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Monthly
Labor
ft r>r
V 1/ j
Review
SEPTEM BER 1955 VOL. 78 NO.
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans in Union Contracts
Women W orkers in the Soviet Union
Shortages o f Research Engineers and Scientists
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
JAM ES P. MITCHELL,
Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan Clague, Commissioner
Artness J ot W ickens, Deputy Commissioner
Herman B. B ter , Assistant Commissioner
H enrt J. F itzgerald, Assistant Commissioner
C harles D. Stewart, Assistant Commissioner
J oseph P. Goldberg, Special Assistant to the Commissioner
W. D uane E vans, Chief Statistician
D obothy S. B rady, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
A rnold E. C hase , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
H. M . D outy , Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
L eon Gb eenb ir g , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R, K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
L eonard R. L insenmayeb , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Oscar W eioert, Assistant to the Commissioner
F aith M, W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
S eymour L. W oltbein, Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Regional Offices and Directors
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Monthly Labor Review
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
L aw rence
R.
K l e in ,
Editor
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS
Special Articles
993
1001
Health, Insurance, and Pension Plans in Union Contracts
Financial Hardship Cases Handled by the Fight-Blight Fund
Summaries of Studies and Reports
1008
1011
1014
1017
1019
1020
1024
1037
Women*Workers in the Soviet Union
Shortages of Engineers and Scientists in Industrial Research
Reforms in Labor Conditions in the Port of New York
Minority Groups Conference on Equal Employment Opportunities
Progress and Needs in Vocational Rehabilitation
Negro Employment in Three Companies in the New Orleans Area
Conferences and Institutes Scheduled for October and November 1955
Union Conventions Scheduled for October 1955
Departments
hi
1026
1029
1031
1038
1047
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in IndustrialRelations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
September 1955 • Voi. 78 • No. 9
Announcing fo r December
A Specialized Issue on
"Labor in Puerto Rico, Alaska, and Hawaii”
For the first time in a single publication, all the pertinent labor
and industrial relations information relating to the major territorial
subdivisions of the United States will be presented in convenient form
for current and future reference use.
More than a dozen articles written by on-the-scene specialists
will discuss for each area such subjects as general economic background,
labor force composition, unemployment, wage structure and level of
fiving, union organization, special industrial relations problems, working
conditions, and labor law.
The special issue, in addition, will contain all the regular depart
ments of the Monthly Labor Review—The Labor Month in Review,
Summaries of Studies and Reports, Significant Decisions in Labor
Cases, Chronology of Recent Labor Events, Developments in Indus
trial Relations, Book Reviews and Notes, plus the big 50-page
statistical section.
Subscriptions to the Monthly Labor Review may be
obtained from the New York, Chicago, and San Francisco
regional offices of the Bureau of Labor Statistics (see
inside front cover for addresses) or from the Superintendent
of Documents, Washington 25, D . C. One year’s sub
scription, $6.25. Enclose check or money order, payable
to the Superintendent of Documents, with order.
n
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month
in Review
ay this year had a special connotation
for the organized labor movement. The joint
convention which is to merge the AFL and CIO
into a single federation with an initial member
ship of more than 16 million was just 90 days
away. This anticipation dominated much of the
holiday oratory, with AFL president George
Meany especially emphasizing labor’s augmented
ability to strive “for peace without appeasement,
for the preservation of human rights, and for
decency in international relations.” He pledged
the nascent union center to continued support of
free trade unions throughout the world and warned
against the current Communist “peace propa
g a n d a.” Once united, he said, “we are resolved
to intensify the political activities of labor.”
The mood for labor unity, while widespread,
was tempered with apprehensive commentary.
One Cassandra-like utterance came from John L.
Lewis, president of the unaffiliated United Mine
Workers. He foredoomed the merger to short
life because, he charged, the proposed constitution
placed “the power of arbitrary decision in the
hands of a handful of men who can perpetuate
themselves in office.” He feared “that the new
merger will part like a rope of sand.” The
figure of speech paralleled that used by Samuel
Gompers, first AFL president, in characterizing
the federation’s lack of central authority as “at
once a rope of sand and yet the strongest human
force—a voluntary association . . . held together
by mutual self interests.”
One of the oldest AFL unions—the printers—
is voting on a constitutional amendment prohibit
ing affiliation with any federation which controls
affiliates’ internal affairs. The union’s officials
had been outspokenly critical of the constitution
proposed for the AFL-CIO merger. Similar
criticism was expressed by the Pulp and Sulphite
Workers, the Pattern Makers, and others. But
a general approval on the part of unions in both
organizations prevailed.
L a bo r D
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C o in c id e n t a l with its Executive Council meeting
late in August, the AFL issued some policy
declarations on international affairs. It curtly
rejected a proposed exchange of trade union dele
gations with Soviet Russia and condemned all ex
changes with that country as providing an air of
“respectability to people who are not respectable.”
Early in September the federation appealed to
President Eisenhower and other Federal officials
for governmental help in halting the “pirating” of
industrial plants to low wage areas. The situa
tion, it claimed, has left communities stranded with
severe unemployment problems. The migrating
firms have been lured “by financial subsidies and
other inducements offered by public officials and
governing bodies in certain sections of the coun
try.” In a special study of the matter the AFL
differentiated between what it considered the
natural economic gravity of Western industrial
growth and the blandishments offered in parts of
the South.
The CIO also had issued a report analyzing un
employment in what it termed “chronic” areas of
labor surplus. It concluded that solution to the
community unemployment problems (chiefly in
mining and textile areas) was national in scope,
and recommended a 9-point program for relief: a
Federal agency to coordinate rehabilitative work;
techincal assistance to local authorities; public
works programs; direct or Government-insured
loans to private investors; fast tax writeoffs for
new plants; selective placement of Government
procurement orders; retraining and subsidized
transportation of workers to other areas; Federal
minimum standards for unemployment insurance;
and pension benefits for older workers prior to
age 65.
B road po lic y utterances and institutional prob
lems did not deter the unions from their basic task
of collective bargaining. Major settlements were
negotiated in the mid-August to mid-September
period in coal mining, electrical equipment, com
munications, containers, automobiles, rubber, and
farm equipment.
The United Mine Workers and the northern
soft coal producers, without prior public notice of
negotiations, announced on August 20 a new wage
agreement providing a $2-a-day increase (partially
effective September 1 and the remainder on April
1), bringing the basic daily rate to $20.25. Vaca
nt
IV
tion provisions were improved and premium pay
for Saturday and Sunday work as such was also
provided. Southern operators signed the same
terms within a week. It was the first wage in
crease in the industry since 1952.
The guaranteed wage plan agreed to on August
13 by the United Steelworkers and American Can
and Continental Can companies was generally
regarded as a presager of what the union would
attempt to negotiate with the steel industry next
summer. The plan provides laidoff employees
with 3 years’ seniority supplemental unemploy
ment benefits to bring the total to 65 percent of
take home pay for a full 52 weeks. The settle
ment also called for a 10-cent-an-hour rate in
crease plus additional increases resulting from job
evaluation plans.
Vying with the coal settlement as a surprise
package was the 5-year contract entered into by
the CIO Electrical Workers and the General
Electric Co. It was signed in mid-August a
month prior to the expiration date of the old
agreement and did not contain any element of the
guaranteed wage plan which the union had de
clared to be its major demand. Main provisions
were an escalator clause, a general wage increase
for each of the 5 years, and improved fringe
benefits.
Brief, almost token strikes accompanied the
extension by the CIO Auto Workers of the Ford
and General Motors settlements to Chrysler and
American Motors. However, the latter company
does not begin payments into the layoff wage
fund until September 15, 1956. The agreements
were signed on September 1. As of September 15,
Studebaker, which was struck on September 1,
Packard, where the contract had until September
30 to run, and Kaiser-Willys had not yet agreed
to the contract pattern of the rest of the industry.
The Studebaker walkout was the first authorized
since its wagon-making days. A rise in the July
Consumer Price Index gave most auto workers a
1-cent-an-hour wage increase under contract
terms. On September 8, the U. S. Department
of Labor ruled that private supplemental unem
ployment benefit plans were not wages within the
meaning of the Fair Labor Standards Act. Such
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
a ruling was one of several conditions to the
effectiveness of the plans.
Settlement of the UAW strike against the AllisChalmers Co. was achieved on September 2, after
a week, when the parties agreed to the unusual
practice of engaging a private mediator. The
settlement, company-wide in scope for the first
time, included supplemental unemployment bene
fits based on 65 percent of straight-time take-home
earnings for 26 weeks. (In the auto settlements,
the percentage drops to 60 percent after 4 weeks.)
The independent International Longshoremen’s
Association (expelled from the AFL for racketeer
ing) on September 15 ended an 8-day protest
strike, continued in defiance of a court injunction,
against the Bi-State Waterfront Commission
established to eliminate crime from the Port of
New York. Among other things, the union ob
jected to the banning of longshoremen with crim
inal records from jobs on the docks. The union
accepted a New Jersey legislator’s promise to in
vestigate complaints.
P h il ip R ay R o d g e r s , member of the National
Labor Relations Board for the past 2 years, was
named acting chairman by the President to suc
ceed Guy Farmer, who resigned. The Board spent
an active August. Among its decisions was one
holding (3-2) that a trade union acting as an
employer was not subject to the Taft-Hartley Act.
Another 3-2 vote ruled that the Miami Beach
hotel dispute was outside its jurisdiction. In var
ious other cases the Boards sanctioned the use of
the word “scab” by a union in an organizing cam
paign (the company had claimed the term co
ercive) ; condoned the weating of union buttons on
the job during organizational drives (the employer
had discharged 21 workers who violated a com
pany rule against wearing them); upheld an
employer’s right to discharge workers who struck
in violation of a contract arbitration clause;
refused to enter a jurisdictional case on the plea
of the AFL Lathers, who had a dispute with the
Carpenters, because to do so would render the
existing arbitration machinery (the AFL’s Nat
ional Joint Board for the Settlement of Jurisdic
tional Disputes) useless.
Health, Insurance,
and Pension Plans
in Union Contracts
E van Keith R owe*
At l e a s t 11,290,000 workers were covered by some
type of health and insurance or pension plan under
collective bargaining agreements in early 1954
(table l).1 The number of workers covered by
these programs has increased more than twenty
fold since 1945, when about 0.5 million workers
were provided with one or more benefits under such
plans. By mid-1948, upwards of 3 million workers
were covered. In the following 2 years, reflecting
in part the drive of unions in the basic steel and
automobile industries in late 1949 and early 1950,
coverage increased to more than
million
workers.2 In early 1954, it is estimated, approx
imately 70 percent of all workers under collective
bargaining agreements 3 were provided with at
least one type of health, insurance, or pension
benefit.
Excluded from these estimates were government
and railroad workers for whom benefits are pro
vided under Federal, State, or municipal legisla
tion. Nor is the jointly financed health program
negotiated in August 1954 between the nonoperat
ing railroad unions and the carriers included in
this survey.4
The movement by employers and unions to
establish new employee-benefit programs or to
bring existing programs within the scope of labormanagement contracts represents one of the out
standing postwar developments in labor-manage
ment relations. However, the introduction of
health, insurance, and pension plans into the collec
tive bargaining agreement raised many new
problems for both management and labor. Em
ployers and unions were introduced, all too abruptly
in some cases, to subjects quite different from those
involved in the usual collective bargaining situ
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ation. Decisions as to types and amounts of
benefits, methods of funding, investment policies,
reserve policies, and administration had to be
made.5 New areas of labor-management coopera
tion, frequently in the form of joint committees
set up to administer the programs, were estab
lished; in many cases this involved the establish
ment of separate grievance machinery to handle
disputes arising under the plans. Many unions
and companies established insurance and pension
departments or expanded existing operations to
cope with the complex technical problems arising
from the negotiation and administration of these
programs.
Health and Insurance Plans
In early 1954, approximately 11 million workers,
or about two-thirds of the total number of workers
covered by union contracts (exclusive of railroad
and government unions), were protected by health
and insurance plans under collective bargaining.
These plans provided one or more of the following
benefits: life insurance or death benefits, accidental
death and dismemberment benefits, accident and
sickness benefits (excluding sick leave and work*Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations. Harry E.
Davis assisted in the conduct of this survey.
1 Data for this study were obtained by questionnaires sent to all national
and international unions listed in the Bureau’s 1953 Directory of Labor
Unions in the United States (Bull. 1127) and to a selected group of single-firm
unaffiliated unions. Incomplete data were supplemented by available
Bureau records, including the files of collective bargaining agreements and
employee-benefit plans, current wage developments reports, and union wage
surveys. A preliminary release summarizing the major findings of this
survey was issued in December 1954.
2 For previous studies in this field, see BLS Bulls. 841, 900,946, and 1017.
2
On the basis of the responses to the Bureau’s questionnaire it was esti
mated, roughly, that 16 million workers, exclusive of government and railroad
employees, were covered by collective bargaining agreements at the time of
this survey.
<This program, which became effective in early 1955, provides for an
insured plan covering approximately 500,000 workers, the cost of which is
shared equally by the employer and employee. In addition, almost 250,000
other workers employed on railroads which have hospital associations are to
receive benefits through those hospitals, with the employer paying one-half
the cost, up to $3.40 monthly. The insured program includes the following
benefits for the employees: hospitalization, surgical, medical (both in and out
of hospital); maternity; polio; special laboratory and X-ray allowances; and
major or extended illnesses. To round out the program, the participating
u n io n s have made arrangements for a group insurance plan to cover de
pendents and furloughed and retired workers. This coverage is to be paid
for by the workers.
1
Considerable public attention has been focused in the past 2 years on the
administration of health, insurance, and pension plans. Disclosures of irregu
larities and alleged corruption in the operation of certain programs stimulated
investigations at both Federal and State levels. While the reports of investi
gating bodies thus far made public generally have indicated that the great
majority of plans are reasonably well managed, they have exposed corruption
and inefficient administration in some cases and have stimulated activity
pointing toward closer scrutiny of these programs and the possible need for
additional legislation in this area.
993
994
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
men’s compensation), and cash or services covering
hospital, surgical, maternity, and medical care.6
(See table 2 and chart 1.)
Between mid-1950 and early 1954, the number
of workers covered by health and insurance plans
under collective bargaining increased by 55 per
cent, as contrasted with a 40-percent increase in
pension coverage (table 2 and chart 2). At the
same time, there were a large number of changes
in existing plans. For example, of over 1,200
collective bargaining settlements in 1954 known
to the Bureau, each covering 1,000 or more workers,
38 percent involved the establishment or liberali
zation of health and insurance programs.7 The
great majority of these changes were in the form
of liberalizing existing programs.
Liberalization of existing programs has taken
various forms. Probably the most common have
been increases in the amount and duration of
benefits, the addition of such benefits as surgical
and in-hospital medical care, or the extension of
benefits to dependents or retired workers. New
features have also been introduced, which, al
though not yet common, are attracting widespread
attention. An example is the private supplemen
tation of workmen’s compensation. Histori
cally, weekly accident and sickness benefits, with
few exceptions, have been payable only to em
ployees prevented from working by off-the-job
injuries or illnesses. Partial wage payment in
case of disability incurred on the job is provided
by workmen’s compensation laws and, in many
cases, the payments made are less than the worker
would receive for off-the-job injuries. In recent
years an increasing number of health and insurance
plans have been amended to guarantee the worker
who is injured on the job an income equal to the
amount provided for off-the-job disability.
Provisions for added protection against extended
or catastrophic illness are also becoming more
prevalent. Typically, provision is made for par
tial reimbursement, generally up to a specified
maximum, for medical care expenses above those
covered by the basic program. For example: A
worker incurs total medical care expenses of $3,000
during a period of extended illness. The basic
plan covers $900 of this amount. The plan further
provides that the worker will bear the next $200
of charges (commonly referred to as “deductible”
under the plan). Of the remaining $1,900 of
expenses ($3,000 less [$900 + $200]), the plan
pays 75 percent. Thus under the combined basic
and extended medical programs, the worker is
reimbursed for $2,325 out of a total charge of
$3,000.
Among other benefits increasingly being incor
porated into health and insurance plans in recent
years are: (1) allowances for diagnostic and labora
tory fee services performed out of the hospital as
well as in the hospital; (2) special allowances for
«For details of health and Insurance plans, see Digest of 100 Selected
Health and Insurance Plans Under Collective Bargaining, 1954, BLS Bull.
1180.
7
M onthly Report, Current Wage Developments, No. 87 (p. viii), Bureau
of Labor Statistics, March 1, 1955.
T a b l e 1.— Workers covered by health and insurance and pension plans under collective bargaining,l by union affiliation ,
mid-1950 and early 1951^
Union affiliation
All unions 1
AFL
Type of plan
1954
1950
1954
CIO
1950
1954
Unaffiliated
1950
1954
1950
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
ers
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
Per
ers
(thou cent (thou cent (thou cent (thou cent (thou cent (thou cent (thou
cent
(thou cent
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
Total__________________
Health and insurance *and pension.
Health and insurance only
Pension only______________
11,292 100.0
6,914
4,176
202
61.2
37.0
1.8
7,652 100.0
5,098 100.0
2,683 100.0
4,813 100.0
3,631 100.0
1,381 100.0
4, 599
2,529
524
2,106
2,819
173
884
1,364
435
3,649
1,137
28
2,830
749
52
1,160
221
(3)
60.1
33.1
6.8
1 Excludes unions of railroad and government employees.
s Includes one or more of the following: life insurance or death benefits:
accidental death and dismemberment benefits; accident and sickness benefits
(but not sick leave or workmen’s compensation); cash or services covering
hospital, surgical, maternity, and medical care.
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41.3
55.3
3.4
32.9
50.9
16.2
75.8
23.6
0.6
78.0
20.6
1.4
84.0
16.0
(<)
1,338
100.0
885
416
37
66.1
31.1
2.8
3 Less than 500.
4 Less than 0.05 percent.
N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
995
HEALTH, INSURANCE, AND PENSION PLANS
T a b l e 2. — Workers covered by health and insurance and pension plans under collective bargaining, 1 by method of financing
and union affiliation, mid-1950 and early 1954
Union affiliation
All unions 1
Method of financing
1950
1954
1950
1954
1950
1954
1950
1954
Unaifiliated
CIO
AFL
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Work
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
ers
Per
Per
ers
ers
(thou cent
cent
(thou
(thou cent (thou cent (thou cent (thou cent (thou cent (thou cent
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
sands)
Health and insurance plans 2
Total........................... .................
Employer only. _____ __________
Joint—employer and worker---------
11,091 100.0
6,887
4,204
62.1
37.9
7,128 100.0
3,890
2,600
638
54.6
36.5
8.9
4,925 100.0
2,248 100.0
3,730
1,195
1, 509
440
299
75.7
24.3
67.1
19.6
13.3
4,785 100.0
2,225
2,560
46.5
53.5
3, 580 100.0
1,491
1,837
252
41.7
51.3
7.0
1,381 100.0
1,300
100.0
67.5
32.5
890
323
87
68.4
24.9
6.7
932
448
Pension plans
Total_________________________
Employer only.
. .
--------Joint—employer and worker ------
7,116 100.0
6,029
1,087
84.7
15.3
5,123
3,828
993
302
100.0
74.7
19.4
5.9
2,279 100.0
1,793
487
78.7
21.3
1 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 See footnote 2, table 1.
emergency accident care in addition to those nor
mally provided under the program; (3) provision
for medical care in the home and the physician’s
office, heretofore generally limited to in-hospital
cases; and (4) inclusion of family polio coverage.
Financing. Of the workers covered by health and
insurance plans in early 1954, 62 percent made no
money contribution toward their cost (table 2).
The remainder of the workers contributed to the
cost of their benefit coverage. Under many con
tributory plans the employer has assumed either
all or a greater share of the increased cost resulting
from the changes made in existing plans in recent
years.
Types of Benefits Provided to Workers. Life in
surance continued to be the most commonly pro
vided benefit in terms of the proportion of workers
8
For the first time in this type of Bureau survey, an attem pt was made to
obtain data on the extension of health and insurance benefits to the depend
ents of employees, retired workers, and to retired workers’ dependents under
collectively bargained programs. The data obtained, although incomplete,
merit publication in view of the increasing importance of this development
and the current lack of comprehensive data dealing with these aspects of
collectively bargained health and insurance plans. Table 3 provides infor
mation on the extent to which data were available on the extension of benefits
to the groups affected. No attem pt was made to obtain information on the
actual number of dependents, retired workers, or dependents of retired workers
covered by benefits.
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1,319 100.0
7r f
495
53
58.5
37.5
4.0
3,676 100.0
3,274
402
89.1
10.9
2,883 100.0
2,342
338
203
81.3
11.7
7.0
1,160 100.0
962
199
82.9
17.1
921 100.0
715
160
46
77.6
17.4
5.0
N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
covered (93 percent). Ranked in descending order
of importance, the other benefits were hospitali
zation (88 percent), surgical (83 percent), accident
and sickness (73 percent), accidental death and
dismemberment (54 percent), and medical benefits
(47 percent). These data are based on the reports
of 173 unions on plans covering approximately 8.7
million workers for which a breakdown of the
individual benefit coverage was available. No
change occurred between 1950 and 1954 in the
sequence of prevalence of the various types of
benefits provided workers under health and insur
ance plans.
Benefits for Dependents, Retired Workers, and
Dependents of Retired Workers.8 One of the major
developments in health and insurance programs
in recent years has been the increase in the practice
of extending benefits to employees’ dependents.
More than 70 percent of the nearly 7% million
workers for whom information on the extension
of benefits to dependents was available were cov
ered by plans under which provision was made
for dependents’ benefits (table 3). Half of these
workers shared the cost of dependents’ coverage
with the employer; for about 38 percent of the
workers, the employer assumed the entire cost;
996
and the remaining employees paid the entire bill
themselves.
Three types of benefits were made available to
dependents—hospitalization, surgical, and medical
benefits.9 Accident and sickness benefits are not
provided to dependents, for the reason that
they are based solely on an employment relation
ship and represent partial payment in lieu of
wages lost because of absence from the job on
account of sickness or accident. Virtually all of
the workers (99 percent) under plans extending
benefits were covered by programs under which
hospitalization benefits were made available to
dependents, according to reports of 112 unions on
individual benefit coverage for about 4.2 million
workers. The dependents of nearly 95 percent
of these workers were eligible for surgical care,
while somewhat less than half had their families
protected by some type of medical care program.
Chart 1. Workers Covered by Health and Insurance
and Pension Plans Under Collective Bargaining/
1948, 1950, and 1954
1 Excludes unions of railroad and government employees.
2 Includes one or more of the following: life insurance or death benefits;
accidental death and dismemberment benefits; accident and sickness benefits
(but not sick leave or workmen’s compensation); cash or services covering
hospital, surgical, maternity, and medical care.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
Chart 2. Extent to Which Workers Under Collective
Bargaining Agreements 1 Were Covered by Health
and Insurance and Pension Plans, by Method of
Financing, Early 1954
1 See footnote 1, chart 1.
2 See footnote 2, chart 1.
Information was available on the extension of
benefits to retired workers under plans covering
about 6y2 million workers (table 3). Of these,
nearly two-thirds were under plans providing for
the extension of benefits. A substantial majority
of these workers were covered by plans under
which the employer paid the entire cost of the
retiree’s benefits. However, well over half of the
workers under plans extending benefits to retired
workers were covered by plans under which the
only benefit extended was life insurance, which
was generally for a smaller amount than that
provided to the active worker.
The benefit most commonly extended to retired
workers was life insurance, followed in order by
hospitalization, surgical, and medical benefits.
A relatively small proportion of workers were
under plans which extended accidental death
or dismemberment benefits. These data are
based on information from 72 unions, covering
approximately 4.1 million workers, which provided
a breakdown on the extension of these benefits.
Plans providing for the extension of benefits to
dependents of retired workers applied to less than
25 percent of the 6.4 million workers for whom
information was available (table 3). For about
4 It is known that a few collectively bargained plans do make life insurance
available to dependents, generally in smaller amounts than that provided
the worker.
997
HEALTH, INSURANCE, AND PENSION PLANS
three-fifths of these workers, the burden of financ
ing these benefits fell on the retired workers alone.
About 1%million workers were covered under the
health and insurance programs of the 31 unions
reporting on the types of benefits provided to
dependents of retired workers; virtually all of
these were under plans which extended hospital
and surgical benefits and about half, under plans
extending medical benefits.
Pension Plans
Pension plans under collective bargaining cov
ered approximately 7 million workers in early
1954, or almost 40 percent more than in mid-1950
(table 2 and chart 1). Plowever, this represented
less than half of the estimated number of workers
under collective bargaining agreements in early
1954 (chart 2). Pension plans are usually more
complex and more expensive than health and
insurance plans, which may account, in part, for
the difference in prevalence. Pensions, in most
cases, involve substantial financial commitments
of a long-term nature, while health and insurance
benefits are of a relatively short-term nature.
A development in the pension plan field which
has received considerable attention since 1950
concerns the integration or coordination of private
plans with the Federal social security program.
A considerable number of plans negotiated or
revised through collective bargaining have pro
vided in their benefit formulas for “offsetting”
social security payments. Because total benefit
levels were fixed under many of these programs,
the statutory increases in social security payments
in 1950 and 1954 resulted in decreases in the
amounts to be paid from the private plans and
thus did not increase the individual’s total retire
ment income. In many such cases, management
voluntarily or in agreement with unions amended
the programs so as to pass on all or part of the
social security increase to the worker. In in
tegrated programs where no changes were made
for the duration of the pension agreement, many
unions, upon renegotiation, sought to pass on to
the worker part or all of the social security
increase either by adjusting the formula or by
completely divorcing the formula from social
io
For an analysis of these and other features of pension plans, see Pension
Plans Under Collective Bargaining, BLS Bull. 1147,1953.
355367— 55
2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a ble 3. — Workers covered by health and insurance plans 1
under collective bargaining2 which extended benefits to
employees' dependents, retired workers and their depend
ents, by methods of financing, early 1954
of workers
Workers covered Percent
under plans in which
by plans in
benefits
were
financed
each category
by—
Groups affected
Number
(thous
ands)
Employees_______ - ___ ___
Employees’ dependents:
Benefits extended to de
pendent.- ___ __ __ ___
Benefits not extended to dependent
Information not available...
Retirea workers:
Benefits extended to retired
workers. ______________
Benefits not extended to retired workers
Information not available__
Dependents of retired workers:
Benefits extended to de
pendents of retired work
ers____ . . . ___________
Benefits not extended to
dependents of retired
workers
Information not available__
J o in tork
Per Em employer W er
and
cent ployer
only
only
worker
62.1
37.9
5,336
48.1 338.3
3 50.9
3 9.2
2,119
3,636
19.1
32.8
4,192
37.8
64.0
31.4
4.6
2,401
4,497
21.6
40.6
1, 554
14.0
34.4
3.9
61.7
4, 816
4,721
43.4
42.6
11,091 100.0
1 See footnote 2, table 1.
2 See footnote 1, table 1.
2 Information not available for 1.6 percent of employees covered.
N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
security benefits. This pressure, stemming origi
nally from the substantial amendments to the
Social Security Act in 1950, was reenforced by
the additional increases under the Federal pro
gram in the autumn of 1954.
Financing. The issue of who was to finance
pension plans—the employer alone or the em
ployer and worker jointly—played a significant
role in the development of these programs. The
trend toward employer-financing of pension plans,
which was quite evident in 1950, was even more
pronounced in early 1954. Nearly 85 percent of
the workers covered by pension plans received
these benefits on a noncontributory basis in 1954,
as compared with approximately 75 percent in
1950 (table 2). The assumption of increased
costs resulting from revisions in programs during
this period are, of course, not reflected in these
data. Benefits under many plans have been
increased. The adoption of other features such
as vesting, disability retirement, and less re
strictive (or more liberal) qualification require
ments also added to the cost of a number of
plans.10 Under noncontributory programs, the
998
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
additional costs resulting from these changes
were assumed by the employer. In a number of
contributory programs the employer has assumed
all or a greater proportion of the added cost.
(table 4). Significantly, 69 of these, representing
more than 45 percent of all workers under the
agreements of the 168 unions, had negotiated
some type of health and insurance benefit for
more than 80 percent of the workers which they
represented. On the other hand, only 40 of the
168 unions had more than 60 percent of the
workers whom they represented covered by
pension plans. However, these unions repre
sented 41 percent of all workers under the col
lective bargaining agreements of the 168 unions.
No health and insurance benefits under agree
ment were reported by 27 unions, while more than
twice that number had no pension plans. How
ever, the significant area of potential expansion of
coverage does not lie among these unions. The
27 unions with no health and insurance plans
represented only about 1 percent of all workers
under collective bargaining, but 56 unions ac
counting for 43 percent of all workers under
Variations in Coverage Among Unions
Approximately 45 percent of the 11.3 million
workers under benefit plans were covered by
contracts negotiated by unions affiliated with the
American Federation of Labor. Slightly fewer,
about 43 percent, were represented by unions
affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organi
zations, and the remainder, by unaffiliated or
independent unions. In 1950, the comparable
percentages for the 2 major federations were 35
and 47 percent respectively (table 1). Although
AFL unions accounted for a larger share of the
workers coming under plans since 1950, CIO
unions, in both 1950 and 1954, had a substantially
higher proportion of their total collective bargain
ing coverage under such plans.11
Of the 168 national and international unions
included in the survey,12 about half had between
60 and 100 percent of the workers which they
represented under health and insurance plans
11 As previously noted, coverage of railroad and government employees,
many of whom are represented by the AFL, have been excluded from the
study. Also excluded are plans administered by unions and financed en
tirely by membership dues or assessments. Many AFL affiliates, as well
as their locals, have for many years maintained such plans. For information
on these programs see the Proceedings of the Seventy-third Convention of
the American Federation of Labor, September 20, 1954 (pp. 74-78).
12 See footnote 1, table 4.
T a b l e 4. — Distribution of national and international unions 1 by proportion of workers covered by health and insurance and
pension plans to all workers covered by agreements, early 1954
national and international unions with
National and international unions 1 Number of total
agreement coverage of—
Workers covered by plans as percent of all workers covered by agree
ments negotiated by national and international unions
Number
Percent
Percent of
all workers
covered by
collective
bargaining
agreements
Under
25,000
workers
25,00050,000
workers
50,000100,000
workers
100,000250,000
workers
250,000
workers
and over
Health and insurance plans 2
Total............ ................. ...
80 to 100 percent______ . . . ______
60 to less than 80 percent__ ______ . .
40 to less than 60 percent_______ _ _
20 to less than 40 percent_________ _________ . . . . . . . .
1 to less than 20 percent___ . . . . . . _ .
None_____ _ ________ _______ . . . _
... .
168
100.0
100.0
91
20
21
21
15
69
16
31
15
10
27
41.1
9.5
18.4
8.9
6.0
16.1
45.4
10.2
27.6
12.6
3.0
1.1
39
2
12
5
8
25
9
1
6
2
1
1
8
8
2
2
4
4
7
5
1
9
1
4
1
1
Pension plans
Total______________________________
__
80 to 100 percent__________ ________ _ _ .
60 to less than 80 percent______________ . . . .
40 to less than 60 p ercen t____________ .
20 to less than 40 percent______ . . ________ _ . . . .
1 to less than 20 percent______________ _____________________
None________________________ . . . .
1Excludes unions of railroad and government employees. This tabulation
also excludes AFL federal labor unions, CIO local industrial unions, and
unaffiliated unions confined to a single plant or establishment.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
168
100.0
100.0
91
20
21
26
14
16
24
32
56
15. 5
8.3
9.5
14.3
19.1
33.3
18. 2
22.8
5.6
10.9
31.8
10.8
15
3
5
8
13
47
2
2
3
6
3
4
3
2
6
4
4
2
21
5
2
4
8
2
15
F6
12
2
4
1
2 See footnote 2, table 1.
N ote.—Because of rounding, sums of individual items do not necessarily
equal totals.
999
HEALTH, INSURANCE, AND PENSION PLANS
agreements had less than 60 percent of the workers
whom they represented covered. For pensions,
comparable data showed 56 unions, representing
about 11 percent of all workers without this
benefit, as against 72 unions, representing almost
half of the total, with less than 60 percent of
their workers covered.
T a b l e 6. — Workers covered by health and insurance and
pension plans under collective bargaining, by industry
division 1 and method of financing, early 1954
Method of financing
All workers
covered
Type of benefit and industry division 1
Workers
(thousands)
T a b l e 5. — Distribution of unions by proportion of all
workers under health and insurance and pension plans
who were covered by employer-financed plans,1 by union
affiliation, early 1954
Number of unions
by affiliation
All unions 2
Percent of workers covered by
plans financed entirely by
employers 1
Num Per
ber cent
Percent
Un
of all
workers AFL CIO affili
under
ated
plans
Health and insurance plans 8
All unions with health and insurance plans______________
226 100.0
80 to 100 percent_____________
60 to less than 80 percent...
40 to less than 60 percent__ _
20 to less than 40 percent___
0 to less than 20 percent_______
112
12
12
8
82
49.6
5. 3
5.3
3.5
36.3
100.0
79
33
114
45.7
5.6
12.3
25.2
11.2
48
7
4
4
16
17
4
3
3
6
47
1
5
1
60
Pension plans
All unions with pension plans. .
189 100.0
100.0
63
29
97
80 to 100 percent
.
60 to less than 80 p ercen t_____
40 to less than 60 percent___ 20 to less than 40 percent___ 0 to less than 20 p ercen t_____
118
14
7
12
38
62.4
7.4
3.7
6.4
20.1
75.3
9.3
6.9
4.4
4.1
41
8
1
9
4
18
3
2
2
4
59
3
4
1
30
1 The difference between 100 percent and the percent of workers covered
by plans financed entirely by employers represents the percent of workers
covered by plans financed jointly by employers and employees. Thus, the
112 unions shown as having between 80 and 100 percent of their workers
covered by employer-financed health and insurance plans have between 0
and 20 percent of the workers under jointly financed plans.
2 See footnote 1, table 1.
3 See footnote 2, table 1.
Considerable variation existed with respect to
the extent to which national and international
unions of various sizes had negotiated health and
insurance and pension plans. A greater propor
tion of the unions representing upwards of 250,000
workers each had more than 80 percent of their
workers covered by health and insurance and
pension plans than did unions in any of the smaller
size groups (table 4).
In both the AFL and CIO, the number of
workers covered by employer-financed health and
insurance plans increased since 1950. However,
approximately 3 out of every 4 workers covered
by health and insurance plans under agreements
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percent
Employer
only
Workers
(thousands)
J o in temployer
and worker
Percent
Workers
(thousands)
6,887
62.1
4,204
37.9
3,491
50.6
3,410
49.4
3,396
81.0
794
19.0
Percent
H ealth and insurance p la n s 2
All industries 3 ._ ________ 11,091 100.0
Manufacturing industries___
Nonmanufacturing I n d u s 6,901 100.0
tries 3___ _____________
4,190 100.0
P en sio n p la n s
All industries 3____________
7,116 100.0
6,029
84.7
1,087
15.3
Manufacturing industries___
Nonmanufacturing i n d u s tries 3 __ _______ _______
4, 770 100.0
4,051
84.9
719
15.1
2,346 100.0
1,978
S4.3
368
15.7
1 The workers were classified as manufacturing or nonmanufacturing
according to where the preponderance of the membership of the union re
porting the plan was employed.
2 See footnote 2, table 1.
8 See footnote 1, table X.
of AFL affiliates in early 1954 were covered on a
noncontributory basis; under CIO agreements,
less than half received benefits without con
tributing.
About half of the 226 unions having health and
insurance plans under agreements had between 80
and 100 percent of their workers under plans
covered on a noncontributory basis (table 5).
These 112 unions accounted for about 46 percent
of the more than 11.1 million workers under col
lectively bargained plans. On the other hand, 90
unions, accounting for over 36 percent of the 11.1
million workers, had less than 40 percent of the
workers whom they represented under employerfinanced programs.
Pension plans were provided on a noncon
tributory basis for between 80 and 100 percent of
all workers under pension agreements of 118
unions (table 5). These unions represented more
than 75 percent of all workers under pension
plans. Although 38 of the 189 unions having
pension agreements had less than 20 percent of
their covered workers under noncontributory
plans, these unions accounted for less than 5
percent of all workers covered by pensions.
The continuing trend toward employer-financed
pensions was further emphasized by the fact that,
1000
in early 1954, approximately 8 out of every 10
workers who were eligible for pension protection
under agreements of AFL affiliates were covered
on a noncontributory basis as compared with
about 6 out of 10 workers so covered in 1950
(table 2). Similarly, employer-financed pension
plans of CIO affiliates covered a higher proportion
of workers under pension agreements in 1954 than
in 1950.
Coverage in Major Industry Divisions
More workers were covered by health and
insurance and pension plans under agreements in
manufacturing industries than in nonmanufac
turing industries (excluding railroad and govern
ment unions).13 This was due, in part, to the
heavier concentration of union organization in
manufacturing and the large numbers of workers
covered by union agreements in mass-production
industries. Of the 11.1 million workers under
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
health and insurance plans, about 62 percent were
in manufacturing (table 6). For pensions, this
proportion was slightly greater—approximately 67
percent of the 7.1 million so covered.
Although there was no significant difference
between manufacturing and nonmanufacturing in
the proportion of pension plans which were em
ployer-financed, about half of the workers covered
by health and insurance plans in manufacturing
contributed toward the cost of the benefits, as
against 1 out of 5 in nonmanufacturing industries.
This difference is accounted for, in part, by the
prevalence of jointly financed health and insurance
programs in the metal products, petroleum re
fining, chemicals, paper and allied products, and
stone, clay, and glass industries and by the
importance of employer-financed plans in mining,
construction, transportation, communications, and
the service industries.
13
Unions were classified as manufacturing or nonmanufacturing according
to where the preponderance of membership was employed.
Financial Hardship
Cases Handled by the
Fight-Blight Fund
M. Mead Smith*
The notices usually specified a 1-month period
in which to bring the property into compliance,
but most of the cases had been pending for 1 or 2
years when the Fund attorney first interviewed
the owners. Occasionally this was because their
financial difficulties antedated the Fund’s estab
lishment; more often it was because the owners
had worked on the repairs until some personal
mishap or their accumulating debts made further
progress impossible.
Fund Assistance.
N o t e .—The first half oj this article
appeared in the August issue. It described the
Baltimore programfor housing rehabilitation, and
theendlesspersonal mishaps anduninjormedefforts
to comply with housing law requirements which
madefinancial hardship cases of some homeowners
whose dwellings were included in the program.
E d it o r ’s
M o st of the cases handled by the Fight-Blight
Fund were closed by solution of the varied prob
lems which had combined to put these owneroccupants in the “financial hardship” class, rather
than by the loan or grant of Fund money. The
passage of time and help from others working in
Baltimore’s neighborhood rehabilitation program
alleviated some of these problems, both before and
after the owners were referred to the Fund. But
technical advice and guidance from the Fund
attorney were chiefly responsible for their solution.
Assistance Given
Taking the position that Fund money should be
used only as a last resort, the Fund attorney in
vestigated all other possible solutions before sug
gesting Fund financing. In the course of his
investigations, however, he gave the owner,
without charge, advice and assistance which no
commercial lender would have supplied and which
could normally have been obtained only for a
substantial fee.1 In addition, he frequently put
the owner in touch with other sources of help on
particular problems. Throughout the cases, he
worked closely with both city officials and other
private organizations participating in the pilot
program.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Fund attorney worked
through the owner rather than doing the job for
him, but in effect supplied the following basic
services:
1. Gettingthework defined. The attorney worked
up a detailed form covering precisely what work
was required and which items must be done by a
licensed contractor, arranged for inspectors to re
inspect the houses using this form, and saw to it
that the owner clearly understood the work
requirements. This cleared up much of the
owner’s confusion and provided specifications for
contractors’ estimates and a basis for determining
the materials required for nontechnical work.
2. Getting reasonable estimates. The attorney
usually helped the owner to get several estimates
from competent, registered contractors, sometimes
going over the property with the contractors to
assure that estimates covered all notice require
ments but omitted any unnecessary items or un
necessary “finish.” This kept costs to a minimum,
as did the elimination of items the owner could do
himself.2 Estimates were also reduced because
the contractors did not have to investigate credit
ratings, arrange financing, or allow for collection
problems. Some of the estimates were between
25 and 50 percent lower than those obtained
without Fund intervention, and adequate work
manship was assured. From the estimates sub
mitted, the owner chose his own contractors—
with the exception of cases requiring unusually
large sums of Fund money. For these jobs, the
attorney selected certain contractors who special
ized in this type of work and who had done ex
ceptionally well on other Fund cases.
♦Of the Bureau’s Office of Publications.
i
In terms of his retainer, the Fund attorney estimated that the nonmonetary
assistance given had cost the Fund an average of $70 a case, hut this was far
less than an individual would normally have had to pay.
3
Other economies arranged in some cases were donations of paint by the
Paint Manufacturers’ Association and used plumbing facilities by a contrac
tor who was working in demolition areas.
1001
1002
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
3.
Arranging reasonable financing. Bearing in ilies make nontechnical repairs. Among many
mind the owner’s equity position, the attorney
other activities, this group also (with the aid of the
worked out one or more financing plans—with or
Maryland Homebuilders Association) bought and
without Fund money—which would cover all
rehabilitated a dwelling in the heart of the pilot
necessary items but, if possible, keep total monthly
area, and maintained an information center there
housing payments within 1 week’s income. If
to put residents in touch with social agencies.
the owner agreed to the plan, the attorney also
2. The Neighborhood Committee, composed of
helped him check on the availability of such financ
key residents of the pilot area and serving as a
ing—usually starting with the owner’s mortgagee,
sort of go-between for residents and city officials.
so as to keep closing costs as low as possible.
It drew up a list of reliable contractors for use by
(Instead of a full title search, for example, the
resident-owners. The hearing board called on
previous search could just be brought up to date.)
either the Volunteers or the chairman of this Com
If he had no mortgage, or the lender rejected the
mittee to explain the program to owners who seem
proposal, the owner was put in touch with other
ed to misunderstand, and they were instrumental
reputable financing sources. And, once everything
in getting progress in more than one Fund case.
was arranged, the attorney saw the owner through
3. The Legal Aid Bureau, which advised and
the final steps of getting the work done, inspected,
represented without charge residents whose income
and paid for.
was below a certain level. Legal problems arose
Throughout his numerous interviews with the
in over one-fifth of the Fund cases. Initially the
owners, the attorney emphasized that the family’s
owners were referred to the Bureau, which also
entire financial situation should be considered,
helped with questions of the type handled by the
what their monthly commitments should come to
Fund once it was in operation. The Fund attor
in relation to their income, and so on. Each step
ney sent a few owners with sufficiently low income
proposed was fully explained—and adjusted to
to the Bureau, but in most cases he suggested they
meet the owners’ wishes. He also used normal
contact a trial attorney who was particularly in
business procedures in dealing with them—giving
terested in the pilot program and had successfully
receipts for documents taken for study or verifica
defended a number of other area residents for
tion, sending owners copies of correspondence,
very modest fees. Sometimes the resulting in
having checks made out to the owner for endorse
vestigation helped the owner; the agreement to
ment to the contractor. This approach—much
trade in one house on another, previously de
appreciated by the owners—served to point up
scribed, was canceled. In other instances, it did
their own responsibility as well as to give them
not—as when a check revealed that a former own
experience in sound business procedures, and
er’s agreement to make certain repairs had been
doing some of the repair work themselves might
by phone. In one case, legal action actually
result in their maintaining the properties better
worsened the owner’s position. On the Fund
in the future.
attorney’s advice, this owner refused several times
Any or all of these services might be rendered
to sign the certificate of completion required for
an owner in a particular case, as well as help on
an FHA improvement loan until the contractor’s
individual problems. The Fund attorney ar
work had been approved by an inspector. Yet the
ranged for postponement of foreclosure proceedings
lender paid the contractor, who had provided a
for some owners, and, for example, saw to it that
signed certificate. In court, the signature was
an oil company corrected the inadequate wiring
proved to be genuine, and, although the owner
on an oil burner it had installed.
insisted that the only papers he had signed were
those made out when the contract was agreed to,3
Assistance jrom Other Groups. The three main he lost the case and was himself convicted of
perjury.
organizations to which both the hearing board and
the Fund attorney referred the owners for addi
Attitude of the Owners. These varied efforts to
tional help were:
1.
The Brethren Volunteer Service Unit, formed assist met with a somewhat mixed response from
by members of the Church of the Brethren. The
3
He had no copies of these papers and had not checked on precisely what
Volunteers helped over one-fourth of these fam
he was signing.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
iooa
THE BALTIMORE FIGHT-BLIGHT FUND
the owners. Most common was the owner’s fail
ure to follow up on some action he had agreed to
take or to arrive at a decision needed. Several
ignored Fund warnings and started an unqualified
contractor on work for which financing had not
yet been arranged. Fearing the unknown and
made distrustful by past experience, some owners
did not contact the Fund as suggested 4or rejected
its help initially. For instance, one woman could
not understand the financing method proposed
and was convinced the Fund was trying to get
her property away from her. On the other hand,
once convinced that the Fund was really trying
to help, most owners were very cooperative. In
only a few cases did it become apparent that the
owners were claiming financial hardship merely
to delay or avoid doing the work.
necessarily mean, however, that all the require
ments had been met, for the Fund attorney sent
the cases back to the housing bureau as soon as it
was clear that the owners either needed no further
money to meet the requirements or were able to
get it themselves. As a matter of fact, only 10 of
the owners had corrected all violations at that
stage, and even some of those who had been loaned
Fund money still had minor repairs to make them
selves.
The 46 cases closed had been on the Fund’s
books an average of nearly 6 months. Occasional
cases were closed with the first interview. But
some had been in Fund hands over 2 years, as in
instances where processing was on the verge of
completion and something suddenly reduced in
come so that a whole new approach was necessary.
Disposition of the Cases
Cases Closed Without Help in Financing. Inves
tigation showed that only nontechnical work re
mained to be done in five of the cases completed
without the Fund attorney’s having to help ar
range financing. Included were several cases
referred primarily because the families were tem
porarily in financial straits after contracting for
repairs and then encountering personal mishaps.
In time, one husband had a change of heart and
came home, a newly discharged veteran arrived
to help his mother financially, and other families
caught up on some of their debts.
Repairs requiring money still had to be done
by 15 other owners but they needed no help in
financing the work and 8 of these were in the
process of arranging for its completion. Two of
the eight already had overly high monthly com
mitments, but the immediate problem had con
cerned the coverage or quality of the work already
contracted for and no adjustments proved possible
under the contracts signed. By doing the work
themselves or contracting only for small amounts
as they had the money, the other 6 had completed
a good many repairs without taking on additional
debts (although 2 now had mortgage or tax ar
rears). One owner had only a wall to repair, and,
when the attorney ascertained that only one sec
tion need be fixed, he was able to get a 4-percent
loan from a friend for the $300 required. Another
In spite of the seemingly insurmountable finan
cial problems presented, only 10 of the 46 cases
closed as of January 1955 had required Fund
financing (as shown below), although at least 2
others would fall in that category when the 6
cases not yet closed were completed. This did not
Case disposition as of Ja n u a ry 1955
Without
Fund
money
Total cases-------------------------------------
40
Closed with advice and guidance only.
28
Remaining repairs could be done
by family-----------------------------Owners could pay for repairs or
get financing themselves---------Other actions yielded sufficient
funds_______________________
Owners decided to give up the
house-----------------------------------Financial aid was needed but not
given------------------------------------
With
Fund
money
12
5
15
4
2
Closed with the Fund arranging financThrough commercial lenders
Using mortgages----------------Using improvement loans----Direct Fund loan_______________
5
3
_____
5
1
4
Cases still pending---------------------------
4
2
Fund money allocated--------------Investigation still in process-------
--------4
2
----------
• For explanation of financing which involved Fund money but was done
through commercial lenders, see text footnote 7, p. 1005.
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<About half the cases were referred to the Fund by the hearing board,
most of the remainder being at the suggestion of inspectors or other housing
bureau stafl; a member of the Neighborhood Committee brought one owner
to see the attorney, and a few owners themselves requested appointments.
1004
mortgaged his truck for the $100 he needed to
correct repairs which had not passed inspection.
Two cases turned on personal complications affect
ing the title and the owners eventually proceeded
with the work. And two widows were offered
Fund financing and rejected it. One felt that,
having recovered from her illness, she could pay
for the remaining repairs from her meager earnings
if she had enough time and assistance from the
Volunteers; the other simply arrived at the pilot
house one day, gave the attorney $50 for materials
advanced by the Volunteers, and said she had
obtained enough financing for the back taxes and
general contracting work.
The 7 other cases in this category consisted of
4 quickly closed because family income was
obviously sufficient to pay for repairs or financing
was readily available but not requested, and 3 in
which the owners failed to follow up on actions
agreed to or otherwise cooperate but eventually
were in a position to handle the financing them
selves. All 7 families had personal or other
problems which made their claim to financial
hardship plausible. Even in these cases, there
fore, referral to the Fund served a purpose.
With this last-ditch claim exploded, all but 1 of
the owners either went ahead with the work or
were taken to housing court and fined.5 The
exception was the one case in the pilot program
for which there appeared no tangible solution.
Numerous efforts by various groups got precisely
nowhere: the Volunteers supplied paint as an in
centive, but the owners painted around furniture
and left accumulations of dirt, filth, and unstored
clothing throughout the property; the church
where the husband worked as janitor gave him
5 days off with pay to work on his house but
finally fired him when the work he did only made
conditions worse; and a visit to the housing court
was looked on by the owners as a special event.
The repair problem was solved for a few owners
when they were helped to get money to which
they were already entitled and which was suffi
cient to cover repair costs. In one case, a stolen
workmen’s compensation check was replaced.
The titleholder who increased the amount of the
contract of sale for repairs he didn’t make was
threatened with a court case—not only on the
repair question but for such things as deducting
for nonexistent ground rent and failing to pay
1952 taxes which were then accruing penalties;
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
he settled, and the buyer obtained title and a
mortgage with a reputable building and loan
association as well as cash for repairs. In the
other case of this sort, the titleholder took full
responsibility for compliance, although the con
tract was such that he could not have been
required to do so. Finally, the elderly couple
hitherto dependent on relatives gained not only
cash but some regular income. They had initially
refused to apply for social security, because the
man had once received unemployment compensa
tion, had not been told to notify the authori
ties when he got another job, had cashed a check
after that, and had been severely reprimanded.
When social security checks began to arrive some
years later, a friend advised him to tear them up
and “stay out of trouble.” Though he could not
by law be granted more than 6 months’ retroac
tive payments, he would receive $150 at once and
$25 a month thereafter.
One of the two owners giving up their homes
was a poorly paid widow who sold her house
without even waiting for the Fund attorney to
get estimates. In contrast, the other case had
gone all the way through Fund allocation of money
when the owner was found to be overcharging
his tenants and to have borrowed the money for
his downpayment. His reduced income was not
sufficient to support the monthly payments in
volved, and the owner decided to surrender the
premises.
In two cases, the Fund did not grant financial
aid even though it was needed—again for sharply
contrasting reasons. One owner rejected several
different financing proposals involving Fund
money, indicating he thought the money should
be an outright gift. The other lived in a block
in which a straight enforcement program had
been carried out a year or two earlier, and which
was already showing signs of becoming a slum
again. Attributing this to the city’s failure to
* In addition to the 4 cases taken to the housing court over responsibility
for repairs under a contract of sale, 9 owners went before the court at some
point in the case—mostly before they were referred to the Fund. All but 2
were found guilty and fined, the 2 exceptions being dismissed after postpone
ments brought substantial compliance or revealed seemingly insuperable
personal problems. Fines of up to $50 could be levied (for each day a viola
tion persisted, in extreme cases). In the cases studied, the fines ranged from
$10 to $25 plus costs—with the single exception of a $200 fine levied on the
estate of a titleholder and suspended on condition the estate paid that amount
to the buyer to use for repairs. After the court’s decisions, new notices were
issued, and 2 of the owners found guilty were taken to court a second time;
in both cases, they promised the court to consult the Fund, and the Fund
attorney appeared in court with 1 of them 4 times before the case was finally
dismissed.
THE BALTIMORE FIGHT-BLIGHT FUND
keep the alleys clean and in repair, enforce tenant
housing requirements, and otherwise continue re
habilitation efforts, the Fund board refused to
allocate funds until the authorities took some
followup action. When repeated requests brought
no city action, the Fund closed the case.6
Cases Closed With the Fund Arranging Financing.
A number of the 18 owners for whom the Fund
attorney helped arrange financing needed only
relatively small additional amounts but had just
not been able to raise another cent. Yet the bulk
of these cases were handled through commercial
lenders—the latter making the entire amount
available in 8 instances and the Fund hypothecat
ing all or most of it in 6.7 Over half of these ar
rangements were for long-term financing and the
cost of repairs was frequently consolidated with
existing debts. Even though standard interest
rates were paid on all but the four direct Fund
loans, therefore, total monthly commitments were
increased for less than half the owners and were
actually reduced for nearly half.8 Thus, monthly
payments were kept to roughly one-fourth or less
of monthly income for about two-thirds of this
group.
In 2 of the 8 cases fully financed through normal
lending channels, the owner’s payment record or
equity was such that his mortgagee agreed to in
crease and extend the mortgage, with no change
in monthly payments. The increases were $100
and $400, the latter covering an existing judgment
as well as the repair cost. Two other owners had
less than $500 still to pay on their homes, and
the only mortgage on a third house represented
improvements over and above its purchase price.
Repairs called for $750 to $850, however, so the
properties were refinanced with 5- and 6-year
mortgages.
Only 1 of the other 3 owners had a mortgage,
and, since the house was relatively expensive and
less than one-third paid for, no refinancing was
• Inadequate coordination of city activities sometimes complicated other
cases. For instance, one woman had corrected all items listed in the original
notice when she got a separate building inspection notice to correct a bulged
front wall.
71. e., the lending institution held the mortgage, received monthly p ay
ments, etc., and the Fund deposited with it that portion of the mortgage
which the lender was unwilling to lend. The money hypothecated, which
carried interest at the going rate for saving accounts, was usually to be re
turned to the Fund when the owner had paid off twice the amount hypothe
cated.
8
1110 Fund attorney pointed out that, by financing repairs on a 10-year
rather than a 3-year basis, the monthly payment is cut about in half.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1005
available. None of the 3 required as much as
$350 for repairs, however, and 2 of them could
make payments on 3-year improvement loans and
still be allocating less than one-fourth of income.
The third owner had a good payment record on
2 existing improvement loans and it proved possi
ble to increase 1 of them with no change in
payments.
All of these loans were made on the basis of
normal lending principles, no pressure being put
on lenders to make them just for the sake of the
program. Most of the financing would not have
been available without the Fund attorney’s inter
vention, however. A commercial institution
would not normally have time to check so com
pletely into the prospective borrower’s financial
situation nor to figure out how debts could be
rearranged so that the owner could handle addi
tional loans. The attorney’s carefully worked-out
proposals, tailored to the individual owner, demon
strated that the financing would in fact be sound.
Every effort was made to ensure that Fund
loans were sound ones, too—all grants being se
cured in some manner and none being approved
for amounts which would “overdevelop” the
property (i. e., raise its total cost beyond its resale
value). The 10 cases so financed took a total of
less than $5,500 in Fund money, the individual
amounts involved ranging from less than $100 to
$ 2 , 000 .
Over $4,000 of this money was hypothecated
with commercial lenders, who were willing to loan
some additional money in 2 cases. One such case
was 1 of 2 in which the mortgage was extended
and increased—the Fund hypothecating $500 of
a total of $1,500. The Fund hypothecated the
cost of the repairs on 2 other properties which
were refinanced with 10- and 11-year mortgages,
but 1 of the new mortgages covered an outstanding
improvement loan and a furniture bill in addition.
(In this case, the owner’s son was also persuaded
to take responsibility for another improvement
loan he had cosigned but not hitherto paid on.)
In a fifth case, the company holding a delinquent
heating loan issued a new loan, with the Fund
hypothecating that part required to satisfy fore
closure proceedings and pay for major repairs.
In only one of these hypothecation cases was
the owner’s monthly commitment increased—and
this case was unique in that the house was brought
considerably above the minimum standards. This
1006
was the woman whose financial situation was so
hopeless when the notice arrived that she arranged
to trade in her house. By the time the agreement
to sell had been canceled and the rest of the
investigation was complete, she was well again
and had gotten a much better paying job which
enabled her to carry out her wish to make the
house really livable. Under these circumstances,
the Fund attorney encouraged inclusion of the
added improvements in the single long-term loan.
Her savings and loan association agreed to take a
second mortgage of $2,000, fully hypothecated
by the Fund, which covered 3 judgments, the
required repairs, and such additional items as
kitchen cabinets, hot water, and linoleum—with
monthly payments on both the first and second
mortgage still totaling less than her new weekly
income. This was the largest Fund allocation
to date, but the house showed what could be
done in the line of rehabilitation.
Finally, the Fund loaned over $1,000 directly
to 4 owners for repairs—3 in the form of tem
porary notes for less than $300 each and 1 second
mortgage of nearly $650, due in 3 years with
3 percent interest. This last was a case where
the owner had as yet little equity and monthly
commitments already double his weekly income,
but in 3 years his storm window contract would be
paid off and some further equity accumulated,
and the possibility of refinancing both mortgages
could then be explored. In one of the other cases,
closing costs for refinancing would have amounted
to nearly half again the amount required, so the
Fund made the repair money available and
arranged for the owner to repay through monthly
deposits in a savings account established at his
building and loan association. Another owner,
being back at work after an illness, was able to
pay at once one-third of the very small amount
required and the rest—which the Fund allocated
so that the contractor could proceed—in two
monthly installments. In the fourth case, the
owner felt sure he could pay off 7 outstanding
judgments over a 9-month period and handle
almost all repairs with help from the Volunteers
and contractor friends, and the Fund therefore
loaned him at the time only enough for certain
repairs needed to prevent further damage to the
property. After 5 of the 7 judgments were paid
off and a large portion of the work was done,
however, the owner stopped work on the house,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
and, when he got a wage increase, the attorney
returned the case to the housing bureau.
Some time later, this last owner decided to sell
the house and, though it was possible the loan might
be recovered at the time of the sale, a loss seemed
probable as of January 1955. The Fund also
seemed likely to lose on the second mortgage
it had granted. But only 1 commitment had
actually gone bad to date, when a couple divorced
and neither would make further mortgage pay
ments; foreclosure proceedings had been instituted,
and the Fund stood to lose about $600 of hypoth
ecated funds. The total loss which appeared
possible at that time thus amounted to roughly
$1,500 or about one-fourth of the total loaned.
In the Fund attorney’s opinion, this was an un
expectedly low loss on money which was origi
nally raised and intended for a primarily charitable
venture—particularly in view of the unexpectedly
low amount required in the first place.
Meanwhile, nearly $700 had been returned to
the “revolving fund.” Of this, $500 represented
an hypothecation taken over by an individual
interested in the program (who subsequently
received full payment from the borrower). The
rest consisted of various small payments, including
full repayment of one small hypothecation and
the smallest temporary note. Actually, the latter
money had never been used, since the contractor
agreed to accept payment in 2 installments and
the owner forwarded her 2 monthly payments right
on schedule.
Cases Not Yet Closed. Of the 6 cases still open
in January, a new GI mortgage making available
the $1,700 needed for repairs had already been
arranged for 1 owner, and the contractor was
even then finishing up the work. Final arrange
ments in another case awaited completion of this
work, since the same contractor was involved,
but the Fund was planning to hypothecate well
over $1,000.
It seemed likely that at least 2 of the other 4
open cases would require Fund money, but in
relatively small amounts. An owner who had
been committed to the State Hospital had been
released toward the end of 1954, and the Fund
attorney was about to try to refinance the prop
erty. Another was an owner who had ignored
Fund advice and had a new first mortgage, a sec
ond mortgage, three improvement loans, and
THE BALTIMORE FIGHT-BLIGHT FUND
various other debts- when the roof started to
leak; the owner asked the Fund to reopen the case,
and, as of January, the attorney was waiting for
him to reduce his outstanding debts sufficiently
tor new financing to be arranged. The third
owner, the one who had amassed 12 outstanding
commitments before coming to the Fund, cur
rently needed money for materials, but whether
the Fund would allocate it had not been
decided; the house was so located that it had only
a narrow alley as an outlet and prevented other
houses from having any adequate space behind
them, and the question was whether it would not
be better to tear it down. The last case had been
delayed by various investigations and by the
Fund’s running out of money at one point, and the
attorney was currently working out a financing
proposal.
Current Status of the Fund
By and large, the 55 cases referred between
September 1953 and January 1955 required less
assistance from the Fund attorney than did the
52 cases studied, and were closed much more
quickly. Of 23 cases then completed, only 6 had
required help in arranging financing and none had
involved Fund money, although money had been
allocated or requested for 3 of the 32 cases still in
process. Thus, of 69 cases closed to date, 45—or
roughly two-thirds—had been settled without
either the financial advice or special loans which
the Fund had originally been set up to supply.
This experience led the Fund to expand its
advisory activities, in an effort to get at the prob
lem shown to be so basic—the owners’ consistent
• In addition to far more stringent rules against overcrowding, the chie
changes made were to require that each individual dwelling unit have a
toilet and, after January 1, 1956, a bathroom with tub or shower and hot
running water.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1007
refusal to get competent advice before making
contracts which got them into financial difficulty
without meeting their legal obligation. Arrange
ments were made for the Fund attorney to enter
enforcement cases before they became financial
hardship cases—calling immediately on any owner
whom an inspector found to be inexperienced or
ill-informed or who he anticipated would encounter
financial difficulties in making the repairs. This
could, of course, lead to still fewer cases where
special financing was necessary, since owners who
cooperated would be helped to arrange for all re
pairs in a single financing plan geared to their
particular income and mortgage obligation.
The particular amounts required in any Fund
financing would be larger, however, and another
change in policy currently under consideration
would have the same effect. As indicated earlier,
most of the cases were closed before the owners
had completed minor repairs which they could do.
Unfortunately, they frequently did not take care
of these repairs promptly, as promised. However,
as the Fund attorney pointed out, a man who had
put in a full day at a steel mill could hardly be
expected to feel like doing much more work at
home. On the other hand, some of these items
could contribute considerably to whether a family
were moved to keep the house up; plastering up
cracks might be basically more important but, until
the plaster was covered with paint, it could look
pretty depressing. Therefore some thought was
being given to the Fund’s carrying its cases through
to completion of all requirements—including
nontechnical repairs in the work financed where
necessary to get them done.
Finally, the problems to be solved in future
cases were likely to be on a different scale. For
the housing regulations, previously criticized as
setting standards below those of decent and
adequate housing, had been revised substantially.9
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Women Workers
in the Soviet Union
W o m e n w o r k e r s in the Soviet Union generally
have not achieved the full equality with men pro
vided for by the Soviet constitution; even where
they have done so, it has often been to their dis
advantage. The USSR Constitution (Article 12)
states that “Women in the USSR are accorded
equal rights with men in all spheres of economic,
government, cultural, political, and other public
activity.” In practice, this legal equality has
been an efficient tool for the utilization of women
workers in heavy and dangerous work, of the type
restricted by law or custom to men in the United
States. Moreover, such data as are available show
that women predominate in agriculture and in
industries such as textiles, where most of the
workers, being either unskilled or semiskilled,
receive relatively low wages. Women are con
spicuously absent from top government adminis
trative positions, and hold only about 1 of every 6
“specialist” jobs in the national economy available
to graduates of universities and other technical
schools.
In line with the policy of equality, the same
onerous standards of work generally apply to
women as to men. Thus, women workers through
out the Soviet economy, in the same way as men,
must engage, as individuals or groups, in “socialist
competition,” that is, they must exert themselves
to surpass their coworkers in overfulfilling pre
scribed work quotas. Most women and men
workers are on the legally prescribed 48-hour
workweek, consisting of six 8-hour workdays. A
worker is forbidden to quit his job without manage
ment’s permission. During the war and in the
postwar period, absenteeism without valid reason
and tardiness were severely punished. Absentee
ism—which includes being late more than 20
minutes, or being late less than 20 minutes 3
times in 1 month—was defined as a crime punish1008
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
able by a 25-percent cut in earnings for a period of
6 months. Since 1952 it appears that these
penalties have been relaxed, that management
may be more indulgent in reporting violators to
the courts; but no official decree has been pub
lished on this subject to confirm the apparent
relaxation. These penalties are applicable also
to girls (15 to 18 years of age) as well as boys (14
to 17) who are drafted for industrial away-fromhome training and who, after completing their
training, are assigned to obligatory jobs for a
period of 4 years.1
Rise in Proportion of Women Workers
Since 1928, the Government’s intensified em
phasis on high investments in heavy industry has
made it increasingly difficult, if not impossible,
for large numbers of male workers to support their
families adequately with their own earnings.2
This may explain the rise in the proportion of
Soviet workers who are women. In 1929, women
constituted 27 percent of all wage and salary
earners; in 1940, 38 percent (41 percent in manu
facturing industries3); in 1942, 53 percent (the
wartime high); and at the beginning of 1949,
“about half of all wage and salary earners in the
Soviet Union were women.” 4 If this proportion
is applied to the total of wage and salary earners
for early 1955, the resulting number of women
workers is about 23.5 million. In individual
branches of the economy, the proportion of women
varies widely; for example, in 1942, women
represented 83 percent of all “health workers” and
36 percent of the workers in railroad transporta
tion.5 In 1948, it was reported that 80 percent of
the workers in certain large textile factories were
i
For a discussion of the status of criminal penalties for breaches of Soviet
labor discipline, see Monthly Labor Review, August 1955 (p. 900).
1
See Purchasing Power of Soviet Workers, 1953, Monthly Labor Review,
July 1953 (p. 705).
3 Zhenshchiny v Borbe za Narodnoe SchastS (Women’s Role In the Struggle
for National Well-Being) by M. Ovsiannikova. Moscow, 1954 (p. 14).
* Professionalnye Soyuzy (Trade Unions, a trade union monthly), March
1949 (p. 9).
5 Trad, March 7, 1948.
1009
SOVIET WOMEN WORKERS
women.6 In agriculture, the proportion of women
is much larger than in the labor force as a whole, hav
ing risen from about 55 percent before the war 7 to
around 60 percent in 1954.8 Nevertheless, the
trade union daily, Trud, reiterated on March 15,
1955, that “the government is interested in draw
ing as many women as possible into socially useful
work in industry, agriculture, transportation, and
construction. ”
Many of the women added to the factory work
force are mothers who pay about 8 to 10 percent
of their earnings to keep a child in the factory
nursery or in a kindergarten.9 During the past 4
years these child-care facilities were extended to
accommodate approximately 280,000 additional
children. However, Trud, reporting that “in
many enterprises women workers have to wait a
long time before finding a place for their children
in the kindergarten,” criticized severely the
prevailing neglect on the part of many ministries
to fulfill the planned program of establishing and
expanding nurseries and kindergartens.10
Women in Heavy and Underground Work
There are indications that the large-scale em
ployment of women during World War II in
heavy manual work reserved for men in the West
has persisted as a matter of established govern
ment policy, owing to manpower losses during the
war and the insistent demands of planned
expansion. A woman member of the executive
committee of the All-Union Council of TradeUnions, called the use of women in heavy manual
work a virtue of the Soviet system: “Socialist
industrialization and the Kolkhoz (collective
farm) system guarantee women complete actual
8 Trud, February 15, 1948.
7 New York Times Magazine, February 27, 1949 (p. 12).
8 Shimkin, Demitri B. Manpower and Manpower Problems. Studies
in Business Economics No. 44, National Industrial Conference Board, May
1954.
• A. A. Abramova, Okhrana Trudovykh Prav Zhenshchin v SSSR (Pro
tection of Labor Rights of Women in the USSR), Moscow, 1954 (pp. 63-64).
18 Trud, March 15, 1955.
u V Pomoshch Profsoyuznomu Aktivu (Bulletin for Trade-Union Of
ficials), March 1951 (pp. 5-6).
i2 Washington (D. C.) Post, October 18, 1953.
is Zakonodatelstvo O Trade [Labor Legislation], edited by Goliakov, I. T.,
Moscow, 1947 (p. 200).
14 Abramova, op. cit. (p. 25).
i' Zakonodatelstvo O Trade (p. 200).
i* Abramova, op. cit. (p. 5).
17 Ovsiannikova, op. cit. (p. 24).
is Prav da, March 5, 1955. No breakdown was given as to how many
were in universities or in secondary technical training schools.
19 Planovoe Khoziaistvo (Planned Economy), No. 6, 1952 (p.87).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
equality with men in work. Soviet women—
inspired by the spirit of Socialist labor—have
demonstrated that there are no jobs which they
cannot handle.” 11 After a visit to Kussia, Perle
Mesta, former American Minister to Luxembourg,
reported seeing in a steel plant that “women
were given the dirtiest and heaviest jobs to do,
such as lifting back-breaking pieces of metal.” 12
Incidentally, the law forbids women workers to
carry loads of more than 20 kilograms (44 pounds)
by hand, or 50 kilograms (110 pounds) by wheel
barrow.13 Women are also forbidden to work in
specific jobs which are especially arduous and
dangerous to health. The number of such jobs
is being constantly reduced, it is claimed, because
of the introduction of mechanization and ad
vances in safety technique. Thus, women have
been permitted to become railway locomotive
engineers and firemen. They are exempt only
from a few underground mining jobs,14 having
been “permitted” to work underground in mines
since October 1940.15 The Kazakhstanskaya
Pravda of March 7, 1954, reported that “Thou
sands of women are working in the coal mines of
Kazakhstan.”
Increase in Women Professional Workers
Although many Soviet women perform hard
manual labor, substantial numbers have risen by
special effort to the professional level. One
Soviet book 16 gives this example, saying that it
is typical of hundreds of women workers in trans
portation: Valentina Shepovalova began as an
earth shoveller on the railroad; then she became
a maintenance worker, and later an assistant
mechanic. She studied in her spare time and
passed the entrance examinations of the railroad
electromechanic engineering institute. At latest
report, she was a mechanical engineer, training
railroad mechanics.
According to Soviet claims, in 1954 there were
at work over a million women “specialists” (in
cluding engineers and agronomists) with university
and other technical school training, while over 1
million women were in “specialist” training insti
tutions 17 (in 1955, over 1,400,00018). At the end
of 1952, of the 5.5 million 19 “specialists,” male
and female, with higher and secondary school
training, about 900,000 were women. In 2
important specialist occupations—engineers and
1010
technicians—the number of women was reported
as growing from 250,000 to over 400,000 in the
years 1948 to 1953.20 (The total employment in
these 2 occupations was “over 2 million” in
1953.2I) At the beginning of 1953, there were
220,000 women physicians out of a total of “about
300,000” and over 1 million women school
teachers out of a total of “nearly 2 million.” 22 It
was claimed that in 1954 about 40 percent of the
“scientific workers” of the USSR Academy of
Sciences were women.23
Participation in Government
Despite Soviet claims to the contrary, Soviet
women have not attained equal status as govern
ment administrators. Few women have held top
posts in state administrations, and no woman has
ever been a member of the top policy board of the
Communist Party. On this score, one American
visitor to the Soviet Union commented:
On my entire trip I met only one woman executive on
a farm or in a factory—a leading engineer in the Baku
Meat Combine. The other top-ranking women I met
were: the director of a railroad-workers’ hospital in Kiev,
the dean of a faculty in Tashkent, a surgeon in Moscow,
the prima ballerina in Baku, and the superintendent of a
grammar school in Moscow. . . . there were no women
in the chief governing body, the Presidium; and at the
Bolshoi Theater celebration of the Thirty-sixth Anni
versary of the Revolution, only 5 women appeared among
the 47 high officials present on the platform.24
Overtime and Nightwork
Women, like men, must perform overtime or
nightwork, when requested. Women who are
pregnant or who breast-feed infants are exempt
from night and overtime work. The former are
also entitled to lighter work with no reduction
in pay; however, the exemption from overtime
work is mandatory only after 4 months of preg
nancy.25 Women workers are entitled to 35
calendar days’ prenatal leave from work and 42
calendar days’ postnatal leave (56 days, in case of
multiple births). During this period they are
entitled to receive free medical attention and pay
ments from the state social insurance fund—the
latter ranging from 50 to 100 percent of average
earnings, depending on the worker’s length of
service, type of work, efficiency record, trade
union membership, and various other considera
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
tions—provided they have worked continuously
for 3 months in the same enterprise before begin
ning their maternity leave. Mothers who breast
feed babies cannot be denied employment, nor can
they be demoted for this reason. They must be
given paid two half-hour periods during the work
day to feed their babies.
Living Conditions
The living conditions of the average Soviet wo
man worker also are difficult. Housing is conceded
to be extremely inadequate, and both consumer
goods and services are in short supply. In cities
and in industrial centers, each family, as a rule,
lives in one room and must share a common kitchen
and washroom with other families. A Russian
women’s magazine in 1951 stated: “In order to
lighten the housework of working women, we must
extend and improve public dining rooms, laundries,
clothes making and repairing shops, and other
everyday services.”26 The situation on the whole
is still the same: The USSR Deputy-Minister of
Trade, in Pravda of March 2, 1954, recommended
that restaurants prepare take-home meals and
specially cooked foods in order to ease the home
work of women employed in factories. More
recently, on March 8, 1955, a prominent Soviet
woman leader called urgently in Pravda for the
expansion of services for working women. In
addition, everyday consumer goods continue to be
unavailable, according to a 1954 Soviet book which
stated: “We still lack cloth, shoes, clothing, books,
furniture . . .” 27
In connection with the current government drive
to develop virgin soil and reclaim waste lands, the
Government has sent hundreds of thousands of
persons (among them “not a few women” 28) to the
Central Asian steppes, where living conditions are
most primitive, and has asked them to establish
families and settle permanently.
— E d m u n d N a sh
D ivision of Foreign Labor Conditions
2° Ovsiannikova, op. cit. (p. 15).
21 A. Shtylko. Pod’em Kulturno-Tekhnicheskogo Urovnia Tradiashchiksia SSSR (Rise in the Cultural-Technical Level of USSR Workers), Moscow,
1953 (p. 46).
22 Ibid.
2« Ovsiannikova, op. cit. (p. 26).
24 MacDuffie, Marshall. The Red Carpet, New York, 1955 (pp. 119-120).
22 Zakonodatelstvo O Trade (pp. 202-203).
28 Rabotnitsa (Woman Worker), February 1951.
27 Ovsiannikova, op. cit. (p. 19).
28 Ovsiannikova, op. cit. (p. 23).
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
1011
Shortages of Engineers and
Extent of Shortages
Scientists in Industrial Research
The shortages of scientific and engineering per
sonnel reported by many companies represented,
in most cases, a demand for additional staff for
current research programs; in others, a need for
additional personnel to permit a planned expansion
in research activities. Approximately one-third of
the 200 companies reported major or substantial
numerical shortages of research scientists and
engineers. About one-sixth reported shortages of
a less extensive character. The remaining half of
the firms said they did not have numerical short
ages of personnel, but many companies in this
group emphasized their need for scientists and
engineers with more advanced training or better
professional qualifications. Officials of several of
these firms said they would expand their research
and development activities if “well qualified or
better trained persons” could be found.
Lack of sufficient scientific and engineering
personnel was reported in many instances to have
hindered companies in carrying out going research
programs. Officials of a sizable though smaller
number of firms said they had been forced to
S h o r ta g e s of scientists and engineers impede the
research and development programs of many com
panies whose activities represent a large and crit
ically important segment of the Nation’s scientific
research effort. In interviews with officials of
approximately 200 large companies, conducted by
the staff of the Bureau of Labor Statistics for the
National Science Foundation in late 1954, at
least half of these companies reported that they
were unable to hire enough research scientists and
engineers to meet their need, and many others
emphasized their need for better qualified scientists
and engineers.1
The need for additional personnel in the research
and development activities of the reporting com
panies covered a wide range of fields—chemical,
electrical, mechanical, and aeronautical engineer
ing; chemistry; physics; metallurgy; mathematics;
and a number of others. The demand for addi
tional scientists and engineers also extended to all
levels of training and to new graduates as well as
to experienced men, although most company offi
cials said they had a greater need for personnel
with experience or advanced degrees than for new
graduates with only the bachelor’s degree.
Industries where the proportion of companies
reporting shortages of research scientists and engi
neers was largest were aircraft, electrical equip
ment, petroleum, paper, food, and primary metals.
Every aircraft company in the survey indicated a
shortage of research and development personnel.
In all other industries, some companies—in several
cases the majority-—said that their research pro
grams were not impeded by a numerical shortage
of scientists or engineers. However, the survey
findings indicate that, on a nationwide basis, the
supply of qualified personnel is insufficient to meet
the demand for research and development scien
tists and engineers in many fields. These findings
apply only to large firms, which together employ
a substantial majority of all scientists and engi
neers engaged in industrial research. No evidence
is yet available from the survey with regard to
the personnel situation in the many small firms
conducting research and development activities.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1
This article is based on a report entitled, “ Shortages of Scientists and
Engineers in Industrial Research,” published by the National Science
F o u n d a tio n , W a sh in g to n , D . C ., A u g u st 1, 1955.
The report summarizes the results of a survey which is part of a broad
study of research and development resources in all types of research organi
zations, undertaken by the National Science Foundation to provide the
information needed in developing and recommending to the President policies
to strengthen the country’s research effort.
The number of companies interviewed in different industries were dis
tributed as follows: 33 in chemicals and allied products; 21 in machinery; 20
in electrical equipment; 14 in petroleum; 13 in professional and scientific
instruments; 11 ill food and kindred products; 9 each in aircraft, fabricated
metal products, and primary metals; 8 each in motor vehicles and equip
ment and paper and allied products; 7 each in mining and rubber products;
and smaller numbers in coal products, leather, lumber, printing and pub
lishing, railroad equipment, shipbuilding, stone, clay, and glass products,
textile mill products, tobacco, “miscellaneous” manufacturing, motion pic
tures, radio broadcasting and television, telecommunications, transportation,
and utilities.
In the interviews with officials of the 200 major companies (many of which
are parent companies of corporate families), information was obtained on
such subjects as the factors influencing companies’ research expenditures,
the extent of personnel shortages, and other obstacles to the effective conduct
and expansion of industrial research.
The information supplied in this report relates to research and develop
ment personnel only; it does not cover the personnel situation in other types
of scientific and engineering work which together employ a much larger
number of scientists and engineers than those engaged in research and
development. Research and development scientists and engineers include
those engaged in basic and applied research in the sciences (including medi
cine) and engineering, and in design and development of prototypes and
processes. Another important point about the information presented is
that it is in terms of relative numbers of companies, rather than numbers of
personnel affected. Some companies in the survey were, of course, much
larger than others, but each has the same weight in the findings.
1012
curtail projected increases in their research and
development activities. For example, a large
electrical equipment company reported that its
professional research and development staff would
have been increased by 50 percent during 1954 if
qualified personnel had been available, and the
official in charge of the research program expressed
grave doubts that they could find sufficient per
sonnel to permit a still larger increase in staff
during 1955 and 1956 which had been approved.
Several companies indicated that their recruiting
problems were intensified by a high rate of turnover
among their research scientists and engineers.
The need for ‘‘quality” in hiring research per
sonnel was repeatedly emphasized. Officials of
many companies reiterated that requirements for
research scientists and engineers cannot be met
because well-qualified, well-trained people are
difficult to find. Several said that only the most
capable new graduates—in general, those in the
top 10 or 25 percent of present graduating classes—
are considered as potential research employees.
The need for personnel of high caliber was em
phasized equally in connection with the hiring of
experienced scientists and engineers.
Industry Differences
The proportion of companies reporting shortages
of research and development scientists and
engineers was largest, as previously noted, in the
aircraft, electrical equipment, petroleum, paper,
food, and primary metals industries.
The majority of the aircraft manufacturers
interviewed said they had acute shortages of
research and development personnel, and all
reported some shortage. The situation in this
industry is typified by the comment of one
official: “Our organization has been literally
limited in its development work by the unavail
ability of qualified personnel.”
In the electrical equipment industry, threefifths of the surveyed companies reported that
shortages of scientists and engineers were impeding
their research and development programs. Sev
eral manufacturers of electronic equipment stressed
that their shortage of research engineers and
scientists was extremely acute.
Companies with insufficient numbers of re
search engineers and scientists in the petroleum,
paper, and food industries likewise represented
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
about three-fifths of those interviewed. Officials
of a leading petroleum company and of a major
food company stated that their firms’ research
programs were markedly affected by personnel
shortages. However, in all three industries some
of the firms reporting a lack of scientists and
engineers said this had not interfered significantly
with their research programs.
In the primary metals industries also, a majority
of the companies said they did not have sufficient
numbers of research scientists and engineers, with
one corporation indicating a major shortage of
research personnel. In other primary metals
companies, the personnel shortages were described
as less extensive. An official of one of these
companies said: “In general, we have encountered
no major obstacles in the expansion of our re
search and development program due to man
power shortages.”
In both the professional and scientific instru
ments and the chemicals and allied products
industries, approximately half of the companies
interviewed reported shortages of research per
sonnel. All instruments companies that had
shortages indicated that they either hindered the
firm in its research activities or prevented a desired
expansion in program, but only one-fifth of the
chemicals firms—most of them not among the
largest manufacturers—said that such shortages
were significantly impeding or retarding their
research and development programs.
Industries in which less than half of the com
panies in the study reported numerical shortages
of research personnel included machinery, rubber,
fabricated metals, and motor vehicles. However,
the machinery industry was the only one in which
a sizable proportion of the firms indicated that
the scarcity of personnel was impeding their
research activities.
The personnel situations reported by compa
nies in other industries were extremely diverse—
ranging from a major shortage to an adequate
supply of research scientists and engineers.
Altogether, the interviews with company offi
cials indicated a considerable disparity in the
personnel situation even within individual indus
tries, with the notable exception of the aircraft
industry. Although detailed information on the
reasons for these differences could not be developed
from this survey, company officials mentioned
such contributing factors as differences in the
INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH ENGINEERS AND SCIENTISTS
kinds of personnel needed (with respect to both
scientific specialty and level of training or other
qualifications); varying rates of personnel turn
over; whether or not the company’s research
program has been expanding rapidly; and differ
ences in salary levels. Other factors of importance
obviously would be differences in the effectiveness
of recruitment programs and in the opportunities
for advancement and degree of long-term economic
security offered by employment in the given com
pany (as appraised by the individual scientist).
Types of Personnel Needed
Information on the engineering and scientific
fields in which companies reported a need for
additional personnel should be interpreted in the
light of the kinds of activity in which these com
panies were engaged. The study did not cover
personnel needs in such fields as independent
medical or other research laboratories, colleges
and universities, and Government agencies or
needs for personnel in any type of work other
than research and development programs.
Engineers. Fields in which sizable numbers of
companies reported engineering personnel short
ages include chemical, electrical (especially elec
tronic), mechanical, and aeronautical engineering.
Chemical engineers were needed not only by
companies in the chemical and petroleum indus
tries, the largest industrial employers of engineers
in this specialty, but also by a number of compa
nies in the food industry and by some in most other
industries represented in the survey. A particu
lar need for chemical engineers with 1 to 5 years
of industrial experience was indicated in many
cases, but there was extensive demand also for
new graduates in this field. Shortages of electri
cal engineers were reported mainly by compa
nies in the aircraft, electrical equipment, machin
ery, and professional and scientific instruments
industries. In this branch of engineering, the
most acute need was usually stated to be for new
graduates or for men with more than 5 years’
experience. Needs for mechanical engineers were
concentrated at these same experience levels and
in the same list of industries, with the exception
of professional and scientific instruments. Nar
rower specialties in which some companies had an
acute need for engineers with advanced degrees or
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1013
considerable experience included hydraulics, stress
analysis, systems analysis, ceramics, and engi
neering physics.
Scientists. The scientific fields in which per
sonnel shortages were reported by many com
panies include chemistry, physics, metallurgy,
and mathematics. In addition, some companies
said they needed additional pharmacists and
pharmacologists, pathologists, microscopists, and
geophysicists. The demand for chemists came
mainly from companies in the chemical, petroleum,
and food industries, as would be expected, and, to
a less extent, from those in the paper industry.
Physical and organic chemists with the Ph. D.
degree were in great demand. Also widely needed
were physical and organic chemists at all degree
levels with 2 to 10 years of experience. A num
ber of companies, chiefly in the food industries,
reported a shortage of biochemists, particularly
those with experience or advanced degrees.
Shortage of physicists, especially those with the
Ph. D. degree or equivalent experience, were
reported by many companies in the electrical
equipment, aircraft, and professional and scienti
fic instrument industries. Some firms in the
chemical, machinery, and paper industries were
also seeking physicists for their research programs.
Metallurgists at all degree levels were needed by
many companies in the primary" metals and elec
trical equipment industries and by a few firms in
the aircraft and fabricated metal products indus
tries. A need for mathematicians at all degree
levels was reported by numerous companies in
the aircraft industry.
Project Leaders. A scarcity of personnel qualified
for positions as project or group leaders for re
search and development activities was reported
by slightly more than one-third of the companies.
This was a smaller proportion than indicated
shortages of scientists and engineers for research
and development activities in general—no doubt
owing to the general practice of filling project
leader positions by promotion from within. One
out of every 5 companies said they had a marked
shortage of well-qualified personnel for such posi
tions; in other companies, the lack of supervisory
personnel did not constitute a major problem.
Companies indicating difficulty in obtaining
qualified personnel for positions of leadership were
1014
concentrated to a considerable extent in the indus
tries where shortages of research personnel were
most generally reported. Thus, aircraft manu
facturers were virtually unanimous in reporting
an insufficient supply of qualified supervisory per
sonnel for their research and development pro
grams, as were a considerable number of com
panies in the electrical equipment, professional
and scientific instruments, machinery, and paper
industries and a smaller proportion of the firms in
the chemical and food industries. A few in other
industries reported similar difficulties in obtaining
competent research supervisors.
Many companies had instituted in-company
training programs to prevent or alleviate a short
age of group leaders. In some cases, formal train
ing programs had been undertaken; in others,
various types of informal techniques were utilized.
A number of firms reported that they were using
psychological testing and evaluation techniques as
helpful tools in their programs.
Several companies had set up training programs
in conjunction with nearby universities, either
utilizing the facilities and staffs of these schools or
bringing instructors into the plant itself. Other
concerns were providing on-the-job training by as
signing their research personnel to work with
experienced men having expert knowledge of their
fields. Provision was frequently made also for
rotating selected personnel among the different
areas of the organization, to acquaint them with
the company’s projects and problems.
Reforms in Labor Conditions
in the Port of N ew York
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
In some cases, companies using training tech
niques were also recruiting intensively for experi
enced personnel. A few companies had such
urgent, immediate needs for project leaders that
they were forced to use all available means of
recruiting engineers and scientists already quali
fied for such positions.
Firms without specific training programs have
attempted to meet their need for supervisory per
sonnel in other ways. Several companies have
gone so far as to divert some of their experienced
scientists and engineers from other areas to re
search and development. In other companies,
where the leadership in key research jobs is con
sidered inadequate, supervision by higher level
staff or by committees has been superimposed and
an effort has been made to supply as strong sup
porting personnel as possible. In order to secure
better supervision, a few companies have tried to
reduce their project leaders’ workload—in some
cases by relieving them of all nonsup ervisory work,
in others by eliminating their nontechnical
responsibilities.
Several firms with a shortage of personnel for
project leader positions said they had been unable
to relieve the situation. They had been forced to
slow down their research activities or, in some
cases, to bring projects to a complete standstill.
—N
o rm a n
S elt z e r
D ivision of Manpower and Employment Statistics
[ E d i t o r ’s N
o t e .— O n
S e p te m b e r
n a tio n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n ’s A s s o c i a t i o n
14,
1955,
(I n d .)
th e
I n te r
f a c e d c o n te m p t
C h a r g e s f o r f a i l u r e to c o m p l y w ith a c o u r t o r d e r to e n d a n
8 - d a y s tr ik e s ta g e d i n p r o te s t o f th e C o m m i s s i o n ’s a c tiv itie s .
( S e e p . I V o f th is tsswe.)]
W a t e r f r o n t labor conditions in the port of New
York improved substantially between mid-1954
and mid-1955, according to the second annual
report of the Waterfront Commission of New
York Harbor.1 Largely responsible for the prog
ress in eliminating crime and corruption were
Commission action to decasualize longshore em
ployment, registration of longshoremen, intro
duction of a new hiring system, vigilance against
the return of public loading to the piers, and use
of the Commission’s licensing powers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Decasualization
The oversupply of longshoremen has been one
of the major causes of crime and corruption in
the port of New York. Estimates of the number
1
Annual Report for the Year Ended June 30, 1955, Waterfront Commis
sion of New York Harbor, New York, N. Y.
The Commission is a bi-State (New York and New Jersey) agency estab
lished under the authority of the Waterfront Commission Compact, which
was authorized by Public Law 252 (83d Cong., 1st sess.), signed by the
President on August 12, 1953.
LABOR CONDITIONS IN THE PORT OF NEW YORK
1015
of longshoremen required in the port range from
25,000 to 33,250. In each of the years ended
September 30, 1952 and 1953, before the advent
of the Commission, the records of the New York
Shipping Association showed 42,000 men receiv
ing wages as longshoremen.
