.4
133.3
136.6
118.2
110.2
110.2
111.7
113.5
117. 3
107. 9
106. 7
109. 2
110.3
121 8
110 3
110 4
111 0
113.7
1 See footnote 1, table D -l.
2 See footnote 2, table D-2.
3 Average of 46 cities.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 See footnote 3, table D-2.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1167
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D-7. Indexes of wholesale prices, by major groups
Processed foods
All commodities
other than farm
and foods
Textile products
and apparel
H id e s , s k in s ,
le a th e r , a n d
leather products
Fuel, power, and
lighting mate
rials
C h e m ica ls a n d
1 allied products
Rubber and rub
ber products
L u m ber and
wood products
Pulp, paper, and
allied products
Metals and metal
products
Machinery a n d
motive products
F u rn itu r e an d
o t h e r h o u se
hold durables
N onm etallic
minerals—struc
tural
I Tobacco m a n u
f a c t ur e s a nd
bottled bever
ages
96.4
104.4
99.2
103.1
114. 8
111.6
110.1
110.3
110.7
114.3
100.0
107.3
92.8
97.5
113.4
107.0
97.0
95.6
89.6
88.4
98.2
106.1
95.7
99.8
111.4
108.8
104.6
105.3
101.7
101.7
95.3
103.4
101.3
105.0
115.9
113.2
114.0
114.5
117.0
122.2
100.1
104.4
95.5
99.2
110.6
99.8
97.3
95.2
95.3
95.3
101.0
102.1
96.9
104.6
120.3
97.2
98.5
94.2
93.8
99.3
90.9
107.1
101.9
103.0
106.7
106.6
109.5
108.1
107.9
111.2
101.4
103.8
94.8
96.3
110.0
104.5
105.7
107.0
106.6
107.2
99.0
102.1
98.9
120.5
148.0
134.0
125.0
126.9
143.8
145.8
93.7
107.2
99.2
113.9
123.9
120.3
120.2
118.0
123. 6
125.4
98.6
102.9
93.5
100.9
119.6
116.5
116.1
116.3
119.3
127.2
91.3
103.9
104.8
110.3
122.8
123.0
126.9
128.0
136.6
148.4
92.5
100.9
106.6
108.6
119.0
121.5
123.0
124.6
128.4
137.8
95.6
101.4
103.1
105.3
114.1
112.0
114.2
115.4
115.9
119.1
93.9
101.7
104.4
106.9
113.6
113.6
118.2
120.9
124.2
129.6
97.2
100.5
102.3
103.5
109.4
111.8
115.7
120.6
121.6
122.3
100.8
103.1
96.1
96.6
104.9
108.3
97.8
102.5
92.0
91.0
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
109.9
109.6
110.0
109.4
109.8
109.5
110.9
110.6
111.0
110.2
109.8
110.1
99.6
97.9
99.8
97.3
97.8
95.4
97.9
96.4
98.1
95.3
93.7
94.4
105.5
105.2
104.1
103.2
104.3
103.3
105.5
104.8
106.6
104.7
103.8
104.3
113.1
113.1
113.4
113.2
113.6
113.9
114.8
114.9
114.7
114.6
114.5
114.6
98.8
98.5
97.5
97.4
97.6
97.4
97.5
97.5
96.9
96.5
96.2
95.8
97.3
98.0
98.1
97.9
100.4
101.0
100.0
99.9
99.7
97.1
97.1
95.6
107.8
108.1
108.4
107.4
107.1
108.3
111.1
111.0
110.9
111.2
111.2
111.1
103.6
103.6
104.2
105.5
105.5
105.6
106.2
106.3
106.7
106.7
107.2
107.1
127.3
126.2
125.7
124.8
125.4
125.0
124.6
123. 5
124.0
124.2
124.3
124.8
120. 5
121.1
121. 7
122. 2
121. 8
121. 5
121.1
120. 4
119.2
118.1
117.3
117.4
115.8
115.3
115.1
115.3
115.4
115.8
115.8
116.2
116.9
117.5
117.3
117.1
124.0
124.6
125.5
125.0
125.7
126.9
129.3
129. 4
128.5
127.9
127.9
127.5
121.5
121.6
121.8
122.0
122.4
122.9
123.4
123.7
124.0
124.1
124.2
124.3
112.7
112.9
113.1
113.9
114.1
114.3
114.7
114.8
114.9
114.8
114.9
115.0
114.6
114.6
115.1
116.9
117. 2
118.1
119.4
119.6
120.7
120.7
120.8
120.8
111.9
111.9
114.8
114.8
114.8
114.9
115.6
115.6
116.2
118.1
118.1
118.1
103.0
101.2
101.7
98.5
99.7
95.8
95.3
96.4
94.7
94.4
93.2
100.1
1954:
January__
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
August___
September.
October . .
November.
December.
110.9
110.5
110.5
111.0
110.9
110.0
110.4
110.5
110.0
109.7
110.0
109.5
97.8
97.7
98.4
99.4
97.9
94.8
96.2
95.8
93.6
93.1
93.2
89.9
106.2
104.8
105.3
105.9
106.8
105.0
106.5
106.4
105.5
103.7
103.8
103.5
114.6
114.4
114.2
114.5
114.5
114.2
114.3
114.4
114.4
114.5
114.8
114.9
96.1
95.3
95.0
94.7
94.8
94.9
95.1
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.2
95.2
95.3
94.9
94.7
94.6
96.0
95.6
94 9
94.0
93.0
92.4
92.8
91.8
110.8
110.5
109.2
108.6
108.2
107.8
106 2
106.9
106.9
106.9
107.4
107.5
107.2
107. 5
107.4
107.2
107.1
106.8
106.7
106.8
106.8
106.9
107.0
107.0
124.8
124.6
124.9
125.0
125.1
126.1
126.8
126.4
126.9
128.5
131.4
132.0
117.0
116.8
116. 7
116.2
116.1
116.3
119.1
119 1
119 3
119. 8
119.9
120.0
117.0
117.1
116.6
116.3
115.8
115.8
116 2
116 3
116 3
116 3
116.0
115.9
127.2
126.2
126.3
126.8
127.1
127.1
128 0
128.6
129 1
129 7
129.9
129.8
124.4
124.5
124.5
124.4
124.4
124.3
124.3
124.3
124.4
124.3
125.3
125.7
115.2
115.1
115.0
115.6
115.5
115.4
115.3
115.3
115.3
115.6
115.6
115.7
120.9
121.0
121.0
120.8
119.3
119.1
120.4
120.5
121.7
121.9
121.8
121.8
118.2
118.0
117.9
121. 5
121.4
121.4
121.4
121.5
121. 5
121.5
121.4
121.4
101.1
102.8
104.9
110.3
109.2
105.1
103.9
102.3
99.1
96.7
97.0
98.0
1955:
January..
February..
March___
April____
M ay.
Ju n e... ..
July_____
August. ..
September.
October__
November.
December.
110.1
110.4
110.0
110. 5
109.9
110.3
110.5
110.9
111.7
111.6
111.2
111.3
92.5
93.1
92.1
94.2
91.2
91.8
89.5
88.1
89.3
86.8
84.1
82.9
103.8
103.2
101.6
102.5
102.1
103.9
103.1
101.9
101.5
100.2
98.8
98.2
115.2
115.7
115.6
115.7
115.5
115.6
116.5
117.5
118.5
119.0
119.4
119.8
95.2
95.2
95.3
95.0
95.0
95.2
95.3
95.3
95.4
95.4
95.6
95.6
91.9
92.3
92.2
93.2
92.9
92.9
93.7
93.8
94.0
95.3
96.4
96.7
108.5
108.7
108.5
107.4
107.0
106.8
106.4
107.2
108.0
108.0
108.6
109.3
107.1
107.1
106.8
107.1
106.8
106.8
106.0
105.9
106.0
106.5
106.6
106.6
136.8
140.6
138.0
138.3
138.0
140.3
143.4
148.7
151.7
147.8
150.6
151.0
120.3
121.2
121.4
122.4
123. 5
123.7
124.1
125.1
125. 7
125. 4
125.0
125.1
116.3
116.6
116.8
117.4
117.7
118.3
119.0
119.7
120.5
122.8
123.2
123.6
130.1
131. 5
131.9
132.9
132.5
132.6
136.7
139.5
141.9
142.4
142.9
143.9
125.8
126.1
126.1
126.3
126.7
127.1
127.5
128.5
130.0
131.4
132.5
133.0
115.5
115.4
115.1
115.1
115.1
115.2
115.5
116.0
116.4
116.9
117.2
117.3
122.0
121.8
121.9
122.3
123.2
123.7
125.3
126.1
126.4
126.8
125.2
125.4
121.4
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.6
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
97.0
97.1
95.6
94.0
91.3
89.1
90.8
89.8
90.3
91.5
88.0
88.8
1956:
January...
February..
March___
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July. __
August___
September.
October ._
November.
December.
111.9
112.4
112.8
113.6
114.4
114.2
114.0
114.7
115.5
115.6
115.9
116.3
84.1
86.0
86.6
88.0
90.9
91.2
90.0
89.1
90.1
88.4
87.9
88.9
98.3
99.0
99.2
100.4
102.4
102.3
102.2
102.6
104.0
103.6
103.6
103.1
120.4
120.6
121.0
121.6
121.7
121.5
121.4
122.5
123.1
123.6
124.2
124.7
95.7
96.0
95.9
95.1
94.9
94.9
94.9
94.8
94.8
95.3
95.4
95.6
96.7
97.1
97.7
100.6
100.0
100.2
100.1
100.0
100.2
99.7
99.8
99.2
111.0
111.2
110.9
110.6
110.8
110.5
110.7
110.9
111.1
111.7
111.2
114.0
106.3
106.4
106.5
106.9
106.9
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.1
107.7
108.2
108.3
148.4
147.1
146.2
145.0
143.5
142.8
143.3
146.9
145.7
145.8
146.9
147.9
126.3
126. 7
128.0
128.5
128.0
127. 3
126. 6
125. 2
123.6
122.0
121.5
121.0
124.8
125.4
126.8
127.4
127.3
127.4
127.7
127.9
127.9
128.1
127.8
128.0
145.1
145.1
146.5
147.7
146.8
145.8
144.9
150.2
151.9
152.2
152.1
152.3
133.3
133.9
134.7
135.7
136.5
136.8
136.9
137.7
139.7
141.1
143.4
143.6
118.0
118.2
118.1
118.0
118.0
118.1
118.3
119.1
119.7
121.0
121.1
121.2
127.0
127.1
127.9
128.6
128.6
128.9
130.6
130.8
131.1
131. 5
131.2
131.3
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.7
121.6
121.6
121.7
122.5
122.8
123.1
123.5
123.6
89.6
88.7
88.2
92.1
96.1
92.9
91.3
91.1
89.9
89.2
91.2
91.7
1957:
January__
February..
March.......
April____
M ay_____
June_____
July i____
116.9
117.0
116.9
117.2
117.1
117.4
118.1
89.3
88.8
88.8
90.6
89.5
90.9
92.7
104.3
103.9
103.7
104.3
104.9
106.1
107.2
125.2
125.5
125.4
125.4
125.2
125.2
125.6
95.8
95.7
95.4
95.3
95.4
95.5
95.4
98.4
98.0
98.4
98.8
99.0
*99.9
100.6
116.3
119.6
119.2
119. 5
118.5
*117.2
116.2
108.7
108.8
108.8
109.1
109.1
109.3
109.4
145.0
143.9
144.3
144.5
144.7
145.1
144.9
121.3
120. 7
120.1
120. 2
119. 7
119.7
119.3
128.6
128.5
128.7
128.6
128.9
*128.9
129.1
152.2
151.4
151.0
150.1
150.0
*150)6
152.4
143.9
144.5
144.8
145.0
145.1
145.2
145.5
121.9
121.9
121.9
121.5
121.6
*121.7
122.1
132.0
132.7
133.2
134.6
135.0
135.1
135.2
124.0
124.1
124.1
124. 5
124. 5
*124. 7
127.7
93.2
92.4
92.0
91.4
89.4
87.3
88.8
1
§o
a
ao
Year and
month
1947...............
1948 .
1949_______
1950-.............
1951. .
1952..............
1953..............
1954 .
1955..............
1956_______
1953:
January__
February..
M a rc h
l preliminary.
•Revised.
'
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Mi s c e l l a n e o u s
products
◄
Farm products
[1947-49=100]
N ote: For a description of this series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1168
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T a ble
D-8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1947-49=100]
1957
C o m m o d ity group
1956
A n n u a l avg.
