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Monthly
Labor
Review
SEPTEMBER
1954
VOL.
77
NO.
Voluntarism in the American Labor Movement
Salary Trends of Women Office Workers, 1949-54
Employment and Unemployment in Western Europe
Eleventh Congress of Soviet Trade Unions
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
B U R E A U OF LA BO R S T A T I S T I C S
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
tf
James P. M itchell, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
A r t n e s s J oy W i c k e n s ,
H erm an
Acting Commissioner
B. B y e r , Assistant Commissioner
H e n r y J. F it z g e r a l d ,
Assistant Commissioner
C harles D . Stew art,
Assistant Commissioner
D a v id J . S a p o s s ,
W. D
uane
Special Assistant to the Commissioner
E v a n s,
Chief Statistician
D orothy S. B rady, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
L eon Greenberg , Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Developments
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter G. K eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
P aul R. K erschbaum, Chief, Office of Program Planning
L awrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
H. E. R iley , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Oscar W eigert , Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
F aith M. W illiams, Chief, Office of Labor Economics
Seymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
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Monthly Labor Review
U N ITED STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR
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•
OCT 3 1354
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
CONTENTS
Special Articles
967
972
977
Voluntarism in the American Labor Movement
Salaries of Women in Office Work, 1949 to 1954
Monthly Cost of Owning and Renting New Housing, 1949-50
Summaries of Studies and Reports
983
987
990
996
998
10 0 0
10 0 2
Employment and Unemployment in Countries of Western Europe
Eleventh Congress of Soviet Trade Unions
The Housing Act of 1954
Employment Patterns of Insured Workers in New York Industries
Revision of NLRB Jurisdictional Standards
Wage Chronology No. 10: Pacific Longshore Industry—Supplement
No. 3
Wage Chronology No. 26: Anaconda Copper Mining Co.—Supplement
No. 1
Technical Note
1004
Movements of Rail Freight Rates and Wholesale Prices, 1947-52
Departments
h i
1006
1011
1014
1019
1027
The Labor Month in Review
Significant Decisions in Labor Cases
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Book Reviews and Notes
Current Labor Statistics
September 1954 • Vol. 77 • No. 9
A Monthly Listing of
All BLS Publications
For the convenience of users of labor statistics and related in
formation issued by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, a monthly cata
log can be obtained by mail. It regularly contains an annotated
listing of everything published by the Bureau during the preceding
month as well as items in the process of publication.
In June and December, the catalog picks up the items for the
intervening 5 months so that two volumes cover an entire year.
Included are all releases, bulletins, reports, and Monthly Labor
Review articles and reprints. Regional Office material relating to
local area data are also noted. Where items are for sale only, prices
are shown.
To Receive This Catalog Regularly, Write To—
Bureau of Labor Statistics
U. S. Department of Labor
Washington 25, D. C.
Identify as Publications of th e Bureau of Labor S ta tistics
ii
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Labor Month
in Review
protracted collective-bargaining situa
tions reached a conclusion during August. After
4 months of negotiation, the General Electric Co.
and the IUE-CIO agreed to a 2.68-percent in
crease, averaging approximately 5 cents an hour,
and to improvements in holiday and vacation
benefits. These correspond to changes effective
previously for other union and nonunion employees
of the company. Although accepting the terms,
the union’s executive board indicated its dis
satisfaction with the settlement.
A tripartite arbitration award of 5 cents an
hour in a proceeding involving 80,000 locomotive
engineers produced a charge by Guy Brown,
grand chief of the Brotherhood of Locomotive
Engineers, that the Board’s decision had ended
any future effectiveness of voluntary arbitration
in the railroad industry. The award, following
6 months of negotiations and 39 days of hearings,
conformed to agreements previously reached
between the railroads and other major operating
unions, rejecting the union’s request for a sub
stantial skill differential increase. Another settle
ment in this industry was concluded with agree
ment between the railroads and the 14 non
operating unions on a contributory health and
welfare plan, and for improved vacation and
holiday benefits. This began more than 15
months earlier, and was marked by Emergency
Board proceedings and litigation on the health
and welfare proposal. The five operating unions
announced that new negotiations would be under
taken shortly on proposals relating to holiday
and workweek arrangements, and to working rules.
Several
A s t r ik e threatened anew in August in the dispute
involving Oak Ridge atomic-energy workers
represented by CIO Gas, Coke, and Chemical
Workers. This possibility in the long dispute
over wages was forestalled by an injunction under
the Labor Management Relations Act. AFL
workers, in the meantime, accepted the 6-cents-
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an-hour increase recommended by the President’s
Atomic Energy Labor-Management Relations
Panel, while the CIO workers were asking for
15 cents. In another development out of the
dispute, Secretary of Labor James P. Mitchell
appointed David L. Cole, former director of the
Federal Mediation and Conciliation Service, to
head an advisory group to study atomic-energy
labor-management problems.
UAW-CIO m e m b e r s h ip at the Studebaker
Corp. reconsidered their earlier action and over
whelmingly voted in favor of abolition of the
incentive wage system as negotiated by the com
pany and the union leaders. This change, with
its resultant reduction in earnings, was negotiated
to overcome the competitive disadvantage of the
company in relation to the “Big Three.” Auto
mobile workers generally received a 1-cent-an-hour
cost-of-living increase on September 1.
The hosiery industry’s pension plan was another
casualty of competitive and general economic
conditions confronting an industry. The Full
Fashioned Hosiery Manufacturers of America and
the AFL Hosiery Workers agreed to liquidate the
plan established under a 1950 arbitration award.
T he
in lumber, copper mining, and rubber
manufacturing were either settled or on their way
to settlement. A strike of 70,000 AFL and CIO
lumber workers, which began on June 21, appeared
to be on its way to termination when the AFL
Lumber and Sawmill workers agreed to accept a
peace plan proposed by the governors of Washing
ton and Oregon. Strikes were called by Mine,
Mill, and Smelter Workers at Kennecott Copper
and Anaconda Mining operations; agreement was
concluded on a wage and fringe benefit increase
at Kennecott. A 7-week strike at Goodyear Tire
and Rubber was concluded with an agreement on
an average increase of 6.5 cents an hour; the strike
at Firestone Tire and Rubber, which began in
mid-August, was also ended. A strike of more
than 3 weeks by the Air Line Pilots Association
(AFL) over union objections to the flying sched
ules on transcontinental nonstop flights, grounded
operations of American Airlines. The strike was
suspended and held in abeyance under a truce
agreement to submit the dispute to David L. Cole,
who will act as referee and make nonbinding
recommendations.
in
S t r ik e s
IV
The in d e p e n d e n t International Longshoremen’s
Association was declared the victor over the
International Brotherhood of Longshoremen
(AFL) in the contested east coast longshore elec
tion. The NLRB certified the ILA, finding that
its slight vote margin was sufficient to give it a
majority even if every remaining challenged
ballot went to the AFL union.
AFL longshoremen reacted promptly in picket
ing one pier briefly, charging the company with
discrimination against an AFL steward following
ILA certification. The NLRB, also concerned
with the fair treatment of AFL longshoremen,
announced the issuance of a formal complaint
against the New York Shipping Association and
its member companies, charging them with dis
crimination against AFL longshoremen.
AFL E x e c u t iv e C o u n c il , preparing for
the September convention, issued a statement
generally critical of the 83d Congress in regard
to “cold war” efforts, national defense, and
economic and social issues. Recent decisions of
the National Labor Relations Board were char
acterized by the council as “part and parcel of a
probusiness motivation on the part of the con
trolling majority of the NLRB.”
A final draft of a plan to end jurisdictional
fights among AFL unions was approved for sub
mission to the convention. The plan, which
provides for a no-raiding pledge by subscribing
unions, is voluntary in application, and does not
supersede arrangements established among indi
vidual unions for adjudicating jurisdictional
disputes. The machinery established under the
plan would preclude jurisdictional strikes through
successive steps of conference, mediation, and, if
necessary, arbitration.
T he
were enacted during the last
days of the 83d Congress which affected the status
of American workers. The Social Security Act
was amended to extend coverage to 10 million
more Americans and to grant larger benefits.
Among those newly covered by the act are farm
operators, many farm employees, and profes
sional people; optional coverage is extended to
employees of State and local governments and to
clergymen. Payments to present retired workers
are raised from $5 to $13 a month; workers re
S e v e r a l m e a su r e s
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
tiring in the future may receive as much as
$23.50 more per month. Eligibility requirements
and benefits were also liberalized by amendments
to the Railroad Retirement Act and the Railroad
Unemployment Insurance Act.
An estimated 1,300,000 additional workers
were covered by extension of the Federal payroll
tax for unemployment insurance to employers of
4 or more employees; the tax had formerly applied
to employers of 8 or more. In addition, virtually
all Federal civilian employees were brought under
the unemployment insurance system of the State
in which they worked.
Federal workers were also covered by several
statutes enacted late in the session. Federal
employees were provided low-cost group life
insurance in sums approximating their annual
salaries, on a joint Government-employee contri
bution basis. A fringe benefit measure was also
enacted which will result in granting permanent
status to many additional Federal employees; in
transferring 120,000 employees, formerly under
the Crafts, Protective, and Custodial Service
schedule, to wage board jurisdiction; and in
liberalized leave, overtime, longevity, and uniform
allowance provisions. A measure granting a 5percent rise in pay scales for postal employees and
classified workers was vetoed by the President as
failing to establish appropriate relationships among
job grades and ignoring the necessity of providing
revenues with which to pay the increase.
A m e a su r e was enacted outlawing the Com
munist Party and depriving any labor organiza
tion determined to be “Communist-infiltrated” of
any rights under the Taft-Hartley Act. The
Subversive Activities Control Board, in proceed
ings initiated by the Attorney-General and in
accordance with the act’s standards, will deter
mine whether a union falls within the proscribed
categories. Unions affiliated with “a national
federation or other labor organization whose
policies and activities have been directed to oppos
ing Communist organizations, any Communist
foreign government, or the world Communist
movement” are placed in a special status; they are
“presumed prima facie not to be a ‘Communistinfiltrated organization.’ ” This provision is ap
plicable to the AFL, CIO, railway brotherhoods,
and United Mine Workers.
Voluntarism in the
American Labor
Movement
D a v id J. S a p o s s *
A m e r ic a n la bo r u n io n s have progressed spectac
ularly, in terms of membership and collective
bargaining coverage, since the 1930’s, when the
Government became a party to labor relations
procedures and sponsored social welfare programs.
This advance, as well as that during the World
War I period of Government intervention in the
handling of industrial relations, contrasts sharply
with labor’s position during earlier periods when
it followed a policy of voluntarism, relying chiefly
on economic action to achieve objectives and shun
ning Government assistance. A concomitant of
labor’s progress in recent years has been a meta
morphosis of its philosophy. While the unions
have expanded and refined their primary function
of collective bargaining, they have become ad
herents of the concept of Government intervention
in economic and social affairs and have found it
profitable to engage extensively in political action.
Only in structure has the change not been drastic.
Early Days of Voluntarism
Voluntarism,1 the labor version of the laissezfaire philosophy, was described by its founders as
a policy under which workers were to be schooled
to rely exclusively on their trade unions for pro
moting and protecting their interests as wage
earners. The unions, in turn, were to accomplish
their objectives chiefly through collective bargain
ing and its concomitants, such as the strike and
boycott. Above all, no positive aid from the
Government through legislative or administrative
action was to be sought or accepted. Indeed,
positive Government aid was to be resisted.
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Voluntarism came into its own with the fading
away of the Knights of Labor and the practically
simultaneous defeat of the Socialists’ efforts to
commit the American Federation of Labor to their
broad program of independent political action,
comprehensive social reform legislation, and basic
social reorganization. These AFL victories over
its two outstanding rivals occurred on the eve of
the Spanish-American War. (However, as early
as 1908, the AFL wavered from its course of volun
tarism by expressing sympathy for William
Jennings Bryan and supporting his presidential
candidacy.2)
In 1897, shortly after the AFL expounded the
philosophy of voluntarism, it had a membership
of 264,825. “Labor’s Mass Offensive,” launched
in 1899, was countered by the “Employers’ Mass
Offensive” of 1903-08.3 By the time of the 1907
depression, AFL unions, although gaining in
membership, had lost out in most basic industries,
which reduced their collective bargaining coverage
considerably.
One of its important affiliates, the Amalgamated
Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers, had
been violently eliminated from the basic steel in
dustry in 1901.4 “The expulsion of the union
from the plants of the United States Steel Corp.
was a natural sequel to the unsucessful strike of
1901. . . . [Its elimination] from the steel indus
try was the major but not the sole blow struck . . .
against unionism.” 5 In meatpacking, as a result
of a strike in 1904, “the union was destroyed until
the Government, during the war, resurrected it
with a Federal administrator. After the war, the
companies converted it into an 'employee repre
sentation’ system.” 6 And in metalworking, in
1904 also, “the National Founders’ Association
•Mr. Saposs, an outstanding pioneer among labor historians in the United
States, is Special Assistant to the Commissioner of Labor Statistics. Later
this year he -will leave the Bureau to become research associate of the Harvard
Labor-Management History project of the Littauer School. His work will
be on recent American labor history.
1 David J. Saposs, Readings in Trade Unionism, New York, George H.
Doran Co., 1926 (pp. 40-44, 395-398).
2 George Meany, Political Education is an AFL Tradition. (In The
American Federationist, September 1953, Washington.)
2 Selig Perlman and Philip Taft, History of Labor in the United States,
1896-1932, Vol. IV, Labor Movements, New York, Macmillan & Co., 1935
(p. 489 et seq.).
i Leo Wolman, The Growth of American Trade Unions, 1880-1923, New
York, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. (p. 89). * Perlman and Taft, op. cit. (pp. 143-144).
« John R. Commons, History of Labor in the United States, 1896-1932,
New York, Macmillan & Co., 1935, Introduction to Vol. I l l (p. xxv;),
967
968
transformed its policy of peaceful negotiation [with
the International Molders’ Union] into one of
aggressive attack. . . . Industrial relations in
the machinery industry duplicated the course of
events in the machinery and job foundry industry,
only with greater rapidity.” 7
Notwithstanding these and other significant
early setbacks, the AFL continued to grow slowly,
meantime reiterating its policy of voluntarism.
For example, at its 1914 convention, the report of
the Committee on Kesolutions on a resolution
favoring the enactment of legislation regulating
hours of labor (which was rejected by the conven
tion) stated:
We have tried in this country, as workingmen have en
deavored to do in others, to secure through legislation a
guarantee that our rights to organization and to trade union
effort should not be interfered with. That has been one
form of legislation which the trade union movement has
most heartily and effectively applied. We have endeav
ored through legislative enactment to have our rights as
free men guaranteed so that we could then apply our trade
union method to regulate the terms of employment.8
In the debate which followed, Samuel Gompers
said, “In the law to limit and regulate injunctions
we propose to clip the power of the court insofar
as labor is concerned, and in an 8-hour law for men
it is [proposed] to give the courts still greater
power.” 9 And, further, “If we can get an 8-hour
law for the working people, then you will find that
the working people themselves will fail to have
any interest in your economic organization, which
even advocates declare is essential in order that
such a law can be enforced.” 10
The World War I Period
By 1916, the AFL had grown to 2,072,702
members, since industry was expanding.11 How
ever, outside of building and construction, coal
mining, and railroads, its operations remained on
the fringe of important industries.12 It was strong
only in highly competitive industries with rela
tively small industrial units. The so-called
“trustified” industries with chain plants were
practically closed to it. Only unions of highly
skilled craftsmen like patternmakers and tool- and
die-makers were able to maintain a foothold in
these large and basic industrial establishments;
and these unions usually had only verbal agree
ments. Thus, simultaneously with its consider
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
able gain in membership, the AFL was actually
losing out rapidly in the more important
industries.
Then during World War I, the Government
intervened in labor relations as it did in all other
economic functions affecting the war effort. This
“marked a turning point in collective bargaining.
Before this country entered the war, Government
had taken no part in union organization and nego
tiation of trade agreements except to mediate in
disputes.” 13 Administrative orders and legisla
tion creating such agencies as the War Labor
Board and providing for Government operation of
railroads,14 gave organized labor a tremendous
stimulus so that it again became a power in all
important industries except steel. AFL member
ship soared to new heights during and immediately
following the war, as shown below.15
Year
1917
1918
1919
1920
Membership
____________________
____________________
____________________
____________________
2, 371, 434
2,726,478
3,260,068
4,078,740
The Prosperous ’20’s and the Early 30’s
With the advent of peace and the withdrawal
of Government regulation of the economy of the
country, the AFL, as a whole, reverted to volun
tarism,16 to which it adhered consistently until the
middle 1930’s. Shortly after the war, the unions
became involved in costly and bitterly contested
strikes, practically all of which were unsuccessful.
Management, taking advantage of the weakened
condition of organized labor, introduced the
“ American Plan” and “ Welfare Capitalism,”
with their company unions, labor spies, armed
guards, accelerated implementation of the yellow
dog contract, and black list.17 A variety of
7 Perlman and Taft, op. cit. (pp. 113,114-115).
8 Report of the Proceedings of the 34th Annual Convention of the American
Federation of Labor, 1914 (p. 424).
8 Ibid. (p. 440).
10 Ibid. (p. 442).
11 Report of the Executive Council of the American Federation of Labor,
to the 72d Convention, 1953 (p. 17).
12 Wolman, op. cit. (p. 90).
13 Trends in Collective Bargaining, New York, Twentieth-Century Fund,
1945 (p. 6).
14 Alexander Bing, Wartime Strikes and Their Adjustment, New York,
E. P. Dutton & Co., 1921.
15 Report of the AFL Executive Council, op. cit.
16 Its affiliates in association with other unions operating in the railroad
industry refused to follow. See the author’s review of Keating’s The Story
of “Labor”, M onthly Labor Review, June 1954 (pp. 675-676).
17 Perlman and Taft, op. cit. (p. 489 et sea.).
969
VOLUNTARISM AS A LABOR POLICY
welfare programs were introduced simultaneously
in an attempt to “ sugarcoat” management’s
forceful resistance.
The depression of 1920-21 contributed only
incidentally in precipitating the disastrous re
verses for organized labor. In 1921, when nonagricultural employment dropped by 3 million to
24 million, AFL membership declined only
slightly, as did total union membership, which had
doubled between 1915 and 1920, reaching 5,110,800
in the latter year. But, during the rest of the
twenties, as employment climbed to 31 million,
both total union membership and AFL member
ship first declined precipitously to 1924 (3,536,100
and 2,865,799, respectively) and stayed at about
those levels. The great depression brought em
ployment down to about 23% million in 1933,
when union membership declined even further,
with the total skidding to 2,973,000 and the AFL
to 2,126,796^4 Thus, even during the unprece
dented period of prosperity in the 1920’s, union
membership declined drastically, with collective
bargaining coverage receding at even a faster pace.
So discouraging was the situation that many
students of labor began to wonder and some even
to despair about the future of trade unionism in
the United States. As early as 1922, an out
standing scholar, the late Professor Henry It.
Seager, regretfully declared that, particularly as
regards “ public service industries,” a labor move
ment based on trade unions was hardly possible in
the United States. He also commented on the
marked increase in the number of company unions
and the simultaneous decline in trade union
membership. But, as a sympathizer of organized
labor, he found some ground for optimism:
There is one aspect of the situation which this analysis
seems to overlook. Consciousness of the opposition of
interests between employers and employees has given
vitality to the trade union, but an even stronger cohesive
influence has been consciousness of common interests that
is causing the workers of all countries to unite even across
national boundaries. Is this growing sense of solidarity
to be eclipsed by the increasing realization fostered by
company unions that employers and employees have com
mon interests as well as conflicting interests? Nothing is
Wolman, op. eit. (p. 33) and Ebb and Flow in Trade Unionism, New York,
National Bureau of Economic Research, 1936 (p. 34); Irving Bernstein, The
Growth of American Unions (In The American Economic Review, June 1954,
p. 303).
» Company Unions vs. Trade Unions, Presidential Address to the
American Economic Association (In American Economic Review, March
1923, pp. 1).