To meet the basic problem of maintaining a
balance between labor supply and labor needs,
the Commission has utilized two provisions of the
law under which it was established. These re
quire the Commission to (1) accept any applicant
for registration who is not disqualified by his
criminal record, his advocacy of the overthrow
of the United States •Government by force or
violence, or the fact that his presence on the piers
would endanger the peace and safety; and (2)
set up a minimum standard of regularity of em
ployment and, semiannually, eliminate from the
register all longshoremen who do not meet the
minimum.
The effectiveness of this approach is demon
strated by a reduction in the number of long
shoremen eligible to work on the docks, i. e.,
registered by the Commission, to 34,469 by mid1954 and to 31,574 by June 3, 1955. As the legal
registration requirement resulted in substantial
additions to the register during this period (see
below), the first round of decasualization, which
commenced in January 1955, was principally
responsible for the reduction over the year. The
record at that time revealed that 16,393 of the
men on the register had failed to meet the current
minimum standard of regularity of employment,
i. e., 8 days per month of work or solicitation of
work through the Commission’s employment
centers. All were given an opportunity to ex
plain their failure to do so, and 9,336 men re
quested that they be retained on the register
because of mitigating circumstances. In review
ing the cases, the Commission endeavored to
retain those who depended principally on the
waterfront for their livelihood. Of all those who
failed to satisfy the minimum, 8,790 were retained.
4,704, and had denied registration to 122. Dur
ing the year, 7,063 additional men were given
permanent registration and registration was de
nied or revoked in 507 cases. Lapses in tempo
rary registrations evidently accounted for the
remainder of the net decrease of 2,895 in the size
of the register by the end of the year.
The Commission carefully scrutinizes the merits
of each applicant who wishes to register as a
longshoreman. Recognizing the probable influ
ence on coworkers of a person with a past criminal
record, the Commission bases its ultimate deci
sion as to registration of an applicant who has a
record on his length of service on the waterfront,
evidences of rehabilitation, and the hardship that
he and his family would suffer if his right to work
were denied.
During its first 2 years of operation, the Com
mission either denied or revoked registration for
629 men because of their criminal record, and 288
others were granted registration only after a hear
ing. The incidence of involvement with the law
in the 917 cases is shown below.
Registration of Longshoremen
Thus, the process of decasualization removed
7,603 men from the register during the year ended
June 30, 1955. At the beginning of the year, the
Commission had issued permanent registration to
29,765 longshoremen, temporary registration to
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cases in which registration was —_____
D enied or
revoked
Oranted
Number of men involved-----------------Total number of involvements with
the law__________________________
Felony convictions_____________
Misdemeanor convictions----------Offense convictions-------------------Other arrests___________________
629
288
3, 190
630
1, 402
407
751
1, 336
213
531
124
468
Thirty percent of the men who were called to
appear for hearings did not show up, although
they had been informed that failure to do so would
automatically result in denial of registration.
However, the Commission has, as a matter of
policy, reopened such cases if the applicant re
quests it within a reasonable time.
Netv Hiring System
Another attack on the problems of “the uncer
tainty of waterfront employment and the perpetu
ation of the rackets” which the Commission made
during the year was the institution of a new
system of hiring in April 1955. At that time, the
Commission abandoned the “prevalidation”
method of hiring and introduced a system of
gang-posting and gang-hiring.
1016
The prevalidation system which the Commission
has instituted in December 1953 had replaced the
pierhead “shapeup,” which had bred crime and
corruption because of the favoritism practiced by
the hiring agents. Under prevalidation, the em
ployer submitted to the Commission advance lists
of workers needed for the ensuing 5 days or week.
After the Commission checked the names against
the longshoremen’s register and validated it, the
list could be extended from week to week. The
only workers required to make a physical appear
ance at the Commission’s employment center were
those who applied for fill-in jobs. However,
success of the prevalidation system was to a
large extent precluded by the employer practice
of permitting hiring agents and union leaders to
prepare and increase the lists until excessive num
bers of men were listed. Thus, the discredited
overt “shape” was replaced by an equally unde
sirable covert “shape,” tightly controlled by the
International Longshoremen’s Association (Ind.).
Accordingly, the Commission proposed a system
of gang-posting and gang-hiring which was de
signed to channel the hiring of hatch gangs, dock
labor, checkers, and clerks through the Commis
sion’s employment centers, as directed by law, and
to transform the centers into central points for
the dissemination of information on the avail
ability of men and work on the waterfront.
Employers opposed the proposals and the ILA
boycotted a public hearing held in October 1954.
The Commission deferred further action until
January 1955, when the New York Shipping
Association and the ILA negotiated a new con
tract. At that time, the Commission announced
that the new regulations would go into effect in
March 1955. Management again criticized them,
and the union first refused to comment and then
began taking strike votes on the issue. Just
before the regulations were to go into effect, the
ILA asked for an opportunity to present its views,
and the effective date was postponed until April
1955. Although ILA later challenged the new
hiring regulations in the courts,2 the discussions
which followed brought about, for the first time,
the recording in writing of hiring practices for
most areas of the port, so that there could be no
misunderstanding about them. The formaliza
tion of hiring practices which curtailed union
control without precipitating a strike was termed
2 The case had not been decided when the Commission’s report was issued.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
by the Commission an outstanding accomplish
ment of its second fiscal year.
The details of the new system differ for the
various types of workers, but the basic elements
for regular hatch gangs and dock labor are: (1)
the names of regular workers are certified to the
Commission by the stevedores who employ them;
(2) lists of these workers are posted at the pierhead
and in the Commission’s center serving the area;
(3) the men are hired from day to day from the
pierhead list; (4) the stevedores report hiring
information daily to the center, where it is re
corded on a bulletin board. At the end of the
month, stevedores must remove from their lists
the names of any dock and terminal workers who
have not been hired regularly. Regular gangs
not employed at their own pier and extra gangs
are hired in the Commission center, as are casuals
or fill-ins.
Ofher Commission Activities
In addition to the Commission’s efforts toward
improving employment policies and practices, it
has used its licensing power to develop standards
that stevedoring companies must meet in order to
be certified to operate on the waterfront. Not
only must the company be managed with a high
degree of integrity and character, but it must
maintain a sound and complete accounting system
which specifies the purpose of cash disbursements.
Another accomplishment reported by the Com
mission was the adoption of more stringent regu
lations concerning the statutory prohibition of
public loaders, by whose presence the port of New
York was “uniquely cursed.” Before its aboli
tion, the “public loading racket,” as it was de
scribed by the Commission, was the monopoly of
“men who either controlled ILA locals or had
their blessing.” Consequently the Commission
resolutely opposed (although in an informal
opinion) the ILA’s proposals, made during con
tract negotiations in late 1954, to reintroduce the
public loading system under the guise of an agree
ment clause covering a new, separate craft for
loaders. The Commission pointed out that aboli
tion of public loading has benefited longshoremen
who have been hired to load and unload trucks on
the piers; they are employed at regular longshore
wage rates, including social security and pension
benefits.
EQUAL EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES
Minority Groups Conference on
Equal Employment Opportunities
Federal Government’s policy of promoting
equal opportunities for all Americans has in recent
years received encouraging advancement and
support on many fronts affecting the national
welfare. Discriminatory practices against minor
ity groups have been significantly modified in
several fields, particularly the Armed Forces,
housing, education, and interstate travel. Progress
has also been significant in the crucial area of
equal employment opportunities, in large measure
with the guidance and assistance of the Federal
Government.
The Department of Labor, through the offices
of the Federal-State Employment Service, oper
ates a Minority Groups Program, which seeks
primarily to promote the principle that legally
qualified workers should be hired on the basis of
merit without regard to race, religion, color, or
national origin. This program is a continuation
of Departmental efforts to move forward in the
area of human relations as they pertain to employ
ment opportunities and to work effectively for
maximum utilization of the labor force.
The Minority Groups Program was reviewed
and evaluated at a conference held in Washington,
D. C., July 11-13. Participants, including
supervisors of the program in 12 States and the
District of Columbia, as well as representatives
of religious organizations, the Federal Govern
ment, industry, and labor, discussed methods and
policies designed to apply the principle of equal
opportunity for all. Programs to combat employ
ment discrimination were outlined in speeches
delivered at the conference by representatives of
the Radio Corporation of America, the American
Federation of Labor, and the Congress of Indus
trial Organizations. These speeches are summar
ized below.
T he
A Merit Employment Policy
G. Harold Metz, Director of Personnel for the
Radio Corporation of America, discussed the
firm’s policy of merit employment which has been
in effect since the corporation was founded in 1919.
He noted that RCA prefers the term “merit
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1017
employment” to “fair employment,” on the basis
that the former term realistically focuses on the
central problem whereas the latter is primarily
emotional in appeal and useful mainly for
promotional purposes.
Mr. Metz stated that RCA’s employment office
is open to all qualified people solely on the basis
of experience and aptitude. The company’s aim
is to have the best qualified worker for each job,
with advancement based on the achievement and
promotability of the individual.
Accordingly, RCA employs Negroes, Japanese,
and Chinese, as well as employees of various
religious faiths and national origin. However, it
keeps no record concerning the number of its
employees in particular minority groups.
Emphasizing that top management’s attitude
toward merit employment is crucial, Mr. Metz
quoted the following statement by RCA President
Frank M. Folsom:
The first element in our success has been a solid attitude
on the part of top management in support of nondiscrimi
nation among employees and job applicants. This reflects
a realization that nondiscrimination is one of the funda
mental democratic principles and one that all of us are
vitally concerned in promoting.
RCA management support for equality of employment
opportunities has been kept constantly to the fore. Soon
after his appointment to the President’s Committee [on
Fair Employment Practice] in 1941, General Sarnoff
reaffirmed in a directive to all RCA divisions and sub
sidiaries that the corporation’s policy agreed in spirit and
letter with the government’s official policy against dis
crimination in employment. At that time, RCA
eliminated from its employment application blanks any
questions relating to race, color, or religion— questions
which were used generally throughout industry at that
time, largely for statistical purposes.
Four years later, upon passage by New York and New
Jersey of state laws barring discrimination in employment,
General Sarnoff again reaffirmed the agreement with
these laws of RCA’s own policy. At the same time, he
directed that no employment application forms should be
used in any division or subsidiary of RCA without prior
approval by legal counsel. This directive reminded
employment and personnel managers in all branches of
their responsibility for carrying out the policy of non
discrimination and “for keeping inviolate the good reputa
tion of the Corporation in this respect.” All of our
recruiting and employment activities today continue along
the lines of these directives.
Prompted by this top management attitude, the various
divisions and subsidiaries of RCA have established their
own programs to make the most effective use of the skills
and talents offered by our minority groups for the wide
range of production and servicing operations in which
RCA specializes.
1018
Effective implementation of the policy requires more
than simply a management decision to move ahead,
however. It calls for a second element—knowledge of
the levels of education and of attitudes among the present
working force, the local minority groups, and the people
of the community in which each plant or office is located.1
Merit employment is sound business policy,
according to Mr. Metz, because of the following
considerations:
1. The available supply of skilled labor is not
growing as fast as the demand for products and
services. Normal replenishment of our work
force, in addition to the increases required for an
expanding economy, are adversely affected by the
smaller birth rate of the thirties. Moreover, the
number of labor force entrants is affected by
higher educational requirements.
2. The economic status of the American Negro
has improved markedly since World War II.
Today the American Negro community of more
than 16 million people provides purchasing
power in excess of $15 billion a year, a practical
reason why business should provide job opportuni
ties for Negroes, as a typical minority group,
on the basis of their qualifications. If a minority
group earns more, it will spend more, and if it
spends more all business will in the end have a
proportional increase in sales.
Mr. Metz proposed the hypothesis that, with
respect to merit employment, the consumer
public as a whole is socially more advanced than
some of its separate parts. “The purchaser of a
radio, television set, or automobile does not stop
to ask when he is buying it whether the hands
that made it were white, yellow, or dark; or
whether they worshipped in one church in pref
erence to another or a synagogue. The consumer
is concerned only with quality and value, the
result of good workmanship by good workers.”
Action by Organized Labor
George L-P Weaver, Director of the CIO
Committee on Civil Rights, emphasized organized
labor’s stand against discrimination in employ
ment pointing to the merger agreement reached
by the joint AFL-CIO unity committee in
February 1955:2 “The merged federation shall
constitutionally recognize the right of all workers,
without regard to race, creed, color, or national
origin to share in the full benefits of trade union
organization in the merged federation.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
He noted that after formal consolidation is
effected, the new federation plans to establish a
Civil Rights Committee. The civil rights pro
visions in the proposed new constitution prepared
for the projected merger are stronger in this area
than the existing AFL and CIO constitutions.
Elimination of job stratification on the basis
of race will be one of the major problems facing
the merged labor federation. Many industries,
in the North and in the South, tend to designate
certain jobs for whites and certain jobs for
Negroes. The new federation has a responsibility
to ensure that upgrading and promotional provi
sions in union contracts are strictly observed.
Recognizing the major nature of the problem,
the CIO has been developing techniques to aid in
the elimination of job stratification, Mr. Weaver
stated.
Bert Seidman, of the American Federation of
Labor’s Department of Research, set forth three
basic reasons why organized labor is concerned
with the problem of achieving equal opportunity
for all workers:
1. Justice and fair play for all has been inherent
in the foundation and philosophy of the organized
labor movement and is its basic ethical objective.
2. Equal opportunity in employment is neces
sary from the standpoint of the needs of our
economy. Members of minority groups com
prise a disproportionately high number of the
unemployed and those with low incomes. If we
are to maintain full employment and a prosperous
economy, a major objective must be to raise the
level of living and the income of the low income
groups.
3. Discrimination against any worker represents
a threat to all workers; from the long term point
of view the white worker is adversely affected
when the nonwhite worker is discriminated
against.
Although employers who maintain discrimina
tory hiring practices have frequently shifted the
blame to unions, Mr. Seidman emphasized that
the basic decision and responsibility regarding
employment rests with the employer.
Answering the question “What are unions doing
to eliminate discrimination in employment?”
Mr. Seidman stated that many unions are seeking
to establish equal opportunity in employment
1 We Fully Believe, RCA publication, February 23,1954 (pp. 4-5).
2 See Monthly Labor Review, April 1955 (p. 428).
VOCATIONAL REHABILITATION
through clauses in collective bargaining contracts
which bar discrimination in hiring. He quoted a
typical clause:
There shall be no discrimination at the time of employ
ment against any prospective employee and there shall be
no discrimination against any employee by foremen, super
intendents, or any other person in the employ of the
company because of race, sex, creed, color, or national
origin.
In addition, the AFL participates in meetings
of the President’s Committee on Government
Contracts, and continues to advocate national
fair employment practices legislation, with local
affiliates playing an important role in obtaining
state and local FEPC legislation. Local affiliates
of the federal committees also sponsor permanent
committees against discrimination in such cities
as Philadelphia, Chicago, Detroit, Baltimore,
Pittsburgh, Cleveland, Los Angeles, and San
Francisco. Mr. Seidman reported that intensive
Progress and N eeds in
Vocational Rehabilitation
W id e r p u b l ic u n d e r s t a n d in g of the expanded
vocational rehabilitation program is vital to mak
ing it work, according to the discussion by a panel
of the President’s Committee on the Physically
Handicapped.1 In particular, local communities
should recognize and make use of the new tools
provided by 1954 amendments to the Vocational
Rehabilitation Act and Hospital Construction
Act.2 There has been a fair start and placements
are gaining. Additional trained counselors and
other personnel are needed at all levels, as are
further work on attaining satisfactory placement
of seriously handicapped persons and emphasis
on the positive approach in rehabilitation and
placement.
The major objective of the amended Vocational
Rehabilitation Act,3 reaffirmed the moderator, is
to increase the number of handicapped individuals
rehabilitated each year to 200,000, as compared
to the 60,000 handicapped returned to work in
each of the last few years. A major contribution
is made by the act toward the elimination of four
obstacles: the lack of money, trained personnel,
facilities, and acceptance of the handicapped in
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1019
efforts are being made to eliminate all vestiges of
discrimination in AFL unions.
Nondiscrimination provisions in the constitu
tion drafted for the projected AFL-CIO merger
were quoted as further evidence of organized
labor’s efforts to provide equal economic oppor
tunities for all. These were:
Article II. Objects and Principles
Sec. 4. To encourage all workers without regard to race,
creed, color, or national origin to share in the full benefits
of union organization.
Article X III. Committees and Staff Departments
Sec. 1 (b). The Committee on Civil Rights shall be
vested with the duty and responsibility to assist the
Executive Council to bring about at the earliest possible
date the effective implementation of the principle stated
in this Constitution of nondiscrimination in accordance
with the provisions of this Constitution.
— R oberta C hurch
Bureau of Employment Security
the labor market—factors that, according to the
panel member from the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, have impeded the de
velopment of a complete rehabilitation program.
In regard to financial support, the HEW repre
sentative stated that in the current year States
have already taken up about $2 million in support
grants, a half million dollars in extension and im
provement grants, and about a quarter million
dollars thus far toward approved special project
grants covering a variety of fields. The Federal
funds are provided on a matching basis: 2 Federal
dollars to 1 State dollar for support grants and part
of the special project grants, and 3 to 1 for
extension and improvement grants. Recent amendments to the Randolph-Sheppard program
have expanded opportunities for the blind by ex
tending special preference to them in the establish
ment of business concessions and by expanding the
privilege to apply not only in Government build1 Information from transcript of the panel session on How to Make Public
Law 565 Work, at the M ay 23-24,1955, meeting of the President’s Committee
on Employment of the Physically Handicapped, Washington, D. C.
Panel members were Elmer E. Walker (moderator) general vice president,
the International Association of Machinists; M ary E. Switzer, director of
the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation in the Department of Health, Edu
cation, and Welfare; Arthur W. Motley, assistant director, in charge of Em
ployment Service, Bureau of Employment Security, U. S. Department of
Labor; and Russell Brothers, chairman of the Tennessee Governor’s Com
mittee.
2 Public Laws 565 and 482 (83d Cong.), respectively.
2 See Monthly Labor Review, October 1954 (p. 1105).
1020
ings but on all Federal property. Another act,
Public Law 482 (83d Cong.) authorized, starting
in 1955, $10 million annually for 3 years for the
construction of rehabilitation facilities.
Although the Federal money is available, the
panel member from the Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare observed that only about
10 State legislatures have provided sufficient funds
for the next biennium to pick up the maximum
authorization under the vocational rehabilitation
provisions. Well over a third of the States come
nowhere near supporting the program to the fullest
extent made possible by the Federal legislation.
Last year, $900,000 was applied to the training of
professional rehabilitation personnel to reduce the
shortage of qualified workers. Training grants
were provided to 99 different institutions that
participated in improving and increasing profes
sional personnel. Many programs are tackling the
problem of providing more trained counselors.
By July 1955, the Department of Labor speaker
indicated, all 53 States and territories would have
conducted training programs for placement per
sonnel in local Employment Service offices. In
some States, the Employment Service and the
Vocational Rehabilitation Agency have developed
a program which incorporates satisfactory voca
tional placement in the rehabilitation and training
program of seriously handicapped persons. An
increase of approximately 22 percent (9,000) was
reported in the number (48,635) of physically
handicapped persons placed in gainful employment
in the first 3 months of 1955 as compared with the
placements (39,646) in the same period in 1954.
As modern industrial developments modify the
nature of the industrial process, established con
cepts of the limitations of the physically handi
capped become altered. The present trend toward
automation, the Labor Department official con
tinued, deemphasizes the importance of physical
strength and manual dexterity and rather pre
scribes education, training, and mental capacity
to plan, to manage, and to make decisions as
premium qualifications for future workers.
In addition to means currently utilized for train
ing and rehabilitation, the panel member from the
Tennessee Governor’s Committee suggested estab
lishment of a volunteer, noncompensated speakers’
bureau and sponsorship within each State of a
nonprofit publication supported entirely by em
ployer advertising.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
Negro Employment in Three
Companies in the N ew Orleans Area
N e g r o e s were increasingly entering “traditionally
white” occupations although the vast majority
of Negroes were still found in unskilled and semi
skilled jobs, according to a survey of employment
practices in three New Orleans companies, between
1939 and 1951 by the Committee of the South of
the National Planning Association (NPA).1 In
all three, Negroes were excluded from office
clerical work and supervisory jobs with any degree
of authority over whites. Negroes in each of
these companies, chosen because of the racial
composition of their work forces, represented
at least 45 percent of all workers employed. The
period 1939 through 1951 was selected for study
because it was marked by an increase in the
proportion of Negroes in the work force of many
southern companies. The NPA survey covered
the effects of the changes or lack of change in the
customary employment practices upon Negro
employment.
One firm provided a formalized promotion
procedure involving both management and union
evaluation. In this company, the union was
responsible for tangible improvements in employ
ment practices and for the insertion of a “no dis
crimination clause” in the collective agreement.
This same union had also actively advocated
equality of treatment for whites and Negroes
with the result that local tensions were eased and a
no-discrimination policy was generally accepted.
The remaining two unions consistently followed
established company practices with respect to
hiring, promotions, and layoffs, and general
acceptance of racial separation in regard to the
nature of work performed.
Company I
Company I, locally owned and controlled,
manufactured roofing and siding materials. Before
World War II, the firm employed Negroes only
1 This article summarizes a study of employment practices in three New
Orleans companies prepared by Howard W. Wissner of Tulane University
for the Committee of the South. Mr. Wissner’s survey is published as part
of Case Study No. 4 of Report No. 6, Committee of the South, National
Planning Association, Washington, D. C., February 1955. For a summary
of Case Study No. 1 in this series, see International Harvester’s Nondiscrimi
nation Policy, Monthly Labor Review, January 1954 (p. 16).
NEGRO EMPLOYMENT IN NEW ORLEANS
as common laborers and in materials-handling jobs.
Jobs involving machine operation and responsibil
ity for the quality of the product were not avail
able to the Negroes. As a matter of policy, the
company made no attempt to restrict the number
of Negroes hired but preference was given to
white job applicants, so that in 1939 only 5 of
the 125 employees were Negroes. During plant
expansion in the 1940’s, the company hired
Negroes in order to overcome labor shortages
that resulted from war and postwar demands.
By 1951, 375 of the plant’s 525 employees were
Negroes. While the majority of Negroes filled
the lower skilled jobs during the exigencies of
the plant expansion, it was necessary to employ
and train some Negroes as machine hands and
machine tenders, jobs formerly open only to
whites.
Both white and Negro employees were organized
in 1941 by the International Hod Carriers’,
Building and Common Laborers’ Union of America
(AFL). From 1941 to 1948, all the local union
officers, committeemen, and business agents were
white. In 1948, a Negro was elected president
of the union, and in the following year Negroes
were elected as president, vice president, and
secretary. In 1950, a group of Negroes proposed
a “Progressive Ticket,” to be composed of capable
whites and Negroes, and invited the whites to
participate. No white employees agreed to run
on the interracial “Progressive Ticket.” As a
result, the Negroes put up their own candidates,
all of whom were elected; the white treasurer was
unopposed for reelection.
Wage Policy. The same base rate applied to both
white and Negro workers doing essentially the
same job under a formalized job evaluation plan.
A joint union-company committee checked rates
for new jobs or those with changed duties. At the
time of the study all the union committee mem
bers were full-time Negro employees trained by
an independent job analyst at company expense.
A group production bonus plan, applying to both
whites and Negroes when working in the same
unit, made it possible for employees to exceed
their base hourly rate. All members in each work
group received equal shares. The majority of the
workers in the common labor gang and in ship
ping operations were Negroes but these work
areas were not included in the bonus plan.
3 5 5 3 6 7 — 5 5 --------3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1021
Employment Policies. Although the company
stated that merit and ability were the bases for
promotion, Negroes did not advance as rapidly as
the whites. Although the union contract related
promotions to seniority, it also stated that “. . .
it is understood that the foreman or the company
shall make the final decision in filling a vacancy.”
According to a company official, the complexities
of keeping detailed and accurate records on pro
duction and ingredient mixtures, a requirement
of the higher paying jobs, often presented an
obstacle to employees with little or no formal ed
ucation who wished to advance. Therefore, most
high paying jobs were probably beyond the at
tainment of most Negro workers, as indicated by
the following compilation of information on their
education levels derived from personnel cards.
N u m b e r of
employees
No formal education___________________________
Not completed grade school_____________________
Completed grade school only____________________
Not completed high school______________________
Finished high school____________________________
College (not graduated)________________________
28
263
37
28
11
8
The company’s policy of not permitting Negroes
to supervise or work over whites in the “chain of
command,” regardless of education, restricted the
job opportunities of the few qualified Negroes.
As a result, Negroes were not promoted to jobs
above the level of machine tender.
Unionization had little or no influence in chang
ing the conditions of employment in the plant due
to the company’s retention of its preunion rights
of making unilateral decisions on hiring, pro
motion procedures, and job assignments. How
ever, Negroes did play a part in labor-management
relations through membership on grievance, job
evaluation, and negotiating committees, and also
acted as shop stewards.
Company II
Complete segregation was practiced in company
II, a 45-year-old clothing manufacturing firm,
locally owned and controlled. Its production op
erations included the cutting of materials to
pattern, sewing and assembling parts, and the
finishing of garments. During World War I, the
company had to hire women, many of whom were
Negroes, to replace men who were going into the
1022
military service. This later became an estab
lished practice. Women constituted 85 percent
of the employees, Negro and white, during the
period 1939-51. In 1939, 60 percent of the com
pany’s work force of 500 were Negroes. The total
number of workers rose to 700 in 1951, of whom
70 percent were Negroes.
With the exception of office clerical work and
the top supervisory positions, Negroes performed
all jobs. The unskilled materials-handling and
janitorial jobs were filled only by Negroes, but
both white and Negroes performed all semiskilled
and skilled production jobs. Negroes and whites
filled the job of cutting, one of the most highly
skilled operations in the production process of
the garment industry.
However, a policy of strict segregation was fol
lowed, with whites working in one area and
Negroes in another. This policy of segregation
was modified only when a key employee was ab
sent and his job had to be performed to complete
the production sequence and even then, only if a
substitute of the same race were not available.
There was no report of racial friction under these
temporary procedures. Each section, white and
Negro, completed the production sequence inde
pendently of the other, thereby eliminating intra
plant competition between whites and Negroes.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
formed by the Negro and white sections have been
identical, as have been the types of machines
operated and procedures for supplying materials
to the machine operators. If differences in earn
ings did occur, they were largely due to individ
ual abilities rather than to racial factors.
A contract with the Amalgamated Clothing
Workers of America (CIO) was signed in 1950 at
the request of the president of the company. The
employer’s action was prompted by the declining
sales of his products in certain eastern markets
which he attributed to a union label drive. The
union organized 2 locals—1 white and 1 Negro.
The contract provisions in each local were iden
tical, with each local managing its own affairs.
All workers were required to join the union after
30 days of employment under the union-shop
clause.
Under union membership the employees im
proved their overtime provisions and increased
vacation benefits and the number of paid holidays.
They also gained membership in the Amalgamated
Insurance Fund. Aside from these, there was no
evidence that the union attempted to make any
changes in hiring or promotion practices, the
nature of work performed by Negroes, or the basic
employment practices.
Company III
Promotion Policy. Through the years there had
been no departure from the established promotion
policy for Negroes, which provided for their ad
vancement to positions as high as nonworking
supervisor, dependent on their individual abilities.
While at no time did a Negro supervise a white,
Negro supervisors had the authority to recom
mend suspension, discharge, or transfer of Negro
employees under his jurisdiction. This plant,
like others in the garment industry, had no formal
promotion procedures because a high degree of
job specialization precluded the possibility of ad
vancement based on skills learned while on other
jobs.
Wage Policy and Unionization. The company
protected the earnings of any employee who was
transferred to a job requiring new skills by guar
anteeing the average of the earnings received on
the former job as the minimum for the new job.
¡Since 1939 the incentive piece rates for work per
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
No discrimination was an accepted practice in
company III, one of the larger food processers in
Louisiana. Already well established, in 1939 the
company employed 786 workers, 44 percent of
whom were Negroes. As demand for its product
grew in the 1939-51 period, it increased its labor
force to 986, with no change in the proportion of
Negro employees. However, the nature of the
work performed by Negroes changed considerably.
In 1939, only two Negroes were employed as
semiskilled workers, with the remainder working
in unskilled jobs. By 1951, 23 Negroes were em
ployed in skilled and 58 in semiskilled jobs
throughout the 10 major production departments
of the plant. Although Negroes assumed many
skilled and semiskilled positions, in no case were
they employed as office clerical workers or as
supervisors. In the two other departments in
which the Negroes did not advance, it was re
ported to “have just happened that way” rather
NEGRO EMPLOYMENT IN NEW ORLEANS
than resulting from efforts or plans of the com
pany.
Employment Policies. The employer utilized Ne
groes almost solely as unskilled workers before
1941 because he feared labor disturbance if
Negroes were given traditionally “white” jobs.
Subsequently, the established policy changed
gradually but continuously as a result of several
factors. The agreements signed since 1941 with
the single biracial local of the United Packing
house Workers of America (CIO) exerted a strik
ing influence on employment practices in the plant
particularly with regard to promotions for Negroes
to higher job levels. Although the whites at first
protested against the equalization of opportunity
for the Negroes, opposition gradually lessened
because the labor shortage created by World War
II required that some jobs be filled by Negroes,
and, with time, labor turnover produced a change
in the labor force and hence in the union local’s
membership. Some Negroes acquired experience
and necessary training after the war through the
federally assisted trade schools and thus were able
to compete successfully for jobs that formerly
were denied to them. Because the nature of the
production process of the plant did not require
prolonged periods of side-by-side work, no serious
interracial problems ever developed over this issue.
Other Changes Since 1941. Under the promotion
policies that existed previous to 1943, Negroes
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1023
were very seldom advanced from unskilled jobs.
A marked modification of this policy was effected
by the provision of the 1943 union contract which
stated, “When a vacancy occurs or a promotion
is to be made within a department, notice of the
fact shall be posted on the Employer’s Bulletin
Board.” All employees could apply for the job
by sending an application to the company and
a carbon copy to the union. Each applicant’s
eligibility for the job, based on seniority and
qualifications, was determined jointly by the em
ployer and the union. The formal promotion
system which evolved made seniority a definite
factor in the promotion of Negroes and whites
alike.
The union also negotiated for and obtained
paid vacations, holiday pay, call-in pay, and shiftdifferential pay for white and Negro employees
alike. In 1951, the union agreement was strength
ened by the addition of a nondiscrimination clause
which stated that “the company agrees that it
will not discriminate against any employee be
cause of race, sex, color, creed, nationality, or
because of membership in the union.” Still ex
cepted from the operation of this clause were
office clerical workers and supervisors.
The job evaluation system, initiated in 1941,
eliminated wage-rate differentials based on racial
factors and replaced the earlier informal method
of wage determination which had resulted in
variations of earnings among workers performing
identical jobs.
1024
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
Conferences and Institutes Scheduled for October and
November 1955
o t e .— A s a service to its readers, the Monthly Labor Review will
publish a list of forthcoming conferences and institutes devoted to the broad
field of industrial relations. Institutes and organizations are invited to
submit schedules of such meetings for listing. To be timely enough for
publication, announcements must be received 60 days prior to the date of a
conference.
E d it o r ’s N
October
Conference
6
Sponsor
Industrial Editors Conference___
Continuing E ducation Service, M ichigan State
College.
6 Personnel M anagement In stitu te . Continuing E ducation Service, M ichigan
State College.
10-12 Conference on A utom ation______
American M anagement A ssociation_________
1113 Evaluation Course__________
Job
M anagem ent Center, College of Business
Adm inistration, M arquette U niversity.
1213 Annual Conference of Train N ew York State School of Industrial and
9th
ing Directors.
Labor Relations, Cornell U niversity, and
the Industrial Training Council of N ew
York.
1314
Industrial
R elations In stitu te____ Tennessee Chapter, International Associa
tion of Personnel in E m ploym ent Security.
17-21 Annual C onvention_____________
N ational Safety Council____________________
21 Labor-M anagement
Arbitration American Arbitration Association and Schools
Conference.
of Law and Business, Western Reserve
University.
2327
Annual
Conference on Public Per Civil Service Assembly of the U nited States
sonnel Administration.
and Canada.
2426
Orientation
Seminar on Tech American M anagement A ssociation_________
niques of Supervisory Training.
26-28 Conference on Insurance________
American M anagement A ssociation_________
27 Executive H ealth Conference____ M anagement Center, College of Business
29
3 1 -N o v . 2
Industrial M anagement Confer
ence.
Workshop on Planning and Ad
m inistering the Group Insur
ance and Pension Program.
November
8-9
9-10
11
9-11
9-11
Administration, M arquette University.
Continuing E ducation Service, Michigan
State College.
American M anagement A ssociation_________
Place
East Lansing, Mich.
East Lansing, Mich.
N ew York, N . Y.
M ilwaukee, Wis.
Ithaca, N. Y.
C hattanooga, Tenn.
Chicago, 111.
Cleveland, Ohio
Cincinnati, Ohio
N ew York, N. Y.
Chicago, 111.
M ilwaukee, Wis.
E ast Lansing, Mich.
N ew York, N. Y.
Conference
Sponsor
Workshop on Effective Training
Aids.
8th Annual Conference__________
Labor-M anagement
Arbitration
Conference.
Workshop on D ynam ics of Indus
trial Relations.
Workshop on E valuating the Ef
fectiveness of Personnel Ad
ministration.
M anagement Center, College of Business
Administration, M arquette University.
Council of Profit Sharing Industries_________
American Arbitration Association and Harvard University.
American M anagement A ssociation_________
N ew York, N. Y.
American M anagement A ssociation_________
N ew York, N . Y.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
p i ace
M ilwaukee, Wis.
Pasadena, Calif.
Cambridge, Mass,
1025
C O N F E R E N C E S A N D IN S T IT U T E S SC H E D U L E
Conferences and Institutes Scheduled for October and November 1955—Con.
November
9-11
9-11
151 6 - 17
16-18
16-18
16-18
1718-
Conference
Workshop on Gearing the Train
ing Function to Operating Prac
tices.
Workshop on Collective Bargain
ing and the Administration of
the Union Contract.
16 R ating and Appraisal Tech
Merit
niques Course.
20th Annual M eeting and Con
ferences on Industrial Health.
Workshop on Building an Effec
tive Communications System .
Workshop on Im proving the Plant
Safety Program.
Workshop on N egotiating the
Union Contract.
18
Conference
on Supervision_______
19
Industrial
R elations C onference. _
28
Regional M eeting_______________
3 0 -D ec. 1-2
9th Annual Conference__________
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Sponsor
Place
American M anagement Association.
N ew York, N. Y.
American M anagement Association.
N ew York, N. Y.
M anagement Center, College of Business
Administration, M arquette U niversity.
Industrial H ygiene Foundation, M ellon In sti
tute.
American M anagement A ssociation--------------
Milwaukee, Wis.
Chicago, 111.
American M anagement A ssociation_________
Chicago, 111.
American M anagement A ssociation_________
Chicago, 111.
American M anagement A ssociation-------------W ashington U niversity and the Industrial
Relations Club of Greater St. Louis.
President’s C om m ittee on E m ploym ent of the
Physically Handicapped.
N ational Association of Intergroup R elations
Officials.
Chicago, 111.
St. Louis, Mo.
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Chicago, 111.
M ilwaukee, Wis.
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases
Labor Relations
Elections—Employer Talks to Individuals. The
National Labor Relations Board ruled 2 that it is
no violation of the Labor Management Relations
Act for an employer to talk individually with em
ployees before a representation election and to
urge them to vote against the union.
Before the representation election, the president
of the company individually discussed with about
half of the employees the conditions and benefits
enjoyed and urged them to vote against the union.
During the conversations, the president remarked
that there were union organizers working inside
the plant making up to $125 a week.
The Board held that the employer did not inter
fere with the employees’ freedom of choice because
his talks with individual employees were “clearly”
not of a restraining or coercive nature and no
threats or promises of benefits were made. The
Board stated that an employer’s technique of talk
ing individually to his employees per se does not
justify setting aside an election. On the con
trary, both employers and unions are free to use
any legitimate methods of electioneering, includ
ing the making of speeches to assembled employees
and the talking to individual employees.
The Board found that the employer’s remarks
about union organizers, at most, amounted to
criticism of the union and did not exceed the
bounds of permissible campaigning.
Elections—Secret Poll by Employer. The United
States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit
held 3 that an employer’s secret poll of his em
ployees’ union sentiments at the conclusion of a
privileged antiunion speech is not interference or
coercion within the meaning of section 8 (a) (1) of
the LMRA.
Prior to a representation election the company’s
store manager called the employees together and
1026
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
informed them that they could vote as they wished
and their vote would have no effect on their future
relations with the company, but that the company
felt that the employees would be better off if they
did not vote for a union. Thereafter, he passed
around slips of paper with the words “for” and
“against” on them and requested that the employ
ees encircle their preference. He stated that the
company was taking a survey for its own infor
mation.
The NLRB found that this conduct “under the
circumstances” violated section 8 (a) (1) of the
act making it an unfair labor practice to interfere
with, restrain, or coerce employees in the exercise
of their rights under section 7 of the act.
The court, in denying the petition for enforce
ment of the Board order, pointed out that a secret
poll of the employees’ union sentiments is not per
se a violation of the act, and further noted that the
manager’s speech was not objectionable. There
fore, concluded the court, “there is nothing left
which could support the order” of the Board. The
court rejected the argument that the very fact
that the speech was made just before the vote
could be “coercive” through a subtle psychologi
cal effect on the employees.
Coercion by Union Officials. Conduct in violation
of a valid provision of a labor-management con
tract loses for the employee protection ordinarily
afforded to him under section 7 of the LMRA, ac
cording to a decision of the United States Court
of Appeals for the Second Circuit.4
Union officials blocked the way of two em
ployees, both union members, into a building in
which they worked and physically assaulted one
because the employees had worked in the shop of
another employer on Washington’s Birthday.
The union’s industrywide contract prohibited
work in any shop after regular working hours and
on that holiday.
The NLRB found that this conduct on the part
of the union officials violated section 8 (b) (1) (A)
iPrepared in the IJ. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law or
to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contrary
results may he reached, based upon local statutory provisions, the existence
of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue presented.
a M a ll Tool Co. (112 N LRB 171, June 23, 1955).
3 N L R B v. Robert B ro s. (O. A. 9, June 30,1955).
4 N L R B v. F u rrie rs Jo in t C o u n c il o f N e w Y o rk (O. A. 2, June 21, 1955).
1027
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
of the act, which makes it an unfair labor practice
for a union “to restrain or coerce employees in the
exercise of rights guaranteed in section 7” of the
act, including the right to “refrain” from “con
certed activities for the purpose of . . . mutual
aid or protection.” The Board’s theory was that
the contract provisions restricting overtime work
reflected a union policy to spread employment in
the industry and that the employees, by refusing
to comply with that restriction, were merely
exercising their right to “refrain” from concerted
activities.
The court, disagreeing, held that there was no
unfair labor practice in this case since employees
have no protected right under section 7 to violate
the valid provisions of a collective bargaining
agreement. The court said “when the union
policy of spreading employment by imposing
restrictions on overtime work attained valid con
tractual status, employees lawfully bound by the
contract were not free to violate the agreement
under the guise of engaging in concerted activities
for mutual aid or protection or of refraining from
doing so, within the meaning of section 7.” Section
8 (b) (1) (A), the court pointed out, protected only
acts of violence within the scope of section 7 and
“was not intended to confer on the Board general
police powers covering all acts of violence by a
union.”
The court made it clear, however, that it did
not “sanction the union conduct complained of.”
Picketing Against Certified Union. Picketing which
does not affect an employer’s business or his em
ployees and which has as its objective the dimi
nution of a rival union’s membership is not pro
hibited by the LMRA, according to a decision of
a Federal court of appeals.5
Following the certification of a union as the
collective bargaining representative of the em
ployees of a bakery, a rival union picketed the
company with signs urging the public not to
purchase the company’s products because the
working conditions were below the standards
obtained by that union in other bakeries. The
picketing caused no incident, whatsoever, nor did
it have any effect on the company’s employees or
business.
8 D ouds v. B a kery W orkers U n io n (O. A. 2, June 28, 1955).
8 N L R B v. Cashm an A u to Co. (O. A. 1, June 22, 1955).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A temporary injunction was sought by the
NLRB against the picketing, pending the adjudi
cation by the Board of a charge that the union
was violating section 8 (b) (4) (C) of the act which
makes it an unfair labor practice to encourage
employees to strike or refuse to work with the
object of forcing the employer to bargain with a
noncertified labor union.
The court held that the picketing did not con
stitute an unfair labor practice since it was not
done to force or require the employer to recognize
the union as the bargaining representative of the
employees. The court said that the picketing was
merely propaganda, which might result in dimin
ishing membership in the certified union and
ultimately might bring about recognition of the
rival union as the bargaining representative of
the company’s employees. The court did not
understand this to be a prohibited objective.
Back Pay as Mitigation of Damages.
The United
States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit held 6
that two employees who had been improperly
discharged were entitled to back pay covering the
time they were unemployed, even though during
this period they attempted unsuccessfully to oper
ate their own business while at the same time
searching for employment.
The court of appeals upheld an NLRB award of
back pay to two auto mechanics who had been
discriminately discharged. The company agreed
to reinstate the employees but contended that they
were not entitled to back pay because, by volun
tarily choosing self-employment, they automat
ically removed themselves from the labor market
and assumed the risk of losing wages they might
otherwise have earned.
The court pointed out that the two employees
did not voluntarily refuse available employment
in favor of embarking on a business of their own
and said, “There is no essential incompatibility
between operating a business of one’s own while
at the same time seeking employment as these
men did. The most that can be said is that their
judgment was poor in not putting in full time at
their repair shop, or that it was poor judgment to
have undertaken their business venture at all.
But the principle of mitigation of damages does
not require success; it only requires an honest,
good faith effort.”
1028
Unemployment Compensation
Labor Dispute Disqualification.
A strike involving
claimants and others arose out of a dispute with
their employer concerning wages and other terms
of employment. Claimants at times participated
in the picketing and received strike benefits.
However, the strikers were not required to perform
picket duty, nor was picket duty required for
strike benefits. The employer gradually resumed
operations through new hirings until the plant was
again operating on a full schedule.
The appeals referee held that subsequent to the
fourth week of the strike, claimant’s unemploy
ment was no longer due to a stoppage of work in
existence because of a labor dispute; that claimants
did not leave their employment voluntarily within
the meaning of the unemployment compensation
law; that strike benefits are gratuities and not
“wages;” that claimants were unemployed; and
that the picketing was not of such nature or extent
as to make claimants unavailable for work.
The Missouri court of appeals,7 reversing the
circuit court and affirming the referee’s decision,
furthermore held that “stoppage of work” means
stoppage of work at the plant, not cessation of
work by the employees, and that the refusal of
work provision is inapplicable under the issues
involved in the case.
Injury Causing Unemployment. As a result of an
injury claimant received on the job, his employer’s
physician recommended an operation and a dis
continuance of his regular duties. When he
informed the employer of this advice, claimant was
told that if this was the case there was no work
available for him. After submitting to the recom
mended operation, claimant returned to work but
was told none was available. The Michigan
circuit court,8reversing the appeal board, adopted
the decision of the referee, holding that claimant
did not voluntarily leave his work; that he was
discharged for reasons other than misconduct in
connection with his work; and that, therefore, he
was not disqualified from the receipt of unemploy
ment benefits.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
form of lighter work from his employer which he
would be physically able to perform. Since no
such work was available, claimant elected to retire
and accept the lump-sum retirement payment pro
vided by the collective bargaining contract.
Claimant filed a claim for benefits and made
unsuccessful efforts to find suitable work. The
Supreme Judicial Court of Maine held9 that
claimant was not disqualified by reason of receiving
such retirement pay and that he was available for
work. The claimant’s age, the court said, properly
bears upon the issue of his availability only as it
relates to his ability to work, or is tied to restric
tions which materially limit his capacity for em
ployment; a determination of availability entails
primarily a probe of the claimant’s good-faith
intentions to work.
Availability—Second-Shift Work.
Claimant limit
ed her availability for work to a second shift
because she had to care for her three young
children during the day. There was, during the
period she was unemployed and within the locality,
a labor market for women seeking employment on
the full-time shift. The New Jersey Superior
Court,10 affirming the Board of Review’s decision
awarding claimant benefits, held that a claimant
may limit her availability to a single full-time shift
if she has good cause and a labor market exists.
Concepts of suitability and good cause, the court
said, take account of a variety of factors, ranging
from those voluntarily but reasonably imposed to
those which are the product of compulsive pres
sures upon the claimant, such as the pressures of
“family obligation,” which put the matter well
beyond the claimant’s mere wish. The court
added that claimant need not, as a matter of law,
extend her availability to other shifts after a
reasonable time has elapsed, recognizing, however,
that as time of unemployment lengthens and work
prospects on the second shift grow dimmer,
claimant must endeavor in some situations to make
more expensive arrangements for the care of her
children during the day or make some other
adjustment.
1 P roducers Produce Co. v. In d u stria l Com m ission (Mo. Ct. of App., July 19,
1955).
Availability oj Older Workers.
Because claimant
was experiencing difficulty in doing his usual work
as a result of age and infirmity, he sought some
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 Saranac M achine Co. v. M ichiga n E m p lo ym en t Secu rity Com m ission
(M ich. Cir. Ct., June 22, 1955).
8 D u b o is v. M a in e Em p lo ym en t Se cu rity C om m ission (Maine Sup. Jud.
Ct., April 25, 1955).
10 T u n g -S o l E le ctric, In c . v. B oard of Review (N. J. Super. Ct., May 23,1955).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
July 1, 1955
T he CIO U nited Steelworkers, in wage-reopening nego
tiations w ith the U. S. Steel Corp., reached an agreement
providing a wage increase averaging about 15 cents an
hour, with a minimum of 11.5 cents, for the com pany’s
170,000 employees.
On July 6, the company raised prices on its products
by an average of approxim ately $7.35 a ton.
A Federal court of appeals, in United States v. Ryan,
reversed the conviction of Joseph P. Ryan for accepting
$2,500 from two New York corporations employing
members of the International Longshoremen’s Association
of which he was president (see Chron. item for Jan. 5,
1955, M LR, Mar. 1955). The court held that a union
officer cannot be prosecuted under sec. 302 (b) of the
Taft-H artley Act since within the context of the act a
“representative” means a union or an individual selected
as bargaining agent by a majority of the employees.
The N ew York C ity Building Trades Employers Asso
ciation negotiated 2-year contracts w ith AFL building
trades unions, covering 47,000 workers and providing
hourly pay increases totaling 45 cents in 4 steps by January 1,
1957. The im mediate 15-cent increase establishes a rate
of $2.70 for concrete workers; $3.55 for carpenters, cement
masons, and m etal lathers; $3.65 for sheet m etal workers;
and $3.80 for operating engineers.
July 5
Two AFL transit union locals reached a new agreement
with the Chicago Transit Authority, granting the 16,000
streetcar, bus, and elevated lines employees 12}£-cents-anhour wage increases to be effected in 3 steps within a year,
4-week vacations after 25 years of service, a cost-of-living
escalator clause, and other improvements.
whose workers did not strike when their contract expired
on July 1—for its eastern subsidiary, the American Brass
Co., on July 13 and for its operations at B utte, M ont.,
on July 14.
The
N ational Labor Relations Board ruled, in The Item
Co., N ew Orleans, La., and . . . Local 170, American
News-paper Guild, C IO ; and International Brotherhood of
Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and Helpers of
America, AFL, Local 170 and Same, that both the em
ployer and the Team sters’ union violated the TaftH artley Act by executing and maintaining a unionsecurity contract requiring certain employees to become
union members as a condition of em ploym ent because
the employees involved had not had the privilege of voting
whether they desired to be represented by the contracting
union.
July 12
The Federal court of appeals in St. Louis ruled, in Mitchell,
etc. v. Brown, d. b. a. Brown Engineering Co., th at em ploy
ees of a firm of consulting engineers providing advice,
preliminary planning, and on-the-job inspection on con
struction for interstate traffic were entitled to benefits
under the Fair Labor Standards Act, although the em ploy
ees had not performed actual work on the project.
July 13
T he
Attorney General of Michigan ruled that supple
m ental unem ploym ent pay, as provided for under the
CIO Auto Workers contracts w ith Ford Motor Co. and
General M otors Corp. (see Chron. item for June 6, 1955,
M LR, Aug. 1955), “does not constitute wages or remunera
tion which disqualify the worker or render him ineligible
for unem ploym ent compensation under the M ichigan
Em ploym ent Security A ct.” A similar interpretation
was made 2 days earlier by the A ttorney General of
Connecticut.
T he CIO Textile Workers reached 2-year agreements
with Berkshire H athaw ay Co. and Pepperell M anufac
turing Co., thereby virtually ending a 3-m onth strike
against N ew England cotton and rayon mills, after the
employers dropped their demands for a cut of alm ost
10-cents-an-hour in wage and fringe benefits. The
settlem ents eliminated the cost-of-living escalator clauses
but incorporated into base rates the 3 cents accumulated
under the clauses since 1951. (See also p. 1034 of this
issue.)
July 8
July 14
T he
U. S. M etals Refining Co. and the Mine, Mill and
Smelter Workers (Ind.) agreed to wage rate increases of
from 11^2 to 17}^ cents an hour. The contract increased
the minimum m onthly pension to $170 for em ployees with
25 years of service and the disability pension to $115
a month after 15 years.
Similar wage increases were negotiated between the
Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers and the Anaconda
Co.— the only one of the “ Big Four” copper producers
3 55367— 55—
4
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T he
Federal court of appeals in W ashington, in Textile
Workers Union of America, CIO v. Allendale Co., et al.;
and Hayward-Schuster Woolen M ills, Inc. v. Same,
reversing a lower court’s decision, ruled th at a nationwide
union and a woolen manufacturer, operating in a region
w ith wage rates higher than the prevailing minimum set
for the industry by the Secretary of Labor under the
Public Contracts Act, m ay intervene in a suit to set
1029
1030
aside the Secretary’s determ ination, brought under the
Fulbright Amendment to the act (see Chron. item for
M ay 6, 1954, M LR, July 1954).
July 20
T he AFL—CIO Joint U nity
C om m ittee unanimously
approved the name “The American Federation of Labor
and Congress of Industrial Organizations” for the merged
labor organization (see Chron. item for Feb. 9, 1955, M LR,
Apr. 1955).
A Federal grand jury in D etroit indicted the United
Automobile Workers (CIO) on charges of violating the
Federal Corrupt Practices Act, as amended by section
304 of the Taft-H artley Act, which prohibits expenditure
of union funds in connection with the election of candidates
for Federal government offices. The indictm ent charges
that the union illegally had spent $5,985 from its general
fund for telecasts to influence votes in the 1954 primary
and general elections.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
the union’s inducem ent of its members— em ployee-buyers
of certain retail m eat markets— not to buy the products
of a meat manufacturer whose salesmen the union sought
to organize violated section 8 (b) (4) of the T aft-H artley
Act forbidding secondary boycotts, even though the word
“buy” is not listed in th at section’s language.
July 27
The AFL International Brotherhood of Teamsters reached
a new 3-year agreement with the truckers of southern N ew
England, ending a 45-day strike of about 16,000 truck
men. The agreement provides wage increases of up to 50
cents an hour over 3 years, with the first 11 cents retro
active to April 11, 1955; a 40-hour workweek to be achieved
over 3 years; and protection against discharge for refusing
to drive through picket lines or to handle cargo involved
in a strike.
July 28
J. Scott Milne, president of the AFL International
Brotherhood of Electrical Workers and a member of the
AFL executive council, died in Portland, Oreg. On July
25, the Brotherhood’s executive council named Gordon M.
Freeman, former IB E W vice president, to succeed him.
T he A ttorney General of the United States, in the first
m ove under the 1954 Communist Control Act, petitioned
the Subversive A ctivities Control Board to determine
whether the International M ine, Mill and Smelter Workers
Union (Ind.) is under Communist domination. (See
Chron. item for Feb. 1, 1955, M LR, Apr. 1955.)
July 22
July 29
T he
T he AFL Aluminum Workers and the CIO Steelworkers,
through joint bargaining strategy, reached wage settle
m ents with the Aluminum Co. of America patterned
closely after the recent steel industry pacts (see Chron.
item for July 1, above, and p. 1031 of this issue).
N L R B , in Coats & Clark, Inc., Clarkdale, Ga., and
Textile Workers Union (CIO), ordered the reinstatem ent,
but w ithout back pay, of an em ployee who quit over her
difficulty in operating her machine, because the employer
had harassed her for months over her union activity and
the quality of her work. Although the Board held that
the evidence did not prove a constructive discharge, as the
employer had ceased harassing the em ployee a few days
before she quit and had not been responsible for her trouble
with the machine, it found th at the em ployer’s previous
coercive conduct was a psychological factor in her action.
Answering a dissenting member who claimed th at the
Board lacked authority for its action, the majority said he
mistook “lack of precedent for lack of power.”
July 24
T he A FL Street, Electric R ailway union ended a 34-day
strike against the Los Angeles transit lines by voting 1,116
to 492 to accept a new contract containing a cost-of-living
adjustm ent clause and providing a 14-cent hourly wage
increase to be effected in 3 steps by next June 1, 4 w eeks’
vacation after 25 years of service, and other benefits.
July 26
T he N L R B
ruled, in Amalgamted M eat Cutters and Butcher
Workmen of North America, AFL, Local 88, St. Louis, Mo.,
and Harold A . Thomas, J r., and G. Carroll Stribbling, that
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Armour & Co.,
under a wage reopening provision, reached
agreements with the AFL M eat Cutters and CIO Packing
house Workers providing an hourly wage increase of 14
cents, effective August 1, for approxim ately 35,000 workers.
July 30
The U nited States Senate confirmed Ewan Clague for his
third term as Commissioner of Labor Statistics of the
D epartm ent of Labor.
T he
Federal court of appeals in Richmond, in N L R B v.
Truitt M anufacturing Co., invalidated a Board order that
the employer support w ith reasonable proof his claim of
inability to grant a wage increase (see Chron. item for
N ov. 15, 1954, M LR, Jan. 1955). The court held th at the
employer had not violated the Taft-H artley Act by denying
the union request to examine financial data which, in the
opinion of the court, were matters altogether in the prov
ince of management; and th at good-faith bargaining,
which does require a sincere desire to reach an agreement,
does not require the bargainer to “substantiate” his
position.
Developments in
Industrial Relations'
like June, was a month of widespread collec
tive bargaining activity with the influence of the
basic steel and Ford-General Motors contracts
being apparent in settlements in related fields.
The New England textile and trucking strikes
were settled, and at the end of the month the first
1955 agreements in the aluminum and meatpack
ing industries were concluded. Most of the major
July negotiations were concluded without pro
longed work stoppages, but a large part of the
nonferrous metal mining, smelting, and refining
industry was closed by a strike.
Toward the close of its 1955 session, Congress
enacted and sent to the White House legislation
raising the minimum wage under the Fair Labor
Standards Act to $1 an hour, effective on March
1, 1956.
July,
Settlements, Strikes, and Negotiations
Meatpacking. The first major 1955 settlement in
the meatpacking industry was concluded on July
29 by Armour and Co., with both the AFL Meat
Cutters and CIO Packinghouse Workers. It pro
vided for a 14-cent-an-hour wage increase effective
August 1 for approximately 35,000 workers.
Aluminum. On the same day, an average 15-cent
hourly wage increase, similar to that agreed to
in basic steel, was negotiated by the CIO Steel
workers with the Aluminum Co. of America.
Like the steel agreements, the settlement pro
vided a 11 %-cent hourly increase for all workers
as well as a widening of pay differentials among
jobs averaging 3% cents a man-hour. The 17,000
employees in the bargaining units represented by
the Steelworkers will receive a lump sum payment
of 3 cents for each hour worked between August
1, 1954, and July 31, 1955, under the wage study
plan inaugurated in 1954. This study will con
tinue, with the company putting 3 cents a man
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
hour into a fund to be used to correct inequities
when the study is completed.
The AFL Aluminum Workers reached a settle
ment the same day, affecting about 14,000
employees of the company, which also provided
for a widening of pay differentials averaging 3%
cents a man-hour but which provided a 6%-cent
rather than an 11%-cent general wage increase.
The workers represented by this union had
received a 5-cent annual improvement factor
increase effective July 1 under terms of the
previous agreement. The AFL settlement estab
lished a wage study plan and fund similar to that
incorporated in the 1954 Steelworkers’ agreement,
but the AFL workers did not receive a lump sum
payment for time worked during the previous
contract year.
Refractories and Shipbuilding. The wage increase
pattern of the recent basic steel agreements also
spread to firebrick refractories and shipbuilding.
Under a wage reopening clause, a contract was
concluded by the United Construction Workers,
an affiliate of the United Mine Workers, and a re
fractories industry committee representing Harbison-Walker, General Refractories, and seven other
major firebrick companies. The settlement pro
vided an average 15-cent hourly wage increase for
approximately 6,000 production workers and was
expected to set a pattern for negotiations with
other firms in the industry.
The increase agreed to under a wage reopening
by the Bethlehem Steel Shipbuilding Division and
the CIO Marine and Shipbuilding Workers, rep
resenting 13,000 shipyard workers in 8 East
Coast yards, also averaged 15 cents an hour and
ranged from 11% cents to 19 cents. The new
pay scale will start at $1,785.
Steel. Additional basic steel companies, including
Kaiser Steel Corp. and Sheffield Steel (a subsidiary
of Armco), joined other members of the industry
who had earlier concluded agreements with the
CIO Steelworkers. Independent unions, repre
senting 10,000 Weirton Steel Co. employees in
Weirton, W. Va., and Steubenville, Ohio, and
6,000 workers employed by Armco Steel Corp. of
Middletown, Ohio, signed similar agreements.
U. S. Steel Corp. announced biweekly pay in
creases ranging from $9.20 to $22 for all salaried
1
Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
1031
1032
employees, 8,000 of whom are represented by the
CIO Steelworkers. The salary increases are com
parable to the 15-cent-an-hour average for the
hourly production workers.2
At the end of July the Timken Roller Bearing
Co. of Canton, Ohio, was still negotiating with the
Steelworkers over the form rather than the size
of a wage increase. The union was opposed to the
company proposal of a flat percentage increase.
Earlier in the month the parties signed a 3-year
contract boosting minimum pensions for 30-year
employees from $100 to $140 monthly and raising
payments for total and permanent disability from
$50 to $70 a month.
Nonferrous Metals. About 22,000 members of the
independent Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers'
union struck nonferrous mining and refining opera
tions of 3 of the 4 major producers—Kennecott
Copper Corp., the American Smelting and Refining
Co., and Phelps Dodge Corp.—for increased wage
rates and supplementary benefits, including what
the union called a modified version of the guaran
teed annual wage.3
On July 29, the Revere Copper and Brass
Corp. closed 5 plants employing about 5,100
workers because of the copper shortage resulting
from the strike. Representatives of the copper
and brass industry asked the Federal Government
to release part of the copper stockpile and there
was an appeal to the President to invoke the
National Emergency provisions of Taft-Hartley.
Meantime, the union declined offers of a 15-centan-hour wage increase package from Phelps
Dodge Corp. for its Arizona locations, and an
informal offer of 13% cents an hour by the Ameri
can Smelting and Refining Co. The Phelps
Dodge offer called for increases ranging from 11%
cents an hour for the lowest paid job up to 17
cents hourly for the top job. It also included
improvements in hospital, surgical, and medical
benefits.
The union’s Anaconda local in Butte, Mont.,
however, which had continued to work throughout
negotiations, agreed to wage rate increases of
11% to 17% cents an hour. This contract was
somewhat similar to one signed earlier by the
same union with an eastern Anaconda subsidiary
(American Brass Co.). The American Brass
settlement ranged from 11% to 15% cents an hour
and ended a strike of 3,700 workers that had
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
begun on July 8 at the 3 plants of the company
in Buffalo, N. Y., Ansonia and Torrington, Conn.
By the end of July, AFL unions and the Phelps
Dodge Corp. also agreed on hourly wage increases
of 11% to 17% cents, averaging about 15 cents for
employees at some of the company’s Arizona
operations. Hospital, medical, surgical, and
disability benefits were also liberalized.
In the copper mining area of northern Michigan
the prolonged stoppage of approximately 2,000
employees of Calumet and Hecla, Inc., at Calu
met, Mich., represented by the Steelworkers
(CIO), continued throughout the month. This
stoppage had begun on May 2 over wages and
pensions. The company had sought an injunction
against the strike on the grounds that the union
had not notified the State or Federal Mediation
Services until April 16 and thus had not complied
with the Taft-Hartley requirement of a 30-day
notification. The company also filed a $3%million damage suit against the union because
pickets prevented maintenance crews from oper
ating at the copper mines and smelters. In
mid-July a tentative agreement was reached
between the company and the General Services
Administration on modification of the company’s
stockpile contract, extending the time for delivery.
UAW Contracts.* The hord and General Motors
agreements 5 were followed by a rash of contracts
m related situations whde the UAW was negoti
ating with the remaining major auto producers
and farm equipment manufacturers.
Negotiations to replace the UAW contracts
expiring August 12 at American Motors Corp.,
affecting 24,000 hourly workers at its Nash,
Hudson, and Kelvinator plants, were accompanied
by accusations and countercharges by both the
union and management. The company claimed
that an agreement patterned after the FordGeneral Motors contracts would result in “patternplus” increases higher than those won at the other
two companies, whereas the union denied that
its proposals would have this result. Chrysler
Corp. presented an offer to the UAW which had
already demanded a layoff pay plan and other
benefits similar to those won from General Motors
2 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1955 (p. 930).
8 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1955 (p. 931).
4
For rulings on the legal status of the supplementary layoff benefit pro
visions of the auto agreements, see p. 1037, this issue.
8 See M onthly Labor Review, August 1955 (p. 931).
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
and Ford. The existing agreement was due to
expire August 31.
Meanwhile, UAW pacts closely modeled after
the two major agreements were signed with
Kelsey-Hayes Wheel Co. of Detroit and the
White Motor Co., covering 3,200 and 4,000
employees, respectively. A package reportedly
valued at 20 cents a man-hour and a “modified
form of the guaranteed annual wage” were also
agreed to by the UAW and Budd Co. which late
in July ended a week-old strike of 7,500 workers
at 2 Philadelphia plants. Some modifications of
t the auto package were embodied in contracts
with two other auto parts companies—Holley
Carburetor and Lyon, Inc.—where the amount
provided in the major agreements for layoff
payments was diverted to other benefits. Holley
Carburetor entered into a 3%-year contract, thus
providing an annual wage increase of 6 cents an
hour in 1958 as well as in the 3 preceding years,
with an additional 4-cent increase in 1955 in
lieu of supplemental unemployment benefits.
Lyon will adopt its first pension plan financed
with 9 cents per man-hour contributions, in
lieu of layoff payments, and an annual improve
ment factor increase in 1956. Other aspects of
these contracts followed the general lines of the
Ford and GM pacts.
Kaiser Metal Products, Inc., also did not agree
on supplements to unemployment compensation,
although it did improve insurance and other
fringe benefits for about 3,000 employees in addi
tion to 6-cent wage increases in each of the 3 years
covered by the new contract and extra pay
increases to skilled groups.
The UAW was also seeking supplemental unem
ployment compensation plans from members of
the farm equipment industry. Caterpillar Tractor
Co. offered a supplemental layoff pay plan similar
to the one with GM and Ford except for some
adjustments to local conditions. Other proposed
contract terms called for wage increases of 18
cents an hour spread over 3 years and increased
pension and hospitalization benefits reportedly
valued at more than 10 cents an hour. The re
maining major obstacle to agreement was the
union shop.
John Deere and Company made a similar offer
regarding jobless pay. However, the union
claimed that to guarantee 65 percent of average
income to workers would require benefits exceed
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1033
ing $25 a week in view of the lower unemployment
compensation levels prevailing in Illinois and
Iowa where 8 of the 10 company plants are located.
When this issue and the issue of the union shop
at Caterpillar Tractor Co. were not resolved,
stoppages began at both companies on July 30.
Another in a series of work stoppages at the
Studebaker Corp. in South Bend, Ind., began in
mid-July when fewer than 100 final assembly
workers left their jobs, closing the plant and idling
about 9,000 workers. A week earlier the com
pany had reduced the work force on the final
assembly line because of revised production
methods. Just prior to the stoppage, the union
membership had voted overwhelmingly to give
the local union officials the right to call a strike
protesting alleged violation of seniority rights in
the layoffs. Work was resumed briefly on July
21 after management officials refused to continue
negotiations regarding the layoffs until the men
returned to work. On July 28 the assemblers left
work again, once more closing the plant. A year
earlier the company and the UAW (CIO) had
agreed to wage cuts in order to improve the
company’s competitive position.
The Kohler Co. and the United Auto Workers
(CIO) agreed to resume negotiations with the
hope of ending the long strike that started April
5, 1954. Conciliators of the Federal Mediation
and Conciliation Service were to assist. The
firm had been operating on a partial basis with
nonstrikers and new employees.
Other Metalworking. Another target of labor’s
drive for income guarantees was the General
Electric Co. The CIO Electrical Workers, repre
senting about 100,000 General Electric employees,
was negotiating with the company for a “full
guaranteed annual wage” financed by company
payments equal to 5 percent of the payroll. (The
provisions, aimed at making up the difference
between regular take-home pay and State unem
ployment insurance benefits for laid-off workers,
had been rejected by the company in 1954.6) The
IUE was also seeking a “substantial” increase in
wages and a variety of other contract changes,
including a union shop, elimination of geographic
pay differentials, and greater pension, welfare,
and vacation benefits. The union pledged a “no
«For IU E-CIO program,1see Monthly Labor Review, December 1953 (p.
1328).
1034
contract, no work” policy should the two sides
fail to reach a settlement by the September 15
expiration date of their contract.
The independent United Electrical, Radio and
Machine Workers, which bargains for about 25,000
General Electric employees, was also engaged in
contract negotiations, but excluded wage guaran
tees from its program. Its main objectives were
a shorter workweek and across-the-board wage
increases.
Successful negotiations were announced by other
electrical manufacturers. A general wage increase
of 14 cents an hour, plus an additional 3 cents for
certain types of assemblies, was agreed to by
Stromberg-Carlson Co. and the Rochester Inde
pendent Workers Local, which represents 3,600
employees of the firm. The service requirement
for a 2-week vacation was reduced from 4 to 3
years of employment.
The CIO Electrical Workers negotiated for its
2,200 members at the Otis Elevator Co. an hourly
wage increase of 5 cents for production workers
and 6 cents for office and maintenance workers.
The company had agreed in February to remain in
Yonkers, N. Y., after the union pledged coopera
tion in reducing production costs.
Adoption of some provisions of the auto con
tracts was agreed to under wage reopenings by the
National Cash Register Co. of Dayton, Ohio, and
the National Cash Register Independent Union as
well as an independent union representing plant
guards. Under the amended agreements 12,000
employees will receive an increase of 2.5 percent of
base pay or 6 cents an hour, whichever is greater;
an additional 8-cent-an-hour increase for certain
skilled workers; and revision of the cost-of-living
escalator formula to provide a 1-cent change for
each 0.5-point change in the BLS Consumer
Price Index.
Extra increases for workers with long service
regardless of skill were provided in an agreement
concluded in July by the Machinists (AFL) and
Cessna Aircraft Co., covering 3,200 employees at
Wichita, Kans. It provided a 7.5-cent increase
for all workers effective July 4 and additional
increases of 2.5 cents an hour for employees with
5 through 9 years’ service and 5 cents for em
ployees with 10 or more years’ service.
The AFL Machinists approved 1-year con
tracts with Boeing Airplane Co., providing wage
increases of 4.5 cents to 7.5 cents an hour for about
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
23,000 production workers in the Seattle, Wash.,
area, and 15,500 in Wichita, Kans. Details of a
new pension plan remained to be completed. An
additional 6,100 hourly workers who are not mem
bers of the bargaining unit in Wichita were to
receive similar benefits.
Rubber. A “layoff pay plan” along the lines of the
auto settlements—the first in the rubber in
dustry—was adopted by the Inland Rubber
Manufacturing Co. of Dayton, Ohio, a division of
General Motors Corp., in agreement with the
United Rubber Workers (CIO). The contract also
provided for a full union shop and other benefits.
Wages were not an issue in the negotiations. The
company employs 3,600 production and mainte
nance workers. The policy committee of the
Rubber Workers recently adopted a resolution to
seek guaranteed wage programs throughout the
industry.
The U.S. Rubber Co., the last of the “Big Four”
rubber producers to negotiate a new pension and
insurance agreement with the CIO Rubber
Workers, signed a 5-year contract, subject to
reopening after 3 years, covering 33,000 workers
in 19 plants. Key provisions are an improved
pension plan, an increase in group life insurance
financed by the company, and an improved
medical insurance plan. Severance pay was also
included, but wages were not an issue.
Textiles. Tentative settlements were reached on
July 13 by the New England cotton and rayon
textile firms remaining on strike7 and were ratified
by union members on July 14. Under the agree
ments reached by Berkshire Hathaway, Inc.,
Pepperell Manufacturing Co., and Luther Manu
facturing Co., with the Textile Workers (CIO),
proposals for cuts in wages and supplementary
benefits reportedly amounting to almost 10 cents
an hour were abandoned. Cost-of-living escalator
clauses were discontinued, but the existing 3-cent
cost-of-living allowances were incorporated into
base rates. The agreements provided that the
companies may change work loads pending review
by an arbitrator; formerly, such changes could not
be put into effect until the arbitrator had ruled.
Extra pay for work on 3 local holidays (2 in Rhode
Island) was eliminated, but other holiday pay
7 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1955 (p. 934).
DEVELOPMENTS IN IN DU STRIA L RELATIONS
provisions remained unchanged. Both contracts
remain in effect until April 15, 1957, with reopen
ings in April of 1956. The changes in holiday pay
provisions and the cost-of-living escalator clause
would presumably be extended to other cotton and
rayon agreements that had previously been signed,
since they stipulated that modifications agreed to
in subsequent settlements would be incorporated
into those contracts.
Earlier in the month one of the firms involved in
the textile strike—Lockwood-Dutchess, Inc.,—
announced that it would close its Waterville,
Maine, plant because of southern competition.
New England Trucking. The first major break in
the New England trucking stoppage 8 which had
idled about 16,000 workers came on July 19 when
the Teamsters (AFL) and one of the largest
trucking companies (Associated Transport, Inc.)
reached agreement, and the entire dispute was
settled before the month’s end. The agreement
with Associated Transport provided for a 50-centan-hour wage increase and a gradual reduction in
hours from 48 to 40, both spread over a 3-year
contract period.
A number of agreements had been reached
earlier by smaller firms, and on July 27 the
remaining firms, employing about 13,000 workers,
negotiated pay increases ranging from 37 to 50
cents an hour and reductions in the workweek, also
spread over the 3-year contract period. The
37-cent hourly wage increase applied to Boston
firms and the larger increases to firms in certain
other areas to eliminate existing pay differentials
with Boston.
Local Transit. During July transit strikes in Los
Angeles9 and Buffalo, were settled; but the
strikes that had begun in Washington, D. C., on
July 1 , in Scranton, Pa., in April, and in Little
Rock, Ark., in late June, continued throughout
the month. The AFL Street, Electric Railway
and Motor Coach Employees represented the
workers in all five cities. In Scranton, the dispute
involved wage cuts and reductions in hours of
work proposed by the Scranton Transit Co.
The other stoppages occurred over wage increases
and changes in supplementary benefits proposed
by the union, with an additional issue in the
8 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1955 (p. 932).
9 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1955 (p. 934).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1035
Little Rock stoppage of failure to agree on a
neutral arbitration board chairman. The board
was to hear testimony on a union demand for
a 14-cent hourly wage increase. The stoppage at
the Capital Transit Co. in Washington was
accompanied by congressional hearings on the
stoppage and discussion of franchise revocation.
This strike involved refusal of the company to
agree to a wage increase or changes in supple
mentary benefits, barring assurance of increased
revenues.
The Buffalo transit stoppage began on July 1
and ended July 11 with agreement on wage
increases amounting to 7 cents an hour for drivers
and 6)2 to 7% cents for mechanics. The agreement
also provided for a company-paid hospitalization
and surgical insurance plan, effective February
1, 1956.
The 34-day transit strike in Los Angeles ended
on July 24 when the union members voted by
more than 2 to 1 to accept the third management
offer made during the stoppage. The agreement
provides for a 14-cent hourly wage increase
effective in 3 steps within the year. Operators
had been receiving $1.91 hourly. They returned
to work at $1.97 hourly, with an increase to $2.01
on December 1 and to $2.05 on June 1 , 1956.
The contract also contains a cost-of-living escalator
clause and provides a 4-week vacation after 25
years’ service, and other changes in working
conditions.
Increased benefits were put into effect in July
by the Chicago and Cleveland transit systems,
with employees in both cities also represented by
the Street, Electric Railway and Motor Coach
Employees (AFL). An arbitration award gave
employees of the Cleveland system an 8 -cent
hourly wage increase, as well as a 4-week vacation
after 25 years’ service. Agreement on a new con
tract affecting 16,000 employees of the Chicago
Transit Authority was announced July 5, shortly
before a scheduled strike vote. Terms included a
5-cent-an-hour increase, retroactive to June 1 ,
1955, with additional increases of 2% cents and 5
cents, effective December 1 , 1955, and June 1 ,
1956, respectively; and a new cost-of-living esca
lator clause providing for quarterly adjustments
beginning December 1 , 1955. A previous esca
lator clause had been discontinued in June 1953.
The same union reached agreement designed to
permit continued operation of the sole transporta-
1036
tion company of Springfield, Mass. Just prior to
June 30, when the company had stated it would
cease operations, it was approached by the union
with a plan to keep the line running. The con
cessions accepted by the bus drivers in the pro
posed new 2-year contract included withdrawal of
a wage raise demand, an end of compulsory arbi
tration, and the paring of certain fringe benefits.
Other measures sought by the company to reduce
its operating expenses were the curtailment of
several unprofitable runs and the discontinuance
of token sales at discount rates.
Construction. Increases of 15 cents an hour effec
tive in July 1955 and additional 10-cent increases
in January and July 1956 and January 1957 were
to go to carpenters, cement masons, concrete
workers, metal lathers, operating engineers, and
sheet-metal workers under 2-year agreements ne
gotiated by AFL unions, representing 47,000 con
struction tradesmen, with the contractors in the
New York City area on July 1. At least one of
the agreements specified that allocation of the
gains between wages and fringe benefits would be
determined by the union.
Hotels and Restaurants. A pension plan for 25,000
culinary workers was agreed upon by 7 AFL
unions and the associations representing San Fran
cisco’s major hotels, restaurants, and taverns.
The agreement provided for employer contribu
tions of $5.25 monthly for each eligible employee
to a pension fund to be administered jointly by
labor and management. Other supplementary
benefits were liberalized, but wages were not
changed.
Maritime. For the first time in West Coast mari
time history, the Pacific Maritime Association,
representing most West Coast shipowners, was
negotiating with a single union representing 6,000
sailors, firemen, and cooks and stewards. Con
tracts for the unlicensed personnel had expired
and the AFL Seafarers’ International Union-—newly certified as the bargaining agent for the
three groups—10 was seeking a master contract.
The union proposed elimination of the present
“penalty” pay covering Saturday and Sunday
work at sea and an increase instead in the monthly
base pay that would at least incorporate penalty
10 See M onthly Labor Review, June 1955 (p. 689).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
time to take account of the 56-hour week when
ships are at sea. Alternatively, the union pro
posed an across-the-board wage increase, ranging
upward from $35 a month, plus fringe benefits.
Three maritime officers’ unions—one AFL and
two CIO—are also negotiating jointly with the
Pacific Maritime Association for new contracts to
give them parity with their East Coast branches.
This would involve increasing the employers’ daily
per capita contribution to the unions’ welfare and
pension funds from 75 cents to $1.60. The coop
erating unions were seeking 3-year contracts to be
retroactive to mid-June—the same as East Coast
agreements—with annual wage openings on the
anniversary dates.
Other Developments
Supporting congressional optimism regarding
the Nation’s prosperity and capacity to absorb
a higher minimum wage, Secretary of Labor James
P . Mitchell urged the President to sign legislation
raising the national minimum from 75 cents to $1
an hour, effective March 1, 1956. Although dis
appointed that the coverage was not broadened
to include some occupations now exempt, the
Secretary recommended approval of the legisla
tion, which in its final form exceeded the adminis
tration’s proposal of 90 cents, but fell below or
ganized labor’s demand of a $1.25 floor. The new
$1 minimum will directly affect about 2,100,000
workers, primarily in southern lumber, textile, and
apparel industries.
Following long litigation by the AFL on behalf
of Government workers engaged in mechanical
trades, the U. S. Court of Claims reversed two
U. S. Comptroller General decisions that had
denied retroactive double-time pay for holidays
worked by civilian “blue collar” workers during
World War II. Thousands of employees at New
England defense establishments will receive back
wages averaging $300 per worker, and the Federa
tion is planning to have a bill introduced in
Congress to qualify an additional million em
ployees throughout the country for similar pay
ments.
Another step toward the forthcoming AFL-CIO
merger was taken when the two organizations
settled on a name for the combined federation:
“The American Federation of Labor and Congress
of Industrial Organizations.” Among the issues
DEVELOPMENTS IN IN DU STRIA L RELATIONS
to be resolved before labor unity is achieved, are
questions of individual union jurisdiction, as well
as staff integration.
A note of discord was struck when the CIO
executive board accused the AFL Teamsters’
union of jeopardizing the proposed merger by
raiding tactics, specifically on the St. Paul, Minn.,
local of the CIO Brewery Workers. President
Dave Beck of the Teamsters has consistently re
fused to sign the no-raiding pact on the grounds
that the AFL affiliate should have jurisdiction
over many workers in other unions.
A union representation election sponsored by the
National Mediation Board was designed to settle
a 3-way struggle for control of 2,000 Pennsylvania
Railroad workers. Two challengers, District 50
of John L. Lewis’ United Mine Workers and the
AFL Dining Car Employees Union, are seeking
to oust the leftwing Dining Car and Railroad Food
Workers Union (Ind.) which has represented these
employees since 1948.
In an effort to strip unions directed by allegedly
subversive leadership of their bargaining rights
and other privileges conferred by the National
Labor Relations Act, the Justice Department
sought a determination, by the Subversive Activi
ties Control Board, of whether the International
1037
Union of Mine, Mill and Smelter Workers is Com
munist-infiltrated, within the meaning of the
Communist Control Act passed last year. The
independent union, representing an estimated
60,000 to 80,000 members, attacked Attorney
General Brownell’s action as aimed at breaking
the July 1 strike called against 3 of the Nation’s
copper producers.
The question regarding the legal status of the
layoff pay plans embodied in the new UAW con
tracts was partly answered when Michigan’s At
torney General issued a ruling that they did not
conflict with that State’s unemployment com
pensation laws. Under the agreements, rulings
must be obtained that such benefits will not pre
vent payment of State unemployment compensa
tion in States in which at least two-thirds of the
workers covered by the plan are employed. About
half of both Ford and General Motors workers
are employed in Michigan. The Michigan inter
pretation was based on the fact that the State law
defines remuneration as “compensation paid for
personal services.” The Michigan ruling held
that supplementary benefits would not be payment
for such services, and hence could not be considered
as remuneration. A similar ruling was issued in
Connecticut.
Union Conventions Scheduled for October 1955
October
3
10
13
14
15
17
18
Name of organization
N ational M aritime Union,C IO _________________________
International Union of Wood, Wire and M etal Lathers,
AFL.
Air Line Dispatchers Association, A FL __________________
American Railway Supervisors Association, Inc., Ind____
N ational Postal Transport Association, A F L ____________
Commercial Telegraphers’ Union, A FL __________________
N ational Brotherhood of Packinghouse Workers, In d_____
October
1
3
3
7
8
10
10
14
21
22
22
27
State conventions
K entucky, C IO ------------------------------------------------------------K entucky, A F L -----------------------------------------------------------Mississippi, A F L _______________________________________
N ew Mexico, A FL______________________________________
Vermont, C IO __________________________________________
Illinois, A FL ___________________________________________
Nebraska, A F L ________________________________________
M innesota, CIO________________________________________
N ew Hampshire, A FL __________________________________
Colorado, C IO--------------------------------------------------------------Rhode Island, A FL ____________________________________
W est Virginia, A FL____________________________________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Place
N ew York, N . Y.
N ew York, N . Y.
W ashington, D . C.
Chicago, 111.
San Francisco, Calif.
H ouston, Tex.
St. Louis, Mo.
Place
Louisville
Covington
Jackson
Carlsbad
Rutland
Rock Island
Lincoln
D uluth
Portsm outh
Colorado Springs
Providence
Parkersburg
Book Reviews
and Notes
Special Reviews
America's Needs and Resources—A New Survey.
By J. Frederic Dewhurst and Associates.
New York, Twentieth Century Fund, 1955.
xxix, 1148 pp., charts, maps. $10.
When one tries to characterize this newest
volume of the Twentieth Century Fund, it is
difficult to avoid clichés like “a gold mine of
information.’’ Again, as for his first survey
(1947), Frederic Dewhurst recruited a group of
outstanding experts to prepare chapters in their
particular fields of competence. However, this is
not just a collection of interesting articles, but a
well-conceived structure in which each part has
its proper place. A uniformity of approach is
visible in each chapter even though each author
apparently was left free to use the specific methods
he considered appropriate for his field. It would
be hard to imagine any economist who would not
find it rewarding to study this volume system
atically, or, at least, to read a selection of the
chapters which are presented under the main
headings of Consumption Requirements, Capital
Requirements, Government and Foreign Trans
actions (a somewhat strange combination), and
Resources and Capacities.
In order to establish a general frame of reference
for the specific projections of consumption, capital
outlays, etc., an overall projection of the economy
for 1960 is provided, a high level of activity being
assumed for that year. It is this reviewer’s
opinion that the projection for 1960 is on the low
side for a “full employment” economy.
This 1960 projection differs very little in ap
proach from estimates made some time ago by
others for the same year. However, no attempt
was made to put the more recent estimates in the
present work on firmer ground than was available
in the previous studies. The more significant
1038
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
areas of uncertainty in such projections result from
(a) assumptions concerning the amount of un
employment which is held compatible with a high
level of activity and “full employment” ; (b)
assumed increases in output per man-hour (pro
ductivity) ; and (c) assumptions regarding changes
in hours of work. The degree of uncertainty
could have been reduced by more basic research
work on these crucial issues. Admittedly, the
first of these assumptions depends largely on
personal judgment. On the other hand, future
changes in productivity and hours of work have
usually been estimated by extrapolating past
trends with such modifications as seemed to be
warranted by current observations. It would
seem that some studies should have been made of
the labor shifts—which have been going on and
are likely to go on—from lower to higher produc
tivity industries. In addition, an appraisal of
the most recent and imminent technological and
management developments in various industries
would have provided better ground for judging
what productivity changes could be expected.
Concerning the length of the average workweek,
more research could have been done. There is an
urgent need in this whole area of economic projec
tions to move from mere guesses to better informed
guesses.
Another weakness in the frame of reference
established for this study is the time period
covered. Many of the specific discussions, e. g.,
those on agricultural resources, future energy
developments, and need for health and educational
facilities, can best be seen in the perspective of a
period longer than 5 years. It would have been
preferable to provide one benchmark for 5 and
one for 10 years, counting from the expected time
of publication. In this respect the undertaking
has suffered from the fact that a period of several
years elapsed from the time when the benchmark
estimates were made to the time of publication.
The study presents a projection of requirements
and capacities in the American economy; it is not
a forecast. It does not consider the factors of
private behavior or public policy on which the
achievement of the projected levels of activity
depends. That the authors were aware of these
limitations is indicated by a few casual remarks
such as: “The only real dangers for the future
are an inadequate level of income and a low
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
standard of living.” Nothing is said about how
these dangers can be avoided or how we can attain
the projected levels of activity.
In the summary sections, an attempt was made
to contrast “demand” and “needs” in the economy
of 1960 with those of 1950. “Demand” in this
connection is defined as actual or projected
expenditure for consumer goods, capital equip
ment, government, etc. “Need” is a normative
concept expressing the authors’ opinions about
what is or will be required for a satisfactory level
of nutrition, housing, capital expansion, govern
ment services, etc. Dr. Dewhurst concluded that
in 1950 “needs” exceeded “demand” by about
$49 billion, or 17 percent of actual demand. Of
this “deficiency,” about $31 billion was in the field
of government activities, particularly national
defense. This deficiency was largely due to our
inadequate preparation for the Korean emergency.
The discrepancy between needs and demand is
expected to drop to $26 billion, or only 7 percent,
by 1960.
In a final contrast, “needs” are compared with
resources. Here the study suggests the conclusion
that with full utilization of our resources, partic
ularly the “inexhaustible” resource of technology,
and with improved allocation of resources, it
should be possible to meet all our needs by 1960.
If the projections of demand and need from 1950
to 1960 are extended into 1965, this approach leads
to the conclusion that actual spending by con
sumers, business, and government is likely to
exceed needs 10 years from now. Does this
imply that some time between 1960 and 1965 the
“age of abundance” will have arrived?
The confrontation of demand, needs, and
resources is a bold and imaginative approach.
The most questionable projection is that of “need.”
There are areas in which norms are emerging as a
result of scientific standards (e. g., nutrition) or
policy debates (e. g., on housing). It is also
entirely appropriate for a government document
or a private policy statement to recommend a
certain level of activity as essential (e. g., for
national defense or for foreign economic aid).
A scientific projection may well incorporate the
judgments about needed levels of activity which
emerge from public discussions, and may be inter
preted as the evolving concept of “general wel
fare.” However, this reviewer has an uneasy
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1039
feeling about a group of economists attempting to
estimate what total needs will be as contrasted
with demand, if the total includes such items as
liquor consumption, expenditures for religious
institutions, and government services of every
kind. This is much more hazardous than esti
mating what people (as individuals, or organized
in corporations and governments) are likely to
demand given a certain level of income.
— G e r h a r d C olm
N ational Planning Association
The Changing American Market. By the Editors of
Fortune. Garden City, N. Y., Hanover
House, 1955. 304 pp., charts. $4.50.
This volume contains 12 articles published in
Fortune between August 1953 and August 1954
evaluating the American market for consumer
goods. Aside from the omission of a few of the
charts and the substitution in many instances of
revised data, the articles are reprints of the original
Fortune series. Seven of the 12 are concerned
with analysis of the market for housing, home
goods (appliances, furniture, housewares, etc.),
food, automobiles, clothing, recreation, and
“luxuries.”
The analysis and accompanying forecasts—at
least to 1960, and sometimes beyond—are predi
cated on observed and anticipated demographic
and social developments. Chief among such
developments, which, according to the authors,
have led to a new “mass market,” is “a pervasive,
complex arrangement or redistribution of incomes”
and “a sharp increase in the country’s real per
capita income.” Rising productivity, the gradu
ated income tax, the corporate profit tax, labor
organization, social legislation, and “super-full
employment” generated by two wars are cited as
some of the factors responsible for the redistribu
tion of income. The growth of the middle-income
market is considered to have been influenced most
importantly by productivity increases and the
consequent gain in average real incomes.
The “lush new” suburban market is identified
as the fastest growing and most profitable segment
of the American market. Fortune's editors have
estimated a suburban population in 1953 of 30
million, an increase of about 11 million since 1947.
A larger proportion of family units residing in the
1040
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
suburbs are in tbe middle-income group than is the
zine articles been edited to eliminate the frequent
case in the rest of the country. The average an
repetitious references to the forces shaping the
nual suburban family-unit income was $6,500 in
size and character of the American market. While
1953, or 70 percent higher than the rest of the
such repetition is not undesirable, and indeed
Nation. Birth rates are higher and home owner
may be essential in a series of articles published
ship is greater than in other population segments.
over a number of months, it is distracting when it
What about predictions for the last half of the
occurs in chapter after chapter of a book.
present decade? The editors estimated that in
The admonition that data contained in the
1959 the gross national product will approximate
statistical tables in the appendix do not always
$440 billion, of which $278 billion would represent
jibe with the charts should be noted by the reader,
the disposable income of consumers. Deducting
as well as the comment that “the data revisions
$15 billion of this for savings, they concluded that
have not altered the substantive point demon
consumers should spend approximately $263
strated by the chart or table.”
billion. In distributing this $263 billion over 12
categories of consumer goods, two projections,
•— P a u l R . Iv e e sc h b a u m
“static” and “dynamic,” are made. The first as
Bureau of Labor Statistics
sumes that people in given income brackets will
spend the same proportion of their income as
A Study of Saving in the United States: Volume I,
they did in 1953. The second projection takes
Introduction; Tables of Annual Estimates of
account of “the consumer’s long-term tendency
Saving, 1897 to 194-9; Volume II, Nature and
to raise his standard of living.” How well do the
Derivation of Annual Estimates of Saving,
editors think the “dynamic” projections will pan
1897 to 1949. By Raymond W. Goldsmith.
out? In four categories—food, housing, home
Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press,
operation, and auto operation and local public
1955. Volume I, xxx, 1138 pp., bibliography,
transportation fares—it is contended that “dy
charts; Volume II, xxiv, 632 pp., bibliography.
namic” projections should be equaled or exceeded.