J u ly 2
Ju n e
M ay
A p r.
M a r.
F eb .
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
Ju ly
1956
118.1
117.4
117.1
117.2
116.9
117.0
116.9
116.3
115.9
115.6
115.5
114.7
114.0
114.3
110.7
90.9
105.4
83.9
83.5
104.8
92.0
61.0
83.3
145.7
89.5
109.0
85.4
78.7
104.3
92.2
57.5
84.4
144.1
90.6
103.0
87.3
79.3
104.3
95.0
68.5
85.2
144.7
88.8
94.1
87.5
76.6
104.0
95.6
63.8
85.1
146.0
88.8
96.1
87.0
75.0
103.9
97.5
66.3
84.7
148.2
89.3
100.7
89.5
73.9
102.9
98.1
65.7
86.6
148.8
88.9
102.6
88.8
71.7
101.3
99.0
74.3
85.4
147.9
87.9
104.3
87.9
68.6
100.8
98.8
79.3
84.0
147.4
88.4
97.6
84.0
73.0
100.0
97.2
87.4
78.6
149.9
90.1
95.3
90.7
75.7
98.4
96.1
91.2
76.5
152.9
89.1
94.8
88.8
76.0
98.2
95.1
77.7
80.1
151.1
90. 0
111.8
88.4
72. 9
104. 3
94.4
82.1
80. 6
149.2
88 4
104.2
87 0
71 3
102. 8
94.5
81. 9
82. 6
146.9
89 6
104.1
87 0
75 8
102.4
91. 5
85 7
84 9
142.5
P rocessed fo o d s ..............................
C ereal a n d b a k e ry p ro d u c ts . .
M e a ts, p o u ltry , an d fish ______________
D a iry p ro d u c ts a n d ice c re a m ___________
C a n n e d a n d frozen fru its a n d v e g e ta b le s..
________
S ugar a n d co n fectio n ery ___
P ack a g ed beverage m a te ria ls____________
A n im a l fats a n d oils__________ . . . .
C ru d e vegetable oils____________________
Refined vegetable o ils___ ______ __ . . .
V egetable oil end p ro d u c ts ____________
O th e r processed foods_________________
107.2 106.1
117.7 117.0
99.2
96.6
108.1 108.1
102.3 *101.9
114.3 113.5
183.7 183.7
76.2
72.1
65.4 *63.8
66.9
65. 5
84.3
84.9
94.8
95.4
104.9
116.5
91.5
110.7
103.5
112.8
183.7
70.3
62.9
65.4
85.2
95.3
104.3
116.8
88.2
111.4
104.9
112.1
183.7
73.3
65.4
70.1
86.1
95.2
103.7
116.7
84.6
111.3
105.9
112.3
190.9
78.8
67.6
78.2
89.2
95.1
103.9
115.9
83.9
112.5
105.9
112.0
194.5
83.4
71.7
78.5
90.2
95.7
104.3
115.8
84.8
112.5
105. 6
113.1
196.3
84.3
73.8
78.5
89.6
95.0
103.1
115.4
81.5
112.6
105.6
112.3
196.3
84.5
72.0
73.9
89.4
95.7
103.6
115.8
82.7
113.6
106.4
111.8
201. 6
74.4
70.4
74.4
86.2
95.7
103.6
115.3
85.7
110.9
106.4
110.8
201.6
75.5
65.9
70.2
83.7
95.3
104.0
114.6
89.3
109.7
106.8
110.0
201.5
72.7
59.4
66.0
83.3
95.9
102.6
114.5
85.1
108.9
107.3
109.8
196.1
72.2
60.3
67. 5
85.4
96.1
102.2
114. 8
83.7
107.9
109.3
110.0
196.1
65.5
65.1
67. 5
85. 7
97.1
101. 7
115 2
81. 6
108 6
107. 9
109 8
192 7
69 8
68 5
73 4
85 3
96.8
101.7
116 2
84 8
106 1
105 5
110 5
180 1
67 7
62 2
71 2
81 4
99.6
All co m m o d ities o th e r th a n farm a n d foods.-
A ll c o m m o d ities____ _
F a rm p ro d u c ts _______
92.7
F resh a n d d rie d fru its a n d v eg e tab le s___ 106.7
G ra in s _________
82.7
L iv esto ck a n d live p o u ltry
86.5
P la n t a n d an im a l fib e rs_____
105.0
F lu id m ilk __________
93.1
E g g s---------------------------------------------- ------- _ 76.2
H a y , hayseeds, a n d oil seed s. _________
82.4
O th e r farm p ro d u c ts ______ __
142.9
1955
125.6
125.2
125.2
125.4
125.4
125.5
125.2
124.7
124.2
123.6
123.1
122.5
121.4
122.2
117.0
T e x tile p ro d u c ts a n d a p p a re l______________
95.4
C o tto n p ro d u c ts ________________ ______ _ 90.5
W ool p ro d u c ts ____________ ______ __ .
111.3
M a n m a d e fiber textile p ro d u c ts. ______
82.0
Silk p ro d u c ts ____ __________ ________
121.5
A p p a re l____________ _______________
99.5
O th e r tex tile p ro d u c ts __________________
75.8
95.5
90.6
111.5
81.9
122.4
99.5
76.8
95.4
90.7
110.9
81.8
124.7
99.5
76.9
95.3
90.8
109.9
81.5
124.8
99.6
75.9
95.4
91.1
109.0
81.7
123.0
99.6
76.1
95.7
91.9
109.5
82.0
123. 2
99.6
75.9
95.8
92.3
109.1
82.1
122.8
99.7
76.8
95.6
92.7
107.7
80. 5
122.8
99.7
78.7
95.4
92.8
106.1
80.3
122.7
99.7
76.2
95.3
92.7
104.8
80.9
123.6
99.7
75.3
94.8
91.5
103.9
80.4
120.1
99.7
74.7
94.8
91.9
103.4
80.3
121.0
99.7
72.2
94.9
92. 3
103.1
80. 4
122.0
99. 8
70.5
95. 3
93 0
103 7
81. 4
121.9
99 6
72.8
95 3
91 5
104 7
86. 6
123. 8
98 5
74.5
H id es, sk in s, le a th e r, a n d le a th e r p ro d u c ts .
H id es a n d s k in s _____________________
L e a th e r ____ . . . .................
F o o tw e a r___________
O th e r le a th e r p ro d u c ts __________________
100.6
62.1
92.2
121.2
98.0
*99.9
59.4
91.1
121.2
*97.3
99.0
55.8
88.8
121.1
97.5
98.8
51.8
88.6
121.5
97.8
98.4
51.0
88.6
120.9
97.8
98.0
50.1
87.8
120.8
97.4
98.4
52.1
88.2
120.8
97.9
99.2
53.8
90.9
120.8
98.3
99.8
59.0
90.6
120.8
98.6
99.7
57.8
90.8
120.7
98.6
100.2
63.3
90.8
120.5
98.5
100.0
60.4
90.9
120.5
98.9
100.1
60.4
91.6
120. 5
98.8
99 3
59.2
91.2
119. 3
98.6
93 8
56.6
84. 6
112 3
95.9
F u el, pow er, a n d lig h tin g m a te ria ls ____ _
C o a l________ _______
C o k e ________
G a s ______________ ______
E l e c t r i c i t y ...____ _______ ____ ____
P e tro le u m a n d p ro d u c ts _______________
116.2 *117.2
124.0 123.3
161.9 161.9
113.0 *113.0
94.3 *94.3
126.4 128.4
118.5
123.3
161.9
116.5
94.9
129.8
119.5
123.2
161.9
118.4
96.6
130.4
119.2
123.6
161.9
118.4
94.9
130.7
119.6
124.0
162.2
122.3
94.3
131.0
116.3
124.1
159.1
119.9
94.9
124.9
114.0
123.5
156.3
119.9
94.3
120.9
111.2
122.0
156.3
111.1
94.3
117.5
111.7
121.0
156.3
111. 1
94.9
118.3
111.1
114.4
156.3
110.3
94.9
118.4
110.9
113.8
152.9
109.4
94. 9
118.3
110.7
112.9
145.4
109.7
93 8
118.8
111. 2
114.5
149.7
115.1
94 2
118.2
107 9
104. 8
135. 2
111. 6
97 O
112I7
C h em ica ls a n d allied p ro d u c ts __ . . .
I n d u s tria l c h e m ica ls__________ __
P re p a re d p a i n t _____________
P a in t m a te ria ls _________
D ru g s a n d p h a rm a c e u tic a ls_____________
F a ts a n d oils, in e d ib le __________ _ . .
M ixed fertilizer______ .
F e rtiliz e r m a te ria ls ___________ . . .
O th e r ch em icals a n d allie d p ro d u c ts ____
109.4 109.3
123.5 124.0
127.8 125.5
99.9
99.7
93.4 *93.4
61.0 *60.2
108.3 *108. 3
106.3 106.3
105.3 *105.0
109.1
123.6
124.7
99.8
93.3
59.2
108.4
107.2
105.2
109.1
123.6
124.1
99.8
93.5
58.2
108.6
107. 5
105.2
108.8
122.9
124. 1
100.1
93.2
57.9
108.5
106.8
105.2
108.8
123.2
124.1
100.6
93.1
58.0
109.3
105.9
105.1
108.7
123.5
124.1
99.0
92.6
58.7
110.2
105.9
104.5
108.3
122.5
124.1
99.5
92.5
59.4
109.3
105.7
104.4
108.2
122.5
123.6
99.4
92.3
57.8
109.6
105.7
104.2
107.7
122.6
122.4
98. 8
91.9
55.8
109.5
104.1
103.6
107.1
121.9
119.1
97.9
91.9
55. 4
109.6
104. 5
103.4
107.3
122.1
119.1
98.3
92.2
53.8
109.7
106.0
103.8
107.3
122.1
119.1
98 6
92 2
53. 7
108. 5
105. 7
103.8
107 2
121. 4
120.0
99 0
92 1
56 2
108 7
108 4
103.2
106 6
118 1
114. 5
96 8
92 8
56* 6
108 7
R u b b e r a n d ru b b e r p r o d u c ts ...
C ru d e ru b b e r ________ ____
T ire s an d tu b e s _____________
O th e r r u b b e r p ro d u c ts __________________
144.9
145.0
149.0
140.0
145.1
145.9
149.0
139.9
144.7
144.0
149.0
139.9
144.5
143.2
149.0
140.0
144.3
142.0
149.0
140.0
143.9
140.2
149.0
140.0
145.0
145.4
148.8
140.0
147.9
151.1
153. 4
139.7
146.9
147.0
153.4
139.5
145.8
141.9
153. 4
139.5
145.7
142.2
153.4
139.1
146.9
149. 9
153. 4
138.0
143.3
143.9
149.3
136.0
145. 8
146. 7
152 2
138.0
143 8
156 8
144 9
134! 4
L u m b e r a n d w ood p ro d u c ts ___
L u m b e r _________
M illw o r k .__ ______
P ly w o o d _________________
119.3 119.7
120.0 *120.4
128.5 128. 5
96.9
97.7
119.7
120.6
128.3
96.8
120.2
121.2
128.3
96.7
120.1
121.2
128.7
96.2
120.7
121.9
128.7
96.4
121.3
122.6
128.7
97.1
121.0
122. 5
128.5
94.6
121.5
123.1
128.5
94.8
122.0
123.6
128.6
96.1
123.6
125.2
129.2
99.2
125.2
127.1
129.5
99.2
126.6
128. 5
129.7
103.3
125. 4
127.2
129.1
101.7
123.6
124.4
128. 7
105.4
P u lp , p a p e r, a n d allied p ro d u c ts _____ _
W o o d p u lp __________________
W a s t e p a p e r ...____ __________
P a p e r ............ ............. ...............
P a p e rb o a rd ________ ____
C o n v e rte d p a p e r a n d p a p e rb o a rd produ c ts ______________
B u ild in g p a p e r a n d b o a rd ______________
129.1 *128.9
118.0 118.0
68.0
66.1
142.7 *142.4
136.2 136.2
128.9
118.0
66.1
142.4
136.2
128.6
118.0
68.6
140. 7
136.2
128.7
118.0
75.4
140. 1
136.2
128.5
118.0
76.4
139.2
136.2
128.6
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2
128.0
118.0
78.3
139.2
136.2
127.8
118.0
77.3
139.2
136.2
128.1
118.0
92.5
139.1
136.3
127.9
118.0
97.5
138.9
136.3
127.9
118.0
112.1
138.2
136.4
127. 7
118.0
112.4
138. 2
136.5
127. 2
117.7
112.3
137.3
134.8
119.3
112.9
110.7
129.8
127.1
125.4
141. 7
125.3
141.7
125.3
141.7
125.2
141.7
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
125.6
141.1
124.5
138.1
124.3
138.1
124.3
138.1
123.8
138.1
123. 7
138.1
123.2
138.1
123.1
136.9
113.9
130.9
M e ta ls a n d m e ta l p ro d u c ts ........