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further from my own expectation. What I think rather is
that the sense of common interests which holds wage
earners together in trade unions will be in part transferred
from the industrial to the political field. The principal
circumstance that may render the trade union less
indispensable is not any overnight conversion of employers,
but the taking over of the regulation of working conditions
in public service industries by the government. In the
constitution of adjustment boards, in the formulation of
legal standards as to working conditions, in the progressive
development of social insurance and other protective
legislation, wage earners will have an ever increasing
motive for concerning themselves with politics.. The
United States has been relatively backward in this de
velopment but what has happened in other English-speaking
countries, in the United Kingdom, in Australia, and in New
Zealand, the growth of a labor party until it has become the
principal opposition party, is prophetic of what is likely
to happen here.19
However, as late as 1931, the AFL rejected at
its convention a resolution endorsing unemploy
ment insurance legislation. During its adherence
to voluntarism, its only concession was to favor
child labor legislation and government interven
tion in regulating the working conditions of
women. On the other hand, such negative
governmental assistance as restriction of immigra
tion and judicial interference with trade union
activity, mainly by anti-injunction legislation,
was permissible and desirable. In fact, it was the
devastating issuance of injunctions in labor dis
putes which led the AFL to embark seriously on
its early nonpartisan political action, with its
“ Reward your friends, and punish your enemies,”
slogan, now more politely worded as “Reward
your friends, and defeat your enemies.” It was
with great reluctance and only out of desperation
that the AFL deviated from its original course.
Only after its lobbyists were scorned and re
buffed, particularly with the taunting refrain to
show a capacity to deliver votes, was the mo
mentous decision made to embark on nonpartisan
political action.
The Last Two Decades
In 1933 came Government assistance through
Section 7A of the National Recovery Act, fol
lowed by the Wagner Act, and other sympathetic
legislation and administrative orders, and the
unions began to regain their vitality.
It now became Government policy not only to
encourage labor organizations, but also to protect
the right of the workers to organize into unions.
970
Moreover, the Government also made it manda
tory for management to bargain in good faith
with the union selected by its employees, and to
incorporate the agreed-upon conditions of em
ployment into written and signed trade agree
ments.20 By 1939, AFL membership practically
doubled over 1933, rising to 4,006,354 from
2,126,796, notwithstanding the fact that a number
of substantial unions withdrew to form the CIO;
likewise, total trade union membership rose from
2,973,000 to 7,734,900.21 It is significant that
this membership increase occurred in years when
unemployment never averaged less than 14 per
cent of the civilian labor force.
It is questionable whether the mass production
industries would have been as readily and effec
tively organized, if thoroughly organized at all,
without the aid, first, of Section 7A of NR A, and
then of the Wagner Act and NLRB decisions.
The new and sympathetic pro-labor sentiment of
the Government also contributed materially to
labor’s success. Indeed, as industry became more
integrated, organized labor would have found it
more difficult without Government intervention
to rise from its intermittent doldrums. Such
obstacles as recessions, prolonged strikes, and
management resistance may have hindered trade
union organization and limited its advances, as
in certain industries in the South, but have not
reversed the steady progress of organized labor.
By 1953, total union membership was estimated
at slightly over 17 million.22 This advance would
have been impossible through sole reliance on
“pure and simple” union action, as dictated by
voluntarism.
Changing Characteristics of Organized Labor
The conclusion that “To the American labor
movement, the conquest of the right to exist was
ever its paramount problem” 23 is no longer appli
cable. Government, management, and society
as a whole now recognize organized labor as an
indispensable and constructive functional group
in our civilization. Organized labor is still con
cerned, of course, with increasing its membership
and extending collective bargaining coverage.
But it has expanded its activities into all fields
affecting the social and economic interests of
wage earners and society. It subscribes to the
concept of Government intervention in these fields,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
so that political action is now regarded not only
as necessary to securing preventive legislation,
but as vital to obtaining positive legislation.
Moreover, through its political power, labor aims
to participate also in Government administrative
procedures. Notwithstanding the fact that labor
considered as political reverses the enactment of
the Taft-Hartley Act and the outcome of the 1952
election, neither the AFL, the CIO, nor the out
standing unaffiliated unions have seriously con
sidered returning to voluntarism. Rather, even
a brief glance at the labor press and a superficial
familiarity with developments at union conven
tions and other conferences reveals organized
labor’s determination to broaden its political
activity. Contrary to predictions, Government
intervention and the simultaneous broadening of
organized labor’s horizon did not lessen either
labor’s ardor or its militancy. Indeed, it has en
joyed unprecedented success, as measured by size
of union membership and extent of collective
bargaining coverage, as already indicated.
The metamorphosis of the labor movement left
its salient structural characteristics essentially
unaltered. The labor movements of the greater
part of the world usually operate through two or
three broad and equally autonomous divisions:
the national trade union federation, the political
party, and the cooperative association. In Eng
land, the three are linked by a national labor
council which coordinates their activities. Invari
ably, the leadership in these three divisions of the
labor movement is overlapping, so that they are
truly governed by interlocking directorates. In
the United States, since the advent of the AFL,
the trade union organization has functioned as
the sole, basic, and controlling institution in the
labor movement. All other organized activities,
such as political action, insurance, community
services, banking, and education, emanate from
it and are organically a part of the trade unions.
Some activities are carried on by auxiliaries rather
than subsidiaries but are nevertheless initiated
and sanctioned by the union and are wholly de
pendent upon it.
In fact, the AFL and CIO have begun to
resemble each other more closely in recent years—•
20Joel Seidman, American Labor from Defense to Reconversion, Chicago,
University of Chicago Press, 1953 (pp. 1-19).
21 AFL op. cit., (p. 11); Bernstein, op. cit.
22 Bernstein, op. cit.
23 Perlman and Taft, op. cit. (p. 621).
VOLUNTARISM AS A LABOR POLICY
in structure, activity, and ideology. Most of the
AFL affiliates are no longer operated as craft
unions, having enlarged their jurisdiction to
encompass several crafts or trades, one or more
entire industries, or to become general unions.
In action, affiliates of both groups, by and large,
differ little in militancy with respect to labormanagement relations; they are dynamic and
aggressive, yet circumspect and farsighted, adapt
ing their collective bargaining activities as occasion
requires. Both federations, as well as some of
the largest affiliates, now maintain specialized
political arms (the CIO Political Action Com
mittee and the AFL Labor’s League for Political
Education) manned by experienced staffs which
function continuously on a professional basis, in
contrast to their former practice of establishing
temporary committees for each election. The
official organs of both the AFL and the CIO and
of international affiliates devote considerable space
to domestic and international political issues and
specific legislative acts. They likewise report
and evaluate events in State legislatures and in
the Congress, urge regional and local union bodies
to participate in politics, and exhort members to
register and to vote for the “ right” candidate:—
For example—and without attempting to “gild
the lily”—a recent article in The American
Federationist24 proposed that labor support legis
lation setting up a “ minimum code of propriety
and responsibility” in the handling of union
welfare funds. The article, by David Dubinsky,
president of the International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union and a vice president of the AFL,
stated:
It appears to me that under these circumstances, where
labor recognizes the existence of a real evil—no matter how
limited—and where the internal union structure does not
provide controls for the elimination of abuses, the pressure
for legislative action to control union welfare funds will
inevitably mount.
\ Further, union conventions and conferences of
the federations and of affiliated internationals, as
well as State conventions and conferences and
local central labor union gatherings, devote as
much time to the discussion of political and
legislative matters as to union or collective bar
gaining issues.
Both their publications and their discussions
indicate that practically all unions in the AFL
312534— 54-
-2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
971
and the CIO expect the Government to play an
important role, not only in keeping our economy
on an even keel, but also in stimulating its expan
sion. The Government is likewise expected to
maintain and improve various social welfare
services in the interest of the wage earners, such
as social security. And the federations are not
interested merely in influencing favorable legisla
tion and Government policies; they are equally
concerned in participating in Government admin
istrative functions.j
By and large, the activities of other parts of the
labor movement also are guided by this philosophy.
Thus, three prominent labor leaders—John L.
Lewis, Dave Beck, and David J. McDonald—
joined in seeking Government action on various
forms of economic assistance for solving their
common problems.25 The United Mine Workers
has gone further by calling upon the Government
to establish a national fuel program, in order to
alleviate the coal industry’s present economic
plight.26 (Leading coal operators have also called
upon the Government to study the industry’s
problems, and the governors of the important coalproducing States have formed a committee and
are requesting Federal aid.) Moreover, W. P.
Kennedy, president of the Brotherhood of Railroad
Trainmen, an organization formerly labeled as
one of the “ Aristocrats of Labor,” addressing the
convention of its Ladies’ Auxiliary, called for
“ broad Government action to head off a threaten
ing business depression.” He then outlined a
program supported by his Brotherhood calling for
lower interest rates on urban homes, crop supports
and farm housing loans, and a broad public works
program for schools, hospitals, health facilities,
roads, power dams, irrigation, flood control, a
radar defense system, and civil defense facilities.27
Mr. Kennedy also spoke proudly of the “ good job
this organization has accomplished” in protecting
“the welfare of our members through collective
bargaining and through legislation.”
24 Safeguarding Union Welfare Funds. (July 1954, pp. 10-13).
22 United Mine Workers Journal, May 15, 1954 (p. 5); joint release, June 30.
1954.
2» New York Times, April 16, 1954; United Mine Workers Journal, May 11
and 15, 1954.
22 New York Times, July 18,1954, and “Address of W. P. Kennedy, Presi
dent of the Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen, Before the International
Convention of the B R T ’s Ladies’ Auxiliary, Columbus, Ohio, July 17,1954”
(processed, BR T headquarters, Cleveland, Ohio).
Salaries of Women
in Office Work,
1949 to 1954
Lily M ary D avid
and
R uth W. B enny *
for information on trends in
the wages or salaries of office employees has led the
Bureau of Labor Statistics to construct a series of
indexes of average salaries for women office workers
in 9 major centers of office worker employment.
The indexes are based upon data collected in the
Bureau’s program of community wage surveys; 1
insofar as possible within the limits of the Bureau’s
wage survey program, they will be maintained on
an annual basis and extended to other areas if re
sources permit.
Office workers constitute a significant segment
of the “ white collar” labor force.2 Studies by the
Bureau of the Census indicate that in 1952 more
than 8 million clerical and kindred workers were
employed in the United States. About 5.3 mil
lion, or 65 percent, of these workers were women.
The 9 areas to which the indexes relate contain
a total population of about 28 million, and are
widely scattered geographically. The indexes are
believed to provide considerable insight into the
movement of average salaries for women office em
ployees in large urban areas. The construction
and limitations of the indexes are fully explained
later in this article.
P e r s is t e n t dem and
Salary Trends, 1950 to 1954
Perhaps the most striking fact disclosed by the
accompanying table and chart is the broad similar
ity in the movement of average weekly salaries for
women office workers in all industries combined
among the 9 labor markets covered. In 7 of the
9 areas, increases in average salaries from 1950 to
1954 fell within the range of 23 to 28 percent.
Milwaukee, with an increase of 31.6 percent, ex972
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ceeded the upper limit of this range, and San Fran
cisco, with an average increase of about 21 percent,
showed the least advance during this period.
Location does not appear to have influenced the
movement of the indexes during this period. The
average increases between 1950 and 1954 in such
widely separated areas as Boston, Chicago, and
Denver amounted to about 28 percent; in Los
Angeles, Philadelphia, Atlanta, and New York
City, they averaged 23 to 24 percent. Of the 9
areas studied, San Francisco had the highest ab
solute level of office pay in the base period (1950)
and Boston the lowest.
It is sometimes stated that office salaries in re
cent years have advanced more rapidly in manu
facturing than in other industry divisions. The
accompanying table and chart, which show sep
arate indexes for women office workers in manufac
turing, may throw some light on this question. In
6 of the 9 areas, there was no substantial difference
in the increases from 1950 to 1954 in average salary
levels of women office workers in manufacturing
and those in all industries combined. In Atlanta,
Denver, and Milwaukee, however, the increases in
manufacturing measurably exceeded the increase
for office employees as a whole. The differences
ranged from 4.4 to 7.2 index points. Certain
specific reasons for these divergences can be con
jectured—for example, the suburban location of
extensive new manufacturing facilities in the At
lanta area—but the data now available are in
sufficient for even tentative conclusions.
There is great interest in the relative movement
of the wages of office employees and of other cate
gories of workers. The construction of index
series for other groups of workers included in the
community wage surveys should cast much light
on this subject. In the meantime, however, some
very general comparisons may be made. The
average hourly earnings, exclusive of premium
•Of the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
1 For the results of the Bureau’s most recent series of community wage sur
veys, see BLS Bulletin 1157, Parts 1, 2, and 3, Wages and Related Benefits:
Major Labor Markets, 1953-1954. A complete directory of community sur
veys is available upon request. For some analysis of the considerations
underlying the community wage survey program, see Community Approach
to Wage Studies, Monthly Labor Review, October 1949 (pp. 365-370).
2 During the past few years, the Bureau has published indexes showing
trends in salaries for three important groups of “white collar” workers em
ployed by Federal or local government—urban school teachers, firemen and
policemen, and Federal classified civil service employees. See Monthly
Labor Review, March 1951 (p. 286), February 1952 (p. 175); June 1950
(p. 633), January 1952 (p. 52), July 1953 (p. 723); and May 1951 (p. 537), May
1952 (p. 545), and September 1953 (p. 958), respectively.
973
SALARIES OF WOMEN OFFICE WORKERS
Percent Increase in Average Salaries of Women Office Workers in 9 Selected Areas, 1950-54
Percent Increase
AREA
0
10
20
30
40
Milwaukee
Denver
Boston
Chicago
Philadelphia
Los Angeles
Atlanta
New York
San Francisco
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OE LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
overtime pay, of production and related workers
in manufacturing in the United States as a whole
increased by about 27 percent between February
1950 and February 1954.3 This fell within the
range of increases (roughly 21-32 percent) shown
for women office employees in the 9 areas covered
by the present report. In gas and electric utili
ties, gross average hourly earnings of production
or nonsupervisory employees increased by 25 per
cent, and on class I railroads by 22 percent. The
average hourly earnings of nonsupervisory em
ployees in wholesale trade advanced by 24 percent
and in retail trade (except eating and drinking
places) by 25 percent.
Although these comparisons are crude, the sim
ilarity of the rates of increase is striking. The
existence of pervasive forces affecting the level of
* Data for February of each year were used to correspond roughly with the
dates of the comtnunity wage surveys on which the office worker indexes
are based.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
All Industries
M an u factu ring
wages during this period is clearly suggested. The
factor of overriding importance was undoubtedly
the inflationary pressure arising out of the Korean
emergency and the maintenance of exceptionally
high levels of output and employment through the
first half of 1953.
In addition to data for the 1950-54 period, in
dexes are also shown on the accompanying table
for 1949 for 6 of the 9 areas. In these areas, the
increase in the average salaries of women office
workers between 1949 and 1950 amounted approxi
mately to 2 to 3 percent in all industries combined.
What the Indexes Measure
The indexes presented in this article relate to
average weekly salaries for normal hours of work
(the work schedule for which straight-time salaries
are paid) in a group of occupations representative
of the employment status of the great bulle of
974
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
women office employees in large urban areas.
Occupations of a professional or quasi-professional
character, together with supervisory positions, are
excluded.
Changes in the indexes principally result from
(1) general salary changes; (2) merit or other in
creases in pay received by individual workers
while in the same job; (3) turnover, or force ex
pansion or reduction, that may result in changes
in the proportion of workers at different salary
rates within an occupation. Another influence on
the movement of the indexes, generally minor in
character, is represented by employment shifts in
the number of women office workers among firms
with different pay levels. Year-to-year changes
in the indexes do not reflect alterations in the pro
portions of workers employed in different office
occupations, or changes in normal weekly hours
of work. As indicated earlier, the salary data
upon which the indexes are based do not include
premium pay for overtime; hence, the indexes are
not affected by variations in this magnitude.
In simple, the indexes are intended to measure
as closely as practicable changes in average sal
aries for the same type of work for normal weekly
hours of employment. In periods in which the
hiring and promotion of workers is accelerated,
the indexes presented here may rise somewhat
more slowly than salary rate indexes reflecting
changes in salary scales alone.4 Their movement,
in that circumstance, would tend to be retarded by
an increase in the proportion of workers at entrance
rates of pay. In loose labor markets, the indexes
may rise more rapidly or fall more slowly than
indexes based solely on changes in salary scales,
because the proportion of workers with long service
will tend to increase. They will also tend to
fluctuate less than indexes of the gross average
earnings of office workers, which would be af
fected by such factors as changes in the amount of
overtime pay. The indexes shown here should,
however, reflect any increases in earnings resulting
from upgrading (in tight labor markets) of workers’
titles without a change in duties, since they are
based on averages for occupations classified accord
ing to job duties rather than titles.
4 A salary rate index reflecting only changes in salary scales would be
practically impossible to construct. Many offices, particularly in smaller
firms, do not have formalized salary structures. Moreover, even firms
with formal salary structures, which employed a majority of the office workers
in the cities for which indexes are presented in this article, may from time to
time respond to labor market pressures through individual rate adjustment.
In offices where there is no formal salary structure, it would be necessary to
classify all workers by length of service for purposes of a pure salary scale
index. Thus, there would be problems of determining year-to-year changes
if there were no workers with comparable service in succeeding years. Salary
scales for a given amount of service could be determined, of course, for firms
with formalized salary structures. Even in such cases, general wage changes
not infrequently include changes in the period for advancing workers from
one rate to another within a job rate range. For example, over a period of
years, the time required to advance from the lowest to the top rate for an
occupation has been reduced in member companies of the Bell Telephone
System from as much as 13 to 6J-4 years. Such changes in progression sched
ules would complicate development of an index based solely on changes in
scales. A variety of other types of changes in formal salary structures would
also present difficulties.
Indexes of average salaries of women office workers in 9 wage areas, 1949-54 1
[1950=100]
Manufacturing
All industries
Area
1949
A tlanta_____________________________
Boston.................... ...... ................ ...............
Chicago____________________________
Denver_____________________________
Los Angeles_______ _ _
Milwaukee__________________________
New Y ork_____________ _________ .
P hiladelphia________________________
San Francisco_______________________
97.3
98.0
98.3
97.8
96.7
97.7
1950
1951
1952
1953
1954
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100. 0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
105.6
108.8
107.4
108.8
112.7
116.4
114.2
112.5
110.6
118.2
111.6
110.9
110.0
119.2
121.4
120.6
121.6
118.6
125. 9
117.7
116.1
115. 7
122.8
127.7
127.6
128.4
124.0
131.6
122.8
124.4
120.8
105.8
106.8
1949
96.2
99.6
99.2
96.4
97.7
97.2
1950
1951
1952
1953
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
108.6
107.9
107.4
110.7
118.1
115.7
114.0
121.3
109.7
120.8
110.6
110. 5
109. 2
124.1
122.1
119.9
126.7
118. 9
128.9
116.8
116.3
116. 7
105.8
105.8
1954
130.0
127.4
127.5
134.2
125.1
136.0
122.9
124.0
121.9
1 Periods surveyed are shown in the following tabulation:
Area
A tlan ta.-.......
Boston______
Chicago..........
Denver_____
Los Angeles...
M ilw aukee...
New Y ork__
Philadelphia..
San Francisco.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1949
1950
January 1949__ January 1950___
January 1949___ January 1950__
February 1949... February 1950...
November 1949..
January 1949___ March 1950 ___
January 1950__
February 1949... February 1950. —
January 1949___ May 1950_____
January 1950___
1951
March 1951March 1951_
April 1951__
January 1951.
1952
March 1952........
April 1952...........
March 1952...... .
November 1951—
January 1952___
March 1952 ___
January 1952___
April 1951.
October 1951___
January 1951___ January 1952___
1953
1954
March 1953____
March 1953____
March 1953____
November 1952..
February 1953—
April 1953. ___
February 1953__
October 1952___
January 1953___
March 1954.
March 1954.
March 1954.
December 1953.
March 1954.
April 1954.
February 1954.
October 1953.
January 1954.
975
SALARIES OF WOMEN OFFICE WORKERS
Scope of Data
The indexes are based on data collected by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics in its annual occupa
tional wage surveys in a group of large commu
nities and the surveys of office workers’ salaries
that preceded these broader community studies.
Except in New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia,
the surveys and hence the indexes refer to standard
metropolitan areas as defined by the Bureau of the
Budget.5 Data are available from these studies
to show the trend of office salaries from 1949 to
1954 in 6 of the areas and from 1950 in 3 other
communities.6
The pay periods studied varied somewhat from
city to city, as the tabulation in the footnote to the
accompanying table indicates. Although, for the
most part, the data relate to the first quarter of
each year, a time difference among surveys of as
much as 6 months exists in some instances. This
range in pay periods should be borne in mind in
comparing trends among cities.