2 vols., $30.
Less certain but probable are the goals for recre
These first 2 volumes of a 3-volume series report
ation, medical care, miscellaneous goods, and
the results of the comprehensive and detailed
miscellaneous services. Difficulty in reaching the
investigation conducted by Raymond Goldsmith
“dynamic” projection is predicted for alcohol and
into savings and the savings process in the United
tobacco, clothing, home goods, and automobiles.
States from 1897 through 1949. Volume III, to be
And so, it is warned, “the challenge to business is
published in the fall of 1955, will report on 4 sup
to keep up with the market’s potentialities not
plementary studies which will include (1) esti
only by making and selling more of everything,
mates of national wealth and national balance
but by improving, varying, and adorning every
sheets; (2) analysis of information on savings in
thing—by blurring still further the already blurred
household expenditure studies; (3) analysis of
line that distinguishes Americans’ luxuries and
savings through estate tax returns; and (4) some
Americans’ necessities.”
simple econometric experiments with the new
The book represents a most ambitious attempt
estimates of savings.
to marshal a sometimes baffling array of statistics
Volume I contains a summary of the main con
for an analysis of the predilections and whims of
cepts and findings together with summary tables
the consumer, and to produce a well-reasoned
on both an annual and a quadrennial basis, sup
economic analysis of the consumer market. Works
plemented by 550 tables showing in as much detail
dealing with consumer behavior have a fascination
as was feasible the derivation of the annual esti
for most readers, and this one is no exception. A
mates of national savings and their components.
high standard of journalism generally pervades the
Volume II presents a discussion of the principles
presentation of material which might otherwise be
involved in measuring savings within a system of
regarded as dull statistical fare. This reviewer
economic accounts; an appraisal of the accuracy
believes, however, that readability of the book
of the estimates presented in volume I, including
would have been improved had the original maga
a comparison with other savings data; and a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES
number of chapters reviewing problems arising in
the derivation of main components of national
and personal savings.
To appraise the estimates and the analyses of
the savings process presented by Dr. Goldsmith
in these two volumes will require examination
and use of the data by technicians over a period
of years. However, certain outstanding charac
teristics of the study are at once apparent. First,
warning signals appear throughout concerning both
the degree of accuracy attained in the estimates
and the ways in which the concepts, definitions,
and statistical estimating procedure depart from
those used by other students of savings and income.
These, with the detailed information provided as
to concepts and derivations, should enable serious
students of savings and the savings process to
construct a wide variety of analyses which utilize
not only the detailed statistics contained in these
two volumes but also a combination of these data
with data from other sources.
The second characteristic of the volumes, as
pointed out by the author, is that the study is
limited largely to providing basic data on savings
and the savings process and on some closely
related subjects. It does make some contribution
to the additional objective of illuminating the
savings process through applying the tools of
econometrics and economic theory. But in this
direction the work is exploratory.
A third characteristic of the study is the attempt
to present an analysis of saving for a period of
half a century within a framework of a system of
national economic accounts. This has resulted
in the first estimates for extended periods of time
of the savings or dissavings of each of the main
groups of economic units within the Nation, such
as Federal, State, and local governments, agricul
ture, unincorporated business enterprises, and
nonagricultural households. A byproduct of the
adherence to a system of national accounts—
balance sheets for the main saver groups and for
the Nation as a whole at 8 benchmark dates (1900,
1912, 1922, 1929, 1933, 1939, 1945, 1949)—will
appear in volume III.
As a result of the framework within which the
study was conducted, the estimates differ from
those arrived at in previous work on saving. The
reader should be wary in comparing the results
with other estimates and preferably should consult
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1041
the analysis of these differences, particularly in
volume II, including especially chapters 4 and 5.
Among the differences which result in substantial
quantitative variances between the new estimates
and previously assembled data are: basing of
capital consumption allowances on replacement
rather than on original cost; a more consistent
elimination of capital gains and losses from saving
and dissaving; the treatment of business expendi
tures on plant and equipment charged to current
expense and of depletion in a manner parallel to the
treatment of capitalized expenditures; the coverage
of saving through consumer durable goods; the
inclusion of estimates of cost of turnover of
existing assets, such as commissions on individuals’
purchases of real estate and securities; the allow
ance for changes in individuals’ tax liabilities; and
the substitution of business accounting methods
for cash-flow accounting in the case of revenues
and expenditures of Federal, State, and local
governments.
A final and valuable characteristic of the study
is the fact that, in addition to estimates which
follow the study’s “standard social accounting
concept,” comparable figures for the main totals "
are shown for two alternatives—business account
ing and cash savings. This makes possible a check
as to the influence of the choice of concept on the
interpretation of events and also facilitates com
parison and integration of the new estimates with
the national income estimates of the Department
of Commerce, which closely correspond to Dr.
Goldsmith’s business accounting basis, and the new
moneyflow (cash-basis) estimates of Professor
Morris Copeland and the Federal Reserve Board.
The study, therefore, is extraordinarily rich in
basic statistical material which has long been
needed for analysis of the investment process and
its relation to the operation of the total economy.
The reader who plunges into the text without
first reading the preface may find minor discrep
ancies at points where Dr. Goldsmith has taken
estimates from other sources. Wherever such
discrepancies appear, they are due to statistical
rather than conceptual differences, and occur be
cause the publication schedule precluded the use
of new or revised data appearing after the fall of
1951.
Students of saving, whatever their opinion of the
particular estimates or analytical results, will owe
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
1042
a great debt of gratitude not only to Dr. Goldsmith
for his outstanding work on this study but also to
those who have assisted him and those who made
the study possible.
Includes two papers on foreign system s: European Varia
tions on the M ediation Theme, and The Place of Mediation
in the Swedish Collective Bargaining System .
Employment and Unemployment
— J am es W . K now les
Join t C om m ittee on th e Econom ic Report
U nited States Congress
Absenteeism
Absence from Work— Recording and A nalysis. London,
British Institu te of M anagement, 1955. 23 pp.,
bibliography, charts, forms. (Personnel M anagement
Series, 6.) 2s. 6d.
Selected Bibliography on Nonoccupational Sickness Absen
teeism Among Industrial Workers. Chicago, American
M edical Association, C om m ittee on Medical Care for
Industrial Workers, January 1955. 12 pp.
Agricultural Labor
Estim ating the Need and S u pply of Hired Seasonal Farm
Workers, Baldwin County, Alabama. W ashington, U. S.
Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Em ploym ent
Security, 1955. 57 pp., charts, forms. Free.
Labor Used for Livestock. B y Reuben W. H echt. W ashing
ton, U. S. D epartm ent of Agriculture, Agricultural
Research Service, 1955. 22 pp., charts. (Statistical
Bull. 161.) 15 cents, Superintendent of D ocum ents,
W ashington.
This report on man-hours of labor required in feeding
and caring for livestock is a companion report to Labor
Used for Field Crops (D epartm ent of Agriculture Statistical
Bull. 144, issued in 1954).
Unemployment and P artial Employment of Hired Farm
Workers in Cotton Areas: Comparison of Selected Areas
in Arkansas, Georgia, Louisiana, and New Mexico, and
Detailed A nalysis of Co"dele, Georgia, Area. B y W illiam
H. Metzler. W ashington, U. S. D epartm ent of Agri
culture, Agricultural Research Service; U. S. D epart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Em ploym ent Security, 1955.
40 pp., charts.
Final publication in a series of reports giving the findings
of surveys for the areas indicated, made jointly by the
D epartm ents of Agriculture and Labor.
Arbitration and Mediation
Arbitration of Job Evaluation Disputes. B y Clifford M.
Baumback. Iowa C ity, State U niversity of IowTa,
College of Commerce, Bureau of Labor and M anage
ment, 1954. 24 pp. (Research Series, 8.) 25 cents.
New Vistas in M ediation: Proceedings of Fourth Annual
Conference, Association of State M ediation Agencies,
Ithaca, N . Y., June 27-29, 1955. (In Labor Law
Journal, Chicago, August 1955, pp. 521-601. $1.)
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Employment and Labor S u pply in the Concord Regional
Area and a Study of Unemployment. B y W illiam J . Roy
and John L. Barry, Jr. [Concord], N ew Hampshire
Departm ent of Labor, D ivision of Em ploym ent
Security, 1955. 64 pp., charts.
Estimated Number of Wage and Salary Workers in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry, San FranciscoOakland M etropolitan Area, 1949-1954■ San Francisco,
California D epartm ent of Industrial Relations,
D ivision of Labor Statistics and Research, 1955. 13
pp.
Selected Studies of Negro Employment in the South. W ash
ington, N ational Planning Association, 1955. 483 pp.
(N P A C om m ittee of the South Report 6.) $5.50.
Brings together six studies of biracial em ploym ent
practices in southern industry, originally published in
separate pamphlets. The first study, covering three plants
of the International Harvester Co., was summarized in the
January 1954 M onthly Labor R eview (p. 16). T he data
for the N ew Orleans area are summarized in this issue
(p. 1020).
Handicapped
Changing Attitudes Towards the Disabled: Proceedings of
Sixth World Congress of International Society for the
Welfare of Cripples, The Hague, September 13-17, 1954Edited by Norah Hill. London, Central Council for
the Care of Cripples (for International Society for the
Welfare of Cripples, N ew York), [1955?]. 287 pp.
Cloth, $3.50; paper, $3, the Society, N ew York.
Subjects discussed included vocational rehabilitation
of the handicapped and im provem ent of attitudes towards
their em ploym ent.
Study of Programs for Homebound Handicapped Individuals.
W ashington, 1955. 123 pp., charts. (House Doc.
98, 84th Cong., 1st Sess.) 35 cents, Superintendent
of D ocum ents, W ashington.
Prepared by the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation
and other agencies of the Departm ent of H ealth, Educa
tion, and Welfare, pursuant to Public Law 565, 83d Con
gress. A 22-page section deals w ith vocational training
and em ploym ent services for the homebound handicapped.
Health and Insurance Plans
Are M edical Centers the Answer? B y Frank A. Post.
Chicago, Charles D . Spencer & Associates, Inc.,
[1955?]. 9 pp. $1.
Discusses the problem of providing medical care for
em ployed persons and their families, and describes health
centers sponsored by physicians, unions, and employers.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Digest of One Hundred Selected Health and Insurance Plans
Under Collective Bargaining, 1954. B y E van K. Rowe
and D orothy R. K ittner. W ashington, U. S. D epart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1955.
208 pp. (Bull. 1180.) $1, Superintendent of D ocu
ments, Washington.
An analysis of the extent of health, insurance, and
pension plans under collective bargaining appears in this
issue of the M onthly Labor Review (p. 993).
Employee Health and Welfare Plans, San Francisco B ay
Area. San Francisco, Federated Employers of San
Francisco, D epartm ent of Research and Analysis,
1955. 14 pp.
Gives data on 293 plans, covering 264,092 employees,
as of January 1955.
Independent Plans Providing Medical Care and H ospital
Insurance: 1954 Survey. B y Agnes W. Brewster.
CIn Social Security Bulletin, U. S. D epartm ent of
Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Security
Administration, W ashington, April 1955, pp. 8-17.
20 cents, Superintendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.)
Medical Care for Tomorrow. B y M ichael M. D avis. New
York, Harper & Brothers, 1955. 497 pp., bibliog
raphy. $6.50.
Assesses the status of medical care from the consumer
view point, indicating the need for group financing to meet
expanding costs, and reviews the role of various interests,
including organized labor.
Voluntary Prepaym ent M edical Benefit Plans. Chicago,
American M edical Association, Council on M edical
Service, 1954. 137 pp.; Supplement, 21 pp., charts,
map.
The Problem of the Cost of Medical and Pharmaceutical
Benefits for Insured Persons in the Netherlands. B y L. V.
Ledebour. {In B ulletin of the International Social
Security Association, Geneva, April 1955, pp. 119137.)
Industrial Hygiene
A n Annotated Bibliography on Noise, Its Measurement,
Effects, and Control. Pittsburgh, Pa., Industrial
H ygiene Foundation of America, Inc., 1955. 364 pp.
Electropathology— Recent Experimental and Clinical Studies
and Present Trends in Research. B y R. C. François.
{In Occupational Safety and Health, International
Labor Office, Geneva, January-February 1955, pp.
5-18, bibliography, charts. 75 cents. Distributed
in U nited States by W ashington Branch of ILO.)
Papers Read at M clntyre-Saranac Conference on Occupa
tional Chest Diseases, Saranac Lake, N. Y., February
7-9, 1955. {In A.M .A. Archives of Industrial H ealth,
Chicago, July 1955, pp. 1-106, bibliographies, charts,
illus.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1043
The papers reproduced include: Occupational Chest
D iseases in Gold Miners, [Union of South Africa]; Accom
plishments in the Epidemiologic Study of Silicosis in the
U nited States; Silicosis in Canada; The D u st D iseases in
Great Britain.
Threshold L im it Values [of Toxic Substances] for 1955. {In
A.M .A. Archives of Industrial H ealth, Chicago, June
1955, pp. 521-524.)
Standards adopted by American Conference of Govern
mental Industrial H ygienists at its m eeting in Buffalo,
April 24-28, 1955.
Industrial Relations
A nalysis of Work Stoppages, 1954— M ajor Developments
and Annual Statistics. B y Ann J. Herlihy and D aniel
P. Willis, Jr. W ashington, U. S. D epartm ent of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1955. 37 pp., charts.
(Bull. 1184.) 30 cents, Superintendent of D ocum ents,
W ashington.
A less extensive analysis of these data was published in
the M ay 1955 M onthly Labor R eview (p. 538).
Labor D isputes and Their Settlement. B y Kurt Braun.
Baltimore, Johns H opkins Press, 1955. 343 pp. $6.
R evised edition of the author’s Settlem ent of Industrial
D isputes, published in 1944. Includes information on sig
nificant postwar developm ents relating not only to national
but also to State, municipal, and private procedures for
the disposition of labor-management controversies. A
final section of the volum e discusses the role of labor
courts— primarily the German experience, w ith which the
author has had personal contact.
Labor-Management Contract Provisions, 1954. W ashington,
U. S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statis
tics, 1955. 18 pp. (Bull. 1181; reprinted from
M onthly Labor R eview for July and December 1954
and March and M ay 1955.) 15 cents, Superintendent
of D ocum ents, W ashington.
Covers the prevalence and characteristics of selected col
lective bargaining clauses concerning m ilitary-service pay
ments, paid jury leave, paid leave on death in fam ily, and
reporting and call-back pay.
Industrial Relations in the Construction Industry— the
Northern California Experience. B y Gordon W. Ber
tram and Sherman J. Maisel. Berkeley, U niversity
of California, Institute of Industrial Relations, 1955.
70 pp. (W est Coast Collective Bargaining Series.)
50 cents.
Labor-Management Relations in H awaii. B y Arnold L.
Wills. Honolulu, U niversity of Hawaii, Industrial
Relations Center, 1955. 62 pp., bibliography.
Freedom of Association and Industrial Relations in A sian
Countries. B y E. D aya. {In International Labor
Review, Geneva, April 1955, pp. 364-393; M ay 1955,
1044
pp. 467-497. 60 cents each. D istributed in United
States by W ashington Branch of ILO.)
Labor Relations Under the B ritish Labor Government. By
Arnold A. Rogow. (In American Journal of Econom
ics and Sociology, N ew York, July 1955, pp. 357-376.
$ 1.)
International Labor Organization
International Labor Conference, 37th Session, Geneva,
1954— Record of Proceedings. Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1955. xlv, 612 pp. $7. D istributed
in U nited States by W ashington Branch of ILO.
N inth Report of the International Labor Organization to the
United Nations. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1955. 108 pp., charts. $1. D istributed in U nited
States by W ashington Branch of ILO.
Report of Director-General [of International Labor Organiza
tion] to 38th Session of International Labor Conference,
Geneva, 1955. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1955. 123 pp., charts. $1. D istributed in U nited
States by W ashington Branch of ILO.
A summary of action taken at the Conference, and of
the discussion of the Director-General’s report, was carried
in the August 1955 M onthly Labor R eview (p. 894).
Labor and Social Legislation
Economic Issues in Federal M inim um Wage Legislation.
Princeton, N. J., Princeton U niversity, Industrial
Relations Section, July 1955. 4 pp. (Selected
References, 64.) 20 cents.
Freedom to Work. B y Stanley Hugh Smith. N ew York,
Vantage Press, Inc., 1955. 217 pp., bibliography. $4.
Survey and evaluation of fair em ploym ent practice
legislation on Federal, State, and municipal levels, with
emphasis on its operation in the State of W ashington.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
The British Trade Union Movement. B y Herbert Tracey.
Brussels, International Confederation of Free Trade
Unions, 1954. 105 pp., bibliography, illus. (M ono
graphs on N ational Trade Union M ovements, 2.)
70 cents.
The Labor Movement in Egypt. By Abdel R aouf Abou
Alam. W ashington, [Egyptian Embassy], 1955. 20
pp., bibliography. Free.
Patterns of Union Membership in the Retail Trades. B y
M arten S. E stey. (In Industrial and Labor Rela
tions R eview, Ithaca, N. Y., July 1955, pp. 557-564,
bibliography. $1.50.)
The Use of Corporate Financial Statements and Related
Data by Organized Labor. B y Wilbur F. Pillsbury.
Bloomington, Indiana University, School of Business,
Bureau of Business Research, 1954. 54 pp., charts.
(Indiana Business Report 18.) $1.50.
Older Worker and the Aged
Economic Resources of Persons Aged 65 and Over. By
Lenore A. Epstein. (In Social Security Bulletin,
U. S. D epartm ent of H ealth, Education, and Welfare,
Social Security Administration, W ashington, June
1955, pp. 3-19, 32-33, charts. 20 cents, Superintend
ent of D ocum ents, W ashington.)
Management Policies and the Older Worker in the New
Orleans Area. By Henry J. Engler, Jr. N ew Orleans,
Loyola U niversity, College of Business Administra
tion, F aculty Committee on Research, 1954. 53, xii
pp., survey form. (Study 301.)
New Jobs for Old Workers: A n Examination of the Statis
tical Evidence for the Provision of Alternative Occupa
tions. B y F. Le Gros Clark and Agnes C. Dunne.
London, Nuffield Foundation, 1955. 19 pp.
Personnel Management and Practices
A Statement of the Laws of Ecuador in M atters Affecting
Business. B y Eduardo Serrano Moscoso. W ash
ington, Pan American Union, D epartm ent of Inter
national Law, 1955. 190 pp. 2d ed. $5.
Includes a 31-page section on labor and social legislation.
1955 Industrial Relations Survey. Chicago, Em ployers’
Association of Chicago, 1955. 40 pp.
Summarizes a wide variety of personnel practices of
firms in the Chicago area.
Guide de la Législation du Travail, [Haiti]. (Port-auPrince], D épartem ent du Travail, 1955. 109 pp.
Personnel Management— A Human Relations Approach.
B y William H. Knowles. N ew York, American Book
Co., 1955. 488 pp., bibliographies. $4.50.
Législation Sociale de la Suisse, 1954. Berne, Office
Fédéral de l’Industrie, des Arts et M étiers e t du
Travail, 1955. 202 pp.
Labor Organizations
“ Going U p\”— The Story of 32 B, Building Service Em ploy
ees International Union (A F L ). N ew York, Building
Service Em ployees International Union, 1955. 98 pp.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Staff Relations in School A dm inistration. W ashington,
N ational Education Association of the U nited States,
American Association of School Administrators, 1955.
470 pp. $5.
Suggests principles and procedures for more effective
school administration through cooperative effort. The
volum e constitutes the 33d yearbook of the American
Association of School Administrators. A roster of Asso-
BOOK REVIEW S AND NOTES
ciation members in the U nited States and foreign countries
takes up 218 pages.
Hiring, Advancement, and Training Practices in Industry,
[/Si. Louis Area], B y W alter C. Brown, Jr. Colum
bia, U niversity of Missouri, 1954. 37 pp., chart.
(Bull., Vol. 55, No. 38; Education Series, N o. 52.)
Oral Communication in Business. B y D avid C. Phillips.
N ew York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1955.
229 pp., bibliographies, charts. $3.75.
A Survey of Current Internal Communications Practices in
88 Wisconsin Industrial Firms. B y George W. Gerner,
Jr. Madison, U niversity of Wisconsin, Industrial
Relations Research Center, 1955. 39 pp., survey
form.
Prices
Average Retail Prices; Collection and Calculation Techniques
and Problems. B y Ethel D . Hoover. W ashington,
U. S. Departm ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, 1955. 105 pp. (Bull. 1182.) 55 cents, Super
intendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.
Presents average retail prices in 1953 and 1954 for ap
proxim ately 125 goods and services (other than food, fuel,
and rent) in 10 of the 46 cities in which item s are priced by
the Bureau of Labor Statistics for its Consumer Price
Index. The bulletin also includes explanation of the
techniques and problems involved in assembling and
processing the statistics it contains.
Retail Prices of Food, 1958-54— Indexes and Average Prices.
Washington, U. S. D epartm ent of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1955. 36 pp., charts. (Bull. 1183.)
30 cents, Superintendent of D ocum ents, W ashington.
M inim um Price Fixing in the Bituminous-Coal Industry.
B y Waldo E. Fisher and Charles M. James. New
York, N ational Bureau of Economic Research, 1955.
xxxi, 523 pp., charts, maps. (Conference on Price
Research Series, 5.) $10, Princeton U niversity Press,
Princeton, N . J.
Les Fluctuations des P rix de Détail en Union Soviétique.
{In É tudes et Conjoncture, M inistère des Finances
et des Affaires Économiques, In stitu t N ational de la
Statistique et des É tudes Économiques, Paris, April
1955, pp. 329-384, charts.)
Shows retail price trends in Moscow, by means of
indexes, 1938-41 and 1947-54.
1045
Analysis and evaluation of the intergovernm ental rela
tionship aspects of the Federal-State em ploym ent security
program, w ith recommendations.
Financing Unemployment Insurance in Arkansas. Little
Rock, Arkansas D epartm ent of Labor, Em ploym ent
Security D ivision, 1954. 34 pp., charts.
D igest of a study of long-range unemployment-benefit
financing and fund solvency.
Unemployment Insurance [in Denmark]. Copenhagen,
M inistry of Labor and Social Affairs, International
Relations D ivision, 1955. 22 pp. (D anish Social
Structure Pam phlet 7.)
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
Wage Structure: Cotton Textiles, November 1954; Synthetic
Textiles, November 1954. W ashington, U. S. D epart
m ent of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1955.
52 and 41 pp. (BLS Reports 82 and 87.) Free.
Cost A nalysis of Fringe Benefits and Prem ium P a y Prac
tices for Production and Maintenance Workers in
Massachusetts Industry. [Boston], Associated Indus
tries of M assachusetts, 1955. 13 pp.
Incentive Compensation and Increased Productivity. {In
M anagement Record, N ational Industrial Confer
ence Board, Inc., N ew York, June 1955, pp. 230-243.)
Consists of a series of articles on the use of various
forms of wage and salary incentives as a m eans of stim u
lating productivity. The application of incentive plans
to both office and plant workers is discussed. This issue
of the Record also contains articles on the compensation
of executive personnel and on wage and salary adminis
tration.
International Comparisons of Wage Structures. B y John
T. D unlop and M elvin Rothbaum. {In International
Labor Review, Geneva, April 1955, pp. 347-363. 60
cents. Distributed in U nited States by W ashington
Branch of ILO.)
This article proposes a framework for the comparison
of national wage structures and shows how such compara
tive analysis can throw light on a number of problems.
Wage structures of several countries are briefly compared.
Unemployment Insurance
Wages in India. B y Oscar Ornati. Ithaca, N . Y.,
Cornell U niversity, N ew York State School of Indus
trial and Labor Relations, 1955. 19 pp. (Reprint
Series, 34; reprinted from Economic D evelopm ent
and Cultural Change, April 1955.) 15 cents (free to
N ew York State residents).
A Study Committee Report on Unemployment Compensation
and Employment Service, Submitted to the Commis
sion on Intergovernmental Relations. W ashington,
1955. 100 pp. 35 cents, Superintendent of D ocu
ments, W ashington.
Loner, 1953: Del II, Lantarbetare, Industriarbetare m. fl.
Stockholm, Socialstyrelsen, 1955. xix, 120 pp.,
charts, survey forms.
This second part of the 1953 survey of wages in Sweden
covers wage earners in agriculture, industry, and public
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1046
enterprises. Includes table of contents and summary in
English.
Part I, published in 1954, gave wages of salaried em
ployees in various fields.
Work Accidents and Accident Prevention
California Work Injuries, 1954• B y Jean E. Cohen.
San Francisco, California Departm ent of Industrial
Relations, D ivision of Labor Statistics and Research,
1955. 41 pp.
A separate report on work injuries in 1954 in California
agriculture also was published recently by the same State
agency.
Employee Accident Experience of the Gas Industry, 1954•
N ew York, American Gas Association, Bureau of
Statistics, 1955. 28 pp., charts, map.
Safety in Coal M ines: Volume I I , Legislation. Geneva,
International Labor Office, 1955. 647 pp. (Studies
and Reports, N ew Series, 33, [Vol. II].) $3.50.
Distributed in United States by W ashington Branch
of ILO.
Volume I, Organization on the N ational and Inter
national Levels, was published in 1953.
Miscellaneous
A ppraisal of Management: Proceedings of 7th Industrial
Management Institute at University of Illinois, M onticello, III., October 27-28, 1954■ [Urbana, University
of Illinois, College of Commerce and Business Admin
istration, Bureau of Business M anagement, 1955?]
61 pp. $2.
Includes papers on autom ation, incentives for middlemanagement personnel, and costs of unemployment com
pensation and fringe benefits.
Films and Film strips in the A udio Visual Center, New
York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations.
[ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, N ew York State
School of Industrial and Labor Relations], 1955. 33
pp.
Prepared primarily for “use of the resident and exten
sion teaching programs of the school. If not booked for
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
school use th ey may be available for use by outside
organizations.”
Readings in Economics. Edited by Paul A. Samuelson,
Robert L. Bishop, John R. Coleman. N ew York,
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1955. 488 pp. 2d ed.
$4.50, cloth; $3.25, paper.
Input-O utput A nalysis: A n A ppraisal. B y Conference on
Research in Income and W ealth. N ew York, N ational
Bureau of Economic Research, 1955. 371 pp., bibli
ography. (Studies in Income and W ealth, Vol. 18.)
$7.50, Princeton U niversity Press, Princeton, N . J.
Contains seven papers dealing with general problems and
evaluation of methods and results, together with an inputoutput analysis of the Puerto Rican economy, presented
at the Conference on Research in Incom e and Wealth,
October 1952.
Sharing the Gains of Technological Change. B y Clyde E.
Dankert. Hanover, N . H., D artm outh College, Amos
Tuck School of Business Administration, 1955. 47 pp.
D iscusses possible ways of distributing the gains from
im proved industrial technology to labor, management, and
society in general.
Guide for Labor Inspectors. Geneva, International Labor
Office, 1955. 107 pp., bibliography. (Studies and
Reports, N ew Series, 41.)
$1.
D istributed in
U nited States by W ashington Branch of ILO.
International Labor Directory and Handbook, 1955. Edited
by Jack Schuyler. N ew York, Frederick A. Praeger,
Inc., 1955. 1043 pp. $25.
Labor Problems in Foreign Areas. W ashington, U. S. D e
partm ent of State, Office of Intelligence Research,
External Research Staff, 1954. 25 pp.
A list of research projects, completed and in progress,
dealing with labor and related m atters, including labor
orgnization (compiled from various sources).
Norges Bergverksdrift, 1953. Oslo, Statistisk SentralbyrS,,
1955. 54 pp. (Norges Offisielle Statistikk, X I, 197.)
2.50 kr.
This report on the Norwegian mining industry in 1953
includes data on em ploym ent and wages. English transla
tions of the table of contents and table text are provided.
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
1049 Table A -l:
1050 Table A-2
1054 Table A-3
1057 Table A-4
1057
1058
1059
1060
Table
Table
Table
Table
A-5
A-6
A-7
A-8
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries 1
Federal personnel, civilian and military 1
Employment in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 2
Employment in manufacturing industries, by State 2
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B.—Labor Turnover
1061 Table B -l:
1062 Table B-2:
Monthly labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by class of turnover
Monthly labor turnover rates in selected industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
1064 Table C -l:
1080
Table C-2:
1080
Table C-3:
1081
Table C-4:
1081
Table C-5:
1082 Table C-6:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees 1
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49
dollars 1
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing industries 1
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction
activity 1
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 2
1 Beginning w ith the June 1955 issue, data shown in tables A -2, A -3, A -4, A -5, C - l, C -2, C -3, C -4, and C -5 have
been revised because of adjustm ent to more recent benchmark levels. These data cannot be used w ith those appearing
in previous issues of the M onthly Labor Review . Comparable data for earlier years are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
.
2 This table is included in the M arch June, September, and December issues of the R eview.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1047
1048
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1089 Table D -l:
1090 Table D-2:
1090 Table D-3:
1091 Table D-4:
1091 Table D-5:
1092 Table D—6:
1094
1095
1096
1097
Table
Table
Table
Table
D-7:
D-8:
D-9:
D-10:
Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and com
modity groups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, food and its subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, apparel and its sub
groups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, all items and food
Consumer Price Index—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index—All items and commodity groups, except
food, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Average retail prices of selected foods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Special wholesale price indexes
E. —Work Stoppages
1098 Table E -l:
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F. —Building and Construction
1099 Table F -l:
1100 Table F-2:
1101 Table F-3:
1101
Table F-4:
1102 Table F-5:
1103 Table F-6:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Expenditures for new construction
Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of
construction
Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership,
class of construction, and type of building
Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and
geographic region
Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropol
itan location and State
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by
ownership and location, and construction cost
1049
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
A: Employment and Payrolls
T able A -l: Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over1
1955
1954»
Labor force status
July
June
May
April
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov. 3
Oct.
Sept. »
Aug.
July »
Total, both sexes
Total labor force....................................... .
70,429
69,692
68,256
67,784
66,840
66,550
66,700
66,811
67,909
68,190
68, 565
68,856
68,824
Civilian labor force__________________
Unemployment__________________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less____
Unemployed 5-10 weeks...............
Unemployed 11-14 weeks.............
Unemployed 15-26 weeks.............
Unemployed over 26 weeks........ .
Employment— ....................................
N onagricultural...........................
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 h o u rs..............
Worked 1-14 hours................
W ith a job but not at work 4
Agricultural.................................. .
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 h o u rs..............
Worked 1-14 hours________
W ith a job but not at work 4.
67,465
2,471
1,160
609
116
280
306
64,994
57,291
43,955
5,201
1,913
6,221
7,704
5,625
1,505
330
244
66,696
2,679
1,433
464
135
337
311
64,016
56,335
45,830
5,580
2,194
2,731
7,681
5,637
1,579
334
132
65,192
2,489
996
453
161
470
409
62,703
55, 740
45,831
5,617
2,440
1,852
6,963
5,175
1,372
263
153
64,647
2,962
958
538
355
664
447
61,685
55,470
43, 721
7,478
2,361
1,911
6,215
4, 332
1,441
257
186
63,654
3,176
964
795
356
615
447
60,477
54, 785
45, 248
5, 618
2,241
1,678
5,692
4, 273
976
249
194
63,321
3,383
1,138
893
377
524
450
59,938
54,854
44,741
5,935
2,265
1,914
5,084
3, 519
1,004
292
269
63, 497
3,347
1,329
881
263
415
459
60,150
54,853
44,074
6,606
2,170
2,004
5,297
3, 551
1,167
305
274
63,526
2,838
1,164
726
241
331
376
60,688
55,363
45,958
5,891
2,079
1,435
5,325
3,788
977
302
259
64,624
2,893
1,274
705
183
379
352
61,731
55,577
40, 506
11,195
2,322
1,554
6,154
4, 598
1,126
259
171
64,882
2,741
1,129
635
181
406
391
62,141
54,902
43, 666
7,144
2,194
1,899
7,239
5,353
1,464
295
126
65,243
3,099
1,284
642
341
451
383
62,144
54,618
23,999
25,559
1,984
3,076
7, 527
5,684
1,527
219
97
65,522
3,245
1,260
847
280
458
400
62,276
55, 349
42, 514
5,727
1,753
5,355
6,928
5,164
1,214
327
221
65,494
3,346
1,394
853
250
510
339
62,148
54, 661
21,936
23,005
1,886
7,833
7,486
5,324
1,683
319
159
Males
Total laborf orce...................................... .
49,323
48,848
47,801
47,590
47, 226
46,922
47,044
47,005
47,426
47,586
48,007
48,964
48, 948
Civilian labor force.................... ................
Unemployment..................... ..............
Employment.......... ..............................
N onagricultural.............................
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours________
W ith a job but not at work 4.
Agricultural....................................
Worked 35 hours or more.......
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours.................
With a job but not at work 4.
46,393
1,603
44,790
38, 715
31,636
2,620
825
3,635
6,075
4,912
726
228
209
45,888
1,753
44,135
38,153
32,805
2,848
978
1,522
5,982
4,800
845
222
115
44,773
1, 624
43,149
37,527
32, 626
2,674
1,072
1,156
5,622
4,492
810
185
135
44, 493
2,093
42,400
37,113
31,211
3,688
1,049
1,165
5,287
4,052
862
201
172
44,078
2,283
41, 795
36,772
31,946
2,766
981
1,079
5,023
4,005
620
212
186
43,731
2,431
41,301
36,680
31,481
3,036
972
1,190
4,621
3,338
757
269
256
43,879
2,395
41,485
36, 732
31,041
3,454
972
1,265
4,753
3,378
864
266
245
43, 759
1,996
41, 762
36,954
32,071
2,972
900
1,011
4,808
3,600
711
256
241
44,180
1,875
42,305
37,134
28,956
6,236
917
1,026
5,171
4,155
659
206
151
44,317
1,796
42,522
36,792
30,780
3,782
864
1,366
5,730
4,579
822
201
128
44, 724
1,993
42,730
36,905
17,978
16,118
814
1,994
5,825
4,750
841
144
91
45,669
2,152
43,518
37,712
30,699
3,156
727
3,129
5,806
4,578
745
270
213
45, 658
2,226
43,432
37,426
16,675
15,089
835
4,827
6,006
4,657
978
226
145
Females
Total laborf o rce.......................................
21,106
20,844
20,456
20,191
19,614
19,628
19,655
19,806
20,484
20,604
20,559
19,892
19,877
Civilian labor force.._____ ___________
U nemploy m ent...............................
Employment.......... ............................
Nonagricultural______________
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours..............
Worked 1-14 hours .......... .....
W ith a job but not at work 4.
Agricultural— .............. ..............
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 h o u rs.............
Worked 1-14 hours________
W ith a job but not at w ork4.
21,072
868
20,204
18,575
12,320
2,581
1,088
2,587
1,629
714
779
102
34
20,808
926
19,882
18,182
13,025
2,731
1,216
1,209
1,700
837
734
112
17
20.420
865
19,555
18,213
13,205
2,943
1,368
696
1,342
683
563
78
18
20,154
869
19,284
18,357
12,510
3,790
1,311
745
927
280
579
55
14
19,576
893
18,683
18,014
13,302
2,852
1,259
600
669
269
356
37
8
19,590
952
18,638
18,174
13,263
2,898
1,293
720
464
181
247
22
14
19,617
952
18,666
18,122
13,034
3,151
1,198
739
544
173
303
39
29
19, 767
841
18,925
18,408
13,887
2,919
1,178
424
517
188
266
46
17
20,445
1,018
19,427
18,444
11,550
4,960
1,406
528
983
443
467
53
20
20,565
945
19, 619
18,110
12, 885
3,362
1,330
533
1,509
775
642
94
0
20, 520
1,106
19, 413
17, 712
6,020
9,441
1,169
1,081
1,701
933
686
76
6
19,853
1,093
18,760
17,638
11,816
2,571
1,025
2,226
1,122
588
470
56
7
19,837
1,121
18, 716
17,235
5,263
7,916
1,051
3,006
1,481
669
705
92
14
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. Prior to July 1955, data refer to the
week including the 8th of the month; subsequent data refer to the week
including the 12th of the month. All data exclude persons in institutions.
Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to group
totals.
* Data beginning January 1954 are based upon a new Census sample in
230 areas and are not entirely comparable with previously published estimates
for earlier months. Revised monthly data for 1953 were published in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Census Bureau’s “Annual Report on the Labor Force: 1954.”
1 Census survey week contained legal holiday.
4 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the survey week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary layoff with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of layoff. Also includes persons who had new jobs to which
they were scheduled to report within 30 days.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
1050
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1
[In thousands]
1955
Annual aver
age
1954
Industry
June
Total employees.
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1954
1953
49,465 49, 487 48,918 48,643 48,212 47,753 47, 741 49,463 48,808 48,580 48,490 48,123 47,866 48,285 49,681
M ining__________
Metal_________
Iron..................
Copper______
Lead and zinc.
Anthracite...................................................
Bituminous-coal........................................
M ay
207.6
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction.....................................................
760
98.4
34.2
28.1
16.3
742
97.1
33. g
27.5
16.2
739
96.5
32. C
28.8
16.4
739
94.8
30.5
28.7
16.3
737
94.3
30.2
28.6
16.2
741
94.1
30.3
28.3
16.2
747
92.5
29. i
27.6
15.9
749
93.7
31.4
26.9
16.0
743
90.5
32. £
24.8
14.6
744
90. C
34. i
22.6
14.8
763
99.1
35.1
28.3
16.3
760
100.8
36.0
28.3
16.6
770
98.1
35.2
27.4
16.2
852
106.0
40.1
28.6
17.8
37.2
211.2
33.6
208.1
37.4
204.8
38.3
208.4
39.8
209.9
42.6
210.5
43.3
211.7
43.6
212.0
43.4
211.0
33.9
212.5
34.5
215.2
34.3
209.7
41.1
226.7
54.0
288.9
297.4
306.2
297.3
295.3
295.6
293.2
293.6
295.6
293.9
292.3
300.1
306.3
307.8
298.8
107.4
107.2
106.1
105.1
102.3
99.8
100.1
104.0
105.6
106.2
107.2
107.6
107.6
104.7
105.9
2,694
2,615
542
260.0
282.2
2,526
513
234.7
278.6
2,399
464
196.4
267.3
2,255
411
161.9
249.0
2,169
389
147.4
241.2
2,237
398
152.6
244.9
2,426
451
186.0
265.2
2,598
524
231.2
292.6
2,652
553
252.6
300.7
2,698
569
262.1
306.9
2,735
584
268.4
315.5
2,686
573
264.1
308.8
2,527
506
217.4
288.2
2,622
513
214.9
297.8
Building construction.
2,073
2,013
1,935
1,844
1,780
1,839
1, 975
2,074
2,099
2,129
2,151
2,113
2,021
2,109
General contractors.
825.8
789.9
759.8
723.9
694.6
733.3
801.9
862.6
877.2
897.6
915.2
899.8
848.8
934.0
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.
Contract construction_____________
Nonbuilding construction........... .
Highway and street___ ______
Other nonbuilding construction.
1,247. 0 1, 222. 8 1,174.8 1,119.9 1,085. 6 1,106.1 1,173.4 1,211.7 1,221.9 1,231.1 1, 236.2 1,213.3 1,172. 7 1,175.1
283.4 279.3 272.5 266.3 264.7 270.6 283.1 288.1 291.1 291.4 293.1 286.3 283.4 288.9
154.0 147.8 140.2 129.2 121.7 121.6 135.5 144.2 148.4 157.0 160.2 154.6 141.4 148.1
148.4 145.6 143.8 143.6 144.6 148.5 153.7 155.4 155.5 155.0 158.6 159.9 156.5 159.7
661.2 650.1 618.3 580.8 554.6 565.4 601.1 624.0 626.9 627.7 624.3 612.5 591.5 578.4
Special-trade contractors___ _____
Plumbing and heating.............. .
Painting and decorating________
Electrical work________________
Other special-trade contractors__
M anufacturing___________
Durable goods }_____
Nondurable goods J...
Ordnance and accessories .
16,563 16,334 16,255 16.201 16,060 15,925 16,050 16,057 16,007 15,972 15,822 15,584 15,989 17,238
9, 615 9,501 9,418 9, 323 9,220 9,113 9,144 9,121 9,002 8,887 8,820 8,811 9,120 10,105
6,948 6,833 6,837 6,878 6,840 6,812 6,906 6,936 7,005 7,085 7,002 6,773 6,870 7,133
133.2 132.3 133.2 134.5 137.0 137.2 139.9 141.2 142.1 143.9 145.8 145.0 147.6 160.8 234.3
1,616.4 1, 524.0 1,469. 8 1,440.4 1,418.5 1,409. 7 1, 430. 2 1, 490. 2 1, 538.4 1, 612.1 1, 703. 4 1,677.7 1, 594.7 1, 530. 2 1, 557.9
Food and kindred products................
324.1 320.3 316.0 317.8 318.1 324.9 333.4 331.8 331.4 326.7 321.2 316.6 321.8 ' 321.5
M eat products....................................
Dairy products........... .......................
130.3 123.6 117.8 113.8 112.4 111.0 112.6 114.5 116.3 120.8 126.3 129.4 118.5 118.2
Canning and preserving____________
209.7 179.0 171.7 157.7 154.4 164.0 180.6 208.9 274.1 379.1 351.3 265.8 224.2 238.2
Grain-mill products________________
120.7 119.1 117.1 117.8 117.7 118.2 119.1 120.0 122.6 125.4 125.3 126.2 121.3 119.9
Bakery products___________________
287.5 284.0 280.5 279.7 280.0 278.6 283.3 285.3 286.7 285.1 286.0 287.3 283.7 285.9
S u g ar......................................................
26.5
27.6
26.0
27.8
43.6
27.1
29.8
50.0
47.3
32.1
31.4
33.9
29.7
34.2
73.4
Confectionery and related products___
73.6
74.5
78.1
85.2
88.4
77.7
81.5
89.7
79.2
85.7
72.6
80.9
84.6
Beverages_____ __________ ________
212.1 207.2 200.3 194.1 189.6 191.8 200.7 204.9 207.7 211.7 218.6 226.1 208.7 214.9
Miscellaneous food products_________
140.2 136.5 134.7 132.8 131.8 130.4 131.7 134.6 136.3 136.8 138.4 141.0 137.2 140.6
Tobacco manufactures_________ _____
Cigarettes...............................................
Cigars......................................................
Tobacco and snufi_________________
Tobacco stemming and redrying...........
86.8
89.4
33.0
38.6
7.5
10.3
87.9
32.3
37.9
7.5
10.2
87.7
32.0
37.9
7.4
10.4
91.0
32.3
38.7
7.5
12.5
97.1
32.1
39.4
7.5
18.1
99.5
32.4
35.5
7.5
24.1
109.4
32.9
40.3
7.7
28.5
111.5
33.0
40.9
7.7
29.9
121.2
32.9
40.7
7.7
39.9
119.5
32.4
40.7
7.7
38.7
110.4
31.9
39.9
7.7
30.9
91.2
31.7
38.0
7.7
13.8
102.4
32.1
39.9
7.8
22.7
103.6
31.4
40.6
8.0
23.7
Textile-mill products____________ ____ 1,052. 5 1,064. 6 1,057. 7 1,075.1 1,078.3 1,078. 2 1,068.8 1, 076. 0 1,076. 4 1,072.6 1,071. 5 1,066.8 1, 038.3 1, 069.4 1,185. 8
Scouring and combing plants________
6.4
6.5
6.4
6.7
6.4
6.4
6.9
6.0
6.3
6.9
7.6
7.4
6.5
6.7
Yam and thread mills______________
130.9 130.9 131.5 131.4 131.1 130.0 129.2 129.2 127.9 127.3 126.9 123.2 127.6 145.8
Broad-woven fabric m ills.__________
459.3 458.0 473.1 473.1 474.3 472.0 470.9 468.3 467.8 468.0 468.2 458.6 472.1 530.4
Narrow fabrics and small wares............
31.2
31.4
31.2
31.7
31.1
31.7
31.3
30.4
30.2
30.8
29.9
29.5
30.2
31.8
Knitting m ills........................................
221.9 217.3 217.1 218.1 216.9 212.9 221.1 225.8 225.5 225.3 222.4 212.8 218.0 236.1
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
88.3
87.7
90.3
90.2
88.3
89.5
89.6
89.9
88.3
87.6
86.5
85.6
87.9
93.4
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.......
49.2
49.3
50.4
50.8
50.5
50.1
50.7
51.2
51.2
50.3
50.2
49.3
51.4
57.6
Hats (except cloth and millinery).........
12.4
13.0
12.1
12.5
12.3
12.5
13.1
12.9
12.9
13.6
13.6
13.2
13.3
16.3
Miscellaneous textile goods....................
64.2
64.4
64.5
64.4
64.7
63.2
63.5
63.9
62.3
61.4
61.5
58.6
62.6
67.7
A.pparel and other finished textile
products................ ............................... 1,170.0 1,192. 6 1,168.3 1,185.9 1,240.3 1, 230. 5 1,199.3 1, 202.7 1,188. 7 1,184. 4 1,185.4 1,180.9 1,107.1 1,172.5 1,231.7
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats...........
120.3 116.5 116.6 122.4 121.9 120.1 119.7 113.2 118.6 122.8 124.0 115.1 121.3 133.0
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing.................................................
317.6 313.7 311.8 314.3 309.2 300.1 300.3 304.7 304.2 301.6 296.5 273.9 295.3 311.4
Women’s outerwear............................
345.7 335.8 354.6 385.2 385.0 376.4 374.1 355.1 345.4 352.2 356.9 334.3 355.3 363.1
Women’s, children’s undergarm ents...
116.7 116.2 118.2 118.3 115.5 112.9 114.6 117.0 116.7 113.9 110.5 103.6 112.1 115.5
Millinery_________________________
15.8
16.0
19.7
21.2
27.4
27.0
19.5
23.7
21.6
22.3
17.4
21.8
20.9
21.9
Children’s outerwear_______________
66.9
72.3
68.8
74.1
73.0
71.1
69.5
69.9
71.1
71.2
72.1
71.8
70.1
71.2
Fur goods.................... ......................... .
11.9
7.4
10.7
8.2
8.6
10.3
12.3
13.1
11.6
12.1
11.7
12.2
11.3
12.1
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
63.7
61.2
61.0
62.1
61.7
59.8
63.1
65.4
65.1
63.9
62.2
57.9
60.8
64.3
Other fabricated textile products.........
128.6 129.6 129.5 129.4 127.5 124.9 127.9 130.8 130.1 125.4 125.2 120.9 125.4 139.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
1051
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry ^ C ontinu ed
[In thousands]
1955
Industry
Annual aver
age
1954
_____
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1954
1953
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)............................................... 785.4
Logging camps and contractors........... ..............
Sawmills and planing mills ................................
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products...... ..........................
Wooden containers............................ ..................
Miscellaneous wood products................... ..........
788.6
119.4
416.8
750.5
99.9
401.1
718.2
82.3
389.3
700.9
73.2
384.4
705.8
84.0
381.9
697.3
80.0
377.7
727.5
96.6
389.0
751.3
109.5
398.1
759.0
110.0
403.1
738.0
94.8
399.3
658.2
81.0
353.9
649.4
77.7
346.7
705.8
89.6
378.7
767.6
96.9
415.9
139.9
54.0
58.5
137.5
53.4
58. 6
135.2
52.8
58.6
132.1
53.5
57.7
130.6
53.2
56.1
130.9
53.7
55.0
132.8
53.9
55.2
134.7
53.8
55.2
135.6
55.0
55.3
134.3
54.4
55.2
117.3
52.7
53.3
117.3
53.6
54.1
126.0
65.8
55.6
130.8
64.4
59.5
Furniture and fixtures............................... 354.0
Household furniture........................................ ___
Office, public-building, and professional
furniture___ _________ _____ ___________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures.......... ........................... ............................
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures............................................
356.9
251.0
353.6
249.2
353.4
251.0
354.5
252.5
352. 5
250.8
347.8
247.2
351.9
251.2
356.3
254.5
355.7
254.2
352.8
251.1
344.4
243.4
329.1
231.6
345.2
243.7
374 fi
267.0
42.8
41.8
41.8
41.6
41.3
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.0
41.7
41.5
39.6
40.8
42.7
35.6
35.3
34.6
34.4
34.2
33.5
33.3
34.3
34.3
34.0
33.4
31.6
33.8
35.7
27.5
27.3
26.0
26.0
26.2
26.0
26.3
26.4
26.2
26.0
26.1
26.3
26.9
29.2
Paper and allied products_____________ 545.7
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills....................
Paperboard containers and boxes......................
Other paper and allied products.........................
546.8
268. 5
150.1
128. 2
540.0
266.3
146.8
126.9
536.7
265.4
145.5
125.8
534.6
264.5
144.7
125.4
531.9
263.9
143.5
124.5
531.9
263.9
144.3
123.7
536.3
264.7
147.7
123.9
537.7
263.6
149.9
124.2
536.4
263.0
149.7
123.7
536.6
264.7
148.6
123.3
532.0
263.3
145.1
123.6
524.0
260.4
140.3
123.3
530.6
261.9
145.1
123.6
530 4
258.3
148. 2
123.9
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries...... .................. ........................ .
806.9
Newspapers..................................... ....................
Periodicals............................................................
Books................................. ........................ ..........
Commercial printing_____________ _____ _
Lithographing......... ........................................... .
Greeting cards......................................... .............
Bookbinding and related industries..................
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services.............. ..............................................
807.6
297. 5
60. 9
48.1
212.9
59. 8
18.3
43. 5
802.8 803.3
295.4 295.1
61.0
61.6
47. 8 48.1
210.7 210.8
59.3
59.7
17.6
18.0
43.1
42.8
802.0
293.4
62.0
48.1
211.0
59.4
17.5
42.4
798.8
292.3
62.3
47.6
209.5
59.2
17.5
42.1
798.9
291.8
63.0
47.5
210.3
58.6
17.7
42.1
808.8
295.5
64.0
48.2
211.3
60.6
19.2
42.5
807.8
294.7
64.2
48.7
209.2
61.1
20.3
42.7
806.6
294.0
62.9
49.3
209.7
61.0
19.8
43.1
802.9
292.9
62.1
49.2
209.5
60.4
19.5
43.1
793.8
291.4
60.6
48.6
205.5
59.6
19.3
43.4
792.2
291.1
60.9
48.4
205.7
58.8
19.0
43.0
800.1
292.3
62.6
48.8
208.0
60.0
18. 8
42.9
791. 9
289 1
62 3
If49 9
205 1
57.7
19.5
44.1
66.6
67.5
67.6
68.2
68.3
67.9
67.5
66.9
66.8
66.2
65.4
65.3
66.7
64.1
Chemicals and allied products_________
807.8
Industrial inorganic chemicals.............................
Industrial organic chemicals................................
Drugs and medicines............................................
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions.......... .................... ...... ............. ..............
Paints, pigments, and fillers...................... .........
Gum and wood chemicals___________ ______
Fertilizers.____ __________________________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats......................
Miscellaneous chemicals_______________ ____
808.7
109.0
310.4
92.6
811.5
107.9
307.0
92.5
811.9
104.5
305.9
92.4
808.4
103.9
303.7
92.9
794.7
102.6
301.0
93.0
792.8
105.0
299.0
92.7
793.7
104.5
298.7
92.4
793.6
103.9
297.7
92.8
793.1
103.3
295.5
92.7
788.9
102.7
295.4
92.5
779.9
102.3
295.8
92.0
777.9
101.6
297.1
91.4
791.0
101.2
299.1
92.0
807.0
94 1
317. 2
91.5
49.8
72.4
7.8
33.6
37.9
95.2
49.9
71.2
7.9
42.7
38.1
94.3
50.2
70.9
7.8
47.8
38.9
93.6
50.3
70.2
7.8
46.7
40.9
92.0
50.3
69.7
7.8
38.2
41.4
90.7
50.4
69.7
7.7
35.9
42.5
89.9
49.9
69.8
7.7
34.8
44.5
91.4
50.1
69.8
7.7
34.0
46.2
91.4
50.4
69.5
7.7
35.1
47.0
91.9
50.8
70.1
7.7
33.9
43.8
92.0
50.5
70.5
7.2
31.7
38.5
91.4
50.0
70.4
7.5
30.5
38.1
91.3
50. 5
70.4
7.7
36.8
42.4
91.0
51.1
74.2
7. 9
37.2
43.1
90.6
Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining_____________ ___
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod
ucts...................................................... .
257.1
254.4
203.1
251.0
200.5
249.8
200.2
248.9
200.2
247.4
199.7
248.3
201.6
249.5
201.2
251.3
202.4
251.9
202.9
254.2
204.5
255.8
206.0
256.8
206.8
253.0
203.6
260.4
206.3
51.3
50.5
49.6
48.7
47.7
46.7
48.3
48.9
49.0
49.7
49.8
50.0
49.5
54.1
Rubber products..........
Tires and inner tubes. .
Rubber footwear____
Other rubber products.
274.0
276.5
118.3
26.8
131.4
273. 4
116.9
26.6
129.9
268.5
115.8
26.5
126.2
269.3
114.7
26.8
127.8
267.3
114.1
26.8
126.4
265.9
112.9
27.4
125.6
264.5
112.4
27.6
124.5
259.0
108.5
27.5
123.0
257.5
111.1
27.0
119.4
252.4
110.0
26.1
116.3
226.9
89.2
25.8
111.9
223.0
88.5
25.3
109.2
250.2
106.0
26.0
118.2
278.0
119 5
29 3
129.2
Leather and leather products....................
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished..
Industrial leather belting and packing..
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings__
Footwear (except rubber).......................
Luggage........................ ........................ .
Handbags and small leather goods.........
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
382.9
383.1
44.1
4.9
16.9
249.8
18. 5
30. 5
18.4
371.0
43.4
4.8
16.0
242.6
18.1
28.7
17.4
377.4
43.4
4.8
16.7
246.2
17.7
31.5
17.1
386.7
43.4
4.8
17.6
251.7
17.2
34.9
17.1
384.4
43.5
4.6
17.6
252.3
16.1
34.7
15.6
376.7
43.2
4.7
17.3
249.7
15.4
32.4
14.0
374.5
43.3
4.6
16.4
245.8
16.2
31.9
16.3
371.7
42.7
4.6
15.9
240.5
17.0
33.2
17.8
369.2
42.7
4.6
15.1
237.6
17.9
33.0
18.3
370.4
42.5
4.5
14.4
240.9
17.9
32.0
18.2
377.5
42.9
4.4
15.8
248.4
17.3
31.1
17.6
367.7
43.3
4.4
16.0
242.9
16.5
27.8
16.8
370.1
43.4
4.7
16.0
243.4
16.2
30.2
16.2
386.2
47.1
54
17.0
249.9
17.5
31.4
18.0
Stone, clay, and glass products............. .
Flat glass............................ .....................
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown...
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic.................................
Structural clay products_____________
Pottery and related products_________
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts........................................................
Cut-stone and stone products...............
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products________________________
See footnotes at end of table.
546.1
551.7
32. 7
93.9
17.1
43. 8
81.8
53. 4
543.4
31.8
92.8
17.1
43.1
79.7
53.8
535.7
31.9
91.0
17.2
42.7
78.3
54.2
527.2
32.0
90.0
17.0
42.4
76.6
54.2
519.0
32.2
88.7
16.9
42.2
74.2
53.5
514.1
32.4
87.5
16.7
42.4
74.4
52.3
520.3
32.2
87.8
16.9
42.5
76.1
53.0
521.9
31.7
88.6
16.7
42.5
76.6
53.6
521.4
30.2
89.1
16.5
42.9
77.1
52.9
520.4
28.9
89.0
16.2
42.9
77.5
52.6
516.6
27.9
89.4
15.9
42.8
77.5
50.8
506.8
28.2
86.6
15.0
42.7
77.5
47.3
514.2
29.3
89.7
16.1
41.7
76.1
51.9
543.2
31.6
97.8
18.2
41.8
79.1
55.8
114.6
20.1
112.8
19.7
109.3
20.0
105.4
19.8
103.3
19.6
102.6
19.2
104.6
20.2
106.2
20.1
106.2
20.3
107.0
20.3
107.4
20.1
106.8
18.8
103.6
19.7
105.1
18.7
94.3
92.6
91.1
89.8
88.4
sa 6
87.0
85.9
86.2
8 6 .0
84.8
83.9
sa 0
95.0
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1052
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual aver
age
1954
1955
Industry
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1954
1953
Manufacturing —Continued
Primary metal industries_____________ 1,311.4 1,317.4 1, 294. 5 1, 273.6 1,251.6 1,224.9 1,202. 5 1,191.7 1,177.8 1,161.1 1,156.0 1,160. 7 1,161.9 1,185.0 1,332.7
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills__________________________ - - .......... 647.0 632.9 620.8 608.4 594.1 581.5 577.2 571.3 567.4 570.0 570.9 573.2 581.0 653.3
241.4 238.9 233.8 229.1 221.5 216.2 212.0 209.1 207.2 206.9 209.2 208.5 213.0 247.6
Iron and steel foundries___________________
Primary smelting and refining of non65.9
65.4
64.4
65.2
65.0
64.6
61.5
63.7
67.4
66.2
61.3
63.8
62.9
61.0
ferrous m etals,.......... . ....................... . ...........
Secondary smelting and refining of
12.4
12.6
12.6
12.3
12.4
12.3
12.2
12.0
12.5
12.5
12.3
12.3
12.4
13.5
nonferrous metals_____ _______ _________
Bolling, drawing, and alloying of non98.7 100.7
99.4 102.1 112.9
113.6 111.6 110.0 109.2 108.3 107.1 106.0 104.8 103.4
ferrous metals___________ ______________
84.2
81.1
85.7
82.3
80.8
80.0
77.0
75.1
85.8
85.3
71.3
72.9
77.6
92.2
Nonferrous foundries__ ____________ ______
Miscellaneous primary metal indus
tries..................................................................... 149.7 147.1 144.8 142.7 141.1 139.6 138.5 135.8 132.4 132.0 132.6 131.8 136.0 152.3
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)_________________ 1,090.1 1,095.8 1,087. 8 1,077. 5 1,067.5 1,051.5 1,043.0 1,050.3 1,050.8 1,035. 7 1,028. 7 1,026. 6 1,015.9 1,045.2 1,139.3
54.3
54.0
54.4
56.8
54.6
55.2
57.2
61.1
58.7
62.3
63.2
61.6
55.4
Tin cans and other tinware.... ...........
58.5
149.3 150.6 150.3 150.2 148.3 145.8 145.9 143.6 140.4 137.6 137.7 135.2 143.5 160.0
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware........
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
135.1 132. 0 130.7 130.2 128.0 125.4 127.6 130.6 130.3 130.1 126.7 121.3 124.7 136.4
plumbers’ supplies............ ..................
281.2 274.7 268.8 264.3 262.2 262.8 268.6 273.2 277.0 280.2 279.7 279.3 274.8 273.7
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and en
220.0 222.8 222.3 220.7 215.6 213.4 212.9 212.0 201.7 195.8 196.8 197.6 212.0 254.2
graving................................................ .
48.2
48.4
46.4
47.7
46.2
45.6
43.6
41.8
41.1
40.8
47.7
48.0
43.9
50.0
Lighting fixtures___________________
64.4
64.1
62.9
64.2
62.8
62.6
60.6
57.6
64.4
55.8
55.5
55.5
58.4
Fabricated wire products........... ..........
65.7
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
137.0 136.8 136.0 135.3 132.8 132.2 131.7 130.0 127.9 125.1 125.9 124.6 129.5 144.1
ucts...................................................... .
Machinery (except electrical)................. 1,580.8 1, 594.3 1,580. 5 1,568.0 1, 544. 7 1, 523. 4 1, 506.0 1,502.1 1, 487.9 1,489.2 1,498. 6 1,497.2 1, 514. 9 1,551.1 1,707.9
76.7
78.7
77.0
76.1
75.3
74.1
72.2
71.8
72.2
74.8
81.1
80.4
76.0
Engines and tu rb in e s..___ _______________
88.5
164.8 164.7 164.4 161.8 157.6 151.7 145.3 140.8 138.6 140.5 140.3 147.5 145.7 167.9
Agricultural machinery and tractors________
Construction and mining machinery____ ____ 129.6 126.9 125.1 123.0 120.8 119.6 119.3 119.6 121.1 122.4 122.9 123.7 123.7 133.9
Metalworking machinery......... ................ .......... 259.0 256.2 253.8 251.5 249.8 249. 9 251.5 252.1 253.3 257.5 258.6 263.5 270.8 306.0
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)....................... ........ 180.7 179.2 178.4 176.3 174.6 173.2 173.2 172.9 173.8 175.8 175.6 176.1 178.5 189.3
General industrial m achinery..___ _________ 231.8 230.6 229.1 221.7 224.2 224.0 225.3 226.4 227.1 229.7 227.5 227.7 232.9 245.5
106.0 105.4 105.8 106.0 105.0 104.2 105.1 103.9 104.9 103.7 101.9 102.7 104.7 109.3
Office and store machines and devices_______
Service-industry and household ma
187.0 187. 3 185.1 180.2 173.4 168.5 169.0 166.5 165.5 166.7 164.0 165.7 178.6 202.8
chines__________ ____ ______ __________
Miscellaneous machinery parts........ ......... ........ 254.3 249.8 247.6 244.5 241.0 238.8 238. 1 233.5 230.8 230.5 234.2 233.2 240.4 264.8
Electrical machinery................................. 1,117.2 1,117.1 1,108.9 1,101.8 1,098. 3 1,096.3 1,093. 2 1,103.2 1,104. 7 1,091.6 1,077.5 1,060.5 1,045.0 1,088.6 1,219.8
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appara
tus_______________ ____________ _______ 374.7 373.7 370.0 367.8 365.9 364.8 365.3 360.5 360.1 354.7 355.7 357.2 367.8 402.8
64.5
64.7
63.5
65.2
66.2
65.6
64.9
62.6
65.6
64.8
61.8
60.8
Electrical appliances............................................
64.6
70.8
25.8
25.5
25.3
25.5
25.5
25.1
25.2
26.1
24.4
23.4
26.0
Insulated wire and cable___________________
22.6
24.1
31.5
78.9
78.8
78.0
76.4
78.9
73.9
64.9
78.0
67.3
Electrical equipment for vehicles.................. .
64.6
66.5
71.6
70.8
81.6
25.7
25.5
25.2
24.9
26.1
25.9
25.3
24.8
24.6
24.5
24.5
24.5
Electric lamps___________________________
25.4
27.6
498.7 492.4 491.3 491.1 494.1 495.0 504.1 511.0 505.3 495.5 483.7 468.1 490.1 556.0
Communication equipm ent.____ __________
45.6
44.9
44.2
47.4
46.3
43.7
44.6
46.1
46.3
46.3
46.8
Miscellaneous electrical products.......... .............
45.3
45.8
49.5
Transportation equipment-...................
Automobiles........................................
Aircraft and parts................................
Aircraft_____________ __________
Aircraft engines and parts_______
Aircraft propellers and parts...........
Other aircraft parts and equipment.
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Shipbuilding and repairing.............
Boatbuilding and repairing______
Railroad equipment...... ......................
Other transportation equipment____
Instruments and related products...........
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments............. .................. ..........
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments_____________________
Optical instruments and lenses.............
Surgical, medical, and dental instruments.
Ophthalmic goods_________________
Photographic apparatus.........................
Watches and clocks................. ..............
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware—
Musical instruments and parts..............
Toys and sporting goods______ _____
Pens, pencils, other office supplies........
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions........
Fabricated plastics products..................
Other manufacturing industries______
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,863. 6 1,875. 6 1,880.6 1,883.7 1,868.5 1,844. 5 1,815.7 1, 788. 6 1,744. 9 1,657.9 1,590. 7 1,649.3 1,693. 7 1,744.9 1,952.6
943.2 947.7 946.8 929.4 905.4 883.6 854.8 815.9 730.1 653.5 713.7 743.5 780.6 928.9
737.5 740.9 749.1 752.0 753.2 752.6 753.5 751.4 748.0 756.7 754.4 764.7 768.1 779.1
476.1 476.8 478.0 477.1 477.0 472.8 470.9 468.2 466.2 471.2 474.9 474.5 473.4 472.4
141.9 143.1 146.6 148.8 148.6 149.0 150.0 149.9 151.6 153.3 146.5 154.9 158.9 174.7
13.6
13.9
14.1
13.4
14.3
15.3
13.3
15.7
16.1
16.4
16.5
16.6
15.9
17.7
106.2 107.6 110.9 112.2 113.5 116.5 117.3 117.6 114.1 115.8 116.5 118.7 119.9 114.2
129.5 126.3 123.6 124.3 122.3 120.3 120.8 118.0 120.3 119.0 119.9 127.4 129.3 153.6
99.1 100.3
98.8
98.2 100.4
98.8 102.1 100.9 100.6 106.3 108.4 131.2
105.0 101.4
24.0
24.5
24.5
24.9
23.5
22.1
20.4
18.2
19.2
18.1
19.3
21.1
20.9
22.4
55.6
54.0
55.1
56.0
56.6
51.2
51.9
49.9
48.9
50.7
50.8
48.3
57.4
79.7
8.6
8.8
9.4
9.1
8.5
8.3
7.3
9.7
10.6
10.8
10.5
9.8
11.3
9.3
316.0
315.7
305.0
310.4
311.0
308.9
308.7
309.6
309.0
308.9
308.8
305.1
305.9
315.7
334.8
49.5
41.8
49.8
49.7
49.3
49.5
49.4
49.2
48.7
48.3
47.9
50.0
51.7
55.5
86.8
12.8
41.0
24.6
67.1
33.9
86.4
12.7
40.1
24.0
66.3
33.7
85.5
12.7
38.3
23.7
66.4
34.0
84.9
12.7
39.4
23.6
66.5
34.2
83.9
12.7
39.4
23.5
66.3
33.8
83.9
12.8
39.4
23.3
66.4
33.4
83.6
12.9
39.6
23.2
66.7
34.2
83.2
13.0
39.5
23.2
66.6
34.3
83.0
13.3
39.5
23.1
66.7
34.6
82.1
13.5
39.8
22.9
67.5
34.7
80.6
13.3
39.6
22.7
66.7
34.3
80.8
13.2
39.6
22.7
66.7
32.9
82.0
13.7
40.1
24.0
67.0
37.3
82.1
14.9
43.3
26.9
67.9
44.3
469.1
51.4
17.8
89.2
29.7
64.8
76.7
139.5
463.1
50.8
17.6
87.4
29.7
62.1
76.2
139.3
461.2
51.4
17.5
84.0
29.5
62.0
75.3
141.5
462.0
53.2
17.6
79.4
29.0
65.3
75.1
142.4
456.3
52.9
17.7
75.9
28.5
67.1
73.1
141.1
444.6
53.3
17.4
70.6
28.4
65.6
71.8
137.5
457.4
54.9
17.6
74.5
29.6
65.2
72.9
142.7
474.5
56.2
17.6
85.5
30.0
67.2
72.9
145.1
478.0
56.3
17.5
90.4
29.8
67.7
71.1
145.2
470.1
54.3
17.1
88.7
29.7
66.2
69.9
144.2
456.3
51.7
16.6
84.9
29.2
64.6
68.0
141.3
440.5
50.1
15.8
81.6
28.5
60.0
66.1
138.4
463.3
53.7
16.8
82.8
29.5
63.6
71.2
145.7
498.5
53.6
17.4
94.3
29.5
67.0
77.2
159.5
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
1053
A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1955
Annual aver
age
1954
Industry
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1954
1953
T r a n s p o r t a tio n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s _______
4,087 4,085 3,997 3,939 3,966 3,937 3,927 3,996 3,986 4,005 4,023 4,018 4,029 4,008 4,221
Transportation. . ________ _________ 2,734 2, 740 2,701 2,653 2,648 2,625 2, 617 2,683 2,672 2,690 2,701 2,686 2,694 2,688 2,899
Interstate railroads_________________
1,224.1 1,196. 2 1,158.6 1,156.8 1,152.3 1,152.9 1,186.8 1,185.7 1, 202. 9 1, 212.0 1,220.2 1, 227. 8 1, 215.4 1,376.9
Class I railroads______ __________
1,075. 8 1,049. 8 1 012.4 i mo f; i nns 7
1 D2Q 2
Local railways and bus lines_________
' 118.6 ' 119. 7 119.7 ’ 120. 5 ’ 121 1 121.7 ’ 122.6 123.0 124.0 124.8 125.5 126.5 126.9 129.1
Trucking and warehousing..................
764.5 754.5 747.9 743.9 732.3 724.3 748.0 741.0 737.0 732.1 715.7 711.1 719.7 731.4
Other transportation and services___
632.6 631.0 627.0 626.3 618.8 617.7 625.9 622.0 625.8 631.8 624.5 628.9 626.3 661.3
Bus lines, except local- _____ ____
43.8
43.1
43 2 43 3
44 n
43.4
Air transportation (common carrier).
114.5 112.7 110.1 108.4 107.2 1Ô6Ü 105.5 104.8 104.4 105.1 104.5 106.6 105.2 104.9
Communication-________ ____ _______ 762
758
716
709
741
737
735
736
736
736
741
738
744
747
747
Telephone____
......................
715.8 673.6 666.9 699.7 696.1 693.4 694.2 694.3 693.9 696.2 702.7 705.1 698.8 702.2
Telegraph_______ ______________
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.1
40.8
40.6
41.5
41.0
41.0
41.2
40.9
41.2
41.2
43.7
591
Other public utilities________________
587
580
577
577
577
579
575
575
584
578
588
588
579
576
Gas and electric u tilities-.................... ___
563.6 557.1 554.3 554.4 553.3 553.1 554.7 555.2 556.4 560.8 565.1 565.0 556.3 552.4
Electric light and power utilities____ ___
251.7 249.1 248.3 248.3 247.6 247.2 247.4 247.6 248.0 250.9 252.4 252.5 249.0 248.2
Gas utilities.____ ______________
142.3 140.1 138.4 138.6 138.2 138.5 139.2 139.5 140.1 140.7 142.0 141.9 139.1 133.2
Electric light and gas utilities combined________________________
169.6 167.9 167.6 167.5 167.5 167.4 168.1 168.1 168.3 169.2 170.7 170.6 168.2 171.1
Local utilities, not elsewhere classified.
23.1
22.7
22.8
22.5
22.1
22.0
22.2
22.3
22.5
22.8
23.1
23.1
23.2
22.4
W h o le s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e ______.
.
.
Wholesale trade_____________________
Retail trade___
________ ________
General merchandise stores. _______
Food and liquor stores________ _____
Automotive and accessories dealers__
Apparel and accessories stores_______
Other retail trade...................................
10,624 10,633 10,534 10,549 10,408 10,309 10,419 11,354 10,745 10,548 10,447 10,321 10,351 10,498 10,527
2,850 2,824 2,801 2,804 2,813 2,806 2,817 2,860 2,849 2,819 2,789 2,784 2,784 2,796 2, 784
7,774 7,809 7, 733 7, 745 7, 595 7,503 7,602 8,494 7, 896 7, 729 7,658 7,537 7, 567 7,702 7,744
1, 319. 2 1, 346.2 1,341. 8 1,371.7 1,304.8 1, 269. 2 1,326.6 1, 903.0 1,518.1 1,398.4 1,348.9 1, 280.3 1. 281. 4 1.395.8 1,444. 5
1,492.9 1, 497. 0 1, 486. 7 1,478.2 1,471.4 1,467.4 1,462.3 1,493.6 1,471.8 1,460.2 1, 444.0 1,434. 4 1.442.2 1.446.2 1,395.3
784.3 776.5 767.8 762.5 755.4 749.4 749.3 767.1 754.3 749.4 753.1 760.1 763.7 764.6 798.8
561.6 596.5 593.5 612.3 578.3 555.3 579.0 723.2 614.4 597.5 580.3 535.4 545.2 592.4 598.6
3, 615. 5 3, 593.0 3,542.9 3,520.7 3,485.2 3,461.6 3,485.1 3,607.4 3, 537.4 3, 523.2 3, 531.8 3,526.5 3, 534.3 3, 502.8 3, 506.1
2,237
Banks and trust companies___________
Security dealers and exchanges________
Insurance carriers and agents_________ _____
Other finance agencies and real estate__
2,207
548. 9
77.9
789.2
790.6
2,171
540.8
76.9
781.1
771.7
2,161
539.9
76. 5
782.5
762.2
2,150
538 2
75 5
781.5
754.7
535 7
74 2
531 8
532 fi
778! 3
744.1
776! 2
743.3
5,812
Hotels and lodging places_____________
Personal services:
Laundries__ ____________________
Cleaning and dyeing plants.................. _____
Motion pictures__________ __________
5,773
513.1
5,733
488.3
5,674
479.7
5,571
462.9
5,536
461.5
336.9
160.5
239.3
333.1
160.4
238.7
328.5
157.1
236.5
325.4
154.1
228.9
324 n
150.3
224.4
F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ________
S e r v ic e a n d m i s c e ll a n e o u s _______ _ ___
2,132
2,124
2,136
2,134
2,136
2,141
2,151
2,150
2,114
2,038
777! 5
754.6
776! 4
756.9
775! 8
761.2
775! 8
764.9
779.9
763.6
779! 6
763.6
770! 6
746.4
739.4
719.3
5,533
456.3
5,588
462.9
5,622
465.6
5,660
474.4
5,719
511.6
5,750
578.9
5,755
579.8
5,629
498.0
5,538
504.3
32fi 2
152.7
224.4
327 1
328 3
329 a
329 1
332 2
337 9
155.1
225.5
158! 4
229.9
159.8
236.7
157.3
239.7
155! 8
239.7
161.7
238.8
I 60! 7
166.' 2
234.0
231.5
6,706 6,851 6,881 6,927 6,922 6,873 6,835 7,166 6,917 6,829 6,746 6,563 6,551 6,751 6,645
___
___________
Federal... ______ _ 2,197 2,183 2,159 2,153 2,148 2,142 2,139 2,457 2,165 2,147 2,142 2,157 2,161 2,188 2,3Ô5
State and local i .............. .......................... 4,509 4,668 4,722 4,774 4,774 4,731 4,696 4, 709 4, 752 4,682 4,604 4,406 4,390 4,563 4,340
G o v e r n m e n t ____ __
i The Bureau of Labor Statistics series on employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating firms.
These reports cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricul
tural establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of the
pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Because of this, persons
who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting period will
be counted more than once. In Federal establishments the data generally
refer to persons who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the
month. Proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and
domestic servants are excluded. These employment series have been ad
justed to first-quarter 1954 benchmark levels indicated by data from govern
ment social-insurance programs.
Data for the 2 most recent months are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first month
they are published.
These data differ in several respects from the nonagricultural employment
data shown in the Monthly Report on the Labor Force (table A-l, civilian
labor force), which are obtained by household interviews. This M R LF
series relates to the calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month.
It includes all persons (14 years and over) with a job whether at work or not,
proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic
servants.
355367— Sa
fi
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Durable goods include: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal industries; fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and
related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
3 Nondurable goods include: food and kindred products; tobacco manufac
tures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper
and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and
allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather
and leather products.
* State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, elected
officials of small local units, and paid volunteer firemen.
See footnote 1, p. 1047.
N o t e .— Information on concepts, m ethodology, etc., is
given in a technical note on M easurem ent of Industrial
Em ploym ent, which appeared in the September 1953
M onthly Labor Review.
1054
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able A-3 : Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
Annual aver
age
1954
1955
Industry
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1954
1953
M in in g :
Metal______________________________
Iron_____________________________
Copper__ ___ _____________ _______
Lead and zinc_______ ____________
84.3
29.5
23.9
14.0
82.9
29.4
23.2
13.8
82.3
27.5
24.5
14.0
81.1
26.2
24.6
13.9
80.7
26.0
24.4
13.9
80.3
25.8
24.2
13.8
78.6
25.3
23.5
13.5
79.9
27.0
22.8
13.6
76.7
28.4
20.7
12.2
76.0
29.7
18.6
12.3
84.9
30.4
24. 2
13.8
86.7
31.3
24.3
14.1
83.9
30. 5
23. 3
13.7
91.6
35.4
24 5
15.1
Anthracite___ _____________________
Bituminous-coal__________ __________
34.1
193.3
30.4
191.1
33.8
187.4
34.8
191.1
36.2
192.5
38.5
192.4
39.3
192.9
39.5
193.1
39.7
192.4
29.1
193.8
29.4
196.5
28.9
189.2
36. 7
207. 3
50.3
267.5
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)....................
128.9
122.7
122.4
123.2
123.9
124.9
125.2
126.1
127.4
131.5
135.7
136.5
130.0
131.4
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying____
91.7
91.0
90.6
87.2
85.0
85.2
88.8
90.1
91.2
92.0
92.1
92.4
89. 6
91.3
13,046 13,084 12,882 12.816 12,778 12,649 12,523 12,645 12,657 12,612 12,577 12,418 12,179 12,588 13,833
Durable goods 2__________________ 7,559 7,631 7,530 7, 457 7,375 7,282 7,182 7, 218 7,198 7,081 6,965 6,890 6, 876 7,184 8,148
Nondurable goods s_______________ 5,487 5,453 5,352 5,359 5,403 5,367 5,341 5,427 5,459 5,531 5,612 5,528 5,303 5,404 5,685
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ____ _________________________
91.2
93.5
Food and kindred products..................... 1,161.2 1,081. 3 1,034. 5 1,011.0
254.2 251.0 246.3
Meat products____________________
88.7 1 82.7
Dairy products____________________
78.1
178.7 148.8 141.8
Canning and preserving____________
86.4
87.0
84.2
Grain-mill products... ___ ____ ____
172. 8 171.2 169.1
Bakery products___________________
Sugar. ............ _ _______________
20.6
22.7
21.1
59.4
Confectionery and related products___
59.3
60.3
121.2 118.0 113.7
B everages.__ . ________ _________
98.7
96.0
94.8
Miscellaneous food products.................. ..............
991.1
248.1
74.2
128.0
84.5
168.9
21.9
63.6
108.6
93.3
Ordnance and’accessories...... ................
90.4
90.2
90.4
93.9
96.0
97.4
98.0
99.9
101.8
100.8
104.0
Tobacco manufactures.........................
Cigarettes______________ _________
Cigars____ ___ ___________________
Tobacco and snuff_______ __________
Tobacco stemming and redrying...........
79.3
81.5
30.1
36.7
6.4
8.3
79.8
29.2
36.1
6.4
8.1
79.6
28.9
36.1
6.3
8.3
82.8
29. 2
36.9
6.4
10.3
88.7
29.2
37.5
6.5
15.5
91.1
29.5
33.7
6.4
21.5
100.1
29.6
38.4
6.5
25.6
102.7
30.0
38.9
6.6
27.2
111.6
29.7
38.7
6.6
36.6
110.3
29.4
38.7
6.7
35.5
102.0
29.2
37.9
6.7
28.2
82.9
28.8
36.1
6.6
11.4
Textile-mill products__________ ______
Scouring and combing plants________
Yarn and thread mills............................
Broad-woven fabric m ills ............ ........
Narrow fabrics and smallwares............
Knitting mills__________ ________ _
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.......
Hats (except cloth and millinery)____
Miscellaneous textile goods____ _____
961.8
973.7
5.8
121.3
433.2
27. 2
201.5
76.8
41.4
11.7
54.8
965.4
5.9
121.2
430.7
27. 4
196. 5
76.6
41.4
11.0
54.7
982.6
5.8
121.6
445.5
27.7
196.1
77.4
42.6
10.7
55.2
985.4
6.3
121.8
445.1
27.7
197.0
78.6
42.6
10.8
984.5
6.1
121.4
446.1
27.3
195.8
79.2
42.6
11.1
54.9
976.6
5.8
120.6
444.3
27.3
192.3
78.7
42.3
11.1
54.2
983.4
5.8
119.8
443.1
27.1
200.1
79.2
42.2
11.7
54.4
982.6
5.4
119.6
440.3
26.8
204.0
78.5
42.7
11.5
53.8
979.4
5.7
118.4
439.8
26.5
204.2
77.5
42.9
11.4
53.0
978.4
6.3
117.9
439.8
26. 4
204. 4
76.9
42.8
12.1
973.6
7. C
117.4
439.7
26.1
201.7
75.6
41.7
12.1
52.3
945.5
6.8
113.8
430.4
25. 7
192.0
75.1
40.6
11.7
49.4
55 .5
s i . at
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts____________________________ 1,040.0 1,061. 8 1,041.1 1,056.8 1,110.2 1,100. 7 1,068.9 1,073.0 1,060. 4 1,056.6 1,058.7 1,054. 2
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats...........
107.9 104.5 104.3 110.2 110.1 108.0 107.6 100.7 106.4 110.6 111.5
M en’s and boys' furnishings and work
clothing...............................................
292.3 289.2 287.2 289 8 284.8 275.7 276.9 281.7 281.4 277.9 273.4
Women’s outerwear__________ _____
305.1 296.2 314.0 343.2 343.1 334.5 332.2 314.7 305.1 312.1 317.0
Women’s, children’s undergarm ents...
104.0 103.6 105.5 105. 5 103.0 100.3 101.7 104.3 103.5 101.3
97.5
Millinery................................................
17.2
13.4
13. 7 17.2
24.3
21.1
18.9
19. 2 19.9
19. 4
24.7
Children’s outerwear............... ............
65.4
62.1
60.2
67.2
64.3
63.4
64.9
62.7
64.6
65.8
66.5
F ur goods__ _________________ ____
7.5
9.2
8.3
5.1
6.3
10.0
8.7
8.9
6.1
9.3
9.0
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
57.3
54.6
54.9
53.0
56.4
58.5
54.7
58.3
57.2
55.8
55.5
Other fabricated textile products_____
107.2 108.8 108.7 108. 7 107.0 104.5 107.3 109.9 109.4 105.8 104.9
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)............... ........... .......................
Logging camps and contractors........ .
Sawmills and planing mills________ _
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products__________
Wooden containers_________________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures_________
Household furniture___________ ____
Office, public-building, and profession
al furniture_____________________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and fix
tures________________ _________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures_______________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
716.0
179.9
93.9
29.1
37.9
6.7
20.2
95.1
28.4
38.5
6.8
21.4
975.7 1,090.2
5.9
6.2
118. C 135.8
443.6 500.6
26. 3 28.1
197.0 215.2
77.2
82.5
42.8
48.6
14.8
11. 8
53. 2 58.4
983.5 1,046.2 1,102.9
103.1 108. 7 119.8
251.9
295. 9
90.9
15.1
65.3
9.2
51.4
100.7
272.5
315. 7
99. 4
18.6
63.8
8. 4
54.1
105.1
288.5
322.7
102.9
19.4
64.7
9.3
57.1
118.6
387.7
683.3 650.9
93. 7 76.0
372.5 360.0
633.8
66.9
355.3
639.3
77.6
353.1
631.3
73.2
349.5
661.4
90.0
360.4
684.6
103.0
369.0
691.6
103.6
374.2
671.7
88.3
371.1
591.5
74.7
325.4
583.0
71. 4
318. 2
639.3
83.3
350.1
698.0
90.0
385. 0
118.4
49.9
51.9
115.9
49. 2
52.0
114.3
48.6
52.0
111.5
49.3
61.1
110.0
49.2
49.4
110.5
49.7
48.4
112.6
49. 7
48.7
114.4
49. 7
48. 5
114.5
50.8
48.5
113.5
50.2
48.6
96.3
48. 4
46. 7
96.4
49.3
47.7
105.5
51. 5
48.9
110.5
59.7
52.8
301.1
218.0
297.6
215. 9
297.2
217.5
298.4
218.9
296.4
217.0
292.6
214.1
296.9
218. 4
301.4
221. 7
301.3
221. 8
298.4
218. 8
290.1
211.3
274.6
199. 4
290.5
211.0
319.9
233. 9
34.7
33.6
33.7
33.6
3 3 .3
33.1
33.1
33.1
32.9
33.5
33.4
31. 7
32.9
35.0
27.5
27.1
26.4
26.2
26.2
25.6
25.3
26.1
26. 2
25.9
25. 3
23.3
25.7
27.8
20.9
21.0
19.6
19.7
19.9
19.8
20.1
20.5
20.4
20.2
20.1
20.2
21.0
23.3
719.9
112.0
298.0
115.5
985.3 1,007. 0 1,061. 9 1,110. 8 1,180. 4 1, 267. 5 1, 238.1 1,152. 2 1,100. 4 1,136.2
249.6 256.0 264.2 263. 5 262.2 257. C 250. 7 245. £ 251. 9 254. 9
73.2
75.3
72.2
72.1
76. 3 79.9
84. 7 87.3
78. 9 80.4
125.2 134.9 151.3 179.3 244. 2 347.2 319.6 234. 6 194.4 207.0
84. 5 85.3
86.3
87.1
89.5
92.4
92.2
93.2
88. 7
87. 8
168. 9 168.0 172.6 174.5 175.1 172.9 174.2 175. 5 173. 9 180.1
22.3
24.5
38.0
41.0
43.8
26.0
26.7
24.3
28. 4 28. 6
63.7
74.1
75.3
66.8
70.6
71.5
65.0
58.1
66. 6 70.4
105.1 106.8 113.7 117.5 118.6 122.1 126.8 132.5 120.0 126. 2
92.5
98.2
92.8
93.1
95.7
98.9 100.8
97.8
97.7 100.9
1055
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A-3 : Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual aver
age
1954
1955
Industry
July
M anufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products...................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills.
Paperboard containers and boxes.._
Other paper and allied products—
June
M ay
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1954
1953
447.0
450.5
225.5
123.2
101.8
443.7
223.4
119.8
100.5
441.2
222.9
118.7
99.6
439.4
221.9
118.2
99.3
437.2
221.6
117.3
98.3
437.1
221.2
118.1
97.8
441.8
222.6
121.7
97.5
444.0
221.6
124.1
98.3
443.9
221.5
124.0
98.4
444.6
223.7
122.9
98.0
439.3
222.2
119.1
98.0
433.1
220.3
114.9
97.9
439.3
221.4
119.5
98.5
441.8
219.6
122.2
99.9
519.2
520.2
149.1
25.2
29.3
172.4
45.3
13.4
34.9
516.3
147.7
25.4
28.7
170.5
44.7
13.2
34.4
516.2
146.9
26.1
29.1
170.7
45.2
12.8
34.0
515.6
145.8
26.2
28.9
171.2
45.2
12.7
33.5
512.0
145.3
26.0
28.7
169.5
44.7
12.6
33.1
512.1
145.6
25.9
28.5
170.4
43.9
12.7
33.2
519.4
147.7
25.5
29.4
171.6
46.1
14.1
33.5
518.1
146.8
26.0
29.7
169.2
46.7
15.1
33.7
519.5
147.3
26.1
30.1
169.6
46.7
14.7
34.1
518.3
146.1
25.8
30.2
170.4
46.3
14.7
34.2
509.1
144.0
25.0
29.5
166.7
45.6
14.3
34.4
508.4
144.1
24.8
29.2
167.3
45.0
14.2
34.1
514.0
145.3
25.8
29.4
168.7
46.0
13.9
33.8
512.5
145.1
26.6
29.3
167.5
44.6
14.8
34.8
51.7
51.4
52.1
Chemicals and allied products________
Industrial inorganic chemicals_______
Industrial organic chemicals................
Drugs and medicines..............................
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions.......... ........ ...... ............................
Paints, pigments, and fillers................ .
Gum and wood chemicals.................. .
Fertilizers.............................................. .
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
Miscellaneous chemicals.......................
540.2
545.1
77.5
217.2
56.5
Products of petroleum and coal...............
Petroleum refining.................................
Coke, other petroleum and coal prod
ucts......................................................
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
trie s......................................................
Newspapers............................................
Periodicals...............................................
Books------------ ----------- ------ - .............
Commercial printing.............................
Lithography............................................
Greeting cards................................. ........
Bookbinding and related industries__
Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services------------------ ------------------
50.6
550.3 551.1
76.6
73.5
214. 7 213.8
56.7
56.6
52.1
51.9
51.5
50.9
50.9
50.6
49.6
49.7
51.2
50.1
548.2 535.3
72. 7 72.1
211.9 209.2
57.4
57.6
534.4
74.3
207.0
56.9
534.2
73.8
206.3
56.8
533.3
73.3
204.6
57.6
533.9
73.2
202.0
57.8
529.4
72.2
200.9
57.5
520.0
72.2
201.1
56.5
517.3
71.7
201.2
56.0
531.7
71.8
203.8
57.0
552.5
67.2
222.0
56.9
29.9
46.3
6.6
24.6
25.5
61.0
30.3
45.2
6.7
33.7
25.9
60.6
30.3
44.7
6.6
38.9
26.6
60.0
30.4
44.1
6.6
37.6
28.3
59.0
30.5
43.7
6.6
29.3
28.6
57.9
30.8
44.1
6.6
27.1
29.9
57.7
30.2
44.2
6.5
25.9
31.7
58.8
30.4
44.1
6.5
25.0
33.0
58.8
30.8
43.9
6.5
26.3
34.0
59.4
31.2
44.3
6.5
25.5
31.5
59.8
30.7
44.4
6.1
23.2
26.8
59.0
30.4
44.3
6.4
22.0
26.3
59.0
31.0
44.3
6.5
28.3
30.3
58.8
31.9
46.9
6.8
29.0
31.6
60.3
178.5
177.1
135.7
174.5
133.6
172.6
132.3
171.7
132.5
169.7
131.6
168.6
131.8
171.5
132.8
173.3
134.0
174.5
135.1
177.1
137.2
179.3
139.1
181.2
140.6
177.1
137.3
186.5
142.4
41.4
40.9
40.3
39.2
38.1
36.8
38.7
39.3
39.4
39.9
40.2
40.6
39.8
44.1
Rubber products______
Tires and inner tubes..