Iro n a n d s te e l______
N o n ferro u s m e ta ls _________
M e ta l c o n ta in e rs ________________________
H a rd w a re ___
P lu m b in g e q u ip m e n t______ ____________
H e a tin g e q u ip m e n t____________________
f a b r i c a te d s tru c tu ra l m e tal p ro d u c ts ___
F a b ric a te d n o n s tru c tu ra l m e ta l p ro d u c ts .
152.4 *150.6
170.3 165.4
134.2 138.1
152.8 152.5
164. 5 164.3
129.1 129.1
122.4 *121.9
134.5 131.7
145.3 143.1
150.0
162.9
139.9
152.5
164.3
130.1
121.4
132.2
143.3
150.1
161.9
142.5
148.0
163.5
131.6
121.6
132.8
143.3
151.0
163.8
143.2
148.0
162.2
132.0
121.6
133.4
142.8
151.4
163.9
145.4
147.4
162.0
133.4
122.8
133.3
142.0
152.2
164.3
148.7
147.5
161.5
133.4
122.3
133.7
141.6
152.3
163.3
149.6
147.5
160.2
133.9
122. 1
137. 5
141. 2
152.1
162.5
149.7
147.5
160.1
133.9
122.0
137.5
141.2
152.2
161.1
154.1
143.4
159.8
133.9
121. 9
137.1
141.2
151.9
161.5
154.8
143.4
158.8
133.9
121.0
137.1
136. 9
150. 2
159. 4
155. 4
141. 9
158.2
134.1
119 1
134. 2
133.5
144. 9
149. 9
152. 5
141.2
155. 2
134.1
117 9
129 7
Ï32. 5
148. 4
154. 7
156.1
141. 6
155. 9
133. 9
119 0
136.6
140. 6
142. 7
132.9
146.4
125. 4
132 6
122 5
12812
See footnotes a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
135! i
112 6
m o
115 0
1169
D.—CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D -8. Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued
[1947-49=100]
Annual avg.
1956
1957
Commodity group
July 2 June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1956
1955
145.2
132.3
157.6
165.6
145.1
132.3
157.6
165.6
145.0
132.1
157.5
165.3
144.8
132.2
156.7
164.9
144.5
132.0
156.3
163.8
143. 9
131.8
156.2
163.4
143.6
131.2
155.9
163.3
143.4
130.8
155.5
163.0
141.1
129.5
154.7
161.4
139.7
127.4
151.5
159.6
137.7
126.9
149.4
157.1
136.9
126.8
147.8
155.2
137.8
127.6
148.6
156.4
128. 4
123. 2
137. 1
142. 5
157.2 156.5
144, 4 *143. 9
148. 9 *148. 2
134.7 134.7
156.0
143.8
148.2
134.7
156.2
143.7
147.8
134.7
155.9
143.3
147.5
134.6
155.8
143.0
147.1
134.6
155.5
142.5
146.0
134. 3
154.6
142.2
145.4
134.3
154. 0
142.0
145.2
134.2
153.0
140.4
143.2
130.8
151.6
138.9
142.0
129.4
149.1
137.2
138.0
129.1
146.4
136.6
137.4
129.1
147.5
137.0
138.4
129.8
134. 0
129. 2
128. 2
122. 9
F u r n itu r e a n d o th e r h ousehold d u ra b le s ___ 122.1 *121.7
H o u seh old fu rn itu re ____________________ 122.6 122.4
C o m m ercial fu rn itu re ___________________ E153. 6 147.3
F lo o r co v e rin g __________________________ 132.9 133.8
H o u seh o ld a p p lian ce s___________________ 105.0 105.2
T e lev isio n , rad io receivers, a n d p h o n o
94.1 *93.4
g ra p h s .......................................................... . . .
O th e r h ousehold d u ra b le g o o d s................... 147. 9 *147.9
121.6
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.1
121.5
122.4
147.3
133.8
105.4
121.9
122.2
146.9
134.3
106.8
121.9
122.0
146.9
134.3
106.8
121.9
122.0
146. 9
135.1
108.5
121.2
121.2
146.9
131.9
105.9
121.1
121.2
146.9
131.9
106.5
121.0
120.8
146.8
131.8
106.5
119.7
120.4
146.8
131.9
105.5
119.1
119.5
145.9
131.6
105.0
118.3
119.2
138.8
131.4
104.4
119.1
119.0
141.8
131.1
105.5
115. 9
114. 0
132. 0
126. 4
106. 8
93.1
147.7
93.1
147.0
93.1
147.0
93.5
147.0
93.5
146.8
93.3
146.7
93.5
145.0
93.5
145.0
93.7
140.2
93.2
139.7
92.9
139.3
93.1
140.9
93. 0
133. 6
M a c h in e ry a n d m o tiv e p r o d u c t s ...................
A g ric u ltu ra l m a ch in ery a n d e q u i p m e n t ...
C o n stru c tio n m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t. .
M e ta lw o rk in g m a c h in e ry an d e q u ip m e n t.
Q en eral p u rp o se m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip
m e n t_________________________________
M iscellaneous m a c h in e ry _______________
E lectrical m a c h in e ry a n d e q u ip m e n t-----M o to r v e h ic le s .._____ _____________ ____
145.5
132.3
157.7
166.0
N o n m etallic m in erals—s tr u c tu r a l...................
F la t glass..............................................................
C o n cre te In g re d ie n ts.................. ......... ...........
C o n cre te p ro d u c ts ______________________
S tru c tu ra l clay p ro d u c ts ________________
G y p su m p ro d u c ts _________ ____________
P re p a re d a s p h a lt roofing________________
O th e r n o n m e ta llic m in e ra ls_____________
135.2
135.7
136.1
126.5
155.1
127.1
125. 8
128. 4
135.1
135.7
135.8
126.7
155.1
127.1
125.8
128.3
135.0
135.7
135.7
126.7
155.0
127.1
125.8
128.3
134.6
135.7
135.7
126.6
155.0
127.1
121.6
128.3
133.2
135.7
135.1
125.7
150.8
127.1
118.2
127.5
132.7
135.7
134.8
125.6
150.7
127.1
115.3
126.0
132.0
135. 7
134.6
125.6
150.6
127.1
111.2
124.3
131.3
135.7
131.7
125.3
150. 5
127.1
114.4
124.3
131.2
135.7
131.6
125.3
150.3
127.1
114.4
124.3
131.5
135. 7
131.6
125.0
150.1
127.1
117.5
124.3
131.1
135.7
130.7
124.8
150.1
127.1
117.5
123.6
130.8
135.7
130.7
123.4
150.1
127.1
117. 5
123.8
130.6
135.0
130.6
123.0
149.3
127.1
117.9
123.8
129.6
133.4
130.6
123.0
148.0
127.1
111.7
123.4
124. 2
128. 0
124. 8
118. 6
140. 1
122. 1
106. 1
121. 2
T obacco m a n u fa c tu re s a n d b o ttle d b e v
erages_________________________________
C ig a re tte s ______________________________
C ig a rs---------------- -----------------------------------O th e r tobacco m a n u fa c tu re s ____________
A lcoholic beverages_____________________
N onalcoholic b ev e ra g es_________________
127.7 *124. 7
134.8 124.0
105.1 105.1
144.1 *134. 9
119.6 119.6
149.3 149.3
124.5
124.0
105.1
127.7
119.6
149.3
124.5
124.0
105.1
126.9
119.6
149.3
124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
149.0
124.1
124.0
105.1
126.0
119.0
148.7
124.0
124.0
104.2
126.0
119.0
148. 7
123.6
124 0
104.2
126.0
118. 1
148.7
123.5
124.0
104.2
122.5
118.1
148.7
123.1
124.0
104.2
122.5
117.2
148.7
122.8
124.0
104.2
122.5
116.9
148.4
122.5
124.0
104.2
122.5
116.2
148.4
121.7
124.0
104.2
122.5
114.6
148.4
122.3
124.0
104.2
122.8
115.8
148.3
121. 6
124. 0
103. 9
121. 8
114. 6
148. 1
89.4
91.4
92.0
92.4
93.2
91.7
91.2
89.2
89.9
91.1
91.3
91.0
92. 0
115.7
72.8
95.7
116.1
72.0
95.3
113. 5
75. 7
92. 1
104.8
124.4
104.9
124.1
103. 7
121. 6
M iscellan eous p ro d u c ts ___________________
T o y s, sp o rtin g goods, sm all arm s, an d
a m m u n itio n _________ ________________
M a n u fa c tu re d a n im a l feeds_____________
N o tio n s a n d accessories_________________
Jew elry , w atc h es, a n d p h o to g ra p h ic
e q u ip m e n t........................................ ...............
O th e r m iscellaneous p ro d u c ts .......................
1 See Note, table D-7.
* Preliminary.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
88.8
87.3
117.5
63.4
97.4
117.5
67.2
97.4
117.5
71.0
97.4
117.5
72.0
96.7
117.5
72.8
96.7
117. 5
74.4
96.7
116.9
72.6
96.6
116.8
71.9
96.5
116.7
68.2
96.5
116.6
69.6
96.5
116.3
72.1
95.8
106.8 106.8
128.8 *127.2
107.6
126.8
107.6
126.8
107.6
126.5
107.7
126.3
107.6
126.1
105.4
125.4
105.2
125.1
105.2
124.7
104.8
124.8
104.8
124.7
117.6
66.0
97.4
• Revised.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1170
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T able D -9. Indexes of wholesale prices, by economic sectors
[1947-49=100]
1957
J u ly ' J u n e
A nnual
averag e
1956
C o m m o d ity group
May A p r. M a r. F eb .
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t. A ug.
Ju ly
1956
1955
A ll co m m o d ities..................................................................................
118.1 117.4 117.1
C ru d e m a te ria ls for fu rth e r p rocessing__________ ________
C ru d e foodstuffs a n d feedstuffs______________________
C ru d e nonfood m a te ria ls except fu e l___________ _____
C ru d e nonfood m a te ria ls, except fuel, for m a n u fa c tu rln g ____________________ _________________
C ru d e nonfood m a terials, except fuel, for cons tru c tio n _____ _______ _____ ___________________
C ru d e fu el____________ _____ ________________________
C ru d e fuel for m a n u fa c tu rin g ____________________
C ru d e fuel for n o n m a n u fa c tu rin g I n d u s tr y ............ .
99.7 *98.8 96.5 97.1 96.7 96.7 97.4 96.6 94.9 95.0 96.7 96.4 95.0 95.0 94.5
90.3 89.1 86.9 88.0 86.5 85.9 86.3 85.0 83.4 84.4 87.2 86.8 85.4 84.0 85.7
115.2 115.0 112.0 111.6 113.4 114.2 115.8 115.9 114.3 112.6 113.1 113.1 111.5 114.2 110.1
117.2 116.9 117.0 116.9 116.3 115.9 115.6 115.5 114.7 114.0 114.3 110.7
114.3 114.2 110.9 110.5 112.5 113.3 115.1 115.5 113.7 111.9 112.5 112.5 110.8 113.6 109.6
136.1
118.4
118.3
118.7
135.8
*118.1
*117. 9
*118.3
135.7
119.3
119.2
119.6
135.6
120.0
119.8
120.2
135.1
119.9
119.6
120.5
134.8
121.7
121.3
122.3
134.6
120.8
120.4
121.4
131.7
120.4
120.0
121.0
131.6
116.5
116.3
116.8
131.6
116.0
115.8
116.2
130.7
111.5
111.3
111.8
130.7
110 9
110.7
111.1
130.6
110.4
110.2
110.7
130.6
113.3
113.0
113.7
124.9
105.8
105.4
106.5
125.1
124.5 124.7 125.0 124.9 125.1 124.8 124.2 123.8 123.6 123.0 122.6 121.3 122.1
117.0
127.1
100.1
126.2 126.2 126.3 126.3 126.5 126.4 125.9 125.7 125.6 124.8 124.2 122.6 123.7 118.2
*99.2 98.5 99.0 99.6 100.4 101.1 100.1 99.8 98.3 97.0 96.7 97.3 98.0 97.7
I n te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls, su p p lie s, a n d c o m p o n e n ts _______
In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls a n d c o m p o n en ts for m a n u fa c tu rln g __________________________________________
In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls for food m a n u fa c tu rin g ___
In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls for n o n d u ra b le m a n u fa c tu rin g ___________ __________________________
In te rm e d ia te m a te ria ls for d u ra b le m a n u fa c tu rin g .