The surveys and hence the indexes are based on
information from a representative group of manu
facturing and nonmanufacturing establishments
in each community.7 The minimum size of estab
lishment (in terms of total employment) covered
by the basic studies varies among communities
and industries and has been changed somewhat,
notably between 1952 and 1953.8 However, any
effect that changes in minimum establishment size
might have had on the year-to-year movement of
the indexes is excluded by the method of index
construction.
8 The New York surveys covered New York, Bronx, Kings, Queens, and
Richmond Counties; the Chicago surveys were confined to Cook County;
the Philadelphia surveys covered Philadelphia and Delaware Counties, Pa.,
and Camden County, N. J.
8 Although surveys of office workers’ salaries were made in a substantial
number of cities in 1948, the surveys in that year differed in a number of
respects in industry and geographic coverage from subsequent studies.
Hence, the indexes are not shown for 1948.
TNonmanufacturing industry divisions covered were: Public utilities—
transportation (excluding railroads), communication, and other public utili
ties; wholesale trade; retail trade; services; and finance, insurance, and real
estate.
8 The minimum size of establishment in the 1953 studies, in terms of total
employment, was as follows:
Wholesale Manufacturing, pubtrade,
finance, lie Utilities,
and
and retail
trade
Community
services
Atlanta_______________ ___ _____
51
51
101
Boston___________ _________ _____
51
51
101
Chicago_________ ____ ______ _____
51
Denver_____________________ _____
51
51
101
Los Angeles........... ................... ..... ....... .
51
51
Milwaukee_______ ___________
51
New York......... ...... ..................... ____
101
101
Philadelphia...... ....................... ..... _____
51
101
San Francisco-Oakland................ ..... -.........
51
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The indexes are based on the salaries of women
in most of the key occupations included in the
basic wage surveys. As indicated by the follow
ing list of jobs used in computing the percentage
changes from 1953 to 1954, they are largely the
more routine clerical occupations:
Billers, machine (billing machine)
Billers, machine (bookkeeping machine)
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class A
Bookkeeping-machine operators, class B
Clerks, file, class A
Clerks, file, class B
Clerks, order
Clerks, payroll
Comptometer operators
Duplicating-machine operators
Key-punch operators
Office girls
Secretaries
Stenographers, general
Stenographers, technical
Switchboard operators
Switchboard operator-receptionists
Tabulating-machine operators
Transcribing-machine operators, general
Typists, class A
Typists, class B
The group of office occupations studied by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics has changed somewhat
from year to year and descriptions of some occu
pations have been revised, primarily in the interest
of clarity. Jobs studied in only 1 or 2 years have
been omitted entirely from the indexes. Others
have been added but in such a way that the per
centage change from one year to the next refers to
salaries for the same group of occupations.
The principal problem with respect to occupa
tional classification arose from the addition, in
1950, 1951, or 1952, of secretaries to the group of
occupations surveyed in most of the cities. Since
there are usually marginal problems of occupa
tional classifications, it might be expected that the
inclusion of secretaries would result in the transfer
of some higher paid workers from the category of
stenographer to that of secretary. If this had hap
pened, the increase in average salaries for stenog
raphers presumably would have been retarded in
the period in which secretaries were first studied.
Even assuming this to be true, however, it does
not appear that the indexes for the entire group of
occupations were appreciably affected. Exclusion
of general stenographers from computation of the
indexes for the period in which secretaries were
976
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW. SEPTEMBER 1954
added would have had the following effect on the
overall indexes from 1949 or 1950 to 1954:
Atlanta—decrease of 0.5 index point
Boston—no change
Chicago—increase of 0.3 index point
Los Angeles—increase of 0.4 index point
Milwaukee—increase of 0.8 index point
New York—increase of 0.2 index point
This problem did not arise in three cities—Denver,
Philadelphia, and San Francisco—where the
salaries of secretaries were studied in all periods.
Computation of the Indexes
The chain method was used in constructing the
indexes because it permits year-to-year compara
bility in the face of changes in occupations, size of
establishment, or area coverage of surveys and
because it excludes the effect on year-to-year
salary trends of changes in employment among
occupations.9 Average salaries for comparable
occupations, based on comparable establishment
size and area coverage, were computed for each
area for each of two successive years (e. g., 1950
and 1951). Average salaries by occupation for
each year were then weighted by employment in
the occupations in the second of the pair of years.
The resulting aggregates were then used to com
pute an index of salary change between the two
years, with the first year as the base. This
process was repeated for each successive pair of
years (e. g., 1951 and 1952) and these link index
numbers, computed on a moving base, were then
chained together to provide continuous series.
To illustrate the process: suppose the aggregates
for a specific city showed a percentage increase of
10 percent from 1952 to 1953, and the index for
1952 was already known to be 120. The 1953
index for the same base period would be —
8 The chain method of index construction completely excludes the effects
of shifts of employment among occupations from the computation of the
change in salaries from one year to the next. However, since the employ
ment weights differ for each pair of years, the weight assigned to the percent
age change for any occupation may vary from period to period. Thus, if
there were twice as many general stenographers as class B typists in 1950 as
ia 1951, but in 1951 the proportion increased to 3 to 1, the increase in earnings
of general stenographers would have more weight in the overall increase in
earnings from 1950 to 1951 than it had from 1949 to 1950.
To the average person the term “office worker” means a stenographer,
typist, or clerk, who is in most instances a woman. This was far from true in
1870. At that time less than 1,000 women were estimated in the entire
group that comprised stenographers, typists, and secretaries; shipping and
receiving clerks; clerical and kindred workers (not elsewhere classified); and
office machine operators. . . .
The impetus to the tremendous growth in the number of women in office
work arose from the invention of a practical typewriter, first marketed in the
seventies. It was operated by women from the very first. Later it was
followed by a great variety of other office machinery also operated to a con
siderable extent by women. . . .
The greatest rate of increase for women “office workers” in any decade
occurred from 1880 to 1890. Women in these selected office occupations
multiplied nearly 20 times—a testament to the growing acceptance of the
typewriter and of the trained woman typist. . . .
In taking on the functions of clerical workers, women did not replace men.
Rather, they found entirely new opportunities. . . . Women became rela
tively more important, rising from a minor fraction in 1870 to well over half of
the entire group [of office workers] in 1940.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
100
= 132.
From Women’s Occupations Through Seven Decades, by Janet M. Hooks. U. S.
Department of Labor, Women’s Bureau, Women’s Bureau Bull. No. 218. Wash
ington, 1947.
Monthly Cost of
Owning and Renting
New Housing, 1949-50
M. M ead Smith*
E d it o r ’s N o t e .— The first half of this article
appeared in the August issue. It dealt with
considerations in buying and renting, coverage of
the expense figures studied, total monthly expense
of owning and renting, and expenses in relation
to housing characteristics.
Expenses and Income
T h e r e l a t iv e e x p e n s e of owning and renting
should be considered not only in relation to the
characteristics of the housing occupied but also
in terms of the income of the occupants. People
usually occupy dwellings which are in line with
what they can afford, and this was the case with
the families studied—in their decisions on whether
to buy or rent as well as on the quality of housing
to be occupied.1 The importance of the various
other considerations involved—such as family
makeup, type and location of job, and personal
preference—is nevertheless suggested by the fact
that families who bought were usually larger than
those who rented, regardless of relative costs and
income.
For both groups of occupants, higher expenses
were correlated with higher family income on the
average—with only rare exception (table 1, p. 978).
Thus, average housing expenses (calculated on an
annual basis) represented slightly more or less
than one-fourth of income for both groups. Only
in Chicago in the 1949 period and Atlanta in 1950
was the difference between the two as much as
6 percentage points. In both cases the sharp dis
crepancy reflected extreme income levels—the
Chicago renters being the only group whose annual
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incomes averaged as much as $6,000 while only
the Atlanta renters had incomes averaging less
than $3,000.
With such small differences between owners
and renters in the proportion of income going to
housing, it is difficult to make any overall generali
zation as to whether the proportion was higher for
one group than the other—particularly for 1950,
when the number of families not reporting their
income was 10 percent or more in several areas.
Nevertheless, the difference in the two groups’
income appeared to be sufficient to more than offset
the difference in their expenses in a number of
instances (notably where the renters had the
higher costs, since the difference in income was
usually much greater when it was renters’ income
which was larger). This suggests that, if income
were taken into consideration, the relative position
of owners and renters in the 9 areas would be
different from that found when expense figures
alone were compared. (Estimated monthly ex
penses were consistently higher for the average
renter than the average owner of new housing in
5 of the 9 areas.)
The frequently higher level of renters’ average
income reflects the fact that higher income families
accounted for a larger proportion of renters than
of owners in most areas.2 (An annual family
income of $3,000-$4,999 was regarded as in the
medium income bracket, table 2.) Higher income
families were as frequently the largest group of
renters as were middle income families whereas,
among purchasers, middle income families were
*Of the Bureau’s Office of Publications. The basic statistical material and
preliminary analysis were prepared by George T. Kotrotsios, formerly on
the Bureau’s staff and currently with the Upholsterers’ International Union
of North America (APL). Technical guidance was given by personnel of
the Division of Construction Statistics.
1 Basie data for this study were obtained in BLS surveys covering a sample
of all new privately owned sales and rental units completed in the second
half of 1949 and the last quarter of 1950 and occupied by spring of the following
year in these 9 large metropolitan areas: Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit,
Los Angeles, New York, Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Washington.
(The areas covered are the Standard Metropolitan Areas as defined by the
Bureau of the Census for use in the 1950 census.) Excluded were public
and cooperative housing, houses built by the owner without reliance on a
prime contractor, and single-family dwellings with a construction cost of
$30,000 or more. Being based on a sample, the survey data are subject to
sampling variation and—particularly the estimates of family income—to
biases due to errors of response and to nonreporting. Family income rep
resents total money income and does not cover total assets; it includes incomes
of husband and wife from all sources (i. e., wages, salaries, commissions, net
receipts from self-employment and from keeping roomers and boarders,
regular contributions by other members of the family, and net income from
savings and investments, pensions, and retirement benefits).
1 With new sales units greatly outnumbering new rental dwellings in most
areas, however, the majority of the higher income families generally bought
rather than rented.
977
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
978
1.—Estimated average annual housing expense and
income of owners and renters of new dwellings completed
in 9 metropolitan areas in selected periods, 1949-50 1
T able
Average annual Average annual Ratio of expense
to income
expense
income 2
Area and period
Owners Renters Owners Renters Owners Renters
July-December 1949:
Atlanta__________ $1,014
1,246
Chicago____-----933
Dallas-............ ........
1,080
Detroit.- -----------950
Los Angeles_____
New York________ 1,222
Pittsburgh_______ 1,115
1,197
San Francisco____
W ashington-.. -_ - 1,227
October-December 195C:
Atlanta_______ --- 1,091
1,191
Chicago_________
986
Dallas __________
Detroit- ------------- 1,108
1,002
Los Angeles______
New York________ 1,215
Pittsburgh ---------- 1,108
1,181
San Francisco-----Washington______ 1,238
$847
1,280
1,102
1,250
1,012
1,404
1,232
1,166
1,051
$3, 725
4, 714
4,048
3,980
3,872
4,439
4,074
4, 562
4,998
$3,497
6,355
5,460
4,493
4,106
4,908
4,502
4,517
4,944
0. 27
.26
.23
.27
.26
.26
.29
.26
.25
0.24
.20
.20
.28
.24
.26
.27
.26
.21
777
1,324
1,202
1,206
984
1,357
1,220
1,166
1,181
4, 557
5,295
4,463
4, 443
4, 409
4,666
4,639
4,815
5,194
2,683
4,832
5,383
5, 202
3,970
5, 204
4,750
5,112
4,921
.23
.22
.21
.25
.23
.25
.24
.24
.23
.29
.27
.21
.23
.24
.23
.25
.21
.23
>For survey coverage, see text footnote 1, p. 977.
1 Based on data for occupants whose annual incomes were known and less
than $10,000.
almost without exception the most numerous
category. Outside Atlanta, the new housing was
occupied by lower income groups relatively
infrequently; in most instances, their proportion
was small relative to their number among all
families in the area as of the 1950 census.
Other studies 3 have shown that expenditures
for housing generally represent a declining portion
of income as the income rises, whether a family
buys or rents. Lacking distributions of total
expenses by income class for the renters and owners
studied, it is not possible to ascertain whether there
was a difference between them in this regard.
Some indication of the kind of housing available
to families of various income levels is, however,
provided by comparing income distributions with
distributions of purchase price and contract rent
(table 5, p. 858 of the August issue and table 2,
p. 979 of this issue). In most areas, the number
of lower priced sales houses far exceeded the
number of lower income buyers, while in a number
of instances the proportion of higher rent units
substantially exceeded that of higher income
renters. This suggests that the middle income
family who bought frequently obtained housing
of the kind represented by the lower price bracket,
while such a family who rented was occupying
quarters of the medium and sometimes the higher
rent kind. Important exceptions were the patterns
in Chicago, where a larger proportion of middle
income families than elsewhere apparently bought
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
relatively high priced homes, and Atlanta, where
such families had a greater choice of lower cost
units of both types than in other areas.
In few instances were the families who rented
as large as those who bought (table 4, p. 856 of the
August issue), as might be expected from the
larger size of sales units and the infrequent con
struction for rent of single-family dwellings, gen
erally preferred by families with children. (The
average size of the families who bought—and
sometimes of those who rented—was larger than
that of all families in the area as of the 1950
census.) The importance of these considerations
is suggested in Detroit; with little difference in
the size of new sales and rental housing there, the
average owning family was little larger than the
average renting family in the 1949 period, the
difference becoming more pronounced in 1950
when no single-family dwellings were built for
rent. The importance of cost as a limiting factor,
however, is illustrated in Atlanta, where the
owners’ expenses consistently exceeded the rent
ers’: though sales units were markedly larger than
rental units, there was little difference in the
average number of people occupying the two types
of dwellings in the 1949 period and none in 1950.
Influences on 1949-50 Housing Expenses
Housing costs, and hence the owner-renter
relationships found, are largely determined by the
kind of units built, in combination with the terms
on which the dwellings are financed. The physi
cal characteristics described reflect the strong in
fluence of Government programs on residential
building during the 1949-50 period—programs
which succeeded in stimulating an increase in the
number of both sales and rental units constructed
and the proportion of single-family dwellings built
for sale at moderate prices. This was mainly
accomplished through the Government’s under
writing mortgages so as to cover a large propor
tion of the risk to the lender and to permit home
buyers to obtain credit on easy terms. Thus, the
Government programs also influenced the expense
relationships through their effects on the level of
monthly mortgage payments on a house of a
given price: the lower interest rates and longer
amortization periods of Government-aided loans
s See Housing and Fuel Expenditures of City Families, Monthly Labor
Review, May 1947 (p. 868).
979
MONTHLY COST OF OWNING AND RENTING
made for lower monthly payments, while smaller
downpayments, although widening the market for
new housing, increased the size of the loan to be
paid off.
T a b l e 2 . — Percent
distribution of annual income of owners
and renters of new housing completed in 9 metropolitan
areas in selected periods, 194-9-50 1
Area and period
Government Program s and
S u p p ly . The Government
the
N ew
H o u sin g
programs in effect
during the periods studied were aimed at encourag
ing construction more nearly suited to consumer
needs than that of earlier postwar years. The
critical housing shortage existing at the war’s end
had been eased somewhat, but numerous families
still had inadequate quarters as of 1948. Further,
employment, personal income, and liquid assets
were continuing at high levels. Yet housing starts
declined more than seasonally in the latter half
of that year, due on the one hand to a tightening
of the mortgage market and on the other to the
high prices of the new units. Construction costs
were at peak levels at that time, but in addition,
the housing then being constructed did not meet
the requirements of the main body of consumers:
emphasis was on the construction of dwellings de
signed for higher income groups, and only a small
portion of the new units were for rental occupancy.
Beginning in mid-1948, Congress revised exist
ing Federal provisions for underwriting mortgages
for the purchase of homes and the construction of
rental projects.1 This effectively eased the mort
gage market, and a large amount of credit—both
with and without Federal support—became avail
able on easy terms. Homebuilding boomed and
construction of new apartments also increased
significantly; rental units accounted for nearly a
fourth of all nonfarm housing starts in 1949,
dropping once more to less than a fifth in 1950.
4 See particularly Public Law 864, 80th Cong., July 1,1948; Public Law 901,
80th Cong., August 10, 1948; Public Law 387, 81st Cong., October 25, 1949;
and Public Law 475, 81st Cong., April 20, 1950. For discussion of the long
term effects of Federal financing aids, see The Role of Federal Credit Aids
in Residential Construction, by Leo Grebler, Studies in Capital Formation
and Financing, Occasional Paper 39, National Bureau of Economic Research,
Inc., New York, 1953.
1 Among other things, the requirements for obtaining insurance of mort
gages on lower priced sales housing and moderate and low rent housing were
eased, and the FH A was newly authorized to insure loans for construction of
large-scale single-family dwelling projects and to insure a minimum yield
on investments in apartment projects meeting certain rent requirements.
Except for FH A insurance of home loans, the aids under these programs were
used infrequently or not at all during the period studied.
»In addition to limiting interest rates and m aturity periods, the FH A
would not insure a loan covering more than a specified portion of the esti
mated value of the house. The required percentage downpayment varied,
being lower for houses of lower values, for new as compared to existing hous
ing, and for owner-occupants as compared to builder-mortgagors. After the
1948 amendments, the maximum loan-to-value ratios ranged from 80 to
95 percent.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Renters
Owners
July-December
1949:
A tlanta_____
Chicago-------D allas______
D etroit_____
Los Angeles,-_
New Y ork,,
Pittsburgh__
San Francisco
W ashington,,.
October-December 1950:
A tlanta_____
Chicago_____
D a lla s--------Detroit. ____
Los Angeles,,.
New Y o rk ._
P ittsburgh...
San Francisco
W ashington.,.
Un
Un U nder $3,000- $5,000
U nder $3,000- $5,000
and known
and known
$3,000 $4,999 over
$3,000 $4,999 over
31
4
25
12
19
10
19
7
5
49
61
50
69
62
55
53
59
52
19
35
25
18
19
31
19
31
42
1
1
1
1
1
4
9
3
1
41
(2)
9
14
23
7
16
15
3
41
14
26
50
48
40
36
47
57
14
76
64
35
29
46
26
31
39
5
10
1
1
1
6
22
6
0
13
1
13
8
10
6
4
3
4
45
46
43
53
58
48
44
51
40
28
41
34
26
27
35
21
35
50
15
12
10
14
4
11
31
10
6
58
1
11
6
30
7
8
7
13
27
52
28
37
34
31
31
38
30
6
32
57
50
28
52
43
37
52
9
15
5
7
8
10
18
18
5
1 For survey and income coverage, see text footnote 1, p. 977. Distributions
may not always total 100 because of rounding.
2 Less than 6.5 percent.
A variety of incentives designed to stimulate
construction of dwellings for moderate income
families were provided by revisions which liberal
ized and extended the FHA’s long-standing “peace
time” authority to insure mortgages on sales and
rental housing.5 But much of the impetus to con
struction of sales units on the one hand and rental
dwellings on the other came from two special pro
grams—that authorizing the VA to underwrite
home loans to veterans of World War II and the
“emergency” FHA program of insuring rental
construction, which had been initiated during the
war. The VA could guarantee either a portion of a
veteran’s primary loan or a second loan obtained
by a veteran to make the downpayment required
for FHA insurance of a first loan; 6 the program
therefore also helped to expand the FHA homeloan insurance program, which operated at high
levels during 1949—50 and contributed substan
tially to the homebuilding boom. While the extent
to which Federal financing aids were utilized in a
particular locality varied (depending on such
factors as the type and policies of local lending
institutions and the local price and rent level),
they played an important role in the 9 large
metropolitan areas during the periods studied.
At least two-thirds of the new homes bought in
most of these areas were financed with Govern
ment assistance, the VA aids being used in the
980
bulk of this financing (table 3). Comparable
figures are not available for the rental housing
surveyed but most such housing was underwritten
by the FHA in these years.