Rubber footwear-------Other rubber products.
216.4
219.2
91.3
21.6
106.3
215.7
89.8
21.3
104.6
210.9
88.6
21.3
101.0
211.6 209.4
86.5
87.4
21. 5 21.5
102.7 101.4
208.5
85.3
22.1
101.1
206.8
84.5
22.3
100.0
202.1
81.2
22.3
98.6
201.6
83.9
21.9
95.8
196.3
82.6
21.0
92.7
174.9
65.9
20.5
88.5
171.0
65.2
20.1
85.7
194.7
79.7
20.7
94.3
220.5
92.8
23.7
104.1
Leather and leather products----------Leather: tanned, curried, and finishedindustrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.
Footwear (except rubber)_____ ____
Luggage......... ............ ..........................
Handbags and small leather goods---Gloves and miscellaneous leather
goods.............................. ........... .......
343.2
342.5
39.5
3.7
15.1
225.6
15.9
26.7
330.9
39.1
3.7
14.3
218.1
15.6
25.1
337.1
39.0
3.7
14.9
221.6
15.1
28.1
346.7
38.9
3.7
15.8
227.3
14.7
31.5
344.5
39.1
3.6
15.8
227.8
13.6
31.2
336.3
38.8
3.6
15.4
224.9
12.8
29.0
334.9 332.1
38.4
39.0
3.5
3.5
14.2
14.7
221. 5 216.2
14.5
13.6
29.9
28.6
329.6
38.4
3.5
13.3
213.1
15.5
29.9
330.9
38.1
3.5
12.8
216.6
15.4
28.8
337.9
38.5
3.4
14.1
223.8
14.9
27.9
327.8
38.9
3.4
14.2
218.1
14.1
24.6
330.6
39.0
3.6
14.2
219.0
13.8
27.1
346.8
42.4
4.4
15.1
225.8
15.3
28.1
16.0
15.0
14.7
14.8
13.4
11. S
14.0
15.4
15.9
15.7
15.3
14.5
13.9
15.6
Stone, clay, and glass products............ .
Flat glass.................. ............................
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic............................
Structural clay products...................
Pottery and related products-------Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Cut-stone and stone products..............
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products........... .................................
457.7
464.7
29.3
80.2
14.7
36.8
73.6
47.2
93.9
17.7
456.4
28.6
78. £
14.7
36.1
71. £
47.7
92.1
17.1
450.0
28.7
77.4
14.8
35.8
69.8
48.1
89.3
17.6
442.2
28.8
76.4
14.6
35.5
68. £
48.2
85.8
17.3
434.2 430.1
29. C 29.2
74.1
75.2
14.6
14.5
35.5
35.5
66.1
66.1
47.5
46.5
83.1
83.6
17.2
16.7
436.6
28.9
74.7
14.6
35.6
67.7
47.1
85.4
17.8
438.3
28.6
75.5
14.5
35.7
68.4
47.5
86.7
17.6
433.5 423.7
24.7
25. (
76.2
73.6
13.7
12.9
36. C 35. £
68.8
68.8
45. (
41.5
88.2
87.7
17.8
16.4
431.0
26.1
76.6
13.9
34.9
67.6
45.8
84.6
17.3
460.1
28.2
84.8
15.8
35.2
70.8
49.5
86.4
16.5
71.3
69.9
68.5
67.3
64.2
72.9
437.6 437.1
27.1
25.7
75. £
75 7
14.2
13.9
36. C 36.1
69.1
68.6
46.9
46.7
86. £ 87.7
17.9
17.8
64.8
63.8
64.3
64.3
63.1
61.9
Primary metal industries.............. ........... 1, 111.5 1,119.7 1,096.3 1,075.6 1,056.6 1,031.7 1,012.7 1,002.2
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
559.1 543.8 531.0 520.3 508.0 497.8 493.0
m ills..-------------- --------------- ------- 212.7 209.9 205.3 200.7 193.8 188.4 184.5
Iron and steel foundries........................ .
Primary smelting and refining of non52.9
53.0
52.8
53.8
53.4
55.0
54.0
ferrous m etals............ ............ ......... .
Secondary smelting and refining of
9.2
9.2
9.2
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
nonferrous m etals.................... ...........
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of non84.6
88.2
87.6
86.5
85.7
89.5
91.1
ferrous metals.......... ...........................
66.8
71.4
70. < 68. (
66.6
71.4
71.0
Nonferrous foimdries_______________
121.0 118.7 116.5 114.8 113.2 112.1 111.3
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
988.0
969.4
965.3
967.3
968.5
990.6 1,131.0
486.7
181.4
481.2
179.2
485.0
178.6
483.5
181.3
485.4
181.0
492.7
185.0
52.5
49.4
49.6
52.3
52.1
51.4
50.5
9.2
9.0
8.8
9.1
9.1
9.1
10.0
83.6
65.7
108.9
82.5
62.7
105.4
60.6
105.0
77.7
79.7
56.:
105.1
78.6
57. £
104.4
81.1
62.7
108.7
91.7
77.0
124.3
842.7
47.5
119.2
844.1
48.0
116.9
829.4
50.0
113.5
821.0
54.8
820.0
111.0
55.8
111.0
809.2
54.2
108.6
837.5
51.:
116.6
930.4
48.6
132.1
99.9
103.1
206.1
177. Í
36.4
50.4
105.9
102.8
210.1
167.2
34.5
47.6
103.7
102.3
212.5
161.1
32.8
45.7
100.8
99.5
94.0
212.1 213.1
162.2 162.4
32. c
32. (
45.5
45.2
101.3! 99.7
97.2
208.5
176.:
34. £
48.2
104.7
108.9
211.1
214.5
40.9
55.3
119.1
Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment)........................ .
Tin cans and other tinw are..................
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware----Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies----------------Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Lighting fixtures............................... .
Fabricated wire products............... .
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
873.5
65.9
64.6
882.3
53.7
122.6
876.7
51.4
123.9
868.1
49.6
123.5
860.1
47.2
123.4
843.9
46.8
122.2
106.7
211.5
183.9
38.5
53.8
111.6
103.7
205.7
187.8
38.7
53.8
111.7 1
102.9
200.8
187.2
39. (
54.2
110.9 1
102.6
197.6
186. '
39.Í
53.8
100.3
97.4
194.5 195.2
180.7 178. ‘
37.2
38.7
52.5
52.Í
107.9! 107.4 1
no.
834.4
47.2
119.3
200.9
178.2
37.4
52.4
107.2
559.6
217.9
1056
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
Table A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1955
Annua] aver
age
1954
Industry
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1954
1953
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical).................... 1 168.0 1,185.1 1,174. 2 1,164.0 1,144.2 1,125.0 1,109.3 1,105.9 1,092.0 1, 092. 5 1,097.0 1,094.5 1,110.7 1,147.8 1,303.1
Engines and turbines............................. .. ..........
56.1
58.2
54.5
54.8
54.2
57.6
53.6
50.5
52.3
50.2
50.4
52.7
53.6
64.7
Agricultural machinery and tractors.................. 123.3 123.6 123.3 121.4 117.6 112.1 106.0 101.6
99.6 100.2
99.8 106.6 105.8 126.2
Construction and mining machinery..................
91.9
90.1
88.5
94.7
86.5
85.6
85.0
85.2
86.7
88.0
88.4
89.5
89.4
99.6
Metalworking machinery-------------------------- 198.6 195.9 193.9 192.0 190.1 189.6 191.5 192.5 193.3 196.4 197.0 201.8 208.5 242.6
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)_________ ______ 128.9 127.6 127.3 125.1 123.5 122.4 123.2 122.7 123.5 124.7 124.8 124.7 127.8 138.9
General industrial m achinery........................... 155.8 155.9 155.1 150.7 150.7 150.4 151.1 152.4 152.7 154.7 152.2 152.7 158.3 173.1
82.8
82.1
82.6
Office and store machines and devices_______
82.6
83.3
82.3
83.2
82.1
83.0
82.1
80.4
80.8
82.8
88.5
Service-industry and household ma- _____
144.1 144.5 142.5 138.6 131.9 126.8 127.1 124.6 123.5 123.8 120.3 121.8 134.5 157.8
chines...... ........... ............ ...................
Miscellaneous machinery parts......................... 198.9 195.1 192.9 190.1 187.3 185.9 185.2 180.4 177.9 176.9 181.2 180.1 187.1 211.9
,
Electrical m achinery.................................
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus.....................................................
Electrical appliances_______________
Insulated wire and cable____________
Electrical equipment for vehicles.........
Electric lamps.... ................ ...................
Communication equipm ent............ .
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
Transportation equipment......................
Automobiles____ _____ __________
Aircraft and parts___________ _____
Aircraft...............................................
Aircraft engines and parts________
Aircraft propellers and parts.... .......
Other aircraft parts and equipment..
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Shipbuilding and repairing.............
Boatbuilding and repairing...... .......
Railroad equipment______________
Other transportation equipment____
812.4
814.0
808.8
804.2
803.2
803.4
799.5
809.1
810.7
799.9
785.4
766.3
750.5
794.6
925.1
263.9
52.5
20.7
63.3
22.8
355.3
35.5
263.6
52.7
20.8
64.6
22.6
350.0
34.5
261.1
51.5
20.7
64.5
22.3
350.2
33.9
259.0
51.7
20.4
64.5
22.1
352.3
33.2
256.4
50.5
20.3
63.7
22.0
358.1
32.4
255.0
49.5
20.6
62.2
21.9
358.3
32.0
256.0
51.9
20.7
59.7
21.6
366.6
32.6
250. 9
52.8
20.4
57.4
21.4
373.5
34.3
250.6
52.7
20.4
50.6
21.3
370.1
34.2
244.6
52.3
19.6
53.3
21.2
359.9
34.5
244.5
49.3
18.5
50.3
21.2
347.7
34.8
245.2
48.1
18.0
52.3
21.2
331.9
33.8
257.1
52.2
19.4
56.6
22.1
353.1
34.1
290.7
59.0
26.1
67.1
24.2
419.9
38.1
1, 437.8 1,449. 5 1, 456.3 1,462.0 1, 446.8 1,426.4 1,399.8 1,374. 7 1,333.8 1, 249.0 1,182.9 1,238.4 1,279. 4 1,334. 9 1, 542.9
784.3 788.6 789.1 772.7 750.1 729.5 701.8 665.1 579.6 504.2 562.0 589.8 628.4 ' 767.1
503.4 508.9 517.5 519.7 523.2 523.1 525.1 523.6 522.1 530.6 528.1 537.3 544.3 568.7
324.7 328.0 329.8 328.2 329.6 325.8 325.9 324.0 323.5 328.4 332.9 332.1 333.8 343.0
96.5
93.2
99.0
91.8
99.7
99.8 100.2 100.3 102.0 103.5
96.4 104.1 108.8 124.7
9.1
9.3
9.1
9.7
10.0
9.8
10.8
11.1
11.3
11.5
11.7
11.9
11.3
13.1
81.9
77.8
78.6
82.8
84.1
87.5
88.2
88.2
85.3
87.2
87.1
89.2
90.5
88.0
112.9 109.4 107.2 107.6 105.6 103.7 104.2 101.4 103.8 102.7 103.3 110.8 112.3 135.1
87.5
85.7
91.5
86.5
85.1
84.3
86.6
85.0
88.4
87.2
86.8
92.4
94.1 115.1
21.5
21.4
21.9
21.1
20.5
19.4
17.6
16.4
15.4
15.5
16.5
18.4
18.3
20.0
41.3
41.4
42.1
39.7
40.8
37.8
37.0
35.7
34.7
36.4
36.2
33.4
42.3
62.4
6.9
7.5
7.3
7.1
6.7
5.7
6.6
8.0
8.8
9.0
8.8
8.1
7.6
9.6
Instruments and related products............ 220.4
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments-................................ -...................
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments____ _____ ____________ _____
Optical instruments and lenses..........................
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
m ents__ _______ _______________ _______
Ophthalmic goods...............................................
Photographic apparatus......................................
Watches and clocks--------------------------- -------
220.5
211.3
217.8
218.9
216.4
216.5
217.7
217.6
217.5
217.7
213.8
214.0
223.3
243.7
29.4
21.7
30.1
30.1
29.7
29.8
29.7
29.7
29.0
28.7
27.9
29.3
31.0
34.8
61.5
9.8
61.6
9.7
61.2
9.7
60.5
9.8
59.6
9.8
59.8
9.9
59.4
10.0
59.1
10.1
58.7
10.4
58.2
10.6
56.6
10.6
56.6
10.5
57.8
10.7
59.1
11.7
28.1
19.6
44.5
27.6
27.6
19.1
43.9
27.7
26.4
18.6
44.0
27.8
27.2
18.7
44.4
28.2
27.2
18.5
43.9
27.7
27.2
18.4
44.1
27.3
27.3
18.3
45.0
28.0
27.1
18.3
45.1
28.2
27.2
18.3
45.4
28.5
27.5
18.1
46.0
28.6
27.3
18.0
45.0
28.4
27.4
17.8
45.2
27.2
27.9
19.0
45.7
31.1
31.0
21.6
47.4
38.2
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 372.9
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware________
Musical instruments and parts____ _________
Toys and sporting goods.....................................
Pens, pencils, other office supplies---------------Costume jewelry, buttons, notions--------------Fabricated plastics products..............................
Other manufacturing industries............ ............
383.8
41.1
15.3
75.3
22.3
54.1
62.7
113.0
378.6
40.4
15.0
74.0
22.2
51.5
62.0
113.5
376.3
41.0
14.9
70.2
22.0
51.5
61.6
115.1
377.1
42.5
15.0
65.7
21.5
55.0
61.6
115.8
370.9
42.3
15.0
62.2
21.1
56.5
59.6
114.2
360.0
43.2
14.9
57.1
20.9
55.0
58.3
110.6
373.0
44.6
15.1
61.0
22.1
54.6
59.3
116.3
389.8
46.0
15.1
71.9
22.6
56.3
59.2
118.7
393.0
45.7
15.1
76.3
22.4
56.9
58.0
118.6
386.4
44.4
14.6
74.8
22.4
55.7
56.8
117.7
373.3
41.8
14.2
71.2
21.9
54.2
55.0
115.0
358.2
40.2
13.4
68.1
21.3
49.7
53.6
111.9
379.0
43.6
14.4
69.2
22.2
53.2
58.2
118.4
413.4
43.8
15.1
81.1
22.3
56.2
64.6
130.4
1 See footnote 1, table A-2. Production and related workers include work
ing foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees)
engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, inspection, receiving, storage,
handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, janitorial, watch
man services, products development, auxiliary production for plant’s own
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
use (e. g., powerplant), and recordkeeping and other services closely associ
ated with the above production operation«.
* See footnote 2, table A-2.
8 See footnote 3, table A-2.
See footnote 1 on p. 1047
1057
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able A -4 : Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in manufacturing industries1
[1947-49 = 100]
Period
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
Employ
ment
Weekly
payrolls
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1
Average.............. ........ Average.........................
Average------- ----------Average........ -............. Average____ ________
Average____________
Average____ ________
Average.........................
Average________ ____
Average............. ...........
i See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
Employ
ment
Weekly
payrolls
Average____________
Average................ ........
Average.............. ........Average..................... .
Average...............- ........
Average__________. . .
93.8
99.6
106.4
106.3
111.8
101.8
97.2
111.7
129.8
136.6
151.4
137.7
1954: July ........... — ...............
August................ .........
September.....................
98.5
100.4
101.7
131.9
134.8
138.0
Period
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
Employ Weekly
payrolls
ment
Period
1954: October........................
November__________
December........... .........
102.0
102.3
102.2
139.1
142.2
143.1
1955: January......... ........ ......
February___________
M arch_____________
April---------------------M ay_______________
June_______________
July _______________
101.2
102.3
103.3
103.6
104.1
105.8
105.5
141.5
144.4
146.6
146 7
150.1
152.1
See footnote 1 on p. 1047.
T able A-5: Federal personnel, civilian and military
[In thousands]
Annual average
1954
1955
Branch and agency
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Fob.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1954
Total Federal civilian employ men t 1_____________ 2,183
2,188
2,164
2,161
2,142
2,157
2,147
2,165
2,457
2,139
2,142
2,148
2,153
2,159
2,161.6
2,137.
6
2,135.
4
2,130.9
2,121.3
2,115.
9
2,138.
7
2,
431.1
2,113.
2
2,116.4
2,122.1
2,127.
4
2,132.9
Executive 2____ 2,157.4
Department of De
1,027.3
1,022.1
1,025.
2
1,012.
6
1,020.
6
1,011.1
1,
Oil.
7
1,011.9
1,014.
6
1,016.
8
1,
019.
9
1,020.
9
1,023.7
fense ____________ 1,033.2
Post Office Depart
529.2
507.4
504.8
505.7
503.3
506.2
501.8
808.4
504.8
503.7
502.1
504.6
503.8
509.3
ment _ ________
606.0
607. 6 605.1
604.6
599.9
608.3
620.9
610.8
593.7
595.8
600.1
605.3
602.0
Other agencies______ 614.9
21.9
21.9
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.1
22.1
22.0
21.7
21.8
21.8
21.7
21.6
21.7
Legislative___________
4.0
4.0
3.9
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
Judicial-- ___________
227.5
228.3
228.5
227.3
225.7
226.4
226.9
230.7
226.7
228.2
227.6
227.9
228.2
231.9
District of Columbia 3_____
206.7
207.4
207.7
206.4
204.7
205.5
206.0
209.8
206.1
207.0
207.5
207.3
207.7
Executive 2_______
211.3
Department of De
87.2
87.1
87.2
87.0
86.5
86.8
87.0
87.0
87.4
87.7
88.0
88.0
88.3
fense_______ _______
90.6
Post Office Depart
9.3
8.9
8.9
8.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
13.0
8.8
8.8
8.7
8.7
8.7
m ent______________
8.6
110.4
111.6
111.3
109. 5 110.6
110.2
110.0
109.8
109.9
110.5
110.9
110.6
110.7
Other agencies________ 112.2
1953
2,305
2,278.8
1,130.6
526.5
621.7
22.2
3.9
240.9
219.8
90.4
9.5
119.8
20.1
20.3
3,331
3, 326
3,331
3,318
3,309
3,286
3, 209 3,261
3,231
3,188
3,133
2,997
3,065
Total military personnel4... 2,965
2 1, 404. 6 1,402. 0
Army___ ___________ 1,109.3 1,143.5 1,201. 8 .1, 263.0 1,300. 3 1,334. 0 1,326. 1 1, 351. 9 1,368.3 1,385. 0 1, 394. 9 1,405.
946.0
947.9
958. 3 953.3
961.7
966.4
965.1
947.2
952.9
955.9
959. 6 957.0
960.7 959.9
Air Force.- _________
725.1
719. 2
725.7
702.0
7li. 1 714.1
692.7
686.5
698.5
689.4
674.9
667.1
660.0
Navy._ ____________ 660.5
223.9
223.8
222. 0 224.0
221.8
221.5
221.8
220.7
217.6
214.2
210.4
208.0
205.7
205.6
Marine Corps________
29.5
29.2
28.9
28.9
28.
9
28.8
28.0
28.5
28.0
27.7
27.9
28.0
28.6
28.1
Coast Guard--------------
3,545
1, 508.9
957.9
792.7
250.6
34.7
Legislative___________
Judicial______________
19.9
.7
19.8
.7
19.9
.7
20.0
.7
19.9.
.7
19.9
.7
1 Data refer to Continental United States only.
2 Includes all executive agencies (except the Central Intelligence Agency)
and Government corporations. Civilian employment in navy yards,
arsenals, hospitals, and on force-account construction is also included.
3 Includes all Federal civilian employment in Washington Standard Metro-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20.1
.7
20.2
.7
20.2
.7
20.2
.7
20.2
.7
20.2
.7
20.1
.7
politan Area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).
* Data refer to Continental United States and elsewhere.
See footnote 1 on p. 1047.
1058
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
Table A-6: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
[In thousands]
1955
1954
Annual average
State
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
Alabama_________
A rizona________
Arkansas_________ .
California2_______
Colorado___________
Oct.
675.6
671.7
665.2
670.1
662.1
660.1
675.3
672.2
671.6
212.6
211.7
211.8
210.8
206.8
205.6
208.9
205.2
202.3
312. 6 312.6
311.1
310.0
305.9
304.2
314.1
308.6
308.7
4,018.7 3,969. 5 3,944. 6 3,895. 5 3,856.0 3,837. 6 3,978. 3 3,911.6 3,930.0
419.6
410.5
404.7
398.9
393.9
395.0
410.3
408.5
410.0
Connecticut- ______
855.7
854.3
848.0
847.1
843.1
843.9
866.2 853.3
851.5
District of Columbia______ 494.9
493.0
491.0
489.3
486.7
487.8
501.7
494.0
492.6
Florida__________
857.7
872.0
900.6
908.6
909.3
903.4
911.0
873.9
843.3
Georgia___. . .
925. 2 916.2
908.2
914.7
905.1
902.9
923.7
911.8
905.8
Idaho ______
136.3
133.2
129.5
125.7
124.7
125.4
131.3
132.9
137.4
Illinois-................. .............. . 3,338.0 3,305. 5 3, 282. 6 3, 252. 7 3,231. 7 3, 240. 3 3,343. 7 3, 303. 5 3, 295. 7
Indiana____________
1,376. 6 1, 360.8 1,354. 6 1,335. 7 1,318.3 1,313.1 1,343. 2 1, 324. 9 1,318. 0
Iowa_____________
636.2
628.5
624.2
617.1
610.3
611.9
630.9
627.3
629.8
Kansas___________
549. 0 547. 2 548.6
541.4
533.4
536.4
552.6
551.7
552.4
Louisiana_____________
688.4
677.7
677.6
681.3
676.7
678.1
709.0
701.9
699.3
Maine___________
277.6
264.8
259.1
258.2
259.5
260.2
268.3
265.1
268.6
M aryland_________
814.2
803.3
798.1
789.0
774.2
775.3
800.1
796.7
798.3
Massachusetts 2--_
1, 789.8 1, 773. 8 1, 767. 2 1, 754. 3 1, 739. 4 1, 744. 3 1,805.8 1. 776. 2 1, 774. 7
Michigan___
2,398.4 2,400.0 2,386.1 2,353. 4 2,331.1 2,325. 6 2,376. 0 2,323.0 2, 257.3
M innesota............. .............. 861.0
848.8
827.9
814.2
814.3
822.0
855.8
859.9
862.8
Mississippi___
345.7
343.7
341.3
341.3
336.3
338.3
349.2
344.0
343.6
Missouri_______
1, 262. 7 1, 255. 7 1, 252. 9 1. 246. 9 1. 233. 2 1, 235.3 1, 276. 3 1, 250. 6 1, 246. 6
M ontana____
159.6
154.1
148.3
144.2
143.2
143.6
150.6
152.3
150.2
Nebraska..............
351.2
348.2
342.6
337.5
334.3
335.3
351.3
348.8
351.8
Nevada________
81.0
78.6
76.6
73.9
73.0
72.2
73.9
73.2
74.8
New Hampshire_______
180.3
175.8
173.9
171.7
171.1
171. 5
175.5
173.3
173.8
New Jersey____
1, 791. 8 1,772. 9 1, 754.9 1, 746. 8 1,729. 6 1, 730. 8 1, 785. 8 1.772.1 1,778. 0
New Mexico____
184.7
183.3
180.6
178.1
175.1
173.9
179.7
177.6
177.6
New York_____
5, 851.1 5,802.0 5, 789.8 5,784.0 5, 753.8 5, 749. 7 5, 970. 7 5, 908. 8 5, 909. 7
North Carolina........... .......... 1, 004.3
997.2
996.5
998.3
994.8
994.4 1,023.1 1.013.1 1, 014. 2
North Dakota........ ........... .
117.0
115.6
112.0
108.3
107.6
107.9
115.0
116.4
119.2
Ohio________
3, 035. 4 3, 007. 0 2, 979.8 2, 941. 7 2. 909. 2 2, 910. 7 2, 999. 8 2, 959. 8 2, 953. 4
Oklahoma_____
547.7
544.7
540.8
534.3
531.3
530.6
546.4
540.7
538.0
Oregon________
474.9
460. 2
448.4
441.1
436.8
437.0
460.2
461.3
471.1
Pennsylvania 2___
3, 684. 2 3, 643.4 3, 616.0 3, 575.4 3, 546. 5 3, 556.0 3, 681.3 3, 644.4 3, 635. 5
Rhode Island__________ ___________
South Carolina—
South Dakota_____________________
Tennessee_______ __
Texas..........................
Utah 2____________
294.0
517. 6
125.8
831.7
2, 262.3 2,
220.4
292.3
515.4
123.9
823.4
238. 7 2,
294.8
515.9
121.4
815.5
230. 4 2,
219.2
215.3
294.7
515.4
118.2
819.8
212.1 2,
292.7
511.3
116.1
813.4
195.4 2,
292.8
509.4
117.3
816.7
191.1 2,
302.0
520.4
121.4
843.0
253. 9 2,
299.4
512.8
121.6
829.4
218. 8 2,
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1954
668.9
653.8
653.6
660.4
664 4
197. 5
196.6
198.3
199.0
201. 7
308.3
302.1
302.6
305.6
305.9
3, 942.1 3,911.1 3,860. 3 3,855.3 3,855. 2
411.8
409.7
400.4
405.5
400.6
846.6
492.2
828.0
896.0
140.1
843.6
491.2
819.8
884.6
138.2
838.2
491.1
817.0
872.6
136.1
848.2
491 9
828. 4
884.3
133.2
1953
679 9
202 4
316.1
3,876.9
412.2
851.2
491 5
801 0
892 2
131.1
906 2
134.9
3, 298.1 3, 265.0 3, 243. 5 3, 282. 9 3, 280 3
1, 317. 6 1, 284. 6 1, 289.8 1, 303. 4 1,318.8
629.5
623.2
618.8
621. 8 618 8
549.6
543.7
544.6
545.9
542.1
695.8
691.4
690.7
692.4
693.2
3 411 4
1, 423. 6
633 0
546.4
696.4
271.3
277.2
275.9
276.0
266.6
797.2
796.7
789.7
791.2
789.6
1, 777. 2 1, 770. 5 1, 763. 6 1 78(1 7
2,194.1 2, 217. 9 2, 238. 5 2, 286. 2 2, 288.1
872.9
864.8
858.3
846.9
845.8
274.7
806. 5
879.3
2,455'. 1
865.9
341.3
334.5
332.2 333 1 336 0
1, 248. 9 1, 243.0 1, 246. 6 1. 252. 3 1, 253. 2
152.2
161.4
161.3
160.3
152.8
349.8
346.9
347.4
348.9
344.6
76.4
76.9
76.6
75.2
73.2
341 6
1, 292. 0
154.2
348.2
71.1
176.3
179.1
177.8
176.4
173.4
1, 785. 2 1, 775. 7 1, 770. 9 1, 778.1 1, 775. 7
177.3
175.4
175.0
174.6
174.2
5,893. 7 5,860. 7 5, 817. 6 5, 828.9 5,856. 3
1. 005.0
988.0
972.0
977.3
991.9
175.8
1, 834. 2
178.1
5,973.2
1, 012. 0
119.5
119.4
119.2
118. 7
114 3
2, 954. 0 2, 907. 2 2, 902. 7 2, 949.9 2, 956. 0
537.5
533.5
537.6
539.2
535.4
483.0
456.0
439.5
458.7
451.0
3, 610.7 3, 594. 7 3, 598. 8 3, 615. 6 3, 637.1
3, 108.3
539.0
465.8
3, 865.4
297.2
513.3
123.5
826.2
206. 0 2,
291.4
511.9
123.6
826.2
205.8 2,
286.7
505.1
123.2
817.0
192. 5 2,
281.6
500.4
121.9
812.8
187. 5 2,
285.0
505.4
122.1
812.6
191. 9 2,
288.8
509.9
120.5
818.3
189. 6
112 7
302.4
532.5
121.0
831.8
2, 227.9
210.8
207.2
206.8
218.1
216.4
218.6
219.7
214.0
212.3
209.4
210.7
216.5
Vermont__________
101.9
100.0
98.6
97.7
97.6
97.3
101.0
100.5
101.4
102.0
102.8
102.0
102.7
101.2
103.8
Virginia........................................................... 896.7 891.1 889.8 883.1
877.2
876.7
909.1
897.8
876.2
888.5
877.5
873.8
876.5
881.6
900.2
Washington_______
748.3
735.6
724.0
710.2
702.8
704.2
736.1
736.7
750.7
753.2
718.1
716.9
735.7
723.1
736.0
West Virginia..............
470.7
465.6
461.2
454. 9 450.8
447.2 465.8
461.5
461.1
460.4
458.6
455.7
461.4
464.7
506.0
Wisconsin___
1, 094. 3 1,077.1 1,064.7 1,049. 2 1,038. 8 1,037. 5 1,065.3 1, 059. 0 1,064. 0 1,076. 3 1,068. 7 1, 078.1 1,057. 9
1,057.3
1,093.8
Wyoming...............
87.9
83.0
80.0
79.2
78.6
78.4
82.8
84.4
86.2
87.2
89.6
88.7
87.6
84.1
87.5
>Rata for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available
more detailed industry data. See table A-7 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
1059
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
Table A-7 : Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Annual average
1954
1955
State
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1954
1953
222.0 220.6
234.9
225.7
223.8
226.8
227.3
226.8
225.8
223.5
226.2
230.5
230.9
232.0
234.5
27.9
A lab am a.____ . . -26.6
26.4
26.9
25.7
26.5
27.4
28.1
28.2
28.2
28.9
29.9
30.6
31.1
31.5
Arizona _____ _________
83.3
80.2
80.4
79.2
79.1
80.8
80.4
79.8
79.7
79.4
80.0
81.5
82.2
83.4
83.5
1,060.5
Arkansas______
- ___
1,030.
8 21,045.4
I
,
044.
1,090.
6
1,
095.
0
1,
072.
9
1,
053.
0
039.1
1,025.4
1
1, 089. 5 1,077.8 L, 075. 6 1,053. 6 1,037.1
California 2 _ ______
68.0
66.2 67.3 66.0 64.1 62.8 62.8 63.5
63.9
60.9
61.1
61.9
62.1
63.5
64.5
Colorado___________ _____
458.0
418.5
414.3
401.5
407.0
408.0
410.5
410.9
409.2
411.6
413.4
416.0
412.9
411.7
Conn fintient
___________ 411.7
62.1
57.0
57.8
56.4
60.0
58.9
55.6
54. 1
54.1
53.8
54.2
54.5
56.3
60.2
59.1
17.4
Delaware _ __ ______
16.4
16.3
16.0
16.2
16.4
16.2
16.2
16.0
15. 8
15.8
16.0
15.8
16.0
16.1
122.4
District of Columbia
128.6
122.8
118.6
119.6
121.9
125.2
134.8
138.6
138.8
139.3
136.6
134.7
131.2
128.9
318.1
Florida__________ ______
308.5
304.6
306.2 296.4
309.9
313.4
315.9
315.0
314.3
317.0
319.5
320.1
321.6
324.1
Ceorgia ______________
23.7
23.5
24.6
26.1
27.4
27.8
26.4
24.8
22.4
21.4
20.7
20.7
21.7
23.6
24.2
Idaho _________________
1
,
208. 0 1, 212. 5 1, 324. 4
II,
78.
2
213.9 1, 208. 5 1, 204. 8 1, 208. 7 1,197. 5
674.2
Illinois
______________ 1, 255. 0 1, 236. 3 1, 232. 7 1, 225. 6 1, 215. 6 1,207.8 1, 579.1
579.7
567.5
554.1
550.3
575.6
572.3
576.3
582.
2
591.8
600.4
606.6
610.7
Indiana
________ 617.3
172.5
160.6
161.2
159.8
163.4
162.1
161.2
160.3
162.3
162. 5
162.8
164.8
164.9
167.2
164.6
137.9
________________
Iowa
132.5
132.7
131.9
131.9
131.6
135.1
136.0
134.6
132. 5
130.6
130.6
130.1
127.1
125.3
Kansas_________________
159.5
151. 0
147.0
145.5
148.7
150.3
151.7
152.1
161.2
162.7
160.6
158.0
158.7
159.2
160.8
Kentucky 2_____ __ ___
160.9
151.4
148.9
148.2
150.9
151.4
154.6
157.4
152.9
143.7
143.5
144.2
144.2
145.8
147.9
114.3
Louisiana_______________
105.5
11
1
.2
110.3
112.3
107.4
105.6
103.5
103.3
103.1
104.1
102.3
100.5
101.4
11 0 .8
268.9
Maine _ ______________
250.9
250. 8
252.6
259.1
254.0
252.9
247.5
244.2
243. 6
245.0
249.3
252.6
254.4
259.6
M a ry la n d ._____________
743.6
680.3
675.5
663.7
674.3
672.0
672.3
672.4
6 6 8 .2
673.7
672.5
677.0
674.0
6
6
8
.1
675.8
Massachusetts ^
___
991.6 1,009. 5 1,044. 3 1, 052.0 1, 219.4
951.8
1,009.6
1,073.1
,
098.3
1,111.5
1
1,125.
9
1.139.
7
1,152.
4
1,158.
6
1,148.
6
Michigan
___________
225.1
208.6
207.0
211.1 210.4
217.0
204.9
204.6
201.9
197.8
196.5
198.8
2 0 0 .0
200.7
98.6
M innesota______________ 204.2
95.6
95.6
95.4
96.4
96.9
97.4
97.2
96.2
95. 6
96.2
97.9
98.6
98.7
416.3
Mississippi _____________ 1 0 0 .1
382.1
379.3
377.7
376.6
371.9
368.3
372.3
378.2
375.7
381.0
383.5
383.9
384.6
386.7
18.3
Missouri ______________
18.1
19.4
19.9
19.7
17.0
17.1
19.7
18.7
17.6
17.5
17.2
17.4
18.4
19.7
Montana
__________
61.0
58.1
59.3
58.6
58.1
58.5
59.8
58.1
57.8
55.9
55.5
55.6
55.9
57.2
58.3
4.4
N e b ra sk a ____ _____ __
4.3
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4
4.5
4.5
4.5
4. 6
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.9
5.0
82.4
N e v a d a .___ ___________
79.0
78.9
78.1
79.7
78.9
77.7
79.0
79.5
80.4
80.9
80.5
79.6
79.1
80.5
New Hampshire_____ _____
844.8
778.4
771.2
762.2
771.6
776.7
770.1
767.7
762.8
757.7
762.5
768.9
761.2
766.5
New Jersey. ______ ____ 775.1
16.4
16.1
16.2
16.4
16.4
16.6
16.6
16.6
16.5
16. 5
16.8
17.2
17.1
17.8
17.6
New Mexico____ - ____
2,027.3
1,910.
9
1,866.8
1,855.
2
1,906.9
1,919.9
1,
925.
7
1,
920.4
899.
7
1,864.2
448.7
New Y o r k ____ _______ 1,850. 8 1,829.8 1,846. 2 1,884.0 1,874.1
433.1
421.3
420.1
435.7
444.6
448.9
445.7
442.4
437.8
438.5
438.6
436.4
436.4
440.4
N orth Carolina._ _ _ _ ___
6.8 6.9 1,236.7.09 1,279.7.16 1,287.6.62 1,423.6.47
7.0
7.0
6. 5
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.7
6 .8
North Dakota _ _________
1, 274.4 1,269. 6 1, 271. 3 1, 243.1
85.0
83.4
Ohio
. _____- ______ 1,340. 3 1, 330. 9 1,320.1 1,310.1 1, 294.5 1,282.1
83.6
84.4
83.2
83.8
84.4
84.7
84.1
84.3
85.3
8 6 .6
87.6
89.0
89.7
Oklahoma
__ _______
143.5
134.3
140.7
119.8
133.3
155.1
147.1
142.0
134.7
127.6
129.3
129.1
131.0
138.8
150.7
1
,
620.1
Oregon________ - _____
1,454.3
1,431.0 1, 429.0 1,421.4 1,423.8 1,426. 2 1,431. 5 130.0
Pennsylvania 2 ___ ____ 1,468.0 1,449. 5 1,438.1 1,433. 2 1,423.0 1,414.3 , 429.3
145.1
127.5
124.8
128.9
130.5
134.3
134.6
134.1
132. 9
134.0
133.8
132.0
129.6
131.0
225.7
"Rhode Island _________
218.8
216.4
213.5
219.4
220.7
220.8 220.5
222.7
2
2
1
.
6
2
2
2
.6
224.6
223.8
223.4
223.9
South C arolin a___
___
12.0
11.7
11.9
11.9
12.0
1
2
.0
1
2
.1
12.4
12.1
11.5
1 1 .2
11.4
11 .2
11.4
11.9
South Dakota
_ ______
291.1
273.7
271.0
272.6
273.9
275.6
272.3
273.1
274.7
274.4
274.3
276.1
277.3
279.5
281.1
437.8
Tennessee
__ ________
424.8
424.7
425.1
426.8
426.9
426.9
427.0
426.0
424.1
421.6
423.4
425.3
431.8
439.4
32.4
Texas
______________
31.2
30.3
32.3
32.2
35.0
33.8
32.3
31.4
29.8
29.9
30.4
30.8
32.1
31.5
40.4
36.8
U ta h 2
________ --37.0
35.6
36.3
36.2
35.9
35.9
35.5
34. 7
35.3
35.4
35.5
35.5
35.9
256.4
V erm o n t______ _______
242.0
237.9
237.6
242.1
245.7
247.8
246.9
241. 4 244.9
240.8
241.1
241.6
244. 7 241.5
Virginia
______________
195.8
188.9
197.2
174.4
175.5
204.9
203.5
195.7
190.3
185.1
186.3
187.0
191.3
197.2
136.0
W ashington______ _____ 204.2
125.7
125.2
122.2
125.2
125.7
125.7
126.1
124.7
123.4
126.5
127.1
128.0
129.9
131.8
472.5
432.9
428.6
West Virginia----- --------447.1
438.2
438.3
425.7
424.3
421.3
421.2
427.3
434.4
439.2
443.6
451.9
6.6
6.6
Wisconsin_______ _____
6.6
I
6.8
6.8
6.9
7.5
7.2
7.0
6.4
6 .2
6 .2
6 .2
6.3
6.5
Wyoming....... ...... ............. . 1
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
• Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available
more detailed industry data.
Cooperating State Agencies:
Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 4.
Arizona—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Security
Commission, Phoenix.
, .
_
.
, , T ,
T m l„
Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Little
California—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of Indus
trial Relations, San Francisco 1.
^
Colorado—U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Denver 2
Connecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, HartDelaware—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1, Pa.
District of Columbia—U. S. Employment Service for D. C., Washington 25.
Florida—Industrial Commission, Tallahassee.
Georgia—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta d.
___ „
Idaho—Employment Security Agency, Boise. _
Illinois—State Employment Service and Division of Unemployment Com
pensation, Department of Labor, Chicago 54.
Indiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 9.
Iowa—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
Kansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Topedra.
Kentucky—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic
Louisiana—fd v ^io n of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Baton
Rouge 4.
„
, .
.
.
Maine—Employment Security Commission, Augusta
M aryland—Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1.
Massachusetts—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and Industries,
Boston 8 .
„
. .
_ 4. -4. o
Michigan—Employment Security Commission, Detroit 2.
Minnesota—Department of Employment Security, St. Paul 1.
Mississippi—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
Missouri—Division of Employment Security, Jefferson City.
M ontana—Unemployment Compensation Division, Helena
Nebraska—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Lin
coln 1 .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
New Hampshire—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
New^CTsey—Bureau of Statistics and Records, Department of Labor and
Industry, Trenton 10.
New Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
New York—Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Employment,
State Department of Labor, 1440 Broadway, New York 18.
...
North Carolina—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor, Raleigh.
North Dakota—Unemployment Compensation Division, Workmen s Com
pensation Bureau, Bismarck.
, _
. TT
. ___ . ~ _
Ohio—Division of Research and Statistics, Bureau of Unemployment Com
pensation, Columbus 16.
. .
„
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Oregon—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
Pennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1 (mfg.),
Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Labor and Industry,
RhndeM and—^Division of Statistics and Census, Department of Labor,
South^arolfna—Employment Security Commission. Columbia 1.
South Dakota—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
T e x a s — EmDlovment Commission, Austin 19.
. .
_ ,,
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission, Salt
VCTmon?—Unemployment Compensation ^Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 14.
,
Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
West Virginia—Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
Wisconsin—Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
1060
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able A 8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance programs,1 by geographic
division and State
[In th o u sa n d s]
1955
1954
Geographic division and State
June
May
April
Continental United States.
1 , 1 2 0 .9
New England_______ _
Maine__________
New Hampshire___
Vermont________ .
Massachusetts_______
Rhode Island____ _
Connecticut............ .
92.4
5.7
2.4
42.3
13.6
18.2
Middle Atlantic_____ _
New Y o rk ______
New Je rse y ________
Pennsylvania_____
392.9
194.5
60.2
138.2
East North Central__ . .
Ohio.................... .
Indiana___________
Illinois.....................
M ichigan_____ ___
Wisconsin_______
185.8
37.4
17.8
85.0
33.8
West North C entral...
Minnesota_______ .
Iowa____ __ ________ _ .
Missouri.. ______
North Dakota___ .
South Dakota____
Nebraska_______
Kansas......... ................. . .
55.8
14.1
4.5
26.4
^9
67.7
IQ 9
53
30 1
1 6
93 3
Q
Q. OQ
OO
7A
32 6
40
2 .0
2 2
8 0
43
Q oft
y.
10 .2
1 1 .8
South Atlantic______ . .
Delaware.......... ........ ...
M aryland_______
District of Columbia.............
Virginia_______ _.
West Virginia__
North Carolina.. _
South Carolina___
Georgia_______ . .
Florida___________
7.5
134.7
1 .6
17.2
3.4
17.1
15.5
32.5
11 .2
2 0 .6
15.6
East South Central__
Kentucky------------Tennessee_______
Alabam a...............
Mississippi____ ..
88.3
30.0
32.9
15.9
9.5
West South C entral..
Arkansas________
Louisiana_______
Oklahoma_____ .
Texas___________
53.9
8.5
14.7
9.0
21.7
M ountain_________
M o n ta n a..............
Idaho__________
Wyoming_____. .
Colorado___________
New Mexico______
Arizona____ _______
U tah___________
N evada.......... ...
Pacific__________
Washington____
Oregon______
California___
( p .3 8 2 ) .
1.9
1.9
2.2
2.2
3.2
Feb.
428.2
207 1
69.3
151.8
009 Q
42 Q
19 9
93 9
39. Q
12 4
11 6
22 3
13 4
10 2 8
97 9
36 5
17 0
12 0
62
1
10 1
17 0
in i
24 9
21.6
3 4
9 d
19
97
9 oQ
Z.
1.1
12.9
8.0
80.1
1QA O
9n 9
19 ft
qq n
yo.
u
,
4.0
64. 5
13.6
26.4
365.8
96.2
41.8
116.4
75.8
35.6
329.8
87.2
36.0
137.7
43.4
14.0
44.4
6.7
3.8
9.0
16.4
128.8
40.2
12 .ò
45. 0
5. 9
3.1
98.4
29.6
8.4
39. 7
3.7
160. 9
3.8
19.0
6.5
15.5
26.1
40.8
13.1
23.1
13.0
184.1
4.4
25.1
7.5
17.9
29.8
43.3
15.1
26.5
14.5
198.1
4.3
27.0
118. 7
41.1
42.3
11 0 .2
40. 7
1 1 .3
38. 2
6. 4
3.3
7. 5
4.9
19
l z . yn
99
zz. O
u
39. 3
11 7/
il.
9/11 . O
¿‘
u
19
1 Z. 11
11O
n y . oK
4Abr.O.r\
U
At n/
'll.
IQ Q
IQ
p;
lO. O
7£
7
/O. /
1 A 11
14.
on
k
ZU. O
l19
z . 11
on
n
z y. U
8 .0
337.9
89.0
36. 7
72. 7
28.7
91. 7
o9. 8
26.3
«q3
9Z. oQ
90 ft
ZU.
0
128.9
12.4
501.5
230.2
78.7
192.6
243 6
55 6
23.5
109
1UZ. 7/
43 7
1IQ
Ö. 11
14.9
16.8
24.0
14.3
32.4
33.0
8 .0
14.1
Nov.
1 , 6 6 6 .2
587.0
266.3
94. 6
226.1
84.0
196.5
R n.
lOU
8
2 0
20 4
3.8
14 8
18 1
36 4
Dec.
557.3
251.8
91.7
213.8
76 5
171 0
1 6
142
9. ftO
O
9. U
n
O
11. 0K
468 5
221 0
10 1.6
72.1
32.9
1 .8
4.7
10.5
Oct.
Sept.
147.4
2.9
18.0
32.8
44.4
16.8
31.9
16.3
128.2
41.2
46.4
23.4
17.2
134.4
39.3
49.8
26.6
18.7
118.3
36.3
43.3
23.9
14.8
108.1
34.4
39.1
23.1
11.5
105.1
34.9
37.4
10 1.0
2 0 .0
97.6
77.6
15.4
64.4
60.0
10.4
June
27.4
29.3
14.4
154.4
2.9
20.5
4.2
12.9
29.4
28.6
14.1
2 2 .0
2 2 .1
2 0 .1
4.4
1 2 .0
14.9
19.7
2 2 .6
10 .2
176.0
3.0
24.5
4.3
15.4
33.2
32.1
14.9
24.8
23.8
205.2
3.4
28.6
4.9
110.3
37.2
37.7
24.6
1 0 .8
62.1
10.7
June
8 3 2 .7
6 1 .9
6 .3
6.2
1.0
3 2 .7
9 .3
6 .4
2 7 5 .0
1 5 6 .6
4 0 .2
7 8 .2
1 3 0 .0
2 9 .4
1 4 .4
5 4 .5
2 2 .7
9 .0
3 9 .0
8.0
4 .0
20.1
.5
.2
1.2
5 .0
237.7
36.7
38.3
17.1
30.1
26.0
236.1
3.0
31.8
5.1
26.5
40.1
51.5
19.7
34.0
24.4
127.7
42.9
42.1
29.0
13.7
141.9
44.6
48.7
31.3
17.3
150.5
49.2
52 1
31.7
17.5
5 7 .5
1 7 .3
1 8 .4
1 3 .9
7 .9
79.0
15.1
2 0 .1
71.8
13.3
2 .8
32.3
5.2
30.5
43.3
52.3
18.9
34.2
18.2
1 0 5 .2
.9
1 0 .3
2 .4
1 4 .8
1 5 .3
2 5 .8
10.1
1 3 .8
11.8
19.8
13.9
28.5
16.7
11.5
24.1
15.5
10.5
23.6
16.2
10.9
24.3
19.2
12.2
27.1
83.8
15.3
22.4
13.1
33.0
4 4 .2
7 .2
22.0
12.4
29.5
48.4
6.5
9.4
3.2
6.3
5.4
6.1
8.0
3.5
32.9
3.8
6.7
1.8
4.5
3.9
4.6
4.9
2.7
23.1
2.2
3.7
1.0
3.4
2.8
4.2
3.5
2.3
18.3
2.2
1.9
.7
2.5
2.4
4.3
2.7
1.6
20.0
2.2
1.9
.6
2.6
2.8
5.1
3.3
1.5
21.5
1.3
2.1
.8
3.1
3.5
5.1
4.1
1.5
23.7
1.4
2. 2
1.3
3.8
3.9
5. 2
4.4
1.5
25.7
2.0
2.5
1.2
3.8
4.1
5.5
4.9
1.7
12.8
251.8
56.3
32.8
162.7
210.5
46.2
27.3
137.0
169.3
36.1
20.6
112.6
132.6
26.5
14.4
91.7
130.6
24.9
13.1
92.6
139.6
25.9
14.4
99.3
152.1
23.0
15.8
113.3
158.0
18.2
11.8
128.0
2.9
52.5
8.1
9. 9
3.9
6.9
5.7
6.3
8.4
3.3
164.1
oo il . a0
ZOIi. 11
111 4A
111.
213.6
45.7
27.2
140.7
240.7
51.6
30.2
158.9
6 .6
July
25.4
17.8
34.3
45.8
3.6
5.7
4.9
5.3
Aug.
27.8
17.3
35.9
33.5
6.4
5.9
2.5
4.0
4. 0
4.3
4.3
2.1
8 .0
8 .8
6 .6
1953
1,463.3 1,465. 8 1, 580.4 1,691. 7 1,861.9 1,924.0
116.1
117.5
128.9
130.6
143.5
147.7
1 1 .0
8 .2
8.3
9.2
9.9
11 .1
8 .2
9.8
1 0 .8
9.2
9.5
10 .6
3.4
3.1
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.6
56.9
56.7
60.8
58.5
64.7
6 8 .6
12 .0
13.5
19.0
18.7
2 1 .2
2 2 .1
24.6
26.2
27.1
32.1
35.3
31.7
445.4
445.8
459.1
494.5
575.9
609.7
194.1
184.5
184.5
196.2
254.7
279.3
71.3
70.8
69.7
76.3
8 6 .6
89.1
180.0
190.5
204.9
2 2 2 .0
234.6
241.3
311.4
360.9
424.1
428.9
431.9
426.4
77.7
79.2
87.2
91.7
95.0
97.3
32.6
34.6
40.9
50.0
48.4
51.0
95.0
101.9
113.0
133.9
148.1
161. 4
80.3
1 2 1 .6
159.1
131.0
115.6
89.2
25.8
23.6
23.9
22.3
24.8
27.5
78.2
70.8
69.1
71.9
77.5
84.2
2 0 .2
16.0
15.4
18.0
2 0 .0
23.0
5.7
5.3
5.3
6.5
7.3
8 .1
39.4
39.5
38.6
36.5
38.9
41.2
1.5
.4
.3
.3
.4
. 6
.8
.4
.4
.5
.5
. 5
2 .6
2 .0
2 .0
2 .6
2 .8
2.9
8 .0
7.2
7.1
7.5
7.6
7.9
168.2
3.3
23.1
5.0
14.3
28.9
36.2
15.5
27.0
14.9
ujBhonpM an 0 i t m s s e r ie s , s e e t h e A p r i l 1950 M o n t h l y L a b o r R e v i e w
F ig u r e s m a y n o t a d d t o e x a c t c o lu m n t o t a ls b e c a u se o f r o u n d in g .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan.
1,262. 8 1 471 4 1,657.0 1,879.8 1,962.3
104.9
122.9
124.0
140.4
150.4
1ft
13.3
10 . 7
/
11 .2
12 .8
14.0
Q ftO
7.5
o.
7.6
7.5
8. 2
9
£
O. O
2 .8
5.4
5.8
5.0
48.0
56 0
60.3
70.1
75.2
iiu.
^O
5
14.7
15.3
16.8
17.2
99 ftO
18.6
ZZ.
24.2
27.4
30.8
ß
.
Mar.
2 0 .1
S ource: U. S.
12 .1
D ep a rtm en t
of
11.8
9 .2
1 6 .0
1 .4
1 .5
.3
1.6
1 .7
3 .2
2 .3
.8
1 0 7 .1
1 2 .5
8 .9
8 5 .7
L a b o r , B u r e a u o f E m p lo y m e n t S e c u r it y .
1061
B : LABOR TURNOVER
B: Labor Turnover
T able B - l: Monthly labor turnover rates in manufacturing, by class of turnover 1
[Per 100 employees]
Year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
June
May
_______
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Annual
average
Total accession
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
4.6
3.2
3.6
5.2
4.4
4.4
2.8
3.3
3.9
2.9
3.2
4.5
3.9
4.2
2.5
3.2
4.0
3.0
3.6
4.6
3.9
4.4
2.8
3.6
4.0
2.9
3.5
4.5
3.7
4.3
2.4
3.5
4.1
3.5
4.4
4.5
3.9
4.1
2.7
3.8
5.7
4.4
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.1
3.5
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.2
4.4
4.1
2.9
5.0
4.4
6.6
4.5
5.9
4.3
3.3
5.1
4.1
5.7
4.3
5.6
4.0
3.4
4.5
3.7
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.3
3.6
3.9
3.3
4.0
3.9
4.0
2.7
3.3
2.7
3.2
3.0
3.0
3.3
2.1
2.5
4.4
3.5
4.4
4.4
4.4
3.9
3.0
5.1
4.0
4.2
5.3
4.6
4.8
3.5
5.4
4.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
5.2
3.9
4.5
4.1
4.3
4.7
4.2
4. 5
3.3
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
3.5
4.2
3.0
4.3
3.2
3.6
3.5
3.4
4.0
3.0
4.6
4.3
3.5
4.4
4.1
4.3
3.5
3.4
1.8
2.9
3.1
3.0
2.9
1.4
3.9
2.1
3.4
3.1
3.5
3.1
1.8
2.8
1. 5
2.7
2. 5
2.8
2.1
1.2
2.2
1.2
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.5
1.0
1.7
.9
1.7
1.4
1.7
2.8
1.1
1.5
1.9
2.4
2.3
2.3
.9
1.1
0.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.4
.3
.4
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.2
0.3
.2
.8
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
1.2
1.8
.6
1.4
1.0
1.3
1.7
1.0
1.8
.7
1.3
.7
1.5
1.7
1.2
2.3
.8
1.4
.7
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.5
1.1
1.7
.7
2.3
1.6
2.2
2.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.3
2.4
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.3
1.9
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
0.1
.1
.4
.4
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.1
0.1
.1
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
0.1
.1
.2
.5
.3
.3
.2
Total separation
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
4.3
4.6
3.1
4.1
4.0
3.8
4.3
2.9
4.7
4.1
3.0
3.8
3.9
3.6
3.5
2.5
4.5
4.8
2.9
4.1
3.7
4.1
3.7
3.0
4.7
4.8
2.8
4.6
4.1
4.3
3.8
3.1
4.3
5.2
3.1
4.8
3.9
4.4
3.3
3.2
4.5
4.3
3.0
4.3
3.9
4.2
3.1
3.2
4.4
3.8
2.9
4.4
5.0
4.3
3.1
Quit
1948
1949
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
1955
2.6
1.7
1.1
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.0
2.5
1.4
1.0
2.1
1.9
2.2
1.0
1.0
2.8
1.6
1.2
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.3
3.0
1.7
1.3
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.1
1.5
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
2.2
2.7
1.0
1.5
2.9
1.5
1.7
2.5
2.2
2.6
1.1
1.5
2.9
1.4
1.8
2.4
2.2
2.5
1.1
Discharge
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
19521953.
1954.
1955.
0. 4
.3
2
3
.3
3
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
0.4
.3
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
0.3
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.4
.2
0.4
.2
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
Layoff
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
2.5
1.7
1.7
2.3
1.7
1.2
2.8
1.4
.9
1.3
1.1
2.2
1.1
2.3
1.3
1.2
1.0
2.8
1.5
.8
.8
1.4
.8
.8
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.3
.9
2.4
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.1
3.3
1.1
2.5
.9
1.0
1.1
.9
1.7
1.2
1.0
2.1
.6
1.3
2.2
1.1
1.6
Miscellaneous, including military
1948.
1949.
1950.
1951.
1952.
1953.
1954.
1955.
0.1
1
1
7
4
4
.3
.3
0.1
.1
.1
.6
.4
.4
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
.3
.2
i Data for the current month are preliminary.
N o t e —M onth-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing
industries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the
changes shown by the Bureau’s employment series for the following reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are reported for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turnover sample is not so large as that of the employment sample
and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain industries are not
covered. The major industries excluded are: printing, publishing, and allied
industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables, and seafoods; women s,
misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
-6
355367 - 55 -
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
0.1
.1
.3
.4
.3
.3
.3
----- ---- 1,0; XiCUYl/d aiC UUt
JJJ. mo tuiuv.v/i
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppages is reflected,
however, in the employment figures.
^
.
Beginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
separation rate because of rounding.
Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is given in
a technical note on Measurement of Labor Turnover,
which appeared in the May 1953 Monthly Labor Review.
1062
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able 'B-2: Monthly labor turnover rates in selected industries
[Per 100 employees]
Industry
Separation rate
AULm »uuessiuu
rate
June
1955
May
1955
Total
June
1955
Quit
May
1955
June
1955
Discharge
May
1955
June
1955
Mise., inel.
military
Layoff
May
1955
June
1955
M ay
1955
June
1955
May
1955
M an u fa ctu rin g
All manufacturing..................
Durable go o d s................
Nondurable goods...........
Ordnance and accessories......................... .
Food and kindred products___________
Meat products...................... ..............
Grain-mill products....................... .
Bakery products..................................
Beverages:
M alt liquors_________________
Tobacco manufactures...............................
Cigarettes.............................................
Cigars_____ _____ ______________
Tobacco and snuff_______________
Textile-mill products..................................
Yarn and thread mills____________
Broad-woven fabric mills__________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber____
Woolen and worsted.............. ......
Knitting mills___________ ______ _
Full-fashioned hosiery_____ ___
Seamless hosiery______________
Knit underwear_____________ "
Dyeing and finishing textiles______ I
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings...
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts_______________________ ____
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats.'.” ” '
Men’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing__ _____________ ______
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)....... ..................... .........................
Logging camps and contractors...
Sawmills and planing mills..............
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products.................
Furniture and fixtures__________ _____
Household furniture__________
Other furniture and fixtures____ I___
Paper and allied products........................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products...................
Industrial inorganic chemicals...........
Industrial organic chemicals________
Synthetic fibers_____ _______ ” ’
Drugs and medicines........ ...................
Paints, pigments, and fillers...” . ” ! ’
Products of petroleum and coal.... ........ .
Petroleum refining............
Rubber products........................................
Tires and inner tubes________ ” ! ”
Rubber footwear_____________!.!!!
Other rubber products_______ ! ..! ! ! .
Leather and leather products........... .........
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished
Footwear (except rubber).....................
Stone, clay, and glass products...............
Glass and glass products.......... ..........
Cement, hydraulic.................
Structural clay p ro d u cts.................
Pottery and related products.......... !!_
Primary metal industries............................
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills__________________________
Iron and steel foundries_____ ______
Gray-iron foundries................... .
Malleable-iron foundries________
Steel foundries________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc............ .
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper_________________ ____
Nonferrous foundries.............................
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings._________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4.2
4.4
3.9
(9
(9
3.8
4.0
3.5
3.2
3.4
2.6
3.2
3.2
3.0
1.5
1.5
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.5
0.3
.3
.2
0.3
.3
.2
5. 2
3.4
5.1
6.0
3.2
4.3
5.1
3.6
2.6
4.6
2. 5
3.6
3.6
3.6
3. 2
5.5
4.2
1.7
5.8
4.9
2.8
(9
6.2
2.9
2.0
4.0
1.4
3.3
3.4
3.6
3.3
5.3
3.4
1.4
3.0
4.9
2.5
2.2
4.0
4.6
4.3
4.4
3.8
4.5
3.3
4.8
2.1
2.9
.3
6.0
9.1
5.5
6.5
11.3
6.1
3.7
4.2
3.3
4.3
4.2
4.2
2.2
2.5
2.2
2.6
3.2
2.6
.4
.6
.4
4.6
4.6
4. 2
5. 7
3.7
3.0
4.8
3.2
2.9
2.7
1.9
1. 9
4.0
4.3
4.2
4. 5
3.1
1.9
4.8
1.7
1.6
1.4
.9
1.5
2.3
1.4
.8
3.1
2.0
3.4
4.0
3.7
3.1
3.8
3.5
3.9
3.0
4.2
3.3
3.7
3.2
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.1
1.2
2.6
1.6
1.5
1.3
2.0
1.3
2.1
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.2
.7
1.9
1.0
.9
.6
.6
1.0
.3
.4
.4
.3
.3
.1
.4
.1
.1
.1
.5
.3
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.3
2.1
.6
2.3
.9
.7
.7
1.1
1.2
1.2
2.2
2.0
2.1
1.6
1.3
.7
1.8
.7
.9
.5
.3
.8
.8
.4
.2
1.3
.8
1.8
1.7
2.0
1.0
2.2
1.1
.9
.9
1.3
1.5
1.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.3
.1
.3
.2
.2
.1
1.2
.8
2.3
1.9
1.6
2.9
2.8
2.0
2.9
1.9
2.4
1.1
1.9
2.4
2.2
3.9
3.6
4.0
2.7
2.2
1.4
2.8
1.3
1.3
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.0
.6
2.1
1.2
2.4
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.3
2.1
2.3
1.5
2.2
2.7
2.1
1.4
3.6
4.0
4.1
2.8
1.0
2.1
2.3
2.5
1.6
0)
5. 5
(9
2.8
2. 4
3.2
2. 7
3.7
3.7
4.5
2.6
4.8
4.0
4.0
3.4
4.1
3. 4
4.0
(9
(9
(9
2.7
3.1
3.1
2.4
1.6
3.2
1.8
3.0
4.1
2.9
2.6
4.4
2.9
3.2
2.6
2.1
2.0
(9
3.1
2.6
(9
3.3
3.9
4.1
2.9
3.0
4.2
2.0
1.3
2.8
1.3
3.4
3.8
3.2
3.1
3.9
3.4
2.8
3.5
3.5
2.8
2.9
4.4
3.5
(9
(9
(9
1.5
2.3
.5
1.5
.9
2.1
1.3
1.6
1.9
1.7
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.7
1.5
1.0
(9
2.0
1.0
(9
1.2
1.3
1.0
1.3
1.9
.6
1.2
.6
1.8
1.1
1.6
1.8
1.7
1.7
1.7
1.8
1.7
1.6
1.8
1.0
.9
(9
(9
(9
(9
2.6
1.7
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.2
.4
.2
.3
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.1
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.1
(9
(9
.1
.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
1.1
1.2
1.1
"
.9
.3
L7~
2.2
2.6
1.2
.6
2.2
.5
.4
.7
3.2
.5
.4
.7
(9
1.3
1.5
1.0
.8
1.7
1.3
.8
1.5
1.6
1.4
1.5
.8
1.2
1.5
1.5
.3
.8
.4
.2
.5
1.0
1.0
.6
.6
.5
.5
.6
.5
.2
.2
.3
.2
.4
1.2
.1
(9
.4
.2
.8
.5
.1
1.1
.3
.8
.3
.7
1.4
.1
.2
.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
(9
0.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
(9
.1
.1
.1
(9
.2
.2
.2
.2
.3
.3
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.3
.1
.2'
.1
.1
1.5
.1
.1
1.0
.7
.9
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.9
.4
1.3
1.1
1.3
.5
.5
.4
.4
.3
.2
.4
.6
.1
.1
.3
.2
.4
.1
.2
.7
.8
1.4
.7
.6
1.1
.1
.4
.8
.4
.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.4
.1
.4
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.3
.3
.9
2.3
2.6
2.7
1.5
.3
.7
.7
.7
.6
.7
.6
.9
.6
.1
.5
.8
.1
.4
(9
0.2
.2
.1
(9
1.0
1.9
.8
.5
2.4
.9
1.5
.7
.4
.7
.2
.2
(9
1.2
1.4
.8
(9
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
,i
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.4
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
2
,i
.2
.2
.5
.6
.3
.6
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
j,
.2
.1
JZ
4.2
4. 6
4.8
3.9
4.7
3.4
5.7
5.8
5.7
1.6
3.5
4.0
3.6
2.7
4.6
3.7
2.9
2.2
2.0
1.6
.4
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
2.1
4.3
2.1
3.6
1.2
4.3
1.2
4.1
.6
1.5
.7
2.0
.1
.4
.2
.5
.2
2.0
.1
1.3
3
.3
_2
.2
2.8
3.2
2.4
2.4
1.0
1.2
.3
.2
.1
.3
5. 5
.9 1
.7 1
^2
1063
B : LABOR TURNOVER
T able
B-2: Monthly labor turnover rates in selected industries—Continued
[Per 100 employees]
Separation rate
’otal accession
rate
Mise., inch
military
Layoff
Discharge
Quit
Total
Industry
une
1955
M a n u fa ctu rin g —Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)-----------------------------------Cutlery, handtools, and hardware.......
Cutlery and edge tools...................
Handtools........................................
Hardware--------- ---------------- Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies.....................
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies................. -........... ..........
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not else
where classified................. ..........
Fabricated structural metal products.
Metal stamping, coating, and en
g rav in g ...-------- -----------------------Machinery (except electrical).....................
Engines and tu rb in e s............... ..........
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery.....................
Machine tools________ ________
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)............................
Machine-tool accessories-----------Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)— ...........
General industrial machinery----------Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry
and
household
machines--------------------- -----------Miscellaneous machinery parts...........
Electrical machinery........................-.........
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus--------- ------- r ..................... —
Communication equipment----Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipment-------------Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipment....... ............................
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis
cellaneous products------------ -------Transportation equipment----- ------ ------Automobiles.....................- ........ - ........
Aircraft and parts................................
Aircraft______ ______ - ............. Aircraft engines and parts............
Aircraft propellers and p a rts ... . .
Other aircraft parts and equip
m ent....... ............ .......................
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment.............................
Locomotives and parts— ............
Railroad and street cars------------Other transportation equipm ent........
Instruments and related products.............
Photographic apparatus.......................
Watches and clocks.................... .........
Professional and scientific instruments
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
N ornnanufacturing
Metal mining................. ............................
Iron m ining....------------------------Copper mining....................................
Lead and zinc m ining........................
Anthracite mining......................................
Bituminous-coal m ining...........................
Communication:
Telephone.............................................
Telegraph 3...........................................
M ay
1955
June
1955
Mav
1955
May
1955
June
1955
May
1955
June
1955
May
1955
June
1955
0.3
.5
.2
.2
.3
4.3
3.2
2.2
3.6
3.3
3.9
2.8
1.9
1.9
3.5
3.9
3.4
2.7
2.1
4.2
1.5
1.5
1.3
1.2
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.3
1.3
1.9
0.4
.3
.2
.2
.4
0.4
.4
.2
.2
.5
1.8
4.4
4.2
3.1
3.5
1.9
1.8
.5
.5
.8
1.5
1.3
1.2
.4
1.7
.3
.4
3.8
2.9
2.8
3.6
1.6
1.9
.6
.6
.4
4.7
5.0
5.0
4.7
3.3
3.2
3.4
3.0
2.0
1.4
1.7
1.5
.5
.4
.4
.4
1.3
5.6
3.6
4.6
3.7
4.9
3.7
3.4
4.9
3.2
4.6
3.3
3.6
2.9
2.5
6.6
2.3
2.6
2.9
2.1
2.1
2.0
5.4
2.2
1.9
2.4
2.0
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.2
1.5
1.2
1.4
1.1
1.0
1.7
1.1
1.1
1.5
1.2
1.0
.9
.4
.3
.3
.2
.4
.3
.2
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
4.2
.7
.1
.6
1.4
.1
.6
.7
2.8
.6
.3
.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
2.6
3.9
1.3
2.9
1.6
2.2
.8
1.4
.9
1.2
.2
.4
3.1
3.8
3.1
2.9
3.3
2.7
2.0
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.1
2.4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.0
.2
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.6
2.7
3.2
4.6
3.3
3.1
3.5
3.3
2.0
3.2
3.2
2.3
2.7
1.4
1.1
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.4
.4
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
1.3
.5
3.7
5.5
2.6
3.6
2.8
3.0
1.9
2.9
1.3
1.7
1.1
1.5
.3
.3
.2
.2
1.1
.5
.9
.3
0
*0
1.1
1.4
3.5
C1)
3.1
1.5
3.9
4.7
4.3
3.8
3.9
(i)
0
4.4
4.1
4.1
2.3
2.4
1.6
.9
3.1
5.8
7.2
2.7
2.0
2.9
4.7
5.1
2.7
2.4
3.2
3.2
0
C1)
4.0
11.6
8.1
6.1
9.4
3.6
2.9
2.4
2.7
3.0
(i)
1.7
3.1
15.2
5.9
6.3
5.7
4.0
2.2
1.3
2.2
2.3
4.8
2.3
6.6
13.6
4.8
2.3
6.4
2.9
1.7
.9
2.1
1.9
0)
1.8
4.4
12.2
9.3
2.1
12.1
2.4
1.7
1.1
3.0
1.7
4.1
2.2
5.7
4.8
7.7
3.7
.6
1.3
5.5
4.5
4.7
2.1
.8
3.0
3.6
.9
5.7
2.3
1.1
2.4
4.5
.9
4.4
2.4
2.1
1.2
(i)
0
2.0
2.0
1.2
1.5
5.1
C1)
0
1.6
1.5
1.5
«
1.5
1.7
1.9
1.4
1.5
1.2
.9
1.6
3.4
.7
.4
.9
1.9
1.0
.5
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.5
2.7
.7
.4
.8
1.6
.9
.6
1.0
1.0
2.2
1.3
3.1
.7
5.0
1.7
.7
.5
3.8
.5
3.8
2.0
1.1
.5
0
0
0
1.2
1.1
.1
.1
1.1
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.3
1.3
0
0
0
.
.3
.3
.3
.2
.1
.3
.3
. 4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.4
.9
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.3
.2
.1
.2
.2
.4
.3
0
0
(2)
0
.1
.2
.1
(2)
(2)
0
0
.3
.1
.9
.4
.6
.7
.5
1.2
1.2
.9
1.2
3.3
4.2
1.2
.5
(>)
0
4.5
9.1
3.2
1.0
4.6
.6
.4
.1
.8
.5
0
0
.2
.1
0
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
0
.1
.1
1.0
2.3
2.2
1.0
.1
.7
1.7
2.2
2.4
8.8
.3
(2)
(2)
W
«
«
.6
.1
(2) .1
.2
.1
.1
.6
7.9
.9
.5
.8
10.6
.4
.5
.1
1.7
.4
1.3
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.6
0
(2)
.2
.3
.1
(2)
.2
.1
.2
.2
.6
3.2
4.6
3.8
.2
.1
.2
.2
1.1
.2
.4
0
May
1955
0.2
4.7
3.3
2.6
3.1
3.7
1 Not available.
2 Less than 0.05.
,
3 Data relate to domestic employees except messengers and those compen
sated entirely on a commission basis.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
1955
.3
.3
1.7
0 .2
.3
.4
.1
.1
.5
.2
.1
.2
N ote.—See footnote 1 and note on table B -l, p. 1061. For industries in
cluded in the durable- and nondurable-goods categories, see table A-2, foot
notes 2 and 3 (exceptions are contained in the note to table B-l).
1064
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
C: Earnings and Hours
T able
C -l. Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Mining
Metal
Year and month
T tal: Metal
Iron
1953: A verage____
1954: Average_____
June _______
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
1955: Ja n u ary .........
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay-----------June________
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$88. 54
43.
84. 4£
40.
83.64
40.
83. 42
40.3
83.64
40.
83.62
40.2
83. 41
40.
84.85
40.6
87. 57
41.7
90.31
42.8
88.20
42.0
87.78
41.6
86.31
41. 1
89.46
42.2
88.83
42.1
1953: Average_____
1954: Average_____
June________
July------------August...........
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February____
March____
April_______
M ay_______
June_______
Petroleum and nat
ural-gas produc
tion (except con
tract services)
$yu. aa
40.9 $2.21
91.94
40.5
2.27
90.63
40.1
2.26
92. 57
40.6
2. 28
93.98
41.4
2. 27
93. 02 40.8
2. 28
90. 85 40.2
2. 26
90. 85
40.2
2.26
90. 68 40.3
2. 25
95. 49 41.7
2. 29
89. 38 39.9
2. 24
91.43
40.1
2.28
93. 67 40.2
2. 33
96.41
41.2
2.34
92.80
2. 32
40.0
$75. 99
77. 44
78. 58
80.46
79. 83
79.57
79.92
78. 59
76. 38
75.05
74.05
77.17
78.58
81.99
82.72
Total: Building con
struction
General contractors
1953: Average_____
1954: Average_____
June................
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December__ _
1955: January_____
February____
March_____
A pril... ___
M a y ... . . . ..
June_______
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.04 $90. 74
42.4
2.07 82.03
37.8
2. Of 81.32
38.0
2. 07 83. 82
38.1
2. 0E 82. 94
38.4
2.08 80.81
36.4
2.0$ 80.30
36.5
2. OS 78.94
35.4
2.10 81.92
36.9
2.11 86.19
39.0
2.10 83.98
38.0
2. 11 83. 60 38.0
2.10 80. 59 36.8
2.12 88.04
40.2
2.11 ! 88.00
40.0
Mining—Continued
ÍJV.U $2.48 $87. 75
36.2
2.60 89.41
37.1
2.58 90.04
36.9
2.58 89.55
37.0
2.60 91.51
36.0
2.62 89.00
36.6
2.63 91.62
35.8
2.63 89. 61
36.0
2. 65 90.83
35.1
2.65 88. 55
34.7
2.65 85. 59
35.9
2. 63 89.14
35.4
2. 63 87.40
36.7
2.63 90. 27
36.8
2.64 90.64
Special-trade con
tractors—Continued
IO
94.12
95.72
95.20
96.20
94.32
96.26
94.15
95.40
93.02
91.96
94.42
93.10
96. 52
97.15
Other special-trade
contractors
1953: Average_____
Ó0. 1
1954: Average_____ 93.19
35.3
June_______
95.89
36.6
July________
96.15
36.7
August______ 96.10
36.4
September___ 94.08
35.5
October_____ 94.87
35.8
November___ 93.90
35.3
December
91. 77 34.5
1955: Jan u ary ......... 88.78
33.5
February...... . 89.24
33.3
M arch.... ........ 93.37
35.1
April______ _
92.92 34.8
M a y ........... .
97. 55 36.4
June...... .......... 99.09
36.7
bee footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2. 00
2.64
2.62
2. 62
2.64
2.65
2.65
2.66
2.66
2.65
2.68
2.66
2. 67
2.68
2.70
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.14 $91. 60
45.8
2.17 87.33
42. C
2.14 87.34
42.4
2. 20 83.03
40.5
2.10 84.22
41.9
2.22 87. 54
42.7
2.20 86.94
42.0
2. 23 90. 25
43.6
2. 22 91.10
43.8
2. 21 95.72
45.8
2.21 91. 67
44.5
2.20 92.38
44.2
2.19 92.35
44.4
2.19 1 94.34
44.5
2.20 94.55
44.6
Nonmetallic mining
and quarrying
44.7
44.0
44.9
45.2
45.1
44.7
44.9
44.4
43.4
42.4
41.6
43.6
43.9
45.3
45.2
37.5
36.2
36.9
36.7
36.9
35.6
36.5
35.7
35.9
35.0
34.1
35.8
35.1
36.4
36.4
$1.70
1.76
1. 75
1.78
1.77
1.78
1. 78
1.77
1. 76
1.77
1. 78
1.77
1.79
1.81
1.83
$2.34
2.47
2.44
2.44
2.48
2.50
2. 51
2.51
3.53
2.53
2. 51
2.49
24.9
2.48
2.49
Lead and zinc
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.00 $80.06
41.7
2. 05 76.73
40.6
2. 06 74. 07
39.4
2.05 74.19
40.1
2.01 75.20
40.0
2.05 74.03
39.8
2.07 75. 30
40.7
2. 07 80. 56
42.4
2.08 83. 96
43.5
2.09 83. 30
42.5
2. 06 82. 06
42.3
2. 09 81.29
41.9
2.08 81. 51
41.8
2.12 \ 81.73
41.7
2.12 1 80.32
41.4
Anthracite
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.92
1.89
1.88
1.85
1.88
1.86
1.85
1.90
1.93
1.96
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.94
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$72. 91
29.4
75.60
30.0
96.20
36.3
73.58
29.2
82.50
33.0
56.88
23.6
34.1
86.27
85.26
33.7
89.86
35.1
76.88
31.9
94.74
36.3
80.07
31.9
74.88
28.8
77.62
30.8
86.25
34.5
Contract construction
Bituminous
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2. 48 $85. 31
34.4
2. 52 80. 85
32.6
2.65 83.00
33.2
2. 52 75. 39
30.4
2.50 82.09
33.1
2. 41 81.17
32.6
2. 53 87.54
35.3
2. 53 88.29
35.6
2. 56 92.01
37.1
2.41 92.01
37.1
2. 61 94.50
37.8
2. 51 91.88
36.9
2.60 93.00
37.2
2. 52 93.87
37.4
2.50 : 98.42
38.9
Nonbuilding construction
Total: Contract con
struction
Total: Nonbuilding
Highway and street
construction
$91. 61
37.7 $2. 43 $90. 27 40.3 $2.24 $85.28
41.2 $2. 07
93.98
37.0
2. 54 92.86
40.2
2. 31 86. 88 40.6
2.14
95.63
38.1
2. 51 96.56
2. 31 91.81
41.8
42.7
2.15
96.01
38.1
2. 52 97. 71
42.3
2. 31 95.26
43.9
2.17
96.52
38.0
2. 54 97.21
41.9
2.32 93.09
42.7
2.18
93. 84 36.8
2. 55 92.97
39.9
2. 33 88. 75 40.9
2.17
95. 74 37.4
2. 56 94.13
40.4
2.33 86.62
40.1
2.16
94. 32 36.7
2. 57 94.30
40.3
2. 34 88.94
40.8
2.18
94. 28 36.4
2. 59 89. 47 38.4
2. 33 80.51
37.8
2.13
91. 69 35.4
2. 59 85.01
36.8
2. 31 76. 70 36.7
2.09
91.43
35.3
2. 59 88. 31
37.9
2. 33 78. 79 37.7
2.09
94. 06 36.6
2. 57 91.48
39.6
2. 31 83. 21
40.2
2.07
92. 52 36.0
2. 57 89.39
38.2
2.34 81.92
38.1
2.15
96.12
37.4
2.57 94.07
40.2
2.34 90.03
41.3
2.18
97.27
37.7
2.58 95.94
2.34 94.79
41.0
42.7
2.22
Building construction
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$2.48
2. 48
2.50
2.48
2. 48
2. 49
2.48
2. 48
2. 48
2. 48
2.50
2.49
2.50
2.51
2. 53
Other nonbuilding
construction
$93. 85 39.6 $2.37
97. 36 39.9
2. 44
41.1
100.28
2. 44
99. 39
40.9
2. 43
100. 77
41.3
2.44
96.33
39.0
2.47
100. 53 40.7
2.47
98. 55 39.9
2. 47
96.08
38.9
2. 47
90.16
36.8
2.45
94.11
38.1
2.47
97. 22 39.2
2.48
95. 37
38.3
2.49
97.86
39.3
2.49
97.32
39.4
2.47
Special-trade contractors
Total: Special-trade
contractors
$94. 79 36.6 $2. 59
98.01
36.3
2. 70
99.70
37.2
2.68
99.43
37.1
2.68
99.53
37.0
2.69
98.10
36.2
2. 71
99.46
36.7
2.71
97.02
35.8
2.71
98.28
36.0
2. 73
96.10
35.2
2.73
95. 55 35.0
2. 73
97.92
36.0
2.72
97.10
2. 72
35.7
100.74
36.9
2.73
102.03
37.1
2. 75
Plumbing and heat Painting and deco
Electrical work
ing
rating
$98.30
38.1 $2.58 $87.10
34.7 $2. 51 $111.61
39.3 $2.84
102. 71
37.9
2.71 90.39
34.5
2.62 112.71
38.6
2. 92
103.41
38.3
2. 70 92.04
35.4
2. 60 113.39
39.1
2.90
103.14
38.2
2. 70 92.39
35.4
2. 61 112.40
38.1
2.95
103. 52
38.2
2.71 92.31
35.1
2.63 113.88
39.0
2.92
102. 92
37.7
2. 73 92. 57 34.8
2.66 110.08
37.7
2.92
103.63
38.1
2. 72 92. 75 35.0
2.65 115.05
39.0
2.95
100.10
36.8
2. 72 90.37
34.1
2. 65 112.18
37.9
2.96
107.20
38.7
2. 77 91.12
34.0
2.68 113.30
2. 92
38.8
105.64
38.0
2.78 86.72
32.6
2.66 113.00
38.7
2. 92
103. 40 37.6
2. 75 90.05
33.6
2. 68 111.25
38.1
2.92
103.40
37.6
2. 75 92.38
34.6
2.67 113.10
38.6
2.93
103. 22 37.4
2. 76 90.25
33.8
2.67 112.81
38.5
2.93
105. 26
38.0
2. 77 94.87
35.4
2.68 114.17
38.7
2.95
106. 20 38.2
2.78 95.93
35.4
2.71 115.64
2.95
39.2
Manufacturing
Total: Manufac
turing
$71.69
71.86
71.50
70.92
71.06
71.86
72.22
73.57
74.12
73.97
74. 74
75.11
74. 96
76. 30
76.11
Coal
Copper
40.5
39.7
39.5
39.4
39.7
39.7
39.9
40.2
40.5
40.2
40.4
40.6
40.3
40.8
40.7
$1.77
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.87
Durable goods s
$77. 23
77.18
76.40
75.83
76. 59
77.39
77.97
79.15
80.15
80.16
80.56
81.56
81.58
82.78
82.19
41.3
40.2
40.0
39.7
40.1
40.1
40.4
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.4
41.2
41.6
41.3
Nondurable goods 3
$1.87 $63.60
1.92 64. 74
1.91 64. 57
1.91 64. 74
1.91 64.68
1.93 65.24
1.93 65.07
1.94 65.97
1.95 66. 47
1.96 66.02
1.96 66.36
1.97 66.70
1.98 65. 91
1.99 67.32
1.99 67.83
39.5
39.0
38.9
39.0
39.2
39.3
39.2
39.5
39.8
39.3
39.5
39.7
39.0
39.6
39.9
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$1.61 $77.90
1.66 79.60
1.66 79.40
1.66 79.80
1.65 80.20
1.66 80.60
1.66 81.41
1.67 81.81
1.67 82.21
1.68 81.20
1.68 82. 22
1.68 82. 42
1.69 82. 42
1.70 82.82
1.70 83.64
Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products
41.0 $1.90 $66. 33
41.2 $1.61
40.2
1.98 68. 47
1.67
41.0
40.1
1.98 69.14
41.4
1.67
40.1
1.99 69.31
1.67
41.5
40.1
2.00 67. 57
41.2
1.64
40.1
2.01 68.48
41.5
1.65
40.5
2.01 68.30
40.9
1.67
40.7
2.01 70.04
41.2
1.70
40.7
2.02 70. 79
41.4
1.71
40.0
2.03 70.18
40.8
1. 72
40.5
2.03 70.07
40.5
1.73
40.6
2.03 70.07
40.5
1.73
40.6
2. 03 70.12
40.3
1.74
40.8
2.03 71.51
41.1
1.74
41.0
2.04 71.38
41.5
1.72
------------------------- —
1065
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Con tin ued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
Meat products *
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
1953: Average_____ $74. 57
1954: Average_____
76. 86
June.... ........... 75. 85
July........
77. 98
August______ 76.07
September___ 77.87
October_____ 78. 02
November___ 83.03
81. 75
December___
1955: Jan u ary ......... 79. 65
76. 00
February____
77. 76
M arch__
April.. . . . .. 76.00
79.30
M ay_______
79.10
J u n o ____. . .