C o m p o n e n ts for m a n u fa c tu rin g _________ _______ _
M a te ria ls a n d c o m p o n en ts for c o n s tru c tio n __________
P rocessed fuels a n d lu b r ic a n ts ......... ....................... ........... ..
P rocessed fuels a n d lu b ric a n ts for m a n u fa c tu rin g ,.
P rocessed fuels a n d lu b ric a n ts for n o n m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr y ............. ....................................................... ..
C o n ta in ers, n o n re tu rn a b le _________________ ____ ____
S u p p lie s____ _________________________________ ____ __
S u p p lies for m a n u f a c tu r in g ........... ......... .....................
S u p p lie s for n o n m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr y _________
M a n u fa c tu re d a n im a l feeds__________________
O th e r su p p lie s............................................. ...............
105.8
153.9
148.0
133.3
112.2
110.4
105.9 105.6 105.4 105.2
151.6 152.0 152.5 152.5
*147. 7 148.0 147.9 147.6
132.6 132.6 132.8 132.7
*113.3 114.3 115.2 114.7
*111.3 112.3 113.2 112.6
105.5
152.6
147.4
132.8
114.7
112.7
105.4
152.1
147.5
132.8
112.2
110.4
105.0
151.1
147.9
133.0
109.9
108.5
104.8
151.1
147.9
133.1
106.4
105.4
104.7
151.9
146.7
133.4
107.1
105.9
104.0
151.7
145.2
133.2
107.3
106.0
104.0
150.6
143.3
132.8
107.1
105.7
104.1
146.1
142.0
131.4
106.5
104.9
104.3
148.5
142.9
132.0
106.7
105.3
102.7
139.7
130.9
125.6
103.5
102.2
115.3
134.1
111.5
136.9
100.0
65.6
120.1
*116.8
134.1
110.9
*136.7
99.1
63.6
119.9
117.9
134.1
112.0
136.7
100.8
67.8
120.0
118.6
132.8
113.1
136.8
102.4
71.7
120.2
118.3
132.9
113.3
136.1
103.0
73.1
120.4
118.2
132.7
113.4
135.9
103.3
73.7
120.4
115.2
133.0
113.8
135.4
104.0
75.7
120.4
112.3
132.6
113.0
135.3
102.9
73.6
120.0
108.3
132.3
112.7
135.3
102.5
72.6
119.9
109.2
131.1
111.3
135.1
100. 5
68.3
119.3
109.5
129.3
111.0
133.6
100.7
69.5
118.9
109.5
128.5
111.3
132.7
101.7
72.4
118.7
109.4
127.9
111.1
132.2
101.6
73.3
117.9
109.1
128.5
111.3
132.9
101.6
72.9
118.2
105.7
119.8
108.5
127.3
100.0
76.7
113.4
F in is h e d goods (goods to users, in c lu d in g ra w foods a n d
fu els)_________________ ____________ _______ ___________
C o n su m er finished goods____________________________
C o n su m er foods_______________ _________________
C o n su m er cru d e foods_______________
C o n su m er processed foods_____________
C o n su m er o th e r n o n d u ra b le goods_______________
C o n su m er d u ra b le goods_______________________
P ro d u c e r finished goods______________________ _____ _
P ro d u c e r goods for m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s trie s _____
P ro d u c e r goods for n o n m a n u fa c tu rin g in d u s tr ie s ..
118.4
111.5
106.1
94.4
108.4
112.2
122.8
146.1
150.8
142.2
117.6
*110.7
104.2
88.1
107. 2
*112.0
122.7
145.5
*150.1
141.6
117.4
110.5
103.1
88.4
105.9
112.5
122.7
145.5
150.1
141.6
117.4
110.5
102.7
91.1
105.0
112.8
122.7
145.3
150.0
141.4
116.9
109.9
101.3
86.3
104.1
112.7
122.9
145.1
149.7
141.2
117.0
110.2
101.8
88.7
104.3
112.9
123.0
144.7
149.2
140.9
116.7
109.9
102.3
91.0
104.4
111.8
122.9
144.3
148.8
140.5
116.2
109.3
101.8
94.6
103.3
116.2
109.4
102.7
97.2
103.9
110.3
122.3
143.8
148.2
140.0
115.6
109.1
103.0
96.5
104.3
110.3
120.7
141.9
146.2
138.3
115.3
109.1
103.7
96.7
105.2
110.0
119.8
140.6
145.2
136.7
114.1
108.1
101.4
91.5
103.4
109.8
119.5
138.4
143.3
134.9
114.0
108.3
102.1
99.3
102.8
109.7
119.2
137.2
141.6
134.2
114.0
108.0
101.0
96.2
102.1
109.9
119.7
138.1
142.2
134.9
110.9
106.4
101.1
96.4
102.2
107.8
115.9
128.5
130.9
126.6
‘ Preliminary.
Revised.
111.0
122.4
144.0
148.5
140.2
N ote : For a description of these series, see New BLS Economic Sector
Indexes of Wholesale Prices, Monthly Labor Review, December 1955 (p. 1448).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
T able D-10. Indexes of wholesale prices for special commodity groupings
[1947-49=100]
1957
Commodity group
All foods__________________________________ _____
All fish. __________ _________________ .
Special metals and metal products............. .........
Metalworking machinery_________ _________
Machinery and equipment________ __________
Agricultural machinery (including tractors)__________
Total tractors________________________________
Steel-mill products_____________________ . . .
Building materials_________________________ ____
____ _________
Soaps.. ______
Synthetic detergents... _ _______ _____ .
Refined petroleum products_______________________
East Coast petroleum_________________________
Mid-continent petroleum________
Gulf Coast petroleum________ _______________
Pacific Coast petroleum________________________
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper____________
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes__________
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork____________
All commodities except farm products. ______________
‘ Preliminary.
»Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Annual
average
1956
July‘ June May Apr. Mar. Feb.
Jan.
Dec. Nov. Oct.
Sept. Aug. July
1956
1955
105.6 103.7
119.9 117.2
147.5 146.2
175.7 175.0
151.4 150.9
132.4 132.5
139.3 139.3
183.0 175.6
131.4 130.7
103.8 103.6
97.9 97.9
125.0 127.3
121.2 123.7
121.7 126.2
127.9 129.2
135.9 135.2
128.8 *128. 6
119.1 117.2
118.0 *118.4
122.3 *121. 8
102.1
121.8
147.3
173.0
149.1
131.6
138.0
172.1
130.5
100.9
97.9
124.6
120.6
121.9
130.1
127.0
128.3
124.1
120.3
121.5
101.6
116.1
147.3
172.4
148.6
131.1
137.2
169.9
130.5
100.4
97.9
120.6
117.5
119.7
121.2
127.0
127.7
123.9
120.0
120.9
102.8
114.3
145.7
171.0
145.2
127.1
134.3
169.8
131.0
100.2
97.9
117.7
116.0
119.9
118.0
114.6
127.6
116.4
122.9
119.7
100.8
114.1
143.3
165.0
142.1
127.4
132.5
163.2
130.6
99.7
95.1
117.5
114.6
118.3
118.8
117.4
127.0
115 4
124.9
118.6
101.0
105.4
132.9
146.8
131.4
122.9
124.7
150.7
125.5
97.8
91.7
111.2
107.6
109.4
117.1
109.6
119.1
110.2
122.9
114.3
102.8
117.0
145.8
174.9
150.7
132.5
139.3
175.7
130.7
103.6
97.9
129.0
125.0
128.4
131.0
135.2
128.6
116.1
118.5
121.7
102.4
119.4
145.9
174.5
150. 6
132.3
139.0
175.3
130.7
103.6
97.9
129.7
128.8
128.4
133.6
130.2
128.3
116.5
119.0
121.7
101.0
119.4
146.5
174.1
150.2
132.3
139.0
175.3
130.5
103.4
97.9
130.0
128.8
129.4
133. 6
130.2
128.5
121.4
118.9
121.6
101.5
115. 3
146.8
173.6
149.8
132.2
138.7
174. 5
130.5
102.9
97.9
130.3
128.8
130.2
133.6
130.2
128.2
124.1
119.6
121.7
102.4
118.4
147.1
172.2
148.3
130.7
137.2
169.9
130.8
100.2
97.9
116.8
114.3
118.3
117.2
116.2
127.6
123.7
120.5
120.6
102.3
112.5
146.3
172.0
146.7
129.2
136.5
169.8
131.0
100.2
97.9
117.6
116.8
118.3
119.1
114.6
127.8
122.9
121.1
120.1
100.7
114.6
144.4
167.1
142.3
126.6
133.2
169.8
131.5
100.2
97.9
117.7
116.0
119.9
117.5
115.7
127.7
114.4
124.6
119.0
101.8
114.6
140.5
163.9
141.1
126.7
132.2
159.6
130.6
100.6
97.9
118.3
115.2
119.9
118.6
118.9
127.4
111.4
126.2
118.0
N ote : For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1171
E.—WORK STOPPAGES
E.—Work Stoppages
T able E - l. Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
W o rk e rs in v o lv ed in sto p p ag es
N u m b e r of sto p p ag es
M o n th a n d y ea r
B eg in n in g in
m o n th or y ea r
1935-39 (average)
1947-49 (average)
1945-...................
1946
........
1947
........
1948
.................... ....................
1949
..... .
1950-....................
1951
..... .
1952
....... .
1953
..... .
1954
....... .
1955
....... .
1956
....... .
I n effect durtag m o n th
B eg in n in g in
m o n th or y e a r
M a n -d a y s idle d u rin g m o n th
or y ea r
I n effect durta g m o n th
1.130.000
2, 380, 000
3, 470,000
4, 600, 000
2.170.000
1,960. 000
3.030.000
2, 410,000
2,862
3, 573
4, 750
4, 985
3,693
3, 419
3, 606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3, 468
4,320
3,825
2,220,000
3, 540, 000
2, 400,000
1, 530,000
2, 650. 000
1,900, 000
N um ber
P e rc e n t of e sti
m a te d w o rk
in g tim e
16, 900, 000
39, 700. 000
38, 000.000
116, 000. 000
34, 600. 000
34.100, 000
50. 500, 000
38, 800,000
22, 900, 000
59, 100, 000
28,300,000
22, 600,000
28, 200, 000
33.100, 000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.21
.26
.29
1956: J u ly ............
A u g u st----S ep te m b er.
O c to b e r.. .
N o v e m b e r.
D ecem b er-
377
398
336
332
242
114
570
625
541
524
403
240
591.000
137.000
156, 000
133.000
158.000
29,000
669.000
699.000
209.000
178, 000
204.000
53,000
12, 500,000
2.960.000
1.630.000
1.180.000
1, 460,000
472,000
1.35
.29
.19
1957: J a n u a ry * „
F e b ru a ry 3.
M a rc h 1___
A p ril *____
M a y *..........
J u n e 3......... .
J u ly 2......... .
225
225
250
400
475
400
400
325
350
375
525
650
600
625
60,000
60.000
80,000
150.000
190.000
140.000
160.000
80,000
130.000
120.000
190.000
260.000
220,000
260,000
550.000
825.000
775.000
1, 380,000
1.850.000
1.850.000
2, 500,000
.06
.09
.08
.14
.18
i T h e d a ta in c lu d e all k n o w n w ork stoppages in v o lv in g six or m ore w orkers
a n d la stin g a full d a y or s h ift or longer. F ig u res on w orkers in v o lv ed a n d
m a n -d ay s idle cover all w orkers m a d e idle for as long as one sh ift in esta b lish
m e n ts d ire ctly inv o lv ed in a sto ppage. T h e y do n o t m e asu re th e in d ire c t or
seco n d ary effects on o th e r e sta b lish m e n ts or in d u s trie s w hose em ployees are
m a d e id le as a re s u lt of m a te ria l or service shortages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.11
.15
.05
.20
.25
3 P re lim in a ry .
N ote: F o r a d escrip tio n of th is series, see T e c h n iq u e s of P re p a rin g M ajo r
B L S S ta tis tic a l Series, B L S B u ll. 1168 (1954).
Source: U . S. D e p a rtm e n t of L a b o r, B u re a u of L a b o r S tatistic s.
1172
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
F.—Building and Construction
T a ble
F -l. Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put In place]
Expenditures (in millions of dollars)
Type of construction
1957
1956
Aug.2 July
June * May
Apr.