The special importance of the VA-guarantee
program during 1949 and 1950 was in large part
attributable to the readiness of the Federal Na
tional Mortgage Association (FNMA) to purchase
VA-guaranteed loans. Under the VA program in
effect in 1948, a veteran could get a guarantee of
up to $4,000—not to exceed 50 percent—of a
primary loan or (for an FHA/VA combination)
a second loan of not more than $4,000 or 20 percent
of the purchase price—if the interest rate charged
did not exceed 4 percent and the maturity period
was no longer than 25 years. The provisions were,
of course, attractive to veterans, particularly
those for the straight VA guarantee, which not
only included no downpayment requirement but
called for slightly lower interest rates than did
the FHA provisions. But lenders were generally
reluctant to hold a mortgage yielding so small a
return. In mid-1948, Congress authorized the
FNMA to purchase “GI loans” as well as the
FHA-insured mortgages it was already authorized
to buy, and increased the funds available to it;
the agency also started making advance commit
ments to purchase both VA- and FHA-underwritten loans, which enabled lenders to arrange
needed financing before the homes were built.
By spring 1949, the amount of GI loans closed
began to expand rapidly—FNMA purchases ac
counting for approximately a third of all VAguaranteed home loans made during 1949 and
1950. These loans made up the bulk of FNMA
purchases during this period, which in turn ex
panded to such a degree that they were sometimes
described as tantamount to direct lending.7
The VA-guarantee program was a major factor
in bringing about large-scale construction of mod
erate priced homes. Families headed by World
War II veterans dominated the new housing mar
ket, but they generally had lower incomes than
others seeking new dwellings and frequently could
buy a house only if they could finance all or most
of the purchase price. Such financing was avail
able with the VA aids but mainly for the less
expensive dwellings. The percent downpayment
required by lending institutions usually rises with
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
the price of a house, and the size of a loan deter
mined the proportion which a straight VA guar
antee would cover. Thus in Chicago, for example,
where purchase prices were exceptionally high, the
VA aids were less widely used than in the other
areas studied, and Chicago was the one area where
only minor proportions of the new homes were
purchased with 5 percent or less downpayment
(table 3, p. 855 of the August issue). It was, in
addition, the only area in which veterans ac
counted for a smaller proportion of the buyers
than of the renters (table 3, p. 981 of this issue),8
in spite of the fact that veterans also had priority
in occupancy of all Government-underwritten
housing. The VA’s influence on the building of
moderate priced homes was particularly important
in 1949; the following year, the limits on the VA
guarantee were raised to $7,500 and 60 percent
and the maximum maturity to 30 years.9
Also contributing to the 1949 boom in construc
tion of moderate-priced homes was the program
of “economy housing” meetings which took place
early in the year, sponsored by the Federal hous
ing authorities with the active support of the
homebuilders. The meetings were designed to
encourage local industry, government, labor, and
finance to cooperate in reducing costs and con
structing good quality homes at lower prices.
Less essential housing features (such as a base
ment) were eliminated in many of the 1949 houses,
but in addition the size of the dwellings was cut—
to such an extent that some concern was expressed
that the homes were too small to adequately
accommodate families with children. Some de
crease in prices in general was also made possible
by the temporary dip in building materials costs
and by the growth in large-scale operative build
ing. Larger homes became increasingly important
in 1950, but they were also more costly. With
construction costs up once more, an easy money
7 In the spring of 1950, Congress directed the FNM A to make no new
advance commitments. At the same time, however, the VA was authorized
to make direct loans to financially responsible veterans unable to obtain
private credit under the guarantee program.
8 Even there, of course, the number of veterans who purchased greatly
exceeded the number of those who rented.
8 The conditions for both VA and FHA assistance were tightened begin
ning in July 1950, when Korean hostilities brought inflationary pressures,
and authority for the FHA/VA combination loan was revoked as of October.
Because of the prevalence of prearranged financing and advance commit
ments, however, these changes had little effect on the new housing completed
in the 1950 period.
981
MONTHLY COST OF OWNING AND RENTING
situation, and the construction boom augmented
by the general post-Korean expansion, the econ
omy-type house was no longer emphasized.
Meanwhile, in the rental housing field, FHA
insurance was utilized increasingly in 1949-50 to
support construction of the relatively expensive
kinds of dwellings. As in the immediately pre
ceding years, FHA insurance of mortgages on new
rental housing was almost entirely written under
the emergency program, initially established to
provide rental housing as quickly as possible,
rather than under the programs which provided
special incentives to construction of housing for
moderate income families.
The emergency rental housing program had
expired in the spring of 1948. It was revived
with very little change at the same time that the
“ peacetime” rental insurance program was lib
eralized later in that year, however, and its
provisions were much more attractive to builders.10
Under its terms, the FHA could insure mortgages
covering up to 90 percent of the anticipated cost
of construction for any type of rental project,
whereas under the other program an insured
mortgage could not exceed 80 percent of the
FHA’s valuation unless it was for a cooperative
project or a special project for low income groups.
This permitted Govenment coverage of a large
proportion of the risk on even the deluxe-type
projects, which were often more profitable invest
ments than others. The total mortgage amount
was limited to $5 million and $8,100 per family
dwelling unit, but this did not prevent construc
tion of such apartments. In fact, the use of
units rather than rooms as a basis for calculating
a project’s maximum insurable mortgage—one of
the few changes made when the program was
revived—facilitated their construction, since they
tend to have fewer rooms than other kinds of
rental housing. Further, although FHA approval
of rents was required, the yardstick used was the
level required to pay off the loan and permit a
specified return on the investment. When it
became apparent that demand for higher rental
units was rapidly being satisfied in 1949, the
FHA field offices were instructed to reject new
applications involving rentals above those for
io The program finally expired on March 1, 1950, but the FHA was author
ized to process the heavy volume of applications filed before that date.
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Percent of new homes bought with Government
assistance and 'percent of new sales and rental dwellings
occupied by World War II veterans in 9 metropolitan
areas, selected periods, 1949—50 1
T a b l e 3 .—
Percent of sales units bought with
Government assistance 2
Percent of units
occupied by
World War II
veterans 3
Area and period
Ju lv -D e c e m b e r
1949:
Atlanta_______
Chicago------Dallas________
Detroit_______
Los Angeles__
New York. . __
Pittsburgh
San Francisco-Washington---October-December
1950:
Atlanta___ --Chicago______
Dallas________
Detroit_______
Los Angeles__
New York..PittsburghSan Francisco
Washington----
VAguar
anteed
FHA/VA
combina
tion
FHAinsured
33
14
13
41
23
3 14
5
2
34
33
17
44
10
31
42
48
47
25
8
25
24
34
11
27
19
27
23
75
56
81
84
65
82
72
76
82
78
54
70
68
71
63
65
65
72
63
64
44
53
48
40
41
45
74
63
21
23
71
*61
*36
16
*26
*65
4
6
17
1
4
22
30
35
3
11
31
30
10
18
23
24
23
8
78
57
70
82
83
81
69
84
76
75
54
59
79
77
71
61
71
75
56
70
55
67
31
53
58
46
46
Total * Sales
Rental
1 For survey coverage, see text footnote 1, p. 977.
2 Based on units for which mortgage data are known.
3 Based on units for which veteran status of purchaser or renter is known.
i Distributions do not always add to the total because of rounding.
5 Includes a few units for which first mortgage was VA-guaranteed and
second mortgage was uninsured.
which effective demand was expected. This had
little effect on the housing actually completed
during 1950, however.
Cost E lem ents in P articular A reas. Analysis of
the patterns in particular areas makes clear the
way in which the kind of housing built and the
buyers’ financing arrangements determined the
owner-renter expense relationships found.
Extreme examples are provided by the two
areas of greatest dollar differences, particularly
since both were areas in which cost levels are
usually below the national average. In Dallas,
renters’ average monthly expenses exceeded
owners’ by $14 for the 1949 housing and $18 for
the 1950 units. Atlanta renters, on the other
hand, paid $14 and $26 less, respectively, than did
the owners there.
The contrast in the expense relationship in
these two areas was largely due to differences in
the kind of rental housing built, for sales houses
were overwhelmingly of the lower priced, opera
tive-built variety in both. Dallas was one of the
areas in which higher rent dwellings consistently
982
dominated the new rental market. It was the
only area where this was the case without any of
the rental units being in elevator-type projects.
But they were relatively large, and in 1949 over
half were fully furnished while in 1950 nearly
half were provided with a garage. Atlanta, on
the other hand, was the only area where units in
2-to-4 family structures dominated new rental
housing in both years. (A number of the 1950
units were in a large relatively low rent Negro
housing project.) Also contributing to the greater
cost of owning than of renting, however, were the
terms of the mortgages with which the homes in
Atlanta were purchased: an exceptionally large
proportion of the homes were bought with VAguaranteed mortgages accompanied by little or
no down payment, and the average repayment
period for mortgages was shorter than in most
areas; the average monthly mortgage payment
was therefore higher than would be indicated by
the low average purchase price.
Also illustrative are between-period changes in
the two California areas where dollar differences
between renting and owning new housing were
the least. On the average, renting cost $5 more
per month than owning in Los Angeles for the 1949
units but $1 less for 1950. The rental figure was
consistently the smaller of the two in San Fran
cisco—by $3 and $1 a month, respectively.
Although the 1949-50 change in average ex
penses was sufficient to reverse the relative cost
position of the renter and owner groups in Los
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
Angeles, general housing characteristics changed
little; sales units were largely in the lower price
class in both periods and, with no deluxe-type
apartments and a significant proportion of rental
units in 2-to-4 family structures, medium rent
dwellings predominated. Nevertheless, owners’
monthly expenses rose; sales prices increased
somewhat and in addition the proportion of
houses bought with no more than a nominal
downpayment was higher. Rental expenses, on
the other hand, declined slightly, reflecting a
sudden reduction in the size of units built; the
more spacious units (5 or more rooms), which
had accounted for about a quarter of the 1949
apartments, were almost completely replaced by
units of 3 or less rooms and in addition the rent
set for the smaller units fell. Similarly large
units, with very high rents, had also accounted
for over 40 percent of the 1949 rental dwellings
in San Francisco; they were relatively unim
portant in the 1950 housing there, but service
was frequently substituted for living space and
the renters’ average expense did not change. On
the other hand, the average purchase price of the
sales units, which were exceptionally large and
frequently contract built, declined—San Francisco
being the only area where this occurred. It was
no longer among the areas of highest sales price
as it had been in 1949 and, although the propor
tion of VA-guaranteed loans accompanied by 5
percent or less downpayment increased sharply,
monthly expenses fell.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Employment and Unemployment in
Countries of Western Europe
T h e United States economic decline in the late
months of 1953 and early 1954 has not appreciably
affected the countries of Western Europe. In
July 1954, employment levels were at or near
postwar high points with full employment reported
in the Scandinavian countries, Netherlands, Eng
land, France, and Luxemburg. With evidence
that the downturn in the United States economy
has been halted, the data indicate the ability of
the Western European countries to maintain
stability under the free enterprise system.
The statistical series from which figures are
derived differ from country to country, thus
seriously limiting satisfactory comparisons among
countries.1 Figures on employment and unem
ployment are inadequate and inconclusive in some
countries. A study of employment and unemploy
ment indexes, however, is feasible because even
though absolute figures cannot be compared con
clusively, the movements as reflected in indexes
based on constant series within each country,
reflect fairly precisely the long range employment
fluctuations. Comparisons of the degree to which
employment and unemployment levels change,
therefore, are entirely reasonable.
Winter and Spring— 1953-54
In analyzing the possibility that the United
States situation may have had an impact on
European unemployment, it is important to note
whether patterns of seasonal unemployment typ
ical of Western Europe changed appreciably dur
ing or following the period of labor market
fluctuations in the United States.
At the end of March 1954, unemployment was
not significantly higher in any Western European
country than in the same period in 1953. In
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Denmark, Netherlands, Norway, Switzerland,
and the United Kingdom unemployment was
lower than a year earlier.
In a number of countries for which data for 1954
periods later than March were available—Austria,
Belgium, Denmark, West Germany, Switzerland,
and the United Kingdom—unemployment de
creased, consistent with the seasonal trend typical
of the transition from spring to summer.
Seasonal unemployment in European countries
typically begins in October, rises until January or
February, and declines with March. From Sep
tember 1953 to March 1954, the increase in
unemployment in all European countries for which
March 1954 data are available was not significantly
greater than in the previous four SeptemberMarch periods, as may be observed in table 1.
A rise equal or greater than the one for the
September 1953—March 1954 period has been
observed in two or more of the other periods for
each country except West Germany. In Austria,
for example, the unemployment increase from
September 1953-March 1954 was 87.4 percent as
compared with the 182.2 percent in the September
1951-March 1952 period. In West Germany, the
increase during the September 1953—March 1954
period was somewhat higher than during previous
comparable 6-months’ periods. However, an an
alysis indicates that the impact of winter weather
on levels of employment was unusually severe
there during this period. These observations are
strong evidence that unemployment increases
during the 1953-54 period were apparently not
attributable to cyclical causes, but were primarily
seasonal in character.
The decline in economic activity in the United
States had not increased unemployment levels in
Europe, a conclusion reached in a study made by
1 Among the countries in Europe included in this study, the various sources
of absolute unemployment figures, as indicated on table 2 are: registered
unemployed, insured unemployed, insured unionists unemployed, applicants
for work, and registered unionists. Employment data represent nonagricultural employment for some countries; manufacturing employment for others.
983
984
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 19-"4
1.— Percentage change1 in unemployment in 11
Western European countries, selected periods, 1947-54
T able
Country
Austria_________________
Belgium___ _____
Denmark_____ _ ___ .
France_________________
West Germany__________
Italy _________ _______
Netherlands_____________
N o rw a y .._________ _ _
S w ed en _________ ____
Switzerland. __ _ _______
United Kingdom_________
Sep
tember
1949 to
March
1950
Sep
tember
1950 to
March
1951
Sep
tember
1951 to
March
1952
Sep
tember
1952 to
March
1953
132.9
3.7
49.3
37.2
41.0
14.4
90.0
223.9
92.8
116.0
28.3
85.1
7.6
166.1
12.8
23.2
10.5
23.2
368.7
172.4
57.1
182.2
34.9
176.9
45.0
27.9
19.5
76.2
278.3
163.9
171.4
60.6
96.8
26.3
1.4
74.4
32.6
31.4
11.7
241.4
142.6
121.1
8.6
-
1.0
Sep
tember
1953 to
March
1954
87.4
23.3
68.9
2 24.5
51.6
2 19.7
17.4
186.3
155.3
84.2
22.7
1 Increase unless otherwise indicated.
2 Based on September 1953 to December 1954.
3 Based on September 1953 to February 1954.
British, French, West German, and the Nether
lands experts on behalf of the Organization for
European Economic Cooperation.2 European pur
chases from the United States, the study noted,
had not been decreased, unlike times of previous
economic downturns in the United States. The
study further stated that during the last half of
1953 and early 1954, European industrial produc
tion increased 7 percent, currencies were stable,
the employment situation was good, wages were
somewhat higher, and some European trade re
strictions were lifted.
This reflects in general, a somewhat improved,
but not substantially different economic status
over that prevailing in the corresponding 1952-53
period. For example, industrial production in
creased 3 percent overall, but was lagging in some
important industry sectors in several countries;
wages were relatively stable, as were consumer
prices. Employment levels in late 1952, which
were slightly below late 1953 figures in several
countries due to fluctuations in industrial produc
tion, generally followed seasonal patterns. The
stability of currencies in the comparable 1952-53
period reflected, to some extent, successful dis
inflationary policies.
Fluctuations Since June 1950
Serious economic adjustments followed the out
break of the Korean conflict in June 1950. The
stresses were reflected in shifts in employment
and unemployment levels beginning in the late
months of 1950.
2 New York Times, M ay 6, 1954.
2 World Labor Report, 1953. Geneva, Intematiohal Labor Office, 1953
(P. 7).
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Indexes of employment and unemployment
(based on September 1950=100) are presented in
table 2 for 11 Western European countries for
September and March of 1951, 1952, 1953, and
for March 1954. September 1950 has been
selected as the base period because September is
the month most likely to be free from the influence
of seasonal unemployment; and a September 1950
base facilitates examination of changes during the
period folio wing the outbreak of the war in Korea.
As pointed out earlier, the indexes for March of
each year reflect primarily seasonal factors.
Therefore, some observations regarding year-toyear fluctuations in employment and unemploy
ment are made on the basis of September data,
which are relatively free from seasonal influences.
From September 1950 to September 1951, on
the impetus of rapidly increased defense produc
tion following the outbreak of the Korean conflict,
employment increased in all countries except the
Netherlands, while unemployment decreased in
all except Italy and the Netherlands. This was
due to productive activity for direct defense pur
poses such as armaments and military supplies,
the production of materials for military stock
piling, and increased industrial activity in an
array of auxiliary products and services related to
increased defense requirements.
In 1952, defense expenditures had become more
erratic, with some types of production leveling off
and others increasing. Demand for consumer
goods had fallen off, through emphasis on military
production, along with disinflationary measures in
some countries. Another factor, according to
David A. Morse, Director General of the Inter
national Labor Office 3 was the “ natural reaction
by consumers and merchants from the outbreak
of war in Korea.” The “ scare” buying of goods
expected to be scarce had leveled off, and there
was even a tendency to liquidate part of the stocks
accumulated in the first buying wave. By Septem
ber 1952, unemployment in all Western European
countries except France, Switzerland, and West
Germany was higher than in September 1950, and
in all of the countries was higher than in Sep
tember 1951. Employment for September 1952,
on the other hand, up in some countries and
down in others, may be summed up as follows:
(1) Increased employment over both 1950 and
1951 in West Germany and Norway; (2) less em
ployment than 1951, but more than 1950 in
985
EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT IN WESTERN EUROPE
Belgium, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom;
(3) less employment than either 1950 or 1951 in
Austria, Netherlands, and Sweden.
By September 1953, employment improved over
the September figure of both 1952 and 1950 in all
West Europe except Sweden, Belgium, and
Switzerland. In his annual 1954 report to
the International Labor Organization Confer
ence, Director General Morse pointed to the
“return of more stable economic conditions in the
industrialized countries” in 1953, and indicated
that as a contributing factor, the sharp decline
which took place in some sections of consumers’
demand in 1952, had largely disappeared in 1953.4
He observed that it “appears to have been an
especially short run phenomenon which did not
leave serious permanent traces.” Unemployment
in September 1953 was higher than in September
1950 in all countries except Denmark, West Ger
many, and Switzerland. In West Germany, un
employment dropped to the lowest point since
1948. In Austria, France, Italy, the Netherlands,
Norway, and the United Kingdom both employ
ment and unemployment were higher than in
September 1950, immediately following the out
break in Korea, thus indicating both an expanded
labor force and an expanding economy, although
at different rates. By spring of 1954, these con
ditions also prevailed in West Germany.
Countries with Unemployment Problems
To assess the significance of employment fluctu
ations, it is necessary to consider them in the light
of some measure of the rate of unemployment. In
table 3, the minimum and maximum unemploy
ment since 1947 (based on September and March
figures for each year) are shown as percentages of
the estimated midyear 1952 labor force. While
this may be a somewhat arbitrary method of
measuring the degree of the unemployment prob
lem in various countries, it has the advantages of
consistency and simplicity. It may be observed
readily, for example, that in Sweden and Norway,
where rather startling fluctuations have taken
place regularly over the September-March periods
(see table 1), the unemployment problem is
negligible. The maximum level of the labor force
unemployed since 1947 in Sweden was 1.4 percent
«Report of the Director General, 1954. Geneva, International Labor
Office, 1954 (pp. 7, 10).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T a b l e 2 . — Indexes
of employment and unemployment in
selected western European countries, September and
March, 1951-54
Index [September 1950= lOOj as of—
Country and type of
Sep
Sep
Sep
index 1
March tem March tem March tem March
1954
ber
ber
1951
ber
1952
1953
1952
1951
1953
Austria:
Employment (a)___
Unemployment (d).
Belgium:
Employment (b)__
Unemployment (e)
Denmark:
Em ploym ent2
Unemployment (f)
France:
Employment (a)__
Unemployment (g)._
West Germany:
Employment (a)___
Unemployment (d).
Italy:
Employment (b)___
Unemployment (d).
Netherlands:
Employment (b)___
Unemployment (d).
Norway:
Employment (b)___
Unemployment (d).
Switzerland:
Employment (b)___
Unemplovment (d) _
Sweden:
Employment (c)___
Unemployment (f)._
United Kingdom:
Employment (a)__
Unemployment (e).