41.2
41.1
41.0
41. 7
40.9
41.2
41.5
42.8
42.8
41.7
40.0
40.5
40.0
41.3
41.2
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
39.1
38.7
38.6
39.4
40.6
40.8
38.5
36.7
38.2
37.7
38.2
38.0
37.7
38.3
39.6
Sausages and casings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.81 $77. 64
1.87 79. 71
1.85 78. 50
1.87 81.09
1.86 78.91
1.89 81.14
1.88 81. 71
1.94 86.83
1.91 85.10
1. 91 83.10
1. 90 78.78
1.92 81.16
1.90 78.99
1.92 82.37
1.92 81.18
Canning and pre
serving 1
1953: Average.......... $53.18
1954: Average_____ 54. 57
53. 27
June______
July________
54. 77
August............ 56.03
September___ 56.30
53.13
O ctober____
November___ 51.75
55.39
December___
1955: January_____ 54. 67
February........ 56.15
M arch. . . . 56.24
57. 68
April_______
M ay________ 56. 68
June________ 56.23
M eatpacking, whole
sale
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.8
41.1
41.4
41.9
43.2
43.2
42.4
40.4
41.2
40.3
41.6
41.0
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.88 $73.39
1.93 76. 22
1.91 76.41
1.94 77. 83
1.92 76. 96
1. 96 76. 78
1.95 76.30
2.01 79. 80
1.97 79.00
1.96 78.09
1. 95 76.00
1.97 75.41
1.96 76.19
1.98 79.27
1.98 81.02
Seafood, canned and
cured
$1.36 $45.00
1.41 46. 82
1.38 44. 87
1.39 56. 36
1.38 45.60
1.38 46.66
1.38 38. 09
1.41 48. 64
1.45 54. 28
1.45 44.95
1. 47 48.47
1.48 49. 38
1.53 54. 94
1.48 47.95
1.42 52. 77
29.8
30.4
31.6
36.6
30.4
30.7
27.4
29.3
32.7
29.0
32.1
32.7
33.5
29.6
35.9
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn- horns
ings
ings
41.7 $1. 76 $68. 05
41.2
1.85 70.04
41.3
1.85 71.36
1.84 71.81
42.3
41.6
1.85 69.98
41.5
1.85 71.07
40.8
1.87 70. 47
42.0
1.90 68.26
41.8
1.89 69.34
41. 1 1. 90 70.58
40.0
1.90 71. 45
39.9
1.89 71.28
40.1
1.90 70.95
41.5
1.91 72.71
42.2
1.92 72.87
Canned fru its , vege
tables, and soups
$1. 51 $55. 76
1.54 56. 82
1.42 56.70
1.54 54.94
1. 50 57. 82
1.52 58.38
1.39 55.60
1. 66 53. 27
1.66 56.91
1.55 58.15
1.51 58.90
1.51 59.40
1.64 59.60
1.62 60.15
1.47 57.74
Dairy products 4
40.7
40.3
40.5
40.1
41.7
42.0
40.0
38.6
39.8
40.1
39.8
39.6
38.7
40.1
40.1
41.3
40.9
41.4
41.1
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.3
41.1
41.4
$1. 57 $66. 24
1. 66 69. 22
1.65 69.72
1.67 70. 21
1.67 70.04
1.68 70.62
1.68 70.11
1. 68 70.11
1.69 70. 62
1. 69 70.00
1. 70 70.41
1.69 70. 00
1. 69 70.00
1.70 71.45
1.71 72.38
C onfectionery a n d
related products 4
1953: A v erag e..___ $53.45
1954: Average......... . 55.81
June________ 57.17
54. 91
July________
August.. . . . 55. 95
September___ 57.08
55.55
October_____
November___ 55.44
56.26
December___
1955: January_____ 56.77
February____ 57.60
56. 88
M arch. _ __
April__
55. 77
M ay________ 56.94
June________ 58.55
39.3
39.3
39.7
38.4
39.4
40.2
39.4
39.6
39.9
39.7
40.0
39.5
38.2
39.0
40.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.4
41.2
41.5
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.0
41.0
41.3
40.7
40.7
40.7
40.7
41.3
41.6
$1.60 $58. 92
1.68 61.45
1. 68 63.24
1. 70 61. 75
1. 70 60. 76
1. 71 62.40
1. 71 61.93
1.71 61.00
1. 71 61.39
1. 72 61.54
1. 73 62.33
1.72 61. 54
1.72 60. 37
1.73 62.96
1.74 64.06
Confectionery
$1.36 $51. 74
1.42 53.70
1.44 55.04
1.43 51.79
1. 42 53. 70
1.42 54. 94
1.41 53.84
1.40 53.46
1.41 54.26
1.43 54. 65
1.44 55.60
1.44 54. 77
1. 46 54. 00
1.46 54.85
1.46 56.40
39.2
39.2
39.6
37.8
39.2
40.1
39.3
39.6
39.9
39.6
40.0
39.4
38.3
38.9
40.0
41.2
39.9
40.8
40.1
39.2
40.0
39.7
39.1
39.1
39.2
39.7
39.2
38.7
40.1
40.8
$1.37 $71. 44
1.41 74. 42
1.40 76.32
1.37 76.73
1.39 74. 59
1.39 77. 46
1.39 75.31
1.38 75. 60
1.43 74. 48
1.45 75. 26
1.48 74. 74
1.50 73. 79
1.54 76. 21
1.50 75.85
1.44 78.02
$1.32 $76.04
1.37 78.59
1.39 80.56
1.37 82.17
1.37 78. 76
1.37 79.17
1.37 78.78
1.35 79. 0C
1.36 78. 21
1.38 77.62
1.39 78.61
1.39 80. OC
1.41 81.41
1.41 82.21
1.41 82.42
41.1
40.3
41.1
41.5
40.6
40.6
40.4
39.9
39.5
39.4
39.7
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
$1. 55 $69. 77
1.61 71.73
1.60 75. 05
1.61 74.08
1.62 71.42
1.63 74. 54
1.62 70.31
1.61 70. 44
1.62 70. 44
1. 63 72. 45
1.65 71.81
1.65 72. 13
1.65 73. 08
1.66 74.00
1.66 77.06
44.1
44.3
45.7
45.4
44.4
45.3
44.3
43.7
43.3
43.5
43.2
42.9
43.8
44.1
45.1
$1.62 $75. 65
1.68 79. 74
1.67 78. 23
1.69 81.35
1.68 79. 57
1.71 84. 64
1.70 82. 45
1.73 84.73
1.72 80. 55
1.73 82. 08
1.73 79.74
1.72 77. 69
1.74 78.12
1.72 78.55
1.73 81.09
Sugar4
$1.43 $71.18
1.54 73.01
1.55 72.63
1.54 72.67
1.55 71. 75
1.56 72. 75
1.56 68.06
1.56 78.16
1.57 73. 78
1. 57 74.45
1.57 73. 51
1. 57 73. 71
1.56 72. 44
1.57 76.89
1.57 78.32
Beverages 4
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings hours
ings
45.9
45.4
47.2
46.3
45.2
46.3
44.5
44.3
44.3
45.0
44.6
44.8
45.2
45.4
46.7
$1. 52 $68. 37
1. 58 71. 57
1.59 72.14
1. 60 74. 26
1. 58 70.81
1.61 72. 84
1.58 71. 74
1. 59 70. 47
1. 59 71.40
1. 61 71.23
1.61 73. 70
1.61 71.40
1.63 71.99
1.63 74.56
1.65 73.70
43.4 $1.64 $74. 94
43.2
1.69 76.28
41.5
1. 75 76.86
41.0
1. 77 77.15
41. G 1. 75 75. 62
41.1
1. 77 77.00
41.5
1.64 74.03
50.1
1.56 79. 84
47.6
1.55 74.96
42.3
1. 76 73.66
41.3
1.78 77.14
40.5
1.82 77. 76
1.82 74.50
39.8
40.9
1.88 82.12
42.8
1.83 85.11
42.6
41.6
42.7
43.2
42.2
42.5
41. £
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.7
41.6
41.7
42.0
42.0
$1.42 $89. 79
1.48 92.80
1.4S 95.3C
1.48 97.0C
1.47 93.03
1. 45 93.60
1.47 91.8C
1.48 92.20
1.5C 93.53
1.47 91. 96
1.47 93.06
1.47 94. 4C
1. 48 97.20
1.50 98.0£
1.48 98.66
$1.59
1.68
1.67
1.68
1.67
1.69
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.70
1.73
1.70
1.71
1.73
1.73
45.0
45.2
47.5
46.4
45.6
46.2
45.4
44 1
44.0
43.7
43.5
43.9
45.1
45.4
46.4
$1.54
1.59
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.60
1.59
1.62
1.63
1.62
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.62
1.63
Beet sugar
42.1 $1.78 $69. 80
41. C 1.86 73.08
42. C 1.83 70.88
41.7
1. 85 70.80
41.1
1.84 72.16
41.4
1.86 71.28
39.8
1.86 67. 78
41.8
1. 91 80.02
40.3
1.86 75.14
39.6
1.86 81.09
40.6
1.90 72.71
40.5
1.92 71.61
38.6
1.93 75. 44
41.9
1.96 72.77
44.1
1.93 73.60
M a lt liquors
43.0
42.6
43.2
44.2
42.4
43.1
42.7
41.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
42.0
42.1
43.1
42.6
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Prepared feeds?1
$1.70 $69.30
1. 78 71.87
1. 75 74.10
1. 78 72. 85
1.78 72.05
1.84 73. 92
1.82 72.19
1.85 71.44
1.81 71.72
1.82 70. 79
1.80 71.34
1.79 72.00
1.80 74. 87
1.81 73. 55
1.81 75.63
Cane-sugar refining
Bottled soft drinks
$1. 85 $60.49
1. 95 61.57
1.96 63. 62
1.98 63. 91
1. 94 62.03
1. 95 61.63
1. 95 61.58
1.98 59. 94
1.98 60.75
1.97 59.21
1.98 59.83
1.98 61.15
2.01 61.72
2.02 63.00
2.02 62.16
44.5
44.8
44.7
45.7
44.7
46.0
45.3
45.8
44.5
45.1
44.3
43.4
43.4
43.4
44.8
Ice cream and ices
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
r and other grainGrain-mill products 4 F lo um
ill products
other bakery B iscu its, crackers, and
Bakery products 4 Bread and
pretzels
products
1953: Average_____ $64. 84
1954: Average........... 67.89
Ju n e ............... 68.31
July................. 68.64
68.14
AugustSeptember___ 68. 88
68. 38
October_____
November___ 68. 21
69.12
December___
1955: January_____ 68.28
February........ 68. 85
68. 28
M arch__
April_______
68.11
69.87
M ay_______
June________ 70.79
43.9
43.5
44.6
44.6
43.2
43.6
43.5
42.4
42.8
43.3
43.3
43.2
43.0
43.8
43.9
Condensed and evap
orated m ilk
42.3 $1.65
43.5
1.68
1.75
40.5
40.0
1. 77
41. C 1.76
40.5
1.76
42. S
1.58
49.7
1.61
46.1
1.63
44.8
1. 81
39.3
1.85
38.5
1.86
41.0
1.84
38.3
1.90
40.0
1.84
D istille d , rectified, and
blended liquors
41.0 $2.19 $71.42
40.0
2.32 74.88
40. £
2.33 74.31
41.1
2.36 75. 66
40.1
2.32 73.73
40.0
2.34 74.11
39.1
2.33 76.25
39.1
2.34 80.60
39.8
2.35 72.64
39.3
2.34 75.75
2.35 77.37
39.6
40. C 2.36 77. 37
40.5
2.40 77. 55
40.7
2.41 77. 59
40.6
2.43 79.37
38.4
38.6
38.5
39.2
38.4
38.2
39.1
40.1
36.5
37.5
38.3
38.3
38.2
38.6
39.1
$1.86
1.94
1.93
1.93
1. 92
1.94
1. 95
2.01
1.99
2.02
2.02
2.02
2.03
2.01
2.03
1066
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able C -l: Honrs and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
Miscellaneous food
products <
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average_____ $63.12
1954: Average......... - 66. 36
June......... __ 65.3!
July................. 66.10
August....... ___ 66. 9!
September___ 66.94
O ctober____
67.68
November___ 68.26
December....... 66. 98
1955: January_____ 66. 82
February___
66. 65
March______
65.19
April___ _ ..
65.19
M ay________ 66.72
June________ 67.62
Corn sirup, sugar, oil,
and starch
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.8 $1.51 $80. 94
42. C 1.58 83.69
41. 6 1.57 80. 9(
42.1
1. 57 84.74
42. ¿
1. 5i 90. 2i
42.1
1.59 84.97
42.1
1.60 86. 96
42.4
1.61 85. 7Î
1.61 82. 06
41.6
41.5
1. 61 81.09
41.4
1.61 82.1C
41.0
1.59 80.48
1. 59 79.71
41.0
41.7
1.60 80.9S
42.0
1.61 85.65
Tobacco manufactures
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
42.6
42.7
41. 7
42.8
45.6
42.7
43.7
43. i
42. Í
41.8
42.1
41.7
4i. a
41.5
43.7
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
Manufactured ice
$1.90 $63. 34
1.96 65.64
1. 94 64 1£
1.98 67.45
1 9S 66 46
1.99 66.27
1.99 65.86
1.98 65.85
1.94 66. 28
1.94 65. 56
1.95 65.83
1.93 64.92
1. 93 64. 64
1.95 66. 5C
1.96 63.62
45.9
45. f
45 2
47.5
46 fi
45.7
44. S
45.1
45.4
44.6
45.4
45.4
45. 2
46.5
44.8
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.38 $47.37
1.45 49.01
1 42 61 71
1.42 51.54
1 45 40 67
1.45 48.86
1.47 49. 72
1.46 47.6C
1.46 49.92
1.47 50.14
1.45 49. 58
1.43 51.51
1.43 50. 60
1.43 54.71
1.42 55.55
Tobacco manufactures—Continued
37.7
37.4
37.6
36.6
38.8
38.9
38.4
37.2
37.9
37.0
35.1
37.1
35.5
38.3
37.5
$1.35 $39. 73
1.41 39. 43
1.41 47.00
1.42 42.12
1.42 37. 86
1.43 38. 21
1.42 39. 96
1.43 34.17
1.43 39. 59
1.44 39. 70
1.44 40. 43
1.45 44.04
1.45 45. 36
1.47 48.01
1.46 48.38
39.0
37.4
37.5
37.8
38.5
38.3
35.0
37.3
39.7
39.7
40.1
40.5
39.4
39.3
39.2
$1.27 $52.80
1.27 50. 69
1.27 49. 63
1.27 49. 52
1.28 50. 69
1.28 51.08
1.28 52.14
1. 28 53. 20
1.28 53.59
1. 29 52.67
1.30 53.33
1.30 52. 93
1.29 52. 00
1.29 53. 20
1.28 52.93
Narrow fabrics and
small wares
1953: Average........... $54.53
54.37
1954: Average..........
June________ 54. 23
J u ly ............ .
53.68
August— ....... 53. 98
September___ 54.39
54.60
October____
November___ 55. 30
December___
55.74
1955: January_____ 54. 92
February____ 56.17
March____. . .
56.03
A pril... . . . .
54.79
M ay________ 55.60
June________ 55.88
39.8
39.4
39.3
38.9
39.4
39.7
39.0
39.5
40.1
39.8
40.7
40.6
39.7
40.0
40.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
39.4
38.4
37.6
37.8
38.4
38.7
39.5
40.3
40.6
39.9
40.1
40.1
39.1
40.0
40.1
Total: Textile-mill
products
$1.04 $53. 57
1.06 52. 09
1.24 51.41
1.20 51.41
1.04 52.36
.96 52. 50
.97 53. 70
1.02 54.53
1.05 55.07
1.07 54.25
1.12 55. 20
1.21 54.80
1.26 53.02
1.26 54.51
1.25 54.53
Broad-woven fabric
mills *
Thread mills
1953: Average.......... $49. 53
1954: Average_____ 47.50
June________ 47.63
Ju ly ________
48.01
August............ 49.28
September___ 49.02
October_____
44.80
November___ 47.74
December....... 50.82
1955: January_____ 51. 21
February____ 52.13
March______
52. 65
April............... 50. 83
M ay___ ___ 50.70
June......... ...... 50.18
38.2
37.2
37.9
35.1
36.4
39.8
41.2
33.5
37.7
37.1
36.1
36.4
36.0
38.1
38.7
39.1
38.3
37.8
37.8
38.5
38.6
39.2
39.8
40.2
39.6
40.0
40.0
38.7
39.5
39.8
$1.37 $62. 01
1.36 60. 53
1.36 65.03
1.36 65. 51
1.36 62. 78
1.36 60.61
1.37 55. 03
1.37 56.25
1.37 60. 28
1.37 63. 29
1.38 62. 22
1.37 61. 35
1.37 60.34
1.38 61.97
1.37 62.62
38.8
39.3
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.51 $42. 71
1.61 42.32
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.8
36.8
1.36
67.32
41.3
1.63
41. 86
36.4
1.24
1.24
1.29
1.30
1.33
1.34
1.37
1.39
1.41
1.41
66. 91
66.99
61.88
67. 73
66. 33
63.63
65. 76
63.08
69.38
70.64
41.3
41.1
38.2
41.3
40.2
38.8
40.1
38.0
41.3
41.8
1.62
1.63
1.62
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.68
1.69
43. 73
44.66
44.96
42. 57
41. 88
42.35
42.12
41.42
43.78
44.84
37. 7
38.5
38.1
36. 7
36.1
36.2
36.0
35. 4
37.1
38.0
$1.13
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.18
1.16
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.18
39.0
38.8
40.9
43.1
41.3
39.1
35.5
35.6
39.4
41.1
40.4
40.1
39.7
40.5
40.4
Yarn and thread
mills <
$1.59 $48.39
1.56 46.00
1.59 45. 50
1.52 45. 88
1.52 46.88
1.55 46. 75
1.55 47.00
1.58 48.13
1. 53 49.00
1.54 49. 01
1.54 49. 77
1.53 49. 77
1. 52 48. 51
1.53 48. 76
1.55 49. 66
38.1
36.8
36.4
37.0
37.5
37.1
37.6
38.5
39.2
38.9
39.5
39.5
38.5
38.7
39.1
xarn muís
$1.27 $48. 26
1.25 45.63
1.25 45.13
1.24 45.51
1.25 46. 25
1.26 46. 49
1.25 47.13
1.25 48. 00
1.25 48.63
1.26 48.38
1.26 49. 25
1.26 49. 25
1. 26 48.64
1.26 49.01
1.27 49.78
38.0
36. 5
36.1
36. 7
37.3
36. 9
37. 7
38.4
38. 9
38. 7
39.4
39. 4
38. 6
38.9
39.2
$1. 27
1. 25
1.25
1.24
1. 24
1. 26
1. 25
1. 25
1. 25
1.25
1.25
1. 25
1. 26
1.26
1.27
Colton, silk, synthetic fiber
Woolen and worsted
United States
$1.34 $51.09
1.32 49.28
1.32 47.49
1.31 47.87
1.32 49.15
1.32 49.54
1.32 50.96
1.32 52. 26
1.32 52. 52
1.32 51. 74
1.33 52.40
1.32 51.87
1.33 50. 44
1.33 51.48
1.32 51.21
39.3
38.2
37.1
37.4
38.1
38.4
39.5
40.2
40.4
39.8
40.0
39.9
38.8
39.6
39.7
North
$1.30 $56.37
1. 29 55.10
1.28 54.53
1. 28 54.14
1. 29 54. 57
1.29 55.38
1. 29 55. 81
1.30 57.77
1.30 58. 06
1. 30 57. 51
1.31 57. 92
1.30 57. 23
1.30 54.29
1.30 57.49
1.29 57.49
39.7
38.8
38.4
38.4
38.7
39.0
39.3
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.5
40.3
38.5
40.2
40.2
South
$1.42 $49.78
1.42 47.88
1. 42 46.13
1.41 46.50
1.41 47.88
1.42 48.26
1.42 50.17
1. 43 51.05
1.43 51.31
1.42 50. 42
1.43 51.07
1.42 50.55
1.41 49. 79
1.43 50. 56
1.43 50.29
39. 2
38.0
36.9
37.2
38.0
38.3
39.5
40.2
40.4
39.7
39.9
39.8
38.9
39.5
39.6
$1.27 $61. 93
1.26 61. 05
1.25 62.68
1.25 60. 65
1.26 60. 55
1.26 61. 41
1. 27 60.80
1. 27 61. 86
1. 27 62. 67
1. 27 61. 31
1.28 61.65
1.27 62. 21
1. 28 61. 76
1.28 63.72
1.27 64.90
Full-fashioned hosiery
United States
37.5
37.1
36.9
36.6
37.6
37.5
38.3
38.5
38.3
37.4
38.2
38.4
36.3
37.5
38.1
$1.24 $58. 59
1.30 63. 27
Scouring and combing plants
..................
$1.37 $48. 75
1.38 48.60
1.38 48.34
1.38 47.58
1.37 48.88
1.37 49.13
1.40 50.17
1.40 50.82
1.39 50.56
1. 38 49.37
1.38 50. 81
1.38 50. 69
1.38 47. 92
1.39 49.50
1.39 50.29
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Cigars
Textile-mill products
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
1953: Average_____ $50. 90
1954: A verage____
52. 73
June________ 53.02
July................. 51.97
August........
65.10
September___ 65. 63
October_____
54. 53
November___ 53. 20
December___
54.20
1955: January_____ 53.28
February____ 50. 54
March______
53.80
A pril... ___ 51.48
M ay________ 56.30
June........... .
54.75
38.2
37.7
3ft 8
37.9
88 5
39.4
40.1
36.9
38.4
37.7
37.0
37.6
36.4
38.8
39.4
Cigarettes
$1.30 $56. 70
1.31 55.50
1.31 54.09
1.30 52.98
1.30 54.46
1.31 54.31
1.31 54.96
1.32 56. 79
1.32 57. 92
1.32 56. 45
1.33 58.31
1.32 58. 46
1.32 54.24
1.32 55.13
1.32 54. 24 ^
37.3
37.5
36.3
35.8
36.8
37.2
37. 9
38.9
39.4
38.4
39.4
39.5
36.9
37.5
36.9
$1.52
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1. 46
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.47
1.47
North
$57.00
55.65
54. 96
54. 81
53. 79
54.24
53.00
56. 45
57.18
55.20
56. 92
56. 09
54. 75
53.22
51.98
37.5
37.1
36.4
36.3
36.1
36.9
36.3
38.4
38.9
37.3
38.2
37.9
37.5
36.7
36.1
$1. 56
1 53
1 54
1 52
1 51
1 52
1 62
1 52
1 51
1 51
1 50
1. 51
1. 51
1.51
1.52
Seamless hosiery
South
$1.52 $56. 24
1.50 55.80
1. 51 53. 58
1.51 51. 83
1.49 54.68
1.47 54. 46
1.46 56.12
1.47 56.84
1.47 58.36
1.48 56. 79
1.49 59.20
1.48 59. 64
1.46 53.80
1.45 55.94
1.44 55.06
39.7
39 9
40. 7
39.9
40.1
40 4
40 0
40 7
41. 5
40 6
41.1
41. 2
40. 9
42. 2
42.7
37.0
37.7
36.2
35.5
37.2
37.3
38.7
39.2
39.7
38.9
40.0
40.3
36.6
37.8
37.2
United States
$1. 52
1.48
1.48
1.46
1. 47
1. 46
1.45
1.45
1.47
1. 46
1.48
1.48
1.47
1.48
1.48
$40.26
40. 77
40. 63
39.74
41. 78
41.58
43. 66
43. 66
43.09
42.11
42. 57
42. 09
38. 53
40.02
42.67
36. 6
36.4
36.6
35.8
37.3
36. 8
38 3
38.3
37. 8
36.3
36 7
36. 6
33. 5
34.8
37.1
$1.10
1.12
1.11
1.11
1.12
1.13
1 14
1 14
1.14
1.16
1 16
1 15
1. 15
1 15
1.15
1067
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C—1 : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1 Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Seam less hosiery— Continued
Year and month
1953: Average---1954: Average---June_____
July............
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
1955: January___
February—
M arch____
April_____
M ay...........
June...........
North
South
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$43.88
43.07
44.25
43.88
44.46
43.52
44. 72
44.25
43.44
43.32
43.80
44. 77
45.96
43. 55
45.46
37.5
36.5
37.5
37.5
38.0
37.2
37.9
37.5
36.5
36.1
36.2
37.0
38.3
36.6
38.2
$1.17 $39. 31
1.18 40.40
1.18 40.15
1.17 39.05
1.17 41.29
1.17 41.10
1.18 43.39
1.18 43. 78
1.19 42.83
1.20 41.75
1.21 42.32
1.21 41.61
1.20 37.51
1.19 39.44
1.19 42.18
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings 4
1953: Average__
1954: Average___
June_____
July______
August___
September.
October___
November.
December1955: January__
February...
M arch........
April_____
M ay...........
June...........
$70.58
69.95
68.38
69.13
71.63
73. 69
72.28
70.47
71.86
72.69
71.69
73. 25
72.10
72.28
72.39
40.8
40.2
39.3
39.5
40.7
41.4
41.3
40.5
41.3
41.3
41.2
42.1
41.2
41.3
40.9
36.4
36.4
36.5
35.5
37.2
36.7
38.4
38.4
37.9
36.3
36.8
36.5
32.9
34.6
37.0
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.08 $50.81
1.11 51.85
1.10 52.13
1.10 52.03
1.11 52. 72
1.12 53.65
1.13 53.38
1.14 54.00
1.13 52.36
1.15 51.10
1.15 51.57
1.14 52.16
1.14 50.23
1.14 54.07
1.14 54.21
W ool carpets, ru g s ,
and carpet yarn
$1. 73 $69.08
1.74 66.95
1.74 65.02
1. 75 65.57
1.76 67.99
1.78 69.65
1.75 67.82
1.74 65.84
1.74 69.20
1.76 70.30
1.74 70.12
1.74 71.40
1.75 68.78
1.75 69.25
1.77 69.13
39.7
38.7
37.8
37.9
39.3
39.8
39.2
38.5
40.0
40.4
40.3
40.8
39.3
39.8
39.5
K n i t underwear
K n i t outerwear
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
38.2
37.3
37.5
37.7
38.2
38.6
38.4
38.3
37.4
36.5
37.1
37.8
36.4
38.9
39.0
$1.33 $45.12
1.39 44.53
1.39 45.02
1.38 44.53
1.38 45.13
1.39 45. 26
1.39 45.74
1.41 46. 49
1.40 45.13
1.40 45.87
1.39 47. 72
1.38 48.19
1.38 46.34
1.39 47.95
1.39 48.34
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$1.74 $56.10
1.73 54.66
1.72 54.96
1.73 53.76
1.73 59.90
1.75 54.60
1.73 53.59
1.71 57.82
1.73 60.76
1.74 56.54
1.74 61.69
1.75 55. 72
1.75 51.19
1.74 58.37
1.75 61.78
37.4
36.2
36.4
35.6
38.4
36.4
34.8
37.3
39.2
37.2
38.8
36.9
33.9
37.9
39.1
37.6
36.5
36.9
36.8
37.3
37.1
37.8
37.8
37.3
37.6
38.8
39.5
38.3
39.3
39.3
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.20 $61.65
1.22 61.61
1.22 59.90
1.21 60.00
1. 21 61.16
1.22 61.31
1.21 62.67
1.23 65.18
1.21 66.22
1.22 64. 30
1.23 65.33
1.22 63.72
1.21 61.31
1.22 63.23
1.23 64.41
Miscellaneous textile
goods *
$1.50 $62.42
1.51 62. 56
1.51 61.69
1.51 61.70
1.56 61.85
1.50 62.56
1.54 62.87
1.55 64.06
1.55 65.89
1.52 65.10
1.59 66.78
1.51 66.30
1.51 65.03
1.54 65.76
1.58 66.08
40.8
40.1
39.8
39.3
39.9
40.1
40.3
40.8
41.7
41.2
42.0
41.7
40.9
41.1
41.3
$1.53
1.56
1. 55
1. 57
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1. 59
1.59
1.60
1.60
1953: Average___
1954: Average___
Ju n e ............
July.............
August____
September. .
October___
Novem ber..
December...
1955: January___
February__
March.........
April______
M ay______
June______
$65.19
67. 89
64. 71
67.60
65. 67
64.19
67. 57
70.73
75. 41
72. 76
77.33
73.70
73.70
72. 50
66.73
41.0 $1. 59 $51.30
1.66 51. 41
40.9
1.63 51. 29
39.7
1.69 52.03
40.0
1.65 50. 68
39.8
38.9
1.65 51.83
1.64 52.08
41.2
42.1
1.68 52.58
44.1
1.71 53.20
1.70 53. 20
42.8
44. 7 1.73 52. 45
1.71 53.07
43.1
43.1
1.71 50.18
1.71 52.33
42.4
40.2
1.66 54. 53
M en’s and b o y s ’
fu rn ish in g s and
work clothing
1953: Average___
1954: Average__
June_____
July______
August.......
September.
October__
November.
December..
1955: January__
February...
M arch.......
April..........
M a y ..........
June...........
$41.18
40. 81
40. 00
39.76
41.70
41.84
41.58
41.61
40. 91
40. 68
41.92
42.29
40. 23
41.36
41.92
37.1
35.8
35.4
35.5
36.9
36.7
36.8
36.5
36.2
36.0
37.1
37.1
35.6
36.6
37.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
Sh irts , collars, and
nightwear
$1.11 $41. 40
1.14 41.04
1.13 39.67
1.12 39. 55
1.13 41. 47
1.14 42. 44
1.13 42. 75
1.14 43. 82
1.13 42. 41
1.13 41.61
1.13 42. 41
1.14 42.18
1.13 41.06
1.13 41.95
1.13 41.84
A rtific ia l leather, oil
cloth, and other
coated fabrics
42.4 $1.21 $80.10
1.23 79. 24
41.8
1. 23 79.61
41.7
1.23 74.03
42. c
1. 23 76.32
41.2
1.24 81.33
41.8
1. 24 81.84
42. (
1. 24 84. 52
42. <
42. S 1.24 86.1(
1.24 86. 71
42.9
1.24 88. 7(
42.3
1.24 86. 45
42.8
1 . 2;
83.47
40.8
1. 24 85.95
42.2
1.28 89.55
42.6
44.5
43.3
43.5
40.9
42.4
44.2
44.0
45.2
45.8
45.4
46.2
45.5
44.4
45.0
46.4
37.5
36.1
34.6
35.7
36.1
36.5
35.7
35.6
36.6
36.6
37.9
37.5
36.2
36.5
37.4
Cordage and twine
$1.80 $53.33
1.83 53. 02
1.83 52. 06
1.81 52.88
1.80 53.99
1.84 53.31
1.86 53. 54
1.87 52. 61
1.88 53.70
1.91 53.96
1.92 55. 20
1.90 55.20
1.88 54.35
1.91 54.63
1.93 55.44
Separate trousers
37.3 $1.11 $44. 63
1.14 43. 32
36.0
1.14 40. 83
34.8
1.13 41.77
35.0
43.32
1.13
36.7
1.15 43.44
36.9
1.14 42.13
37.5
1.15 42.36
38.1
1.14 43. 55
37.2
36. 5 1.14 43.19
37.2
1.14 45.10
1.14 44. 63
37.0
1.15 42.72
35.7
1.14 42. 71
36.8
1.14 43. 76
36.7
41.1
40.8
40.2
40.0
40.5
40.6
41.5
42.6
43.0
42.3
42.7
42.2
40.6
41.6
42.1
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.50 $61.65
1.51 61.35
1.49 59.64
1.50 59.60
1.51 60.90
1.51 61.05
1.51 62. 55
1. 53 65.06
1.54 66.10
1.52 64.60
1. 53 65.06
1.51 63.60
1.51 61.05
1.52 62.82
1.53 63.99
F e lt goods (except
woven felts and hats )
$71.04
69.60
71.40
69.83
69.25
70.45
71.81
71.98
72.16
70. 70
72.34
72. 92
72.80
72.27
74. 52
41.3
40.0
40.8
39.9
39.8
39.8
40.8
40.9
41.0
40.4
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.6
41.4
$1.72
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.77
1.76
1.76
1.76
1.75
1. 76
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.80
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.1
40.9
40.3
40.0
40.6
40.7
41.7
42.8
43.2
42.5
42.8
42.4
40.7
41.6
42.1
$1.50
1.50
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.52
1.53
1.52
1. 52
1.50
1. 50
1.51
1.52
La ce goods
$61.85
60.80
60.31
60. 39
61.55
62.54
61.38
62.05
64.62
62.32
63. 91
63.36
62.54
63.34
63.69
38.9
37.3
37.0
36.6
37.3
37.9
37.2
38.3
39.4
38.0
38.5
38.4
37.9
37.7
38.6
$1.59
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.62
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.65
1.65
1.68
1.65
Apparel and other finished textile products
Textile-mill products—Continued
Pad d in g s and upholstery fillin g
D yein g and fin ish in g
textiles (except wool)
textiles4
$1.19
1.20
1.18
1.17
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.18
1. 19
1.19
1.18
1.17
1.17
39.5
38.7
38.0
38.6
39.7
39.2
38.8
38.4
39.2
39.1
40.0
40.0
39.1
39.3
39.6
W ork shirts
$34.32
33.63
34.04
33.37
34.78
33. 44
33. 65
32. 59
33.12
33. 28
33.56
35. 52
34.58
34.68
35.71
36.9
35.4
36.6
35.5
37.0
35.2
35.8
34.3
34.5
35.4
35.7
37.0
36.4
36.5
37.2
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
$1.35 $48. 41
1. 37 48.06
1.37 46. 55
1.37 47.17
1.36 48. 87
1.36 48.82
1.38 47. 84
1.37 48.37
1.37 49.01
1.38 48. 60
1.38 49. 55
1.38 49. 71
1.39 46. 99
1.39 47.92
1.40 48.68
36.4
35.6
35.0
35.2
36.2
35.9
35.7
36.1
36.3
36.0
36.7
37.1
35.6
36.3
36.6
$1.33 $57.93
1.35 56.05
1.33 55.08
1.34 56. 80
1.35 57. 05
1.36 57.35
1.34 53.63
1.34 55.09
1.35 58.32
1.35 57. 87
1.35 59. 66
1.34 60. 64
1.32 55.40
1.32 58.91
1.33 61.59
Women’s outerwear4
$0.93 $52. 65
.95 52. 05
.93 48.53
.94 50. 81
.94 53.15
.95 52.17
.94 50. 40
.95 51.65
.96 53. 55
.94 53. 40
.94 54. 21
.96 53. 72
.95 50.62
.95 51.84
51.48
Men’s and boys’
suits and coats
35.1 $1. 50
1.50
34.7
1.44
33.7
1.49
34.1
35.2
1.51
1.53
34.1
1. 50
33.6
1.48
34.9
1.50
35.7
1. 50
35.6
1. 51
35. 9
1.48
16.3
1.43
35.4
1.44
36.0
1.45
35.5
36.9
34.6
34.0
35.5
35.0
35.4
32.9
33.8
36.0
35.5
36.6
37.2
34.2
35.7
37.1
$1.57
1. 62
1.62
1.60
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.65
1.66
W om en’s dresses
$52.15
52.20
47. 91
48. 67
52. 69
52. 86
52.05
52.50
53. 70
53. 49
53.04
54.39
54.81
55.18
51.16
35.0 $1. 49
1. 50
34.8
1. 43
33.5
1.44
33.8
1. 48
35.6
1. 55
34.1
1. 54
33.8
1. 50
35.0
1.50
35.8
1.49
35.9
1. 49
35.6
1.49
36.5
1.51
36.3
1.52
36.3
1.47
34.8
1068
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees '—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Year and month
H o v sehold apparel
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average........ $39.7
1954: Average_____ 39.8i
Ju n e ............... 38. 8(
J u ly ............... 37. 6(
August______ 38.9
September___ 39. 9f
October.......... 40. If
November___ 41.61
December___
40. 7C
1955: January_____ 39. 3S
February........ 39.93
March........ .
40. 92
April_______
40. 48
M ay________ 41.66
June________ 40.40 I
W om en’s suit s, coats
and sk ii ts
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
36.
$1. Of $64.8
36.Í
1.1C 63.3
34.
1.12 ’ 60. 5(
35.
1.07 Î 66. 4'
35.
1.0£ ' 66.92
36.
1.11 63. 6C
36.2
1.11 59. 4C
37.
1.11 60.8'
37.
1.10 66.25
35.
1.10 67.42
36.3
1.10 68. 36
37.2
1.10 63.74
36.8
1.10 52.69
37.2
1.12 52. 87
36.4 1 1.11 62. 01 ]
Childi en’s outerwear
1953: Average......... $44.53
1954: Average_____ 45.14
June________ 45. 38
J u ly ............... 45.38
August______ 46.62
September___ 45. 26
October....... .
44.16
November___ 44.77
December___
43.92
1955: January_____ 45.26
February____ 46.00
March............. 45.62
April............... 41.65
M ay________ 44. 52
June________ 46.00
36.5
36.7
37.2
37.2
37.9
36.5
36.2
37.0
36.3
37.1
37.4
37.7
35.6
37.1
37.4
$1.22
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.22
1.21
1. 21
1.22
1.23
1.21
1.17
1.20
1.23
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
32.« $1.9' $44. 2S
32.
1. 9( 44.0'
32.
1.8' 43.9
33.
1.96 42. 2'
33.
1.9f 43.86
31. f
2. 0C 44.65
29.7
2.0C 45.56
30. £
1.97 45. 51
33.8
1.96 43.92
34.4
1.96 43. 56
34.7
1. 97 44.17
33.2
1.92 45. 51
29.6
1.78 43.20
29.7
1.78 44.28
33.7 1 1.84 44. 29
Miscellaneous apparel
and accessories
$44. 52
43.68
42.59
42.12
43.92
44. 77
45.38
45. 51
45.13
43.32
44.04
44.53
43.20
44.04
44. 77
37.1
36.1
35.2
35.1
36.3
36.7
37.2
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.4
36.8
35.7
36.4
37.0
$1.20
1. 21
1.21
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.22
1.22
1. 21
1. 21
1.21
1.21
1. 21
1.21
1.21
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex- Logging camps and
contractors
cept furniture)
1953: Average........... $65. 93
1954: Average_____ 66.18
June________ 68.30
July................. 62.83
August............ 65. 57
September___ 67.40
October........... 69.72
November___ 68.64
December....... 66.91
1955: January_____ 66.34
February........ 66.50
March............. 66.10
April............... 67.06
M ay.«______ 68.47
June________ 71.90
40.7
40.6
40.9
40.8
41.5
40.6
41.5
41.1
40.8
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.4
41.0
41.8
$1.62
1.63
1.67
1.54
1.58
1.66
1.68
1. 67
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.62
1.66
1.67
1.72
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
stru ctu ral wood
products *
1953: Average........... $68.89
1954: Average........... 70. 97
June................ 71.90
Ju ly ............. .
69. 72
August........ ... 71. 99
September___ 71.28
October_____
74.12
November___ 73.43
December___
73.78
1955: January_____ 72.73
February____ 72.28
March______
72.98
April___ ____ 72.80
M a y ......... .
73. 74
June_____ _
73.74
41.5
41.5
41.8
41.5
42.6
41.2
42.6
42.2
42.4
41.8
41.3
41.7
41.6
41.9
41.9
See footnotes at end of table,-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.66
1. 71
1. 72
1.68
1.69
1.73
1.74
1. 74
1.74
1. 74
1.75
1.75
1.75
1. 76
1.76
$79.00
73.72
79.18
63.00
67.30
68.16
77.03
76.05
73.53
74.03
71.24
65.87
73.23
72.80
78.39
Women’s and chil
dren’s undergarments
39.5
38.0
39.2
37.5
38.9
35.5
39.3
39.0
38.7
39.8
38.3
35.8
36.8
36.4
39.0
$2.00
1.94
2.02
1.68
1.73
1.92
1.96
1.95
1.90
1.86
1.86
1.84
1.99
2.00
2.01
41.8
41.9
42.6
42.2
43.1
42.6
43.0
42.4
42.4
41.2
41.2
41.8
41.4
41.8
42. 5
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.2( $41. 5f
1 . 2:
41.2’
1.25 ’ 40.2‘
1. 2C 39. 7f
1.21 : 41. o:
1.21 41.92
1.21 43.0£
1.22 43. Of
1.21 41.02
1.21 40.68
1.21 41.70
1.22 42.98
1. 21 40.81
1.23 41.17
1.22 41.15
Other fabricated
textile products *
$47. 75
47.99
47.23
46.85
48.00
48.76
49.02
49. 79
50.18
49.13
49.91
49.66
50.14
49. 61
51. 07
37.6
37.2
36.9
36.6
37.5
37.8
38.4
38.6
38.6
37.5
38.1
38.2
37.7
37.3
38.4
$1.27
1. 29
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.29
1.28
1. 29
1.30
1.31
1.31
1. 30
1.33
1.33
1.33
36.
36.:
35.1
35.
36.
37.1
38.1
37.8
36.3
36.0
36. S
37.7
35.8
35.8
36.1
$1. i; $48.1(
1.1' 48.2‘
1.14 48. 51
i .i : : 45.81
l. i : : 48.01
1.12 48. 5
1. IS 49. If
1.14 49.28
1.13 48.78
1.13 48.11
1.13 48.11
1.14 49.04
1.14 47.22
1.15 48. 51
1.14 49.04
C u rta in s, draperies,
and other house-fur
nishings
$42.18
42.80
41. 41
41.29
42.78
44.58
45. 24
45.75
45. 31
43.07
45. 22
44. 49
44.29
43.44
45.84
Sawmills and plan
ing mills *
$65.37
66.83
68.80
64.64
67.10
70.06
70.81
68.89
66.67
66.75
67.57
66.99
67.40
69.64
73.87
40.6
41.0
41.2
41.7
42.2
41.7
41.9
41.5
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.1
40.6
41.7
42.7
$1. 61
1.63
1. 67
1.55
1.59
1.68
1.69
1. 66
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.66
1. 67
1.73
P lyw ood
$1.64 $71.32
1.69 73.08
1.69 71.81
1.68 66. 50
1.69 68.69
1. 71 71.81
1.72 77.51
1.72 76. 72
1. 71 78.68
1. 70 80.99
1. 71 79. 90
1.71 79.28
1. 72 77.76
1. 73 77.40
1.74 76.36
42.2
42.0
40.8
40.8
42.4
40.8
43.3
43.1
44.2
44.5
43.9
43.8
43.2
43.0
42.9
37.0
36.9
35.7
35.9
37.2
38.1
39.0
39.1
38.4
36.5
38.0
37.7
36.6
36.2
38.2
$49. 53
50.79
49.95
50.79
53.18
54.26
51.71
52. 38
52.22
51.65
51.38
52.47
51.79
52.03
54.43
37.
36.
36.:
35.
36.1
36. £
36.7
36. £
36.4
35. S
35.9
36.6
35.5
36.2
36.6
38.1
37.9
37.0
37.9
39.1
39.9
38.3
38.8
38.4
37.7
37.5
38.3
37.8
37.7
38.6
Millinery
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.3 $58. 48
1.3
58. If
1.3
52.3:
1.3 : 55. 71
1.3, 62. 5f
1.3: 64. 51
1.3' 59. IS
1.3, 51. 9C
1. 34 53.50
1.34 56.21
1.34 64. 71
1.34 64.06
1.33 49.95
1.34 45.60
1.34 52. 32
Textile bags
36.1
35. £
32.,
34.
37.
38.
36. £
33.7
35.2
36.5
39.7
40.8
33.3
30.4
32.7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.62
1.62
1.61
1. 61
1. 66
1.68
1.62
1.54
1.52
1. 54
1.63
1.57
1.50
1.50
1.60
Canvas products
$1.30
1.34
1. 35
1.34
1. 36
1.36
1. 35
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.41
$51.09
52.38
53.19
52.27
52. 26
55. 58
52.50
51. 84
52. 67
50.57
53.33
53. 60
53.60
54.94
56. 99
39.0
38.8
39.4
39.3
39.0
39.7
38.6
38.4
39.6
38.6
39.5
39.7
40.0
40.4
41.3
$1.31
1. 35
1.35
1.33
1. 34
1.40
1. 36
1.35
1. 33
1.31
1.35
1.35
1.34
1. 36
1.38
S a w m ills and p la n in g m ills, general
United States
$66.18
67.40
69.38
65. 21
67.68
70.47
71.40
69.31
67.08
67.16
67.98
67.40
67.80
70.06
74.30
40.6
41.1
41.3
41.8
42.3
41.7
42.0
41.5
40.9
40.7
41.2
41.1
40.6
41.7
42.7
$1.63
1.64
1.68
1.56
1.60
1.69
1.70
1. 67
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.67
1.68
1.74
Wooden containers *
$1. 69
1.74
1. 76
1.63
1. 62
1. 76
1.79
1.78
1. 78
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.80
1.80
1.78
Corsets and allied
garments
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.14
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.15
1.17
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.19
1.18
1.21
1.20
1.20
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
M illw o rk
$68.55
70.81
71.99
70.90
72.84
72.85
73. 96
72.93
72.50
70.04
70.45
71.48
71. 21
72.31
73. 95
36.'
36.
35.
35.2
36.
36. £
37. e
37.
36.3
36. C
36.5
37.3
35.7
36.0
36.3
Underwear and night
wear, except corsets
$51.25
50.00
51.16
49. 48
48.98
50.82
51.82
50.50
50.53
49.23
49. 97
52.04
52.07
52.58
54. 63
41.0
40.0
40.6
39.9
39.5
39.7
40.8
40.4
40.1
39.7
40.3
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.7
South
$43. 78
44.20
44.20
45.15
45.57
45.68
46.11
45.36
45. 47
43.99
45.26
45.89
44.63
47.81
47.38
42.5
42.5
42.5
43.0
43.4
43.5
43.5
43.2
43.3
42.3
43.1
43.7
42.5
45.1
44.7
West
$1.03 $83.81
1.04 85. 06
1.04 86.76
1.05 85. 69
1.05 89.42
1.05 86.19
1.06 88.44
1.05 86.94
1.05 83.81
1.04 85.63
1.05 86.29
1.05 84. 75
1.05 86. 80
1.06 87. 53
1.06 93. 66
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
$1.25 $51. 34
1.25 49.48
1.26 51.56
1.24 49.20
1.24 47.95
1.28 50.43
1.27 51.56
1.25 50.38
1.26 50.38
1.24 49.20
1.24 50.84
1.26 52.79
1.27 52.54
1.27 54.10
1.31 55.54
41.4
39.9
40.6
40.0
39.3
39.4
40.6
40.3
40.3
40.0
41.0
41.9
41.7
42.6
42.4
$1.24
1.24
1. 27
1.23
1.22
1.28
1.27
1.25
1.25
1.23
1.24
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.31
38.8
39.2
39.8
38.6
40.1
39.0
40.2
39.7
38.8
39.1
39.4
38.7
39.1
38.9
40.9
$2.16
2.17
2.18
2.22
2.23
2.21
2.20
2.19
2.16
2.19
2.19
2.19
2.22
2. 25
2. 29
Miscellaneous wood
products
$55. 46
54.95
55.08
53.07
54.13
56.17
56. 72
57.13
57.13
57.13
57. 41
58.10
56.72
57.41
57.96
41.7
40.7
40.8
39.9
40.7
40.7
41.1
41.1
41.4
41.1
41.6
42.1
41.4
41.6
41.7
$1.33
1.35
1.35
1.33
1.33
1. 38
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.38
1.39
1069
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures
Year and month
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average........... $63.14
1954: Average........... 62.96
J u n e ,............. 62.17
Ju ly ................. 61 86
August______ 63. 74
September___ 64.46
October_____ 65.10
November___ 64.62
December....... 65.83
1955: January........... 63.99
February____ 65.67
M arch_____
65. 67
A pril......... .
64. 48
M a y ..r _____ 64. 71
J u n e .............. 66.98
Wood household f u r
Household furniture 4 niture (except u p
holstered)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.0
40.1
39.6
39.4
40.6
40.8
41.2
40.9
41.4
40.5
41.3
41.3
40.3
40.7
41.6
$1.54 $60. 38
1. 57 60.25
1.57 59.19
1. 57 59.04
1.57 61.00
1.58 61.71
1. 58 62.62
1.58 62.17
1.59 63.19
1. 58 60.85
1.59 62. 78
1.59 62.78
1.60 61.10
1.59 61. 71
1. 61 63.34
40.8
39.9
39.2
39.1
40.4
40.6
41.2
40.9
41.3
40.3
41.3
41.3
40.2
40.6
41.4
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.48 $55. 21
1.51 54.54
1.51 54.26
1.51 52.92
1.51 54. 81
1.52 55.08
1.52 56.44
1. 52 56. 44
1.53 57. 27
1.51 56.17
1. 52 56. 85
1.52 56. 98
1.52 55.35
1. 52 56.44
1.53 57.39
Wood household f u r
n itu re, upholstered
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.2
40.4
39.9
39.2
40.6
40.5
41.5
41.5
41.8
41.3
41.8
41.9
40.7
41.5
42.2
$1.34 $65. 45
1.35 64.29
1.36 61.13
1.35 62.10
1.35 65.27
1.36 67.49
1.36 68.89
1.36 69.14
1.37 70.98
1.36 62.43
1.36 68.14
1.36 68.88
1.36 66.70
1.36 65.80
1.36 68.34
40.4
39.2
37.5
38.1
39.8
40.9
41.5
41.4
42.0
38.3
40.8
41.0
39.7
39.4
40.2
Mattresses and bedsp ring s
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.62 $66.23
1.64 66.86
1.63 65.63
1.63 67.70
1.64 69. 38
1.65 69.97
1.66 68.95
1.67 66.19
1.69 66.70
1.63 69.72
1.67 70.18
1.68 68. 23
1.68 68.06
1.67 68.63
1.70 70.86
Wood office fu rn itu re
1953: Average........... $61. 71
1954: Average........... 59.15
Ju n e ................ 58.80
July................. 58.84
A u g u st........... 61.69
September___ 60.68
October........... 60.49
November___ 58.20
December....... 60.90
1955: January.......... 60.05
February........ 60.49
M a rc h .......... 61.20
April________ 60. 40
M ay................ 62. 32
June...... .......... 63. 95
40.6
39.7
39.2
40.3
41.4
41.0
40.6
38.8
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.0
41.0
41.8
M etal office fu rn itu re
$1.52 $75.70
1.49 77. 55
1.50 77.14
1.46 75.64
1.49 77.39
1.48 78.36
1.49 78.34
1.50 79. 32
1.50 80. 70
1.49 80.90
1.49 82. 64
1. 50 81.83
1.51 80.90
1. 52 80. 73
1.53 85.20
40.7
40.6
40.6
39.6
40.1
40.6
40.8
41.1
41.6
41.7
42.6
42.4
41.7
41.4
42.6
$1.86 $73. 85
1.91 75.01
1.90 75.14
1.91 73.90
1.93 75.05
1.93 77.39
1.92 75.84
1.93 76.99
1.94 76.78
1.94 75. 79
1.94 78.38
1.93 78. 57
1.94 77.03
1.95 77. 42
2.00 80.95
40.8
39.9
40.4
39.1
39.5
40.1
39.5
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.4
40.5
39.5
39.7
41.3
Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures
$1.81 $62.31
1.88 64.43
1.86 64.74
1.89 64.90
1.90 64. 84
1.93 65.00
1.92 65.41
1.92 64. 78
1.91 68.16
1.89 65.19
1.94 65. 83
1.94 66.82
1.95 66.56
1.95 64. 58
1.96 66. 78
42.1
41.3
41.5
41.6
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.0
42.6
41.0
41.4
41.5
41.6
41.4
42.0
1953: Average........... $67. 68
1954: Average.......... 68.97
June________ 69.14
July------------- 69.05
August............ 70.56
September___ 70.98
O ctober......... 71.23
November___ 71.83
70.22
December___
1955: January........... 69. 70
February____ 70.38
March_____
71.90
72.04
April_______
72. 66
M a y ........... .
June________ 73. 95
42.3
41.3
41.4
41.1
42.0
42.0
42.4
42.5
41.8
41.0
41.4
41.8
41.4
42.0
42.5
Paperboard boxes
$1.60 $67.42
1.67 68.72
1.67 69.06
1.68 68.39
1.68 70.47
1.69 70.47
1.68 71.14
1.69 71.74
1.68 69.97
1.70 69.46
1.70 70.14
1.72 71.65
1.74 71.80
1.73 72.41
1.74 73.53
Periodicals
1953: Average........... $86.98
1954: Average........... 88.70
June________ 85.63
July------------- 87.58
August______ 91.03
September___ 89. 95
October_____
89. 55
November___ 88. 82
87.12
December___
1955: January.......... 88.76
February____ 90.68
M arch............. 91.77
April------------ 89.54
M ay________ 89.54
J u n e .............. 92. 59
39.9
39.6
38.4
39.1
40.1
39.8
39.8
39.3
39.6
39.1
39.6
39.9
39.1
39.1
39.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.4
41.4
41.6
41.2
42.2
42.2
42.6
42.7
41.9
41.1
41.5
41.9
41.5
42.1
42.5
Books
$2.18 $73.84
2.24 76.24
2.23 75.66
2.24 75. 66
2.27 78.98
2. 26 78.18
2.25 76.82
2.26 77.22
2.20 78.41
2.27 77.42
2.29 78. 21
2.30 79. 60
2.29 79.80
2.29 80.40
2.35 80.20
39.7
39.3
39.2
39.2
40.5
40.3
39.6
39.0
39.6
39.1
39.3
39.8
39.9
40.0
39.9
F ib e r cans, tubes,
and drum s
$1.59 $71.65
1.66 73.02
1.66 72.47
1.66 74.21
1.67 73.63
1.67 74.48
1.67 74.80
1.68 72. 71
1.67 75.52
1.69 74. 96
1.69 74.19
1.71 74. 56
1.73 76. 52
1.72 75.89
1.73 79.19
41.9
39.9
39.6
39.9
39.8
39.2
40.0
39.3
40.6
40.3
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.8
41.9
Commercial
printing
$1.86 $84.42
1.94 85.72
1.93 85.02
1.93 85. 72
1.95 85.10
1.94 85. 89
1.94 86.29
1.98 86.90
1.98 88.84
1.98 87. 52
1.99 87.96
2.00 89. 65
2.00 88.13
2.01 88.70
2.01 89.33
40.2
39.5
39.0
39.5
39.4
39.4
39.4
39.5
40.2
39.6
39.8
40.2
39.7
39.6
39.7
$1.66 $71.06
1.68 71.10
1.67 69.32
1.68 69.66
1. 68 72.73
1.69 72.56
1.69 72.98
1.68 72.34
1.68 74. 27
1.73 73. 46
1.72 74.52
1.71 73.92
1. 71 72.92
1.72 73.63
1.72 76. 50
Total: Paper and
allied products
$1.48 $72.67
1.56 74.03
1.56 74.20
1.56 74.62
1. 57 74.98
1.57 75.40
1. 58 76.01
1.58 76.18
1.60 76.01
1.59 75.72
1.59 76.08
1.61 77.04
1.60 76.93
1.56 77.65
1.59 78. 69
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.8
41.1
40.3
40.5
41.8
41.7
41.7
41.1
42.2
41.5
42.1
42.0
41.2
41.6
42.5
$1.70
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.76
1. 77
1.77
1.80
43.0
42.3
42.4
42.4
42.6
42.6
42.7
42.8
42.7
42.3
42.5
42.8
42.5
42.9
43.0
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
$1.69 $78. 76
1.75 80.04
1.75 79. 79
1.76 81.47
1.76 81.10
1.77 81.97
1.78 82.16
1.78 81.91
1.78 82.34
1.79 82.16
1.79 82.34
1.80 83.16
1.81 83. 47
1.81 83.60
1.83 85.11
44.0
43.5
43.6
43.8
43.6
43.6
43.7
43.8
43.8
43.7
43.8
44.0
43.7
44.0
44.1
$1.79
1.84
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
1. 91
1.90
1.93
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Paper and allied products—Continued
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes 4
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Paper and allied products
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures
39.9
39.8
39.3
40.3
41.3
41.4
40.8
39.4
39.7
40.3
40.8
39.9
39.8
39.9
41.2
Office, public-build
ing, and p r o f e s
sional furniture4
Other paper and
allied products
$1.71 $65.31
1.83 66.67
1.83 66.83
1.86 66.83
1.85 66.83
1.90 66.67
1.87 67. 65
1.85 68. 23
1.86 68. 39
1.86 67.73
1.85 68.23
1.85 69.14
1.88 68.47
1.86 69. 38
1.89 69.80
41.6
40.9
41.0
41.0
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.2
40.8
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.3
41.3
$1.57 $85.58
1.63 87.17
1.63 87.32
1.63 86.94
1.63 87.40
1.63 88.39
1.65 87. 94
1.66 88. 55
1.66 90.09
1.66 88.24
1.66 89.47
1.67 90. 79
1.67 89. 71
1.68 90. 95
1.68 90. 95
Lithographing
$2.10 $85. 26
2.17 87.20
2.18 88.91
2.17 88. 66
2.16 89.54
2.18 89.98
2.19 88.00
2.20 88.00
2.21 87.16
2.21 86.58
2.21 88.70
2.23 89.38
2. 22 87.19
2. 24 90. 57
2. 25 92.11
40.6
40.0
40.6
40.3
40.7
40.9
40.0
40.0
39.8
39.0
39.6
39.9
39.1
39.9
40.4
T o ta l: P r i n t i n g ,
publishing, and
allied industries
38.9
38.4
38.3
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.4
38.5
39.0
38.2
38.4
38.8
38.5
38.7
38.7
$2.20 $91.22
2.27 92.98
2.28 93.50
2.27 92.01
2.27 91.85
2.29 94.68
2.29 94.32
2.30 94.32
2.31 97.52
2.31 91.52
2.33 93.01
2.34 94.15
2.33 95.67
2.35 97. 46
2.35 97.19
Greeting cards
$2.10 $48.50
2.18 53.06
2.19 51.65
2.20 51.06
2.20 53.62
2. 20 53.34
2.20 52.68
2.20 55. 91
2.19 54.34
2.22 56.39
2.24 55.94
2.24 58.14
2.23 57.75
2. 27 57.38
2.28 56.83
37.6
37.9
37.7
37.0
38.3
38.1
37.9
39.1
38.0
38.1
37.8
38.0
38.5
38.0
38.4
Newspapers
36.2
35.9
36.1
35.8
35.6
36.0
36.0
36.0
36.8
35.2
35.5
35.8
36.1
36.5
36.4
$2. 52
2.59
2.59
2.57
2.58
2.63
2.62
2.62
2.65
2.60
2.62
2.63
2.65
2.67
2.67
Bookbinding and
related industries
$1.29 $66.30
1.40 67.82
1.37 68.34
1.38 67.94
1.40 67.60
1.40 67.47
1.39 68.38
1.43 68. 95
1.43 69.87
1.48 68. 29
1.48 67. 79
1.53 69.70
1.50 69.56
1. 51 69.38
1.48 69.38
39.7
39.2
39.5
39.5
39.3
39.0
39.3
39.4
39.7
38.8
38.3
39.6
39.3
39.2
39.2
$1.67
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.76
1. 77
1.76
1. 77
1.77
1.77
1070
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M anufacturing—Continued
Printing, publishing,
and allied indus
tries—Continued
Year and month
Miscellaneous pub
lishing and print
ing services
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average..........
1954: Average_____
Ju n e ...............
July----------- August______
September___
October..........
November___
December___
1955: January____
February____
March ...........
A p ril_______
M ay................
J u n e ........... .
$104.15
104. 91
103.60
104. 49
105.30
105. 84
104.99
106.11
106. 77
107.32
111.35
111. 76
108.11
107. 59
107. 56
39.6
39.0
38.8
38.7
39.0
39.2
38.6
39.3
39.4
39.6
40.2
40.2
39.6
39.7
39.4
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.8
40.8
42.0
40.8
41.1
40.7
40.8
41.0
41.1
42.9
41.4
41.7
$2.63 $75. 58
2.69 78. 50
2.67 79.10
2.70 79.35
2.70 78. 94
2.70 79. 52
2. 72 78.69
2.70 79. 71
2.71 79.90
2. 71 79.73
2. 77 80.34
2. 78 80. 32
2.73 81.36
2. 71 81. 77
2.73 82. 80
41.8
41.2
41.6
41.7
41.3
40.8
41.0
41.5
41.5
41.0
41.3
41.9
42.2
42.8
43.7
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.9
41.2
41.2
41.3
41.4
41.1
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.3
41.4
39.7
40.1
40.7
40.6
39.6
40.6
40.0
40.4
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.5
40.3
$1.83 $82. 81
1.91 86.09
1.92 85.89
1.94 86.88
1.93 86.48
1.93 88.32
1.91 87.31
1.93 87.53
1.93 87.53
1.94 87.29
1.95 88.15
1.94 88. 34
1.97 89. 54
1.98 88.94
2.00 88. 94
41.7
41.0
41.4
41.6
41.1
40.5
40.7
41.3
41.2
40.8
41.2
41.8
42.1
42.9
43.6
41.2
40.8
40.9
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.6
41.0
40.9
40. 7
40.8
40.8
39.6
39.8
40.0
38.8
39.7
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.1
40.3
39.7
39.6
39.4
39.8
40.2
$2.01 $82.39
2.11 83.81
2.10 81.58
2.14 83.50
2.13 84. 38
2.17 85. 36
2.14 86. 67
2.14 85.86
2.14 84. 61
2.15 84.35
2.15 86.07
2.16 85. 44
2.20 85.60
2.18 86. 65
2.18 86. 67
41.4
40.1
39.6
39.2
39.8
39.7
40.5
40.5
40.1
39.6
40.6
40.3
40.0
40.3
40.5
$1.89 $68. 71
1.96 72.16
1.96 71.81
1.96 71.46
1.97 71.63
1.97 72. 34
1.97 73.34
1.98 72. 80
1.97 73. 39
2.00 73.21
2.00 74. 93
2. 00 73. 62
2. 00 73.12
2.02 73.16
2. 02 74.15
40.9
41.0
40.8
40.6
40.7
41.1
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.9
41.4
40.9
40.4
40.2
40.3
41.7
42.2
42.6
43.5
43.0
42.0
42.1
42.2
42.4
42.3
42.0
42.6
43.0
43.7
42.6
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.68 $78.47
1.76 81. 79
1.76 81. 97
1.76 81.39
1.76 82. 81
1.76 83. 42
1.78 82.01
1.78 82.82
1. 79 84.25
1.79 84.25
1.81 84. 25
1.80 76.76
1.81 86.11
1.82 84. 25
1.84 85.49
1953: Average........... $74. 29
77. 46
1954: Average....... .
June________ 77. 98
78.88
July________
August______ 78.66
September___ 78.43
October_____ 77.63
November___ 80.08
December....... 78.32
78.26
1955: January___
February........ 78. 75
M arch............. 79.55
April.......... .
78. 67
M ay________ 79. 55
June________ 82.13
45.3
45.3
45.6
46.4
46.0
45.6
45.4
45.5
45.8
45.5
45.0
45.2
44.7
45.2
46.4
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Miscellaneous
chemicals4
$1.64 $69.94
1.71 71.51
1.71 71.28
1.70 70.98
1.71 71.33
1.72 71.73
1.71 72. 09
1.76 72. 54
1.71 73.49
1.72 73.53
1.75 74.07
1.76 74. 48
1.76 72.94
1.76 73.67
1.77 74.85
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.7
40.3
40.7
40.9
$1.54 $59.36
1.60 61.48
1.59 61.90
1.59 62.16
1.60 61.30
1.67 62.40
1.60 60.19
1.64 60.88
1.60 61.86
1.64 61.01
1.62 59.16
1. 62 64.78
1.65 63. 80
1.66 66.12
1.67 63.00
E sse n tia l oils, per
fum es, cosmetics
$1.71 $57.66
1.77 60.37
1.76 60.68
1.77 58.28
1.77 59.68
1.78 60.14
1.78 60.76
1.80 60. 76
1.81 62.09
1.82 61.60
1.82 63. 50
1.83 63. 50
1.81 62. 671
1.81 62. 08
1.83 63.34
38.7
38.7
38.9
37.6
38.5
38.8
39.2
39.2
39.3
38.5
39.2
39.2
38.9
38.8
39.1
P la stics, except sy n
thetic rubber
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
42.4
42.4
42.4
42.0
41.7
41.6
41.8
41.7
41.8
41.5
40.8
45.3
43.4
43.5
42.0
41.3
41.1
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.5
40.8
41.0
41.5
41.3
41.3
38.0
41.4
40.7
41.3
$1.90 $85.90
1.99 89.19
1.98 89.19
1.99 89.16
2.01 90. 86
2.01 91.74
2.01 89. 54
2.02 89. 98
2.03 91.91
2.04 91.02
2.04 91.46
2. 02 78. 59
2.08 94. 81
2. 07 91.71
2.07 92. 62
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats4
Fertilizers
$1.40 $64.89
1.45 68.24
1.46 69.89
1.48 70. 78
1.47 69.99
1.50 67.74
1.44 67.68
1.46 69.41
1.48 68.36
1.47 68.24
1.45 69. 46
1.43 69.60
1.47 69. 96
1.52 70. 36
1. 50 73. 96
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
A n im a l oils and fats
Industrial organic
chemicals 4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.99 $80.18
40.7 $1.97 $82. 88 42.5 $1.95
2.05 83.80
2.09 83.23
40.6
41.9
2.00
2.05 83.60
2.06 84.05
41.0
41.8
2.00
2.13 84.24
40.5
2.08 83.02
41.1
2.02
2.06 84.02
2.12 83. 43 40.5
41.8
2.01
2.08 85.24
2.15 85.07
40.9
42.2
2.02
2.14 83.64
2.06 85. 87 42.3
40.6
2.03
2.07 85. 85 42.5
2.12 84.66
40.9
2.02
41.0
2.06 85.45
2.11 84.46
42.3
2.02
84.25
2.07
2.13
40.7
84.23
41.7
2.02
2.08 84.85
2.12 84.86
40.8
2.03
41.8
2. 09 86. 92 42.4
2.12 85. 69 41.0
2.05
2.14 87.12
40.9
2.13 86. 92 42.4
2.05
2.15 86. 51
2.11 87. 56 42.3
2. 07
41.0
2.14 87.54
41.1
42.2
2.13 87.35
2.07
Soap, cleaning and
polishing prepara
Soap and glycerin
Drugs and medicines
tions 4
Gum and wood
chemicals
$1.79 $64.22
1.86 67.52
1.86 67.73
1.86 69.17
1.87 68.80
1.87 70.14
1.87 67.36
1.88 69.21
1.89 67.84
1.89 69.37
1.89 68.04
1.91 69.01
1.93 70.95
1.95 72. 54
1.95 71.14
A lk a lie s and chlorine
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Exp lo sives
$1.76 $74.84
1.82 78.01
1.82 78.40
1.85 76.05
1.82 78.21
1.86 78.60
1.81 78.01
1.81 79. 20
1.81 79.00
1.81 80.60
1.84 79.40
1.84 79.20
1.89 78.80
1.85 80. 40
1.87 81.20
P a in ts, varnishes,
lacquers, and enamels
$1.82 $74. 64
1.89 76. 26
1.90 77.00
1.91 77.38
1.91 76.86
1.91 75.74
1.90 76.11
1.91 77.64
1.92 77.87
1.92 77.11
1.93 77.87
1.95 79. 84
1.97 81.25
19.8 83. 66
19.9 85.02
Industrial inorganic
chemicals 4
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Synthetic fibers
$2.15 $69. 87
2.23 72. 98
2. 23 74.07
2.24 75.11
2.24 72.07
2. 26 75. 52
2. 24 72.40
2.26 73.12
2. 28 73.31
2.28 72.76
2. 27 74. 52
2.29 74. 89
2.32 77.11
2. 30 74. 93
2. 31 75. 36
Paints, pigments,
and fillers4
1953: Average.......... $76. 08
1954: Average_____ 77.87
June................ 79.04
July------------- 79.65
August______ 78.88
September___ 77. 93
77.90
October....... .
November___ 79.27
79.68
December___
1955: January_____ 78. 72
February____ 79. 71
March______ 81. 71
83.13
April_______
M ay________ 84.74
Ju n e ............... 86.96
T o ta l: C hem icals
and allied prod
ucts
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Synthetic rubber
1953: Average_____ $87.29
1954: Average-------- 90.76
June________ 90. 76
91.39
Ju ly -----------August........... 91.39
September___ 94. 92
October......... 91.39
November___ 92.89
December....... 92.80
1955: January_____ 93.02
February........ 93.07
M arch______ 94.12
99.53
April_______
May _______ 95. 22
June...... ........ . 96. 33
Chemicals and allied products
45.7
45.8
44.8
44.8
44.3
46.4
47.0
46.9
46.5
45.8
45.4
44.9
44.0
43.7
45.1
41.1
41.1
41.1
40.9
41.3
41.7
40.7
40.9
41.4
41.0
41.2
35.4
41.4
40.4
40.8
$2.09
2.17
2.17
2.18
2.20
2.20
2.20
2.20
2. 22
2. 22
2.22
2.22
2.29
2.27
2.27
Vegetable c ils
$1.42 $59.67
1.49 63.16
1.56 64.53
1.58 64.96
1.58 64.37
1.46 62.38
1.44 63.10
1.48 64.74
1.47 63.32
1.49 62.88
1.53 63.84
1.55 63. 62
1.59 63. 95
1. 61 63. 47
1.64 68.07
45.9
46.1
44.2
43.6
43.2
46.9
47.8
47.6
46.9
45.9
45.6
44.8
43.5
42.6
44.2
$1.30
1.37
1.46
1.49
1.49
1.33
1.32
1.36
1.35
1 37
1.40
1. 42
1.47
1. 49
1.54
Products of petroleum and coal
Compressed and
liquified gases
$1.49 $80.37
1.56 82.32
1.56 81.71
1.55 82.52
1.55 82.71
1.55 83.13
1.55 82. 74
1.55 83.60
1.58 84.60
1.60 84.40
1.62 84.60
1.62 85.43
1.61 85. 45
1.60 85. 65
1.62 87.29
42.3
42.0
41.9
42.1
42.2
42.2
42.0
41.8
42.3
42.2
42.3
42.5
42.3
42.4
43.0
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$1.90 $90.17
1.96 92.62
1.95 93.98
1.96 94.53
1.96 93.07
1.97 95.58
1.97 92.57
2.00 93.66
2.00 92. 57
2.00 93.02
2.00 91.25
2.01 93. 61
2. 02 95. 94
2. 02 97.70
2.03 97. 41
40.8
40.8
41.4
41.1
41.0
41.2
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.8
40.2
40.7
41.0
41.4
41.1
Petroleum refining
$2.21 $94.19
2.27 96.22
2.27 97.17
2.30 97.51
2.27 96.05
2.32 97.85
2. 28 95.75
2. 29 97.10
2.28 96. 22
2.28 96.93
2. 27 94.87
2.30 96. 96
2. 34 99. 72
2. 36 101. 27
2.37 100.04
40.6
40.6
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.8
40.6
40.9
40.2
40.4
40.7
41.0
40.5
$2.32
2.37
2.37
2.39
2.36
2.41
2.37
2.38
2.37
2.37
2.36
2.40
2. 45
2.47
2.47
1071
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Products of petroleum and coal—
Continued
Year and month
Coke, other petroleum and coal
products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average.......... $78. 81
1954: Average_____ 80.73
June................ 83.27
83.78
July________
August
83.13
September___ 87.67
October_____ 82. 17
N o v em b er__ 81. 79
79. 58
December___
Jan u ary
79. 79
F e b ru ary
79.00
83.38
March______
83.18
April_______
M ay _______ 85.63
June________ 88.13
41.7
41.4
42.7
42.1
42.2
43.4
41.5
41.1
40.6
40.5
40.1
41.9
41.8
42.6
43.2
1953: Average.......... $68. 23
1954: Average....... — 69. 17
June________ 69. 70
68.43
July________
August______ 68.99
September___ 68. 32
69. 60
October_____
November___ 71.64
72.18
December___
1955: January_____ 71.46
February____ 71.42
71.60
March______
72.18
April_______
M ay________ 72. 54
June________ 72.58
Total: Rubber
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.89 $77.78
1. 95 78. 21
1.95 79. 60
1.99 76.44
1.97 75.85
2.02 77.42
1. 98 81.20
1.99 83. 02
1.96 84. 85
1.97 83.84
1.97 84.25
1.99 83.64
1. 99 86.53
2.01 87. 36
2. 04 89.89
Leather: tanned,
curried, and finished
40.3
39.7
40.2
39.4
39.1
39.3
40.4
41.1
41.8
41.3
41.3
41.0
41.8
42.0
42.6
41.7
39.7
39.4
38.8
40.1
39.9
39.6
40.4
40.6
39.8
39.4
40.0
41.2
42.3
41.3
Tires and inner
tubes
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.93
1. 97
1.98
1.94
1.94
1.97
2. 01
2.02
2.03
2. 03
2.04
2.04
2. 07
2.08
2.11
Industrial leather
belting and packing
39.9 $1. 71 $67.97
39.3
1.76 66. 30
39.6
1. 76 65.01
39.1
1.75 63.63
39.2
1.76 66.97
1.77 66.63
38.6
39.1
1. 78 66.53
1.80 68. 68
39.8
40. 1 1.80 69. 02
1.80 68. 06
39.7
1.79 67. 77
39.9
1.79 68.80
40.0
1.80 72. 92
40.1
40.3
1.80 74. 87
1.81 72.69
40.1
$88. 31
87.85
92.06
87.01
85.65
86.18
90. 39
94. 54
98.18
97.41
96.46
95. 51
102.18
101. 88
107.94
39.6
38.7
40.2
38.5
37.4
38.3
39.3
40.4
41.6
41.1
40.7
40.3
42.4
42.1
43.7
1953: Average_____ $44.04
1954: Average_____ 44.64
June________ 43. 65
43. 79
J u l y _______
44.90
August___ _
September___ 45.14
O cto b er____
45.38
November___ 46.50
45. 00
December__
1955: January.. . . . 45.38
February____ 46.0C
45. 62
March______
42.68
April______
M ay________ 45.38
June................ 46.13
36.4
36.0
35.2
35.6
36.5
36.7
36.6
37.5
36.0
36.6
37.1
36.5
34.7
36.3
36.9
38.0
37.1
37.4
37.5
36.5
36.8
35.3
36.8
38.9
39.1
38.9
38.1
36.5
36.6
38.1
1953: Average_____ $60.01
70. 75
1954: A verage____
June________ 58.29
59. 95
July________
An g n s t
61. 76
62.47
September__
October_____ 63.72
November___ 63.57
64.3C
December___
1955: January_____ 61.56
F eb ru ary
60.74
62.06
March ____
62. 22
April_______
M ay _______ 64. 52
June _______ 63. 2H
41.1
40.5
38.6
39.7
40.9
41.1
42.2
42.]
42.;
40.5
39.7
40.3
40.4
41.1
40.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.0
39.9
40.3
40.5
40.0
39.1
41.0
41.1
41.2
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.7
40.5
41.1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1. 64 $70. 93
1. 69 71.91
1.67 70. 98
1.69 70. 62
1. 66 77.15
1. 69 72. 36
1. 74 74. 98
1.74 75. 71
1. 74 76. 44
1.72 76.08
1.73 76. 86
1.73 76. 49
1.74 76. 54
1.73 78.68
1.74 77.93
Footwear (except
rubber)
$1.32 $49.10
1. 34 48.15
1.34 47. 75
1. 32 48. 73
1.33 48.71
1. 35 46. 68
1.35 45. 62
1. 36 47. 39
1. 35 49. 10
1.34 49. 88
1. 35 51. 59
1.35 51.05
1.36 48.24
1.37 48. 24
1.36 50.12
Total: Leather and
leather products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.0 $1.73 $51. 65
40.4
1.78 50. 92
40. 1 1. 77 51.01
39.9
1.77 51. 38
40.2
1. 77 51.24
40.2
1.80 49. 96
41.2
1. 82 49. 62
1.82 51. 43
41.6
1.82 52.16
42.0
41.8
1. 82 52.68
42.0
1. 83 53. 93
41.8
1.83 53. 52
41.6
1.84 51.24
1.86 51. 75
42.3
41.9
1.86 52.92
39.1
37.7
39.0
38.4
38.0
38.8
40.0
39.2
36.2
37.0
40.7
40.0
39.8
39.0
38.5
37.7
36.9
36.7
37.5
37.4
36.2
35.7
37.0
37.8
37.9
38.8
38.5
36.6
36.7
37.8
$1.37
1.38
1. 39
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.39
1. 39
1.38
1. 39
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.40
Handbags and small
leather goods
Luggage
37.2 $1. 32 $57. 09
36.2
1. 33 56. 93
35.9
1. 33 58. 11
37.2
1.31 56.83
36.9
1.32 56.24
35. 1 1.33 59. 36
34.3
1.33 61.20
35.9
1. 32 59. 58
37.2
1. 32 54. 66
1. 33 55.50
37.5
38.5
1.34 62. 68
1.34 61.60
38.1
1.34 60.50
36.0
1.34 58.11
36.0
37.4
1.34 57.37
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.46 $46. 99
1.51 48. 00
1.49 47. 13
1.48 46. 62
1.48 47. 82
1.53 48.09
1. 53 48. 63
1. 52 50. 02
1.51 49. 88
1.50 47. 85
1. 54 48.83
1.54 49. 88
1.52 44.10
1.49 45.09
1. 49 46.24
38.2 $1. 23
38.4
1.25
37.7
1. 25
37.9
1.23
39.2
1. 22
39. 1 1.23
38.9
1.25
39.7
1.26
39.9
1. 25
38.9
1.23
39.7
1. 23
39.9
1.25
35.0
1.26
35.5
1.27
36.7
1.26
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone clay,
and glass products
$1.21 $70.35
1.24 71.86
1.24 70.88
1.23 71.33
1.23 72. 04
1.23 72.85
1.24 73. 34
1.24 74. 57
1.25 73.98
1.24 73. 4C
1.24 73. 4S
1.25 74. 75
1.23 75.17
1.25 76.91
1.25 78.12
Glass products made
of purchased glass
$2.23 $65. 60
2. 27 67.43
2.29 67. 30
2. 26 68.45
2.29 66. 40
2.25 66.08
2.30 71.34
2.34 71. 51
2. 36 71.69
2. 37 68. 97
2.37 69.72
2.37 69.72
2.41 70. 82
2.42 70. 07
2.47 71. 51
Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
$1.63 $50.16
1.67 49.71
1.65 50.12
1.64 49. 50
1.67 48. 55
1.67 49.68
1.68 47.66
1. 70 50.05
1.70 52. 52
1.71 52.39
1.72 52.52
1.72 51.44
1. 77 49. 64
1.77 50.14
1. 76 51.82
Other rubber
products
Rubber footwear
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Leather and leather
products—Continued
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods
Leather and leather
products
Rubber products
40.9 $1.72 $97.34
40.6
1.77 100. 61
1.75 96.64
40.5
40.3
1.77 97.84
40.7
1.77 96.29
40.7
1.79 100. 44
41.2
1.78 102.12
41.2
1.81 111.11
41.1
1.80 109.04
40.6
1.81 114. 04
1.81 110.34
40.6
41. S 1.81 111.02
1.82 110.08
41.3
41.8
1.84 115. 62
1.86 115. 01
42.0
Cement, hydraulic
$1.46 $73.39
1.5( 75. 71
1.51 77.10
1.51 78.44
1.51 76.36
1.52 80.22
1.5] 76. 9]
1.5] 76. i:
1.52 75. 53
1.52 76.5!
1.53 75. 95
1.54 75.95
1.54 76. 78
1.57 78. oe
1.57 80.48
41.7
41.6
41.9
41.5
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.6
41.5
4L'
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.3
41.7
Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown 4
Flat glass
40.9
40.9
40.1
40.1
39.3
40.5
42.2
42.9
43.1
44.2
43.1
43.2
43.0
44.2
43.4
$2.38 $67.89
2.46 70.77
2.41 69.45
2. 44 69. 50
2.45 70. 77
2.48 71.53
2.42 72.25
2.59 72.91
2.53 73.08
2.58 72.31
2. 56 72. 47
2.57 74. 21
2.56 74. 05
2.61 74. 05
2. 65 75.39
Structural clay
products 4
$1.76 $64.06
1.82 66.26
1.84 66.33
1.89 66.17
1.8' 67.2Í
1.91 67.49
1.8' 67.4(
1.8: 67. 65
1.82 67. 57
1.85 66.26
1.83 66.09
1.83 68.3!
1.85 67.8!
70.22
1.8£
70.93
1.93
39.7 $1.71 $69.60
39.1
1.81 72.47
38.8
1. 79 72.83
38.4
1.81 70.98
39.1
1.81 73. 45
39.3
1.82 71.41
1.82 73.63
39.7
39.2
1.86 73.63
39.5
1.85 73.84
1.84 72. 71
39.3
39.6
1.88 74.21
39. S 1.86 76. 40
39.6
1. 87 76.61
39.6
1.87 76. 97
40.1
1.88 77.76
B r ic k and hollow tile
40.8 $1.57 $61.77
40.!
1.62 64. 6Í
41.2
1.61 65.23
41.1
1. 61 65.21
1.62 66.4(
41.5
40.9
1.65 65. 76
41.]
1.6! 65.79
41.0
1.65 66.19
41.2
1.6' 65. 7!
40.'
1.6! 63.5'
40.3
1.6' 63.5'
41.2
1.66
66. 77
40.9
1.66
66.30
41.8
69.17
1.68
42. C 1.69 69. 7
Glass containers
42.6
42.8
43.2
42.9
43.'
42.7
43.0
42.7
43. (
41.8
41.8
42.8
42.5
43.5
43.
40.0 $1.74 $65.46
39.6
1.83 68.15
39.8
1.83 65.25
39.0
1.82 66. 75
39.7
1.85 66.85
38.6
1.85 71.96
39.8
1.85 70.31
39.8
1.85 72.19
1. 86 71.92
39.7
39.3
1.85 71.92
1.86 70. 74
39. £
40.0
1.91 71.46
39. S 1.92 70. 38
40. a
1.91 69. 87
1.92 71.89
40.5
F lo o r and w a ll tile
$1.45 $67.47
1.51 68.17
1.51 70.18
1. 52 68.68
I . 5 ; 69.19
1.54 69.08
68.28
1 . 5;
1.55 67.26
68.7'
1 . 5:
1.52 68.8(
1.52 67. 42
1.50 67. 55
1.56 64.7c
1.59 70.2'
1.6C 70. 52
Pressed and blown
glass
40.4
40.1
40.8
40.4
40.7
40.4
40.'
39.8
40.2
40. (
39.2
39.5
38.:
40.0
41.0
39.2
38.5
37.5
37.5
38.2
40.2
39.5
38.4
39.3
39.3
39.3
39.7
39.1
38.6
39.5
$1.67
1.77
1.74
1.78
1.75
1.79
1.78
1.88
1.83
1.83
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.82
Sewer p ip e
$1.67 $64. 56
1.7C 66.9!
1.72 67. 57
1.7C 68.64
1.7C 69.22
1. 71 68.45
1.69 69.19
1.69 68.95
1.71 66.2;
1.72 64. 52
1.72 64. 02
1.71 68. 5'
68.17
1.6!
1.73 69. 4;
1. 72 73.08
40.1
40.6
41.2
41.1
41.7
40.5
40.7
40.8
39.!
39. ]
38.8
40.8
40. ]
40.6
42.0
$1.61
1.65
1.64
1.67
1.66
1.69
1, 70
1. 69
1.66
1,65
1.65
1 .6 8
1.70
1. 71
1.74
1072
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Year and month
C la y refractories
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average....... —
1954: Average..........
June________
J u ly ...............
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February____
M a rc h ______
April-----------M ay________
June________
$66. 4"
67.16
64. 9S
66.06
67.16
69.33
68.63
70.13
72.00
71.62
72. 37
73.32
73.32
73.88
74.48
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1953: Average........... $79. 98
1954: Average.......... 76. 44
75. 27
June..............
July— ........... 73.06
August............ 73. 48
September___ 75.04
October_____
78.20
November___ 80.40
December___
83. 84
1955: January_____ 83.03
February........ 84. 46
M arch______ 84.45
April_______
86.53
M ay................ 86. 74
J u n e .............. 88. 41
40.6
38.8
38.8
36.9
37.3
37.9
39.1
40.0
41.3
40.9
41.4
41.6
41.8
41.7
42.1
$1.97
1.97
1.94
1.98
1.97
1. 98
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.03
2.07
2.08
2.10
Electrom etallurgical
products
41.0
40.1
39.7
39.7
39.5
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.9
41.7
41.4
41.8
41.2
42.1
42.1
39.9
39.9
39.3
40.1
38.3
39.6
40.0
40.4
40.7
40.3
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Asbestos products
$76. 43
77.42
79. 71
78.40
78.25
79. 57
78. 66
79.04
79.99
80.98
80.56
82.32
85.65
86. 04
87.22
$1.91
1. 92
1. 91
1.93
1. 91
1.95
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.96
1.98
42.7
41.4
42.4
41.7
41.4
42.1
41.4
41.6
42.1
42.4
42.4
43.1
43.7
43.9
44.5
40.6
38.9
38.7
38.6
39.0
38.8
39.2
39.4
40.2
40.4
41.4
41.5
42.0
42.8
42.0
Concrete products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
43.
$1.66 $71. 56
44. C 1.68 71. 88
44.3
1.66 72. 45
44.7
1.70 73.35
45.0
1.69 73.51
44.6
1.70 72.86
44.6
1. 71 74.09
44.0
1. 71 72.27
43.6
1.70 70. 58
42.9
1. 69 68. 69
42.7
1.70 68. 85
44.1
1. 71 72. 49
1. 72 73.76
44.5
45.6
1.75 77. 62
45.7
1.76 78.08
N o n cla y refractories
$1.79 $71. 51
1.87 67.66
1. 88 60.28
1.88 63.24
1. 89 65. 93
1.89 68. 71
1.90 72.00
1.90 75. 55
1.90 75.89
1. 91 76.09
1.90 74. 98
1. 91 77.77
1.96 76.33
1. 96 73.49
1. 96 80.47
Iron and steel
foundries 4
$1.96 $76.33
1.99 74.30
1.99 73.53
2. 01 72.95
2.00 74.10
2.04 74.11
2.03 75. 66
2.04 76.04
2.03 77.99
2.04 78.78
2.07 81.56
2.05 82.17
2.07 84.00
2.09 86.03
2.11 84.00
P rim a ry sm elting and
refining of copper,
lead, and zinc
1953: Average....... . $80.41
1954: Average.......... 76.61
June________ 76. 21
75.85
July----------August______ 76.59
September___ 74. 69
76.43
October_____
November___ 77.60
December___
77.97
1955: January.......... 79.37
February........ 78.18
M arch______
78.57
April------------ 78. 76
M ay________ 79. 97
J u n e .............. 80. 391
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster prod
ucts 1
38.5 $1.74 $62.04
37. € $1.65 $72. 8'
36.9
36.
1. 85 61. 66
1.69 73. 95
36.1
36.
1.8C 60. 4S
1.68 73. 5
36.7
34.5
1.8C 58.14
1.7C 75. 95
1. 82 60. 50
36.9
35.
1. 69 76.05
36.3
35.8
1.91 60. 86
1.70 75.85
36.9
1. 86 64. 26
37.8
1.70 76.27
37.5
1.87 65.11
38.3
1. 70 75.24
38.5
1. 87 63.10
36.9
1. 71 74.12
38.3
1.87 61.07
35.3
1.73 72.50
38.7
1. 87 62.44
36.3
1. 72 72. 59
39.0
1.88 64.70
37.4
1.73 75.41
39.0
1.88 64.03
36.8
1.74 76.54
39.3
36.9
1.88 64.58
1.75 79.80
39.2
1.90 64. 61
36.5
1.77 80.43
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
A brasive products
1953: Average_____ $80.36
1954: Average_____ 79.80
June________ 79.00
J u ly ............... 79.80
August............ 79.00
September___ 82.82
October_____ 82.01
November___ 82.42
December....... 82.42
1955: January....... .
83.44
February........ 86.32
M arch______
84. 87
April.............
86.53
M ay.............. . 86.11
Ju n e ............... 88.83
Pottery and related
products
36.3
34.0
30.6
32.1
33.3
34.7
36.0
37.4
37.2
37.3
36.4
38.5
37.6
36.2
38.5
$1. 97
1.99
1.97
1.97
1. 98
1.98
2.00
2.02
2.04
2.04
2.06
2.02
2.03
2.03
2.09
G ray-iron foundries
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
43. £
44.
45.
45.
45.1
44.7
449
43.8
43.3
42.4
42.5
44. 2
44.7
46.2
46.2
40.9
38.7
38.8
38.3
38.4
38.5
38.9
39.5
40.0
40.4
40.6
40.9
41.2
41.6
41.7
$2. 06
2.09
2.08
2.11
2.10
2.14
2.13
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.15
2.16
2.17
2.18
2. 21
M alleable-iron
foundries
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills 4
$87. 48
83.38
. 83. 22
84.00
82.43
84.90
84.45
87.30
87.98
90.12
89.95
91.25
92.34
93. 66
96.46
Miscellaneous nonmetallic
mineral
products 4
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
ings
ings hours
$1.62 $63. 91
41.5 $1.54
1.63 64.52
41.
1.57
1. 61 63.12
40.5
1. 56
1.63 62. 87
40.3
1. 56
1.63 64. 72
41. C 1. 58
1. 63 65. 35
41.1
1. 59
1.65 66. 04
41.8
1. 58
1.65 66.36
42.0
1. 58
1.63 66.56
41.6
1. 60
1.62 64. 21
40.9
1. 57
1.62 63. 67
40.3
1.58
1.64 65. 67
41.3
1.59
1.65 66.17
41.1
1.61
1.68 67. 73
42.6
1.59
1.69 68.05
42.8
1.59
Primary metal industries
Total: Primary
metal industries
$84. 25
80.88
80.70
80.81
80.64
82.39
82.86
84.53
85.60
87.26
87.29
88.34
89.40
90.69
92.16
Cut-stone and stone
products
$74.0"
73.66
73. 4"
72. 72
73.68
74.64
75. 58
76.33
77.30
78.09
78.09
77. 87
80. 87
80. 45
81.83
40.7
39.6
39.5
39.1
39.4
39.7
40.2
40.6
40.9
41.1
41.1
41.2
41.9
41.9
42.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.82
1.86
1. 86
1.86
1. 87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.93
1.92
1.93
B la st furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
m ills, except electro
m etallurgical prod
ucts
40.5
37.9
38.0
37.5
37.3
37.4
37.7
38.8
39.1
39.7
39.8
40.2
40.5
40.9
41.4
$2.16 $87. 48
40.5 $2.16
2.20 83.16
37.8
2.20
2.19 83.22
38.0
2.19
2. 24 84.00
37.5
2.24
2. 21 82. 43
2. 21
37.3
2.27 84.90
37.4
2. 27
2.24 84. 45
37. 7 2.24
2.25 87.30
38.8
2.25
2.25 87. 98 39.1
2.25
2.27 90.12
2. 27
39.7
2.26 89.95
39.8
2.26
2.27 91. 25 40.2
2.27
2.28 92.34
2.28
40.5
2.29 93.66
40.9
2.29
2. 33 96. 46
41.4
2.33
Primary smelting and
Steel foundries
refining of nonfer
rous metals 4
$1.88 $74.89
40.7 $1.84 $76. 95
40.5 $1.90 $79. 98 40.6 $1.97 $80. 93 41.5 $1.95
1.91 73.70
39.2
1.88 73.92
38.5
1.92 75.82
38.1
1.99 80.00
40.2
1.99
1.90 73.30
39.2
1.87 71.25
37.7
1.89 74. 45 37.6
1.98 79.39
1. 97
40.3
1.89 72.73
39.1
1.86 69. 55 36.8
1.89 75.04
37.9
1.98 79.60
39.8
2.00
1. 90 73. 49 39.3
1. 87 75.07
39.1
1.92 75.62
1.99 79.79
38.0
40.3
1. 98
1.91 73. 51 39.1
1.88 74.11
38.2
1.94 75.62
38.0
1.99 79. 59 39.4
2.02
1.93 75.05
39.5
1.90 77.02
39.7
1. 94 76.00
38.0
2.00 80. 40 40.0
2.01
1.93 76.02
39.8
1.91 78.60
40.1
1.96 75.60
37.8
2.00 80.60
40.3
2.00
1.94 77.76
40.5
1. 92 79.17
40.6
1.95 78.38
38.8
2.02 81.00
40.5
2.00
1.95 78.36
40.6
1.93 79.79
40.5
1. 97 79.79
39.5
2.02 81. 61
40.6
2.01
1.97 81.12
41.6
1.95 82.76
41.8
1.98 83. 44 40.7
2.05 81.20
40.4
2.01
1. 98 81. 54 41.6
1.96 82.96
41.9
1. 98 84. 46 41.0
2.06 81. 41
2.01
40.5
2.00 83.56
42.2
1.98 84. 60 42.3
2.00 85.08
41.1
2.07 81.61
40.6
2.01
2.01 85. 77 43.1
1.99 87. 47 43.3
2.02 86. 74 41.7
2.08 82. 62 40.7
2.03
2.00 82. 54 41.9
42.5
1.97 85.00
2. 00 87.78
41.8
2.10 82.82
40.6
2.04
P rim a ry refining of Secondary smelting Rolling, drawing, and R o llin g , draw ing, and R o llin g , draw ing, and
a n d refining of
alloying of nonfer
a lu m in u m
alloying of copper
alloying of alu m in u m
nonferrous metals
rous m etals4
1
$81. 81 40.5 $2.02 $73.63
41.6 $1. 77 $82.29
42.2 $1.95 $85.37
42.9 $1.99 $77. 74
40.7 $1.91
85.05
40.5
2.10 74.80
41.1
1.82 80.80
40.4
2. 00 81.20
40.2
2.02 79.79
40.3
1.98
40.6
84.45
2.08 75.12
41.5
1.81 81.19
40.8
1.99 82.01
40.8
2.01 79. 77
40.7
1.96
40.4
85.24
2.11 73.31
40.5
1.81 79.40
39.9
1. 99 81.40
40.7
2.00 75.85
38.5
1.97
84. 82 40.2
2.11 72.67
40.6
1.79 80.60
40.1
2.01 80.40
40.0
2.01 80.00
40.0
2.00
85.01
40.1
2.12 75.99
41.3
1.84 83.23
41.0
2.03 84.46
41.4
2.04 82.22
40.5
2.03
40.4
86.46
2.14 77.15
41.7
1.85 83.03
40.7
2.04 83.64
40.6
2.06 81.61
40.4
2.02
86.90
40.8
2.13 77.56
41.7
1.86 85.49
41.7
2.05 88.40
42.5
2.08 81. 81
40.5
2.02
86.46
40.4
2.14 78.31
42.1
1. 86 85.69
2.05 87.56
41.8
42.3
2.07 82.82
40.8
2.03
40.3
86.24
2.14 77.79
41.6
1.87 87.35
42.2
2.07 89.03
42.6
2.09 85.07
41.7
2.04
86.03
40.2
2.14 79.52
42.3
1.88 86. 94 42.0
2.07 89.45
42.8
2.09 84.05
41.2
2.04
2.14 79.95
86.24
40.3
42.3
1. 89 87.98
42.3
2.08 91. 79 43.5
2.11 83.64
41.0
2.04
86.43
40.2
2.15 81.51
42.9
1.90 87.15
41.9
2.08 90. 94 43.1
2.11 82.82
40.6
2.04
87.26
40.4
2.16 78.21
41.6
1.88 89.67
2.10 93.93
42.7
44.1
2.13 84.46
41.0
2.06
86.65
40.3
2.15 79. 99 42.1
1.90 90. 09 42.9
2.10 95.00
44.6
2.13 84.46
41.0
2.06
1073
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
F a b r ic a te d m etal
products
(except
ordnance, machin
ery, and transpor
tation equipment)
Primary metal industries—Continued
Year and month
Nonferrous foundries
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average_____ $80. 97
1954: Average_____ 80.60
June________ 79.19
July________
77. 79
August______ 79.80
September___ 80. 39
October_____ 84. 25
November___ 84. 85
84. 66
December___
1955: January_____ 84.03
February____ 84. 45
March______
85. 28
April____
83.84
May;________ 85.07
June________ 84. 25
41.1
39.9
39.4
38.7
39.7
39.6
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.4
40.6
41.0
40. 6
40.9
40.7
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.97 $87. 57
2.02 84.74
2.01 85.39
2.01 84.10
2.01 84. 53
2.03 85. 75
2.06 86.18
2.09 86.80
2.07 90.45
2.08 91.94
2. 08 92. 57
2.08 94.11
2. 07 95.85
2.08 96.53
2.07 97.38
Tin cans and other
tinware
1953: Average_____ $75.71
80.93
1954: A verage____
June________ 83.13
82.12
July________
August______ 83.13
September___ 81.34
October
80.00
November___ 79.20
83.21
December___
1955: Ja n u a ry ____
81.00
February. .. 81.00
80. 60
M arch______
82.01
A n ril____ _
M ay. ______ 84.23
June________ 87.31
41.6
41.3
42.2
41.9
42.2
41.5
40.2
39.8
41.4
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.8
41.7
42.8
1953: Average_____
1954: Average_____
June________
July________
August______
September___
' October._
November
December... _
1955: January__ _
February.