Total new construction 1 A.........................
4,591
4,395
4, 347
4,033
Private construction. ________________
Residential buildings (nonfarm)_____
New dwelling units _________
Additions and alterations 8 __ _
Nonhousekeeping______________
Nonresidential buildings 4_________
Industrial.—___ ___________ . . .
Commercial______ _______ . ..
Office buildings and warehouses________________ —
Stores, restaurants, and garages__ _ _ _ _ _
___
Other nonresidential buildings.._
Religious . . . ____________
Educational . ____________
Hospital and institutional »...
Social and recreational______
Miscellaneous_____________
Farm construction___ __________ .
Public utilities_______ __________
Railroad____________ ________
Telephone and telegraph_______
Other public utilities___________
All other private..___ _ _________
Public construction____ ______________
Residential buildings 9- . . . ___
Nonresidential buildings (other than
military facilities)______________
Industrial____________________
Educational ________ _____. . .
Hospital and institutional__ ____
Administrative and service ____
Other nonresidential buildings___
Military facilities 7_______ ________
Highways_____________________ __
Sewer and water systems. . _______
Sewer________________________
W ater________ _______________
Public service enterprises__________
Conservation and development_____
All other public__________________
3,101
1, 553
1,135
374
44
805
266
319
3,039
1, 556
1,125
391
40
774
262
307
3,004
1, 526
1,085
401
40
786
270
309
2,808
1.410
1,000
373
37
747
270
287
167
152
153
152
220
80
47
47
29
17
171
553
41
91
421
19
1, 490
47
155
205
75
42
41
27
20
166
526
41
91
394
17
1, 356
40
156
207
73
43
43
26
22
156
517
40
96
381
19
1, 343
39
418
42
260
30
42
44
125
620
130
76
54
44
95
11
394
41
249
29
37
38
117
545
120
68
52
38
90
12
405
43
254
32
38
38
110
535
120
66
54
38
83
13
1955
Total
Total
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
3,641
3,280
3,000
3,182
3,544
3,964
4,302
4,425
4, 474
46,060
44, 581
2,579
1,300
940
326
34
713
271
263
2,392
1,167
875
258
34
709
269
264
2,217
1,048
795
217
36
704
270
257
2,311
1,137
885
214
38
722
269
269
2, 654
1.362
1,045
277
40
772
274
305
2,922
1, 521
1,140
339
42
804
276
329
3, 003
1.580
1, 195
344
41
797
278
320
3,073
1, 640
1, 240
360
40
787
278
313
3, 122
1. 672
1,260
371
41
786
277
316
33, 242
17, 632
13, 490
3, 695
' 447
8,817
3,084
3,631
32, 620
18, 705
14, 990
3,376
339
7,611
2,399
3| 218
146
135
133
135
143
157
165
160
152
147
1, 684
1,311
141
190
68
40
40
24
18
140
493
38
101
354
18
1, 225
37
128
179
64
39
38
23
15
119
432
37
88
307
15
1,062
34
131
176
63
40
36
23
14
105
398
35
94
269
13
888
30
122
177
65
41
34
23
14
96
357
31
86
240
12
783
30
126
184
67
43
33
24
17
91
350
32
75
243
11
871
29
148
193
71
46
32
26
18
97
413
36
88
289
10
890
30
164
199
74
47
32
27
19
111
475
43
107
325
11
1,042
31
160
199
75
49
31
27
17
130
484
41
100
343
12
1,299
30
161
196
73
49
30
27
17
156
478
40
87
351
12
1,352
25
169
193
71
49
28
27
18
169
483
41
94
348
12
1, 352
25
1,947
2, 102
768
536
328
275
195
1, 560
5| 113
427
1, 066
3, 620
120
12,818
292
1,907
1, 994
' 734
492
351
239
178
1, 600
4, 543
' 374
805
3,364
' 161
11, 961
266
389
43
238
33
38
37
100
455
117
64
53
35
79
13
374
41
233
31
36
33
95
335
113
63
50
30
70
11
345
41
215
27
32
30
84
230
104
58
46
26
60
9
305
37
194
23
27
24
82
195
93
53
40
21
51
6
336
44
211
24
30
27
93
225
100
56
44
24
57
7
324
45
201
23
29
26
98
239
100
56
44
27
65
7
344
45
210
26
33
30
117
326
110
60
50
32
73
9
371
42
226
30
38
35
141
512
120
65
55
35
79
11
381
41
231
30
39
40
146
543
121
65
56
39
84
13
390
43
236
29
39
43
143
530
125
69
56
40
87
12
4,072
' 453
2, 549
298
362
410
1,395
4,470
L 275
701
574
384
826
104
4, 218
' 721
2, 442
' 322
331
402
1, 3Í3
4,050
1,085
' 615
470
233
701
95
1 Estimated monetary value of new construction put in place during the
periods shown, including major additions and alterations but excluding
maintenance and repair. These figures differ from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building permit activity (tables E-3, F-4,
and F-5) and the data on value of contract awards (table F-2).
3 Preliminary.
8 Includes revisions in the series on residential additions and alterations,
and data are not comparable with those published in issues preceding June
1957. See Technical Note on Revised Estimates of Residential Additions
and Alterations, 1945-56, on page 973 of the August 1957 issue.
4 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build
ing are included under “Public utilities.”
8 Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1956
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
*Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as house
keeping units.
7 Covers all building and nonbuilding construction, except production
facilities (which are included in public industrial building), and Armed
Forces housing under the Capehart program (which is included in public
residential building).
•Revised.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing
Major BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: Joint estimates of the U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics and U. S. Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration.
1173
F.—BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-2. Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (in millions of dollars)
1956
1957
Ownership and type of construction
July
June
1956
1955
Total
Total
May* Apr.* Mar.* Feb.*
Jan.*
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Total public construction----------------- 1,293.3 1,103.9 970.9 1,107. 2 768.1
923.3
823.9
769.4
837.9
769.5
836.3 1,100.1 1,102.8 10, 372.2
9,000.5
Federally owned___ ______________ 363.3 203.1 309.0 345.2
21.5 115.4
29.0
64.5
Residential buildings___________
57.2
58.2
71.7
Nonresidential buildings------------ 195.5
7.2
1.0
8.7
4.0
______
Educational___
.4
4.6
1.4
Hospital and institutional------ 29.1
3.5
10.8
7.5
Administrative and se rv ice__ 61.6
44.0
59.6
41.6
Other nonresidential buildings. 97.6
7.4
11.6
5.1
20.3
Airfield buildings_____ _
7.7
9.8
8.2
7.7
Troop housing__________
4.0
5.9
2.7
11.3
Warehouses. ______ ___
36.3
21.7
25.3
All o th e r .- ______ ___ ___ 57.8
49.7
24.7
34.7
Airfields
_______
________ 26.4
83.1
30.0 143.0
Conservation and development___ 66.6
4.1
15.8
11 6
6.8
2.9
23.3
6.0
5.7
Electric power________ ________
14.2
18.3
12.5
All other federally owned________ 28.2
State and locally owned____________ 930.0 900.8 661.9 762.0
7.4
14.7
21.7
Residential buildings________ ___ 27.5
Nonresidential buildings_________ 337.8 345.2 256.2 300.8
234.9
Educational_____ ____ ___ 231.9 237.6 191.6
17.4
15.8
43.6
Hospital and institutional____ 35.8
20.1
25.0
34.2
23.3
Administrative and service
25.1
27.1
40.7
Other nonresidential buildings. 35.9
Highways----------- ----------------- 414.7 306. 7 289.5 349.6
75.4
67.7
Sewer and water systems________ 103.7 172.6
43.6
44.1
74.4
94.4
31.8
23.6
78.2
29.3
Water
_______
17.4
18.8
27.3
Public service enterprises________ 33.3
7.7
9.0
9.0
23.7
Electric pow er..-----------------9.7
9.8
9.6
18.3
4.5
8.6
20.3
Conservation and development.. _ 4.8
6.4
6.9
7.0
All other State and locally owned. _ 8.2
210.2
30.2
87.1
20.5
16.1
4.5
46.0
5.6
5.6
3.5
31.3
7.9
52.8
9.3
7.9
15.0
713.1
21.8
252. 8
184.9
12.6
23.3
32.0
317.1
68.9
37.3
31.6
33.1
17.1
16.0
12.0
7.4
176.4 119.0 151.9 134.1 111.6
1.0
19.6
1.2
8.9
19.9
37.4
63.9
97.6
57.3
50.8
.7
.3
1.4
.9
6.7
1.7
.5
.5
6.8
1.1
6. 5
4.1
5.1
3.8
3.0
32.5
58.0
52.9
79.0
44.5
3.9
5. 6
6.4
1.8
3.0
1.8
7.2
4.7
20.3
11.7
1.6
3.8
1.2
2.0
3.6
50.7
54.9
15.9
40.6
26.2
7.5
5.2
4.7
21.6
28.0
22.6
27.9
55.7
26.5
62.6
5.8
10.0
9.3
8.8
7.1
2.9
1.6
1.6
2.1
3.9
7.9
4.6
1.5
1.9
4.1
647.5 650.4 686.0 635.4 724.7
12.3
23.0
31.7
17.6
13.8
272.2 253.5 252.8 259.8 286.6
211.5 189.3 175.0 173.7 192.9
15.5
43.4
28.2
15.3
13.9
54.2
16.1
27.7
21.0
22.9
26.6
24.0
21.9
27.9
23.9
240.5 278.1 269.1 223.6 271.9
84.6 103.8
93.7
65.2
80.8
74. 9
54.7
36.2
50.3
49.1
28.9
29.9
43.4
29.0
31.7
17.6
26.0
26.0
25.2
31.2
15.1
17.9
17.8
9.0
11.2
10.9
8.6
8.2
7.3
20.0
14.5
12.1
12.9
5.8
4.1
9. 6
5.0
8.5
6.0
4.9
2, 037. 4
128. 1
909. 4
23. 7
43. 9
87.3
754. 5
72.1
122. 7
63. 2
496. 5
155. 7
511.0
91.9
177.5
63. 8
8, 334.8
253. 2
3, 202. 8
2, 289.0
278.9
320.8
314. 1
3, 211. 6
1,100.0
658. 9
441.1
336. 5
227.2
109. 3
139.3
91. 4
1, 556.0
61. 4
885. 5
21. 6
77. 5
66.7
719. 7
103. 8
54.1
84.0
477. 8
157. 4
271.9
58.5
43.5
77. 8
7, 444. 5
210.1
2, 842.0
2,107. 2
185.9
263.0
285. 9
2, 933. 5
895. 5
501. 9
393.6
378.0
247.4
130.6
117. 2
68. 2
June
217.3
19.3
67.3
1.5
2.0
1.5
62.3
9.3
16.4
5.8
30.8
27.0
49.7
3.4
25.6
25.0
550.8
31.4
256.1
175.9
27.4
29.2
23.6
186.2
55.4
16.6
38.8
11.7
8.2
3.5
5.1
4.9
1Includes major force account projects started (construction done directly
by a government agency using a separate work force to perform nonmainte
nance construction on the agency’s own property).
♦Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
184.9
6.8
46.3
2.3
3. 4
6. 3
34. 3
4.1
6.1
4. 5
19.6
6.1
54.8
8.6
58.3
4.0
915. 2
21.4
284.3
199.2
24.1
26.1
34. 9
349.3
125.5
49.3
76.2
111.6
103.6
8.0
11.9
11. 2
344.1
15. 7
176.0
4. 8
5. 2
22.1
143. 9
8.8
40.1
4.0
91.0
17.7
41.7
17.4
64.3
11.3
758. 7
22. 7
287. 4
184.1
27.9
40.1
35. 3
305.1
104. 1
60.1
44.0
23.4
8.6
14.8
9.0
7.0
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics and U. 8*
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense Services Administration-
1174
T a ble
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
F~3. Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
V a l u a t i o n ( in m i l l i o n s o f d o lla r s )
C la s s o f c o n s t r u c t io n , o w n e r s h i p ,
a n d t y p e o f b u ild in g
1957
June
M ay*
A p r .*
1956
M ar.