95.7
185.1
102.5
77.7
94.6
219.3
99.2
133.8
92.4
263.3
101.6
148.6
93.9
278.5
103.0
107.6
104.0
97.1
102.0
131.1
101.0
104.3
100.0
131.8
99.4
112.6
97.5
138.9
266.0
108.4
300.2
174.7
177.2
99.9
Ì66.5
101.0
123.0
103.0
65.1
102.7
94.8
102.9
75.6
100.8
172.0
103.1
118.2
101.2
(?)
100.3
123.2
104.9
97.1
103.8
124.2
109.6
85.1
108.1
109.5
114.6
74.0
112.8
112.2
97.3
110.5
107.3
115.7
96.3
138.3
100.6
106.4
96.3
139.9
102.0
125.9
96.0
150.7
100.0
123.2
1C0.0
137.3
98.0
242.0
99.0
180.8
100.0
202.1
102.0
125.8
(3)
147.8
97.5
468.7
101.2
95.8
98.6
362.5
102.2
145.8
100.0
497.9
103.4
152.1
102.6
435.4
104.3
157.1
110.8
50.0
110.8
135.7
110.8
67.9
109.7
150.0
110.8
67.9
110.8
125.0
102.5
272.5
101.9
89.0
101.1
234.8
99.8
118.3
97.3
287.2
97.5
154.1
98.4
393.6
101.9
99.0
101.2
75.3
100.1
121.0
100.8
121.5
100.4
132.0
102.1
103.4
101.2
126.8
1 All indexes are calculated from data in the United Nations Bulletin of
Statistics and in the ILO Yearbook of Statistics, various issues. The data
cover as indicated by letter designation, the following series:
Employment:
Unemployment:
(a) Nonagricultural employment.
(d) Registered unemployed.
(b) Emnloyment in manufacturing.
(e) Insured unemployed.
(c) Aggregate hours in manufactur(f) Insured unionists.
ing.
(g) Relief recipients.
2 No consistent series of employment data available.
5 Data not yet published.
in March 1954 and in Norway 1.6 percent in
March 1953. France, not shown in table 3 be
cause of technical difficulties in making estimates,
has also had relatively low unemployment.
Despite the generally favorable picture indicated
for 1954, 4 countries, Austria, Belgium, West Ger
many, and Italy, have had unemployment in either
1953 or 1954 of more than 5 percent of the labor
force. The most serious unemployment since the
outbreak of war in Korea in all of these 4 countries
occurred in the spring of 1954.
Unemployment in Austria is perhaps transi
tional. The price of a rigid anti-inflationary
policy has been some increase in already high
unemployment. Measures including public in
vestment, tax reductions, and special public works
to combat seasonal unemployment during the
winter months have apparently contributed to an
improvement in the economy, so that the 178,400
986
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T a b l e 3 . —Labor
force 1 in 1952, and maximum and mini
mum unemployment as percent of 1952 labor force, in the
period between September 1947 and March 1954, selected
Western European countries
Country
Austria__________
Belgium 3________
Denm ark________
West Germany___
Italy-----------------Netherlands 3____
Norway___ ____ ..
Esti
mated
1952
labor
force
(thou
sands)1
3,370
3, 561
2. 223
22, 445
20,199
4,172
1, 457
S w itzerlan d ..-__ 1,992
Sweden_________ 3,156
United Kingdom... 23, 298
Minimum unemploy
ment
Period
March 1948____
September 1951.
September 1948.
September 1948.
September 1950.
September 1950.
September 1949
and 1951.
September 1948.
September 1951.
September 1951.
Per
cent of
1952
labor
force
Maximum unem
ployment
Period
Per
cent of
1952
labor
force
1.0
3.9
1.2
3.5
7.1
1.1
.3
March
March
March
March
March
March
March
1953.
1954.
1952.
1950.
1954.
1952.
1953.
6.7
5.6
4.8
8.3
10.5
2.7
1.6
.1
.3
1.0
March 1950.
March 1954.
March 1953.
3.2
1.4
1.7
1 The term “ labor force” is roughly comparable to the ILO term “economi
cally active population.”
3 Based on application of percentages of population constituting labor force,
in Yearbook of Labor Statistics, ILO, 1953, for latest year available to esti
mates of total population for midyear 1952, published in Demographic Year
book for 1953, United Nations, New York, 1953.
3 Minimum and maximum refer to periods since March 1950.
unemployed reported in April 1954 represents an
encouraging turn downward.
In Italy, official statistics based on employment
office registrations placed unemployment at
2,173,000 in February 1954, or 10.5 percent of
the labor force. Unemployment in February 1953
bad amounted to 2,068,000. An analysis released
in 1953 by a Parliamentary Committee of Inquiry 5
confirms the fact that unemployment is of serious
proportions, and points up the problem of under
employment, not always apparent in official data.
The Committee reported nearly 260,000 persons
worked less than 15 hours a week, while about 2.8
million worked less than 40 hours though more
than 14 hours a week.
Following the lowest unemployment level since
1948, West Germany experienced an unusually
severe winter in 1953 that sent seasonal unem
ployment to a high level. In March 1954, regis
tered unemployed amounted to 1,427,000. This
compares with 1,393,000 and 1,580,000 in March
1953 and March 1952 respectively. Unemploy
ment decreased in April 1954 to 1,268,000. By
June 30, however, according to official German
sources, unemployment had fallen to its lowest
level since the war.6
In Belgium, the insured unemployed—substan
tially lower than actual unemployed—amounted in
March 1954 to 199,900 which was higher than any
previous March since 1950. However, in April
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1954 the insured unemployed totaled 181,900, a
substantial decrease from the previous month, but
an increase over the 178,500 recorded in April 1953.
Other W estern E uropean Countries. In the Nether
lands, unemployment was increasing toward the
stage of serious concern in early 1952. A level of
3 to 4 percent is considered serious by government
and labor officials. But a program of governmentfinanced public works, including restoration work
after the heavy flood damage, reversed the upward
unemployment trend that was developing. The
unemployment level in early 1954 reflected sub
stantial improvement over similar periods in 1953
and 1952. By June, the government was able,
because of low unemployment, to deny work on
public works relief projects to those able-bodied
workers under 35 years of age on the grounds that
sufficient job opportunities were available else
where. Actual labor shortages appeared at that
time in some sections of the country.
In the United Kingdom, Norway, Sweden, and
Denmark, unemployment has not been considered
a serious problem during the entire period follow
ing World War II.
Situation in Mid-1954
At a meeting of the OEEC Manpower Com
mittee, held in Paris on July 7 and 8, 1954, repre
sentatives of the member countries reported on
the manpower outlook in their respective countries.
Of these countries, seven—the Scandinavian coun
tries, Netherlands, England, France, and Luxem
burg—reported that they were continuing to have
full employment. The representatives from Aus
tria, Germany, and Greece were concerned with
the unemployment problem in their respective
countries and considered it to be serious, but
reported some improvement during the first half
of 1954. In fact, as noted earlier, the delegate
from West Germany observed that unemploy
ment on June 30, 1954, had reached the lowest
level since the war. Belgium and Italy were con
cerned with the lack of progress in reducing the
unemployment level, and the representative from
8 Report of the Director General, International Labor Office, Geneva»
1954 (p. 11).
For summary of the Committee’s report, see M onthly Labor Review,
March 1954 (p. 276).
8 Statement of West Germany delegation to OEEC Manpower Committee
meetings, July 7 and 8, 1954. Mimeographed.
987
CONGRESS OF SOVIET TRADE UNIONS
Italy confirmed the fact that unemployment
amounted to about 2 million or about 10 percent
of the labor force.
The problems of employment and unemploy
ment were considered at the meeting of the
Economic and Social Council of the United
Nations in Geneva, Switzerland, June 29 to
August 6, 1954. In this connection, the Honor
able Preston Hotchkis, the United States Repre
sentative on the Council, commented on the
generally optimistic situation prevailing in most
countries in mid-year 1954.
He said that when these matters were con
sidered a year earlier there were serious questions
as to whether Nations, especially the United
States, could reduce levels of national security
expenditures following cessation of hostilities in
Korea, without bringing ruinous deflation to the
economies of all the world. Reports from indi
vidual countries on their employment situations,
he noted, “gave evidence that the fears of our
friends and the expectations of certain of our
critics have not been realized.”
“The United States economy has apparently
weathered the adjustment and is in a position to
resume its growth,” Mr. Hotchkis observed. The
economic downturn in the United States had not
been followed by adverse repercussions elsewhere.
On this point, he stated: “International economic
developments of the past year furnish a hopeful
sign that the world need not contract pneumonia
if the United States coughs. Evidently there is
independent vigor and vitality in the economies
of most countries so that a dip in the American
economy need not vitally affect the rest of the
world.”
The total assessment of this mid-summer report
would appear to be one of general improvement
despite the economic dislocations which have
taken place in most countries, either on a con
tinuing or spasmodic basis, since the outbreak of
the Korean conflict. In this situation there is
every reason to have full confidence in the ability
of these European countries operating under the
free enterprise system, to survive pressures on the
stability of their economies and to advance eco
nomically along with the other countries of the
free world.
— L eo n a r d R. L in se n m a y e r
Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
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Eleventh Congress of
Soviet Trade Unions 1
T h e e l e v e n t h Congress of Soviet trade unions,
held in Moscow June 7 to 15, 1954, was the first
such meeting since April 1949, despite provision in
the trade union constitution adopted at that time
for holding a Congress every 4 years.2 Reports
presented to the Congress contained recommenda
tions which proposed trade union action to over
come some Soviet economic and disciplinary
problems and which emphasized the need for
stimulating production and for furthering Com
munist international aims. Decisions of the Con
gress—all unanimous—were concordant with these
Party-inspired recommendations, thus reaffirming
the role of trade unions as active executors of
Communist Party policies. These decisions tight
ened the new regime’s grip on the unions, thereby
foreclosing the possibility of their achieving even
such limited independence as they had in thel920’s
before the introduction (in 1928) of the Five-Year
Plans, which emphasized the expansion of heavy
industry, and completely eliminated private enter
prise.
Background and Organization of Congress
The 11th Congress was announced 6 months in
advance and the preparations for it were accom
panied by fanfare usual for outstanding State
events. On the eve of the Congress, the trade
union daily T rud reported: “ With great enthusi
asm the working class of our country has been
preparing for the 11th Congress.” Many workers
and factories reportedly had taken on and fulfilled
obligations to exceed their work quotas in honor of
the Congress. In short, the preliminaries indi
cated, as Pravda declared, that the main business
of the Congress was to be the question of stream
lining “ socialist emulation” and other production
factors for the purpose of increasing production.
A greeting sent to the Congress jointly by the
Central Committee of the Communist Party of
the Soviet Union and the Council of Ministers of
the USSR emphasized the overall trade union
1 This article is based on Soviet publications, primarily the trade union
daily, Trud.
2 The lapse between the 9th and 10th Congresses was 17 years. For discus
sion of 10th Congress (1949), see M onthly Labor Review, August 1949 (p. 164),
988
role: “ Soviet trade unions at all stages of Socialist
construction have implemented the policies of the
Communist Party. . . . Under present condi
tions the importance of Soviet trade unions is
growing as schools of communism, as militant
organizers of the masses.”
Thus, by Western standards Soviet trade unions
are definitely not free or independent; they are in
essence administrative organs of the State and as
such perform functions assigned by the Commun
ist Party which controls the State. This was
clearly demonstrated after Stalin’s death in March
1953, when the government appointed a new chair
man of the All-Union Central Council of Trade
Unions (AUCCTU), which is the supreme trade
union body in the period between Congresses.
Soviet trade unions theoretically are also obligated
to promote the improvement of the workers’
welfare. However, in practice they have little
effective initiative in this respect, for they never
declare strikes, despite the absence of a law for
bidding strikes; nor do they negotiate with man
agement on wages or hours of work, as these are
fixed by law or administrative orders.
Nevertheless, trade union membership in the
Soviet Union offers such discriminatory benefits
that only in unusual circumstances does a worker
fail to become a member. For instance, a trade
unionist is entitled to higher social insurance
pensions, preference in health resorts and sana
toria. His children have preference in nurseries
and summer camps. Dues are 0.5 to 1.0 percent
of earnings, the higher rate applying to workers
getting 700 rubles ($175) or more a month.
The Congress was attended by 1,364 “ elected”
delegates, reportedly representing 40.4 million
trade union members, as of January 1 , 1954, or
about 90 percent of the total of 44.8 million wage
and salaried workers in the Soviet Union, organ
ized in 43 industrial trade unions (there were 67 at
the time of the 1949 Congress). The largest union
delegation was that representing workers engaged
in agricultural production and delivery (133 dele
gates); next came 117 representatives of railroad
workers and 87 of workers in health and medicine.
Of the 1,364 delegates, the largest occupational
class, as at the previous Congress, consisted of
paid trade union officials; however, their number
had dropped to 492 (from 558 in 1949). (Such
officials, according to a report to the Congress,
apparently function in only about 3 percent of
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
the more than 417,000 primary trade union bodies;
in the others, basic work is performed by unpaid
volunteers.) On the other hand, the number of
delegates who were rank and file workers increased
to 421 (from 315), and the number of delegates
who were engineers or technicians, to 147 (from
126); the remaining 304 represented teachers,
scientists, writers, artists, and others. About 33
percent of the delegates were college graduates;
39 percent were women; 68 percent were members
of the Communist Party or applicants for member
ship (whereas only about 7 percent of the total
Soviet labor force are so classified).
Also present by invitation were representatives
of the World Federation of Trade Unions (WFTU)
and trade union delegations from 35 countries
(compared with 30 countries at the 1949 Congress),
which, according to the Soviet press, included
France, Italy, Western Germany, India, Indo
nesia, Japan, Chile, Brazil, Uruguay, and Guate
mala.
Decisions of the Congress
The numerous speeches by various delegates
and the decisions of the Congress all echoed the
themes and recommendations of the official reports
prepared for the conference. On its last day, the
Congress approved unanimously:
1. A resolution on the report to the Congress by
the AUCCTU. In effect, the resolution sum
marized the more important tasks imposed on
present-day Soviet trade unions in an attempt to
alleviate certain Soviet economic difficulties by
the extension or intensification of trade union
activities. On the international front, it reaffirmed
the faithfulness of Soviet trade unions to “princi
ples of proletarian internationalism.”
2. Constitutional amendments recommended by
the AUCCTU secretary. Almost exclusively they
imposed new obligations on trade union bodies and
members, mainly for the purpose of speeding up
production.
3. A prepared slate of members of the AUCCTU
and of the Central Auditing Commission.
The Congress also sent a message of greetings to
the Central Committee of the Communist Party
and the Council of Ministers, which promised
“radical improvement” in the work of trade unions
and reaffirmed their role as instruments of the
Communist Party.
CONGRESS OF SOVIET TRADE UNIONS
In
general, the resolution, following recommenda
tions of the AUCCTU, obligated trade union
bodies to direct the energies of all workers into
the struggle to fulfill production plans through
more efficient utilization of physical resources and
plant facilities, and through increasing labor pro
ductivity (by better use of manpower and adop
tion of latest technological techniques). For this
purpose, the trade unions were directed to expand
*■‘socialist emulation” and purify it of “bureau
cratic distortions.” They were also directed to
help agricultural workers in machine and tractor
stations and on State farms in their efforts to
increase agriculture production.
On the factory level, moreover, the resolution
obligated trade union bodies to increase the effec
tiveness of production conferences (in which work
ers make suggestions on increasing production),
to consider seriously the questions of establishing
proper workers’ production quotas and wage rates,
to enforce strict labor discipline, to inculcate re
spect for State property, and to adhere so faith
fully to the obligations of so-called collective
contracts that these will be met punctually and
fully, not only by trade unions, but by manage
ment as well.
In addition, the resolution obligated trade union
bodies to strive to improve working and livingconditions,3to insist on the construction of housing
according to government plans, to insure the
proper education of children, and to further
lighten the work of women workers. The
AUCCTU report had admitted that the problem
of housing workers adequately was far from
solved, that the Ministry of Construction had
failed to meet its 1953 housing construction plan,
and that much of the construction was slipshod
and defective. The resolution called upon trade
unions constantly to look after raising both
political (i. e., the more intense acceptance of
Communist doctrines) and educational levels of
workers, particularly the young ones, and to
rally all workers to firm support of the Communist
Party and the Soviet Government.
It also condemned, as the report of Central
Auditing Commission had done, “ the vicious
Resolution on the Report of the AU C C TU .
s For comparison of purchasing power of Soviet workers with that of
workers in the United States, see Purchasing Power of Soviet Workers,
1954, Bureau of Labor Statistics, April 1954 (mimeographed).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
989
bureaucratic spirit,” with its endless red tape
and mountainous (and usually unnecessary) paper
work, permeating trade union bodies from the
AUCCTU down the line, and called for union
response to criticism from the rank and file
members. Likewise, the resolution supported
the AUCCTU report in calling for the improve
ment of trade union activities by the selection,
training, and allocation of trade unionists on all
levels strictly on the basis of principles set up by
the Party. The AUCCTU report had insisted
that workers with energy, initiative, and proper
Communist indoctrination should be promoted
to leading trade union jobs. The report had also
stated that failure of trade unions to promote the
interests of workers had deterred many workers
in specified industries from joining the unions.
The report had called upon central committees
of the 43 industrial unions to improve trade union
social and economic activities through a wider use
of “ activists” (unpaid volunteers).
The resolution also directed the AUCCTU to
continue active participation in the WFTU, to
strengthen ties of friendship with the “ countries
of the people’s democracy,” through the exchange
of trade union delegations, and to develop ties
with trade union bodies “ in capitalist and colonial
countries.” The AUCCTU report had spelled
out the international policies in greater detail,
and proposed foreign labor policies, including the
following: encouragement of the WFTU to achieve
a single world trade union organization; activation
of the Anglo-Soviet and the French-Soviet trade
union committees; and the strengthening and
extension of labor ties with all countries of the
world, including the United States. No mention
was made of the International Labor Organization
which the Soviet Union had rejoined a few months
before, after an absence of about 15 years.
The AUCCTU report also had repeated the
usual Communist-press charges that international
trade union unity was being thwarted by capitalist
and imperialist countries which depressed the
workers’ level of living by expenditures for
armament races; and had painted a dire picture
of the capitalist world, including the United
States, with its “ impending economic crisis,”
“ continuous growth of unemployment,” and
“ ever-decreasing level of living of the over
whelming majority of the people.”
990
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
Constitutional Amendments.
The complaints
about trade union shortcomings made in the
reports of the AUCCTU and the Central Auditing
Commission foreshadowed the amendments added
to the trade union constitution.4 Briefly, the
amendments, prepared in advance of the Congress,
obligated the trade unions to: (1) “fight with all
means breaches of [labor] discipline in production” ;
(2) investigate causes of failure by individuals to
fulfill minimum work quotas; (3) check on
accuracy and propriety of wage payments; (4)
help establish higher “technical norms,” or
individual work quotas, based not on past records
of production, but on the potentialities of the
production equipment; (5) promote competition
among individuals in surpassing their work
quotas, improving the quality of their production,
and preventing waste of materials; (6) encourage
individual criticism of administrative red tape
and shortcomings in trade union, economic, and
government bodies; and (7) intensify efforts in
promoting communism, patriotism, and the spirit
of “proletarian internationalism” among workers.
Another amendment provided that plenary meet
ings of central committees of industrial unions
are to be held at least once every 6 months. The
cut in dues made in November 1953 was incor
porated into the constitution.
At its final session, the
Congress elected the AUCCTU, composed of 174
members and 55 alternates, and the Central
Auditing Commission of 17 members. Two days
later, the AUCCTU retained N. M. Shvernik as
chairman. He had held this position from 1929
to 1944 when he left to become chairman of the
presidium (executive committee) of the Supreme
Soviet (Parliament) of the USSR. The new list of
State and Party leaders, announced after Stalin’s
death in March 1953, named Shvernik the new
chairman of the AUCCTU, to replace Y. Kuznet
sov, whom the Party leaders appointed as ambas
sador to China. As top trade union man, Shvernik
will normally head Soviet labor delegations sent
abroad.
Election of Officers.