March__ ____
April_______
M ay______
June_______
41.5
39.6
39.9
39.3
39.5
39.7
39.9
40.0
41.3
41.6
41.7
42. 2
42.6
42.9
42.9
41.6
40.3
39.7
39.5
40.4
40.6
40. 7
40.9
41.6
41.7
41.9
41.6
40.4
41.2
39.9
Iro n and steel forg
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.11
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.19
2. 21
2. 22
2. 23
2. 25
2.25
2.27
Cutlery, handtools,
and hardware4
$1.82 $74.05
1.96 74.15
1.97 72.65
1.96 72. 29
1. 97 74.74
1.96 75.11
1.99 75. 70
1.99 76.48
2.01 78. 62
2.01 79.23
2.01 80.03
2.00 79. 46
2.01 75. 95
2. 02 78.69
2. 04 74.61
Sa n ita ry ware and
plum bers’ su p p lies
1953: Average..........
1954: Average_____
June________
July________
A u g u st_____
September. ..
October_____
November .
December__
1955: January_____
February. .
March______
April_______
M ay____ _
June------------
Miscellaneous pri
mary metal indus
tries 4
$91.12
86.75
84.42
84.80
86.08
85. 79
87.46
88. 76
91.88
94.25
96.00
98.70
101. 20
100.91
103. 20
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$2.18 $84. 87
2.23 85.03
2. 21 86.92
2. 22 84.80
2.23 85. 65
2.24 87.10
2.26 87. 33
2. 27 87. 74
2.28 91.15
2.31 91. 36
2.33 92. 21
2. 35 93. 29
2. 37 93.94
2.38 95.91
2. 40 96.80
C utlery and edge
tools
$1.78 $67.32
1.84 66.40
1.83 65. 74
1.83 64.29
1.85 66.17
1.85 66.90
1.86 68.21
1.87 69.97
1.89 70.04
1.90 68.28
1. 91 67.60
1.91 68. 28
1.88 66. 90
1.91 68.88
1.87 70. 38
O il burners, nonelectrie heating and
cooking apparatus,
not elsewhere classi
fied
41.8
38.9
38.2
38.2
38.6
38.3
38.7
39.1
40.3
40.8
41.2
42.0
42.7
42.4
43.0
41.3
40.0
39.6
39.2
40.1
40.3
40.6
41.4
41.2
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.3
41.0
41.4
W ire drawing
41.0
40.3
41.0
40.0
40.4
40.7
41.0
41.0
42.2
42.1
42.3
42.6
42.7
43.4
43.8
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$2.07 $84.45
2.11 84.40
2.12 86.09
2.12 85.24
2.12 83.16
2.14 86.03
2.13 85. 22
2.14 82. 89
2.16 87. 53
2.17 89.60
2.18 87.31
2.19 86. 48
2.20 90.27
2. 21 91.12
2. 21 89.13
41.5
39.6
39.2
38.5
39.6
39.6
39.3
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.6
40.6
40.0
40.8
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.2
39.1
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.6
41.6
41.8
40.7
$1.80 $75.89
1.85 77.52
1. 84 75.01
1.84 75.79
1.85 77.93
1. 85 78.50
1. 86 79.30
1.86 79. 52
1.86 83.10
1.86 83.92
1.87 85.77
1.88 83.95
1.88 78. 36
1.89 81.95
1.89 74.68
c tu ra l steel and
Fabricated structural Stru
ornam ental metal
metal products 4
work
Total: Fabricated
metal products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$2.08 $77.15
2.11 77.33
2.11 76.92
2.11 75.60
2.10 76.95
2.14 77.74
2.12 78.53
2.12 79. 52
2.14 80.70
2.18 80.15
2.14 80.34
2.13 80.73
2.17 80.34
2.18 81.54
2.19 80. 54
41.7
40.7
40.7
40.0
40.5
40.7
40.9
41.2
41.6
41.1
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.6
41.3
41.7 $1.82 $73.57
40.8
1.90 74. 24
1.88 74. 59
39.9
1. 89 72.34
40.1
40.8
1.91 75.14
41. 1 1.91 75.20
1.92 76.92
41.3
41.2
1.93 75.79
42.4
1.96 76.78
42.6
1.97 75.06
1.99 76.02
43.1
42.4
1.98 76. 78
40.6
1.93 76.40
41.6
1.97 77.38
39.1
1.91 77.97
M etal doors, sash,
fram es,
m olding,
and trim
40.2
39.7
40.1
39.1
40.4
40.0
40.7
40.1
40.2
39.3
39.8
40.2
40.0
40.3
40.4
42.6
41.5 $1.89 $80.94
40.4 $1.79 $80.75
42.5 $1.90 $81. 27 43.0 $1.89 $78.44
39.0 $1.91 $72.32
40.4
1.94 79.35
40.9
1.92 78.38
1.84 79. 52 41.2
41.9
39.7
1.95 73.05
1.93 80.45
39.7
41.2
1.92 78. 74 40.8
42.8
1.91 79.10
40.1
1.94 73.38
1.83 80.26
41.8
1. 92 81.75
40.1
40.9
1.94 77.79
40.1
41.6
1. 91 79.35
39.7
1.91 70.62
1.82 79.13
41.0
1.93 79.46
38.8
40.4
1.94 78. 76 40.6
1.94 80.87
41.9
1.93 78.38
40.5
40.4
1.82 79. 73 41.1
1.96 73.53
40.8
41.3
1. 92 79. 79 40.5
1.97 79.15
39.2
1.94 79.30
1.95 74. 56 40.3
1.85 79. 35 40.9
40.2
41.4
1.93 80.19
40.5
1.98 78.39
40.4
40.8
1.95 79.90
1.97 75. 89 40.8
1.86 79.56
40.6
41.5
1.93 79. 79 40.3
1.98 79.17
40.9
1.99 73.63
1.85 79. 56 40.8
1.95 80.10
39.8
41.7
1.93 83.40
2.00 79. 77 40.7
40.5
1.87 80.15
41.1
1.95 79. 52 41.2
2.00 74.80
40.0
40.4
40.3
1.92 79.40
40.1
1.98 79.59
40.2
38.9
1.95 77.38
2.00 72.74
1.87 78. 59 40.3
39.9
40.3
40.0
1.93 79.39
1.97 78.20
40.1
1.95 77.20
40.0
2.00 73.84
1.86 78.20
39.7
40.1
40.4
41.1
1.93 81.38
1.98 78.20
1.95 77.97
40. 2 2. 01 74. 77 40.2
1.86 79.17
40.6
2. 00 79.98
40.6
1.94 82. 20
41.1
1.96 79.15
40.8
40.3
1.87 79.97
40.8
2.00 74.43
39.8
41.4
41.0
41.4
1.95 82. 80
2.00 81.18
2. 00 75.39
1.97 80. 54 41.3
40.7
40.1
1.88 81.56
41.0
42.2
41.9
1.97 83.80
2.00 81.59
40.3
2.02 75. 95 40.4
1.88 82. 96 41.9
1.98 83.13
M etal stam ping,
Fabricated wire
Stam ped and pressed
Vitreous enameled
Lighting fixtures
Sheet-metal work
coating, and en
ucts
metal products
products
graving 4
42.0
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.9
40.1
40.4
41.1
40.7
42.1
42.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.91 $78.81
1.94 80.57
1.94 79. 58
1.94 76.44
1.95 78.40
1.95 80. 78
1.95 82.98
1.95 85.02
1.97 85.43
1.95 85.87
1.96 85.87
1.97 86.07
1.97 84.44
1.99 86.50
1.99 81.60
41.7
40.9
40.6
39.2
40.0
40.8
41.7
42.3
42.5
42.3
42.3
42.4
41.8
42.4
40.8
$1.89 $59.06
1.97 61.18
1.96 59.01
1.95 56.13
1. 96 59. 73
1.98 61.24
1.99 63.18
2.01 63.34
2.01 63.43
2.03 64.31
2.03 62.95
2.03 64.88
2.02 61.18
2.04 61.85
2.00 61.76
38.6
38.0
36.2
35.3
37.1
37.8
39.0
39.1
39.4
39.7
39.1
40.3
38.0
38.9
38.6
$1.53 $81.90
1.61 83.02
1.63 82. 21
1.59 79.40
1.61 80. 60
1.62 83.84
1.62 85. 90
1.62 87. 98
1.61 88.18
1.62 89.45
1.61 89. 24
1.61 89. 45
1.61 87.78
1.59 89.88
1.60 83.64
42.0
41.1
40.9
39.5
40.1
41.1
41.9
42.5
42.6
42.8
42.7
42.8
42.2
42.8
40.8
$1.95 $72. 50
2.02 73.38
2.01 71.10
2.01 71.28
2.01 70. 71
2.04 72.32
2.05 76.48
2.07 79.68
2.07 80.51
2.09 78.96
2.09 78.53
2.09 76.95
2. 08 75.79
2.10 77.14
2.05 76.19
40.5
40.1
39.5
39.6
39.5
40.4
40.9
41.5
41.5
40.7
40.9
40.5
40.1
40.6
40.1
$1.85
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1. 92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1. 95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.95
$1.83
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.91
1. 91
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.93
Boiler-shop products
$75.64
77.42
77.79
75.83
79.38
76.44
79. 59
81.39
81.00
80.40
80.00
80.80
80.60
81.40
81.41
$80. 22
78.76
79.93
79.54
79.37
79.17
78.78
78.20
80.57
78.20
79.18
80.97
80.18
83.78
84.18
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Heating a p p a r a t u s
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies4
H ardw are
H andtools
$1.63 $74.70
1.66 73.26
1.66 72.13
1.64 70. 84
1.65 73.26
1. 66 73. 26
1.68 73.10
1.69 74.21
1.70 74. 59
1.69 75. 33
1.69 75.55
1.69 75. 95
1. 66 75.20
1.68 76. 36
1.70 76. 73
Welded and heavyriveted p ip e
$1.79 $72.62
1.83 73.53
1.80 72.80
1.80 72.94
1.79 73.12
1.79 72. 76
1.87 73.89
1.92 76.18
1.94 77.93
1.94 75.48
1.92 76.26
1.90 77. 61
1.89 78.81
1.90 77.64
1.90 75.36
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.6
41.4
41.9
40.8
41.0
41.5
41.7
41.3
40.3
$1.90
1.94
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.98
1.99
prod
$1.78
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.89
1.88
1.87
1074
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—C ontinued
Machinery (except
electrical)
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Year and month
Miscellaneous fabri M eta l sh ip p in g barrels,
cated metal products4 drum s, kegs, and p a ils
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average_____ $78. 51
1954: Average........... 75.70
June________ 74. 56
July________
73.28
August______ 74. 00
September.. . . 75. 70
October_____
77. 08
November___ 79.38
December___
80. 75
1955: January_____ 81. 22
February____ 81.98
M arch............ 82. 60
April_______
83. 42
M ay________ 83. 61
June________ 84.83
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
42.9
40.7
40.3
39.4
40.0
40.7
41.0
42.0
42.5
42.3
42. 7
42.8
43.0
43.1
43.5
$1.83 $82. 35
1.86 83.03
1.85 84. 84
1.86 77.99
1.85 85.08
1.86 83. 44
1.88 83. 64
1.89 83.22
1.90 84. 86
1.92 85. 90
1.92 86.53
1.93 86. 74
1.94 91.59
1.94 91.16
1.95 94.95
41.8
40.7
42.0
38.8
41.1
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.8
41.3
41.8
41.7
43.0
43.0
45.0
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.97 $83.13
2.04 78. 21
2.02 77.81
2. 01 76. 04
2. 07 74.48
2. 05 73.30
2.06 77. 01
2.06 85.49
2.08 85. 08
2.08 88. 41
2. 07 90. 95
2.08 89. 04
2.13 90.31
2.12 90.53
2.11 93.31
Steam engines, tu r
Engines and turbines4 bines,
and water wheels
1953: Average......... $85. 28
1954: Average_____ 86. 05
June________ 83.81
July------------- 85.44
August............ 84. 77
September___ 85. 84
October........... 85.97
November___ 86. 86
December___
90.03
1955: Jan u ary ......... 88. 99
February____ 89. 42
M arch______ 88.13
April............... 87.29
M ay________ 91.54
June________ 91.32
41.2
40.4
40.1
40.3
39.8
40.3
39.8
40.4
41.3
41.2
41.4
40.8
40.6
41.8
41.7
$2. 07 $93. 66
2.13 94. 94
2.09 86.14
2.12 92.34
2.13 95.17
2.13 93. 94
2.16 97.34
2.15 100. 67
2.18 97. 75
2.16 94. 71
2.16 90.78
2.16 89. 55
2.15 87.32
2.19 90. 79
2.19 92.43
Construction and
mining machinery 4
1953: Average.......... $79. 42
1954: Average____
79.17
June.... ........... 79.95
July________
78.00
August______ 78. 59
September___ 77.62
O ctober____
78.01
November___ 79.00
December___
80.78
1955: January_____ 80.39
February____ 81.79
March______
83. 82
A p ril.......... .
85.45
M ay________ 86.46
June.... ........ .
87. 72
41.8
40.6
41.0
40.0
40.3
39.6
39.8
40.1
40.8
40.6
41.1
41.7
42.3
42.8
43.0
M achine-tool
accessories
1953: Average_____
1954: Average
June________
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February____
M arch______
April....... ........
M a y ..............
June________
$100.93
98.72
99.36
99. 59
100.02
98.18
98.60
97.29
97. 55
96.28
95.85
97.16
100. 74
104.62
106.91
46.3
43.3
43.2
43.3
43.3
42.5
42.5
42.3
42.6
42.6
42.6
42.8
43.8
44.9
45.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.0
41.1
38.8
40.5
41.2
41.2
40.9
41.6
40.9
40.3
39.3
38.6
37.8
38.8
39.5
$1.90 $78.85
1.95 77. 99
1.95 78.98
1.95 77. 21
1.95 76.82
1.96 77.42
1.96 77.22
1.97 78.01
1.98 79. 98
1.98 80.39
1.99 81.59
2.01 84.02
2.02 85.65
2.02 86.48
2.04 88.15
41.5
40.2
40.5
39.8
39.6
39.7
39.6
39.8
40.6
40.6
41.0
41.8
42.4
42.6
43.0
$2.18 $81.32
2.28 79.54
2.30 78. 55
2.30 77.78
2.31 77. 59
2.31 78.98
2.32 79.37
2.30 79.95
2.29 80.93
2.26 80.16
2.25 80.56
2.27 82.35
2.30 81.54
2.33 82.74
2.36 83.36
42.8
41.0
40.7
40.3
40.2
40.5
40.7
41.0
41.5
40.9
41.1
41.8
41.6
42.0
42.1
$1.97 $79.18
1.99 76.17
1.99 73.68
1.97 73.14
1.96 74. 26
1.96 77. 52
1.99 78. 91
2. 06 80.87
2. 07 83. 42
2.10 85. 50
2.12 85.10
2.11 86. 33
2.13 87.12
2.13 86.13
2.16 87.36
41.0
40.2
40.6
40.3
39.2
39.9
39.4
39.9
41.4
41.5
42.2
41.6
41.5
42.8
42.4
$2. 01 $77. 21
2. 05 78. 21
2.05 78. 21
2.06 77. 03
2. 05 77. 42
2.07 78. 80
2. 07 76.81
2. 04 78. 40
2.10 80. 40
2. 09 82. 01
2.11 82.82
2.10 84.05
2.10 83.44
2.15 83.44
2.15 83.03
O ilfield m achinery
and tools
$1.90 $80.98
1.94 82.17
1.95 82.52
1.94 78.99
1.94 82.96
1.95 78.01
1.95 79.79
1.96 81.40
1.97 81.79
1.98 80.19
1.99 82.60
2.01 83.00
2.02 84.42
2.03 86.63
2.05 86. 66
Special-industry ma
chinery
(except
metalworking ma
chinery)4
42.2
39.3
39.1
38.6
38.0
37.4
38.7
41.5
41.1
42.1
42.9
42.2
42.4
42.5
43.2
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
42.8
40.3
39.4
38.7
39.5
40.8
41.1
41.9
43.0
43.4
43.2
43.6
44.0
43.5
43.9
Screw -m achine
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.85 $81. 07
1.89 75.26
1.87 73. 93
1.89 71.92
1.88 72.62
1.90 75. 26
1.92 76. 45
1.93 79.10
1.94 80. 22
1.97 78. 35
1.97 81.08
1.98 81.27
1.98 81.51
1.98 82.46
1.99 82.84
D iesel and other inter
n a l combustion en Agricultural machin
gines, not elsewhere
ery and tractors4
classified
$2.23 $82. 41
2.31 82. 41
2. 22 83. 23
2.28 83.02
2.31 80. 36
2.28 82. 59
2.38 81.56
2.42 81.40
2.39 86. 94
2.35 86.74
2.31 89.04
2. 32 87.36
2.31 87.15
2.34 92.02
2.34 91.16
C o n s t r u c t io n a n d
m in in g m achinery,
except for o ilfields
B o lts, nu ts, washers,
and rivets
Steel springs
42.4
41.5
42.1
40.3
41.9
39.4
40.3
40.7
41.1
40.5
41.3
41.5
42.0
43.1
42.9
$1.90 $81.56
1.94 81.36
1.93 79.97
1.93 79.18
1.93 79. 58
1.95 80.18
1.95 79.59
1.95 79.99
1.95 81.79
1.96 80.79
1.96 81.80
1.97 83. 22
1.96 83.63
1.97 83.63
1.98 84.45
42.7
41.3
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.7
40.4
40.4
41.1
40.6
40.9
41.2
41.4
41.4
41.6
45.8
42.6
42.3
42.1
42.3
41.8
41.7
41.5
41.9
42.0
42.1
42.3
43.1
44.0
44.6
$1.91 $71.93
1.97 70.22
1.96 69.65
1.96 67.16
1.96 68.60
1.97 68.64
1.97 70.18
1.98 71.63
1.99 72.86
1.99 72.39
2.00 73.28
2.02 74. 40
2.02 73.63
2.02 73.87
2.03 74.64
41.1
39.9
39.8
38.6
39.2
39.0
40.1
40.7
41.4
40.9
41.4
41.8
41.6
41.5
41.7
$1.83 $82.91
1.84 81.61
1.83 81.00
1.83 80. 60
1.82 80.80
1. 84 81.81
1.86 81.61
1.87 82. 01
1.87 83. 44
1.87 82. 82
1.89 83. 64
1.89 84. 87
1.90 85.70
1.90 87.15
1.90 87.57
39.6
39.4
39.0
39.0
39.2
39.8
38.6
39.6
40.4
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.0
41.0
41.2
46.3
42.6
41.8
41.0
41.4
41.6
41.7
41.1
41.8
41.8
42.0
42.4
43.1
44.0
44.9
$2.00 $75. 20
2. 05 76. 03
2. 02 77. 97
2. 02 75.45
2. 05 74. 67
2.07 75. 46
2.06 73.73
2.07 74. 69
2.08 77. 02
2.10 77. 42
2.11 79.19
2.11 81.19
2.11 80.60
2.12 80.19
2.11 79.39
44.3
43.2
43.6
42.7
42.0
42.7
42.1
42.7
43.7
42.5
43.1
43.6
43.9
44.3
45.2
$1.96
2.01
2.00
2. 01
2. 01
2.03
2. 03
2. 03
2. 04
2.03
2. 04
2. 05
2.06
2.07
2.08
40.0
39.6
40.4
39.5
39.3
39.1
38.6
38.9
39.7
39.7
40.2
40.8
40.5
40.5
40.3
$1.88
1.92
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.93
1.91
1.92
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.99
1.99
1.98
1.97
M etalw orking m achin
ery (except machine
tools)
$2.05 $89. 52
2.09 85. 08
2.09 84.87
2.08 86.10
2.08 85.70
2.10 84. 45
2.11 83. 41
2.10 83. 21
2.11 85. 06
2.10 85.28
2.11 85.69
2.13 86. 32
2.13 87. 99
2.16 88.20
2.18 91.38
P a per-ind ustries
m achinery
$1.75 $82.84
1.76 82.94
1.75 83.28
1.74 81.98
1.75 81.06
1.76 83.27
1.75 82.10
1.76 83.27
1.76 86.53
1.77 83.30
1.77 84. 91
1. 78 85.89
1.77 87.36
1.78 88.16
1.79 89.95
42.3
40.6
40.5
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.9
40.8
41. 0
41.4
41.6
42.1
42.1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
A g ric u ltu ra l m achinery
{except tractors)
M achine tools
$2.11 $94.92
2.18 89. 03
2.19 87.36
2.19 85.28
2.19 86.11
2.20 87.36
2.21 87.99
2.19 86.31
2.19 88.20
2.17 87.78
2.18 88. 62
2.19 90.31
2.21 91.80
2.24 95.04
2. 27 97.88
Textile m achinery
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Tractors
$1.94 $79. 20
1.98 80. 77
1.97 78.78
1.96 78. 78
1.97 80. 36
2.00 82.39
1.99 79. 52
2.00 81.97
2.01 84.03
2.03 86.31
2.04 86. 51
2.05 87.14
2.05 86.51
2.05 86.92
2.04 86.93
Metalworking m a
chinery 4
$1.91 $96. 64
1.98 92. 87
1.96 92.64
1.96 92.20
1.98 92.64
1.98 91.96
1.98 92.16
2.00 90.89
1.99 91.76
1.98 91.14
2.00 91.78
2.00 92. 64
2.01 95. 25
2.01 98.56
2.02 101. 24
Food-products
m achinery
39.8
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.3
39.4
38.6
39.2
40.0
40.4
40.6
41.0
40.7
40.7
40.7
44.3
40.9
40.4
39.3
39.9
40.9
41.1
42.3
42.9
41.9
42.9
43.0
42.9
43.4
43.6
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
44.1
41.1
41.0
41.0
41.2
40.6
40.1
40.2
40.7
41.0
41.0
41.3
41.7
41.8
42.5
$2.03
2.07
2.07
2.10
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.11
2.11
2.15
**3
Printing-tradesm achinery and equipm ent
$1.87 $94. 59
1.92 89.01
1.91 87. 53
1.92 90.73
1.93 85.86
1.95 87. 72
1.95 88.32
1.95 88. 56
1.98 88.34
1.96 87. 67
1.97 90.03
1.97 91. 96
1.99 91.32
1.99 91.98
1.99 92.62
44.2
41.4
40.9
42.2
40.5
40.8
40.7
41.0
40.9
40.4
41.3
41.8
41.7
42.0
42.1
$2.14
2.15
2.14
2.15
2.12
2.15
2.17
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.20
2.19
2.19
2.20
1075
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month
General industrial
machinery 4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn horns
ings
1953: Average. .. .. $83. 42
1954: Average_____ 80.19
June . . ____
80.19
July................. 79.40
August______ 80.20
September___ 80.80
October.
81.20
November _ 80. 00
D ecem ber___ 81.41
1955: January.. ___ 81.20
February____ 81.61
March______
82. 82
April_______
84.25
M ay________ 86.10
Jnne________ 86. 93
43.0
40.5
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.5
40.4
40.6
41.0
41.3
42.0
42.2
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.94 $81.98
1.98 78. 99
1.98 77. 60
1.98 77.81
1.99 79. 00
2.00 80.19
2. 01 80.39
2. 00 78.40
2.01 79.98
2.01 79. 79
2.01 80.99
2.02 80.16
2.04 83.01
2.05 85. 67
2.06 85.46
M e c h a n ic a l stokers
and indu strial f u r
naces and ovens
1953: A v erag e..___ $81.02
1954: Average_____ 81.00
June________ 80.00
July— ......... . 78. 61
August............ 79.00
September___ 82.01
October_____ 81.41
November . . 80. 20
December___
81.00
1955: January_____ 80.20
February____ 84. 04
March______
84.05
April_______
83.23
M ay................ 83.23
June________ 84. 87
42.2
40.5
39.8
39.5
39.7
40.8
40.3
39.9
40.3
40.1
41.4
41.2
40.8
41.0
41.2
P u m p s , air and gas
compressors
$80.28
42.7
1953: Average___
41.1
79.32
1954: Average___
41.1
June_____
79.32
J u ly ..........
78. 55
40.7
78. 55 40.7
August.......
79.38
40.5
September.
October___
79. 54
41.0
41.0
November.
79.95
December..
81.95
41.6
1955: January___
82. 35
41.8
82. 96
41.9
February...
M arch____
84.15
42.5
42.1
April.
83.78
83. 78 42.1
M ay.
June..
83.00
41.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.92 $84.44
1.96 81.40
1.94 82.61
1.95 85.04
1.97 80.60
1.98 80.80
1.98 81.20
1.96 78.38
1.97 81.81
1. 97 80. 57
1.99 80.98
1.96 82.61
2.01 82.80
2.03 85. 28
2.03 87. 99
40.3
39.8
39.6
39.7
39.7
40.0
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.1
39.6
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.6
39.9
39.8
40.1
39.5
39.5
39.6
40.2
40.5
40.5
39.8
39.7
39.8
39.6
39.9
40.1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.95 $76. 50
2.00 74. 59
2.01 74.93
2.02 73.68
2.01 74. 77
2. 02 75.62
2.03 76. 40
2.02 75. 22
2.03 75. 43
2.05 74. 64
2.05 75.81
2.06 75. 60
2.07 77.33
2.08 77. 33
2.10 78. 36
40.2
39.8
39.3
40.0
40.0
39.8
39.6
40.2
40.2
40.3
39.7
39.9
39.5
39.6
39.7
42.5
40.1
40.5
39.4
40.2
39.8
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.7
39.9
40.0
40.7
40.7
40.6
40.9
39.3
38.9
38.3
38.6
39.3
39.7
39.4
40.2
39.9
40.8
40.8
41.2
42.3
41.1
In d u stria l trucks,
tractors, etc.
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.80 $83. 50
1.86 77. 42
1.85 78.78
1.87 75. 65
1.86 77.82
1.90 78.41
1.91 81.41
1.89 78. 61
1.90 79. 40
1.88 80.60
1.90 80.60
1.89 84.46
1.90 84.04
1. 90 85.67
1.93 86. 50
42.6
39.5
40.4
38.4
39.5
39.4
40.5
39.5
39.9
40.3
40.1
41.4
41.4
42. 2
42.4
40.3
39.8
39.8
39.6
39.8
40.8
40.6
40.9
40.7
39.9
39.5
39.9
39.8
39.8
39.7
$1.76 $79.15
1.84 77.82
1.85 75.85
1.84 75. 27
1.84 76.44
1.85 78.80
1.84 79.80
1.88 78.80
1.88 80.00
1.89 79. 20
1.88 81.61
1.88 82. 42
1.88 82. 62
1.87 84.85
1.88 82.62
Miscellaneous
machinery parts 4
$1.95 $78. 85
1.98 78.00
1.95 77. 79
1. 95 76.05
1.96 77. 03
1.99 78. 80
2.00 78. 61
2.00 79. 99
2.00 80. 99
2.01 81. 59
2.04 82. 40
2.04 83.82
2.04 84.02
2. 06 85.04
2. 03 84.85
41.5
40.0
40.1
39.2
39.5
39.8
39.7
40.4
40.7
41.0
41.2
41.7
41.8
42.1
41.8
40.8
39.5
39.1
38.8
39.2
39.8
40.1
39.6
40.2
39.8
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.8
40.9
$1.96 $85.93
1.96 81.00
1.95 80.00
1.97 78.80
1.97 79.80
1.99 80.80
2.01 82. 62
1.99 83. 03
1.99 83.44
2.00 83.85
2.01 84. 05
2. 04 85.28
2.03 87.15
2.03 89.65
2.04 90. 92
41.0
39.9
40.1
38.6
38.8
40.1
39.1
40.4
40.3
40.2
40.1
40.5
40.4
40.6
40.9
43.4
40.5
40.2
39.6
40.1
40.2
40.7
40.7
40.9
40.9
41.2
41.6
42.1
43.1
43.5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.98
2.00
1.99
1.99
1.99
2.01
2.03
2.04
2.04
2.05
2.04
2.05
2.07
2. 08
2. 09
Dom estic laundry
equipment
$1.94 $78. 57
1.97 79.80
1.94 75. 27
1.94 79.79
1.95 81.20
1.98 85.90
1.99 87.35
1.99 84.26
1.99 81.81
1.99 80.00
2.01 81.61
2. 02 84. 87
2.02 82.62
2. 03 82.62
2.02 83.23
Fabricated p ipe,
fittings, and valves
$1.90 $77.90
1.95 78.60
1.94 78.20
1.94 75. 27
1.95 76. 44
1.98 80. 20
1.98 78. 20
1.98 81.20
1. 99 80. 60
1.99 80.00
2.00 80.20
2.01 81.00
2.01 80.80
2. 02 81.61
2. 03 82.62
M echanical powertransm ission equip
ment
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Service-industry and
household machines4
$2.07 $70.93
2.14 73.23
2.14 73. 63
2.17 72.86
2.16 73.23
2.16 75.48
2.17 74.70
2.18 76.89
2.18 76. 52
2.18 75.41
2.17 74.26
2.17 75. 01
2.17 74.82
2.18 74. 43
2.18 74. 64
Refrigerators and
air-conditioning units
$1.93 $79. 76
2.00 77. 81
1. 99 75. 86
1.98 74.69
1. 97 75. 66
2.00 78. 21
2.00 79. 40
2.01 78.80
2. 02 80. 40
2.01 80.20
2.03 83. 23
2.03 83.23
2.04 84.05
2.05 87.14
2.05 83.43
40.5
39.9
38.6
40.5
40.4
41.7
42.2
41.1
40.5
39.8
40.4
41.4
40.7
40.9
40.6
$1.94
2.00
1.95
1.97
2.01
2.06
2.07
2.05
2.02
2.01
2.02
2.05
2.03
2. 02
2.05
B a ll and roller
bearings
$1.90 $77. 71
1.97 76.25
1.95 75.46
1. 95 74.69
1.97 75.46
2.00 75. 66
2.00 77.42
2. 01 78. 61
2.00 80. 60
1.99 83.01
2.00 85.04
2.00 86. 70
2.00 89. IS
2.01 91.70
2.02 89. 40
40.9
39.1
39.1
38.5
39.1
38.6
39.1
39.7
40.5
41.3
42.1
42.5
43.5
44.3
43.4
$1.90
1. 95
1.93
1.94
1.93
1.96
1.98
1. 98
1.99
2.01
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.07
2.06
Electrical machinery
Total: Electrical
machinery
$1.88 $71.81
1.93 72. 44
1.93 72.07
1.93 71.53
1.93 72.04
1.96 72. 98
1.94 74. 34
1.95 74.89
1. 97 74.52
1.97 74.56
1. 98 74. 74
1.98 75.33
1.99 75. 52
1. 99 76.30
2.00 75.33
43.3
40.7
41.1
42.1
40.1
40.0
40.0
38.8
40.3
39.3
39.5
40.1
40.0
41.0
41.9
Blow ers, exhaust and
ventilating fans
C om puting machines
and cash registers
$1.92 $83.21
1.99 85.17
1.98 84.10
2.00 86.80
2.00 86. 40
2.00 85.97
2. 00 85.93
2. 02 87.64
2.01 87.64
2.02 87.85
2.01 86.15
2.02 86. 58
2.01 85.72
2. 02 86. 33
2.03 86.55
sew in g macmnes
1953: Average_____ $76. 38
42.2 $1.81 $77.01
1954: Average_____
74. 74
40.4
1.85 79.60
June_____ .. 74. 56
40.3
1.85 79.80
39.4
July________
72.10
1.83 78. 21
40.2
A ugust.._____ 75.17
1.87 77.82
1.84 79.20
September___ 73. 42 39.9
74. 59 40.1
October_____
1.86 80. 40
November___ 74.15
40.3
1. 84 81. 41
74.93
40.5
1.85 81.81
December___
1955: January_____
1.84 80. 00
72. 50 39.4
February____ 74. 37 40.2
1. 85 80. 59
77.19
March______
41.5
1.86 80. 79
A p ril_______ 77.27
41.1
1.88 80.78
M ay................ 78.58
41.8
1.88 81.80
June................ 77.64
41.3
1.88 82. 21
Machinery (except
electrical)—Con.
M achine shops (Job
and repair)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Office and store machines and devices 4
$1.92 $77.38
2. 00 79. 20
2.01 78.41
1.99 79.40
1.99 79. 40
2.01 80.00
2.02 79.80
2.01 81.20
2.01 80. 60
2.00 81.00
2.03 79. 60
2.04 80. 80
2.04 80.00
2.03 80. 19
2. 06 80.39
Com m ercial la u n d ry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing machines
42.7
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.6
40.0
40.6
40.5
40.7
40.9
41.3
42.2
42.1
Conveyors and conveying equipment
40.8
39.8
39.6
39.3
39.8
40.1
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.5
Electrical generating,
transmission, distri
bution, and indus
trial apparatus 4
$1. 76 $77. 83
1.82 77. 59
1.82 76.61
1.82 76.42
1. 81 77. 78
1.82 78. 76
1.84 78. 76
1. 84 79.15
1.84 79.56
1.85 78. 38
1. 85 79.17
1.86 79.56
1.86 79.76
1. 87 80.75
1. 86 80.75
41.4
40.2
39.9
39.8
40.3
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.8
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.9
41.2
41.2
W irin g devices and
su p p lies
$1.88 $68. 54
1.93 67. 72
1.92 66. 47
1.92 65. 79
1.93 67.60
1.94 68. 85
1.94 69.89
1.94 70.58
1.95 71.17
1.94 69.03
1. 95 69.08
1.95 69. 95
1.95 69.83
1.96 70. IS
1.96 70.93
40.8
39.6
39.1
38.7
39.3
39.8
40.4
40.8
40.9
39.9
39.7
40.2
39.9
40.1
40.3
Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)
$1. 68 $77. 83
1. 71 74. 80
1.70 74.07
1. 70 73. 49
1. 72 74.80
1. 73 74.80
1. 73 74.96
1. 73 74.34
1.74 76.07
1.73 76. 67
1.74 76.73
1.74 77. 30
1.75 77. 52
1. 75 78.12
1.76 76. 97
41.4
40.0
39.4
39.3
40.0
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.9
40.8
40.9
40.3
E lectrica l indicating,
m easuring, and re
cording instrum ents
$1.88 $73. 57
1. 87 72. 80
1.88 72.98
1.87 72. 58
1.87 73.16
1.87 74. 52
1.86 74.89
1.84 74.15
1.86 71.89
1. 87 72.62
1.89 73.05
1.89 74.00
1.90 73.42
1.91 74.89
1.91 73.93
41.1
40. 0
40.1
40.1
40.2
40. 5
40. 7
40. 3
39. 5
39.9
39.7
40.0
39.9
40. 7
40. 4
$1.79
1.82
1.82
1. 81
1.82
1.84
1.84
1. 84
1. 82
1.82
1.84
1. 85
1.84
1. 84
1.83
1076
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
M anufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month
M otors, generators, ana Pow er and distribution Switchgear, switchboard,
motor-generator sets
transformers
and in d u stria l controls
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average_____ $84.03
1954: Average_____ 82. 82
June...... ........ . 80. 99
July------------- 81.80
A ugust.......... 83. 64
September___ 85.08
October_____ 84.87
November___ 84.05
December___ 83. 84
1955: January_____ 84. 25
February____ 84.87
M arch______
84. 67
April_______
84.46
M ay_______
85.70
June________ 84. 05
41.6
40.4
39.7
40.1
40.6
41.1
41.0
40.8
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.3
41.2
41.6
41.0
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.02 $76.33
2.05 78.59
2.04 78.59
2. 04 77.02
2.06 78. 98
2.07 76.14
2.07 79.76
2.06 80. 77
2.07 84.58
2.07 81.95
2.06 82. 59
2.05 82.17
2.05 84.40
2.06 84.20
2.05 86. 63
Electi-ic equi Dînent
for vehid es
1953: Average_____ $76. 70
1954: Average_____ 75. 84
June________ 75. 26
July________
73. 54
August........... 74.10
September___ 74. 50
October_____ 81.18
November___ 79. 59
December___
79.38
1955: January_____ 80.78
February____ 84.82
March______ 84.80
April_______
82. 78
M ay________ 86. 05
June________ 77. 42
40.8
39.5
39.2
38.3
39.0
38.8
41.0
40.4
40.5
40.8
42.2
42.4
41.6
42.6
39.5
40.6
40.3
40.3
39.7
40.5
40.5
40.9
41.0
42.5
41.6
41.5
41.5
42.2
42.1
43.1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$ 1 . 88
1.95
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.88
1.95
1.97
1.99
1.97
1.99
1.98
2.00
2.00
2. 01
Electric lamps
$1.88 $65.21
1.92 64.91
1.92 63. 69
1.92 60. 42
1.90 63. 69
1.92 65.63
1.98 67. 77
1.97 68.51
1.96 68. 51
1.98 68.17
2.01 68. 91
2.00 69. 60
1. 99 69.60
2. 02 69.66
1.96 69.08
40.5
39.1
38.6
36.4
38.6
39.3
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.4
$75.84
75.95
75.36
75.39
75. 98
76. 76
76. 78
79.32
79.13
76.40
76.99
77. 38
77. 97
79.35
80. 56
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.9
40.4
40.3
40.1
40.2
40.4
40.2
41.1
41.0
40.0
40.1
40.3
40.4
40.9
41. 1
$1.81 $85.20
1.88 83.21
1.87 83. 42
1.88 83.23
1.89 86. 48
1.90 87.55
1.91 83. 64
1.93 S3. 64
1.93 84.84
1.91 83.02
1.92 84. 66
1.92 86.72
1.93 89.22
1.94 93.68
1.96 96.39
Communication
equipm ent4
$1.61 $66. 66
1.66 68.68
1.65 68. 51
1.66 67. 64
1.65 69. 03
1.67 69. 55
1.69 70.88
1.70 71.23
1.70 70. 53
1.70 70. 53
1.71 70.40
1.71 70.80
1.71 70.98
1. 72 70.98
1.71 71.38
E le ctrica l welding
apparatus
40.4
39.7
39.6
39.1
39.9
40.2
40.5
40.7
40.3
40.3
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.1
40.1
42.6
41.4
41.5
40.8
42.6
42.5
41.0
41.2
42.0
41.1
41.5
42.3
43.1
44. 4
45.9
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.00 $76.92
2.01 75.84
2.01 74.68
2. 04 75. 46
2.03 75.46
2.06 76.43
2. 04 73. 73
2.03 79.17
2.02 78.38
2.02 77. 81
2.04 77. 01
2.05 79.15
2.07 79.54
2.11 79. 35
2.10 79.17
R a d io s , p h o n o g r a p h s ,
te le v is io n s e ts , a n d
e q u ip m e n t
$1.65 $64. 64
1.73 67. 49
1.73 67.32
1.73 67. 20
1.73 67.66
1.73 68. 34
1.75 69.32
1.75 69. 26
1.75 69.32
1.75 69. 32
1. 76 68.11
1.77 68.68
1.77 68.68
1.77 68. 85
1.78 68.68
39.9
39.7
39.6
39.3
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.5
40.3
40.3
39.6
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.7
Electrical appliances
Electrical machinery—Continued
Miscellaneous elec
trical products 4
1953: Average_____ $67. 94
1954: Average— ___ 68. 95
June________ 69. 52
July________ 68. 43
August............ 67. 25
September___ 67.82
October ____
69. 48
November___ 70. 98
December___ 70.53
1955: January........... 70.17
February........ 72. 58
M arch______ 71.06
April_______
73.12
May _______ 73.12
June________ 72.54
40.2
39.4
39.5
39.1
39.1
39.2
39.7
40.1
39.4
39.2
40.1
39.7
40.4
40.4
40.3
$1. 69 $76. 67
1.75 76. 82
1.76 79.00
1.75 76.24
1.72 75.06
1.73 75. 66
1.75 78.60
1.77 81.80
1. 79 77. 62
1. 79 76. 64
1. 81 81.80
1.79 78. 80
1.81 80.80
1.81 83.22
1.80 82.40
M o t o r v e h i c le s , b o d i e s ,
p a r t s , a n d a c c e s s o r ie s
1953: Average-------1954: Average—.......
June................
July............... .
August______
September___
October...........
November___
December__
1955: January....... .
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
$88. 78
89.95
85.85
86.07
88. 58
89. 95
91.35
97.18
100.11
97.63
99. 65
101. 23
98.31
101.68
89.20
41.1
40.7
39.2
39.3
39.9
39.8
40.6
43.0
44.1
43.2
43.9
4 4 .4
43.5
44.4
40.0
S ee f o o tn o te s a t e n d of ta b le .
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
S to r a g e b a tte r ie s
0
41.0 $1.87 $59. 20
39.6
1.94 59.04
40.1
1.97 59.19
39.3
1.94 58. 35
39.3
1.91 57.90
39.0
1.94 58. 26
39.9
1.97 58. 35
40.9
2. 00 58. 20
39.4
1.97 59.13
39. 1 1.96 59. 74
40.9
2. 00 60. 83
39.6
1.99 60.28
40.4
2.00 62. 22
41.2
2.02 61.60
41.2
2. 00 60.37
T r u c k a n d b u s b o d ie s
$2.16 $74. 26
2. 21 75.98
2.19 77.71
2.19 74.10
2.22 78. 09
2. 26 76. 22
2.25 75.83
2.26 76.80
2. 27 78.38
2. 26 76. 82
2. 27 80.93
2. 28 91.43
2.26 85.70
2.29 85. 37
2. 23 86.23
P r im a r y b a tte r ie s
d r y a n d w e t)
40.8
40.2
40.9
39.0
41.1
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.4
39.6
41.5
44.6
43.5
42.9
42.9
$1.82
1. 89
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.91
1. 92
1.94
1.94
1. 95
2.05
1.97
1.99
2.01
$73.60
76.19
78. 72
74. 29
73. 70
74.50
79.90
82. 32
82. 68
78. 38
80. 77
84.15
83.50
84. 55
86. 25
40.0
40.1
41.0
39.1
39.2
38.6
41.4
42.0
42.4
40.4
41.0
42.5
42.6
42.7
42.7
40.7
39.5
39.1
39.3
39.3
39.6
38.2
40.6
40.4
39.9
39.9
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.6
$1.89 $72. 24
1.92 70. 47
1.91 69. 77
1.92 70.30
1.92 69. 95
1.93 73.39
1.93 72. 39
1.95 74.82
1.94 73. 69
1.95 73 34
1.93 73.93
1.94 73.57
1.94 74.64
1.94 75.24
1.95 76.08
40.7
39.4
39.3
38.5
39.8
39.5
40.6
40.9
39.6
39.3
40.0
39.6
39.9
39.2
38.9
42.0
40.5
40.1
40.4
40.2
41.7
40.9
41.8
41.4
41.2
41.3
41.1
41.7
41.8
41.8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.72
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.76
1.77
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.82
T e le p h o n e , te le g r a p h ,
a n d r e la te d e q u ip m e n t
$1.53 $82. 49
1.61 80. 40
1.61 79.40
1.61 78. 21
1.61 80. 60
1.62 81.60
1.65 83.43
1.65 84. 66
1.64 83.64
1.63 85. 90
1.64 86. 53
1.63 86. 53
1.63 87.15
1.64 88. 41
1.66 90.30
42.3
40.4
39.9
39.5
40.3
40.8
41.1
41.5
41.2
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.9
42.3
43.0
$1.95
1.99
1.99
1.98
2.00
2.00
2.03
2.04
2.03
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
Transportation equipment
X - r a y a n d n o n -ra d io
e le c tr o n ic tu b e s
40.0 $1.48 $72. 36
39.1
1.51 78.18
39.2
1.51 76.62
38.9
1.50 79. 79
38.6
1.50 77.60
39. 1 1. 49 78.41
38.9
1.50 79.00
38.8
1.50 78.98
38.9
1. 52 81.16
39.3
1. 52 77.03
39.5
1.54 78. 60
39.4
1. 53 77.81
40.4
1.54 79.40
40.0
1.54 78.41
39.2
1. 54 81.00
T r a ile r s (tr u c k a n d
a u to m o b ile )
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
R a d io tu b e s
$1.62 $62.27
1.70 63. 43
1.70 63. 27
1.71 61.99
1.70 64.08
1.70 63. 99
1.72 66. 99
1.71 67. 49
1.72 64. 94
1.72 64.06
1.72 65.60
1. 73 64. 55
1.73 65.04
1.73 64.29
1.73 64. 57
Insulated wire and
cable
40.2
40.3
39.7
40.3
40.0
39.8
40.1
40.5
41.2
39.3
40.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.5
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
$1.80 $85. 28
1.94 86. 67
1.93 84.59
1.98 84. 38
1.94 85. 63
1. 97 86.40
1. 97 87. 26
1.95 91.12
1.97 93. 08
1.96 92. 62
1. 96 93. 28
1.96 94.37
1.99 92. 62
1.97 94.79
2.00 88.07
Aircraft and parts 4
$1.84 $83. 80
1.90 85. 07
1.92 84. 86
1. 90 84. 66
1.88 85. 27
1. 93 85. 68
1.93 85. 47
1.96 87. 34
1.95 87. 77
1.94 88.81
1. 97 87. 95
1.98 88. 38
1.96 87.10
1.98 88.15
2.02 87.94
41.9
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.8
40.8
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.5
41.1
41.3
40.7
41.0
40.9
$2. 00
2. 08
2.08
2. 08
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.14
2.15
2.15
41.2
40.5
39.9
39.8
40.2
40.0
40.4
41.8
42.5
42.1
42.4
42.7
42.1
42.7
40.4
A ir c r a ft
$82.19
85. 07
84. 86
84. 86
85. 07
85. 89
85. 47
87. 77
87. 56
89. 44
88. 80
89. 23
87.72
88. 56
87. 94
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.7
41.4
41.3
41. 6
41.3
41.5
40.8
41.0
40.9
$2. 07
2.14
2.12
2.12
2.13
2.16
2.16
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.20
2. 21
2.20
2.22
2.18
Automobiles 4
$87.95
89. 32
85.28
85.06
88.00
89.15
90.54
96. 53
99. 44
96. 75
98.99
100. 56
97.88
101.00
89.02
41.1
40.6
39.3
39.2
40.0
39.8
40.6
42.9
44.0
43.0
43.8
44.3
43.5
44.3
40.1
$2.14
2.20
2.17
2.17
2.20
2.24
2.23
2.25
2.26
2.25
2. 26
2.27
2.25
2.28
2.22
A ir c r a f t e n g in e s a n d
p a r ts
$1.99 $87. 29
2.08 85.06
2.08 84. 65
2.08 86. 51
2. 08 86.10
2.10 84.63
2.10 84. 63
2.12 85. 46
2.12 87.34
2.15 87. 54
2.15 86. 69
2.15 87. 74
2.15 85.65
2.16 87.10
2.15 86.27
43.0
40.7
40.5
41.0
41.0
40.3
40.3
40.5
41.2
41.1
40.7
41.0
40.4
40.7
40.5
$2. 03
2. 09
2.09
2.11
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.14
2.12
2.14
2.13
1077
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment--Continued
Year and month
A irc ra ft propellers
and parts
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average_____ $85.90
1954: Average_____ 82.35
80. 26
June_______
July___ _____ 79. 87
August______ 82. 53
September___ 83.35
83.37
October. ___
N o v em b er__ 84.21
December. . . . 84.21
1955: January____
83.60
February ___ 84.38
M arch______ 84. 77
April_______
84. 99
M ay________ 84.38
June________ 87. 91
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Ship and boat building and repairing *
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrlv. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.9 $2. 05 $85.17
42.8 $1.99 $79. 37
39.4
2.09 85. 70 41.2
2. 08 80.70
2. 06 80. 55
41.2
38. 4 2.09 84.87
38.4
2. 08 83.84
40.5 •2. 07 80.11
2.09 81.12
39.3
2.10 84. 85 40.6
39.5
2.11 86.10
41.0
2.10 78.83
2.12 81.02
41.2
39.7
2.10 87. 34
41.5
2.12 80. 22
40.1
2.10 87. 98
2.14 83.10
40.1
2.10 90. 09 42.1
41.5
2.13 82.74
2.09 88.40
40.0
2.12 86. 71 40.9
2.12 82.95
39.8
40.9
2.12 82.76
2.13 86. 71
39.8
2.12 83.16
39.9
2.13 85.86
40.5
2.12 87. 76 41.2
2.13 83.39
39.8
2.16 89.86
41.6
2.16 82.97
40.7
Transportation equipment—Continued
Locom otives and parts
1953: Average_____ $82. 00
1954: Average_____ 84.16
85.22
June ______
July____ ____ 84.38
86.
43
A u g u s t..___
September___ 78. 81
83.
71
October_____
November___ 86. 40
89.38
December___
1955: January_____ 88. 51
February____ 88.26
M arch______
86. 71
A pril... ____
90.20
M ay ___
96. 30
June________ 96.53
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
40.0
39.7
40.2
39.8
40.2
37.0
39.3
40.0
41.0
40.6
40.3
40.9
41.0
42.8
42.9
Ra ilro a d and street
cars
$2. 05 $79.19
2.12 81.20
2.12 78.33
2.12 78.70
2.15 78.49
2.13 77.23
2.13 81.38
2.16 87.38
2.18 88. 40
2.18 87.34
2.19 84. 80
2.12 83.03
2.20 86.68
2. 25 84.32
2.25 86. 29
39.4
38.3
37.3
37.3
37.2
36.6
37.5
39.9
40.0
39.7
38.9
38.8
39.4
38.5
39.4
39.1
38.8
39.1
38.7
39.0
37.9
38.4
38.2
39.2
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.6
39.9
39.7
Sh ip b u ild in g and
repairing
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.03 $80. 91
2.08 82.39
2.06 82. 64
2.07 82.22
2.08 83.03
2.08 80. 09
2.11 82.51
2.10 81.86
2.12 85.36
2.10 85. 46
2.10 85. 85
2.09 85.63
2.10 86.24
2.09 86.51
2.09 85. 67
38.9
38.5
38.8
38.6
38.8
37.6
38.2
37.9
38.8
39.2
39.2
39.1
39.2
39.5
39.3
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
40.6
39.3
41.1
38.9
39.8
40.0
38.5
38.3
38.9
40.4
40.3
40.8
40.1
40.3
41.0
$1.81 $73. 69
1.84 73.20
1.88 72.83
1. 85 72.68
1. 87 72.29
1.86 73.82
1.85 74.19
1.85 74. 56
1.83 75.33
1.86 75.17
1. 85 76.14
1.87 76.14
1.82 75. 76
1.85 75.92
1.86 77.93
41.4
40.0
39.8
39.5
39.5
39.9
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.2
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.8
1953: Average... . . . $79. 00
75.17
1954: Average. .
June________ 75.41
J u ly ............... 74.64
August. ____ 73.68
September___ 76.73
October ......... 76.78
November___ 78.31
78.09
December___
1955: January_____ 76.38
February____ 76.97
M arch. A ___ 76.40
April_____ .. 76. 59
M ay________ 77.18
June________ 78.96
42.7
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.4
40.6
40.2
41.0
41.1
40.2
40.3
40.0
40.1
40.2
40.7
$1.85 $66. 74
1.87 66. 80
1.89 67.13
1.88 65.97
1.87 67. 47
1.89 67.13
1.91 65. 46
1.91 66. 47
1.90 67.13
1.90 67.30
1. 91 67. 54
1.91 68. 45
1.91 67. 94
1.92 69.19
1.94 70.38
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 4
1953: Average_____ $68. 85
1954: Average_____ 68.15
June________ 65. 85
64.06
J u l y _______
August______ 66.26
September___ 70. 05
October._____ 71. 71
N o v em b er__ 71. 81
71.48
December___
1955: Ja n u a ry ____
67.82
February........ 68. 81
69.47
M arch______
69.22
April
___
May _______ 69.63
June................ 71.23
42.5
41.3
40.4
39.3
40.9
42.2
43.2
43.0
42.8
41.1
41.7
41.6
41.2
41.2
41.9
See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Surgical, medical, and
dental instruments
41.2
40.0
40.2
39.5
40.4
40.2
39.2
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.5
40.2
40.7
41.4
$1.62 $58. 69
1.67 58.80
1. 67 58.50
1.67 58.35
1. 67 56. 70
1.67 59. 65
1.67 59.04
1.67 59.70
1. 67 59.10
1. 67 58. 65
1.68 59. 80
1.69 59.70
1. 69 60.65
1.70 61.10
1.70 61.26
Jew elry and fin d in g s
$1. 6? $65.41
1.65 65.00
1.63 62.93
1.63 60.30
1.62 62.58
1.66 66.99
1.66 68. 89
1. 67 68.37
1.67 67. 58
1.65 64.53
1.65 65.36
1.67 65. 99
1.68 65.76
1.69 66.17
1.70 67.62
42.2
41.4
40.6
38.9
40. 9
42.4
43.6
43.0
42.5
41.1
41.9
41.5
41.1
41.1
42.0
Ophthalmic goods
40.2
39.2
39.0
38.9
37.8
39.5
39.1
39.8
39.4
39.1
39.6
39.8
39.9
40.2
40.3
$1.78 $89.25
1.83 83. 20
1.83 82. 59
1.84 79. 72
1.83 82. 59
1.85 84.63
1. 85 84.63
1.85 86.30
1.86 87.97
1.87 86. 92
1. 88 88. 81
1.88 88.17
1.88 87.94
1.87 90. 72
1.91 89.98
Silverw are and plated
ware
$1. 55 $75.86
1. 57 73. 98
1.55 70.62
1. 55 71.02
1.53 74.03
1. 58 76.68
1. 58 77. 65
1. 59 78. 87
1. 59 79. 67
1.57 74. 57
1.56 75. 76
1.59 77.10
1.60 75.58
1.61 76.18
1.61 77. 75
43.1
41.1
39.9
39.9
40.9
41.9
42.2
43.1
43.3
41.2
41.4
41.9
41.3
41.4
41.8
Photographic appa
ratus
$1.46 $77. 49
1.50 80. 39
1.50 80.98
1.50 79. 59
1.50 79. 79
1.51 80.60
1.51 81.20
1.50 81.60
1. 50 82. 01
1.50 82.82
1. 51 82.21
1.50 82.62
1. 52 83.23
1.52 83.03
1.52 86. 51
41.0
40.6
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.9
41.0
42.5
40.0
39.9
38.7
39.9
40.3
40.3
40.9
41.3
41.0
41.5
41.2
40.9
42.0
40.9
41.6
39.0
37.6
38.6
38.5
39.5
40.4
39.6
39.3
39.3
39.8
39.5
39.4
39.4
39.8
40.2
38.9
38.7
38.1
39.2
39.0
39.6
39.0
38.9
38.9
39.0
39.3
38.9
39.1
38.4
$2.03
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.13
2.12
2.15
2.18
2.20
2.19
2.18
2.13
2.20
2.21
2. 21
Mechanical measur
ing and controlling
instruments
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing in
dustries
$1.61 $64. 06
1.65 64.24
1.64 63.36
1.65 62.40
1.66 63. 44
1.67 64. 40
1.66 65.21
1.66 65.21
1.67 66.18
1.69 65.93
1.70 66.42
1.70 66.58
1.71 65.76
1.70 66. 83
1.73 66.42
Toys and sporting
goods 4
40.8 $1. 76 $60. 70
1.79 58.74
40.3
1.79 57.66
39.7
39.6
1.79 56.77
1. 78 58. 41
40.0
41.2
1.82 58. 50
42.2
1.84 59.40
42.1
1.83 58.50
1.83 58. 74
41.8
40.6
1.80 59.52
40. 7 1. 82 60.06
40.8
1.83 60. 92
40.4
1.82 59.91
1.82 59.43
40.5
40.3
1.81 57.60
39.6
38.8
38.6
38.2
38.4
36.8
38.2
39.9
40.4
40.1
39.4
39.5
40.0
40.1
40.8
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.2 $1.80
$2.10 $74.16
1.86
2. 08 74. 59
40.1
40.2
1.86
2. 07 74.77
39.7
1. 87
2. 06 74.24
1.86
2.07 72. 54 39.0
39.5
1.88
2.10 74.26
1. 88
40.1
2.10 75.39
40.2
1.88
2.11 75. 58
1.89
41.0
2.13 77.49
1.89
2.12 75. 79
40.1
1.91
40.7
2.14 77. 74
1.91
40.6
2.14 77.55
40.2
1.90
2.15 76.38
1.91
2.16 77. 36 40.5
1.92
40.9
2.20 78.53
Miscellaneous man
ufacturing industries
Watches and clocks
$1.89 $66.98
1.98 64.35
1.98 61.66
1.97 63.69
1.97 63.91
2.00 65.97
2. 00 67.06
2. 00 65.74
2.01 65.63
2.02 66. 42
2.02 67.66
2.02 67.15
2. 03 67. 37
2.03 66.98
2.11 68.85
Musical instruments
and parts
$1.76 $71. 81
1.80 72.14
1. 77 71.06
1.78 70.88
1.81 71.20
1.83 74. 98
1.84 77.65
1.83 77.04
1.84 76.49
1.81 73. 08
1.83 74.07
1.84 74.66
1. 83 73.53
1.84 73.71
1.86 72. 94
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Laboratory, scien
tific, and engineer
ing instruments
Instruments and related products—-Continued
Optical instruments
and lenses
Railroad
equipm ent4
$2.08 $70. 58 40.1 $1.76 $80.39
40.2
1. 77 82.26
2.14 71.15
1. 75 81.45
2.13 71.23
40.7
1. 75 80. 60
2.13 68. 95 39.4
1. 76 81.79
2.14 70. 75 40.2
1.79 78. 02
2.13 71.06
39.7
39.9
2.16 71.82
1.80 82.13
2.16 70. 49 39.6
1. 78 86.98
41.1
1. 74 88. 88
2.20 71.51
40.2
1.76 87.82
2.18 70.75
1.73 85. 89
2.19 70. 07 40.5
41.5
1. 72 84.14
2.19 71.38
1.72 88.00
41.2
2.20 70.86
1.72 88. 62
41.6
2.19 71.55
41.2
1.73 90.17
2.18 71.28
Instruments and related products
Other transportation Total: Instruments
and related products
equipment
$2. 01 $73. 49
2.12 72.31
2.10 77.27
2.11 71.97
2.11 74. 43
2.11 74. 40
2.17 71.23
2.19 70. 86
2.21 71.19
2.20 75.14
2.18 74. 56
2.14 76.30
2.20 72.98
2.19 74. 56
2.19 76. 26
Boatbuilding and
repairing
40.8
39.9
39.6
39.0
39.9
40.0
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.6
40.1
40.5
40.5
$1. 57
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.59
1. 61
1.61
1. 61
1.63
1. 64
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.64
Games, toys, do Us, and
children’s veh icles
$1.51 $61.35
1.51 58.82
1. 49 57.28
1.49 56.09
1.49 58.31
1. 50 58.26
1.50 59. 45
1. 50 58.50
1. 51 57. 68
1.53 59. 75
1.54 59.91
1. 55 60.92
1.54 59.91
1.52 59.43
1.50 56.09
40.1
38.7
38.7
37.9
39.4
39.1
39.9
39.0
38.2
38.8
38.9
39.3
38.9
39.1
37.9
$1.53
1.52
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1. 51
1. 54
1.54
1. 55
1. 54
1.52
1.48
1078
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing— Continued
Transportation and
public utilities
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries— Continued
Year and month
Sp o rtin g and athletic
goods
Avg. Avg.wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1953: Average......... - $60. 35
1954: Average_____ 59.04
June________ 58.20
July------------- 57.98
58.74
August..........
September___ 58. 98
October........ . 59.58
November___ 59.04
December....... 59.80
1955: January_____ 59.28
February........ 59.98
March______ 60. 52
April___ ____ 59.67
M ay________ 59.58
June..............
60.13
40.5
39.1
38.8
38.4
38.9
38.8
39.2
39.1
39.6
39.0
39.2
39.3
39.0
39.2
39.3
Pens, pencils, other
office supplies
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.49 $58. 98
1.51 60. 90
1.50 61. 05
1. 51 59. 30
1. 51 59.35
1.52 60. 45
1.52 62.58
1.51 63.76
1. 51 61. 50
1.52 61.46
1.53 62.97
1.54 63. 54
1. 53 62.78
1.52 61.71
1. 53 63. 04
Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
40.4
40.6
40.7
39.8
40.1
40.3
40.9
41.4
41.0
40.7
41.7
41.8
41.3
40.6
41.2
Fabricated plastic
products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
40.2 $1.47 $67.97
$1.46 $59.09
41.7 $1.63 $64. 80
1.50 57. 09 39.1
40.4
1.46 67.87
1.68 66. 47
1.50 57. 77 39.3
1.47 67. 20
40.0
1.68 66. 30
1.49 56.21
38.5
1. 46 67. 60 40.0
1.69 65.35
1.48 56. 74 39.4
1.44 68. 61 40.6
1.69 66.63
1.50 56. 50 38.7
1.46 69. 36 40.8
1.70 66.23
1. 53 57. 77 39.3
1.47 69.53
40.9
1. 70 66. 57
1. 54 57.82
1.46 70.38
39.6
41.4
1. 70 66.40
1. 50 58.58
40.4
1.45 71.04
41.3
1. 72 68. 51
1.51 59. 54 40.5
1. 47 70. 76 40.9
1. 73 68.63
1. 51 58. 84 40.3
1.46 72. 56 41.7
1. 74 68. 97
1. 52 59. 28 40.6
1.46 71.45
41.3
1.73 68.51
1.52 59.30
39.8
1. 49 71. 51
41.1
1.74 67.72
1.52 60.40
40.0
1.51 72.14
41.7
1.73 70.24
1.53 59.75
40.1
1.49 72.45
41.4
1.75 70.18
Transportation and public utilities— Continued
Communication
Local railways and
bus lines
1953: Average_____ $77.12
1954: Average........... 78.19
June......... ...... 79.10
Ju ly ............. .
78.51
August........
78. 26
September___ 78.14
O ctober____
78.32
November___ 77. 78
December....... 79.49
1955: January_____ 78.63
February____ 79.37
M arch.........
79.18
April___ ____ 79.98
M ay________ 80.54
June________ 81.28
Switchboard opera
ting employees 6
Telephone
45.1 $1.71 $65.02
38.7 $1.68 $54.39
37.0
43.2
1.81 68. 46 38.9
37.0
1.76 56.61
43.7
1.81 67.34
38.7
1.74 56.39
37.1
42.9
1.83 68. 60 39.2
37.6
1. 75 57.15
1.82 67.69
43.0
1. 74 56. 47 37.4
38.9
42.7
1.83 71. 60 40.0
1.79 58.90
38.0
42.8
1.83 72.04
39.8
1.81 60. 04 38.0
42.5
1.83 72. 65 39.7
37.8
1.83 60. 86
43.2
1.84 70. 74 39.3
1.80 56.83
36.9
42.5
1.85 69.63
38.9
1.79 56. 89 36.7
42.9
1.85 70. 98 39.0
1.82 58.62
37.1
42.8
1.85 70.20
39.0
1. 80 56. 98 37.0
43.0
1.86 71.71
39.4
1. 82 59. 03 37.6
1.86 72.83
43.3
1.83 61.12
38.2
39.8
43.7
1.86 70. 74 39.3
1.80 59.28
38.0
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
$1.47
1.53
1. 52
1.52
1.51
1. 55
1.58
1.61
1. 54
1.55
1.58
1.54
1.57
1.60
1. 56
1953: Average_____ $81.56
1954: Average_____ 84.67
June________ 84.46
July------------- 86.32
August............ 85.28
September___ 87. 57
October_____ 87.36
November___ 86.73
December___ 85.90
1955: January........... 85.06
February____ 85.05
M a rc h ......... . 85.47
April_______
86.51
M ay________ 86. 72
June________ 87. 56
41.4
41.3
41.4
41.7
41.4
41.9
41.6
41.3
41.3
40.7
40.5
40.7
41.0
41.1
41.3
$1. 97 $76. 41
2.05 79.13
2.04 77. 95
2.07 79. 54
2.06 78. 94
2.09 80. 36
2.10 81. 36
2.10 80.95
2.08 80.97
2.09 81.18
2.10 82. 61
2.10 80.39
2.11 80. 40
2.11 80. 40
2.12 80.60
41.3
41.0
40.6
41.0
40.9
41.0
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.1
40.6
40.4
40.2
40.3
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn earn wkly.
earn
ings
ings hours ings
40.5
39.8
39.7
38.9
39.9
39.9
40.1
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.3
39.6
40.6
40.8
$1.60 $76.33
1. 67 78. 74
1.67 79. 84
1. 68 77. 59
1.67 79.10
1.66 80. 32
1.66 78. 38
1.66 80. 90
1.70 81. 64
1. 72 78.78
1. 72 83.36
1. 70 80.64
1.71 79.93
1.73 80.12
1.72
40.6
40.8
41.8
40.2
41.2
41.4
40.4
41.7
42.3
40.4
42.1
42.0
41.2
41.3
$1.88
1.93
1.91
1.93
1.92
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.93
1.95
1.98
1. 92
1.9
1.94
Other public utilities
Retail trade
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
Gas utilities
Class I railroads 8
L i n e construction,
installation, a n d
Total: Gas and
Telegraph
electric utilities
maintenance em
ployees 7
$92.23
42.5 $2.17 $74.23
41.7 $1.78 $80. 51 41.5 $1.94
2.01
97. 61
43.0
41.6
1.83 83.01
41.3
2. 27 76.13
94. 75 42.3
2. 24 77.15
41.7
1.85 82. 40 41.2
2.00
96. 95 42.9
2. 02
41.7
1.85 83.83
41.5
2.26 77.15
41.8
2.02
95.18
42.3
1.85 83. 43
41.3
2.25 77.33
45.2
105. 77
41.9
2.05
1.86 85. 49 41.7
2.34 77. 93
104.13
42.1
42.0
44.5
2.07
1.86 86.94
2.34 78.31
104.08
44.1
41.4
2.06
1. 85 85.28
2. 36 76. 78 41.5
103.66
41.4
2. 05
44.3
1.86 84. 87 41.4
2.34 77.00
98.41
42.6
2.06
1.86 84. 25 40.9
2.31 76. 82 41.3
40.9
100. 42
41.3
1.86 84.66
2.07
43.1
2. 33 76.82
99.56
41.5
2.06
1. 86 84.05
40.8
43.1
2.31 77.19
2.07
100.46
2. 32 78. 54 42.0
1.87 84. 66 40.9
43.3
101.15
43.6
2.32 79. 52 42.3
1.88 85.28
41.0
2.08
99. 36 43.2
2. 30 79. 52 42.3
41.0
2.08
1.88 85. 28
Wholesale and retail trade
Other public utilities—-Continued
Electric light and
power utilities
Other manufacturing
industries
Wholesale trade
$1.85 $82.15
41.7 $1.97 $71. 69
40.5 $1.77
1.93 84.25
41.5
2.03 73.93
40.4
1. 83
41.4
1.92 83.63
2.02 73.93
40.4
1.83
1.94 84. 45 41.6
2. 03 74. 34
40.4
1.84
1.93 84.04
41.4
2.03 74. 34 40.4
1.84
1. 96 86. 73 41.9
2.07 74.74
40.4
1.85
1. 97 89.88
42.8
2.10 74. 93
1.85
40.5
1. 96 85.49
41.3
2.07 74. 74 40.4
1.85
1. 97 85.28
41.4
2.06 75.89
40.8
1.86
1. 98 85.28
41.2
2.07 75. 14 40.4
1.86
2.01 85.28
41.4
2.06 74. 96 40.3
1.86
1.98 85.28
41.2
2. 07 75.76
40.3
1.88
1.99 85.70
41.2
2.08 76.17
40.3
1.89
41.4
2.00 86.53
2.09 77.14
40.6
1.90
2.00 86. 73 41.3
2.10 77.33
40.7
1.90
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade (except General merchandise
eating and drink
stores <
ing places)
39.2 $1.40 $38.96
35.1 $1.11
$54.88
39.2
35.4
56.84
1.45 40. 71
1.15
57.38
39.3
35.3
1. 46 41.30
1.17
36.2
1.17
58.51
39.8
1. 47 42.35
57. 96
39.7
1.16
1.46 41. 76 36.0
35.2
39.1
57.09
1.16
1.46 40.83
34.9
38.9
1.16
57.18
1. 47 40.48
1.46 40.14
34.6
1.16
56. 50 38.7
39.5
1.44 41.92
37.1
1.13
56.88
38.9
35.3
1.18
57.57
1.48 41.65
38.9
35.1
1.17
57.57
1.48 41.07
35.2
57.42
38.8
1.48 41.18
1.17
38.6
1.49 40. 60 34.7
1.17
57.51
34.6
1.18
58.20
38.8
1.50 40.83
35.2
1.19
59.04
39.1
1.51 41.89
Retail trade—Continued
Departm ent stores and
general mail-order
houses
35.9
1953: Average_____ $44.88
36.3
1954: Average.......... 46.83
36.2
June________ 47.06
47.84
36.8
July________
36.4
August.......... . 47.32
36.1
September___ 46.93
35.7
October_____ 46.41
35.7
November___ 46.05
38.4
December___ 49.15
1955: January_____ 47.03
35.9
35.6
February____ 46.28
M arch______ 46. 77 35.7
April_______
46.60
35.3
M ay.............. . 46.60
35.3
June________ 47.48
35.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Food and liquor
stores
$1.25 $58. 89
1.29 60.83
1. 30 60. 92
1. 30 62. 57
1. 30 62.09
1. 30 61. 53
1.30 60. 80
1.29 61. 34
1.28 61.44
1.31 61.18
1. 30 61.02
1.31 60. 54
1. 32 60. 54
1.32 61.07
1.33 62.59
39.0
38.5
38.8
39.6
39.3
38.7
38.0
38.1
38.4
38.0
37.9
37.6
37.6
37.7
38.4
Automotive and
accessories dealers
$1. 51 $73. 92
1. 58 74. 42
1. 57 76.37
1. 58 76.37
1.58 75. 75
1. 59 74. 70
1.60 74.70
1. 61 74.70
1.60 76.37
1. 61 75.68
1.61 76.91
1.61 78.68
1.61 80.00
1.62 81.14
1.63 81.33
44.8
44.3
44.4
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.4
44.0
44.2
44.2
44.2
44.1
44.2
Apparel and
accessories stores
$1.65 $44. 96
1.68 46.51
1. 72 46.51
1. 72 47.29
1.71 46. 70
1.69 46.51
1.69 46.95
1.69 46.68
1. 72 47.92
1. 72 47.08
1.74 46.24
1.78 45.50
1.81 46.10
1.84 46. 55
1.84 46. 99
35.4
35.5
35.5
36.1
36.2
35.5
35.3
35.1
36.3
35.4
35.3
35.0
34.4
35.0
35.6
$1.27
1. 31
1.31
1.31
1.29
1.31
1.33
1.33
1. 32
1.33
1.31
1.30
1.34
1.33
1.32
Other retail trade
Furniture and
Lumber and hard
appliance stores
ware supply stores
$62. 31
42.1 $1.48 $64.65
43.1 $1.50
42.2
63.72
43.1
1.56
1. 51 67.24
42.2
63.30
1. 50 67. 70 43.4
1.56
64.30
42.3
1. 52 67. 86 43.5
1.56
63.84
42.0
1. 52 68. 45 43.6
1.57
63. 99 42.1
43.3
1. 52 67.98
1.57
43.3
64. 99 42.2
1.59
1.54 68.85
42.2
64.99
43.0
1. 54 67.94
1.58
66.81
43.1
1. 55 67. 78 42.9
1.58
65.30
42.4
42.3
1.54 66.41
1.57
63. 87 42.3
1. 51 66.83
42.3
1.58
64.14
42.2
1. 52 67. 62 42.8
1.58
41.9
1.54 68.64
42.9
1.60
64.53
65. 94 42.0
1.61
1.57 69.87
43.4
42.1
66. 52
43.5
1.61
1.58 70.04
1079
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C -l:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Service and miscellaneous
Finance, insurance, and real estate 8
Personal services
Year and month
Banks and Security
dealers and Insurance
trust
carriers
companies exchanges
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
1953: Average.____ ______
1954: Average.........- ...........
June______ ________
July............................ August----- -------------September--------------October_______ _____
November. ________
December---------------1955: January____ _______
February ...................
March..........................
April______________
M ay_______________
June_______________
$54.84
57.39
57.09
57.66
57.75
57.71
58.02
58.11
58.51
58.97
59.02
59.08
59.00
58.69
58.06
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$82.94
95.02
92.97
94.89
97.66
96.75
97.24
100.09
111.75
110.82
108.37
107.97
106.08
102.04
99.41
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
Hotels, year-round »
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earnings hours earnings earnings hours earnings earnings hours earnings
$67.29 $38. 40
70.08
40.13
69.78
39.81
71.12
40.03
71.09
40.13
70.68
40. 64
70 '90 40.87
70. 79 41.16
71.29
41.38
72.22
41.26
40.96
71.79
40.45
71.90
72.36 40.35
72. 89 40. 79
72. 75 40.99
i Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay for,
any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants, data refer to pro
duction and related workers only. For the remaining industries, unless
otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working
supervisors.
Data for the most recent month are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first month
they are published.
3 See footnote 2, table A-2.
3 See footnote 3, table A-2.
* Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
5 Figures for class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICC
Group I).
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as
switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1954 such employees made up 43 percent of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Laundries
42.2
41.8
41.9
41.7
41.8
41.9
41.7
42.0
41.8
42.1
41.8
41.7
41.6
41.2
41.4
$0.91
.96
.95
.96
.96
.97
.98
.98
.99
.98
.98
.97
.97
.99
.99
$39.69
40.10
40.50
40.00
39.40
40. 50
40.50
40.40
40.70
40.40
40.20
40. 60
40.70
41.62
40.91
40.5
40.1
40.5
40.0
39.4
40.1
40.5
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.8
40.5
$0.98
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.00
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.01
1.02
1.01
$45.71
47.12
49.20
45.78
45.46
47.24
47.72
46.77
47.01
46.41
45.22
47.04
47.24
49.61
48.48
40.1
39.6
41.0
38.8
38.2
39.7
40.1
39.3
39.5
39.0
38.0
39.2
39.7
41.0
40.4
$1.14
1.19
1.20
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.19
1.20
1.19
1.21
1.20
Motion
picture
production
and distri
bution 8
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$81. 52
89.09
92.08
93. 38
92.34
89.81
92.95
89.44
92.74
93.98
90. 54
93.36
92. 66
94. 22
93.20
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
7 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as
central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1954 such employees
made up 25 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
* Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
See footnote 1 on p. 1047.
N o t e .— Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
given in a technical note on Hours and Earnings in Nonagricultural Industries, which appeared in the April 1954
M onthly Labor Review.
1080
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
T able C-2: Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected industries, in current and
1947-49 dollars1
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Year
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Year and month
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
Average_____ . . . $23. 86
Average_________
25.20
Average_______
29. 58
Average______
36. 65
Average_________
43.14
Average____ _____ 46.08
Average_____ _
44. 39
Average___ _____
43. 82
Average________
49. 97
Average________
54.14
Average_________
54. 92
Average________
59.33
Average_________
64. 71
Average________
67. 97
Average................
71.69
Average..... ...........
71.86
$40.17
42.07
47. 03
52.58
58.30
61.28
57. 72
52. 54
52.32
52. 67
53. 95
57. 71
58.30
59. 89
62.67
62.60
$23. 88
24.71
30.86
35.02
41.62
51.27
52. 25
58. 03
66. 59
72.12
63. 28
70.35
77.79
78.09
85.31
80.85
$40. 20
41.25
49. 06
50. 24
56. 24
68.18
67. 95
69. 58
69. 73
70.16
62.16
68.43
70.08
68.80
74. 57
70.43
$17. 64
17. 93
18.69
20.34
23.08
25.95
27.73
30.20
32. 71
34.23
34.98
35. 47
37 81
38.63
39.69
40.10
$29. 70
29.93
29. 71
29.18
31.19
34.51
36.06
36. 21
34.25
33. 30
34.36
34.50
34.06
34.04
34.69
34.93
1954: June____________ $71. 50
Ju ly ........ ............... 70.92
A ugust.......... ........ 71.06
September_______
71.86
O ctober...............
72. 22
November_______
73. 57
December............... 74.12
1955: January_________
73.97
February________
74. 74
M arch__________
75.11
A p ril________ ._ 74.96
M a y ____ ____
76.30
June 2. . . ___ . . . 76.11
$62.12
61.56
61.79
62.65
63.07
64.20
64.85
64. 72
65. 39
65. 71
65.64
66.81
66.53
$83.00
75.39
82.09
81.17
87. 54
88. 29
92.01
92.01
94.50
91.88
93. 00
93.87
98.42
$72.11
65. 44
71.38
70. 77
76. 45
77. 04
80.50
80.50
82.68
80.38
81.44
82.20
86.03
$40.50
40.00
39. 40
40. 50
40.50
40.40
40. 70
40.40
40. 20
40. 60
40. 70
41.62
40.91
1 These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings prior
to and after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as measured by
the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
1947-49
$35.19
34.72
34.26
35.31
35.37
35.25
35.61
35.35
35.17
35.52
35.64
36.44
35.76
1 Preliminary,
See footnote l'on p. 1047
T able C-3: Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufacturing
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
Gross average
weekly earnings
Year
Index
A(1947mount 49=100)
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
A verage________ $23. 86
Average.-................ 25. 20
Average____ ____ _ 29.58
Average_____ ____ 36.65
Average................... 43.14
Average________
46.08
Average____
44.39
Average_________
43.82
Average.......... ...... 49.97
Average_________
54.14
Average............... . 54. 92
Average_________
59. 33
Average________
64. 71
Average_________
67. 97
Average_________
71. 69
Average_____ ____ 71.86
45.1
47.6
55.9
69.2
81.5
87.0
83.8
82.8
94.4
102.2
103.7
112.0
122.2
128.4
135.4
135.7
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with no
dependents
Worker with 3
dependents
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
$23. 58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36. 01
38.29
36.97
37. 72
42.76
47.43
48.09
51.09
54.04
55. 66
58.54
59. 55
$39. 70
41.22
44.59
45.58
48.66
50.92
48.08
45. 23
44. 77
46.14
47.24
49. 70
48.68
49.04
51.17
51.87
$23. 62
24.95
29. 28
36. 28
41.39
44.06
42.74
43.20
48.24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
61.28
63.62
66.58
66. 78
$39. 76
41.65
46. 55
52.05
55.93
58. 59
55.58
51.80
50. 51
51.72
52. 88
55. 65
55. 21
56.05
58.20
58.17
1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, Federal social security and income taxes for
which the worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends,
of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as
on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, therefore,
been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no depend
ents; (2) A worker with 3 dependents. See footnote 1. table C-2.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
dependents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross
average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing indus
tries without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Gross average
weekly earnings
Year and month
Index
A(1947mount 49=100)
1954: June____ ______ $71. 50
July............... .......... 70. 92
August__________
71.06
September............... 71.86
October_________
72.22
November_______
73. 57
December________ 74.12
1955: January_________
73.97
February________
74.74
March_____ _
75.11
April_______ --_ 74. 96
M ay, _____ _
76.30
June 2_________ _ 76.11
135.0
133.9
134.2
135.7
136.4
138.9
140.0
139.7
141.2
141.9
141.6
144.1
143.7
Net spendable average weekly
earn ings
Worker with no
dependents
Worker with 3
dependents
Cur
rent
1947-49
Cur
rent
1947-49
$59.26
58.80
58. 91
59. 55
59. 84
60. 92
61.36
61.15
61.76
62.05
61. 93
62.98
62.83
$51.49
51. 04
51.23
51.92
52. 26
53.16
53.68
53.50
54. 03
54.29
54.23
55.15
54.92
$66.48
66.00
66.12
66. 78
67. 07
68.18
68.63
68.41
69.02
69.32
69. 20
70. 27
70.12
$57. 76
57.29
57. 50
58.22
58.58
59.49
60.04
59. 85
60.38
60. 65
60.60
61.53
61.29
primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
2 Preliminary.
See footnote 1 on p. 1047.
Note.— Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
contained in a technical note on the Calculation and Usea
of the N et Spendable Earnings Series (Revised May 1954),
which is available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics.
1081
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-4: Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing industries 1
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Year
Gross
amount
Amount
1941:
1949;
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
Average.
Avers ge
Average__
Average___
Average____
Average___
Average___
Average___
Average____
Average___
Average___
Average__
Average___
Average........
$0.729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1.465
1.59
1.67
1.77
1.81
$0.702
.805
.894
.947
2.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.53
1.61
1.71
1.76
Index
(194749=100)
Gross
Nondurable
goods
Excluding
over
time
Gross
54.5 $0.808 $0.770 $0,640
62.5
.947
.881
.723
69.4 1.059
.976
.803
73.5 1.117 1.029
.861
2 74.8 1. Ill 21.042
.904
81.6 1.156 1.122 1.015
93.0 1. 292 1.250 1.171
101.7 1.410 1.366 1. 278
106.1 1.469 1.434 1.325
109.9 1.537 1.480 1.378
118.8 1.67
1.60
1.48
125.0 1.77
1.54
1.70
132.8 1.87
1.80
1.61
136.6 1.92
1.86
1.66
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Excluding
over
time
Year and month
$0.625
.698
.763
.814
2.858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1.43
1.49
1.56
1.61
1954: June______
July_______
August____
September.October____
November-..
December...
1955: January____
February__
March_____
April______
M ay__ ____
June 3_____
Gross
amount
Amount
Index
(194749=100)
$1.76
1.76
1.74
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.80
136.6
136.6
135.1
136.6
136.6
137.4
137.4
138.2
138.2
139.0
139.8
139.8
139.8
$1.81
1.80
1.79
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.87
Nondurable
goods
Gross
Excluding
over
time
Gross
$1.91
1.91
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
1.99
$1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
$1.66
1.66
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.70
1.70
Excluding
over
time
$1.62
1.62
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.62
1. 62
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.65
1.65
Hourly Earnings in Manufacturing, M onthly Labor Review, May 1950;
reprint R. 2020.
2 11-month average; August 1945 excluded because of V-J holiday period.
2 Preliminary.
See footnote 1 on p. 1047.
1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for
at time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings excluding
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays.
These data are based on the application of adjustment factors to gross average
hourly earnings, as described in Eliminating Premium Overtime From
T able C-5 : Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity 1
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1954
1955
Industry
June2 May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1954
1953
113.3
106.1
103.1
103.0
100.8
99.9
102.9
103.5
103.0
102.3
102.2
99.5
101.4
101.5
Mining division______________________
80.2
77.7
75.7
76.0
76.4
76.8
77.4
76.5
75.8
73.5
77.3
74.8
78.1
76.6
87.5
Contract construction division_________
122.4
117.2
106.1
100.6
92.4
96.0
108.9
118.2
123.5
123.8
129.8
127.5
124.6
115.9
123.1
Manufacturing division............................... 107.8
106.4
104.5
105.2
103.6
102.0
103.8
103.2
101.9
101.2
99.9
97.1
99.6
101.1
113.6
Durable goods______________________
Ordnance and accessories----------------Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)---- -- -------------------------Furniture and fixtures_____ _____ —Stone, clay, and glass products_______
Primary metal industries----------------Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, andtransportation equipment)________________
Machinery (except electrical). . . ------Electrical machinery----- -------- --------Transportation equipment....................
Instruments and related products------Miscellaneous manufacturing industries------------------------------------------
117.3
400.2
116.7
399.1
114.3
400.8
113.6
410.8
111.5
411.6
109.4
415.6
110.5
429.0
109.4
431.7
106.6
437.9
103.9
441.8
102.9
437.4
101.6
451.3
106.3
466.1
107.5
502.2
125.2
798.5
98.6
103.6
110.4
115.1
91.7
100.1
108.0
112.4
86.2
99.2
105.1
109.0
84.6
102.0
103.3
106.5
85.5
101.3
99.8
103.2
84.2
98.0
98.9
100.7
88.4
101.7
101.6
98.7
92.2
102.0
102.1
96.2
94.0
102.6
102.2
92.8
89.2
100.7
100.7
91.5
80.4
97.4
99.9
91.6
78.0
89.6
96.7
91.4
90.3
90.9
97.8
93.9
85.0
96.5
99.0
94.5
93.0
108.5
106.6
113.9
115.8
107.6
128.5
146.2
115.8
116.0
106.6
128.6
155.2
110.4
113.6
104.4
127.3
153.7
113.1
113.2
102.2
127.0
154.4
114.2
110.6
99.6
126.6
150.9
112.9
109.1
97.6
125.7
147.1
112.2
111.5
97.5
127.7
146.0
113.7
110.6
95.1
128.7
139 2
112.9
107.9
94.8
125. 9
125.9
112.3
106.2
95.4
122.9
118.1
111.9
105.7
95.0
119.0
124.4
108.7
102.9
96.1
114.9
127.2
108.8
107.5
100.9
117.5
132.2
112.2
108.3
100.6
123.4
135.0
114.9
123.4
119.0
147.1
158.6
129.9
100.7
99.4
97.7
99.3
97.4
93.9
98.3
102.4
103.2
100.3
96.7
90.5
95.3
98.0
109.5
Nondurable goods----------------------------Food and kindred products..................
Tobacco manufactures______________
Textile-mill products________ _____
Apparel and other finished textile
products_________________ _____ _
Paper and allied products-------- ------- Printing, publishing, and allied industries-------------------------------------- ..
Chemicals and allied products.......... ...
Products of petroleum and coal--------Rubber products.................. ..................
Leather and leather products........ ........
96.5
89.8
79.8
81.6
94.0
85.1
76.9
80.4
92.8
81.6
72.0
80.2
95.2
80.4
77.2
83.0
94.2
79.8
81.4
83.0
93.2
82.3
85.4
81.4
95.8
88.0
95.4
83.2
95.8
91.7
94.0
82.4
96.3
96.7
111.0
80.9
97.9
105.2
107.9
79.5
96.3
102.1
97.4
78.9
91.8
95.6
78.1
75.2
91.7
89.9
78.4
77.4
93.5
90.3
87.8
78.7
99.7
93.7
90.1
89.8
103.4
113.8
100.5
111.7
100.1
110.1
109.5
110.5
107.6
109.3
102.4
108.7
103.6
110.7
101.8
111.7
100.3
111.4
101.1
111.1
101.4
109.9
92.1
108.0
92.2
109.3
99.0
109.2
106.9
111.6
106.4
106.9
96.5
117.3
95.3
105.5
107.6
95.7
114.0
89.6
105.1
107.7
93.7
110.9
90.9
105.7
107.4
92.7
109.1
98.4
104.0
104.4
90.3
108.6
98.6
103.3
103.9
91.2
108.3
94.0
107.0
104.7
92.2
108.5
93.3
105.4
104.3
93.8
104.3
90.6
105.4
104.1
94.0
102.3
86.8
105.6
103.3
96.7
96.9
88.3
103.5
100.7
97.5
86.0
93.1
103.0
100.2
98.6
84.7
90.6
104.1
101.8
99.3
98.7
87.7
104.4
103.5
95.7
97.0
89.9
105.4
108.1
100.9
111.6
96.5
T o ta l2—- -- ----------------- ------------ _ -- 108.0
1Aggregate man-hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month. For mining and
manufacturing industries, data refer to production and related workers. For
contract construction, the data relate to construction workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* Preliminary.