F eb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
June*
A l l b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n ................................. 1 ,7 2 8 .3 1 ,8 2 1 . 9 1, 710. 6 1 ,5 3 1 .0 1, 2 1 5 .3 1 ,1 1 0 .0 1 ,0 5 3 . 0 1, 340. 4 1, 652. 8 1, 440. 6
1, 732 7 1, 7 1 6 .7 1, 842. 8
P r i v a t e _____________ ______ ________
1 ,4 8 4 .0 1 ,6 4 0 . 7 1, 5 2 9 .3 1 ,3 7 0 .3 1, 053. 3
9 7 6 .2
9 2 5 .5 1 ,1 9 2 . 8 1, 483. 0 1, 308. 9 1, 591. 3 1, 559. 3 i ; 596. 2
P u b l i c _______________________ _______
2 4 4 .3
1 8 1 .3
1 8 1 .3
1 6 0 .7
1 6 2 .0
1 3 3 .8
1 2 7 .4
1 4 7 .6
1 6 9 .8
1 4 1 .4
1 3 1 .7
1 5 7 .5 ' 2 4 6 .7
N e w r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g ........................ _
D w e llin g u n it s (h o u s e k e e p in g o n ly )
P r i v a t e l y o w n e d _________________
1f a m i l y _________ ________
2f a m i l y .....................................
3- a n d 4 - f a m i l y _____________
5 - o r -m o r e f a m i l y ___________
P u b l i c l y o w n e d . . . _____ ________
N o n h o u s e k e e p i n g b u i l d i n g s ...............
N e w n o n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s __________
C o m m e r c i a l b u i l d i n g s ______________
A m u s e m e n t b u i l d i n g s . .................
C o m m e r c i a l g a r a g e s ........................
G a s o l in e a n d s e r v i c e s t a t i o n s . .
O ffic e b u i l d i n g s _________________
S t o r e s a n d o t h e r m e r c a n t il e
b u i l d i n g s ___ ___________________
C o m m u n i t y b u i l d i n g s .............................
E d u c a t i o n a l b u i l d i n g s __________
I n s t i t u t i o n a l b u i l d i n g s _________
R e l i g i o u s b u i l d i n g s _____________
G a r a g e s , p r i v a t e r e s i d e n t i a l ________
I n d u s t r i a l b u i l d i n g s .................................
P u b l i c b u i l d i n g s _____________________
P u b l i c u t i l i t i e s b u i l d i n g s ___________
A ll o th e r n o n r e s id e n tia l b u ild in g s ..
A d d i t i o n s , a l t e r a t i o n s , a n d r e p a ir s ____
8 9 1 .3
879. 6
820. 9
734. 0
2 0 .0
9. 9
57. 0
58. 7
11. 8
648. 2
1 7 8 .0
13. 6
6 .9
13. 8
58. 8
9 4 8 .7
930. 9
914. 0
817. 2
2 0 .4
1 1 .9
6 4 .6
1 6 .9
1 7 .8
6 7 5 .1
2 1 8 .5
1 3 .1
6 .0
15. 5
94. 4
9 0 8 .7
8 9 5 .4
8 8 3 .1
7 9 4 .1
21. 4
1 1 .3
5 6 .2
1 2 .3
1 3 .3
6 2 1 .8
1 9 1 .6
15. 5
7 .3
1 5 .0
67. 4
8 1 7 .0
8 0 0 .7
7 9 9 .0
7 1 0 .3
2 0 .1
1 0 .4
5 8 .2
1 .7
1 6 .4
5 5 6 .1
1 6 2 .4
1 0 .1
3 .6
1 4 .0
5 2 .8
5 9 5 .9
5 8 4 .6
5 7 1 .1
5 0 4 .2
1 7 .1
7 .5
4 2 .3
1 3 .6
1 1 .3
4 9 0 .5
1 3 2 .2
5 .9
3 .7
1 2 .2
5 1 .9
5 4 2 .7
5 3 5 .2
5 2 8 .0
4 6 5 .4
1 2 .7
8 .0
4 1 .9
7 .2
7 .5
4 4 8 .6
1 1 6 .2
7 .2
4 .2
1 2 .5
3 8 .0
5 2 8 .7
519. 9
5 1 4 .0
4 5 4 .0
1 1 .8
5. 4
4 2 .8
5 .9
8 .9
414. 4
1 3 5 .7
5 .7
4 .0
1 0 .3
5 7 .6
6 8 2 .6
6 7 4 .7
6 6 7 .8
6 0 9 .3
1 5 .7
7 .2
3 5 .5
6 .9
7 .9
5 2 6 .4
1 5 3 .0
1 0 .6
4 .7
1 3 .9
5 6 .1
8 7 8 .5
863. 5
8 3 6 .6
7 7 4 .9
1 7 .8
9 .8
3 4 .1
2 6 .9
1 4 .9
6 0 7 .6
1 7 7 .1
8 .9
5 .8
1 7 .2
4 4 .0
7 7 2 .7
7 6 1 .4
7 4 6 .9
6 8 8 .4
1 6 .4
7 .6
3 4 .4
1 4 .6
1 1 .3
5 2 5 .3
1 6 3 .4
1 0 .2
3 .6
1 5 .4
5 7 .5
9 6 9 .8
9 4 6 .9
9 4 2 .4
8 6 9 .6
1 8 .6
7 .7
4 6 .4
4 .5
2 2 .9
5 8 1 .0
1 8 7 .6
7 .5
5 .1
1 5 .5
6 7 .1
8 9 6 .6
8 8 7 .1
8 8 1 .0
8 2 4 .3
1 8 .4
6 .9
3 1 .4
6 .1
9 .5
6 3 6 .7
1 9 2 .8
1 2 .7
7 .0
1 3 .6
7 8 .4
9 7 3 .0
9 6 3 .6
9 3 7 .5
8 7 9 .2
1 7 .9
6 .5
3 3 .8
2 6 .1
9 .4
6 9 6 .8
2 1 6 .7
1 0 .7
6 .8
15. 2
9 7 .2
8 4 .9
2 2 2 .1
121. 2
53. 7
47. 2
22. 7
1 0 1 .2
64. 9
37. 2
2 2 .1
1 8 8 .7
8 9 .6
2 4 0 .9
155. 6
3 6 .2
4 9 .1
2 3 .1
9 6 .2
2 6 .8
4 5 .8
2 3 .7
1 9 8 .2
8 6 .4
2 1 4 .9
1 3 6 .6
31. 5
4 6 .8
19. 5
102. 8
33. 5
3 7 .4
2 2 .0
1 8 0 .1
8 1 .8
2 1 4 .7
1 3 8 .0
3 6 .2
4 0 .5
1 4 .5
9 6 .5
2 6 .7
2 1 .9
1 9 .4
1 5 7 .9
5 8 .5
1 4 9 .7
9 7 .9
2 2 .2
2 9 .7
6 .7
8 3 .3
5 3 .0
5 1 .3
1 4 .3
1 2 8 .9
5 4 .2
1 6 8 .1
1 1 0 .9
3 0 .3
2 7 .0
5 .2
8 7 .3
2 4 .9
3 5 .0
1 1 .9
1 1 8 .7
5 8 .2
1 4 5 .2
9 9 .6
1 6 .3
2 9 .2
6 .4
5 9 .8
2 3 .1
2 8 .4
1 5 .9
1 0 9 .8
6 7 .8
1 7 5 .6
1 2 0 .6
2 4 .4
3 0 .6
1 3 .8
1 0 5 .5
2 9 .1
2 7 .5
2 1 .8
1 3 1 .4
1 0 1 .2
2 0 8 .5
1 2 5 .0
4 1 .5
4 2 .0
2 3 .4
1 2 2 .9
2 6 .7
2 9 .9
1 9 .1
1 6 6 .7
7 6 .7
1 8 0 .9
1 0 6 .6
3 2 .2
4 2 .1
2 2 .4
9 7 .7
2 1 .4
2 3 .2
1 6 .3
1 4 2 .5
9 2 .4
1 9 0 .5
1 0 2 .6
4 7 .5
4 0 .4
2 3 .9
105. 2
2 4 .4
3 2 .4
1 6 .9
1 8 1 .9
8 1 .1
2 0 8 .9
1 1 0 .7
5 2 .6
4 5 .6
2 1 .8
1 2 5 .2
3 0 .6
3 7 .1
2 0 .3
1 8 3 .4
8 6 .9
2 1 5 .9
149. 6
2 6 .8
3 9 .4
20. 6
1 2 0 .8
6 7 .2
3 4 .2
2 1 .4
1 7 2 .9
w iaro i/u u u u u u ig u u u s n u u u u u u u m o n z e a oy lo c a l D uuain g p e r m i t s
In a ll l o c a l i t i e s ( o v e r 7 ,0 0 0 ) h a v i n g b u i ld in g - p e r m i t s y s t e m s — r u r a l n o n f a r m
a s w e ll a s u r b a n . F ig u r e s o n t h e a m o u n t o f c o n s tr u c t io n c o n tr a c ts a w a r d e d
fo r F e d e r a l p r o j e c t s a n d fo r p u b l i c h o u s i n g ( F e d e r a l , S t a t e , a n d l o c a l) i n
e r m it-iss u in g p la c e s a r e a d d e d to t h e v a lu a tio n d a ta ( e s t im a t e d c o s t e n te r e d
y b u i ld e r s o n b u i l d i n g - p e r m i t a p p l i c a t i o n s ) fo r p r i v a t e l y o w n e d p r o j e c t s ;
c o n s t r u c t i o n u n d e r t a k e n b y S t a t e a n d lo c a l g o v e r n m e n t s is r e p o r t e d b y lo c a l
o f f i c ia l s . B e c a u s e p e r m i t v a l u a t i o n s g e n e r a ll y u n d e r s t a t e t h e a c t u a l c o s t o f
E
T a ble
1956
1955
T o ta l
T o ta l
18, 7 6 0 .7
16' 8 8 4 .7
1, 8 7 6 .0
1 8 ,9 3 9 .0
1 7 ,2 6 4 . 3
l', 6 7 4 .7
10,
10,
9'
9,
280. 6
138. 5
9 6 2 .1
211. 3
2 1 4 .8
87. 9
4 4 8 .1
1 7 6 .4
142. 2
6, 649. 7
2 , 0 7 8 .0
' 113. 4
6 0 .0
165. 5
7 3 4 .4
11, 6 9 6 .1
l l | 5 3 5 .1
1 1 ,3 8 6 .4
10| 6 4 3 .1
208. 4
8 4 .0
4 5 1 .0
1 4 8 .7
1 6 1 .1
5, 593 7
l | 8 5 8 .7
9 9 .4
6 6 .7
1 4 0 .0
5 5 3 .4
1 ,0 0 4 . 7
9 9 9 .1
1, 9 4 6 .2
1, 2 4 2 .3
' 3 0 7 .7
3 9 6 .2
187. 6
830. 4
3 0 6 .6
2 7 3 .1
1 9 1 .0
1 ,6 4 9 .1
2, 2 2 5 .7
1, 4 0 7 .1
367. 8
450. 8
2 0 1 .9
1, 260. 5
' 3 2 6 .9
326. 7
229. 9
1, 830. 4
c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d b e c a u s e o f l a p s e d p e r m i t s a n d t h e la g b e t w e e n p e r m i t
iss u a n c e or c o n tr a c t-a w a r d e d d a te s a n d s ta r t o f c o n s tr u c t io n , th e se d a ta d o
n o t r e p r e s e n t t h e v o lu m e o f b u ild in g c o n s tr u c t io n s ta r t e d .
B e c a u s e o f r o u n d in g , s u m s o f in d iv id u a l it e m s d o n o t n e c e s s a r ily e q u a l
to ta ls .
• R e v is e d .
Source; U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
F-4. Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
V a l u a t i o n ( in m i l l i o n s o f d o lla r s )
C la s s o f c o n s t r u c t io n a n d
g e o g r a p h ic r e g io n
1957
June
M ay*
A p r .*
1956
M ar.
F eb.
Dec.
Jan.
N ov.
O ct.
S e p t.
A ug.