— E dm und N a sh
Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
4 The revised version of the constitution was published in full in Trud
on June 19, 1954. For summary of original trade union constitution, see
M onthly Labor Review, August 1949 (pp. 165-166).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The Housiug Act
of 1954
of the Housing Act of 1954,1
approved by President Eisenhower on August 2,
is on broad and coordinated action to prevent as
well as eliminate slums and to enable more mod
erate-income families to purchase homes. For
these purposes, new mortgage-insurance authority
is given to the Federal Housing Administration
(FHA), and the terms of its established insurance
programs are changed so as to encourage rehabil
itation of existing housing as well as new con
struction. Also included are measures designed
to make private credit more readily available for
Government-underwritten mortgages. With de
mand and income continuing at relatively high
levels, the revised Federal aids are generally
expected to provide considerable stimulus to
construction activity—and hence to the economy
in general—as well as to the expansion and
improvement of the housing supply.
M a jo r e m p h a s is
Urban Renewal
Local communities can now obtain financial
assistance from the Federal Government for pro
grams much broader in scope than the slum
clearance and redevelopment activities previously
covered. Also available to supplement these
programs are two special forms of FHA insurance,
and assistance for public housing, which is con
tinued on a limited basis. None of these Federal
aids will be granted, however, until the com
munity has established—and the Administrator
of the Housing and Home Finance Agency
(HHFA) has approved—a “workable program”
for utilizing private and public resources to elim
inate, prevent, and redevelop slums and urban
blight and to encourage needed urban rehabilita
tion. The HHFA is to provide facilities to help
prepare such programs, upon request.
This new requirement is designed to induce
local communities to take effective action on “the
whole spread of urban blight from the earliest
symptoms to the last stages of decay,” as the
President’s Advisory Committee put it.2 The
Committee had called for a new approach to the
] Public Law 560, 2d Sess., 83d Cong.
2 See A Report of the President’s Advisory Committee on Government
Housing Policies and Programs, Washington, December 1953.
991
HOUSING ACT OF 1954
slum problem—a coordinated rather than a piece
meal attack, both by the local community and in
the provision of Federal aids, and one which
would get at the causes as well as the symptoms
of the trouble. Slums have many causes, the
Committee noted, and the combined pressure of
these causes “pushes American cities along the
deterioration pipeline faster than slums can be
removed at one end and new dwellings added at
the other.” Many of these causes stem from
neglect by city governments, but “there is over
whelming evidence of a great and growing spirit
in the cities to face realistically the requirements
for slum cure.” Federal assistance is justified
only for those cities which “face up to the whole
process of urban decay.”
Federal loans and
grants are now available to local communities for
the planning and carrying out of “urban renewal
projects,” which may be for clearance and rede
velopment of a slum, for rehabilitation and con
servation of a blighted or deteriorating area, or
for a combination of the two.3 Each such project
must conform to the general plan of the locality
and to the “workable program.” Financial assist
ance is to be made available in substantially the
same manner as previously.
While no change was made in the formula for
sharing costs (two-thirds from the Federal Gov
ernment and one-third from the city), inclusion of
additional types of activities and application of
previous types to a broader area have the effect of
authorizing the Government to share in the cost of
additional facilities and activities. Federal as
sistance is now available, for example, for both
planning and carrying out a campaign to encour
age owners to make housing repairs voluntarily,
although not, of course, for the actual repair work.
(Plans for enforcing legal minimum standards—as
distinct from the actual enforcement operation—
can also be included under the new law.) And
local authorities may acquire property, remove
A id s to M u n ic ip a l A uthorities.
3
Because of the broadened scope of activities connected with an urban
renewal project, the new law specifically excludes employees of local bodies
from the requirement that workers engaged in any construction involved
be paid the wages prevailing in the locality; such workers are subject to the
employment standards of State rather than Federal law.
* These programs are also available for areas where redevelopment projects
have already been carried out, and in such cases the “workable program”
requirement does not apply.
3 Minimum wage rate determinations by the Secretary of Labor are re
quired for mechanics and laborers working on multifamily housing (12 or
more units) Insured under Section 220.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
buildings, and install parks and other improve
ments in sections which are not necessarily within
the boundaries of a slum clearance area.
Apart from this type of operational assistance,
localities may obtain special grants for developing
and reporting on improved techniques for slum
prevention and elimination—to help guide other
cities in developing effective renewal projects.
Two other special aids are provided to stimu
late particular kinds of planning. These author
ize financial assistance to :
1. Either State planning agencies for supplying
professional assistance in urban planning to mu
nicipalities with populations of under 25,000, or
State, metropolitan, and regional area planning
agencies for planning on a metropolitan or re
gional basis. (This could be used for drawing up
urban renewal plans, although that is only one of
the types of planning covered.)
2. State agencies and political subdivisions for
the advance planning of State and local public
works (other than housing). Resumption of this
program is for the purpose of maintaining a con
tinuing reserve of planned public works which
could be put under construction quickly if the
economic situation made that course desirable.
Some of the changes in
the regular FHA programs of mortgage insurance
(described below) are expected to assist in the re
habilitation of housing and the prevention of
blight. But in addition, the 1954 law establishes
new FHA authority to underwrite (1) the reha
bilitation and construction of dwellings located in
urban renewal areas (Sec. 220 of the National
Housing Act) 4 and (2) the purchase or rental of
moderate-cost dwellings by families displaced as a
result of governmental action (Sec. 221).
Section 220 insurance is to be made available in
a community only after the HHFA has certified
that the urban renewal plan for the area conforms
to a general plan for the locality as a whole and
that there is necessary authority and financial ca
pacity to assure its completion. In addition, the
property involved must meet whatever standards
are prescribed by the FHA.5
For 1- to 4-family dwellings, the mortgage
limitations are the same as those set for regular
FHA insurance of sales housing. In addition,
Section 220 permits insurance under similar terms
for dwellings of more than 4 units but less than the
Special F H A Insurance.
992
number which could be covered under the pro
visions for large-scale rental projects. The Presi
dent’s Committee, in recommending this program,
recognized that some degree of rehabilitation
financing could go forward under the regular sales
insurance program. But the members felt the
new program’s separate identification, even with
out more liberal terms than for other insurance
programs, would help to focus attention on its
objectives and provide both a needed stimulus to
local community activity and a means of enlisting
the support of builders and lenders.
The terms for multifamily housing, on the other
hand, are considerably more liberal than those
prescribed under the regular rental insurance pro
gram: the type of formula used is the same (as is
the overall ceiling), but each of the figures used in
the formula is over 10 percent higher. This will
permit construction of large rental projects in
urban renewal areas with a proportionately smaller
investment by the borrower than in other city
sections.
Under both Sections 220 and 221, the maximum
repayment period for mortgages on 1- to 4-family
dwellings is 30 years, while for multifamily housing
it is left up to the FHA; these are the same as the
provisions under the regular sales and rental
insurance programs. Maximum interest rates for
all insurance under the special programs are the
same as those prescribed under the regular sales
insurance program—slightly higher than the rate
permitted under the regular rental program.
Thus, special incentives exist to build apartment
dwellings in urban renewal areas, but, in view of
current costs and the mortgage limits permitted,
there is some question whether rentals will be
within the range of most of the families displaced
by urban renewal activities.
Section 221 insurance cannot be supplied until
the community concerned has requested it. Any
family is eligible who has had to move because of
any form of governmental action—such as land
acquisition or closing of dwellings by public
officials, or the eviction of families from public
housing because of increased income. However,
the total number of dwelling units in properties
insured cannot exceed the total certified by the
HHFA as needed for the relocation of eligible
families, and certification cannot be made during
any period when the community has failed to
carry out its “workable program.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
The insurance is available to purchasers for their
own use and also to builders, where that would
facilitate the dwelling’s construction or repair and
provide financing pending sale to a qualified
owner-occupant under a purchase contract or
lease-option agreement. Limitations on the mort
gage amount—90 percent of value (85 percent for
builders) and $7,600 ($8,600 in high-cost areas)—
restricts the insurance to relatively low-priced
homes. Mortgage insurance is also available for
property built or repaired for use as rental accom
modations by 10 or more qualified families, pro
vided that the mortgagor is a nonprofit organiza
tion which is regulated as to rents, charges, and
methods of operation. In this case, the mortgage
limits (other than the ceiling for the project as a
whole) are higher than those set for insurance of
either regular rental dwellings or Section 220
multifamily housing.
As enacted, the Section 221 program provides
less liberal terms than those recommended by the
President’s Committee. Planned as an experi
mental program especially geared to help lowincome families buy or rent suitable homes, the
proposal called for a maximum loan-to-value ratio
of 100 percent, a maximum amount of $7,000
per unit, and a maximum repayment period of 40
years, with purchasers required to make a mini
mum cash payment of $200. The proposal was
criticized by a variety of groups on a variety of
grounds—that such loans were not sound, that
builders would not be able or likely to undertake
such construction at present costs, that in any
case the families involved would not be able to
support homeownership even on the terms en
visioned. With the tightening of the limits set,
the program is widely regarded as even less likely
to achieve the objective of homeownership for
low-income families.
j
L ow -B ent P ublic H ousing. The Federal aid for
low-rent public housing construction provided by
the 1954 act is also more limited than that recom
mended by the President.6 Construction of
35,000 units, to be contracted for during the cur
rent fiscal year, may be assisted—as compared
with the 140,000 new units in 4 years which he
proposed. Further, in addition to the “workable
program” requirement, public housing construc6
For a summary of the President’s January message to Congress, see
Monthly Labor Review, March 1954 (p. 271).
HOUSING ACT OF 1954
tion is to be aided only if the projects are under
taken in communities in which a federally assisted
project involving slum clearance is being carried
out and the local governing body certifies that
the housing is needed for persons displaced
by the slum clearance operations; the total num
ber of units which may be authorized in the com
munity is also limited, but to the number needed
for relocation of families displaced by any type of
governmental action in that community.
Both the proposed and the final authorization
occasioned widespread criticism—from those who
regard the program as inadequate as well as from
those who oppose public housing in any amount.
The former emphasize the following points: (1)
certain low-income families cannot pay the costs
of good housing, and any speedup in activity
designed to cure urban blight will almost surely
aggravate their problems; (2) both the President
and the President’s Committee had recognized
this and advocated that a reasonable level of
public housing construction be continued at least
until the new program—and particularly the new
Section 221 insurance—had been proved success
ful; and (3) with the Section 221 program also
substantially weakened, the Government’s new
housing program will cause considerable hardship
to low-income families.
Other changes in the public housing program
included: (1) extension of preference for admission
to low-rent housing to families displaced by en
forcement of housing standards or other public
improvements as well as by a low-rent, slum
clearance, or redevelopment project, as previously
specified, and (2) provisions to make the program
self-liquidating.
FHA Insurance Programs
With one exception, the major FHA mortgage
insurance programs were revised by the new law
in such a way as to provide a scale of mortgage
ceilings more realistically related to building
costs and to facilitate rehabilitation of existing
structures. The new law also goes a long way
7
Not included, however, was the broadened authority requested by the
President to adjust the permissible terms on Government-underwritten mort
gages in the light of economic conditions, including a substantially wider
range for interest rates.
* These included insurance of prefabricated housing manufacturers’ loans,
builders’ mortgages on 25 or more single-family houses, and a minimum
yield on investment in apartment projects meeting certain rent requirements.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
993
toward consolidating and simplifying the FHA
insurance programs, eliminating many of the
rigid standards and permitting the FHA wider
discretion in adjusting standards to changing
program requirements.7 And special programs
which have been used little or not at all were
terminated.8
The only major FHA insurance program that
was not liberalized at all was that covering small
property improvement. To a considerable degree
this was attributable to the fact that, before action
on the housing bill had been completed, Con
gressional hearings had brought out information
indicating that alleged serious irregularities had
occurred under FHA programs—particularly under
the improvement program and the “emergency”
rental-housing insurance program. Authority for
the latter program had already expired, but new
restrictions were added to both the improvement
and the regular rental insurance programs to
prevent any like occurrence in the future.
Except for interest rates, statu
tory limits on the terms of mortgages on 1- to
4-family sales housing (Sec. 203) were previously
in the form of complicated formulas making dis
tinctions within specific housing programs as to
proposed and existing construction, the size of the
mortgage, the number of bedrooms, and other
factors. A single set of dollar limits and a single
maximum repayment period are now set for this
type of mortgage insurance. The only remaining
distinctions are in the maximum loan-to-value
ratio: a difference is made between purchasers who
plan to occupy the homes themselves and others
(such as builder-mortgagors) and between new and
existing construction. Removal of the latter dis
tinction had been urged as a means to stimulate
rehabilitation activity, put good used housing
within the reach of more families, and utilize the
existing housing supply to the maximum. How
ever, the new limitations set for existing structures
represent a considerable modification and are, in
fact, almost as liberal as those for new housing.
Under the new law, the FHA may insure a mort
gage for an owner-occupant amounting to not more
than (1) the sum of 95 percent (90 percent for exist
ing dwellings) of the first $9,000 of the home’s
value and 75 percent of the value in excess of
$9,000 (with authority for the President to increase
the $9,000 to $10,000), and (2) $20,000 where the
Sales H ousing.
994
mortgage covers a 1- or 2-family house, $27,500 for
a 3-fa.tnily dwelling, and $35,000 for a 4-family
dwelling. The repayment period may be as long
as 30 years and the interest rate may not exceed
5 percent (with FHA authorized to increase the
rate up to 6 percent where necessitated by mort
gage market conditions). These provisions make
it easier for families to buy homes than formerly:
only under certain circumstances was so high a
loan-to-value ratio or so long a maturity period per
mitted, and in most instances, therefore, both a
lower downpayment and smaller monthly pay
ments are possible. For a builder-mortgagor, the
terms are identical except that the mortgage may
not exceed 85 percent of the loan which an owneroccupant could obtain. The FHA is also now
authorized to permit a service charge on these
loans, in order to compensate lenders for the added
costs of making loans in small communities and
thereby make mortgage credit more readily avail
able there.
Changes were also made in the provisions for
FHA insurance of loans on new low-cost single
family homes located in small suburbs or outlying
communities, and the program is extended to cover
farm homes meeting certain conditions. In addi
tion, a new FHA insurance program for service
men on active duty was authorized, to help them
to obtain homes on terms more nearly comparable
to those available to veterans.
Other new provisions require that (1) the FHA
appraisal of value be made known to the pro
spective owner-occupant of a 1- or 2-fa.mily resi
dence before the sale is consummated, and (2) pur
chasers of 1- to 4-family residences built with the
assistance of the FHA or the Veterans Administra
tion (VA) be provided by the builder or seller with
a warranty that the dwelling conforms substan
tially to the specifications on which the FHA or
VA valuation was based.
R ep a irs a n d A lterations.
Further tightening,
rather than liberalization, of the restrictions on
FHA insurance of loans for housing renovation
and modernization (Title I) makes it unlikely
that the program will help very greatly in expand
ing rehabilitation activity. For, in spite of the
rise in building costs, the loan limits set have not
been changed for 15 years. The largest loan
authorized for 1-family homes ($2,500) is too
small to finance many home modernization opera
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
tions at today’s prices, and the maximum repay
ment period (3 years) is so short that many fam
ilies could not meet the monthly payments on
the larger loans, particularly if they were already
carrying a home mortgage. Conditions for im
proving other structures or converting them to
apartments are similarly limited. The new re
strictions, among other things, limit insurance
coverage to 90 percent of the loss on the loan
(previous provisions having permitted what
amounted to 100 percent) and permit insurance
only if the loan covers items substantially pro
tecting or improving the basic livability or utility
of properties and the dwelling has been occupied
for at least 6 months.
Housing maintenance and improvement is now
possible under a new provision, however, which
some analysts feel may stimulate such activity.
This authorizes the FHA to insure advances
made under “open-end” mortgages. Open-end
mortgages provide that the outstanding balance
can be increased—without refinancing and its
accompanying costs—to permit improvement or
repair of the home covered. Some States restrict
such mortgages, and some lenders question their
economic soundness. But a growing number
have been written in recent years. Now, wherever
State law permits, an owner who has an open-end
clause in his mortgage can get insurance on loans
covering specified types of improvements and
meeting certain limitations as to amount. (Certain
restrictions on the use of a VA guarantee for
financing improvements were also removed by
the 1954 law.)
Changes in the terms for FHA
insurance on rental housing (Sec. 207) are designed
primarily to facilitate construction of elevatortype projects. In the opinion of the President’s
Committee, this would increase the program’s
usefulness to slum clearance and redevelopment
programs involving central locations. Construc
tion of fireproof elevator structures may be essen
tial for economically sound development of such
areas, according to the Committee’s report, and,
in view of their higher construction costs, such
structures could not be effectively developed
under the previous limitations. Higher costs,
however, involve higher rents, and apartments in
elevator-type structures usually rent at higher
levels than other types of rental dwellings.
R en ta l H ousing.
995
HOUSING ACT OF 1954
Loan-to-value limitations were not altered by
the new law, but certain changes were made in
the formulas for calculating maximum mortgage
amounts. Previously, the loan-to-value ratio was
limited to 80 percent and the maximum mortgage
amount was $2,000 per room (or $7,200 per unit
for projects averaging less than 4 rooms per unit)
and $10,000 per family unit. Under the new
law, the $10,000 limit is removed, and, for elevatortype structures “of sound standards of construc
tion and design,” FHA may increase the limits to
$2,400 per room (or $7,500 per unit for the projects
with the smaller units).9 No change was made
in the terms for projects averaging 2 or more bed
rooms per unit (90 percent and $7,200 per unit)
or in the overall project ceiling ($5 million or, for
certain types of mortgagors, $50 million).
The law also makes clear that mortgages on ex
isting multifamily structures located in slum or
blighted areas are eligible for insurance under this
section and specifically authorizes the FHA to re
quire, in such cases, the completion of any repair
work necessary to remove conditions detrimental
to safety, health, or morals.
A new provision was added to prevent “mort
gaging out” on mortgages insured under this or any
other FHA program for new or rehabilitated multi
family and rental housing. The term “mortgag
ing out” means that the mortgagor was able to ob
tain a mortgage equal to or greater than the actual
cost of the project including a normal allowance
for builder’s profit. Once the work on the mort
gaged property is completed, the mortgagor must
now either certify that the mortgage amount ap
proved for insurance on the basis of a percent of
estimated value or replacement cost is no greater
than that percent of actual cost, or certify the
amount by which it was greater and reduce the
loan accordingly.
In addition, the Congress declared that it was
never intended that FHA insurance should be pro
vided for housing used for transient or hotel rather
than residential purposes, and expressly prohibited
the use of multifamily housing financed with FHA
insurance for such purposes. The prohibition
does not apply, however, if the FHA agreed to the
use of a specified number of units for such purposes
prior to May 28,1954, or if the project is in a resort
area and the units were so used before that date.
312534— 54------ 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Provision of Mortgage Funds
The new law recharters the Federal National
Mortgage Association (FNMA) with the object of
creating an effective secondary market facility
which will rely primarily on private financing and
at the same time provide flexible authority under
which the Government can directly purchase mort
gages should that be in the public interest. The
FNMA has in recent years functioned as a primary
lender rather than a secondary source of mortgage
credit—buying extensive amounts of VA- and
FHA-underwritten mortgages which, because of
the terms on which they were written and the
prices at which they were purchased, are not read
ily salable in the private market.
As rechartered, the FNMA is authorized to pro
vide a secondary market for FHA and VA home
mortgages; to assist, when authorized to do so by
the President, in the financing of (1) selected types
of home mortgages (pending the establishment of
their marketability) originated under special hous
ing programs, such as, for example, Section 221
mortgages for displaced families, and (2) home
mortgages generally, as a means of retarding or
stopping a decline in mortgage lending and homebuilding activities which threatens materially the
stability of a high-level national economy; and to
manage and liquidate, in an orderly manner, the
FNMA’s present mortgage holdings.
The Federal investment in the FNMA is to be
gradually replaced by private funds in the follow
ing way: each lender utilizing the Association as a
secondary market facility will be required to make
capital contributions to FNMA equal to not less
than 3 percent of the unpaid principal amount of
the mortgages involved and will be issued com
mon stock in return.
As a supplement to the secondary market as
sistance provided by the FNMA, the 1954 law
establishes a voluntary home mortgage credit pro
gram. Under this program, private financing in
stitutions are to undertake, in an organized man
ner, to make credit available for VA and FHA
home mortgages where it is needed, particularly
in remote areas and small communities.
8
Most of the changes in the terms for FHA insurance of mortgages on
cooperative housing (Sec. 213) are similar to these, although, of course, the
amounts involved are different.