* Includes only the divisions shown.
See footnote 1 on p. 1047.
1082
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1
Alabama
Y ear and month
State
Arizona
Birmingham
Mobile
Arkansas
Sta te
Phoenix
State
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg.
Avg. hourly
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hourly wkly. wkly.
wkly.
hourly wkly. wkly. hourly wkly.
hourly wkly. Avg. hourly
earn hours earn earn
earn earn wkly.
earn earn
earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn-J
hours
hours
hours
hours
hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
1953: Average.......... $55. 32
1954: Average_____ 55.91
39.8
39.1
1954: June________
July________
August______
September___
October.
November___
December___
1955: January. . . .
February___
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June...... .........
38.5
38.9
39.6
39.5
40.0
40.3
40.2
39.6
40.1
40.4
39.9
40.6
40.6
55.06
55.24
56. 23
57.28
57.60
58. 44
58. 29
57. 42
58. 55
58.98
59. 05
60.09
60.49
$1.39 $69. 20
1. 43 71.68
1.43
1.42
1.42
1. 45
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.49
70. 71
72. 50
71.86
73.08
72.07
72. 47
72.47
72. 47
74.00
74. 77
74.96
77. 27
78.06
40.0
39.6
$1.73 $63.04
1.81 66.90
39.5
39.4
39.7
39.5
39.6
39.6
39.6
39.6
40.0
40.2
40.3
41.1
41.3
1.79
1.84
1.81
1.85
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.89
64. 96
67.89
67.87
67.89
67. 37
69. 32
72. 28
66. 63
66. 76
69. 26
70.41
69.49
70.58
39.9
40.3
$1.58 $78. 96
1.66 80.93
42.0
41.5
40.6
40.9
40.4
39.7
40.1
40.3
41.3
39.9
39.5
40.5
38.9
40.4
40.1
1.60 81.83
1. 66 77.03
1.68 83.95
1. 71 83. 38
1.68 82.78
1.72 81.56
1. 75 80. 77
1.67 82.19
1.69 80.16
1. 71 80.12
1.81 79.17
1.72 82.17
1. 76 82. 59
42.4
39.5
42.4
41.9
41.6
41.4
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.3
40.6
41.5
41.5
Arkansas—Con.
41.0
40. 6
1954: June..............
July........ ......
August_____
September___
October.
November___
December___
1955: January____
February___
March_____
April_______
M a y .............
June........... .
40.8
40.5
39.9
40.7
41.1
40.5
41.4
41.1
40.7
41.1
40.4
40.9
40.7
48. 96
49. 41
48.28
49.65
50. 55
49.82
51.34
50.96
50.88
51.38
51.31
51.94
51.69
State
$1.18 $78.82
1.21 81.05
1.20
1.22
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.93
1.95
1. 98
1.99
1.99
1.97
1.97
1.99
1.96
1.94
1.95
1.98
1.99
79.10
72.38
82.78
83.20
82.81
80.60
79.79
82.00
78.39
78.14
76.78
77. 39
78.20
41.1
40.6
$1.86 $49. 49
1.95 51.00
41.2
37.5
41. 6
41.6
41.2
40. 5
40.3
41.0
40. 2
40.7
40.2
40.1
40.1
1.92
1.93
1.99
2.00
2.01
1.99
1.98
2.00
1.95
1.92
1.91
1.93
1.95
81.44
80.43
81.24
81. 56
81.98
82.09
83. 27
83.47
83. 95
84. 25
84.34
84.70
85.30
40.1
39.9
Fresno
$1.97 $67. 37
2.03 70. 37
39.9
39.6
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.3
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.5
2.04
2.03
2. 01
2.03
2.04
2.05
2. 06
2. 08
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.11
70.86
70. 32
73. 76
68.47
71.33
67. 65
72.93
71.15
70. 52
69.44
70. 50
72.20
74. 51
37.4
37.8
38.1
37.7
39.5
37.0
38.8
36.5
38.1
37.0
36.7
36.6
36.6
37.4
38.3
Los Angeles
1953: Average_____ $75. 59
1954: Average____ 81.31
39.1
39.8
1954: June_______
J u ly ..............
August..........
September__
October...........
Novem ber..
December1955: January__
February____
M arch..
April__
M ay___
June___
39.6
39.9
39.8
39.2
39.5
40.2
40.7
39.8
41.1
41.3
40.4
40.6
41.5
80. 79
81. 77
81.91
80. 87
81. 37
83.25
85.16
83. 75
87.05
87. 69
85.67
85. 98
88.12
$1.93 $80. 30
2.04 82.90
2.04
2.05
2. 06
2. 06
2. 06
2.07
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.13
2.12
2.12
2.12
$1 21
1.25
41.1
41.0
40. 9
40 9
41 1
40. 7
41.0
40 1
40. 6
41. 3
41. 0
42. 2
41.5
1 25
1 26
1 26
1 26
1 27
1 27
1 28
1 2Q
1 28
1 28
1 28
1 28
1.28
$1.80 $79.03
1.86 81.03
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.85
1. 84
1.85
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.90
1.93
1.93
1.94
81.17
80.48
81.19
81. 41
81. 51
82.50
83.78
84.12
83. 99
84. 65
84. 50
84.96
84.48
40.7
40.3
$1.94 $74. 77
2.01 77.07
2. 01
2. 01
2.01
2.02
2. 02
2.03
2.04
2. 06
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
40.3
40.0
40.4
40.2
40.3
40.6
41.1
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.8
40.9
40.7
83.33
82.76
83. 48
83.16
83. 85
83.46
84.89
83. 77
84.83
85. 27
85.44
86.68
87.29
39.2
39.1
77.10
77.36
69. 47
85.23
81.11
77.51
79.14
78.47
78. 73
79. 97
77. 53
76.19
81.34
39.0
38.5
$1.92 $76. 78
2.00 78. 52
38.7
37.7
36.4
42.6
40.4
37.7
38.4
37.8
37.8
38.1
38.8
38.4
40.3
1.99
2.05
1.91
2.00
2.01
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.10
2.00
1.99
2.02
39.3
39.1
40.1
39.7
39.4
38.8
39.4
38.8
39.2
39.2
39.1
39.6
39.8
2.12
2.11
2.08
2.10
2.13
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.16
2.17
2.19
2.19
2.20
78.94
74. 07
78. 81
76.60
76. 97
74. 79
79.32
79. 35
82.29
81. 71
87. 06
86.85
86.10
40.2
40.1
39.2
39.9
43.9
42.2
40.4
37.9
39.1
38.5
39.8
39.9
41.9
41.5
41.3
79.43
78.80
80.37
80. 47
80. 47
80.68
78.31
79. 63
80. 71
81.08
80.31
81.42
82.02
40.3
40.0
$1. 91
1.96
40. 3
40.1
40. 7
40. 4
40. 4
40. 6
39.3
39. 8
40. 2
40. 5
40.0
40. 5
40.5
1.97
1. 97
1. 97
1. 99
1. 99
1. 99
1.99
2.00
2. 01
2.00
2.01
2 01
2.02
Colorado
San Jose
$2.05 $75.36
2.12 76.85
San BernardinoRiverside-Ontario
Sacramento
California—Continued
San FranciscoOakland
San Diego
51.38
51.66
51. 53
51. 53
52. 20
51. 69
52. 48
51. 73
51.97
52.86
52. 48
54. 02
53.12
40.9
40.8
California
Little Rock-North
Little Rock
1953: Average......... $48.38
1954: Average........ 49.13
$1.88 $76. 45
1.95 79.17
Stockton
$1.88 $74.17
1.92 75.48
2.01
1. 85
1. 79
1.81
1.91
1.97
2. 03
2. 06
2. 07
2.05
2.08
2.09
2.08
77.79
75. 03
71. 98
76. 01
76.38
74. 70
76.85
78. 06
78. 56
78. 53
74. 57
76. 97
78.68
39.4
39.1
State
$1.88 $71. 34
1.93 72.94
40.0
38.7
39.0
40.5
40.3
38.1
38.8
38.3
38.8
39.2
37.8
38.9
39.7
1. 94
1.94
1. 85
1. 87
1. 89
1. 96
1. 98
2.04
2.03
2.00
1.97
1.98
1.98
74. 75
75.17
73. 03
71.82
70.23
75.03
73.23
75.17
75.17
75. 55
75. 92
77.46
78.47
41.0
40.3
Denver
$1.74 $71.28
1.81 73.16
41.3
41.3
40.8
39.9
38.8
41.0
39.8
40.2
40.2
40.4
40.6
41.2
41.3
1. 81
1.82
1.79
1.80
1. 81
1. 83
1.84
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.90
74.30
73.53
72.32
72.83
74.15
74. 96
73. 45
74. 00
74. 37
75.14
75.17
77.68
77. 71
41. 2
40.2
$1. 73
1.82
40. 6
40.4
40.4
39.8
40. 3
40. 3
39.7
40.0
40. 2
40.4
40. 2
41.1
40.9
1 83
1 82
1. 79
1 83
1 84
1 86
1 86
1 85
1. 85
1 8fi
1 87
1. 89
1.90
Connecticut
State
1953: Average........ . $74.87
1954: Average......... 72.76
42.3
40.2
1954: June________
July------------August______
September___
October.........
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February____
M arch. .
April__
M ay___
June___
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.4
40.4
41.0
41.3
40.9
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.3
41.5
72.40
72.00
72.36
73.12
73.57
75. 03
75. 38
75. 67
75.85
77.00
76.04
76. 82
77.19
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Bridgeport
$1.77 $75. 71
1. 81 75.17
1. 81
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1. 83
1.85
1.85
1.86
1. 85
1. 86
1.86
75.17
74.40
74.03
75.58
75.79
77.30
77. 90
77. 55
78.55
80.32
80.12
81.70
81.90
41.6
40.2
40.2
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.1
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.7
41.4
41.3
41.9
42.0
Hartford
$1. 82 $80. 96
1.87 77. 23
44.0
41.3
76.26
77.68
76.67
77. 64
77.23
78.81
79. 80
81. 06
80. 87
80. 45
80. 06
80.29
79.90
41.0
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.3
41.7
42.0
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.7
41.6
41.4
1.87
1. 86
1. 86
1. 88
1. 89
1. 89
1.90
1.91
1.93
1. 94
1.94
1. 95
1. 95
New Britain
$1.84 $73. 95
1.87 70.84
1. 86
1.89
1.87
1.88
1. 87
1.89
1.90
1.93
1.93
1. 92
1. 92
1. 93
1.93
70.31
70.53
70.13
68.71
69. 60
71.42
71.42
72. 00
72. 22
74.48
75.99
75.99
78.68
42.5
39.8
39.5
39.4
39.4
38.6
39.1
39.9
39.9
40.0
39.9
40.7
41.3
41.3
42.3
New Haven
$1.74 $70. 64
1.78 69.03
1.78
1.79
1. 78
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.86
___ 1__
68.85
70.64
69.49
69. 60
70. 30
70. 53
71.63
70.75
69.83
70.93
70.05
70.84
71.73
41.8
39.9
39.8
40.6
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.3
40.7
40.2
39.9
40.3
39.8
39.8
40.3
Stamford
$1.69 $80.45
1.73 79.98
1.73
1.74
1. 72
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.76
1.76
1. 75
1. 76
1. 76
1. 78
1.78
78.39
75. 84
80. 78
81.16
82. 8Ì
82.42
81.40
79. 99
80. 60
81.40
79.00
78.38
79.19
41.9
40.6
$1.92
1.97
40. 2
39 5
40. 8
41. 2
41. 2
40 8
40. 7
39. 6
40.1
40.1
39.5
38.8
39.4
1.95
1.92
1.98
1.97
2.01
2.02
2.00
2.02
2.01
2.03
2.00
2.02
2.01
1083
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Delaware
Connecticut—-Con.
Water bury
Wilmington
State
Georgia
Florida
Tampa-St. Peters
burg
State
State
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hourly wkly. wkly. tiourly wkly. wkly. tiourly wkly. wkly. hourly wkly. wkly. hourly
tiourly wkly.
wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn earn hours earn
earn hours earn earn wkly.
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings hours ings
ings
ings
ings
1953: Average_____ $75.93
1954: Average-------- 72.36
42.9
40.2
72.58
73.30
72. 36
74.03
74.44
76. 36
74.30
75.11
77. 42
78. 77
77.46
79.38
79.90
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.9
40.9
41.5
40.6
40.6
41.4
41.9
41.2
42.0
42.5
1954: June________
July________
August_____
Septem ber.. .
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January. ---February____
M arch______
A p ril_______
M a y .. .. ..
June_______
$1.77 $69.89
1.80 70.90
40.8
39.9
71. 21
72. 36
68. 29
69.29
70.84
73. 77
74. 44
73.36
75. 36
78.09
76.96
79.04
76.38
40.6
40.2
40.7
39.8
39.8
40.2
40.7
40.0
40.3
41.1
40.7
42.2
41.2
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.85
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.88
$1.71 $82. 28
1.78 84. 23
1.75
1.80
1.68
1.74
1.78
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.87
1.90
1.89
1.87
1.85
85.32
85. 25
83. 25
83.33
84. 22
86. 99
88. 86
85.73
88.01
90.91
90. 39
91.43
91.13
Georgia—Continued
40.9
40.5
40.1
39.7
39.8
40.9
41.6
40.4
40.8
41.7
41.2
42.0
41.5
2.09
2.11
2.08
2.10
2.12
2.13
2.14
2.12
2.16
2.18
2.19
2.18
2.20
55. 62
55. 62
56.17
56.17
56.30
57.13
58. 23
57.95
57.12
57.39
56.86
57.82
57.82
40.8
39.9
$1. 54 $63. 57
1.58 66.04
42.1
41.8
$1. 51 $76.48
1.58 78.28
40.9
41.2
62. 25
63.36
62.80
62.02
63.04
65. 77
65.93
64. 56
64. 88
66. 42
67. 56
68.14
65. 93
39.4
40.1
40.0
39.5
39.9
40.6
40.7
40.1
40.3
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.2
1.58 64.74
1. 58 65.94
1. 57 68.43
1.57 65.85
1.58 66.82
1. 62 69. 21
1. 62 69.93
1.61 67.20
1.61 68. 26
1.64 68.32
1.66 68. 53
1.67 69.01
1.64 69. 54
41.5
42.0
42.5
40.9
41.5
42.2
42.9
42.0
42.4
42.7
42.3
42.6
42.4
1.56 80.12
1.57 82.84
1.61 76. 76
1.61 82. 26
1. 61 79. 46
1.64 78.35
1.63 79.15
1. 60 80.10
1.61 76. 40
1.60 77.11
1.62 78. 36
1. 62 80. 59
1.64 86.96
41.3
42.7
40.4
42.4
41.6
41.9
42.1
41.5
40.0
40.8
40.6
40.7
43.7
1953: Average_____ $69.08
1954: Average_____ 71.01
40.8
40.4
71.26
70.87
70.41
72.45
73.04
72.24
74.99
74.41
73.05
74.88
73.24
74.58
74.31
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.6
41.2
40.6
41.6
41.3
40.5
41.1
40.6
41.0
40.9
1954: June........ .
July________
August______
September---October_____
Novem ber.. .
December___
1955: January_____
February-----March______
April_______
M ay________
June________
$1.69 $73. 98
1.76 75. 50
40.0
39.2
77.30
73.93
76. 21
77. 20
77.73
73.50
78.44
78.49
79.34
80.90
78.49
81.02
81.42
40.1
38.1
39.0
39.2
39.7
38.4
39.3
39.4
39.2
39.9
39.5
40.4
40.2
$1.87 $76.39
1.90 76. 34
1.94
1.94
1.90
1.94
1.91
1.87
1.88
1.93
1.91
1.89
1.93
1.98
1.99
76.25
75. 71
75.89
77. 49
76. 76
78.03
78.87
79.05
79. 60
80.36
80.48
81.17
81.99
41.1
40.0
40.1
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.0
40.5
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.9
40.9
41.0
41.4
$1.85 $74.18
1.93 78.48
1.94
1.94
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.91
2.00
1.99
2.03
2.03
1.99
2.01
2.03
76.77
78.20
79.37
80.06
80.35
81.66
81.48
81.61
80. 25
81.63
80.61
80.26
78.00
41.3
41.8
41.6
42.1
42.2
42.2
42.1
42.4
42.4
42.2
41.7
42.5
42.1
42.3
41.5
$1.79 $66.62
1.88 71.90
1.84
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.91
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.90
1.88
72.88
63. 57
65.03
78.84
78. 79
80.20
83. 31
85.11
72. 27
79. 38
80.08
80.56
79.24
41.1
41.8
42.5
39.3
39.4
43.1
42.8
43.8
45.0
44.8
39.6
42.3
43.4
43.7
43.1
41.7
41.3
66.46
66.42
64.87
65. 73
64.27
64. 75
65.72
66.75
66.99
68. 72
69. 72
69.22
69.14
41.8
41.0
40.8
41.6
41.2
42.6
42.4
40.7
41.1
41.9
41.5
41.7
41.9
1954: June________
Ju ly ................
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
1955: January_____
February___
M arch______
April..............
M ay..............
June_______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.53 $89.02
1.58 91.84
1.59
1.62
1.59
1.58
1.56
1.52
1.55
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.68
1.66
1.65
41.2
40.0
40.4
40.2
40.7
41.9
42.5
41.5
41.4
40.5
41.0
40.5
41.1
$1. 30 $50. 27
1.36 49. 66
1.33
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.40
1.42
1.40
1.40
1.40
1.38
1.39
1.42
1.41
93.41
94.89
91.58
93.56
90. 76
92. 75
90.54
91.17
90.76
93.66
95.35
92.80
92.75
41.6
41.0
41.7
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.5
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.9
41.1
40.7
40.5
48. 51
48.38
49.00
49. 27
50. 93
52. 65
52.53
51.61
51. 74
52. 53
52.40
52.80
52.93
$1.86 $79.84
1.91 78. 92
1.90
1.91
1.90
1. 92
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.98
1.98
79. 28
78. 51
78.80
79. 79
78. 36
80. 94
82.01
82.01
82. 56
83. 13
83.26
84.20
85.50
New Orleans
$2.14 $62. 56
2.24 65.60
40.1
40.0
66.83
66.57
67.47
40.5
40.1
40.4
40.4
40.2
39.5
39.7
39.2
39.4
40.7
40.2
39.9
41.2
2.24
2.32
2.25
2.31
2.23
2.29
2.23
2.24
2.23
2.29
2.32
2.28
2.29
66.66
66.73
65.57
65.90
65.07
65.40
67.56
67.94
67.83
70.04
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.69
1.70
1.70
56.20
56.75
55.82
55.38
56.34
57.55
59.06
59.26
58. 50
58.52
57.39
58.09
58.71
40.6
39.9
40.2
40.3
39 9
38.8
39.2
39.7
40.8
41.0
40.9
40.7
39.8
40.3
41.0
$1.26
1.27
38.5
38.7
39.2
39.1
40.1
40.5
40.1
39.7
39.8
40.1
39.7
40.0
40.1
1.26
1.25
1.25
1.26
1.27
1. 30
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.32
1. 32
1.32
41.3
39.8
40.0
39.4
39.7
40.1
39.2
40.4
40.7
40.4
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.9
41.4
State
$1.93 $76.96
1.98 76. 27
1.98
1. 99
1. 98
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.07
75.70
75. 29
75.20
75. 29
77. 54
79.37
80. 43
80. 35
81.88
81.85
81.55
83.02
81.80
40.6
39.6
$1.89
1.93
39.5
39.0
39.3
39.7
40.1
40.5
40.8
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.8
41.4
40.9
1. 92
1.93
1.91
1.89
1.93
1.96
1.97
1. 98
1. 99
2.00
2.00
2. 00
2.00
Kentucky
Wichita
$1.62 $76.33
1.72 82.36
1.72
1.62
1.65
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.85
1.90
1.82
1.88
1.84
1.84
1.84
80.12
82.40
85. 20
85.40
83.06
84.66
86.28
85.27
84.35
85.68
82.79
83.25
83.02
40.9
41.9
41.0
42.4
42.8
42.8
41.8
42.7
43.1
42.7
42.3
43.1
41.8
42.0
41.6
State
$1.86 $68.00
41.9
1.97 266.17 2 39.8
1.96
1.94
1.99
2.00
1.99
1.98
2.00
2.00
1.99
1.99
1.98
1.98
2.00
65.85
65.99
66.64
67.63
68.07
68.43
67.66
67.30
68.43
69.07
69.64
70.29
71.81
39.4
39.7
40.2
39.8
40.4
40.1
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.7
41.2
$1.40 $59.57
1.42 60.91
41.6
40.6
60.64
61.46
61.56
61.33
61.56
61.16
61.10
63.02
61.72
61.34
61.05
61.97
59.38
41.1
41.2
40.9
40.5
40.3
39.6
40.2
41.3
40.7
40.1
39.7
40.9
40.1
1.40
1.41
1.40
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.43
$1.62
2 1.66
1.67
1.66
1.66
1.70
1.68
1.71
1.67
1.66
1.68
1.70
1.72
1.73
1.74
Maryland
State
Portland
State
$1.56 $56.88
1.64 56.52
39.9
39.1
Indiana
Chicago
Maine
Louisiana
1953: Average-------- $63.80
1954: Average........... 65.25
54.80
55.20
56.16
55. 48
56. 98
59. 50
59. 50
58.10
57. 96
55. 89
56. 99
57.51
57.95
1.36
1.37
1.37
1.38
1.38
1.37
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.37
1.39
1.40
Topeka
State
Baton Rouge
State
42.0
41.2
Kansas
Des Moines
1.76
1.77
1.75
1.79
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.80
1.82
1.82
40.9
40.6
41.0
40.7
40.8
41.7
42.5
42.3
42.0
42.2
41.5
41.6
41.3
$1.31 $54. 53
1. 36 56.03
State
Iowa
State
42.2
41.5
Illinois
State
1953: Average-------- $62.83
1954: Average-------- 63.04
1954: June____ . . .
July________
August______
September___
October___ .
November___
December___
1955: January-------February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
$2.00 $55. 36
2.09 56.44
Idaho
Savannah
Atlanta
41.2
40.3
$1.43 $67.35
1.50 68.58
40.7
39.8
$1.66
1.72
68.62
68.92
67.92
68.28
68.48
71.00
72.30
71.77
72.06
72.49
72.63
73.95
73.54
40.2
39.6
40.2
39.9
39.7
40.3
40.6
40.3
40.4
40.5
40.3
40.9
41.1
1.71
1.74
1.69
1.71
1.73
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.79
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.52
1.48
1084
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Maryland—Con.
Massachusetts
State
Baltimore
Boston
Fall River
New Bedford
Springfleld-Holyoke
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. hourly
wkly. wkly.
hourly wkly.
hourly wkly. wkly. hourly wklyr. wkly.
wkly. wkly. hourly wkly. wkly. hourly
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn
earn
earn
earn
earn hours earn earn hours earn
earn
ings
ings
ings hours ings
ings hours ings
ings hours ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
1953: Average_____ $71. 73
1954: Average_____ 72. 71
40.9
40.1
$1.76 $66.60
1.82 65.55
40.4
39.4
72.49
73. 79
73.16
73.48
73.07
74. 66
76.26
75.57
75. 22
75. 99
76.13
77. 72
77.46
40.2
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.8
40.4
40.9
40.7
40.4
40.7
40.4
41.1
41.2
1.80 65.24
1.83 65.07
1.82 65. 57
1.83 65.24
1.83 65.13
1.85 65. 80
1. 87 67.20
1.86 66. 80
1.86 67.13
1.87 67. 87
1.88 67.43
1. 89 68.74
1. 88 69.43
39.3
39.2
39.5
39.3
39.0
39.4
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.4
39.9
40.2
40.6
1954: J u n e ............ Ju ly------------A u g u st-,----September___
Octover_____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February____
M arch______
A p ril--_____
M ay-.
June___ ___
$1.65 $68.09
1.67 68. 54
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.69
1. 71
1.71
68.16
68. 21
68.51
69.30
68.29
68. 82
69. 87
69.30
70. 05
70. 22
70. 09
71.38
71.73
40.1
39.3
$1.70 $53. 46
1.74 52.06
39.0
37.7
51.34
51.99
47.79
50.46
53.93
54. 60
54.32
54. 49
53. 79
53.65
54.74
55.41
54. 99
37.2
37.4
35.4
37.1
38.8
39.0
38.8
39.2
38.7
38.6
39.1
39.3
39.0
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.6
38.8
39.1
39.7
39.6
39.8
39.9
39.6
40.1
40.3
1.73
1.74
1.73
1.75
1. 76
1. 76
1.76
1.75
1. 76
1.76
1.77
1.78
1.78
Massachusetts—Con.
40.9
39.4
71.28
70.20
71. 10
70.20
71.49
70. 59
74.34
72.07
73. 97
74.74
76.30
76.70
78.62
39.6
39.0
39.5
39.0
39.5
39.0
40.4
39.6
40.2
40.4
40.8
40.8
41.6
1954: June________
July------------August-—.......
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February ___
M a rch .-____
April-- ____
M ay________
June___ ___
State
Detroit
$1.76 $86. 65
1. 79 87.84
41.5
40.8
$2.09 $89.18
2.15 91.85
41.0
40.5
85.47
85.13
86. 65
87.85
89. 72
91.98
95.26
93.76
94.64
95.60
94.63
96.70
91.69
39.9
39.8
40.3
40.3
41.1
42.0
43.2
42.6
42.9
43.1
42.8
43.4
41.6
2.14 88. 44
2.14 88. 71
2.15 91.68
2.18 92. 57
2.18 94.96
2.19 96.89
2. 21 101.30
2.20 96.05
2. 21 97.05
2.22 97.89
2. 21 97.29
2.23 98.28
2. 20 94.43
39.2
39.2
40.0
39.8
41.0
42.0
43.7
42.0
42.4
42.6
42.3
42.6
41.2
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.84
1.82
1.84
1. 85
1.87
1.88
1.89
Muskegon
$82.76
81.15
77.78
80.14
79.15
81.38
83.17
83. 37
84. 96
86. 47
88.83
87.26
87.82
88. 42
88.80
40.0
38.9
37.5
38.2
38. 2
39.2
39.7
39.7
40.4
41.0
41.8
41.1
41.0
41.2
41.3
$2.07 $86.40
2.09 83.23
2.07 84.81
2.10 80.87
2.07 82.01
2.08 84.19
2.10 88. 54
2.10 86. 44
2.10 87.19
2.11 88.33
2.13 90.14
2.12 89. 38
2.14 95.04
2.15 100. 77
2.15 84.44
Jackson
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
38.3
38.6
38.7
40.0
38.7
38.3
39.6
39.1
39.6
39.5
39.1
39.4
39.6
$1.42 $70.38
1.44 71.33
40.9
40.2
$1. 72
1.77
71.96
72.14
70. 98
70.62
70.80
71.73
72.85
72. 50
72.67
74. 70
74. 07
75. 21
75.03
40.2
40.3
40.1
39.9
40.0
40.3
40. 7
40.5
40.6
41.5
40.7
41.1
41.0
1.79
1.79
1. 77
1.77
1. 77
1. 78
1.79
1. 79
1. 79
1.80
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.45
1.43
1.41
1.46
1.48
1.48
1.45
1.45
1.46
1.45
1.47
1.49
1.48
$2.18 $99.19
2. 27 94. 79
2.26
2.26
2.29
2.33
2.32
2.31
2.32
2.29
2.29
2.30
2.30
2.31
2.29
89.20
89.09
92.52
95.20
92. 56
99.05
98.73
106. 86
106.17
108. 29
103.01
114.09
95.84
43.2
40.7
40.6
39.8
40.3
40.3
42.2
41.6
41.7
41.9
42.2
42.0
43.9
45.7
40.0
$2. 21 $80. 54
2.23 81.37
44.8
42.6
2.20
2.19
2.21
2. 28
2.25
2.24
2.25
2.31
2.31
2.35
2. 29
2.37
2.28
40.6
40.7
41.9
41.7
41.1
44.2
43.8
46.2
45.9
46.1
45.0
48.2
42.0
80.40
80. 06
78. 63
81.13
82.01
81. 87
84. 34
83.47
84.19
86.37
84. 93
85. 02
82.42
39.9
39.0
38.8
38.7
39.4
39.0
39.1
39.3
39.6
39.4
39.5
39.9
39.5
39.6
39.5
42.1
41.2
41.0
40.6
40.2
41.1
41.4
41.1
41.9
41.3
41.7
42.4
41.9
41.9
40.8
State
$2.00 $72. 56
2.05 74. 03
2. 05 74.32
2.03 73. 72
2. 04 72. 05
2. 09 73. 50
2.10 74. 73
2.08 77.15
2.09 76.38
2.11 76.44
2.14 75. 94
2.13 76.24
2.17 76. 51
2.21 76. 49
2.11 76.65
41.2
40.6
40.7
41.1
39.6
40.6
40.7
41.4
41.1
40.9
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.8
40.9
Duluth
$1.76 $71.16
1.82 74. 62
1.83 71. 59
1. 79 76.07
1.82 78. 76
1.81 75. 59
1.84 75. 97
1.86 77. 76
1.86 75. 66
1.87 75.60
1.87 75.17
1. 88 75. 07
1.88 76.22
1.88 76.66
1.87 78.19
39.0
39.2
39.0
40.0
40. 1
39.3
38.2
38.8
39.4
39.0
38.9
38.7
39.2
39.2
39.3
$1.91 $94. 87
1.98 92.85
43.5
41.9
$2.18
2.23
94.01
88.11
88.53
88. 82
88.20
94.40
94.55
99. 59
107. 46
106.07
105. 66
108. 35
103. 40
42.1
40.4
40.5
40.1
40.0
41.9
42.4
43.7
46.0
45.8
45.8
46.5
44.9
2.23
2.18
2.19
2.22
2.21
2.25
2.23
2.28
2.34
2.32
2.31
2.33
2.30
1. 96
1.97
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.99
2.01
2.02
2. 02
2.04
2.03
2.03
2.02
Mississippi
$1.83
1. 90
1.84
1.90
1.96
1.92
1.99
2.01
1.92
1.94
1. 93
1.94
1. 94
1. 96
1.99
$74. 42
76.14
76.19
75.79
75. 44
76.30
78.29
79.26
77.98
77. 78
77. 40
78.03
78. 30
78.35
79. 57
40.5
39.8
39.9
39.5
40.0
39.9
40.2
40.7
40.5
41.1
40.3
40.9
40.5
40.8
39.8
41.0
40.2
40.3
39.8
39.6
39.9
40.7
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.9
$1. 82
1. 89
1. 89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1. 92
1.94
1. 93
1. 93
1. 92
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.95
State
$46. 63
48.14
47. 56
47.67
48.56
50. 09
48. 38
48.43
48. 96
47.88
48.14
49.68
50.31
49.97
51.65
Montana
Kansas City
$1. 69 $74. 53
1. 73 75. 02
1. 73 75.20
1.73 74.70
1. 71 75.19
1.74 75.07
1.74 76.32
1. 75 78. 61
1. 76 78. 26
1.76 79. 68
1. 76 78.03
1.76 79.53
1. 77 79.18
1. 78 80.18
1. 77 77.76
Lansing
Minneapolis—St.
Paul
Missouri
State
$1.20 $67. 56
1. 26 67.63
1.29 67. 33
1.27 67.00
1. 27 67.32
1.30 67.58
1.25 67. 75
1.27 68. 92
1. 27 69. 50
1.30 69. 36
1.24 69.32
1.29 70.09
1. 31 69. 81
1.34 70.44
1. 36 69. 86
Grand Rapids
Minnesota
Saginaw
Mississippi—Con.
41.2
1953: Average_____ $49.44
40.4
1954: Average_____ 50.90
39.3
1954: June________ 50.70
41.3
July, ______ 52.45
40.5
August_____ 51.44
40.6
September___ 52.78
42.0
October_____ 52.50
November___ 53. 85 42.4
40.3
December___ 51.18
1955: January........... 50.18
38.6
February____ 50. 59 40.8
40.4
March______ 52.12
38.2
April............... 50.04
M ay________ 53.73
40.1
40.4
June________ 54.94
See footnotes at end of table.
55.54
55.20
54.57
58. 40
57. 27
56. 68
57. 42
56.70
57. 82
57.28
57. 48
58. 71
58. 61
1.38
1.39
1.35
1.36
1.39
1.40
1.40
1.39
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.41
1. 41
Flint
M ich igan—Continued
1953: Average_____
1954: Average_____
1954: June________
July------------August_____
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January__ _
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
39.3
38.3
Michigan
Worcester
1953: Average-------- $71. 81
1954: Average_____ 70.65
$1.37 $55.55
1.38 55.01
$1.84
1. 88
1. 88
1. 89
1.88
1.88
1.91
1.93
1.93
1. 94
1. 93
1. 95
1. 96
1. 96
1.94
St. Louis
$71. 60
73.13
73.69
73. 15
72.48
73.71
74. 32
74.47
75. 78
75. 51
76.26
76.51
76.15
77.35
77.49
40.1
39.3
39.3
39.0
39.3
39.3
39.5
39.4
40.1
39.8
40.0
40. 1
39.7
39.9
40.0
$79. 76
79.20
78.09
77.57
81.52
80. 73
82. 25
80.20
79. 82
83. 05
82. 96
82.50
80. 78
82.23
81.00
41.4
39.9
39.7
38.7
40.7
39.8
41.3
40.0
39.9
40.9
40.5
40.7
39.9
40.2
39.9
$1.14
1.18
1.16
1.18
1.17
1. 21
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.18
1.20
1.23
1.21
1.19
Nebraska
State
$1. 79
1. 86
1.88
1. 88
1.85
1. 88
1.88
1. 89
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.92
1. 94
1. 94
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.4
41.5
41.4
41.0
40.7
40.8
39.9
40.8
41.4
40.9
41.3
43.4
State
$1. 93
1. 99
1.97
2. 01
2.00
2.03
1. 99
2.01
2.00
2.03
2.05
2.03
2.02
2.05
2.03
$65. 40
67. 70
68.00
68.24
66. 70
67. 89
68.46
70. 85
70.65
68.60
67.10
67. 53
68.14
71.34
71.46
41.7
41.7
42.7
42.7
41.9
41.7
41.8
42.1
42.3
40.7
40.4
40.6
40.9
42.7
42.9
$1.57
1.62
1.59
1.60
1. 59
1.63
1.64
1.68
1.67
1.69
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1. 67
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1085
C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
Year and month
Nebraska—Con.
Nevada
Omaha
State
New Jersey
Manchester
41.6
41.4
70. 05
70. 63
69.98
70. 07
71.67
75. 72
74. 91
72. 74
70. 31
70. 51
71.50
74. 94
74. 76
41.5
41.4
41.3
40.3
41.8
42.0
42.8
41.7
40.8
41.0
41. 5
42. 7
42.6
$1. 63 $86.74
1.71 86. 43
41.7
40.2
$2.08 $57. 37
2.15 57. 46
40.4
39.9
85. 32
87. 42
85. 10
90. 80
86. 76
86. 37
87. 02
87. 05
85.10
85. 28
84.31
87. 91
86.69
39.5
40.1
39.4
40.9
39.8
39.8
40.1
40.3
39.4
39.3
38.5
38.9
38. 7
2.16 57. 31
2. 18 57.34
2. 16 58. 18
2. 22 56. 45
2. 18 57.13
2. 17 58. 84
2. 17 59. 62
2. 16 59.60
2. 16 60.44
2.17 60. 56
2. 19 58.40
2. 26 59. 42
2.24 60. 42
39.8
40.1
40.4
39. 2
39.4
40.3
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.2
40.0
40. 7
41.1
1. 69
1. 71
1. 69
1. 74
1. 72
1. 80
1. 75
1. 74
1. 72
1. 72
1.72
1.76
1.76
$1. 42 $54. 53
1. 44 53.68
38.4
37.8
53.68
54.18
54. 29
50.84
52. 62
54.14
56. 77
56.49
57. 46
57. 31
53. 71
55.15
56.70
37.8
38.7
38.5
35.8
36.8
37.6
39.7
39.5
39.9
39.8
37.3
38.3
39. 1
1.44
1. 43
1.44
1.44
1. 45
1.46
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.47
1.46
1.46
1. 47
New Jersey—Continued
Paterson
1953: Average.......... $74. 66
1954: Average.........- 75. 05
41.0
40.5
75. 99
74. 59
74. 47
75.97
75.85
77.11
78. 31
76.82
77.09
77.63
75.71
78.14
79.37
40.9
40.1
40.3
41.0
40.8
41.3
41.7
41.1
41. 2
41.4
40.4
41.3
41.6
1954: June________
J u ly ........... .
August______
September___
October-------November___
December___
1955: January..........
February____
M arch______
April----- -----M ay________
June------------
State
Newark-Jersey City
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. hourly
wkly. wkly.
hourly wkly.
hourly wkly. wkly.
wkly. wkly. hourly wkly. wkly. hourly wkly. wkly. hourly
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn
earn
earn
earn earn hours earn earn hours earn
earn
ings
ings
ings hours ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings hours ings ings hours ings
1953: Average_____ $67. 85
1954: Average........... 70. 64
1954: June................
July___ _____
August______
September___
October-------November___
December___
1955: January...........
February____
M arch______
April.......... .
M ay________
June________
New Hampshire
State
41.1
40.0
75. 91
76.10
76. 41
76.50
75. 74
76. 50
78. 07
77.91
78. 27
78.88
79. 74
80. 04
81.48
40.4
40.5
40.6
40. 5
39.8
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.7
40.7
40. 5
40.9
41.3
1.86
1. 86
1. 85
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.87
1. 87
1. 89
1. 91
Trenton
$1.83 $73. 78
1.89 72. 03
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.94
1.97
1. 96
1.97
40.9
39.8
74. 85
74. 03
74. 45
74.85
74. 70
76.05
76.95
76. 46
77.30
77. 11
77.10
78. 70
78. 60
39.9
39.4
39.9
39.9
39 8
40.3
40.5
40. 2
40.6
40.5
40.2
40.8
40.6
1. 42
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.45
$1.82 $75.83
1. 87 75. 55
41.1
39.7
$1.84
1. 90
76.13
74. 95
75. 20
75.93
76.24
76. 38
77.51
77. 36
78. 32
77. 27
78.15
79.18
79.10
39.9
39.3
39.6
39.9
40.0
39.8
40. 2
40.0
40.6
40. 1
40.1
40.4
40.4
1.91
1. 91
1.90
1. 90
1. 91
1. 92
1. 93
1.93
1.93
1.93
1. 95
1.96
1. 96
1.88
1.88
1.87
1. 88
1.88
1.89
1.90
1. 90
1. 90
1.90
1. 92
1. 93
1.94
New York
New Mexico
Perth Amboy
$1.82 $75. 30
1.85 75.48
$1. 42 $74. 32
1. 42 74.43
72.38
72. 01
72. 12
73. 67
73. 85
73. 70
76. 01
76.08
78.29
76. 56
74.05
79. 57
73. 52
40.9
39.6
39.9
39.5
39.8
40.3
40.2
39.9
40.8
40.6
41.4
40.9
39.9
41.9
39.4
State 3
$1.80 $74.16
1.82 78. 91
41.2
41.1
Albuquerque
$1.80 $71.10
1. 92 74. 39
41.1
41.1
73.22
75. 90
75.71
75.85
76. 67
74. 96
78. 02
76. 48
75. 30
73. 82
71.94
71.74
74.15
41.6
42.4
41.6
41.0
41.0
40.3
41. 5
40.9
40.7
39.9
39.1
39.2
40.3
41.7
1.86
1.81 77.56
1.82 78.17
1.87
41.8
1. 91
1.81 79. 46 41.6
1.95
1.83 81.32
41.7
1.97
1.84 81.36
41.3
1.85 82.01
40.8
2.01
41.1
2.00
1.86 82.20
41.4
2. 06
1.87 85.28
1.89 81.80
40.9
2. 00
1.89 80.20
40.1
2.00
40.4
1.86 81. 61
2. 02
40.2
2.01
1.90 80.80
1.87 3 79.13 3 41.0 3 1. 93
State
$1. 73 $71.12
1.81 71.50
39.7
38.8
$1.79
1.84
71.11
71.29
71. 22
71.84
72. 06
73.12
73. 61
73. 52
74.26
74.26
73.08
74.13
74.60
38.7
38.7
38.8
39.0
39.0
39.4
39.5
39.0
39.3
39.4
38.8
39.3
39.5
1.84
1. 84
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.76
1.79
1.82
1.85
1.87
1.86
1.88
1.87
1.85
1.85
1.84
1.83
1.84
New York—Continued
Albany-SchenectadyTroy
Binghamton
1953: Average_____ $76.57
1954: Average_____ 76.08
40.4
39.6
39.4
37.7
75. 02
74. 86
75. 91
77.72
77. 39
78.78
78.50
77. 47
78. 39
78. 75
78. 31
80. 21
81.46
39.3
39. 1
39.7
40.5
40.0
40.4
40.1
39.5
39.8
40.3
39.6
40.2
40.7
1954: June................
July ...............
August............
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February........
M arch______
April_______
M a y .......... .
June................
$1.90 $67. 08
1. 92 65.62
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.94
1.95
1. 96
1.96
1. 97
1. 96
1.98
1.99
2.00
65.13
65.94
65. 56
64. 58
65.86
66.97
68.14
65. 77
68.73
69.93
68. 34
68.63
70. 49
37.5
38.1
37.7
36.9
37.5
38. 2
39.0
37.5
38.8
39.4
38.4
38.6
39.5
Buffalo
$1. 70 $83.04
1. 74 82.96
41.6
40.3
82.42
82. 56
81. 49
82.77
84.26
87. 62
88.36
86.98
87. 71
86. 65
86.88
88. 61
87.60
40.1
39.8
39. 7
39.7
40.5
41.3
41.8
41.2
41.4
41.0
40.8
41.4
40.9
1. 74
1. 73
1. 74
1.75
1.76
1. 75
1. 75
1.75
1. 77
1. 78
1. 78
1.78
1.79
Nassau and Suffolk
Counties
Elmira
$1. 99 $72. 05
2.06 73. 67
2.06
2.08
2.05
2.08
2.08
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.11
2.13
2.14
2.14
73. 53
73.05
72. 76
74.36
75. 38
74.87
75. 43
74. 59
73.68
74. 52
73. 79
74.16
76. 37
40.6
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.1
40.5
40.8
40.5
40.5
39.9
39.9
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.8
$1.78 $83. 77
1. 82 83. 21
42.5
41.0
84.89
84. 18
83.20
84. 32
86.83
86.27
85. 56
84.04
84.24
84.88
82.69
82.46
82.84
41.5
41.2
41.0
41.5
42.0
41.8
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.3
40.1
40.7
40.5
1.81
1.80
1. 82
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1. 87
1. 85
1. 85
1.85
1.85
1.87
New York--Continued
Rochester
1953: Average.......... $76.54
1954: Average_____ 76.51
41.6
40.0
40.0
1954: Ju n e .............. 76.86
39.9
July------------- 76.76
39.8
August........ . 76.55
September___ 77. 05 40.2
40.0
October_____ 76.84
November___ 77. 62 40.3
40.0
December___ 77.23
40.1
1955: January.......... 77.54
40.2
February........ 78.04
40.4
March______ 79.03
40.3
April............... 79.03
40.5
M ay................ 79. 67
Ju n e ........ ...... 81. 10 40.6
See footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Syracuse
$1.84 $77. 02
1.91 74.43
42.2
40.3
72. 88
73.64
74.23
75. 14
77. 01
75. 94
76.92
76. 80
76.23
78.31
78.35
79.07
78.86
39.7
39.9
40.1
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.8
40.7
40.4
41.0
41.0
41. 1
41.1
1. 92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.92
1. 93
1.93
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.96
1.97
2.00
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.89
1.87
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.92
68.72
68. 37
68.27
69.67
70.27
71.10
70.88
71. 75
70. 92
71.01
70. 44
70. 61
72.94
40.8
39.5
39.4
39.2
39.4
39.4
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.2
39.9
39.9
40.6
$1.97 $67. 49
2.03 68.66
2. 05
2.04
2.03
2.03
2.07
2.07
2.07
2.05
2.04
2.06
2.06
2.03
2.04
67. 77
68.36
68. 53
69.31
68.96
69.73
70.23
70.63
71.68
71. 74
69.29
70.48
71.10
37.9
37.4
$1.78
1.84
37.3
37.2
37.4
37.7
37.5
38.0
38.0
37.5
37.9
38.1
37.2
37.8
38.0
1. 82
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.85
1.88
1.89
1.88
1. 86
1.87
1.87
North Carolina
Utica-Rome
$1. 83 $69. 21
1.85 69.03
New York City
Westchester County
$1.70 $70.11
1.75 71.58
40.0
39.2
71.37
70.18
71.78
71.70
70.64
75.45
75. 21
71. 52
72. 67
73. 39
73. 59
75. 53
72.29
38.9
38.5
39.5
39.6
39.3
40.7
40.5
39.0
39.7
40.0
39.9
40.4
39.4
1.75
1.75
1.73
1. 77
1.76
1. 76
1.77
1. 79
1. 78
1. 77
1. 76
1.77
1.79
State
$1.76 $48. 34
1. 82 47.88
39.3
38.3
47.25
47.25
48.38
48.75
49. 75
50.27
50.93
49. 78
50.29
51.05
48.38
50. 94
51.20
37.8
37.8
38.7
39.0
39.8
39.9
40.1
39.2
39.6
40.2
37.8
39.8
40.0
1.84
1. 82
1.82
1.81
1.80
1. 85
1.86
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.84
1. 87
1.84
Charlotte
$1.23 $51.33
1.25 52. 66
40.1
40.2
$1.28
1.31
52.40
50. 96
51.61
53.06
53.84
54. 52
54.10
53.06
55. 46
54. 93
54.27
55. 88
56.70
40.0
39.2
39.7
40.5
41. 1
41.3
41.3
40.5
41.7
41.3
40.5
41.7
42.0
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1. 32
1. 32
1.31
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.34
1. 35
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.31
1086
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
Table C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
North Carolina—Con.
Year and month
North Dakota
Greensboro-High
Point
State
Ohio
Fargo
State
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hourly wkly. Avg. hourly wkly. Avg. hourly wkly. Avg. hourly wkly. Avg. hourly wkly. Avg. hourly
earn hours earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn
hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings hours ings
ings hours ings
ings hours ings
ings hours ings
1953: Average_____
1954: Average.......... $47.73
37.0
$1.29
$65. 26
67.55
44.2
44.3
1954: June.-_____
July________
August______
September___
O cto b er____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February __
March_____
April.. _ .
M a y .. _
J u n e ...
._
36.4
37.0
38.0
37.7
38.8
38.9
39.2
38.2
38.5
38.7
34.3
38.0
37.9
1.28
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.30
69. 92
70. 74
70. 21
66.36
70. 96
69. 71
66. 94
65.68
68. 54
67.07
68.63
69. 76
71.53
45.8
46.1
45.9
43.7
45.9
45.4
43.9
43.0
44.2
43.8
43.9
45.4
46.1
46. 59
47.36
49.02
49.01
50.44
50. 57
50.96
49.66
50.05
50.31
44.93
49.78
49. 27
$1.48 $63. 79 42.2
1.52 269.70 2 41.9
1.53
1.53
1.53
1.52
1.55
1.54
1.53
1.55
1.55
1.53
1.56
1.54
1.55
73.85
71.93
71.95
68.36
76.35
76.43
74. 60
74. 64
73.08
69. 95
72.32
72.44
75.49
$1. 51 $79. 86
2 1.66 78.88
1.65
1.67
1.67
1.69
1.71
1.78
1.71
1.65
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.61
44.8
43.2
43.0
40.5
44.7
42.8
43.7
45.3
44.9
43.8
44.8
44.9
47.0
78.09
78. 50
78. 62
79. 29
80. 54
81.47
82. 72
83. 40
83.56
84.34
83. 98
85. 98
84.86
41.0
39.6
39.4
39.3
39.6
39.7
40.1
40.2
40.7
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.7
41.3
40.7
Oklahoma
State
1953: Average.......... $70.14
1954: Average.......... 72.04
41.5
41.4
1954: June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February __
March . . .
April...............
M ay________
June________
41.5
41.4
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.8
41.3
41.4
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.9
41.2
72.21
72.45
72.98
72.69
71.69
72.73
71.86
72.04
70. 52
71.86
73.04
74. 58
73.34
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.76
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.72
1.74
1.76
1.78
1.78
71.01
70 09
69.60
70. 95
68.53
69. 28
69.17
68.30
66.65
67.55
68.13
69.86
69.21
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton
1953: Average.......... $67.05
1954: Average_____ 64.11
38.8
36.8
1954: June________
July ............ .
August______
September___
October_____
November___
D ecem ber.....
1955: January_____
February____
March.............
April ............ .
M ay________
June...... .........
35.8
35.9
36.9
37.2
37.3
37.6
36.6
37.2
37.9
38.5
38.6
39.1
38.6
62. 22
63. 00
64. 21
65.10
65. 20
65. 69
63.68
65.73
66. 59
67. 99
69. 36
72.02
70.37
43.3
43.0
42.7
43.0
42.3
42.5
42.7
41.9
41.4
41.7
41.8
42.6
42.2
73.28
73. 50
72.25
75.25
75.77
74. 77
76.44
78.43
78.80
80.30
78.94
81.45
82.15
41.1
39.9
39.4
39.6
38.8
40.5
41.0
39.9
40.4
41.0
41.0
41.5
40.9
41.9
42.3
Tulsa
$1. 57 $75.26
1.63 78.12
1.64
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.62
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.64
Erie
$1.73 $75. 21
1.74 74.49
1.74
1.76
1.74
1.75
1.75
1.75
1.74
1.77
1.76
1.77
1.80
1.84
1.82
43.2
42.8
41.5
40.4
73.45
73.13
74. 76
75. 78
77.07
77.84
78. 67
76. 78
77.44
79.14
78. 60
79. 97
79.15
39.9
39.6
40.5
40.8
41.0
41.1
41.4
40.2
40.6
41.2
40.9
41.3
40.8
1.98
2.00
1.99
2. 00
2.01
2.03
2.03
2. 05
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.08
2.09
1953: Average....... . $66.15
1954: Average........... 63.31
39.9
38.0
78.14
77. 52
77.90
77. 71
77. 71
79.42
78.12
78.12
77. 52
79.49
80.54
81.58
81.54
40.9
40.9
$1.84 $82.04
1.91 83.81
$1.83 $63.80
1.87 59.45
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.87
1.89
1.91
1.92
1.94
1.93
1.94
1.94
60. 40
61.36
58.93
57.52
58.08
58.95
58.73
59. 73
61.65
63.19
63.71
66.31
64.67
38.7
38.8
40.7
1.92 82. 96 38.3
40.8
1.90 82.30
38.6
41.0
1.90 85.39
39.7
40.9
1.90 80.13
37.2
40.9
1.90 85. 42 39.2
41.8
1.90 86. 64 39.4
40.9
1.91 86. 76 39.6
40.9
1.91 87.95
39.6
40.8
39.1
1.90 86.45
41.4
1.92 86.12
38.9
41.3
1.95 86. 65 38.7
41.2
1.98 90. 27
39.4
41.6
1.96 91.91
40.1
Pennsylvania—Continued
Harrisburg
39.6
37.2
37.7
38.3
37.3
36.5
36.3
36.8
37. 1
37.1
38.1
38.6
38.4
39.9
39.1
$1.61 $62. 50
1.60 63.07
1.60
1.60
1.58
1.58
1.60
1.60
1.58
1.61
1.62
1.64
1.66
1.66
1.65
63.90
63.07
63. 55
65.24
64.07
64. 55
63. 55
64.00
63.91
65.07
64.96
66. 70
66. 76
41.2
40.2
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.9
40.6
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.4
41.0
40.4
41.3
41.7
1954: June.... ........... 63.78
38.1
J u l y _______ 63.88
38.6
August______ 63.13
37.8
September___ 62. 80 37.9
October_____ 62.23
37.4
November___ 64.94
39.0
December___ 65.03
38.8
1955: January_____ 64.74
38.4
February____ 65.05
38.7
M arch .......... 66.82
39.4
April_______ 66.07
39.0
M ay................ 68.02
39.8
June________ 68. 99 39.9
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.66
1. 66
1.67
1.68
1.69
1.68
1.70
1.69
1.71
1.73
53.65
54.07
54.20
54.63
54.61
54.52
53. 78
54. 52
55.35
54.48
52.13
54.17
56.57
39.1
37.8
37.7
38.0
37.9
38.2
38.0
38.1
37.4
38.1
38.6
38.1
36.1
37.7
38.8
$1.40 $51.06
1.43 50.44
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.43
1.44
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.46
49. 83
48.12
50. 84
50.78
50.19
51.40
52.06
50.94
51.33
52. 37
49. 17
52.27
51.70
37.6
36.9
37.1
35.7
38.0
37.5
36.5
37.6
38.0
37.4
37.8
38.2
35.5
38.1
37.6
81.12
80.35
79. 94
79. 96
82.65
84.12
86.12
86. 59
86. 27
87.05
86.36
89.74
86.06
Portland
$2.12 $76.19
2.16 77.44
2.17
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.18
2. 20
2.19
2.22
2.21
2.21
2.24
2. 29
2. 29
Lancaster
39.5
39.1
39.1
38.9
40.0
40.6
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.4
41.0
42.1
40.6
2.05
2.05
2.04
2.06
2. 07
2. 07
2.09
2.10
2.10
2.10
2.11
2.13
2.12
77.45
76.92
76.99
75. 34
78.66
78.03
80. 23
81.81
80. 56
79.81
80.52
82. 49
81.77
38.4
38.3
37.8
38.5
39.0
37.5
38.9
38.1
38.7
39.2
38.9
38.5
38.6
39.3
38.7
State
$1.98 $71.38
2. 02 70.10
2.05
2.00
1.97
2.01
2.02
2.05
2.07
2.09
2.07
2.07
2.09
2.10
2.11
Philadelphia
$1.52 $73.91
1.57 74.12
1.57
1.57
1.57
1.60
1.58
1.59
1.57
1.59
1.58
1.59
1.61
1.62
1.60
$2.04
2.05
73. 97
73.94
74.88
74.89
75.33
76.13
76.97
75. 37
75.63
76.25
75.42
77.86
78.34
40.5
39.3
39.2
39.0
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.9
40.3
39.5
39.7
39.9
39.2
40.3
40.4
69. 62
69.60
69.46
70.33
70. 52
71.53
72.16
72. 20
72. 60
73. 65
73.43
75.69
76.05
$1.79
1.82
38.3
38.1
38.2
38.5
38.5
38.9
39.1
38.9
39.1
39.5
39.0
39.9
40.0
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.90
1.90
Pittsburgh
$1.83 $81.89
1.89 80.37
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.93
1.94
39.9
38.4
79.33
79.93
79. 04
82.10
80.47
82.26
84. 21
85. 52
84. 70
85.92
86.04
88.13
90.19
40.4
38.6
$2.03
2.08
38.4
38.1
37.8
38.8
38.3
38.8
39.5
40.0
39.6
40.0
40.0
40.8
41.6
2.07
2.10
2. 09
2.12
2.10
2.12
2.13
2.14
2. 14
2.15
2.15
2. 16
2.17
Rhode Island
Wilkes-BarreHazelton 3
Scranton
$1.66 $54. 62
1.67 54.13
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.94
1.94
41.6
39.8
Pennsylvania
State
Pennsylvania—Continued
Reading
$1.78 $84.87
1.85 81.70
Oregon
Oklahoma City
$1.69 $67. 82
1.74 69.76
$1.95 $73.86
1.99 74. 78
York
$1.36 $63.08
1.37 62.11
1.34
1.35
1.34
1.35
1.38
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.37
1.39
1.37
1.38
62.27
60.81
62.42
61.12
62.30
62.20
62.85
62.26
63. 21
63.68
63.91
65.15
65.85
41.8
40.1
40.7
39.9
41.2
40.0
40.3
40.1
40.6
40.3
40.6
40.9
40.5
41.0
41.6
State
$1.51 $60.50
1.55 60.44
1.53
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.58
1.59
1.58
60. 59
59.74
59.85
61.45
59.83
60. 53
61.86
61.29
61.48
61.30
61.33
62. 22
63.13
39.8
39.5
39.6
39.3
39.9
39.9
38.6
38.8
40.7
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.1
40.4
40.7
Providence
$1.52 $60. 45
1.53 61.10
40.3
40.2
$1.50
1.52
61.10
60.34
60.25
62.12
61.35
61.05
62. 78
62. 02
62. 27
61.71
62. 22
63.09
63.24
40.2
39.7
39.9
40.6
40.1
39.9
41.3
40.8
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.7
40.8
1.52
1. 52
1.51
1.53
1.53
1. 53
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.53
1.52
1.50
1.54
1.55
1. 56
1. 52
1.52
1.52
1.51
1. 53
1.54
1.55
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1087
T able C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas 1—Continued
South Carolina
State
South Dakota
Charleston
State
Tennessee
Sioux Falls
State
Year and month
1953: Average...........
1954: Average............
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
hours
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
hours
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
hours
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
hours
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly
hours
$49. 60
49.64
40.0
39.4
$1.24
1.26
$50.27
52.00
39.9
39.1
$1. 26
1.33
$63.95
67.39
43.5
43.8
$1.47
1.54
$71.10
73.84
45.0
45.3
$1. 58
1.63
$56.84
57.71
40.6
39.8
$1.40
1.45
48.89
49.01
49.39
50. 29
50.93
51.82
51.94
52.10
52. 61
52.86
52.39
52.12
52.10
38.8
38.9
39.2
39.6
40.1
40.8
40.9
40.7
41.1
41.3
40.3
40.4
40.7
1.26
1.26
1.26
1. 27
1.27
1. 27
1.27
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.30
1.29
1.28
51.08
53.20
53.20
54.14
52.88
53.46
52. 78
54.53
53.86
54.81
55. 07
56.43
57. 82
42.5
44.9
43.5
42.8
48.0
47.2
45.0
47.0
45.9
42.9
42.5
44.2
43.7
1.51
1.51
1. 52
1.57
1. 55
1.59
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.57
1. 56
1. 55
1.57
69.81
71. 37
71.95
77.48
83.95
83.30
81.17
82.15
79.39
72.10
69.91
73.42
75.60
43.3
44.2
44.1
47.6
51.3
50.1
49.4
50.2
48.8
44.2
43.1
45.3
45.6
1. 61
1. 61
1.63
1.63
1.64
1. 66
1.64
1.64
1.63
1. 63
1.62
1.62
1. 66
57. 60
56.59
57.20
59.13
58.18
57. 86
59. 54
58.76
59.30
59.54
59.64
59.98
60. 98
40.0
39.3
40.0
40.1
40.4
39.9
40.5
39.7
39.8
40.3
40.3
40.8
41.2
Texas
1.44
1. 44
1.43
1.46
1.44
1.45
1.47
1. 48
1.49
1.48
1.48
1. 47
1.48
1954: Ju n e ............
J u ly ...._____ ______
A ugust.........
September__
O ctober... .
November.
December___
1955: January..
February........
March__
April..........
M ay.........
June...........
Chattanooga
1953: Average...
1954: Average..
1954: June__
J u ly .......... ......
A ugust........... .
Septem ber...
October..
November___
December.................
1955: January
February...
M arch__
April_____
M ay____
June_____
38.7
1.32
64.37
39.7
1.34
67.74
1.34
39.7
66.11
40.1
1.35
67.25
38.6
1. 37 74.56
39.6
1. 35 75.00
39.1
1.35
70.47
39.8
1.37
73.37
39.6
1.36
71.74
40.3
67.42
1.36
40.2
1.37
66.23
40.6
1.39
68.31
41.9
1.38
68. 43
Tennessee—Continued
Knoxville
Memphis
Nashville
State
$57.49
57.48
40.2
39.1
$1.43
1.47
$65.53
66.47
40.7
39.1
$1.61
1.70
$64. 57
64.06
42.2
41.6
$1.53
1. 54
$58.18
59.20
40.4
40.0
$1.44
1.48
$69.99
72.04
41.8
41.4
$1.68
1.74
56.84
54. 99
56.59
59.15
59. 90
59.60
60.25
60.34
60.25
60.40
’ 60.25
60.85
61. 86
39.2
39.0
39.3
39.7
40.2
40.0
39.9
39.7
39.9
40.0
39.9
40.3
40.7
1. 45
1.41
1. 44
1. 49
1.49
1.49
1.51
1. 52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1. 52
66.86
65. 62
67.99
67.08
67. 94
69. 65
68. 85
67.69
68. 29
69.03
68. 56
68.06
69.14
39.1
38.6
39.3
39.0
39.5
39.8
39.8
38.9
38.8
39.9
39.4
39.8
40.2
1.71
1.70
1.73
1.72
1. 72
1. 75
1.73
1.74
1. 76
1.73
1.74
1. 71
1.72
66.57
61.41
62.42
64.26
66.53
58.65
69.01
67.68
68. 53
69. 23
70. 36
69.50
70. 58
42.4
40.4
40.8
42.0
43.2
39.1
43.4
42.3
42.3
43.0
42.9
42.9
43.3
1.57
1. 52
1. 53
1. 53
1. 54
1.50
1. 59
1.60
1. 62
1.61
1.64
1. 62
1.63
60. 09
59. 00
59. 09
59.40
59.79
60. 79
60.09
59.45
58.80
61. 46
60.45
62. 02
62.51
40.6
39.6
42.0
39.6
40.4
40.8
40.6
39.9
39.2
40.7
40.3
40.8
41.4
1.48
1.49
1.47
1. 50
1. 48
1.49
1. 48
1.49
1. 50
1.51
1. 50
1. 52
1.51
72.04
72.69
72. 21
72.28
72.04
72.98
73.33
72.80
73.39
74.10
73. 87
75.36
75.05
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.3
41.4
41.7
41.9
41.6
41.7
42.1
41.5
42.1
42.4
1.74
1. 76
1. 74
1. 75
1. 74
1.75
1.75
1. 75
1.76
1. 76
1. 78
1. 79
1. 77
Utah
State
1953: Average ..
1954: Average...
Avg.
hourly
earn
ings
Vermont
Salt Lake City
State
Burlington
Springfield
$72.39
73.42
40.5
39.9
$1. 79
1.84
$74.05
74.89
41.6
40.7
$1.78
1.84
$62.49
59.83
42.8
40.7
$1.46
1.47
$58.86
59.25
39.5
39.5
$1.49
1.50
$80.81
71.63
45.4
40.7
$1.78
1. 76
74.40
73. 35
72.31
69.70
69. 52
75.62
76.14
75.81
75.81
76.78
77.02
76. 82
78.38
40.0
40.3
39.3
39.6
38.2
41.1
40.5
39.9
39.9
40.2
39.7
39.6
40.4
1.86
1.82
1.84
1.76
1.82
1.84
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.94
1.94
1.94
76.04
75.58
75.40
72.83
72.94
74.44
76.73
74. 77
74.00
74.96
75. 95
77.14
77.87
41.1
41.3
41.2
39.8
40.3
40.9
41.7
40.2
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.6
41.2
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.89
59.14
58. 59
58.93
59.28
59.44
58. 75
59.26
59. 94
60.73
62.20
62.13
62.60
63. 91
40.1
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.9
40.3
40.5
40.9
41.1
41.8
41.7
41.9
42.2
1.47
1. 46
1. 45
1.46
1.46
1. 46
1. 46
1.47
1.48
1.49
1.49
1. 49
1. 51
58.00
57.18
57. 96
58.82
59.98
59. 99
59. 51
59. 55
58.65
58.80
58.33
57.89
59. 77
39.4
38.5
39.7
39.1
39.9
40.2
39.6
39.4
39.1
39.7
39.1
39.3
40.7
1.47
1.48
1.46
1.50
1.50
1. 49
1.50
1.51
1.50
1.48
1.49
1.47
1.47
68. 71
66.97
66.60
68.47
67.48
69.13
70. 25
70. 71
72. 56
73.28
73.74
75.09
79.18
39.0
38.3
38.9
39.8
39.5
39.6
40.3
40.8
41.6
41.7
41.8
42.1
43.6
1.76
1.75
1. 71
1. 72
1. 71
1. 75
1. 75
1.73
1.74
1.76
1. 77
1.78
1.82
1954: June____
July______________
August_______
September____
October. __
November..
December...
1955: January___
February..
M arch______
A p r i l ...___
M ay______
June_______
Virginia
State
Washington
N orfolk-Portsmouth
Richmond
State
Seattle
1953: Average___ ______ $55. 58
1954: Average____________ 56.66
39.7
39.9
$1.40
1.42
$59. 28
62.12
40.6
40.6
$1.46
1.53
$59.39
60.25
40.4
39.9
$1.47
1. 51
$78.99
81.31
38.8
39.0
$2.04
2.09
$76.45
78.53
38.4
38.4
56. 66
56.77
56.94
57.10
56. 42
57.79
57.92
57.02
58. 32
58.90
58. 25
59.02
59. 30
39.9
39.7
40.1
40.5
40.3
40.7
40.5
39.6
40.5
40.9
39.9
40.7
40.9
1.42
1.43
1.42
1.41
1.40
1.42
1.43
1.44
1. 44
1.44
1.46
1.45
1.45
61. 61
60.30
60. 95
60.70
61.24
65. 67
65.57
64.87
65.83
68.53
67.42
66. 94
68.16
40.8
40.2
40.1
40.2
41.1
41.3
41.5
40.8
41.4
43.1
42.4
42.1
42.6
1.51
1.50
1. 52
1.51
1.49
1. 59
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.59
1. 59
1. 59
1.60
60. 55
62.42
61.31
61.31
60.25
60.28
64.06
60.13
62.52
63.40
64. 62
64.78
65. 57
40.1
40.8
40.6
40.6
39.9
39.4
41.6
39.3
40.6
40.9
40.9
41.0
41.5
1. 51
1.53
1.51
1. 51
1. 51
1.53
1. 54
1.53
1. 54
1.55
1.58
1.58
1.58
82.20
80.48
81. 47
79.10
82.43
82.29
83.45
85.09
84.64
82.52
83. 71
84.47
84.96
39.2
39.2
39.3
38.3
39.5
38.7
39.3
39.6
39.4
38.6
38.8
39.1
39.3
2.10
2.05
2.07
2.07
2.09
2.13
2.12
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.16
2.16
2.16
78. 32
76. 44
77.04
78. 42
79.53
79.33
80.38
81.74
81.83
80.66
80.07
81.07
80. 71
38.4
37.8
38.2
38.5
38.6
38.0
38.6
38.8
38.8
38.6
38.0
38.3
38.3
1954: Ju n e.______________
July----------------------August_____________
September________ _
October_____ ____
November__________
December__________
1955: January____ _____
February___________
March_____________
April_________ ____ _
M ay..............................
June....... .......... ...........
See footnotes at end of table.
3 5 5 3 6 7 — 5 5 --------8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$ 1 .9 9
2.04
2.04
2.02
2.02
2.04
2.06
2.09
2.08
2.11
2.11
2.09
2.11
2.12
2.11
1088
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able C-6: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas *—Continued
Washington—Continued
Spokan 0
West Virginia
Tacoma
State
Wisconsin
Charleston
State
Kenosha
Year and month
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg.
Avg. hourly
wkly. wkly.
hourly wkly.
hourly wkly. wkly.
wkly.
hourly wkly.
hourly wkly. Avg. hourly
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn earn wkly. earn
hours
hours
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings
ings hours ings
ings hours ings
1953: Average_____ $77.87
1954: Average.......... 81.28
39.4
39.9
1954: June________
July..... .........._
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
M ay________
June...... .........
40.4
39.6
39.6
40.0
39.8
39.8
40.0
42.1
40.9
40.9
40.9
40.5
40.9
81.73
81. 47
81.74
83. 21
82.63
83.30
82.62
87.74
85. 52
85.19
86. 59
86. 01
86.89
$1.97 $76. 67
2.04 80.08
2. 02
2.06
2.07
2.08
2.08
2. 09
2.06
2. 08
2. 09
2.08
2.11
2.12
2.13
81.63
82.16
80.96
78.62
81.59
79. 41
81.22
82.19
82.31
81. 93
81. 00
83. 38
83. 79
38.5
39.1
$1.99 $70. 84
2.05 70.64
39.8
38.6
$1. 78
1.83
85.67
87.91
40.6
39.6
39.5
39.3
40.6
39.7
40.1
37.8
38.7
39.3
39.2
39.0
38.6
39.1
39.2
2.06 70. 66
2.09 70.31
1. 99 70.05
1.98 70. 86
2. 03 71.13
2.10 72.25
2.10 72. 52
2.09 71.80
2.10 72.34
2.10 72.54
2.10 73.12
2.13 73. 87
2.14 74. 67
38.4
37.2
38.7
38.3
39.3
39.7
39.2
38.6
39.1
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.3
1.84
1.89
1. 81
1.85
1. 81
1.82
1.85
1. 86
1. 85
1. 86
1.87
1.87
1. 90
88.58
89.20
86.72
89.10
87.86
88.09
90. 85
89.33
89.60
91.20
92.46
92.34
93.26
39.9
40.0
39.6
39.6
39.4
39.5
40.2
39.7
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.5
40.2
$2.11 $74. 73
2. 22 74.79
2. 22
2.23
2.19
2.25
2.23
2.23
2.26
2.25
2.24
2.28
2.30
2.28
2.32
75.31
72.95
73. 81
73. 36
75.13
76.57
77.36
77.29
78. 03
79. 65
79.34
80.64
80. 35
41.9
40.8
$1. 78 $76.92
1.83 77.98
39.3
39.1
$1.96
1.99
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.8
41.1
41.3
41.1
41.3
41.8
41.6
42.0
41.9
1.84 77.50
1. 79 76. 92
1. 81 79.26
1.81 80.05
1.84 80.58
1.86 80. 58
1. 87 82.91
1. 88 88.63
1.89 89.36
1.91 96.58
1.91 83. 55
1.92 81.35
1.92 78.55
39.1
38.7
39.7
39.9
40.2
39.9
40.4
41.8
42.2
44.3
40.1
39.5
38.2
1.98
1. 99
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.02
2.05
2.12
2.12
2.18
2.08
2. 06
2. 05
Wisconsin—Continued
La Crosse
1953: Average_____ $73.10
1954: Average_____ 75. 58
39.6
40.0
1954: June________
July________
August............
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1955: January_____
February____
M arch.............
April.......... .
M a y ..............
June________
40.8
40.3
40.1
40.1
40.1
40.2
42.1
40.8
39.3
39.5
39.6
39.6
39.6
76.79
74.68
73.42
76. 66
76.11
77.15
83.10
79. 56
76.56
76.98
77.85
77.67
76.69
Madison
$1.84 $75. 91
1. 89 78. 61
1. 88
1.85
1. 83
1.91
1.90
1.92
1.97
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.96
1. 94
78.40
76.80
77.32
76.05
80. 36
83.84
79. 82
77.44
77.42
76. 47
77. 48
80.58
84.18
Milwaukee
Racine
41.0
39.9
40.2
40.1
$1.89 $81. 33
1.96 81. 22
41.4
40.0
40.3
39.9
40.1
39.3
40.6
41.6
40.0
38.8
38.9
38.7
38.9
40.0
41.0
1.94 81.48
1.93 81.56
1.93 81.65
1.93 81.59
1.98 81. 26
2.01 82.08
2. 00 82. 50
2.00 82.18
1.99 83. 34
1.98 84.84
1.99 84.93
2.01 87.35
2.05 87. 80
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
39.9
40.2
40.3
40.0
40.3
40.8
40.7
41.3
41.4
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or to the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make
available more detailed industry data. See table A-7 for address of coop
erating State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Wyoming
$1.96 $78.59
2.03 78.64
2.03
2. 04
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.04
2.05
2. 06
2. 07
2.08
2. 09
2.11
2.12
79.49
77.40
79. 43
79.15
79.74
79. 85
81. 72
82. 71
85.15
85.41
84. 74
84.92
83. 72
39.9
39.4
40.4
40.1
40.2
40.0
40.5
40.8
41.6
41.7
41.5
41.5
41.1
State
$1.92 $80. 20
1. 97 84. 03
1. 99
1. 96
1.96
1.97
1. 98
2.00
2. 02
2. 03
2. 05
2.05
2. 04
2.05
2. 04
84.80
83. 56
83. 62
84.66
81.20
85.45
85.90
82. 37
81.59
82.01
83.64
84.05
83.23
Casper
40.3
40.4
$1. 99 $92.86
2.08 95.30
40.2
38.9
$2.31
2.45
40.0
39.6
40.2
40.7
40.2
42.3
41.9
39.6
39.8
40.4
41.2
41.0
40.8
2.12 97.52
2.11 97.29
2.08 96.29
2.08 97. 23
2.02 95.18
2.02 95.44
2. 05 94.80
2.08 95.82
2.05 95. 58
2.03 98.49
2.03 100.45
2.05 98.65
2.04 103.17
41.5
41.4
40.8
41.2
40.5
40.1
40.0
40.6
40.5
40.2
41.0
40.1
41.6
2.35
2. 35
2. 36
2. 36
2.35
2.38
2. 37
2.36
2. 36
2.45
2.45
2. 46
2.48
* Not comparable with preceding data shown.
» Revised series; not comparable with data previously published,
1089
D : CONSUMER AND W HOLESALE PRICES
D : Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able
D -l: Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, all items and commodity groups
[1947-49=100]
Hous>ing 5
Year and month
All
items
Total
food’
Total
apparel
Total ’
Rent
House House
Gas and Solid
electric fuels and furnish hold op
eration
ings
fuel oil
ity
Other
Trans M edical Personal Reading
goods
and
porta
and
recrea
care
care
tion
tion services *
1953: Average_______
1954: Average_______
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105.8
104.8
104.3
95.0
101.7
103.3
106.1
112.4
114.6
117.7
119.1
94.4
100.7
105.0
108.8
113.1
117.9
124.1
128.5
97.6
100.0
102.5
102.7
103.1
104.5
106.6
107.9
88.8
104.4
106.8
110. 5
116.4
118.7
123. 9
123.5
97.2
103.2
99.6
100.3
111.2
108.5
107.9
106.1
97.2
102.6
100.1
101.2
109.0
111.8
115.3
117.4
90.6
100. 9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
128.0
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
125.2
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
113.4
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
107.0
96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109.7
115.4
118.2
120.1
1952: Ja n u a ry _______
February_____
March _______
April
_______
May ________
June
July ________
A u g u st_______
September_____
October ______
November_____
December______
113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113. 4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
107.0
106.8
106.4
106.0
105.8
105.6
105.3
105.1
105.8
105.6
105.2
105.1
113.9
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.4
114.6
114.8
115.2
115.7
116.4
116.0
116.4
116.7
116.9
117.4
117.6
117.9
118.2
118.3
118.8
119.5
120.7
103.5
103.8
103.8
103.9
104.1
104.3
104.2
105.0
105.0
105.0
105.4
105.6
117.7
117.6
117.7
117.3
115.6
115.8
118.6
119.0
119.6
121.1
121.6
123.2
110.2
110.0
109.4
108.7
108.3
107.7
107.6
107.6
108.1
107.9
108.0
108.2
110.9
110.8
111.0
111.2
111.2
111.8
111.9
112.1
112.8
113.3
113.4
122.8
123.7
124.4
124.8
125.1
126.3
126.8
127.0
127.7
128.4
128.9
128.9
114.7
114.8
115.7
115.9
116.1
117.8
118.0
118.1
118.8
118.9
118.9
119.3
111.0
111.1
111.0
111.3
111.6
111.7
111.9
112.1
112.1
112.3
112.4
112.5
107.2
106.6
106.3
106.2
106.2
106.8
107.0
107.0
107.3
107.6
107.4
108.0
113.2
114. 4
114.8
115.2
115.8
115.7
116.0
115.9
115.9
115.8
115.8
115.9
1953: January_______
February______
March _______
April _________
May _________
June ________
_______
July
August _______
September.____
O ctober_______
November_____
December.........
113.9
113.4
113. 6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105.5
105. 5
105.3
116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118.7
118.9
118.9
121.1
121.5
121.7
122.1
123.0
123.3
123.8
125.1
126.0
126.8
127.3
127.6
105.9
106.1
106.5
106.5
106.6
106.4
106.4
106.9
106.9
107.0
107.3
107.2
123.3
123.3
124.4
123.6
121.8
121.8
123.7
123.9
124.6
125.7
125.9
125.3
107.7
108.0
108.0
107.8
107.6
108.0
108.1
107.4
108.1
108.1
108.3
108.1
113.4
113.5
114.0
114.3
114.7
115.4
115.7
115.8
116.0
116.6
116.9
117.0
129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9
119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6
112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6
107.8
107.5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9
115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118.2
118.3
118.4
118.5
119.7
120.2
120.3
1954: Ja n u a ry _______
F e b r u a r y ..___
M a rc h ________
April__________
May ________
Jnru*
July _____ ____
August________
September_____
October ______
November_____
December______
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
115.0
114.7
114. 5
114.6
114.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113. 3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3
118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118.9
118.9
119.0
119.2
119.5
119.5
119.5
119.7
127.8
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.3
128.3
128.5
128.6
128.8
129.0
129.2
129.4
107.1
107.5
107.6
107.6
107.7
107.6
107.8
107.8
107.9
108.5
108.7
109.1
125.7
128.2
125.8
123.9
120.9
120.9
121.1
121.9
122.4
123.8
124.2
125. 5
107.2
107.2
107.2
106.1
105.9
105.8
105. 7
105.4
106.0
105.6
105.4
105.4
117.2
117.3
117.5
116.9
117.2
117.2
117.2
117.3
117.4
117.6
117.8
117. 7
130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
126.6
126.4
125.0
127.6
127.3
123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
125.5
125.7
125.9
126.1
126.3
113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
113.4
113.6
113. 4
113.8
113.6
108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4
106.4
107.0
106.6
106.5
106.9
106.8
106.6
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.3
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.0
119.9
1955: January_______
February______
M a rc h ___ ____
April _________
M ay _________
June__________
July......... ...........
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.2
114.2
114.4
114.7
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
111.3
112.1
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103.2
103.2
119.6
119.6
119. 6
119.5
119.4
119.7
119.9
129. 5
129.7
130.0
129.9
130.3
130.4
130.4
109.4
109.9
110.3
110.3
110.9
110.7
110.8
126.1
126.2
126.2
125.7
122.5
122.7
123.2
104.6
104. 8
104.6
104. 5
103.7
103.8
103.6
117.7
117.7
117.9
118.1
119.0
119.2
119.4
127.6
127.4
127.3
125.3
125.5
125.8
125.4
126.5
126.8
127.0
127.3
127.5
127.6
127.9
113.7
113.5
113.5
113.7
113.9
114.7
115.5
106.9
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.5
106.2
106.3
119.9
119.8
119.8
119.8
119.9
119.9
120.3
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
Average___ ____
Average.______
Average_______
Average_______
Average_______
1Q S9-
A v p rav e
i A major revision was incorporated in the Consumer Price Index beginning
January 1953. The revised index, based on 46 cities, has been linked to the
previously published “ interim adjusted” indexes for 34 cities and.rebased on
1947-49= 100 to form a continuous series. For the convenience of users, the
“ All-Items” indexes are also shown on the 1935-39=100 base in table D-4.
The revised Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices
of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium, and small cities are combined for the
United States average.
For a history and description of the index, see: The Consumer Price Index—
A Layman’s Guide, BLS Bull. 1140; The Consumer Price Index, in the Feb
ruary 1953 Monthly Labor Review; The Interim Adjustment of Consumers’
Price Index, in the April 1951 Monthly Labor Review; Interim Adjustment
of Consumers’ Price Index, BLS Bull. 1039; and the following reports: Con
sumers’ Price Index, Report of a Special Subcommittee of the House Com
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 1 1 .0
mittee on Education and Labor (1951); and Report of the President’s Com
mittee on the Cost of Living (1945).
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for the
United States and 20 individual cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau for
“ All items” and 8 major components from 1947 to date. Indexes are also
available from 1913 for “ All items,” food, apparel, and rent, for all large cities
combined, and from varying dates for individual cities.
’ Includes “ Food away from home” (restaurant meals and other food
bought and eaten away from home); prior to January 1953, prices for this
category were estimated to move like prices for “ Food at home” but, since
that date, have been measured by prices of restaurant meals.
’ Includes “ Other shelter.”
* Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and “ miscellaneous services” (such
as legal services, banking fees, and burial services).
1090
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able
D-2: Consumer Price Index ^ U n ite d States average, food and its subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Food at home
Total
Year and month food2
1947: Avg....... .
1948: Avg_____
1949: Avg_____
1950: Avg____
1951: Avg_____
1952: Avg_____
1953: Avg_____
1954: Avg_____
1953: Jan______
Feb_____
Mar_.......
A pr_____
M ay.........
June_____
July..........
Aug-------Sept____
Oct______
Nov_____
Dec.........
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
Total
food
at
home
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.5
111.9
112.9
111.1
111.3
111.1
111.7
113.7
113.8
114.1
113. 5
113.3
111.4
111.7
Food at home
Cereals Meats,
and
poul Dairy
bakery try,
prod
prod
and
ucts
ucts
fish
94.0
103. 4
102.7
104.5
114.0
116.8
119.1
121.9
117.7
117.6
117.7
118.0
118.4
118.9
119.1
119.5
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.9
93.5
106.1
100.5
104.9
117.2
116.2
109.9
108.0
110.9
107.7
107.4
106.8
109.2
111.3
112.0
114.1
113.5
111.1
107.0
107.8
96.7
106.3
96.9
95.9
107.0
111.5
109.6
106.1
111.6
110.7
110.3
109.0
107.8
107.5
108.3
109.1
109.6
110.1
110.5
110.3
Fruits
and
vege
tables
Other
foods 3
97.6
100.5
101.9
97.6
106.7
117.2
113.5
111.9
116.7
115.9
115.5
115.0
115.2
121.7
118.2
112.7
106.6
107.7
107.4
109.2
100.1
102.5
97.5
101.2
114.6
109.3
112.2
114.8
109.7
107.3
109.1
110.4
110.3
110.9
112.3
114.4
116.7
117.4
114.8
113.5
• Seeffootnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 18 food subgroups (1935-39=
100) from 1923 to December 1952 were published in the March 1953 Monthly
Labor Review and in previous issues.
T able
D-3: Consumer Price Index
Year and month
1954: Jan______
Feb_____
M ar_____
Apr____
M ay____
June_____
July-------Aug-------Sept-------Oct______
Nov_____
Dec_____
1955: Jan............
F eb_____
M ar_____
A pr_____
M ay_____
June_____
July_____
Total
food3
Total
food
at
home
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
111.3
112.1
112.6
112.0
111.4
111.8
112.8
113.3
114.2
113.3
111.6
110.9
110.1
109.2
109.4
109.6
109.7
110.1
110.0
110.3
111.1
Cereals Meats,
and
poul
bakery
try,
prod
and
ucts
fish
121.2
121.3
121.2
121.1
121.3
121.3
121.6
122.3
122.6
122.7
123.1
123.3
123.4
123. 8
123.9
123.9
123.8
124.0
124.2
110.2
109.7
109.5
110.5
111.0
111,1
109.7
107.6
106.7
103.9
103.5
102.2
102.4
102.5
102.3
103.0
102.1
103.8
103.7
Dairy
prod
ucts
Fruits
and
vege
tables
Other
foods 3
109.7
109.0
108.0
104.6
103.5
102.9
104.3
105.1
105.8
106.7
106.6
106.8
106.4
106.1
105.4
104.6
104.0
104.1
104.7
110.8
108.0
107.8
110.0
114.6
117.1
120.1
114.7
110.5
111.1
109.6
108.4
110.6
110.7
112.0
117.5
120.2
119.5
121.9
113.5
114.0
112.3
113.6
114.5
115.2
117.3
119.6
116.0
115.7
113.7
112.0
111.3
112.1
111.9
109.4
108.4
107.7
109.2
3 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
3 includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic)
and other miscellaneous foods.
United States average, apparel and its subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1953:
Avg___________
Avg___________
Avg___ . . . ___
Avg__________
Avg___________
Avg___________
Avg___________
Avg___________
Jan____________
Feb___________
M ar___________
Apr___________
M ay___________
June _________
July___________
Aug----------------Sept___________
Oct____________
Nov...................
Dec.................... .
Total
apparel
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
106. 9
105.8
104.8
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105. 5
105.5
105.3
Men’s
and
boys’
97.3
102.7
100.0
99.5
107.7
108.2
107.4
106.8
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.3
107.4
107.2
107.4
107.3
107.5
107.6
107.8
107.6
Women’s
and
girls’
98.0
103.8
98.1
94.8
102.2
100.9
99.7
98.9
99.7
99.3
99.6
99.4
99.4
99.2
98.9
98.7
100.5
100.8
100.7
100.5
Foot
wear
94.5
103.2
102.4
104.0
117.7
115.3
115.2
116.4
114.3
114.6
114.5
114.8
115.1
115.3
115.0
115.0
115.3
115.8
116.2
116.1
Other
apparel3
(3)
108.6
93.2
92.0
101.6
92.1
92.1
90.7
92.0
92.3
92.4
92.1
92.5
92.3
92.2
92.0
92.5
92.3
91.3
90.9
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l.
2 Includes diapers, yard goods, and an unpriced group of items represented
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Year and month
1954: Jan ____________
Feb____________
M ar_________ _
Apr__ _______
M ay___________
J u n e ___ _____
July___________
Aug----------------Sept_________ _
Oct-----------------Nov___________
Dec____________
1955: Jan ........................
Feb____________
M ar___________
Apr___________
M ay____ _____
June................... .
Ju ly -----------------
Total
apparel
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
103.7
104.3
104.6
104.6
104.3
103.3
103.4
103.2
103.1
103.3
103.2
103.2
Men’s
and
boys’
107.4
107.4
107.2
107.1
107.3
107.0
106.6
106.4
106.4
106.4
106.5
106.5
105.5
105.6
105.6
105.5
105.7
105.6
105.7
Women’s
and
girls’
99.8
99.5
99.0
98.4
98.5
98.5
98.2
97.7
99.0
99.6
99.5
99.0
97.6
97.7
97.4
97.1
97.3
97.2
96.9
Foot
wear
116.2
116.1
116.1
116.1
115.9
116.3
116.5
116.9
116.5
116.7
117.0
116.9
116.7
116.6
116.7
116.9
117.4
117.4
117.5
Other
apparel3
90.4
90.4
90.0
90.4
90.9
91.0
90.8
90.7
90.9
91.1
91.2
91.1
90.5
90.6
90.4
90.2
90.3
90.1
90.5
in the index by the weighted average of prices for all priced items in the total
apparel group.
8 Not available.
1091
D : CONSUMER AND W HOLESALE PRICES
T able D -4: Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, all items and food
1947-49=100
Year and month
Year
1913:
1914:
1915:
1916:
1917:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
1923:
1924:
1925:
1926:
1927:
1928:
1929:
1930:
1931:
1932:
1933:
1934:
1935:
1936:
1937:
1938:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
All
items
Total
food 1
42.3
42.9
43.4
46.6
54.8
64.3
74.0
85.7
76.4
71.6
72.9
73.1
75.0
75.6
74.2
73.3
73.3
71.4
65.0
58.4
55.3
57.2
58.7
59.3
61.4
60.3
59.4
59.9
62.9
69.7
74.0
75.2
76.9
39.6
40.5
40.0
45.0
57.9
66.5
74.2
83.6
63.5
59.4
61.4
60.8
65.8
68.0
65.5
64.8
65.6
62.4
51.4
42.8
41.6
46.4
49.7
50.1
52.1
48.4
47.1
47.8
52.2
61.3
68.3
67.4
68.9
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average-------Average........ .
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average....... —
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average........ .
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average..........
Average..........
Average_____
All items
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
128.6
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1954:
1951:
1952:
Year and month
All
items
Total
food 2
83.4
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
114.8
108.6
109.9
110.3
110.4
110.9
110.8
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112.8
113.1
113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1
79.0
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
112.6
109.9
111.9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5
113.5
114.6
115.0
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
Average..........
Average..........
Average..........
Average..........
Average..........
Average..........
Average..........
Average..........
Average..........
January..........
February____
March.............
April..... ..........
M ay________
June________
July.................
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December___
January-------February-----March.............
April...............
M a y ..............
June................
July.................