J u ly
June*
A l l b u i l d i n g c o n s t r u c t i o n 1______
1 ,7 2 8 .3 1, 821. 9 1 ,7 1 0 . 6 1 ,5 3 1 .0 1, 2 1 5 .3 1 ,1 1 0 .0 1 ,0 5 3 .0 1 ,3 4 0 . 4 1, 6 5 2 .8 1, 440. 6 1, 732. 7 1, 7 1 6 .7
1, 8 4 2 .8
N o r t h e a s t _____________________ ________
3 3 3 .4
4 3 1 .4
3 5 3 .0
3 3 6 .4
2 3 5 .9
1 9 6 .4
2 4 3 .9
2 9 1 .2
3 4 6 .8
3 3 7 .6
3 6 3 .5
3 4 1 .5
4 3 6 .1
N o r t h C e n t r a l ________________________
5 5 5 .6
5 4 2 .1
5 3 6 .5
4 4 6 .5
3 2 0 .6
2 4 2 .0
2 5 8 .0
3 8 7 .0
5 3 7 .3
4 4 6 .6
5 4 8 .2
5 5 5 .7
5 6 6 .8
S o u t h _______________________________
4 5 3 .1
4 2 6 .0
4 0 4 .6
3 5 4 .9
3 5 7 .9
3 3 9 .7
2 7 2 .0
3 1 7 .0
3 8 6 .3
3 3 5 .0
3 9 8 .2
3 9 4 .1
4 0 3 .9
W e s t ___________ __________ _________
3 8 6 .1
4 2 2 .4
4 1 6 .5
3 9 3 .2
3 0 0 .8
3 3 1 .9
2 7 9 .1
3 4 5 .2
3 8 2 .4
3 2 1 .4
4 2 2 .8
4 2 5 .4
4 3 6 .0
N e w d w e l l i n g u n i t s ( h o u s e k e e p in g o n l y ) .
N o r t h e a s t ______________ _____
N o r t h C e n t r a l ________________ .
S o u t h ________________________
W e s t __________ ____________
N e w n o n r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s ________
N o r t h e a s t ________________
N o r t h C e n t r a l ................................
S o u t h _______________
.
W e s t ________________
A d d i t i o n s , a l t e r a t i o n s , a n d r e p a ir s _____
N o r t h e a s t __________________
N o r t h C e n t r a l . . ...............................
S o u t h ___________________
W e s t . .................................................
8 7 9 .6
1 8 1 .4
2 7 7 .6
2 2 0 .2
2 0 0 .3
6 4 8 .2
1 1 0 .7
2 2 9 .5
1 7 0 .7
1 3 7 .3
1 8 8 .7
3 9 .2
4 6 .2
5 7 .4
4 5 .9
9 3 0 .9
1 8 9 .9
2 8 3 .0
2 3 2 .9
2 2 5 .2
6 7 5 .1
1 8 7 .8
2 0 2 .1
135. 8
1 4 9 .4
1 9 8 .2
5 0 .9
5 5 .0
4 8 .6
4 3 .7
8 9 5 .4
1 9 0 .5
266. 7
2 1 0 .6
2 2 7 .7
6 2 1 .8
124. 1
2 1 6 .5
139. 5
1 4 1 .7
1 8 0 .1
3 6 .8
5 1 .1
5 0 .1
4 2 .2
8 0 0 .7
1 5 8 .1
2 4 0 .0
1 8 5 .5
2 1 7 .1
5 5 6 .1
1 4 1 .0
1 6 4 .8
1 1 8 .0
1 3 2 .3
1 5 7 .9
3 4 .9
3 9 .6
4 3 .2
4 0 .2
5 8 4 .6
9 6 .7
1 4 6 .1
1 7 5 .2
1 6 6 .7
4 9 0 .5
1 1 4 .1
1 4 0 .3
1 3 7 .0
9 9 .2
1 2 8 .9
2 4 .0
3 2 .8
3 9 .8
3 2 .4
* S e e f o o t n o t e 1, t a b l e F - 3 .
1 I n c lu d e s n e w n o n h o u s e k e e p in g r e s id e n t ia l b u ild in g , n o t s h o w n s e p a r a te ly .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5 3 5 .2
8 6 .9
1 0 6 .7
1 7 2 .5
1 6 9 .1
4 4 8 .6
8 3 .3
1 1 0 .0
1 3 1 .0
1 2 4 .3
1 1 8 .7
2 4 .7
2 4 .8
3 5 .3
3 3 .8
5 1 9 .9
1 1 8 .0
1 2 7 .1
1 3 2 .6
1 4 2 .1
4 1 4 .4
9 9 .2
9 9 .0
1 0 8 .4
1 0 7 .8
1 0 9 .8
2 4 .1
3 0 .1
2 9 .4
2 6 .2
6 7 4 .7
1 5 1 .2
1 9 3 .9
149. 9
1 7 9 .7
5 2 6 .4
1 1 1 .4
1 5 7 .5
1 3 0 .1
1 2 7 .5
1 3 1 .4
2 7 .5
3 4 .0
3 4 .8
3 5 .2
8 6 3 .5
1 9 2 .6
2 6 7 .2
2 0 2 .5
2 0 1 .2
6 0 7 .6
1 1 5 .9
2 1 3 .2
1 3 8 .6
1 4 0 .0
166. 7
3 4 .1
5 3 .2
4 1 .6
3 7 .8
7 6 1 .4
1 6 8 .5
255. 5
1 7 1 .5
1 6 6 .0
5 2 5 .3
1 3 3 .8
1 4 6 .8
1 2 5 .1
1 1 9 .6
1 4 2 .5
3 3 .3
4 0 .6
3 6 .0
3 2 .5
946. 9
1 9 4 .5
3 0 6 .4
2 1 4 .8
2 3 1 .2
5 8 1 .0
124.1
1 8 6 .9
128 .1
1 4 1 .8
1 8 1 .9
4 2 .7
5 2 .3
4 5 .8
4 1 .1
8 8 7 .1
1 8 7 .3
2 9 1 .3
2 0 0 .1
2 0 8 .3
6 3 6 .7
113 9
209 6
1 4 0 .0
173. 2
1 8 3 .4
3 9 .2
5 2 .0
5 0 .2
4 2 .0
9 6 3 .6
2 2 3 .7
3 1 9 .6
1 9 8 .6
2 2 1 .6
6 9 6 .8
1 7 2 .4
1 9 7 .2
1 5 8 .0
1 6 9 .2
1 7 2 .9
3 8 .1
4 7 .5
4 4 .4
4 2 .9
1956
1955
T o ta l
T o ta l
18, 7 6 0 .7
4, 047. 8
5 ,6 7 0 . 7
4, 462. 6
4, 5 7 9 .7
18, 9 3 9 .0
4 ,1 2 9 .6
5, 715. 4
4, 667. 7
4, 4 2 6 .2
1 0 ,1 3 8 . 5
2 ,1 9 6 . 6
3 ,1 3 7 .0
2, 3 4 7 .1
2, 457. 9
6, 649. 7
1, 4 3 1 .6
1, 991. 4
1, 591. 5
1, 635. 2
1 ,8 3 0 . 4
3 9 4 .1
5 1 0 .2
4 8 1 .9
4 4 4 .2
11, 5 3 5 .1
2, 5 0 0 .1
3, 488. 5
2, 7 0 0 .9
2 ,8 4 5 .7
5, 593. 7
1, 233. 8
1, 748. 7
1, 455. 4
1 ,1 5 5 .9
1, 6 4 9 .1
3 6 4 .9
4 4 9 .2
4 5 1 .1
3 8 3 .9
‘ R e v is e d
S ou rce: U . S . D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
1175
F.—BUILDING a n d c o n s t r u c t io n
T able F-5. Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and State 1
Valuation (in millions of dollars)
May
All States________________
Metropolitan areasa____
Nonmetropolitan areas...
1956
1957
State and location
Apr.*
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Nov.
Dec.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June*
May
1956
1955
Total
Total
1,821.9 1, 710. 6 1, 531.0 1,215.3 1,110.0 1, 053. 0 1,340. 4 1, 652. 8 1, 440. 6 1, 732.7 1, 716. 7 1, 842. 8 1,926.4 18, 760. 7 18, 939.0
1, 415. 5 1,321.3 1,200.6 961.1 863.7 841.6 1,032.0 1, 294.1 1,101. 4 1, 350. 2 1,330. 7 1,454. 5 1,515.2 14, 667. 4 15, 108. 9
406.4 389.3 330.4 254.2 246.3 211.4 308.4 358.7 339.2 382.5 386.0 388.3 411.2 4, 093. 3 3, 830.1
Alabama.................................
Arizona............. ...................
Arkansas________ _______
California.___ ___________
Colorado________________
19.9
18.4
6.2
301.1
21.0
20.0
22.8
6.2
299.9
19.5
14.1
18.1
6.4
278.9
21.9
15.2
13.6
9.0
212.3
21.8
14.3
26.8
5.0
229.4
19.7
11.0
11.4
3.4
203.5
20.2
14.7
16.3
3.7
242.0
23.0
14.3
19.7
4.5
255.6
41.2
14.1
12.4
5.3
205.7
16.8
14.2
18.0
5.3
291.6
23.7
15.6
16.7
4.3
314.1
17.9
14.6
18.4
5.0
281.9
28.8
17.0
19.3
5.7
286.7
20.7
173.1
189.7
57.4
3,163. 2
279.2
166.5
165.8
54.3
3, 065.1
280.6
Connecticut............................
Delaware_______ ________
District of Columbia______
Florida.................................. .
Georgia................... .............. .
41.2
4.9
6.3
88.8
19.3
35.8
5.2
8.4
79.4
27.5
42.0
3.2
3.9
76.0
20.6
22.3
5.4
2.8
72.2
22.1
21.1
6.1
5.3
70.3
20.2
22.6
3.4
2.4
57.8
12.8
37.1
6.5
4.4
65.7
17.4
33.0
7.8
17.9
77.5
19.2
29.8
3.2
8.9
61.7
20.2
34.6
6.2
3.6
79.3
23.7
30.9
3.8
6.1
72.9
24.2
41.1
8.3
4.5
74.9
23.2
37.9
5.5
6.0
73.8
26.7
375.1
66.0
70.2
834.8
250.2
359.1
62.0
87.7
746.9
276.7
Idaho......................................
Illinois__________________
Indiana_____________ ___
Iowa....... ................................
Kansas______ ___________
3.9
115. 9
34.9
16.4
12.3
4.5
142.0
33.0
17.3
9.9
3.5
111.7
51.3
11.2
10.8
1.3
93.2
20.7
6.0
10.0
2.0
61.5
23.2
4.3
5.8
1.3
75.2
20.5
7.6
8.7
3.3
92.6
30.7
13.0
14.2
4.3
3.3
118.8 106.9
40. 1 34.1
21.6
16.7
11.4
13.3
3.7
117.3
51.2
15.6
10.3
3.1
119.5
38.4
14.9
13.0
3.6
125.0
41.0
18.9
10.9
6.3
138.8
58.3
21.4
13.2
39.6
1, 333. 8
432.0
181.9
151.9
36.5
1,261.6
381.0
180.1
195.4
Kentucky..............................
Louisiana________ ______
M aine_____ ____________
M aryland________ _____ _
Massachusetts........ ............
22.5
24.2
4.9
44.6
41.9
16.1
17.9
3.7
36.0
39.0
16.8
17.4
2.5
30.8
51.2
13.6
20.4
1.0
37.9
28.4
6.5
19.3
.6
27.3
18.5
10.1
18.6
.8
28.5
25.9
10.6
14.9
2.7
28.0
39.5
11.2
21.7
2.7
36.4
42.5
13.9
19.7
3.9
26.5
47.2
15.6
24.2
2.8
49.1
40.0
22.3
21.5
3.9
33.7
46.4
14.1
20.5
4.5
40.2
39.2
20.0
30.5
4.6
46.5
45.1
168.2
273.1
33.9
429.8
470.0
189.3
292.6
29.8
494.4
445.1
Michigan____ __________
Minnesota______________
Mississippi........ .................
Missouri________________
M ontana............. ........ ..........
97.6
53.7
3.2
16.8
3.9
99.4
43.1
6.0
25.8
5.1
74.2
20.1
2.8
24.7
3.0
48.2
18.3
3.6
18.6
2.3
45.2
10.4
2.5
16.7
1.3
38.9
15.0
3.0
15.3
.9
72.8
22.5
3.5
19.4
2.3
114.2
30.8
4. 1
29.9
3.2
81.4
40.2
5.2
22.4
5.9
112.6
38.1
4. 1
30.3
3.2
113.9
36.2
5.1
27.7
4.2
98.2
41.0
3.8
28.4
5.5
124.5
51.9
5.0
26.7
5.0
1,084. 6
376.2
52.5
306.7
41.5
1,130. 4
403.3
50.3
336.4
41.7
Nebraska...............................
N ev ad a...____ __________
New Hampshire...................
New Jersey______ _____ _
New Mexico..................... .
15.2
3.6
3.0
71.8
7.9
6.1
7.2
4.5
72.3
7.0
5.6
4.3
2.1
58.8
6.7
4.7
3.0
1.5
50.4
5.4
2.4
3.6
1.1
40.3
9.0
2.6
2.3
1.6
55.6
5.4
5.6
3.7
3. 1
54.1
7.2
8.7
3.0
4. 4
73.6
6.5
6.2
5.7
2.9
62.8
7.0
8.3
3.0
3.8
68.8
7.1
10.2
2.6
3.6
64.0
6.6
8.0
3.1
3.8
72.4
5.9
7.5
3.9
6.2
83.6
6.8
82.0
45.5
37.8
810.5
77.2
100.0
75.3
41.2
832.3
85.7
New York_____ _________
North Carolina......... ...........