996
Employment Patterns of Insured
Workers in New York Industries
A bout 6.3 million different individuals were in
employment covered by the New York State un
employment insurance law 1 at some time during
1950—35.5 weeks, on the average—according to a
report issued by the New York State Division of
Employment.2 However, weekly employment in
covered industries averaged only about 4.3 mil
lion.3 The principal factors accounting for the
2-million difference were: (1) approximately
480,000 workers were employed during most of the
year (40 weeks) in noncovered industries or were
self-employed; (2) about 420,000 housewives
worked only intermittently in covered employ
ment, averaging about 16 weeks; and (3) an
average of 347,000 persons applied for unemploy
ment benefits each week (a total of 100,000 being
found ineligible during the year) ,4
Incident to the 1951 revision of the formula for
determining workers’ eligibility for benefits 5under
the New York law, a survey was made of sample
groups of workers in 18 industries; these industries
accounted for about one-third of the average
covered employment in 1950. (The industries
and the size of the sample for each are given in
the accompanying table.) Data were obtained on
the experience of these workers with respect to
covered employment and unemployment insurance
for the years 1947-51.
The degree of attachment of the workers to
covered industry in New York State was measured
in three ways: (1) the number of years during the
period 1947 to 1951 which they spent in the indus
tries studied; (2) the proportion of workers who
had 20 or more weeks of insured employment in
each of the 5 years; and (3) the proportion of
workers whose 1950 earnings were all or substan
tially all earned in one industry.
Not all members of the sample groups had
covered employment in all 5 years. In the con
struction industry, for example, 77 percent of the
workers had some insured employment in each
year; 13 percent in 4 of the 5 years, 6 percent in 3
years, 3 percent in 2 years, and about 1 percent in
only 1 year (1950). At the other extreme, only
44 percent of the costume jewelry workers had
insured work in all the years; 19 percent had such
employment in 4 of the years, 16 percent in 3
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
years, 18 percent in 2 years, and 3 percent had
covered work in 1950 only.
In the costume jewelry industry, as in the
canning industry, “the work is irregular and the
wages are low, so that there is a high degree of
turnover. Many of the workers who were found
on the 1950 payrolls of employers in these indus
tries were newcomers to the labor market, or
marginal workers who had been out of the labor
market for several years, as well as persons who
were only intermittently in the covered labor force
(e. g., farmers’ wives and members of farm families
who sometimes worked in canning factories during
the peak of the season).”
Generally speaking, such industries as seasonal
hotels, cleaning and dyeing, as well as costume
jewelry and canneries, in which a considerable
number of unskilled workers are employed, showed
the smallest proportion of workers with covered
employment in all 5 years of the period studied.
The proportion of workers who had 20 or more
weeks of insured work in each of the 5 years
ranged from 13 percent in seasonal hotels to 57
percent in the men’s coat and suit industry and
in bakeries (see table). Nearly a half of the
workers in textiles, construction, and furniture
manufacture also attained this level of employ
ment. On the other hand, only about a fifth of
costume jewelry workers and cannery workers
had 20 or more weeks of covered employment in
each of the 5 years.
A significant proportion of workers had only a
few weeks—14 or less—of employment during the
1 The law applies to employers having in their establishments 4 or more
persons on 15 or more days in any calendar year. It excludes agricultural
labor, employees of religious, charitable, and nonprofit enterprises, and
most domestic workers. Local government subdivisions may elect coverage
on a voluntary basis.
2 Employment Patterns of Insured Workers in Selected New York Indus
tries, 1947-51, New York, Division of Employment, Bureau of Research and
Statistics, State Department of Labor, October 30, 1953 (mimeographed).
This study was made at the request of fhe Joint Legislative Committee
on Unemployment Insurance and the State Advisory Council on Employ
ment and Unemployment Insurance. Some recommendations resulting
from the study are contained in the 1953 Annual Report of the State Advisory
Council on Employment and Unemployment Insurance, New York, State
Department of Labor, February 1, 1954 (pp. 2-3).
The study also showed the proportion of ineligibles under each of 5 other
entitlement formulas, including the pre-1951 requirement (annual earnings
of 30 X benefit rate), using 1950 work experience.
3 Nonagricultural employment in New York averaged about 5.6 million in
1950.
4 These figures are not actual counts; they were derived from an estimated
distribution of man-weeks of potential work experience in 1950 of all workers
who had some covered employment in that year.
3 The 1951 amendment required an applicant for benefits to have had at
least 20 weeks of covered employment, with weekly earnings of at least $15,
in the 52 consecutive weeks immediately preceding his application.
EMPLOYMENT PATTERNS OF INSURED WORKERS
997
year. This was true in all industries, but to a
varying degree, and in each year. During 1950,
for example, more than a third of the workers in
seasonal hotels and in canneries had less than 15
weeks’ insured employment (see table). On the
other hand, in such industries as bakeries and
men’s coats and suits, the proportion was only
about 10 percent.
These wide variations among industries cannot
be fully explained by personal factors, e. g., drop
ping out of the labor market or quitting to look
for another job. Rather, they are more directly
related to fluctuations in the industries’ demand
for labor and dependence on reserve labor pools,
the size of those pools, and the degree to which
workers remain in such a pool instead of trans
ferring to other industries.
The proportion of workers in different industries
who had all or substantially all their earnings in
one industry gives some indication of the effect of
these factors. In 1950, about half the workers in
seasonal hotels and in the theatrical industry had
earnings chiefly in those industries (see table).6
The proportion was higher in industries with more
stable employment, a more highly skilled work
force, and higher rates of pay, e. g., fur goods and
construction.
During the first 13 months 7 of operations under
the 1951 amendments to the New York unem
ployment insurance law, claims were filed by 62
percent of the workers surveyed in the women’s
coat and suit industry, 53 percent in the men’s
coat and suit industry, and 49 percent in the
millinery industry. At the other extreme, benefit
claims were filed by only 11 percent of the workers
in retail trade and in the laundry industry.
The proportion of workers in the various in
dustries who filed benefit claims in each of the
years in which they had covered employment
during the 5-year period, 1947-51, was as follows:
31 percent in the women’s coat and suit industry;
23 percent in the women’s dress industry; 20
percent in millinery; and 14 percent in the men’s
coat and suit industry. On the other hand, only
1 percent in the bakery industry, in retail trade,
in cleaning and dyeing, and in the laundry industry
had filed benefit claims in each year in which they
had insured work. Conversely, about two-thirds
of the workers in retail trade, laundries, and
bakeries did not file any benefit claims in the 5-year
period, but only 18 percent of those in the women’s
coat and suit industry did not do so.
In the fur goods industry, 19 percent of the
workers studied exhausted their benefit rights in
one or more years during the 5-year period; 16
percent of the sample in the women’s coat and
suit industry and in the cannery industry were
in this category. At the other extreme, only 4
percent of the bakery workers were in this group.
» The figure for theatrical workers would have been considerably greater
if additional earnings in related industries such as night clubs, radio, and
television had been included.
7 June 1 ,1951-June 29, 1952.
Employment experience of workers in 18 industries covered by the New York State unemployment insurance law
Industry
Manufacturing:
R atari ar
_ __ _ __ ____
P,an n Arias
__
___ ____
Oosttimft jewelry
__
_
Fur goods
______ ___ _
__— -Furniture
________ _ ____________
____ - - ______
Men's coats and suits.
Millinery.
_____ -___
Textiles
_ _ __ _ __- ____ ___ _
Wnmp.n’s onfit.s and suits
_ ______
Women’s dresses
_ _ _ _____ _ ______
WnmAri,s underwear .
_ __
Nonm anufacturing:
Plaaning and dyeing _
__ _______
Construction ____ _______ - - --------Laundries
__________________ - --------Restaurants
_ ______ _______ —
Retail trade
_______ ____ _____
Seasonal hotels
_ ________________
Theatrical _
_____________________ --
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Percentage distribution of persons who worked in 1950,
by weeks of covered employment
Percent of
workers who
had all or
substantially
all their 1950
earnings in
one Industry
Number of
workers
studied
Percent of
workers hav
ing 20 or
more weeks
of covered
employment
in each year,
1947 to 1951
2,090
3,058
2,025
2,930
4,072
1,948
2,433
4,769
1,620
2,548
978
57
23
17
44
46
57
40
48
42
44
32
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
9
34
27
15
12
10
16
11
13
11
18
4
12
10
7
5
4
9
5
8
6
8
11
20
20
18
15
17
25
14
29
22
19
76
34
43
60
68
69
50
70
50
61
55
77
78
65
90
72
78
77
84
77
80
73
2,237
2,922
3,515
2,631
5,690
3,391
1,226
34
47
43
36
38
13
31
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
17
11
18
17
20
37
20
7
5
6
9
6
15
8
15
16
14
18
13
27
19
61
68
62
56
61
21
53
75
85
80
72
76
54
49
Total
1 to 14
weeks
15 to 19
weeks
20 to 30
weeks
Over 30
weeks
998
Revision of
NLRB Jurisdictional Standards1
T he National Labor Relations Board, in June and
July 1954, considerably tightened its standards for
determining whether it will accept jurisdiction in
unfair labor practice and contested employee
representation cases. These changes “substan
tially complete” the revision of jurisdictional
standards (first formalized in October 1950)
planned by the Board in order to reduce the num
ber of local cases coming before it and to allow
more time for cases having a major impact on
interstate commerce. The new standards became
effective immediately; they will also apply to
about 4,390 cases pending before the Board as of
June 30, 1954.
The new standards will result in substantially
reducing the number of firms, employees, and
labor organizations who may bring disputes before
the Board. In general, the revision accomplishes
this by introducing or raising previous dollarvolume qualifications and by abolishing special
conditions whereby a firm might qualify, whether
or not meeting other criteria (for example, on the
basis of possession of a franchise from a national
concern), or by withdrawing jurisdiction entirely
over one specific type of establishment (e. g.,
public restaurants). The changes were made by
a majority of the Board in specific cases; the
Board was not unanimous.
The Revised Standards
Although the NLRB has authority to handle all
labor relations cases arising under the TaftHartley Act and the interstate commerce clause
of the Constitution, it also has discretion to decide
in which cases of this kind it will take jurisdiction.
Under the recently adopted standards, the Board
will assert jurisdiction in cases involving the
following 10 general types of companies:
1. Instrumentalities and channels of commerce,
interstate or foreign (for example, telephone com
panies). However, jurisdiction will not be exer
cised over intrastate trucking companies and
similar “links in interstate commerce” if they do
less than $100,000 worth of business annually for
other concerns in categories 1, 2, or 4; over radio
and television stations if their gross annual income
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
is less than $200,000; and over newspapers if they
gross less than $500,000 annually. Formerly, no
limitations had been placed on broadcasting sta
tions or newspapers, providing their operations
affected interstate commerce.
2. Public utility and transit systems. Jurisdic
tion will be asserted when public transit systems
engaged in interstate commerce gross at least
$100,000 annually from interstate operations, and
when local power, gas, or water utilities or locnl or
intrastate public transit systems show that they
gross $3 million or more annually. Formerly, the
Board took jurisdiction of all utility and transit
systems (except railroads and airlines) the opera
tions of which affected interstate commerce.
3. Establishments (other than retail or service)
that operate as an integral part of a mullistate
enterprise (such as retail automobile dealers and
soft-drink bottlers). The p lant involved (a) must
have a direct annual $50,000 outflow of goods into
interstate commerce or furnish $100,000 worth of
goods annually to interstate concerns in categories
1, 2, or 4; or (b) the multistate enterprise, of which
the plant is a part, must have an annual $250,000
outflow into interstate commerce. But jurisdic
tion will not be exercised, the Board stated, over
an establishment solely because it operates under
a franchise from a national enterprise.2
4. Enterprises (other than retail stores) that
produce or handle goods destined for shipment
outside the State in which the firm is located, or
perform services outside the State, when such
goods or services are valued at $50,000 a year.
The previous minimum was $25,000.
5. Enterprises that furnish goods or services
that become part of the stream of commerce,
amounting to $100,000 or more a year to concerns
in categories 1, 2, or 4. This action increased the
criterion from $50,000, and established a new re1 Based on data from NLRB press releases Nos. R-445, July 1, R-449, July
15,1954, and S-65, August 3; Annual Reports of the National Labor Relations
Board for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1950 (pp. 218, 224, and 231) and 1953
(pp. 2, 93, 97, and 109); and M onthly Labor Review, November 1950 (p. 574)
and January 1954 (p. 36).
2 In the first application of the new jurisdictional standards, the NLRB
General Counsel (who has independent statutory authority) dismissed two
pending cases, involving an automobile sales agency franchised by a national
auto maker and a company manufacturing synthetic fireplace logs under a
franchise from an interstate company. Jurisdiction in both cases had origi
nally been taken solely because the companies had franchises from interstate
companies to make or sell a product of the interstate company. Neither had
a sufficient volume of business by which it could otherwise come within
any other Board standard. Both cases involved unfair labor practice
charges. Further information on the dismissal of these two cases is con
tained in NLRB Press Release R-448, July 8 .1954.
NLRB JURISDICTIONAL STANDARDS
quirement, in the case of enterprises supplying
other firms which do interstate business, that the
materials themselves ultimately go outside the
State or the services be part of interstate com
merce, in order for the Board to assert jurisdiction.
6. Enterprises that furnish services (other than
those in category 5), amounting to $200,000 or
more a year to concerns in categories 1, 2, or 4.
If the establishment involved is part of a multi
state chain, the chain must furnish services
amounting annually to $1 million or more to con
cerns in categories 1, 2, or 4. However, the
Board stated that in the future it will not exercise
jurisdiction in cases involving the operation of
general or public office buildings merely because
such buildings have tenants over which the Board
takes jurisdiction.3
7. Enterprises (other than retail establishments)
which have a direct inflow of goods or materials
from out of the State, valued at $500,000 or more
a year.
8. Enterprises (other than retail establish
ments) with an indirect inflow of goods or mate
rials valued at $1 million or more a year.
9. Retail stores: (a) Independent retail stores,
whether single or part of a chain operating en
tirely intrastate, providing the store involved has
minimum annual purchases of $1 million (for
merly, $500,000) coming directly from outside the
State, or it has $2 million (previously, $1 million)
in annual purchases indirectly from outside the
State, or the store ships $100,000 worth of mer
chandise (formerly, $25,000) into another State or
States: (b) Chains of retail stores, with stores in
more than one State, providing the individual
* In a recent case, Dixie Ter minal Co. v. N L RP, the Federal court of appeals
in Cincinnati held that the NLRB had jurisdiction over unfair labor practice
charges filed by elevator operators and building-service employees working
in an office building where the tenants were engaged in interstate business.
The United States Supreme Court denied review of this case on June 7,1954.
For further details, see Labor Relations Reporter, March 15,1954 (33 LRRM
2565); and United States Law Week, June 8, 1954 (22 LW 3323).
* The NLRB, in applying its new rule not to assume public-restaurant
cases, dismissed a representation petition involving the Spartan Cafeteria
Corp., Tulsa, Okla., and Hotel and Restaurant Employees and Bartenders
International Union, Local 135 (AFL). The Board held that the cafeteria
company fa) was not then an integral part of a nearby aircraft company, as
claimed by the union, although it had 2 officers and 1 director in common,
(b) that most of its revenue was derived from the general public, and (c) that
the employer’s operations were substantially local in character. See Labor
Relations Reporter, July 26, 1954 (34 L RRM 1308).
8 This action deleted the former category “8,” constituted by “Enterprises
having such a combination of inflow or outflow of goods or services, coming
within categories 4, 5, 6, or 7, that the percentages of each of these categories,
in which there is activity, taken together, add up to 100.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
999
store meets either of the tests for intrastate stores,
or the chain’s gross annual sales total $10 million
or more.
The Board announced that it will not exercise
jurisdiction over public restaurants, regardless of
their source and volume of materials and of their
being part of a multistate chain.4
10.
Establishments affecting the national de
fense, on three conditions, all of which must be
met: the goods or services furnished must be
directly related to national defense, amount to at
least $100,000 annually, and be furnished pur
suant to a Government contract. Formerly, the
Board had required only that the company be
doing work “affecting national defense.”
The Board also eliminated the former “combi
nation category” arrangement for meeting dollarvolume qualifications.5
NLRB Case Volume
When formulating the October 1950 standards,
the Board reiterated its policy of limiting its exer
cise of jurisdiction to enterprises where the opera
tions or labor controversies would have a
pronounced impact upon the flow of interstate
commerce. In the fiscal year 1950, cases filed
with the Board totaled 21,632, of which about onefourth were unfair labor practice cases, and about
one-tenth involved retail establishments. Of
5,591 cases in which the Board conducted unionshop authorization polls in 1949-50, over twofifths involved units of fewer than 20 employees.
During the fiscal year 1953, more than 14,700
cases were filed with the Board. Over two-thirds
of these were the time-consuming unfair labor
practice cases. Again, about one-tenth involved
retail establishments; almost the same proportion
concerned transportation, communications, and
other public utilities. Over half of the 6,050 col
lective bargaining elections conducted by the
Board in 1952-53 involved units of fewer than 30
employees, and two-fifths, fewer than 20. In
November 1953, the NLRB chairman, in indicat
ing the Board’s intention to reexamine its 1950
yardsticks, stated that the standards should be
revised “so that the Board can more effectively
and quickly devote itself to cases of significance
to the national economy.”
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1000
Handling of Exempted Cases
Although no official estimates were made of the
effect of the new standards on the Board’s case
load, the press estimated that it would be reduced
from 10 to 20 percent. At the same time, the
serious problem arose of determining to what im
partial body employers and employees could ap
peal in unfair labor practice and representation
controversies arising in interstate commerce but
not falling within the revised standards.
State administrative machinery for handling
unfair labor practice and employee representation
disputes has been limited. Only 12 States 6 have
Wage Chronology No. 10:
Pacific Longshore Industry1
Supplement No. 3— 1953
a y 1952, the Pacific Maritime Association
(PMA) and the International Longshoremen’s
Union (ILWU-Ind.) agreed to extend their 2-year
contract, negotiated in 1951, to July 1954 with
changes in wages and welfare benefits. Provision
was made for a reopening on June 15, 1953, for a
review of basic straight-time and overtime rates
and welfare contributions, subject to arbitration,
and for negotiation (not subject to arbitration) of
penalty cargo rates, skill differentials, and vaca
tions. Accordingly, union negotiators held pre
liminary meetings from April 12 to 15, 1953, to
In M
1 For basic chronology and supplements 1 and 2, see Monthly Labor
Review, May 1950 (p. 521), May 1951 (p. 561), and November 1952 (p. 525),
or Wage Chronology Series 4, No. 10.
adopted labor relations acts.7 In 9 of these States,
special boards or commissions have been created
to enforce these laws,8 and in 3 States, the regular
law enforcement officers have authority.9 Even
in these 12 States, conflicts between the TaftHartley Act and State laws appear to have pre
vented the signing by the Board of any cession
pacts authorizing State labor relations boards to
handle cases affecting interstate commerce.
8 Information provided by the Bureau of Labor Standards, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor.
7 See M onthly Labor Review, August 1950 (p. 214), for a summary of the
terms of these acts.
8 Colorado, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Oregon, Pennsylvania, New
York, Rhode Island, Utah, and Wisconsin.
8 Kansas, Michigan, and Minnesota.
determine what proposals they would present to
the shipowners. The first meeting of the repre
sentatives of the union and employers took place
May 14, 1953.
On June 2, the parties made a joint announce
ment that the basic contract would be further ex
tended to June 15, 1955, with a reopening on
June 15, 1954, for review of all wage rates, vaca
tions, and welfare contributions. The issue of
straight-time and overtime rates for the year
beginning June 15, 1953, was submitted to the
Pacific Coast arbitrator, in accordance with the
terms of the basic contract providing for arbitra
tion in the event of failure to agree on basic
straight-time and overtime rates.
The arbitrator’s award, binding on both parties,
was announced June 12, 1953. It provided for a
6-cent increase in straight-time hourly rates and
a 9-cent increase in overtime rates.
The following tables bring the wage chronology
of the Pacific longshore industry up to mid-1954.
A—General wage changes
Effective date
June 15, 1953.
__________
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Provision
___ __ 6-cents-an-hour" increase____ . . .
Applications, exceptions, and other
related matters
Arbitration award of June 12, 1953.
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 10
1001
B—Basic hourly rates for selected longshore occupations, general cargo 1
Effective date
Occupation and port
June 16, 1952 June 15, 1953
Longshoremen: All ports____________________
Hatch tenders:
Los Angeles and Long Beach 2___________
San Francisco__________________________
Puget Sound area of Washington State 2__.