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December__ _
All
items
Total
food 2
1953: January_____ 113.9
February____ 113.4
113.6
M arch______
April............... 113.7
M ay......... ...... 114.0
June......... ...... 114.5
July................. 114.7
115.0
August-------September___ 115.2
115.4
October_____
November___ 115.0
114.9
December___
1954: January_____ 115.2
February____ 115.0
114.8
March______
114.6
April_______
M ay________ 115.0
June________ 115.1
July----- ------- 115.2
August______ 115.0
September___ 114.7
114.5
October_____
November___ 114.6
December___ 114.3
1955: January_____ 114.3
114.3
February114.3
M arch_____
April______ _ 114.2
IVIay------------ 114.2
June--......... — 114.4
114.7
Ju ly .............-
113.1
111. 5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
113.9
112.4
111.8
111.1
110.4
110.6
110.8
110.8
111.2
111.1
111.3
112.1
All items
139.5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185.6
189.8
191.3
191.9
181.5
183.8
184.5
184.6
185.4
185.2
185.5
185.5
186.6
187.4
188.6
189.1
189.1
187.9
188.0
188.7
189.0
189.6
190.8
191.1
190.8
190.9
191.1
190.7
1935-39=100
1947-49=100
1935-39=100
1947-49=100
1935-39=100
All items
190.4
189.6
189.9
190.1
190.6
191.4
191.8
192.3
192.6
192.9
192.3
192.1
192.6
192.3
191.9
191.6
192.3
192.4
192.6
192.3
191.8
191.4
191.6
191.1
191.1
191.1
191.1
190.9
190.9
191.3
191.8
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l.
2 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
T able D -5: Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
July
1955
June
1955
May
1955
Apr.
1955
Mar.
1955
Feb.
1955
Jan.
1955
Dec.
1954
Nov.
1954
Oct.
1954
Sept.
1954
Aug.
1954
July
1954
June
1950
Revised
series
July
1955
United States average 2.
114.7
114.4
114.2
114.2
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.3
114.6
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
101.8
191.8
Atlanta, Ga_................. .
Baltimore, M d ----------Boston, Mass________
Chicago, 111__________
Cincinnati, Ohio_____
(3)
116.0
115.0
(3)
117.4
113.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.2
«
(3)
(3)
113.4
116.9
(3)
115.3
114.9
(3)
117.0
113.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.1
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.0
117.0
(3)
115.7
114.8
0
113.8
118.2
(3)
116.3
115.2
0
117.4
114.3
0
0
0
117.7
0
0
0
113.8
118.0
0
0
101.6
102.8
102.8
101.2
0
0
183. 2
201.3
0
Cleveland, Ohio______
Detroit, Mich................
Houston, Tex_............ .
Kansas City, M o ........ .
Los Angeles, Calif-------
(3)
116.8
(3)
115.9
115.9
(3)
116.7
(3)
(3)
115.3
115.3
116.4
115.5
(3)
115.4
(3)
116.2
(3)
115.2
114.5
(3)
116.3
(3)
(3)
115.1
114.9
116.3
115.7
(3)
114.7
(3)
116.0
(3)
115.3
115.4
0
115.3
116.8
116.5
Minneapolis, M inn___
New York, N. Y _____
Philadelphia, P a_____
Pittsburgh, P a _______
Portland, Oreg_______
117. 5
111.9
115 8
114.0
114.7
(3)
111 8
115. 5
(3)
(3)
(3)
111.8
115.5
(3)
(3)
117.0
112.3
115.8
113.8
114.2
(3)
112.4
115.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.5
115.7
(3)
(3)
116.5
112.3
115.4
113.8
114.6
112.2
115.6
112.7
115.9
0
0
0
0
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
115.6
115.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
115.4
115.7
0
0
City
St. Louis, Mo_______
San Francisco, Calif—
Scranton, P a------------Seattle, W ash...............
Washington, D. C ____
(3)
(3)
115.9
115.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
111.4
116.8
113.5
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes are based on time-to-time changes
in the cost of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.
2 Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to table D -l.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3)
(3)
111.7
116.3
113.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
117.0
113.3
117.6
0
113.5
117.1
0
0
115.3
116.9
116.7
116.0
116.2
0
0
0
0
116.2
0
0
115.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
115.7
114.8
115.4
0
116.9
112.6
116.1
114.3
115.2
112.7
116.2
113.0
116.2
0
0
0
0
115.7
116.2
0
0
115.0
112.3
115.7
113.5
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
115.1
0
112.4
116.2
114.1
0
0
0
197.2
117.5
0
115.6
114.9
102. 8
103.8
0
101.3
186.6
193.7
117.3
113.3
116.3
115.4
115.5
102.1
100.9
101.6
101.1
194.6
185.2
192.7
193.8
198. 7
0
0
0
0
0
101.1
100. 9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2 Prior to January 1953, indexes were computed monthly for 9 of these cities
and once every 3 months for the remaining 11 cities on a rotating cycle.
Beginning in January 1953, indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and
once every 3 months for the 15 remaining cities on a rotating cycle.
1092
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
D-6: Consumer Price Index1—All items and commodity groups, except food,2 by city
[1947-49=100]
All items
Personal care
Medical care
Reading and rec
reation
Transportation
Other goods and
services
City and cycle of pricing
July
1955
United States average______
Monthly:
Chicago, 111____________
Detroit, Mich ______ _
Los Angeles, Calif______
New York, N. Y _______
Philadelphia, P a____ . . .
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass. ________
Kansas City, Mo_______
Minneapolis, M inn. ___
Pittsburgh, P a _______
Portland, Oreg___ _____
July
1954
July
1955
July
1954
July
1955
July
1954
July
1955
July
1954
July
1955
July
1954
115.2
115.5
113.3
127.9
125.2
125.4
126.7
106.3
107.0
120.3
120.3
118.2
116.8
115.9
111.9
115.8
118.0
117.5
114.9
113. 3
116.3
115.9
126.8
117.8
109.2
117.4
115.0
118.8
117.1
107.6
117.1
128.5
132.6
124.3
126. 2
135.1
122.6
124.3
122.9
123.9
125.0
130.0
122.3
122.8
127.4
138.6
133. 7
119.7
121.0
129.3
136.9
113.5
108. 2
96.2
104.2
113.2
110.8
111. 1
99.5
107.0
112.2
118. 2
124.8
116.0
121.0
123.5
118.8
125.0
114.8
121.5
123.5
113.8
115.9
117.5
114.0
114.7
113.8
115. 6
117.3
115.4
115.5
112.3
121.4
122.5
116.5
117.7
112.0
116.2
115.9
116.1
110.5
125.0
136. 4
148.0
131.6
125.9
124.2
136.0
143.0
128.0
122.3
132.5
125.5
118.6
137.7
122.4
137.2
125.4
121.4
137.5
122.3
107.7
115.6
116.8
97.7
116.0
103.4
114.8
114.3
97.7
115.0
118. 5
116.5
126.3
120.4
120.1
118. 5
117.3
125. 9
120.6
118.8
June
1954
116.0
115.0
113.7
115.9
115.3
June
1955
May
1954
115.3
115.5
111.4
116.8
113.5
June
1954
115.2
109.0
113.9
117.3
110.9
117.6
115.5
114.2
117.4
116.8
May
1955
Feb., May, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio______ _
Houston, Tex____ _ . . .
Scranton, P a ___ ______
Seattle, Wash. . ______
Washington, D. C ______
July
1954
114.7
June
1955
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Ga_______ ..
Baltimore, Md ________
Cincinnati, Ohio_______
St. Louis, Mo__ ______
San Francisco, Calif_____
July
1955
115.0
107.0
108.5
113.2
111.6
May
1955
115.3
116.7
112.3
116.3
113.7
May
1954
114.6
119.6
121.5
117.5
110.9
114.6
119.3
112.5
110.4
111.4
June
1955
122.9
134.4
127.6
140.0
123.8
May
1955
136.6
124.5
119.7
130.7
118.4
June
1954
June
1955
120.6
133.3
124.8
134.8
123.3
May
1954
June
1954
124.1
137.0
123.2
134.8
137.9
May
1955
129.5
119.6
119.7
131.0
117.2
June
1955
127.4
137.8
126.6
136.2
142.9
107.0
114.4
100.1
92.1
106.2
May
1954
117.9
121.9
127.4
126.8
128.6
June
1954
110.0
115.5
99.4
95.7
105.6
May
1955
122.7
125.2
124.0
129.8
127.1
June
1955
May
1954
114.3
108.2
118.5
109.0
105.3
119.2
122.6
116.6
116.7
115.0
May
1955
114.0
111.0
115.4
107.7
105.3
118.1
119. 2
115.1
128.4
129.9
June
1954
118. 4
123.1
117. 8
115. 7
116.3
May
1954
119.9
119. 5
116.1
127.1
127. 0
Apparel
Total
July
1955
United States average____
Monthly:
Chicago, 111................
Detroit, M ich_______
Los Angeles, Calif___
New York, N. Y ____
Philadelphia, P a_____
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, M ass,.......... _.
Kansas City, Mo____
Minneapolis, M inn__
Pittsburgh, P a.............
Portland, Oreg.............
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July
1955
July
1954
July
1955
July
1954
Footwear
July
1955
Other apparel3
July
1954
July
1955
July
1954
104.0
105.7
106.6
96.9
98.2
117.5
116.5
90.5
90.8
105.0
102.2
103.7
100.9
103.5
107.9
102.9
103.9
103.5
105.3
110.4
107.1
107.6
105.7
104.3
113.0
109.2
109. 2
106. 2
104.4
95.7
94.8
96.9
92.5
100.3
101.2
95.0
96.6
97.4
104.0
121.7
113.3
118.6
117.0
111.8
118.0
113.0
117.5
116.6
110.7
93.2
87.2
82.8
92.6
91.2
94.7
87.6
82.5
93.8
92.7
101.5
102.0
103.1
101.2
105.1
101.8
103.6
105.7
103.7
104.6
103.7
106.4
107.6
104.5
107.7
103.7
107.4
109.0
106.8
109.7
95.4
95.3
96.7
93.6
98.1
96.1
98.0
101.0
96.2
95.4
113.2
114.7
112.8
114.9
119.9
112.2
114.2
113.9
118.0
121.0
102.9
86.6
91.3
97.2
94.1
103.3
87. 5
92.7
98.9
93.9
109.4
102.5
103.0
103.5
103.2
May
1955
Feb., May, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio............. .
Houston, Tex____ ____
Scranton, P a____ ______
Seattle, Wash................. .
Washington, D. C _____
July
1954
Women’s and girls’
103.2
June
1955
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Ga___________
Baltimore, M d_...............
Cincinnati, Ohio_______
St. Louis, Mo_________
San Francisco, Calif____
M en’s and boys’
103.8
107. 1
106.3
105.4
101.1
June
1954
111.5
102.2
102.6
104.7
103.2
May
1954
104.6
106.7
106.1
106.1
102.5
June
1955
111.1
101.4
103.4
106.7
104.3
May
1955
108.5
105.5
107.2
108.8
104.7
June
1954
114.0
101.7
105.2
109.6
105.6
May
1954
109.2
106.8
108.0
109.2
105. 5
June
1955
103.9
98.9
97.6
96.0
98.6
May
1955
96.1
101.5
101.4
99.1
94.8
June
1954
106.4
98.0
96.2
96.7
99.0
May
1954
97.1
100.7
100.8
101.2
97.0
June
1955
124.0
117.0
123.7
119.7
118.5
May
1955
117.0
128.7
121.2
121.0
115.2
June
1954
122.6
117.0
122.4
118.9
114.2
May
1954
116.8
127.2
120.3
117.3
115. 2
June
1955
91.4
94.2
87.4
95.6
87.8
May
1955
92.7
90.7
91.8
85.9
90.1
June
1954
92.7
94. 7
86.2
96.0
87.8
May
1954
93.4
89.2
92.3
86.7
90.8
1093
D : CONSUMER AND WHOLESALE PRICES
T able D-6: Consumer Price Index1—All items and commodity groups, except food,2by city—Continued
[1947-49=100]
Housing
City and cycle of pricing
and fuel
Gas and electricity Solid fuels
oil
Rent
Total housing
House furnishings Household operation
July 1955 July 1954 July 1955 July 1954 July 1955 July 1954 July 1955 July 1954 July 1955 July 1954 July 1955 July 1954
United States average---------Monthly:
Chicago, 111____________
Detroit, M ich.. _______
Los Angeles, Calif______
New York, N. Y _______
Philadelphia, P a -----------Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass. .. _____
Kansas City, M o_______
Minneapolis, M inn_____
Pittsburgh, P a __ ______
Portland, Öreg— -------
119.9
119.0
130.4
128.5
110.8
107.8
123.2
121.1
103.6
105.7
119.4
117.2
130.2
121.8
127.0
114.9
114.0
126.9
122.2
124.4
115.5
113.7
(*)
(*)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
110.5
108.4
116.2
108.9
102.3
106.3
108.4
109.5
108.5
102.3
127.4
117.5
(4)
124.2
114.4
122.9
118.7
(4)
122.4
114.3
106.2
106.8
105.1
103.2
104.9
107.4
109.1
107.1
105.9
108.8
124.0
112. 2
124. 6
119.3
114.3
120.8
110.1
107.2
118.9
113.7
120.4
121.8
123.2
116.1
118.2
117.9
119.1
121.4
117.1
119.9
124.1
122.0
w
(4)
111.7
120.1
118.8
124.2
107.8
108.8
104. 3
110.0
116.9
105. 2
123.7
113.2
117.1
112.5
131.6
118.9
112.6
113.9
122.9
127.6
105.6
102.1
100.4
102.4
103.3
104.6
105.6
106. 7
105.3
108.3
117.8
124. 9
120.0
119. 6
111. 7
113.5
122.3
121* 0
120.0
111. 7
(4)
117.8
141.4
(4)
130.8
(4)
116.8
139.9
(4)
129.2
June 1955 June 1954 June 1955 June 1954 June 1955 June 1954 June 1955 June 1954 June 1955 June 1954 June 1955 June 1954
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Qa . _______
Baltimore, M d_________
Cincinnati, Ohio_______
St. Louis, Mo
______
San Francisco, Calif-------
124.4
115.8
117.4
119.3
116.3
124.1
113.9
116.7
119.6
117.5
(4)
(4)
131.9
136.0
132.1
(4)
(4)
128.6
133.8
129.0
121.0
99.9
119.0
103.8
136.3
111.4
97.5
115.6
103. 8
130.1
112.3
121.7
125.4
132.9
112.3
121.1
118.0
133.0
(4)
(4)
107.0
97.7
98.8
101.5
104.6
110.0
99.8
102.0
106.7
105.1
130.2
111. 9
122. 7
119.0
109. 7
129.4
109.3
119.5
118. 8
108.9
May 1955 May 1954 May 1955 May 1954 May 1955 May 1954 May 1955 M ay 1954 M ay 1955 M ay 1954 M ay 1955 May 1954
Feb., May, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio________
Houston, Tex _________
S cran to n , Pa
Seattle, Wash
Washington, D. C__....... .
122.0
122.0
114.6
121.3
116.9
119.4
123.8
114.7
119.4
116.8
i See footnote 1 to table D -l.
s See tables D-2, D-4, D-7, and D-8, for food.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
/
(4>
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
123.3
123.5
123.0
123.0
109.1
106.8
119.4
88.8
121.6
106.8
106.5
112.2
88.5
118.1
120.3
120.5
(4)
(4)
121.3
130.8
128.6
3 See footnote 2 to table D-3.
4Not available.
125.7
127.3
125.5
102.5
99.2
99.9
104.8
105.4
102.8
101. 2
100.7
106.2
107.2
113.8
127.0
109. 9
114.5
119. 4
110.6
128. 5
109.6
112.3
114. 8
1094
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1955
Table D-7: Consumer Price Index »—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49=100]
Food at home
Total food *
City
Total food at home
July
1955
June
1955
July
1954
July
1955
June
1955
Cereals and bakery products
July
1954
July
1955
June
1955
Meats, poultry, and fish
July
1954
July
1955
June
1955
July
1954
United States average».
112.1
111.3
114.6
111.1
110.3
114.2
124.2
Atlanta, Qa____
Baltimore, Md___
Boston, Mass___
Chicago, 111........
Cincinnati, Ohio.
124.0
121.6
103.7
110.8
103.8
109.7
111.0
112.2
115.3
116.6
112.9
109.3
109.6
110.7
108.0
107.6
114.7
116.3
112.3
117.9
121.9
119.1
119.3
124.6
118.4
121.9
119.1
118.7
124.7
116.9
121.8
119.4
116.9
118.8
107.5
104.6
101.4
98.4
105.4
107.6
104.2
116.8
113.0
107.0
104.5
113.1
120.1
119.9
118.1
120.7
127.9
117.4
117.8
118.2
120.3
122.4
101.1
102.1
107.7
109.6
105.7
104.3
108.7
100.0
102.5
109.7
112.1
110.8
110.5
113.8
Cleveland, Ohio___
Detroit, Mich_____
Houston, Tex_____
Kansas City, M o ...
Los Angeles, Calif..
Minneapolis, M inn.
New York, N. Y __
Philadelphia, P a__
Pittsburgh, Pa___
Portland, Oreg____
St. Louis, M o...........
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a______
Seattle, W ash...........
Washington, D. C ...
109.7
114.4
110.7
107.7
109.5
109.2
112.9
116.1
109.3
113.9
113.2
118.5
110.2
112.2
107.4
111.4
112.1
111.7
112.6
109.9
112.3
114.2
112.3
111.7
113.1
112.5
110.7
113.4
113.6
112.4
113.4
108.9
113.0
111.3
117.0
115.2
114.0
113.2
113.8
110.2
113.4
112.0
110.8
112.8
101.2
98.2
105.2
108.9
105.9
109.2
112.1
110.8
119.8
119.7
118.2
120.8
127.9
111.0
109.7
111.9
113.2
113.4
117.2
115.4
114.3
126.2
128.9
122.9
124.5
124.8
126.1
128.7
119.9
124.3
124.8
125.4
125.1
120.9
122.4
119.3
99.7
104.8
106.3
115.8
114.8
114.2
113.2
113.2
118.7
130.9
119.5
127.8
121.9
118.5
130.9
119.6
127.8
121.9
119.2
130.2
118.9
121.5
120.9
103.7
107.7
103.5
103.9
103.6
106.7
103.9
101.2
101.7
117.8
112.8
110.6
111.4
113.1
110.3
112.5
110.5
116.1
108.3
111.3
113.3
111.7
111.1
112.0
112.0
108.8
113.3
109.5
106.2
109.7
112.8
113.5
113.6
117.7
115.6
114.1
111.6
110.6
109.6
109.0
113.0
109.5
112.0
110.4
110.1
112.9
108.8
112.1
109.7
101.6
102.2
102.3
101.5
99.8
102.7
98.9
103.6
105.9
106.7
101.5
103.5
100.8
105.0
112.8
106.6
114.6
109.2
109.9
110.7
109.8
105.6
102.1
Food at home—Continued
Dairy products
City
July
1955
June
1955
Fruits and vegetables
July
1954
July
1955
June
1955
Other foods at home *
July
1954
July
1955
June
1955
July
1954
United States average.
104.7
104.1
104.3
121.9
Atlanta, Ga.........
Baltimore, M d ...
Boston, Mass___
Chicago, B1_____
Cincinnati, Ohio.
119.5
120.1
109.2
107.7
108.0
108.3
106.4
106.4
106.4
117.3
108.1
108.1
105.2
104.6
106.4
108.0
108.4
104.3
103.2
103.4
115.7
115.8
120.7
118.7
118.6
115.9
116.0
121.6
101.3
107.4
103.9
109.3
117.5
111.5
122.9
Cleveland, O hio...
Detroit, Mich........
Houston, Tex____
Kansas City, M o..
Los Angeles, Calif.
121.3
120.5
118.8
123.0
102.4
108.5
105.8
113.9
114.4
96.1
105.3
108.6
10.3.8
103.0
96.5
105.6
108.5
104.4
103.2
97.2
103.1
103.4
96.5
102.9
119.1
135.3
118.5
114.3
114.5
Minneapolis, M inn.
New York, N. Y__
Philadelphia, P a__
Pittsburgh, P a____
Portland, Oreg____
119.9
136.9
119.4
115.9
106.8
113.1
110.4
107.0
101.7
107.5
104.2
102.7
108.8
106.5
103.2
102.5
101.5
106.1
106.7
103.3
98.6
104.2
108.1
106.8
104.6
123.1
115.3
123.6
116.7
111.3
St. Louis, M o ...........
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, Pa._..........
8eattle, Wash______
Washington, D. O ...
122.1
120.1
125.8
114.2
126.2
122.5
115.2
95.1
105.0
105.0
108.6
109.3
91.1
104.9
105.0
108.2
109.1
99.4
105.4
105.3
128.6
122.7
102.8
110.2
123.4
117.5
126.7
123.5
114.3
125.2
114.7
127.8
113.7
119.0
117.1
117.4
1
footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 56 cities for to ta l fooH ti o'j
39=100 or June 1940=100) were published in the March 1953 M onthly Labor
S S Z S ilnfdf"™“” “
See “ “ D-8 <" U. S. s™s
,
for «
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
120.0
123.5
120.2
116.5
132.9
116.8
111.2
113.4
125.6
111.6
123.1
120.0
118.7
120.2
112.8
112.6
122.8
111.0
121.0
108.8
106.9
101.3
107.0
120.3
115.9
111.7
114.0
117.8
110.9
114.4
109.6
107.7
116.2
108.9
124.5
119.0
118.2
125.3
117.4
116.8
108.3
108.5
109.0
109.3
115.7
108.4
105.4
108.7
107.7
125.8
119.0
116.8
115.7
115.1
110.2
3 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
;s
s
S
b
i S
i “ 1 j “ uari
see foo"“ ,te * *»,sbie d - ‘ -
1095
D : CONSUMER AND W HOLESALE PRICES
T able D-8: Average retail prices of selected foods
Commodity
Cereals and bakery products:
Flour, wheat............................. ____ 5 pounds..
Biscuit mix 1_______ _____ _ ____ 20 ounces..
Com m eal 1_______________ ............ .pound..
R ice3__________ _________ ____ __do___
Rolled oats.............. ................ ____ 20 ounces..
Cornflakes4- - ..................... . ____ 12 ounces..
Bread.............. ........................ ______ pound..
Soda crackers........................... ________ d o __
Vanilla cookies •...................... .......... 7 ounces..
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Beef and veal:
Round steak...... ............... _____ pound..
Chuck ro ast1.................... ............ __do___
Rib ro ast......................... ------------ do___
Hamburger___________ .............. _do___
Veal cutlets
........ ........ ................do___
Pork:
Pork chops, center cut__ — ......... -do—
Bacon, sliced-................... ...........--_do___
Ham, whole8__________ .............. _do___
Lamb, leg L____ __________ ................do___
Other meats:
Frankfurters__________ ....... ........ do___
Luncheon meat, canned.. -------12 ounces..
Poultry:
Frying chickens:
Dressed 7_____ _____ ....... ...p o u n d -.
Ready-to-cook 4......... ................do___
Fish:
Ocean perch fillet, frozen • ________d o .—
Haddock, fillet, frozen 8-_. -------------do___
Salmon, pink__ _______ . . 16-ounce can..
Tuna fish_______ ______ . . .7-ounce can..
Dairy products:
Milk, fresh (grocery)............... -----------quart..
Milk, fresh (delivered)1_____ ------------ do___
Ice cream.................................. ________ p in t..
Butter_______ _______ ____ ....... ...pound-Cheese, American process___ ____ ___ do___
Milk, evaporated— ________ 14t£-r>nnrA ean
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables:
Strawberries9__________ ------10 ounces..
Orange juice concentrate. ____6 ounces..
Peas, green____________ ------ 10 ounces..
Beans, green___ _______ ______ do _.
Fresh fruits and vegetables:
Apples_________ _____ ............pound..
Bananas______________ .............. _do___
Oranges, size 200.............. _______ dozen..
Lemons_______________ --------- pound..
Grapefruit*___________ ....... ........each..
July
1955
June
1955
July
1954
Cents
Cents
Cents
53.9
27.4
12.6
18.0
19.2
21.9
17.8
26.9
23.8
53.9
27.4
12.6
17.9
19.2
21.9
17.7
27.0
23.8
53.5
27.6
12.7
19.6
18.5
21.9
17.1
27.2
23.6
8Q Q
4a i
70.4
39.4
109.4
90.1
49.8
70.8
39.4
109.5
91 4
50.3
70.0
41.0
108.2
87.1
67.4
63.0
68.8
89.8
65.7
61.9
69.5
92.0
81.6
71.5
72.9
52.9
43.0
52.8
43.4
56.0
51.6
47.1
57.5
46.6
58.6
44.1
55.7
42.6
46.2
55.4
37.5
42.5
46.6
55.5
37.5
44.2
49.7
52.0
39.7
21.6
22.7
29 0
70.2
57.8
13.7
21.4
22.5
29 0
70.4
57. 8
13.7
21.6
22.6
29.5
69.2
56.7
13.8
30.6
18.3
19.7
24.0
30.7
18.1
19.6
24.2
36.5
19.5
19.2
24.5
20.6
17.3
55.6
17.4
18.8
17.0
52.9
17.5
18.1
17.9
60.2
18.0
145 cities.
842 cities.
*39 cities.
8 44 cities.
*33 cities.
r 8 cities.
437 cities.
*35 cities.
9 Specification changed from 12 ounces to 10 ounces, effective October 1954.
10 Unit changed to 10 pounds, effective January 1955.
11 Formerly No. 2)4 can, change effective April 1955.
1140 cities.
18 Specification changed from No. 2 can to No. 303 can, effective October
1954.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Commodity
July
1954
All fruits and vegetables—Continued
Fresh fruits and vegetables—Continued
Cents
Peaches*. _______ _____ ...........pound..
30.9
Strawberries*___________ ______ —Dint—
Grapes, seedless*................ _____ pound..
Watermelons*__________ ....... * do___
47
1(1 pnnnds
Potatoes10_________ ____
Sweetpotatoes................. ______pound..
lfi 3
Onions......... ...................... _______ do___
Carrots................................ ..... ........ .do___
13.2
Lettuce____ ___________ —......... .head..
15.9
Celery................................ _____ pound..
14.8
do
Cabbage............ ..............
70
Tomatoes............................ ............. .do___
28.1
Beans, g reen ..................... ....... ...... do___
15.1
Canned fruits and vegetables:
Orange juice........................ .46-ounce can..
33.5
Peaches............................... ...N o . 2}4 can..
34.0
Pineapple 1,„ ......... .......... ___No. 2 can..
32.9
Fruit cocktail11................... ..N o. 303 can.26.5
Com, cream sty le.............. - ............do___
16.8
Peas, green___ _________ ----- ------ do___
21.5
Tomatoes1113___________ ------------do___
15.3
Baby foods_____________ —4J-£-5 ounces..
9.7
Dried fruits and vegetables:
Prunes................................. ...........pound..
33.9
Navy beans........................ ..............do___
18.3
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
Vegetable soup____ _____ 11-ounce can..
14.1
Beans with pork________ .16-ounce can..
15.0
Condiments and sauces:
Pickles, sweet..................... ---- 7J-£ ounces..
27.4
Catsup, tomato..... ............. ___ 14 ounces..
22.5
Beverages, nonalcoholic:
Coffee_____ ____________ ______ pound..
89.1
Tea....... ............................... ----- l i pound..
40.3
32. 5
Fats and oils:
Shortening, hydrogenated. _____ pound..
34.6
Margarine, colored8_____ ________do___
28.8
LarcL......... ......................... .............. do-__
20.5
Salad dressing____ _____ ...............p in t..
35.3
55.1
Peanut butter.................... ______ pound..
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar_______ ______ ____ ___ 5 pounds..
51.9
Com syrup___________ _ ___ 24 ounces..
23.7
25.9
Grape jelly_____________ ___ 12 ounces..
4.6
Chocolate bar 44_________ ___ 7/ i ounces..
57.3
Eggs, fresh_____________ ___ ............dozen..
Miscellaneous foods:
8.6
Gelatin, flavored................ ___3-4 ounces..
June
1955
July
1955
Cents
Cents
29.1
18.9
6.4
71.7
16.0
8.5
13.0
13.4
13.9
8.0
26.9
18.3
32.7
4.3
102.7
17.6
8.2
13.9
12.8
14.5
6.5
26.1
21.7
33.4
33.9
32.8
26.4
16.9
21.5
15.3
9.7
35.7
32.8
38.6
40.9
18.2
21.4
17.5
9.7
33.7
18.8
30.9
17.9
14.1
14.9
14.3
14.5
28.0
22.4
29.7
22.4
89.0
40.3
32.4
123.0
34.4
32.3
34.4
28.6
20.8
35.3
54.4
35.5
30.3
26.3
36.1
49.3
52.0
23.7
26.0
4.6
53.6
52.7
23. 7
25.5
4. 8
56. 9
8.6
8.5
m Specification
changed from 1-ounce to %-ounce bar, effective January 1955.
• Priced only in season.
N ote .— T he U nited S tates average re ta il food prices appearing
in tab le D -8 are based on prices collected m onthly in 46 cities for
use in th e calcu latio n of th e food com ponent of th e r e v is e d Con
sum er P rice Index. A verage re ta il food prices fo r each of 20 larg e
cities are published m onthly a n d a re available upon request.
P rices fo r th e 26 medium -size an d sm all cities a re n o t published
on an individual city basis.
1096
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
Table D-9: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
[1 9 4 7 -4 9 = 1 0 0 ]
Commodity group
All commodities.........................................
July 2 June
1955
1955
May
1955
Apr.
1955
Mar.
1955
Feb.
1955
Jan.
1955
Dec.
1954
Nov.
1954
Oct.
1954
Sept.
1954
Aug.
1954
July
1954
June
1950
110.6
110.3
109.9
110.5
110.0
110.4
110.1
109.5
110.0
109.7
110.0
110.6
110.4
100.2
Farm products..................................................
89.5
Fresh and dried produce....... .............................. 98.7
Grains______________ _______
86.7
Livestock and poultry............................
79.4
Plant and animal fibers....................................... 103.8
Fluid milk - ..................................................
89.0
Eggs— ................................................................. 78.7
Hay and seeds............................................
85.6
Other farm products............................................ 137.6
91.8
104.7
*90.3
83.1
103.4
*87.0
74.4
*88.1
143.2
91.2
118.7
92.4
78.4
103.4
87.4
71.5
88.7
138.3
94.2
120.9
91.0
84.0
102.7
90.3
77.9
89.9
142.3
92.1
104.4
92.2
79.9
102.9
90.5
82.2
93.1
143.0
93.1
103.8
93.1
80.7
104.3
92.0
90.1
93.2
139.4
92.5
105.2
93.5
79.4
104.4
92.4
65.1
94.3
156.4
89.9
96.9
92.5
74.0
105.0
93.6
64.0
93.8
157.7
93.2
103.2
S3. 5
76.4
104.5
95.1
83.5
92.0
164.6
93.1
101.9
92.9
77.5
107.1
93.8
82.5
91.7
159.6
93.6
99.8
93.6
80.7
107.4
91.7
77.3
87.5
164.6
95.8 96.2
108.3 110.9
91.2
88 1
83.4
83 2
106. 7 107.2
89.7
87.7
86.4
84.4
94.2
94 8
168.8 184.0
94 5
89! 8
89 6
99 8
107.3
81.6
70.6
87 6
12 2 .4
Processed foods............... ...........................................
Cereal and bakery products........ .......................
Meats, poultry, fish______________________
Dairy products and Ice cream....................
Canned, frozen, fruits and vegetables................
Sugar and confectionery...................................
Packaged beverage m aterials.............................
Animal fats and oils..........................................
Crude vegetable oils........................................
Refined vegetable oils_____________________
Vegetable oil end products______________
Other processed foods_____ _______ ________
103.9
117.6
91.4
104.6
104.5
110.4
171.9
69.0
68.9
77.1
83.7
101.4
102.1
118.3
85.7
104.0
104.1
110.3
179.8
69.5
66.9
73.2
82.2
101.2
102.5
116.8
86.0
106.9
104.7
110.8
180.2
72.9
63.7
71.1
82.1
100.9
101.6
116.5
83.3
107.2
104.8
110.8
180.4
68.0
63.5
70.9
82.1
100.8
103.2
116.3
86.9
107.2
104.4
112.6
186.4
69.2
65.1
73.7
83.6
100.7
103.8
116.9
87.6
107.0
104.6
111.3
203.7
74.4
64.8
73.9
83.4
98.2
103.5
116.8
85.2
108. 2
106.0
111.6
203.4
77.3
65.6
73.7
83.5
98.4
103. 8
116.5
86.3
108.8
105.5
112.3
197.8
84.8
65.1
73.2
83.1
97.8
103.7
114.5
85.8
108.7
105.5
112.0
206.3
84.5
65.0
76.4
84.5
99.8
105.5
113.8
92.0
106.6
105.0
113.0
206.0
96.2
69.0
76. 5
87.3
103.5
106.4
113.2
92.0
105 9
104.8
114.5
226.5
96.9
73.5
78. 8
87.3
109.6
106. 5
114.0
94.1
105 1
104.7
113 7
231.3
94. 0
72 2
79 1
87 3
101.4
96 8
96 5
102 4
90 0
98 0
94 7
136 9
63 9
67 9
67 4
79 2
106.6
All commodities other than farm and foods ......... 116.5
115.6
115.5
115.7
115. 6
115.7
115.2
114.9
114.8
114.5
114.4
114.4
114.3
102.2
Textile products and apparel..................................... 95.3
Cotton products.................................. ................ 90.9
Wool products...................................................... 105.0
Synthetic textiles......... ........ ............................... 86.8
Silk products________________ __________
126.8
Apparel. _____ _____________ __________
98.6
Other textile products...... ........... ....................
74.3
*95.2
90.6
105.5
86.6
124.0
*98.6
74.4
95.0
90.3
106.1
86.9
123.2
98.0
76.4
95.0
90.4
106.0
87.2
122.8
98.0
76.3
95.3
90.8
106.1
87.5
121.1
98.3
76.6
95.2
90.6
106.3
86.7
122.4
98.2
78.0
95.2
90.2
106.6
87.3
124.1
98.2
77.3
95.2
89.9
108.7
87.2
123.9
98.4
76.9
95.2
89.9
106.6
86.9
127.4
98.4
77.6
95.4
89.9
108.4
86.1
127.0
98.6
80.9
95.3
89.2
109.6
85.8
128.4
98.6
80.3
95.3
89.1
110.3
85.7
126.3
98.6
79.8
95.1
88. 9
109. 8
85. 7
124.2
98 4
79.1
93 3
90.0
105 3
91.3
88.8
92 7
96.3
Hides, skins, and leather products............................ 93.5 *92.9
Hides and skins....................... ............ ...........
58.2
55.7
Leather. ......................................... ..............
85.1
83.8
Footwear_______ _____ _____ ______ _
111.4 *111.4
Other leather products_______________ _____ 95.0
95.0
92.9
53.3
85.0
111.4
95.0
93.2
56.9
83.6
111.5
95.9
92.2
50.7
82.1
111.5
95.7
92.3
51.6
82.2
111.5
95.8
91.9
49.5
81.2
111. 6
95.8
91.8
47.4
81.5
111.6
95.9
92.8
52.7
82.0
111.7
96.0
92.4
49.5
82.1
111.8
96.1
93.0
51.5
82.9
111.8
96.5
94.0
55.8
84.4
111.8
96.7
94 9
58.2
86 5
111 8
97! 0
99 1
94.3
98. 2
102 7
95.2
Fuel, power, and lighting m aterials......... ...........
Coal________________________________
Coke............... ..........................................
ss _——
—
—
Electricity— ......... ..............................................
Petroleum and products.....................................
106.9 *106.8
101.5 100.6
133.4 133.4
110.4 *110.4
97.2 *97.2
111.6 111.5
107.0
100.4
133.4
111.0
97.8
111.5
107.4
102.3
133.4
113.1
97.8
111. 5
108.5
105.1
132.4
116.6
99.5
111.7
108.7
105.2
132.4
116.3
100.1
111.7
108.5
105.2
132.4
113.0
100.7
111.7
107.5
105.2
132.4
110.2
100.7
110.4
107.4
105.1
132.4
107.3
103.0
109. 5
106.9
105.1
132.4
105.8
101.8
109.3
106.9
105.5
132.4
106.0
101.2
109.4
106.9
105. 2
132.4
105.4
102.4
109.3
106.2
104.9
132.4
105.4
101 8
108! 2
102.4
104.8
116.6
94.8
101 3
103.1
Chemicals and allied p roducts...............................
Industrial chemicals................... ....................
Prepared paint....................... ...........................
Paint materials____ ____________________
Drugs and pharmaceuticals________________
Fats and oils, inedible_____________________
Mixed fertilizer................................................
Fertilizer m aterials...........................................
Other chemicals and products______________
106.0
118.2
114.8
97.0
92.8
55.9
108.8
111.7
103.9
106.8
117.8
114.8
96.9
93.0
*53.8
108.8
111.0
107.6
106.8
117.6
114.8
97.0
93.2
53.2
108.8
113.1
107.6
107.1
118.0
114.8
96.2
93.2
55.2
108.8
113.5
107.6
106.8
117.5
114.0
95.9
93.1
55.4
108.9
113.6
107.6
107.1
117.4
113.1
96.1
93.3
61.0
109.0
113. 5
108.0
107.1
117.3
112.8
95.8
93.6
61.8
108.8
113. 6
107.7
107.0
117.4
112.8
96.2
93.6
59.3
108.9
113.3
107.9
107.0
117.7
112.8
96.6
93.6
57.8
109.1
112.2
107.6
106.9
117.6
112.8
97.2
93.6
56.5
109.2
112.1
107.6
106.8
117.4
112.8
97.0
94.0
54.0
109. 3
112.3
107.6
106.8
117.4
112.8
97 8
94.0
53.5
109.8
112 1
107.6
106 7
117.1
112 8
97 6
94 0
52.0
109 7
112 1
107! 9
92.1
96.3
98.0
86 8
91.3
48 8
101. 2
98 5
91.1
Rubber and products..............................................
Crude rubber.._________________________
Tires and tubes___________ _______ _
Other rubber products.....................................
143.3 140.3
159.0 149.6
142.3 142.3
134.7 *132.3
138.0
142.4
142.3
130.4
138.3
143.8
142.3
130.3
138.0
142.8
142.3
130.3
140.6
151.3
142.4
132.0
136.8
146.0
139.9
127.9
132.0
137.6
134.9
125.2
131.4
134.1
134.9
125.4
128.5
132.0
129.6
125.2
126.9
125.6
129.6
124.0
126.4
123.5
129. 6
123.7
126.8
126.5
129 3
123.7
109. 5
129.0
106.1
103.6
Lumber and wood products.................................
Lumber _____________________ .
Millwork___________________ .
Plywood____________________ _____ _____
124.0 *123. 7
125.1 *124. 7
128.3 128.3
105.7 105.6
123.5
124.2
129.3
105.6
122.4
122.9
129.3
104.8
121.4
121.8
128.7
104.8
121.2
121.4
129.0
104.8
120.3
120.0
130.4
104.7
120.0
119.8
130.3
104.3
119.9
119.6
130.2
104.3
119.8
119.5
130.2
104.3
119.3
119.0
130.2
103.2
119.1
118.7
129.7
105.4
119.1
118. 6
130.7
103.0
112.4
113.5
110.9
101.7
Pulp, paper, and allied products...............................
Woodpulp_____ ____ ______ _________
Wastepaper _____________________ _____
Paper ___________ __________ .
Paperboard.................. ........... ............. .
Converted paper and paperboard___ ____
Building paper and board...................................
119.0
113.8
125.9
130.7
126.1
112.3
129.7
118.3
113.8
104.7
129.2
126.0
112.3
129.7
117.7
113.8
92.7
128.9
126.0
111.7
129.7
117.4
113.8
89.4
128.0
126.0
111.5
129.7
116.8
110.0
89.4
128.0
125.7
111.5
129.7
116.6
110.0
90.2
128.0
124.0
111.5
129.4
116.3 115.9
110.0 109.6
90. 2 85.5
127.5 126.9
124.0 124.1
111.1 111.0
127.6 127.6
116.0
109.6
87.3
126.5
124.1
111.3
127.6
116.3
109.6
83.8
126.5
124.2
111. 9
127.6
116.3
109.6
80.0
126.5
124.2
112.0
127.6
116.3
109.6
80.0
126.5
124.2
112.0
127.6
116.2
109.6
79. 2
126.5
124 2
111 9
127.9
95.9
90. 6
79.0
103.3
97 2
93 2
106.3
Metals and metal products........................................
Iron and steel__________ __________
Nonferrous m etals................. .................
Metal containers. ____________________
H ardware.. ______ _________ _
Plumbing equipment...........................................
Heating equipment—.............................
Structural metal products_________________ 1
Nonstructural metal products........................... |
See footnotes at end of table.
136.7
143.1
139.5
131.4
144.9
123.2
113.5
123.7
127.0
*132.6
*135.8
*137.8
131.4
144.5
123.2
113.5
118.7
1 126.0
132.5
135.6
137.8
131.4
144.4
123.3
113.5
118.8
125.8
132.9
136.4
138.3
131.6
144.4
123.3
113.6
118.5
125.8
131.9
136.2
134.3
131.6
144.4
123.0
113.6
117.9
125.9
131.5
135.8
133.7
131.6
143.3
118.7
113.7
118.0
125.8
130.1
135. 8
127.9
131.6
142.6
118.7
113.9
117.8
125.8
129.9
135. 5
127.2
131.6
142.0
118.7
114.3
117.4
126.2
129.7
135.0
127.4
131.2
141.6
118.7
114.3
117.9
126.0
129.1
134.1
126.2
131.2
140.9
118. 5
114.1
118.0
126.0
128.6
133.8
125.1
131.2
138.9
118.5
114 1
117 7
126.0
128.0
133. 6
124. 2
130.3
138. 2
118 5
114 0
115 9
125. 3
108.8
113 1
101.8
109.0
111. 1
103. 2
102 0
100 1
113.2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
103.1
117.6
88.5
106.0
104.6
110.7
171.9
69.9
64.3
74.9
83.8
100.8
129.8
135.0
127.6
131.6
142.3
118.7
114.3
117.8
125.9
1097
D : CONSUMER AND W HOLESALE PRICES
T able D-9: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities ^Continued
[1947-49=100]
July June
1955 2 1955
May
1955
April
1955
M ar,
1955
Feb.
1955
Jan.
1955
Dec.
1954
Nov.
1954
Oct.
1954
Sept.
1954
Aug.
1954
July
1954
Machinery and motive products...........................
Agricultural machinery and equipm ent........
Construction machinery and equipment----Metalworking machinery and equipment—
General purpose machinery and equipm entMiscellaneous machinery.................................
Electrical machinery and equipment.............
Motor vehicles.................................................
127.2
121.5
134.7
143.5
132.4
127.2
126.6
122.0
*127.1
121.5
*134. 7
*142. 7
131.8
*127.0
126.5
122.0
126.7
121.5
134.3
139.5
131.2
127.1
126.5
122.0
126.3
121.5
134.1
137.1
131.0
126.8
126.4
121.9
126.1
121.5
133.8
136.9
130.4
126.8
126.4
121.5
126.1
121.6
133.8
136.6
130.3
126.4
126.7
121.5
125.8
121.5
133.2
135.1
128.6
126.4
126.8
121.7
125.7
121.2
132.6
134.7
128.2
126.0
126.8
121.7
125.3
121.3
131.8
134.0
128.1
126.0
126.7
121.0
124.3
122.0
131.6
134.0
128.1
126.1
125.2
118.6
124.4
121.9
131.6
133.3
128.1
125.9
125.6
118.9
124.3
122.1
131.5
132.7
127.9
125.6
125.7
118.9
124.3
122.3
131.5
132.6
127.8
125.5
125.8
118.9
106.3
108.3
108.1
108.8
107.0
105.0
102.1
106.7
Furniture and other household durables..............
Household furniture..................- .....................
Commercial furniture......................................
Floor covering..................................................
Household appliances......................................
Television and radio receivers------------------Other household durable goods-----------------
115.4
112.8
129.8
126.6
106.5
93.2
133.1
115.2
*112.9
*129.8
*126.2
106.4
*93.2
*132.4
115.1
113.1
128.6
125.1
106.5
93.3
131.9
115.1
112.8
128.6
125.0
107.3
93.1
131.9
115.1
112.7
128.6
124.4
107.2
93.1
132.0
115.4
112.6
128.6
124.4
108.5
93.2
132.0
115.5
112.5
128.6
124.2
108.7
93. 5
131.9
115.7
112.9
128.6
124.0
109.4
0
131.5
115.6
112.9
128.6
124.0
109.1
0
131.5
115.6
112.8
127.3
124.0
109.5
(3)
131.3
115.3
112.8
126.2
124.4
109.4
(3)
130.5
115.3
112.9
126.2
123.5
109.7
(3)
130.4
115.3
112.8
126.2
122.7
109.7
0
130.4
103.1
101.8
106.2
109.1
100.1
0
106.8
Nonmetallic minerals—structural.........................
Flat glass...........................................................
Concrete ingredients........................................
Concrete products...........................................
Structural clay products..................................
Gypsum p roducts...........................................
Prepared asphalt roofing.................................
Other nonmetallic minerals______________
125.4 *123. 7
131.1 *126.0
125.0 124.9
118.3 118.3
142.3 137.3
122.1 122.1
110.8 106. 7
122.4 *122.4
123.2
124.9
124.7
118.2
137.0
122.1
105.8
121.0
122.3
124.9
124.8
118.2
136.8
122.1
98.5
119.2
121.9
123.9
124.1
118.2
136.5
122.1
98.8
119.2
121.8
123.9
123.9
117.0
136.1
122.1
100.4
119.2
122.0
123.9
123.1
116.7
135.8
122.1
106.1
119.2
121.8
123.9
122.3
117.4
135.4
122.1
106.1
119.5
121.8
123.9
122.1
117.4
135.4
122.1
106.1
119.5
121.9
123.9
122.1
117.8
135.4
122.1
106.1
120.8
121.7
123.9
122.1
117.8
135. 4
122.1
104.1
120.8
120.5
124.7
122.2
117.9
132.3
122.1
98.6
120.8
120.4
124.7
122.1
117.7
132.0
122.1
98.5
120.2
105.4
105.6
105.7
104. 5
110. 5
102.3
98.9
105.7
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages—
Cigarettes......................................................... .
C igars.............................................................. .
Other tobacco products.................................. .
Alcoholic beverages-------------------------------Nonalcoholic beverages.............. - ..................
121.6
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.7
148.1
121.6
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.7
148.1
121.6
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.7
148.1
121.6
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.7
148.1
121.6
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.7
148.1
121.6
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.6
148.1
121.4
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.3
148.1
121.4
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.3
148.1
121.4
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.3
148.1
121.5
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.3
148.1
121.5
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.3
148.1
121.5
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.3
148.1
121.4
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.2
148.1
101.4
102.8
100.6
103.3
100.9
100.8
Miscellaneous.........................................................
Toys, sporting goods, small arms-------------Manufactured animal feeds............................
Notions and accessories...................................
Jewelry, watches, photo equipment----------Other miscellaneous........................................
91.0
89.1
113.1 113.2
74.2
70.8
92.9
91.0
103.7 103.0
121.2 *121.1
91.3
113.2
75.0
92.9
103.0
120.8
94.0
113.2
80.1
92.3
103.0
121.0
95.6
113.2
83.0
92.3
103.1
120.6
97.1
113.1
85.8
92.3
103.2
120.6
97.0
113.2
84.9
101.3
103.6
120.3
98.0
112.9
86.8
101.2
103.5
121.0
97.0
112.8
85.0
101.2
103.5
120.9
96.7
112.7
84.3
101.2
103.5
120.8
99.1
112.7
89.0
101.2
103.2
121.2
102.3
113.4
95.2
101.6
102.8
121.2
103.9
113.5
98.3
101.6
102.7
121.2
96.9
104.8
93.7
88.7
96.6
105.4
Commodity group
June
1950
Beginning with the final wholesale price index for January 1955, the index
weights are based on an average of the dollar value of primary market trans
actions in calendar years 1952 and 1953. Previously, the weights were based
on the dollar value of transactions in 1947. The weight revision does not
affect the comparability of the indexes.
2 Preliminary.
* Not available.
‘ Revised.
i The revised wholesale price index (1947-49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December 1951
and previous dates is the former index (1926=100). The revised index has
been computed back to January 1947 for purposes of comparison and analysis.
Prices are collected from manufacturers and other producers. In some cases
they are secured from trade publications or from other Government agencies
which collect price quotations in the course of their regular work. For a
more detailed description of the index, see A Description of the Revised
Wholesale Price Index, Monthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180), or
reprint Serial No. R. 2067.
T able D -10: Special wholesale price indexes 1
[1947-49=100]
July
All foods _ ______________________________
......... —______________
All fish
Special metals and metal products______________
Metalworking machinery
_
_
Machinery and equipment
_______
Total tractors
_ _ __________________
Steel mill products
________________
____________________
"Building materials
Soaps
_ _ __________________________
Synthetic detergents
___________________
"Refined petroleum products_______________ ___
"East, Coast petroleum
_
__
Mid-continent petroleum
Gulf Coast petroleum
_
Pacific Coast petroleum ___ ______________
Pulp, paper and products, excl. bldg, paper.......—"Bituminous coal, domestic sizes. ______ _______
Tmm her and wood products, excl. mill work______
All commodities except, farm products
___
1 See footnote 1, table D-9.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2
101.5
103.5
132.7
147.7
130.1
122.6
155.0
125.7
97.0
91.5
109.9
105.7
109.3
115.5
106.3
118.8
106.2
123.5
114.1
Nov.
Oct.
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
102.4
103.7
129.8
*147.1
129.8
*122.7
145.9
*124.1
97.0
91.5
109.9
105.7
109.4
115.5
106.3
118.0
103.6
*123.1
113.5
101.6
98.1
129.7
144.2
129.2
122.5
145.9
124.1
97.0
91.5
109.9
105.7
109.7
115.5
105.4
117.4
102.8
122.7
113.1
102.5
98.7
130.0
143.0
128.7
122.5
145.9
123.4
97.1
91.5
109.8
106.1
107.5
117.7
105.4
117.1
102.7
121.5
113.3
100.8
100.7
129.2
143.2
128.6
122.4
145.8
122.8
98.5
91.5
110.1
106.1
107.5
118.5
105.4
116.5
111.8
120.5
113.1
102.5
101.8
128.9
142.7
128.6
122.4
145.8
122.5
98.9
93.4
109.9
105.5
107.5
118.5
105.4
116.4
112.1
120.1
113.4
101.9
105.7
128.0
140.7
128.1
122.2
145.7
122.1
97.4
93.4
109.9
105.3
107.5
117.9
106.9
116.0
112.2
118.9
113.2
101.0 102.7 102.4
100.5 102.8 101.8
127.7 127.6 127.1
140.1 140.1 140.2
127.9 127.7 127.4
121.9 122.0 123.2
145.8 145.8 145. 8
122.0 121.9 121.7
96.4
96.1
96.9
93.4
93.4
93.4
108.4 107.4 107.2
105.3 102.9 102.9
105.5 105.2 104.6
116.9 115.9 115.9
103.1 102.6 102.6
115.7 115.8 116.0
112.2 112.3 112.1
118.6 118.4 118.4
112.9 112.8 112.5
2 Preliminary.
1950
1954
1955
Commodity group
Sept.
Aug.
103.7 105.5
113.9 III. I
126.6 126. 3
140.2 140. 2
127.4 127.2
123.2 123. 2
145. 7 145.6
121.3 120.8
96.0
96.1
93. 4 93. 4
107.3 107.2
101.1 101.1
104.0 103. 7
114.9 114.9
108.8 108. 8
116.0 116.0
110.8 108.5
117.8 117. 6
112.8 113.0
July
105.6
103.5
125. 8
139.9
127. 2
123. 9
145. 6
120. 5
96. 6
93.4
105.9
104. 7
102. 8
109.0
108.8
115.9
106.7
117.4
112.9
June
95.0
92.4
108.3
109.8
106.1
107.5
114.9
107.5
80.9
82.9
102.1
98.1
101.8
109.7
94.1
95.6
106.8
112.6
101.2
1098
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
E: Work Stoppages
Table E -l: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
Number of stoppages
Workers involved in stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average).
1947-49 (average).
1945......................
1946.
.........
1947.
.........
1948......................
1949.
.........
1950.
.........
1951
.........
1952
.........
1953
.........
1954
.........
2,862
3, 573
4,750
4,985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5,117
5,091
3,468
1954: Ju ly ...........
August___
September.
October___
November.
December-
370
328
315
285
1955: Ja n u ary J...
February J_
March !___
A pril 1____
M a y a____
Ju n e 2.........
July 2_____
Beginning in
month or year
In effect dur
ing month
1.130.000
2, 380, 000
3.470.000
4, 600,000
2.170.000
1, 960,000
3.030.000
2,410, 000
2, 220,000
3.540.000
2,400, 000
1.530.000
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16.900.000
39, 700,000
38, 000, 000
116, 000, 000
34, 600,000
34.100, 000
50.500.000
38.800.000
22,900, 000
59.100, 000
28,300, 000
22.600.000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
.44
.41
.27
.21
153
580
525
526
488
387
293
238.000
143.000
126.000
164.000
71, 000
29,000
376.000
300.000
304.000
259.000
129.000
78.000
3, 800, 000
3, 740,000
2,410, 000
1, 820, 000
1,310, 000
486.000
.15
.05
225
250
300
325
375
500
425
325
380
450
500
575
700
650
50, 000
90, 000
165, 000
80.000
125, 000
220,000
400.000
570, 000
1,600,000
2, 600,000
2,600,000
3,400,000
3, 200, 000
.05
.07
.17
.30
.29
.36
.37
220
1 All work stoppages known to the Bureau of Labor Statistics and its
various cooperating agencies, involving six or more workers and lasting a
full day or shift or longer, are included in this report. Figures on “ workers
Involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for as long as one
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
210.000
170.000
500.000
750.000
310.000
310.000
650.000
900.000
.21
*Wft in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not measure
the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or industries whose
employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
J Preliminary.
1099
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
F: Building and Construction
T able F -l: Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put In place]
Expenditures (in millions)
1955
Type of construction
Aug.3 July 3 Ju n e 3 May
Total new construction
1954
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1954
1953
Total
Total
................... ...... $3,978 $3,956 $3, 815 $3, 555 $3, 257 $2,974 $2,697 $2,819 $3,092 $3,329 $3,503 $3,674 $3,693 $37,577 $35,271
Private construction__________________
Residential building (nonfarm)...........
New dwelling units____________
Additions and alterations----------Nonhousekeeping»------------------Nonresidential building (nonfarm)
Industrial..................... — ........ —Commercial---------- -----------------Warehouses, office, and loft
buildings-.. ___________
Stores, restaurants, and garages-----------------------------Other nonresidential building__
Religious________________ Educational_________ ____ —
Social and recreational-------Hospital and institutional L -.
Miscellaneous__ — ________
Farm construction---- ------ -------------Public utilities___________________
Railroad_______ _____-...............Telephone and telegraph________
Other public utilities.................... All other private 8---- -----------------Public construction___________________
Residential building»--------------------Nonresidential building (other than
military facilities)..... ................ ........
Industrial_________ ___ _______
E d u catio n al------- ------------------Hospital and institutional---------Other nonresidential-............ ........
M ilitary facilities10_______________
Highways_______ ____ _________—
Sewer and water.- — __________ —
Miscellaneous public service enterprises11____ _ ----------- -------Conservation and development_____
All other public 12_____________ ___
2,764
1,492
1,335
125
32
683
199
286
2, 763
1,523
1,360
130
33
666
196
277
2,669
1,480
1,315
134
31
634
189
259
2,496
1, 380
1,230
123
27
590
183
234
2,345 2,179 2,003
1,298 1,170 1,049
1,170 1,070
960
79
105
68
23
21
21
559
549
562
184
186
187
199
213
208
2,420
1,321
1,195
102
24
554
170
202
2,460 2,457
1,327 1,313
1,195 1,175
107
110
25
28
556
558
159
162
210
210
25,768
13,496
12,070
1,130
296
6,250
2,030
2,212
23,877
11,930
10,555
1,108
267
5,680
2,229
1,791
96
94
90
88
84
82
83
84
87
90
89
88
88
958
739
190
198
69
43
24
31
31
150
425
26
60
339
14
1,214
19
183
193
66
41
24
31
31
148
410
29
65
316
16
1,193
21
169
186
62
39
24
30
31
141
398
30
60
308
16
1,146
23
146
173
58
37
20
30
28
131
379
29
60
290
16
1,059
22
129
165
54
40
17
28
26
114
357
28
55
274
14
912
22
126
165
53
41
16
28
27
103
333
25
55
253
14
795
23
116
163
53
39
17
28
26
95
297
19
50
228
13
694
21
104
168
55
42
18
28
25
92
302
20
50
232
14
747
22
105
176
57
45
19
29
26
93
348
28
51
269
12
829
22
113
183
59
48
21
29
26
106
383
28
55
300
12
971
22
113
182
59
49
22
29
23
126
407
38
56
313
12
1,083
23
122
186
58
50
22
30
26
153
410
28
57
325
12
1,214
24
122
187
56
50
22
29
30
167
409
26
58
325
12
1,236
25
1,254
2,008
593
529
228
337
321
1,560
4,341
353
655
3,333
121
11,809
336
1,052
1,660
472
426
163
317
282
1,731
4,416
442
615
3,359
120
11,394
556
397
60
230
32
75
128
460
103
393
62
226
32
73
123
450
104
397
72
221
33
71
118
410
98
379
72
211
32
64
110
360
97
366
72
202
31
61
99
255
89
354
81
190
28
55
83
180
83
316
70
178
23
45
78
150
70
342
90
182
25
45
82
155
77
351
102
181
25
43
88
214
77
366
104
185
28
49
95
320
83
390
105
193
31
61
101
389
88
410
106
197
33
74
98
492
91
437
130
195
37
75
97
479
94
4,641
1,506
2,134
365
636
1,030
3,750
982
4,346
1,771
1,714
365
496
1,307
3,160
883
34
56
17
29
56
17
26
57
17
20
57
14
16
51
14
14
45
13
11
38
10
13
45
11
15
52
10
16
58
11
19
61
12
23
63
13
25
64
15
218
704
148
200
830
112
1Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Business and Defense Services Administration, U. S. Depart
ment of Commerce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the
monetary value of the volume of work accomplished during the given period
of time. These figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building permit activity (tables F-3, F-4,
and F-5) and the data on value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
2 Preliminary.
3Revised.
<Includes major additions and alterations.
• Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
• Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are Included under “ Public utilities.”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2,072 2,263 2,358
1,122 1,258 1,293
1,030 1,150 1,175
86
96
71
22
21
22
552
564
542
186
184
178
192
203
188
31ncludes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
8 Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
10 Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for
production facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
11 Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
13 Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
1100
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able F-2: Contract awards: Public construction, by ownership and type of construction 1
Value (In millions)
Ownership and type of construction1
1955
June
1954
M a y 3 Apr.3 Mar.3 Feb.3 Jan.3
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
Ju n e3
1954
1953
Total
Total
All public construction.a...................... $1,083.9 $811.1 $776.3 $778.0 $507.0 $521.6 $728.4 $566.1 $734.2 $723.5 $657.0 $815.3 $926.5 $8,293.8 $8,470.8
Federally owned................. .................
Residential building____ ______
Nonresidential building.................
Educational..............................
Hospital and institutional.......
Administrative and general.-_
Other nonresidential building.
Airfield building.............. .
Industrial..... .....................
Troop housing_________
Warehouses......................
All other______________
Airfields_____________________
Conservation and developm ent...
Highway..........................................
Electric power utilities_________
All other federally owned______
State and locally owned__ _________
Residential building......... .............
Nonresidential building________
Educational_______________
Hospital and institutional___
Administrative and general...
Other nonresidential building.
Highway..........................................
Sewerage systems____________
Water supply facilities_________
Utilities___
_______________
Electric power_____________
Other utilities____ _____ ..
All other State and locally owned.
308.1 114.6 118.0 141.9
10.4
.8
.1
0
226.7
61.7
74.7 100.2
.9
.2
1.2
.1
40.3
2.9
6.7
5.8
7.9
4.7
3.5
4.6
177.6
53.9
63.3
89.7
27.3
9.3
10.4
17.5
86.6
16.1
18.3
48.6
11.3
5.7
11.0
6.3
25.5
6.3
6.3
7.5
26.9
16.5
17.3
9.8
18.3
9.7
17.9
16.2
28.3
26.8
12.4
12.2
9.7
4.8
5.4
6.0
3.3
5.6
3.2
4.3
11.4
5.2
4.3
3.0
775.8 696.5 658.3 636.1
19.4
27.2
14.5
16.5
262.1 251.7 246.6 260.7
182.8 186.2 199.7 206.0
19.4
26.9
15.7
10.6
27.7
18.2
14.0
24.5
32.2
20.4
17.2
19.6
349.7 238.8 268.7 248.3
49.1
37.4
46.3
44.0
27.3
27.1
28.2
26.8
57.5 102.3
43.8
29.0
36.7
85.0
34.2
2.0
20.8
17.3
9.6
27.0
10.7
12.0
9.4
11.6
78.2
82.5
8.3
0
30.0
44.8
.3
(4)
.4
6.8
1.9
3.8
27.4
34.2
4.9
14.8
10.5
6.8
.6
3.7
6.3
1.5
5.1
7.4
10.6
22.3
20.8
6.1
2.9
2.8
3.1
1.3
2.5
5.2
428.8 439.1
16.6
7.9
183.9 224.3
137.6 132.1
12.2
20.3
15.1
28.0
19.0
43.9
161.0 121.4
28.1
35.8
24.0
27.6
8.2
12.7
3.9
4.3
4.3
8.4
7.0
9.4
1 Prepared jointly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department
of Labor and the Business and Defense Services Administration, U. S.
Department of Commerce. Includes major force account projects started,
principally by TVA and State highway departments.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
87.2
0
33.4
.1
.4
1.4
31.5
9.5
10.9
3.2
2.3
5.6
5.9
19.2
6.7
15.6
6.4
641.2
9.8
246.7
172.8
21.8
14.8
37.3
270.2
33.3
28.9
42.4
27.4
15.0
9.9
92.8 136.4
0
M
62.9
81.6
3.1
m
16.5
8.1
4.1
2.5
42.3
67.9
7.7
6.4
29.0
22.1
.9
29.8
.4
3.0
4.3
6.6
7.0
11.9
16.0
32.2
2.8
6.0
1.4
3.6
2.7
1.1
473.3 597.8
12.1
10.1
203.6 225.7
153.0 165.6
16.1
14.7
12.9
23.0
21.6
22.4
179.7 244.0
29.3
64.3
23.7
26.7
15.8
10.5
11.6
3.4
4.2
7.1
9.1
16.5
109.1
96.5
73.7
.3
(<)
0
55.9
42.8
66.1
1.3
.2
1.2
4.2
1.8
.5
4.7
2.9
3.3
45.7
37.9
61.1
1.7
.5
3.6
23.5
20.6
19.6
8.5
3.2
.8
1.6
3.4
25.1
10.4
10.2
12.0
14.1
11.2
12.5
23.8
7.4
6.6
6.4
6.3
7.2
5.0
1.8
.7
3.6
4.2
3.4
614.4 583.3 718.8
28.7
22.1
37.5
261.4 248.6 292.5
177.8 185.4 206.9
22.5
19.5
37.4
39.2
24.8
20.3
21.9
18.9
27.9
240.9 226.0 292.7
37.1
36.3
46.4
25.5
23.2
24.8
12.4
17.0
13.7
3.3
12.3
7.1
9.1
4.7
6.6
8.4
11.2
10.1
188.0
.2
119.6
.4
15.3
7.6
96.3
13.4
44.1
6.0
7.1
25.7
14.3
29.9
8.6
6.2
9.2
738.5
42.6
294.6
214.5
20.4
37.1
22.6
299.7
47.4
24.3
21.9
6.0
15.9
8.0
1,407.1
3.9
863.8
14.6
72.9
38.7
737.6
89.7
390.3
68.5
82.3
106.8
152.9
199.7
62.4
66.7
57.7
6,886.7
254.6
2,869.4
2 , 077.9
245.1
253.5
292.9
2,684.6
472.7
292.7
197.4
105.3
92.1
115.3
2,154.2
15.0
1, 525.2
13.4
29.7
45.7
1,436.4
71.9
1,151.9
60.7
64.7
87.2
103.9
225.5
52.9
156.8
74.9
6,316.6
331.5
2,258.7
1,629.3
237.3
147.8
244.3
2,662.8
469.4
282.7
185.3
72.4
112.9
126.2
2 Types not shown separately are included in the appropriate “other”
category.
3 Revised,
‘ Less than $50,000.
1101
F : BUILD IN G AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-3: Building permit activity: Valuation, by private-public ownership, class of construction,
and type of building 1
Valuation (in millions)
1955
Class of construction, ownership, and
type of building
1954
May
Apr.3
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Annual
total
All building construction._ ____________________ $1,964.8
Private
_______________________________ 1, 765. 2
' 199. 7
Public__________________________________
$1,863.7
1,713. 3
150.3
$1, 841.1
1, 711.1
130.0
$1,788.6
1,638.8
149.8
$1,223.1
1,102.9
120.2
$1,126.8
1,038.7
88.1
$1,226.7
1, 098. 6
128.1
$1,345.2
1,225.9
119.3
$1, 471. 5
1,349.3
122.1
$16, 464.9
14,806.8
1 , 658.2
1,189. 2
1,168.1
1,150. 0
1,082. 6
20.0
8.2
39.2
18.1
21.1
595.4
197.2
10.2
5.7
13.4
67.7
100.2
213.2
113.4
49.2
50.6
20.8
84.7
37.3
22.5
19.7
180.3
1,216.1
1,206.1
1,181.0
1,099.6
20.8
9.1
51.5
25.1
10.0
477.8
168.1
12.3
10.9
13.3
36.0
95.5
174.0
115.3
23.9
34.8
20.4
65.7
18.6
15.0
15.9
169.8
1, 217. 4
1, 200.6
1,193. 5
1,124. 9
21.7
9.4
37.5
7.1
16.7
477.5
156.2
10.2
4.1
13.5
44.7
83.7
164.8
108.4
20.3
36.0
19.7
65.8
24.9
31.5
14.6
146.3
1,154.0
i; i36. i
1,127.9
1,034.7
26.1
8.3
58.8
8.2
17.9
489.2
146. 9
6.0
3.0
12.2
39.2
86.5
184.9
127.3
25.4
32.2
13.1
74.0
26.4
24.4
19.5
145.4
757.5
743.2
723.9
673.4
15.0
6.5
29.0
19.3
14.3
365.1
122.9
12.6
2.7
8.5
31.7
67.5
130.2
85.2
22.9
22.2
5.5
49.8
16.2
28.5
11.9
100.5
711.5
702.6
699.9
647.9
12.8
6.2
33.0
2.7
8.9
320.4
106.8
6.2
5.0
8.8
29.8
57.1
121.3
77.4
21.7
22.2
5.8
44.7
16.6
13.2
12.1
94.9
742.6
729.4
718.1
665.5
16.1
7.6
28.9
11.3
13.2
389.9
143.1
7.0
3.4
9.0
53.4
70.3
139.1
96.7
20.2
22.2
6.8
60.8
18.4
20.0
11.7
94.3
838.2
830.1
827.2
767.4
17.3
6.8
35.7
2.8
8.1
398.3
141.2
5.0
4.3
10.8
41.8
79.4
139.0
80.6
28.5
29.8
13.0
42.1
35.9
12.7
14.4
108.7
894.1
881.6
879.6
816.5
16.9
9.2
37.0
2.0
12.5
457.0
134.5
8.3
7.8
10.6
25.8
82.1
153.8
96.7
18.7
38.4
17.6
82.9
28.6
20.3
19.1
120.3
9,990.7
9,854.5
9.695.2
8.918.3
210.7
87.6
478.7
159.2
136.2
5,005.8
1, 591. 5
97.6
60.1
119.9
454.6
859.3
1,870. 5
1,173.6
335.5
361.5
166.4
662.3
304.6
209.4
201.1
1, 468.4
June
New residential building _____________________
New dwelling units (housekeeping only)_____
Privately owned______________________
1-family__________________________
2-family________________ _________
3- and 4-family____________________
5-or-more family___________________
Publicly owned _ ___________________
Nonhousekeeping buildings. ______________
New nonresidential building________ __________
Commercial buildings. ___________________
Amusement buildings_________________
Commercial garages___ ________________
Gasoline and service stations______ _____
Office buildings_______________________
Stores and other mercantile buildings____
Community b u ildings_______ _____.1_____
Educational buildings__________________
Institutional buildings . ______________
Religious buildings____________________
Garages, private residential.................. ...............
Industrial buildings_______________________
Public buildings
_____________________
Public utilities buildings _________________
All other nonresidential buildings___ _ ____
Additions, alterations, and repairs _____________
1 These statistics on building construction authorized by local building
permits measure building activity in all localities having building-permit
systems—rural nonfarm as well as urban. Such localities (over 7,000) in
clude about 80 percent of the nonfarm population of the country, according
to the 1950 Census. The data cover both federally and nonfederally owned
projects. Figures on the amount of construction contracts awarded for
Federal projects and for public housing (Federal, State, and local) in permit»
issuing places are added to the valuation data (estimated cost entered by
builders on building-permit applications) for privately owned projects;
T able
construction undertaken by State and local governments is reported by
local officials. No adjustment has been made in the building-permit data
to reflect the fact that permit valuations generally understate the actual
cost of construction, nor for lapsed permits or the lag between permit issuance
or contract-award dates and start of construction. Therefore, they should
not be considered as representing the volume of building construction started.
Components may not always equal totals because of rounding.
* Revised.
F-4: Building permit activity: Valuation, by class of construction and geographic region 1
Valuation (in millions)
1955
Class of construction and geographic region
June
All building construction3_____________________ $1,964.8
Northeast................ ..............................................
458.9
626.8
North Central____________________________
South___________________________________
463.7
415.5
West____________________________________
New dwelling units (housekeeping only)_________
N ortheast......... ........... ........................................
North Central____________________________
South___________ _____ _________________
West— . . ______ ________ ____________
New nonresidential buildings__________________
Northeast_______________________________
North Central______________________ _____
South____________________________ ______
West___________ _______________________
Additions, alterations, and repairs_________ _____
Northeast................. ...... ..................... ............. .
North C entral.....................................................
South________ ________ ___________ _____
W est.......... ....................................................... .
1 See table F-3, footnote 1.
3 Revised.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,168.1
276.0
380.6
256.6
254.9
595.4
132.9
192.6
151.3
118.6
180.3
41.9
51.0
49.3
37.9
1954
May
Apr.3
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Annual
total
$1,863. 7
411. 5
589.0
434.4
428.9
$1,841.1
405.3
590.9
414.4
430.5
$1, 788. 6
386.1
501.4
460.0
441.0
$1,223.1
220.8
312.8
379.1
310.4
$1,126.8
250.1
238.6
341.1
296.9
$1,226. 7
256.3
326.4
320.1
323.9
$1,345.2
287.4
385.8
339.7
332.4
$1,471.5
298.2
435.2
386.2
351.9
$16,464.9
3,657.1
4,834.3
4,133.0
3,840.4
1,206.1
270.5
397.5
263.5
274.6
477.8
102.4
141.3
124.4
109.7
169.8
36.9
48.3
43.7
40.9
1, 200.6
263.1
384.5
255.6
297.5
477.5
106.9
163.9
110.1
96.6
146.3
33.6
39.3
39.2
34.2
1,136.1
244.9
314.1
281.8
295.3
489.2
106.2
142.9
133.6
106.5
145.4
32.8
42.7
36.9
33.0
743.2
124.6
182.3
227.0
209.3
365.1
73.4
107.6
113.7
70.5
100.5
20.4
22.1
32.3
25.6
702.6
141.8
142.4
206.3
212.0
320.4
86.9
74.4
101.1
58.0
94.9
19.6
20.6
31.8
22 9
729.4
141.1
181.0
184.0
223.3
389.9
93.9
117.0
106.5
72.5
94.3
20.2
23.5
26.3
24.2
830.1
167.0
237.9
206.8
218.3
398.3
96.0
117.8
102.6
82.0
108.7
23.4
28.4
29.0
28.0
881.6
174.7
268.1
210.7
228.1
457.0
96.0
126.8
144.1
89.6
120.3
25.7
37.8
29.2
27.6
9,854. 5
2,157.1
2,905.8
2,340.3
2,451.2
5,005.8
1,145. 5
1,489.2
1,363.1
1.007.9
1,468.4
335.9
404.0
391.2
337.3
8Includes new nonhousekeeping residential building, not shown separately.
1102
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1955
T able F-5: Building permit activity: Valuation, by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan location and State1
Valuation (in millions)
1955
State and location
May
All States......... .....................................
Metropolitan areas8____ .
Nonmetropolitan areas_____________
Apr.8
1954
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Annual
total
$ 1 ,8 6 3 . 7
1 ,4 7 7 . 9
3 8 5 .8
$ 1 ,8 4 1 .1
1 ,4 6 4 . 8
3 7 6 .3
$ 1 ,7 8 8 .6
1 ,4 3 4 . 6
3 5 4 .0
$ 1 ,2 2 3 .1
9 9 3 .7
2 2 9 .4
$ 1 ,1 2 6 .8
9 2 6 .1
2 0 0 .7
$ 1 ,2 2 6 . 7
1 ,0 1 0 .2
2 1 6 .5
$ 1 ,3 4 5 .2
1 ,0 7 8 .8
2 6 6 .4
$ 1 ,4 7 1 . 5
1 ,1 4 5 . 9
3 2 5 .6
$ 1 ,4 4 6 . 6
1 ,1 4 6 .9
2 9 9 .7
$1 6 , 4 6 4 .9
1 3 ,1 6 1 .1
3 ,3 0 3 .8
Alabam a............. .............. ........
Arizona............................. ......
Arkansas............... .............. ............
California.............................
Colorado................................ ...........
1 5 .1
1 4 .2
4 .0
2 8 7 .3
2 5 .8
1 4 .3
1 5 .1
6 .5
3 0 4 .6
2 6 .1
1 5 .4
1 7 .2
5 .2
3 0 8 .4
2 5 .9
1 4 .3
1 5 .4
4 .2
2 0 9 .9
1 8 .0
9 .9
1 2 .1
4 .1
2 0 6 .3
2 3 .1
7 .8
1 2 .5
6 .1
2 2 2 .9
2 4 .2
1 2 .5
1 1 .0
4 .6
2 2 6 .6
1 7 .0
1 4 .2
1 6 .8
3 .8
2 1 4 .7
2 6 .8
12. 7
1 0 .9
6 .0
2 2 0 .1
2 2 .9
135. 8
1 4 5 .1
7 7 .4
2 ,5 7 1 0
2 4 5 .3
Connecticut________________ .
Delaware___ _______________
District of Columbia_______ ____
Florida..... .................... ............
Georgia____ ______________ ____
3 8 .3
5 .3
5 .4
5 9 .5
2 2 .6
3 9 .7
7 .1
2 .7
6 0 .9
1 9 .7
3 7 .8
6 .9
1 0 .0
7 1 .3
2 3 .6
1 7 .3
2 .3
5 .0
6 1 .2
2 3 .7
1 7 .1
2 .9
2 .3
5 7 .2
2 4 .7
2 1 .4
1 .5
9 .5
5 6 .7
2 0 .1
2 8 .2
2 .4
1 8 .6
5 5 .9
1 7 .9
2 8 .2
4 .5
3 .2
6 0 .7
1 8 .8
2 9 .9
4 .7
6 3
6 8 .1
2 2 .4
3 2 0 .4
4 9 .6
79 7
649 7
2 6 7 .8
4 .0
1 4 6 .5
4 0 .4
1 8 .9
1 4 .7
4 .1
1 3 1 .8
3 1 .4
1 9 .4
1 7 .9
3 .2
1 1 8 .6
3 9 .7
2 2 .0
1 8 .1
1 .7
6 3 .0
1 9 .8
5 .9
1 4 .3
.7
4 9 .8
1 8 .2
5 .5
9 .5
1 .4
7 0 .2
2 0 .0
7 .8
1 3 .8
3 .0
8 3 .5
2 6 .1
1 5 .2
2 4 .9
3 .2
8 7 .9
3 3 .0
1 2 .0
1 2 .9
3. 4
89. 2
27. 7
12. 9
1 2 .6
20 E
985 9
840. 8
141. 3
1 6 8 .8
K en tu ck y .......... ............... . . .
Louisiana_____________ _
Maine______________________ .
M aryland__________________
Massachusetts_________________
17.0
25.7
2.4
52.3
45.3
15.7
25.7
2.9
48.3
42.8
13.4
24.5
2.6
40.9
45.2
8.4
34.6
1.7
42.3
24.3
10.7
27.1
.5
35.3
20.4
6.6
16.3
4.7
30.9
27.7
11.8
17.4
2.7
32.9
36.6
10.4
17.6
2.7
39.8
38.6
12.7
21. 3
2.5
39 1
25.5
170 7
216. 8
30.2
402 K
391.8
Michigan........... ............. ........
Minnesota_______ __________
Mississippi...____ _____________
Missouri____________________
Montana....... ...............................
111.3
44.3
4.7
23.4
6.3
115.9
51.7
3.6
33.0
4.4
92.2
32.4
5.4
30.9
2.9
62.2
16.1
4.7
28.1
.8
54.8
12.8
3.3
19.0
1.3
69.7
25.0
7.7
23.5
2.9
68.4
27.8
4.2
20.6
3.9
100.5
34.5
4.8
22.6
2.9
86. 7
32. 2
24.9
3.6
1,007 8
3/58. 1
02 4
304.6
39.7
11.5
8.3
3.6
79.6
8.6
19.0
5.3
5.0
83.1
10.3
9.8
7.2
4.2
78.8
8.4
2.7
7.5
.8
44.3
5.8
3.2
6.2
.9
48.9
6.8
4.5
8.7
4.4
49.4
3.7
8.1
6.3
3.1
55.8
6.9
7.4
9.1
2. 2
61.2
5.8
7.9
4.0
17
50.6
7.3
New York______________
North Carolina___ ___________ .
North Dakota___________
Ohio........... .....................................
Oklahom a...___ ___________
154.7
21.2
4.8
121.6
12.1
148.6
18.6
5.8
116.0
20.1
126.9
26.0
1.2
101.0
17.4
81.0
19.7
.3
64.2
11.9
98.4
15.8
.3
50.1
10.4
101.8
12.9
1.1
65.8
8.8
100.9
11.5
2.2
76.0
12.8
97.7
12.8
3.9
82.2
11.4
111. 1
16.1
3.6
96. 9
11.9
i, 412. 8
Oregon_______________ _____
Pennsylvania._____ ___________
Rhode Islan d .............................
South Carolina_____ ______
South Dakota.............. ...... ...
18.9
81.8
4.5
8.2
4.2
14.2
77.1
5.2
6.7
5.2
13.4
85.6
4.3
18.7
2.6
13.3
49.3
1.9
6.0
1.0
8.3
60.4
3.4
6.1
1.1
9.7
44.1
2.1
5.9
1.8
10.7
45.8
3.8
5.4
3.0
13.9
63.8
3.1
5.1
2.8
16.0
62.7
2.7
6.3
2.8
151.0
734.3
44.5
67.3
32.7
Tennessee_______________ ____
20.3
97.9
12.9
1.3
51.2
21.7
91.6
11.5
.9
45.3
19.0
107.9
14.6
.8
49.1
14.3
90.0
4.2
.2
33.7
18.9
83.8
3.1
26.6
13.2
87.5
4.9
.8
25.9
14.5
83.3
9.0
.6
30.0
20.5
92.6
16.7
.8
54.2
18. 5
98.3
11.1
1.4
46.2
209. 9
946.4
105.1
9.3
420.1
40.3
12.1
47.3
2.2
33.4
5.8
43.8
1.6
38.4
5.4
33.1
1.5
33.3
2.7
35.2
.9
27.9
2.1
14.2
1.1
31.2
2.6
23.0
1.8
37.2
4.0
29.9
1.8
39.3
11.6
35.3
2.7
35.6
5.4
33.6
2.7
375.3
65.1
401.5
23.2
I d a h o ..._____ ______ _____
Illinois..................................
Indiana_____________________
Io w a... ______________
Kansas_______________________
Nebraska....................................
Nevada_________________________
New Hampshire____ _______
New Jersey........... ................................
New Mexico___________________
1I I i
It iI l ll I
■
1 Il 1l l1
tt ii1ll 1ll l
■
■
l 1I
■I I l
!t i1l 1l 1
tt ii ll ll
1111
1Il i11l 11t 11
1t i1l •l 1
tt ii ll ll
tI iI Il !l
•t i1l 1l 1
lt ii ll tl
1 1d 03
M i l
Washington.___ __________
West Virginia......... ........... ......
Wisconsin_____ _________
Wyoming.....................................
1 See table F-3, footnote 1.
1 Revised.
« Comprised of 168 Standard Metropolitan Areas used in 1950 Census.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.2
5 8
77 8
82.0
686A
72.3
181.6
29. 8
985 1
137.4
1103
F : BUILD IN G AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F—6: Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction c o s t1
Number of new dwelling units started
Estimated construction cost
(in tnousanas;
Location 3
Period
Total
Privately Publicly
owned
owned
19508 ........................................... 1, 396, 000 1,352,200
.................................. 1,091.300 1.020.100
19.51
1952
. .................................. - 1,127.000 1.068, 500
1953
_____ _______ _______ 1,103. 800 1,068, 300
1954
_____ ____ _____ ____ 1, 220. 400 1.201,700
238,100
257,100
68, 200
72,100
January______________
73, 800
79, 200
February_____________
96,100
March
_____________ 105, 800
315,000
Second Quarter»-------------107. 400
A p ril.............................. - 111.400
105,600
108, 300
M ay_________________
102,000
104, 600
June ________________
280, 700
Third Quarter»------- ------- 285, 000
96.400
96, 700
July _______________
92,200
93, 200
A u g u st______________
92,100
95.100
September __________
234, 500
237, 400
90,100
90.100
October __________ 5__
79.900
81, 500
November ___________
64, 500
65, 800
December_____ ______
232,200
1964' First quarter____________ 236. 800
65,100
66. 400
J a n u a ry ______ _______
73,900
75,200
February_____________
93,200
95.200
M arch
____________
332. 700 326, 500
Second Quarter
106, 500
107, 700
April _______________
107, 400
108, 500
May ________________
112, 600
116, 500
June _______________
339,300
Third quarter___________ 346,000
112,900
116, 000
July ‘ ___ ___________
113,000
August _____________ 114,300
113, 400
September ____ _____ 115. 700
303, 700
Fourth quarter__________ 304,900
110, 500
October ____________ 110, 700
103, 300
103, 600
November
_________
89,900
90, 600
December_____________
288, 000
1955: First quarter____________ 291.300
87. 300
87. 600
January______________
87,900
89.900
February ____________
112. 800
March
_____________ 113. 800
Second Quarter ®— ---------- 393, 000
130, 500
April 7________________ 132,000
129.500
132.000
Mav 6 _ ____ ___ ____
126,500
129.
000
June ®
_ ______
J u ly 8
____________
115,000
114, 200
Metro Nonmetro North North
South
politan
politan
east Central
places
places
43, 800 1,021.600
776,800
71,200
794,900
58. 500
35. 500 803, 500
18, 700 896,900
184,400
19,000
51,300
3,900
56, 300
5, 400
76,800
9, 700
238,100
9.300
80.
400
4,000
81,100
2, 700
76,600
2,600
207, 800
4,300
71. 500
300
67, 300
1,000
69,000
3,000
173,200
2,900
63,800
(8)
59, 500
1,600
49,900
1,300
174. 300
4,600
49, 700
1,300
1,300
53, 500
71, 100
2,000
244,000
6,200
79, 400
1,200
77,100
1,100
87, 500
3,900
6, 700 252, 800
87. 500
3, 100
82,600
1,300
82, 700
2,300
225,800
1,200
80, 400
200
75. 700
300
69, 700
700
221. 800
3,300
68, 100
300
66,900
2,000
86. 800
1,000
290,300
6.500
96,800
1.500
97,500
2,500
96. 000
2,500
800
84, 400
1 The data shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing, if permanent.
These estimates are based on (1) monthly building-permit reports (adjusted
for lapsed permits and for lag between permit issuance and the start of con
struction), (2) continuous field surveys in nonpermit-issuing places, and
(3) reports of public construction contract awards.
Beginning with January 1954 data, the estimating techniques for the pri
vately owned segment of the housing starts series were revised to combine
(1) a monthly reporting system expanded to include almost all buildingpermit-issuin? localities (accounting for nearly 80 percent of total nonfarm
population), with (2) a newly designed sample of counties that permits more
efficient operations and a greater degree of accuracy than previously. The
new series is continuous with statistics for earlier dates except that the urban
and rural-nonfarm distribution shown previously is replaced by metro
politan-nonmetropolitan and regional estimates. Data on type of structure
(1-family versus rental-type structures) are continued from the old to the
new series, and are available on request.
The error in the total private nonfarm estimate due to sampling in the
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
374, 400
0
0
0
314, 500
0
0
0
332. 100
0
0
0
300, 300
0
(a)
0
323,500 243,100 325,800 359, 700
72,700
20,800
0
0
0
22,900
0
0
0
29.000
0
0
0
86.200
31,000
0
(?)
0
27,200
0
0
0
28. 000
0
0
(3)
77,200
25. 200
0
(3)
0
25,900
0
(3)
0
26,100
0
(3)
0
64.200
26,300
0
(3)
0
22,000
0
(2)
0
15,900
0
0
«
62.500 47. 400 52.700 77,600
16,700 13.000 13,300 22,500
21,700 13.300 16.200 26, 100
24,100 21,100 23,200 29.000
S8.700 67,300 98. 400 90,900
28,300 21. 700 31,100 29,300
31, 400 21,600 32,900 30,000
29.000 24,000 34, 400 31.600
93,200 72. 500 97. 800 99, 900
28,500 25,300 33, 300 32.200
31,700 24,800 32.600 31. 700
33,000 22, 400 31,900 36.000
79.100 55,900 76,900 91. 300
30, 300 21,600 30.100 31,800
27. 900 19,000 26,800 31, 500
20,900 15,300 20.000 28,000
69. 500 53,100 63.400 95.900
19, 500 16,000 15,600 30, 600
23,000 13.500 19,700 32, 400
27.000 23.600 28,100 32,900
102, 700
35,200 28,600 37,300 35,700
34.500
0
0
(8)
33,000
0
0
(8)
30, 600
(8)
0
0
West
Total
Privately
owned
Publicly
owned
$11, 788, 595 $11,418,371
0
9,186,123
9.800,892
0
10. 208,983 9,706, 276
0
10, 488,003 10,181. 185
0
291, 800 12, 478. 237 12,309, 200
2,183, 710
2,346,213
610,344
641.703
0
674, 399
720. 234
0
898, 967
984, 276
0
3,083, 256 3,000. 120
1,022,
836
1,057,899
0
1,001,693
1,027, 221
0
975, 591
998,136
0
2, 739. 268
2, 777, 607
938. 871
941.943
0
902, 501
911,681
0
897. 896
923, 983
0
2,258.087
2,280. 927
882, 838
883. 455
0
764, 774
777, 479
0
610. 475
619, 993
0
2,240. 448 2,199. 446
59.100
605 951
618.313
17, 600
690, 760
701.934
19, 600
902. 735
920. 201
21, 900
3,454,571
3,
398,
«98
76, 100
1,095, 557
1,106, 809
25.600
1,12a 751
1,137, 562
24,000
1,174,590
1, 210, 200
26,500
75. 800 3, 600, 3<>6 3, 528, 471
1,182. 830
25,200
1,213, 311
1,175, 766
1,186,019
25,200
1,169,875
1,191,036
25, 400
3,182.385
3,192, 852
80.800
1,158,338
1, 160, 300
27. 200
1,080. 578
1,083, 449
26,300
943, 469
949.103
27. 300
3,043,959
78,900
3.076.198
890,092
892,794
25,400
934.585
954.570
24,300
1. 219. 282
1, 22a 834
29.200
4,157, 988
4, 218,196
1,406,138
1,419, 224
30,400
1,385 650
1,408,778
0
1,366. 200
1,390,194
0
$370, 224
614,769
502. 707
306. 881
169,037
162, 503
31,359
45, 835
85. 309
83.136
35, 063
25, 528
22. 545
38, 339
3,072
9, 180
26.087
22, 840
617
12, 705
9, 518
41,002
12,362
11,174
17.460
55.673
11.252
8.811
35,610
61,895
30. 481
10.253
21, 161
10,467
1,962
2.871
5.634
32,239
2,702
19.985
9. 552
60,208
13,086
23. 128
23,994
1, 233, 360
9,060
0
1,242,420
nonpermit segment is such that for an estimate of 100,000 starts the chances
are 19 out of 20 that a complete enumeration of all nonpermit areas would
result in a total private nonfarm figure between 98,000 and 102,000. For
metropolitan-nonmetropolitan or regional components, the relative error
is somewhat larger.
i Data by urban and rural-nonfarm classification for periods before January
19.54 are available upon request. Annual rnetropolitan-nonmetropolitan
location data not available before 1950; monthly figures not available before
1953; regional data not available before January 1954.
3
Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for in
dividual projects.
* Housing peak year.
8Less than 50 units.
«Preliminary.
i Revised.
* Not yet available.
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