North Dakota___________
Ohio............... ............ ..........
Oklahoma_______________
191.0
18.5
5.4
123.9
10.6
117.7
21.5
2.9
99.1
10.9
111.6
16.2
1.6
94.7
10.3
80.8
15.2
.5
73.6
9. 2
73.0
16.1
.3
52.6
7.2
86.9
11.9
.9
53.5
8.2
100.8
14.9
1. 8
78.8
15.9
120.8
16.7
3.5
111. 1
9. 4
129.6 140.9
14.4
20. 4
4. C
6.0
83.5 116. 1
13.4
13.0
116.4
20.4
3.9
136.0
12.0
166.9
17.5
6.6
139.8
13.5
138.5
29.5
5.0
132.1
13.9
1, 470. 0
221.4
40.5
1, 202.0
143. 2
1, 489. 9
216. 4
35.6
1, 216. 0
149. 2
Oregon ..................................
Pennsylvania____ _______
Rhode Island____________
South Carolina......................
South Dakota........................
14.0
71.6
5.2
5.1
4.1
12.1
74.4
4.3
8.2
6.0
11.4
64.1
2.9
4.4
2.0
7.9
49.6
1.8
4. 7
1.0
12.8
39.9
1.6
4.9
.9
7.2
47.2
3.1
5.3
1.0
11.9
48.6
4.6
4.7
1.6
13.4
65.5
3.6
6. £
4.5
16.3
55.1
3.5
5. 1
3.2
17.5
67.2
4.9
5.4
2.6
16.9
67.8
8. 1
6.5
3.3
21.1
92.5
14.1
6.0
5.3
23.9
87.5
4.4
8.0
4.5
182.0
780.7
59.6
75.8
37.4
157.2
871.9
49.0
94.6
36.9
Tennessee___ ___________
Texas___________________
U tah ................................... .
Verm ont................................
Virginia..................................
21.6
87.0
14.2
.9
36.4
18.3
83.2
8.1
1.3
33.8
15.4
82.4
13.3
1.2
29.6
10. 5
77. 1
7.6
.2
33.7
8.9
98.2
4.3
.2
24.7
13.6
56. 1
4.3
.2
23.2
17.0
64. £
9.0
.6
24.8
15.7
76.1
8. 1
.6
40.7
15.5
71. £
12.6
2. £
31.2
16.5
75.2
14.8
.6
36.1
24.4
78.1
8.7
.5
37.3
19.1
75.1
13.1
1.5
55.5
21.1
84.3
12.0
1.9
58.0
213.0
916.9
145.2
10.1
452.4
219.6
1,024. 6
118.7
11.3
475.2
Washington____ _________
West Virginia.......................
Wisconsin............................
Wyoming..............................
32.5
6.8
45.9
1.8
28.5
6.0
51.8
1.8
30.5
4.6
38.7
1.6
24.7
5.2
26.0
.8
22.2
3.1
18.7
.9
20.7
2.8
18.8
1.9
25.7
5.2
34.0
.8
24.8
6.2
40. £
3.4
32.7
5.1
36.6
2.0
37.4
5.8
39.7
2.7
32.8
5.9
38.9
1.8
51.7
7.9
43.6
3.1
35.9
6.2
52.6
2.2
390.6
64.4
442.0
25.6
381.0
67.4
438.8
18.6
1 See footnote 1, table F-3.
* Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1950 Census.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
♦Revised.
Source: U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1176
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1957
T able F-6. Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o s t 1
Number of new dwelling units started
Period
Total
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
1956
1953: First quarter___
Second quarter..
Third quarter...
Fourth quarter1954: First quarter__
Second quarter..
Third quarter...
Fourth qu arter1955: First quarter___
January_____
February____
March.........
Second quarter..
April..........
M ay........... .
June.________
Third q u arter...
Ju ly .................
August______
September___
Fourth quarter..
O cto b cr........
November___
December___
1956: First quarter___
January_____
February........
M arch______
Second quarter..
April...............
M a y ..______
June...... ..........
Third q uarter...
July . ..............
A ugust..........
September___
Fourth quarter..
October...........
November___
December____
1957: First quarter___
January______
February.........
March_______
Second quarter 3.
April*..............
M a y 3_______
Ju n e 3-----------Third quarter....
July 3_______
1.396.000
1,091,300
1.127.000
1,103,800
1,220,400
1,328,900
1,118,100
257.100
324.300
285.000
237.400
236.800
332, 700
346.000
304.900
291.300
87, 600
89. 900
113.800
404.400
132.000
137.600
134, 800
362.200
122.600
124.700
114.900
271.200
105.800
89, 200
76,200
252.100
75,100
78.400
98.600
332,500
111.400
113, 700
107, 400
298, 900
Privately Publicly
owned
owned
1,352,200
1,020,100
1,068, 500
1,068,300
1,201,700
1,309, 500
1,093,900
97.000
238.100
315.000
280, 700
234.500
232.200
326.500
339.300
303.700
288.000
87.300
87.900
112,800
297,000
130.500
135.100
131.400
357.800
121.900
122.300
113.600
266, 700
104.800
88.400
73, 500
244.600
73, 700
77.000
93.900
325.300
109.900
110.800
104, 600
292.900
99.000
103.200
90.700
231.100
91,200
77.000
62,900
202.500
60,100
63,100
79.300
279.400
91.400
96.000
92.000
96,005"
"90,200"
101.100
103.900
93,900
234, 600
93.600
77.400
63.600
215, 800
63.000
65.800
87.000
292, 700
93.700
102,000
Metro Nonmetro. North North
politan
politan
east Central South
places
places
43,800 1,021,609
71,200
776.800
58, 500 794.900
35, .500 303, 500
18, 700 896.900
19,400
975.800
24, 200
779.800
19.000
9.300
4.300
2.900
4,600
184.400
238.100
207.800
173.200
174.300
244.000
252.800
225.800
221.800
72.700
86,200
5,000
68.200
68.000
"5,805"
62,700
33,300
6,200
6.700
1,200
3, 300
300
2.000
1,000
7.400
1.500
2.500
8.400
4, 400
700
2.400
1.300
4, 500
1,000
800
2.700
7.500
1.400
1.400
4.700
7.200
1.500
2.900
2,800
6,000
2,100
700
3.200
3, 500
2.400
400
700
13.300
2.900
2.700
7.700
13.300
2.300
6,000
68,100
66.900
86,800
295.400
96,800
99, 700
98.900
263, 300
88.300
91.500
83.500
195.800
76, 500
64, 600
54, 700
183.800
54.300
57.600
71.900
228,300
76.200
77.600
74.500
202, 900
69,700
70.900
62.300
164.800
64.900
54,800
45.100
149,100
44.000
46.600
58.500
199, 700
63.500
West
Total
Privately
owned
374,400
$11, 788, 595 $11,418,371
0
0
(2)
(2)
314,500
9,800, 892 9,186,123
0
0
(2)
(2)
332.100
10,208,983
0
9, 706, 276
(2)
(2)
(2)
300.300
10,488,003 10,181,185
0
(2)
(2)
( 2)
323, 500 243.100 325,800 359,700 291.800 12,478, 237 12,309, 200
353.100 273.100 356,000 389,000 310.800 14, 544,647 14,345,829
338.300 228,800 303,100 334,200 252,000 13,086,118 12,814,776
77, 200
64.200
62.500
88.700
93.200
79.100
69.500
19, 500
23.000
27.000
109.000
35.200
37.900
35.900
98.900
34.300
33.200
31.400
75, 400
29.300
24.600
21.500
68.300
20,800
20,800
26.700
104,200
35.200
36.100
32.900
96.000
31.400
33.000
31.600
69.800
28.700
22.600
18.500
66.700
19.000
19.200
28.500
93.000
30, 200
33.800
29.000
1 Excludes temporary units, conversions, dormitory accommodations,
trailers, and military barracks; includes prefabricated housing if permanent.
These estimates are based on (1) monthly building-permit reports adjusted
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con
struction, (2) continuous field surveys in nonpermit-issuing places, and (3)
reports of public construction contract awards.
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for indi
vidual projects.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Estimated construction cost 1
(in thousands)
Location
77.600
90.900
99.900
91.300
95.900
30.600
32.400
32.900
109.600
35.700
37.400
36.500
99.400
32, 700
34.800
31.900
84.000
28, 500
27.800
27.700
83.200
27.200
26.800
29.200
93.200
31.100
32.800
29, 300
87.000
27.700
30.700
28.600
71.300
27.500
22, 700
29.400
23.000
15.600
58.200
15.700
16.400
26,100
98.100
33.600
33.300
31.200
86.700
29.900
29.200
27, 600
59.600
26.200
19.200
14.200 21.100
46.800 78, 800
10.700 24.800
14.000 24,600
22.100 29.400
59.100
76.100
75.800
80.800
78.900
25.400
24.300
29.200
88, 500
30.400
29.900
28.200
79.500
27.300
27.000
25.200
63.700
24.400
20, 700
18,600
65.000
19.800
20.800
24.400
68.900
23.300
22.900
22.700
63.400
21.700
23.200
18.500
54.700
19,800
19.000
15.900
56.400
18.200
17.500
20.700
19, 900
(2)
(2)
23,700
28,100
(»)
22,000
(2)
0
0
2,346,213
3,083,256
2, 777,607
2,280,927
2,240,448
3, 454, 571
3,590,366
3,192,852
3,076,198
892, 794
954,570
1,228,834
4,416,285
1,434,395
1,502,901
1,478, 989
4,025,441
1,372,150
1,369,948
1,283,343
3,026, 723
1,178,809
993, 986
853, 928
2, 850,687
814,448
887,138
1,149,101
3, 924,184
1,309,175
1, 346,513
1,268,496
3,534,804
1,201,352
1,227, 269
1,106,183
2, 776,443
1,104,981
930, 589
740,873
2, 540,016
718,318
762,871
1,058, 827
3,576, 686
1,115,826
1,279,400
1,181,460
0
0
0
0
1,165, 740
( 3)
( 2)
(2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
47.400
67.300
72.500
55.900
53.100
16,000
13.500
23.600
89, 700
28.600
30.300
30.800
75.300
27.000
24.900
23, 400
55, 500
23.500
17.700
14.300
45, 700
12.400
14, 400
18.900
72.300
23.400
24.700
24,200
61.800
21,800
20,800
19, 200
49.000
20.100
16.500
12.400
33.800
9,300
9,700
14.800
( 2)
52.700
98, 400
97.800
76.900
63.400
15.600
19, 700
28,100
116, 600
37.300
40.000
39.300
108.000
35.600
38.000
34.400
68.000
(2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)
0
Publicly
owned
$370, 224
614,769
502,707
306,881
169,037
198, 818
271,342
2,183, 710
3,000,120
2, 739, 268
2,258,087
2,199, 446
3,398, 898
3,528,471
3,182, 385
3, 043, 959
890, 092
934,585
1,219,282
4,349,159
1,421,309
1, 479,773
1,448,077
3,981,182
1,363,092
1,346,848
1,271,242
2,971,529
1,168,229
985,891
817,409
2, 761,446
800, 665
871,700
1,089,081
3,844,192
1,293,488
1,312,890
1,237,814
3,471, 787
1,179,266
1,222,281
1,070, 240
2, 737,351
1,078,142
925,991
733,218
2,351, 729
681,147
727,081
943, 501
3,409, 549
1,087,149
1,200,000
1,122, 400
55,194
10,580
8,095
36, 519
89,241
13,783
15,438
60,020
79, 992
15,687
33,623
30,682
63,017
22.086
4, 988
35,943
39,092
26,839
4,598
7,655
188, 287
37,171
35,790
115,326
167,137
28,677
79,400
59,060
1,100, 440
65,300
162,503
83,136
38,339
22, 840
41,002
55,673
61,895
10, 467
32,239
2, 702
19,985
9,552
67,126
13.086
23,128
30,912
44,259
9,058
23.100
12.101
3 Not available.
3 Preliminary.
•Revised.
N ote: For a description of these series, see Techniques of Preparing Major
BLS Statistical Series, BLS Bull. 1168 (1954).
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics.
U. S . GOVERNMENT PRI NTI NG O FF IC E ; 1 9 5 7
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