Portland (including Columbia River ports)
Winch drivers:
Los Angeles and Long Beach____________
San Francisco__________________________
Puget Sound area of Washington State___
Portland (including Columbia River ports)
Gang bosses:
San Francisco__________________________
Portland (including Columbia River ports)
Lift-truck-jitney drivers:
Los Angeles and Long Beach____________
San Francisco__________________________
Puget Sound area of Washington State __
Portland (including Columbia River ports)
1 Exclusive of premium pay for overtime, nightwork, and handling
penalty cargo.
$2. 10
$2. 16
2.
2.
2.
2.
20
20
20
20
2.
2.
2.
2.
26
26
26
26
2.
2.
2.
2.
20
20
20
20
2.
2.
2.
2.
26
26
26
26
2. 25
2. 25
2. 31
2. 31
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
20
20
20
20
26
26
26
26
3 Hatch-tender and gang-boss function performed by same employees,
C—Basic hourly rates paid longshoremen for handling general and penalty cargoes
Effective date
Cargo classification
June 16, 1952 June 15, 1953
General cargo____________________________________________________________
Selected penalty cargoes:
Shoveling jobs 1_____________________________________________________
Bulk sulfur, soda ash, and crude untreated potash______________________
Untreated or offensive bone in bulk___________________________________
Phosphate rock in bulk_______________________________________________
Specified commodities in lots of 25 tons or more 2_______________________
Leaking or damaged cargo, because of faulty containers_________________
Creosoted products out of water:
Boom men______________________________________________________
Hold men_______________________________________________________
Damaged cargo______________________________________________________
Explosives__________________________________________________________
Stowing bulk grain, to board men_____________________________________
Paper and pulp in packages weighing 300 pounds or more (hold men only)
* Except on cargoes requiring a higher rate.
$2. 10
$2. 16
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
30
55
90
40
20
20
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
2.
36
61
96
46
26
26
2.
2.
2.
4.
2.
2.
40
30
95
20
40
20
2.
2.
3.
4.
2.
2.
46
36
01
32
46
26
3 The list covers 31 commodities.
D—Hourly overtime rates for longshoremen 1
Effective date
June 16, 1952_ _ _
June 15, 1953-_
Rate, general cargo
Application to other classifications
__ - - Overtime differentials for skilled and penalty-cargo rates
continued to be 1}4 times the respective straight-time
differentials.
Do.
_________ $3.24__________________
$3.15________
*Circumstances under which overtime rates are paid are listed in basic chronology.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1002
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
Wage Chronology No. 26:
Anaconda Copper Mining Co.1
Supplement No. 1— 1952-53
T he 1951 contracts between the Anaconda Copper
Mining Co. and other major copper mining com
panies and the International Union of Mine, Mill,
and Smelter Workers (MMSW-Ind.) provided for
wage reopenings in 1952.
When negotiations resulting from these provi
sions were stalemated, the national union called
for an industrywide strike vote. Before the strike
materialized, however, agreement was reached
with Anaconda. This agreement, negotiated on
1 See Monthly Labor Review, July 1952 (p. 34), or Wage Chronology
Series 4, No. 26.
A—General wage changes
Provision
Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters
Effective date
Increases
per day
July 1, 1952 (by agreements dated Feb. 4,
1953, Butte; Feb. 6, 1953, Anaconda; Feb.
18, 1953, Great Falls).
July 1, 1953 (by agreements dated Sept. 4,
1953).
$0. 64
. 60
Increases
per hour
$0. 08
. 075
Negotiated Aug. 31, 1952; approved by Wage
Stabilization Board Nov. 21, 1952.
Negotiated Aug. 28, 1953.
Correction.—The date of the agreement referred to in the last entry in this
table in the basic chronology should be Nov. 13,1951, not July 1. The wage
change was retroactive to July 1,1951.
B—Basic daily rates for selected occupations 1
Effective date
Location and occupation
July 1, 1951
Butte:
Compressormen___________
Carpenters, boss____ ______ __
Carpenters, regular ________
Diamond drill runners _ __ .
Miners, regular 2____
Miners, sh a ft2______ __
Scalers______ ____
Great Falls and Anaconda:
Cranemen, fir e m e n .____ __
Dinkey engineers. *______
Operators 2__ ________
Suboperators 3________ _
Butte, Great Falls, and Anaconda:
Laborers, boss__ _______
Laborers, r e g u la r .______ _ _____
Laborers, helper______ _ _
Truck drivers:
Under 2 tons_____ ____
2 to 5 tons. _____ __ __
Over 5 tons___________________
Machinists, boss. _ ________
Machinists, regular ________ _ .
Machinists5 helpers _____ _____ __
' Exduding shift differentials and premium overtime payments.
I he rates shown are for miners paid by the day.
5 Operators are employees who handle the various machines and equip-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July 1, 1952
July 1, 1953
$14.
15.
14.
14.
13.
14.
13.
76
62
76
33
47
33
47
$15.
16.
15.
14.
14.
14.
14.
40
26
40
97
11
97
11
$16.
16.
16.
15.
14.
15.
14.
00
86
00
57
71
57
71
13.
14.
13.
13.
90
33
47
04
14.
14.
14.
13.
54
97
11
68
15.
15.
14.
14.
14
57
71
28
13. 47
12. 61
12. 20
14. 11
13. 25
12. 84
14. 71
13. 85
13. 44
13.
14.
14.
15.
14.
13.
14.
14.
15.
16.
15.
14.
15.
15.
16.
16.
16.
14.
90
33
76
62
76
47
54
97
40
26
40
11
14
57
00
86
00
71
ment, such as the flotation machines in the concentrator, the reverberator
furnaces and the converters, the manganese kiln or any other department
equipment. The suboperator is a helper of the operator.
1003
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 26
August 31, 1952, provided for a general wage
increase, a third week of vacation after 15 years of
service, and increased company contributions to
the hospital and medical plan. These changes
were approved by the Wage Stabilization Board
on November 21, 1952, with the change in vaca
tions and wage rates being made retroactive to
April 1 and July 1, respectively. New basic
contracts incorporating these revisions were signed
in February 1953 and permitted reopening of
clauses dealing with wages, holidays, and overtime
on July 30 of that year.
In the summer of 1953, bargaining between
major copper companies and the MMSW was
unsuccessful, and a vote for an industrywide strike
to begin on August 31 was conducted in July. A
work stoppage was averted at the Anaconda
locations by the agreement reached on August 28.
The amended contracts, to run until June 30, 1954,
provided for a retroactive hourly wage increase,
liberalized hospital and holiday clauses, and
integration of the hourly increase into contract
mining prices. The basic chronology is brought
up to mid-1954 by the accompanying tables.
C—Related wage practices
Applications, exceptions, and
other related matters
Provision
Effective date
Premium Pay for Weekend Work
Oct. 1 1 9 4 1 ... ___ __ Time and one-half paid for work on Sunday------ Correction: Entry in basic chronology should
read:
Pft
Applicable to workers, not assigned
regularly to continuous operations, when
working as helpers to craftsmen, except
when Sunday was worked in lieu of a
holiday.
Holiday Pay
Sept. 4 1953____ _____
Added: Additional day’s pay at straight-time
rate allowed when a holiday fell within an
employee’s vacation period on a day that
would otherwise have been a scheduled work
day.
Qualification for holiday pay reduced to (a)
13 weeks (Anaconda and Great Falls), or
(b) 20 weeks (Butte) of continuous em
ployment immediately preceding the holi
day.1
Paid Vacations
Apr. 1 1952
____
Added: 3 weeks’ paid vacation for employees
with 15 or more years’ service.
Sf>r>+. 4 1QK2
Added: Employees qualified for vacation
who apply for pensions to receive their
vacations before commencement of pen
sion.
Accident and Sickness Benefits
Jan. 1 1953
Sept. 4, 1953________
Hospital and Medical Insurance: Company con
tribution for employee’s insurance increased
50 cents a month.
Changed to: Company contribution increased
50 cents a month (to $2.75) ; employee contri
bution reduced 50 cents a month (to $1,
Butte) and (to 75 cents, Anaconda and Great
Falls).
1 Continuous employment defined as (a) Anaconda and Great Falls—on
payroll at the beginning of such period and continuing thereon throughout
such period; (6) Butte—on payroll at the beginning of such period or within
312534- 54-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Approved by Wage Stabilization Board, Jan.
1, 1953.
14 days immediately before, and for those working on a 6-day week, a mini
mum of 90 shifts, and for those on a 5-day week, a minimum of 75 shifts during
the 20-week period.
Technical Note
Movements of Rail Freight Rates
and Wholesale Prices, 1947-52
The Bureau of Labor Statistics and the Bureau
of Transport Economics and Statistics of the
Interstate Commerce Commission jointly have
developed an index of average railroad freight
rates for commodity groups comparable with
those used in the wholesale price index (WPI).1
The index, which is on a 1947-49 base and covers
the years 1947 through 1952,2 was calculated by
grouping ICC data for 261 rail carload commodity
classes into the 15 major commodity group classi
fications used in the WPI.
These data were based on a 1 percent sample
of waybills for all rail freight carload shipments
filed with the Interstate Commerce Commission.
ICC computations indicate that the errors due to
sampling variability are remarkably small, as
shown in the table.
From 1947 to 1952, the all commodities rail
freight index increased 36 percent, or more than
twice as much as the WPI (see table). Similarly,
all groups in the freight index showed greater
increases than did the comparable price index
groups during this period. The rail index reached
a peak of 120 in 1952, when the WPI dropped to
111.6, somewhat below its 1951 peak. For 13 of
the 15 commodity groups the freight indexes were
higher than the price indexes in 1952; only for
rubber and rubber products was the price index
significantly higher, while the metals and metal
products indexes were about the same. Thus, it
appears that rail freight rates were below market
levels at the beginning of the period and there
after tended to increase in response to general
economic conditions, but with a 1-year lag.
1 The ICC published in September 1953 “Indexes of Average Freight
Rates on Railroad Carload Traffic, 1947-52” on a 1950 base (ICC Statement
No. 5339, File No. 26-C-ll), T hat publication showed annual indexes of the
major product classes and for five product groups, viz, products of agriculture;
animals and products; products of mines; products of forests; and manu
factures and miscellaneous.
* Comparable data for 1953 are expected to be available in September 1954.
It is anticipated that the 1953 indexes will be somewhat higher than those for
1952, because the last general freight rate increase of about 6.8 percent au
thorized by ICC became effective M ay 2, 1952.
Wholesale prices and average rail carload freight rates for component groups of the wholesale price index, 1947-52
Wholesale prices
Commodity group
Indexes (1947-49=100)
1947
1948
1949
1950
1951
All commodities................ .................................. 96.4
Farm products_________ _______ _IIZZZZZII 100.0
Processed foods........... .............
YY.Y S.Y . 98.2
Textile products and apparel______________ 101.1
Hides, skins, and leather products______
101.0
Fuel, power, and lighting materials_______ I. 90.9
Chemicals and allied products_____________ 101.4
Rubber products____ __________ _________ 99.0
Lumber and wood products_____ __________ 93.7
Pulp, paper, and allied products............
98.6
Metals and metal products____________
91.3
Machinery and motive products___________ 92.5
Furniture and other household durables
95.6
Nonmetallic minerals—structural__________ 93.9
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages 97.2
Miscellaneous_____ _________
100.8
104.4
107.3
106.1
104.4
102.1
107.1
103.8
102.1
107.2
102.9
103.9
110.9
101.4
101.7
100.5
103.1
99.2
92.8
95.7
95.5
96.9
101.9
94.8
98.9
99.2
98.5
104.8
106.6
103.1
104.4
102.3
96.1
103.1
97.5
99.8
99.5
104.6
103.0
96.3
120.5
113.9
100.9
110.3
108.6
105.3
106.9
103.5
96.6
114.8
113.0
111.4
110.6
120.3
106.7
110.0
148.0
123.9
119.6
122.8
119.0
114.1
113.6
109.4
105.0
u c ia u u u is a measure oi sampling variamuty. The
chances are about 2 out of 3 that the difference due to sampling variability
between an estimate and the figure that would have been obtained from a
1004
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Average rail carload freight rates
Percent
change
1952 1947-52 1947
111.6
107.0
108.8
99.8
97.2
106.6
104.5
134.0
120.3
116.5
123.0
121.5
112.0
113.6
111.8
108.3
15.8
7.0
10.8
- 1 .3
-3 .8
17.3
3.1
35.4
28.4
18.2
34.7
31.4
17.2
21.0
15.0
7.4
88
Indexes (1947-49-=100)
1948
1949
1950
1951
103
103
103
109
109
no
110
112
112
112
101
104
100
103
104
103
103
103
104
103
103
104
103
111
112
110
109
111
no
109
111
110
111
113
108
109
109
111
107
111
no
107
113
111
111
no
113
113
no
107
107
107
114
111
109
113
113
113
113
117
117
113
109
111
Percent
change
1952 1947-52
120
120
120
117
124
118
118
123
122
123
122
126
126
122
117
118
Approximate
standard
deviation *
0.5
.5
.5
1.0
1.5
.5
1.0
1.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
1.0
2.0
complete count of the universe is less than the standard deviation. The
chances are 19 out of 20 that the difference is less than twice the standard
deviation and 99 out of 100 that it is less than 2>i=times the standard deviation.
RAIL FREIGHT RATES AND WHOLESALE PRICES
The variation among groups was much smaller
for the rail freight index than for the WPI. In
1952, for example, the rail freight group indexes
showed only a 9 point spread—from 117 for
textiles and apparel and tobacco manufactures
and bottled beverages to 126 for machinery and
motive products and household durables. The
range in the WPI group indexes, on the other
hand, was almost four times as great, from 99.8
for textiles and apparel to 134.0 for rubber and
rubber products.
Although comparable data on freight rates are
not available for years prior to 1947, it appears
that wholesale prices increased about twice as
much as did freight rates between 1940 and 1952.
The ICC estimates the rail freight index at 75
(1947-49 = 100) for 1946, when the first permanent
postwar rail freight increase went into effect, and
assumes that the 1940 level would have been
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1005
about the same. On this basis, the rise in freight
rates over the 12-year period was approximately
60 percent, whereas the wholesale price index
increased approximately 118 percent.
Authorized interstate rail freight increases,
including less-than-carload shipments, since June
30, 1946, are estimated by ICC to be approxi
mately 79 percent; the actual increase for carload
shipments is estimated at around 60 percent.
This is probably due to several factors: (1) Intrastate-permitted increases in rates were not as
great as interstate-permitted increases; (2) the
railroads have not put into effect the full amount
of permitted increases; and (3) carload shipments
are billed at commodity rates rather than the
higher class rates charged for smaller shipments.
— L eonard B aron
D ivision of Prices and Cost of Living
coverage of section 3 (b). The court described
the effect such employees have on interstate
commerce as “miniscule.”
Significant Decisions
in Labor Cases1
Wages and Hours 2
Coverage— Watchmen on Local Construction.
A
United States court of appeals affirmed 3 a sum
mary judgment denying claims for minimum
wages and overtime pay under the Fair Labor
Standards Act by watchmen on the site of a local
housing construction project. The watchmen
claimed that, although all employees on such
projects would not be covered by the act, their
duties brought them within the scope of its
sections 3 (j) and 3 (b) relating respectively to
production of goods for commerce and engage
ment in commerce itself. Such duties included
the receipt and checking of building materials
shipped to the site from points outside the State
and maintaining a watch over the construction
office where the contractor kept and prepared
records regularly carried between the site and his
home office in another State.
The court pointed out that the doctrine of
original construction relating to coverage of
workers on new construction intended as an
artery of commerce, such as an interstate road or
buildings used to manufacture goods shipped
interstate, had no application to the construction
of local housing. The court considered the time
sheets and other records prepared by the company
for its own use and regularly carried between the
site and the contractor’s out-of-State office as
outside the definition of “goods” under the act.
The court cited the Joyce Agency case4 to the
effect that commerce, as defined in the act, does
not include commerce with oneself. Therefore,
the watchmen guarding the records were not
engaged in the production of goods for commerce.
Nor did the watchmen’s receipt of out-of-State
shipments and their guarding of out-of-State em
ployees unloading shipments bring them into close
enough relation to interstate commerce so as to
be engaged in commerce within the narrower
1006
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Coverage— P rin tin g Com pany Em ployees. A
United States court of appeals affirmed 5 a dis
trict court decree holding a Puerto Rican printing
firm guilty of civil contempt for failing to comply
with an injunction, issued under the FLSA before
its amendment in 1949, forbidding payment of
less than authorized wages. The lower court had
found that, subsequent to a minimum wage order
promulgated by the Department of Labor in 1951
for printing and similar industries in Puerto Rico,
the company had failed to pay the required
minimum in violation of the injunction.
The firm did special order or job printing for
numerous industrial and business concerns located
in Puerto Rico. It manufactured letterheads,
envelopes, accounting and business forms (in
cluding payroll, production, and shipping records),
check books for banks, and baggage tags for an
airline. The employer admitted paying the lower
wages but contended that he was not in contempt
of the injunction because by the 1949 amendment
of FLSA the employees had ceased to be engaged
in the production of goods for commerce and the
company was an exempt establishment under
section 13 (a) (2) of the act. That section out
lines requirements for determining retail establish
ments which are not covered by FLSA. The
company claimed exemption in that more than 75
percent of its dollar volume of sales of goods were
not for re-sale and that such sales were recognized
as retail sales and services in the printing and
supply business.
Since the letterheads, envelopes, check books,
and baggage tags were destined for interstate use,
1 Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant
decisions believed to be of special interest. No attem pt has been made to
reflect all recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of
labor law or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in
which contrary results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the
issue presented.
1
This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions involv
ing the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is not
to be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these acts by
the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of the
Department of Labor.
1 Pitleaudeau v. Temple Associates, Inc. (C. A. 5, June IS, 1954).
* Mitchell v. Joyce Agency, 211 F 2d 241. See also M onthly Labor Review,
June 1954 (p. 662).
* C ^a Paldrich, Inc. v. Mitchell, etc. (C. A. 1, July 2, 1954).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
the court held that the employees who produced
them were engaged directly in the production of
goods for commerce. As to the payroll, account
ing, and business forms, coverage would depend,
under the 1949 amendment, on whether the print
ing of these forms was “closely related” to the
production of goods for commerce. From the
legislative history of the amendments, the court
concluded that the production of these forms
would be so related if the forms were to be used
by workers who were themselves in the actual
production of goods for commerce. The court
cited the Borden case,6 in which executive and
administrative employees of a corporation pro
ducing goods for commerce were themselves held
to be engaged in such production; it therefore
found that the accounting forms were to be used
by employees who came within that ruling.
The court further found that the trial court’s
findings of fact were supported by the record: i. e.,
the printing firm failed to show that 75 percent of
its annual dollar volume of sales of goods were
recognized as retail sales in the industry, and the
firm’s establishments were not recognized as
retail establishments in the industry.
A
United States court of appeals affirmed 7 a dis
trict court decision holding that certain employees
of a fruit company engaged in the so-called “bird
dog” operations of the citrus fruit industry were
not exempt from coverage under FLSA as agri
cultural workers. The fruit company’s operations
consisted of buying fruit unfit for packing and
sale in its original state and selling the same to
canning factories. Purchases included fruit left
on trees by producers, culls from packing plants,
and produce from small operators who made
deliveries to the company. Fruit left on the
trees by growers comprised about 60 percent of
the purchases and was gathered by the company’s
employees.
All of its employees, the company contended,
should be included in the exemption for agri
cultural workers because the work done by them
was part of and essential to the growing and
producing of fruit and its delivery to storage or
market. The court relied on Farmers Irrigation
Exemption— Employees of Fruit Distributor.
‘ Borden Co. v. Boretta, 325 U. S. 679.
T Chapman Fruit Co. v. Durkin (C. A. 5, June 30, 1954).
8 337 U. S. 755.
* N L R B v. Mastro Plastics Corp. (C. A. 2, July 16,1954).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1007
Co. v. McComb 8 in holding that the term “pro
duction” as applied to “agriculture” did not have
the same broad meaning as is found in the section
of the act defining production of goods for com
merce, which section explicitly includes occupa
tions which are closely related and directly essen
tial to such production.
The court therefore agreed with the lower court
that only those workers who picked the fruit
from the trees came within the exemption as
employees “on a farm.” The other workers,,
although their duties might be essential to produc
tion or marketing of agricultural commodities,
were not doing work “performed by a farmer or on
a farm” and did not come within the exemption.
Labor Relations
Unfair Labor Practice Strikes. A United States
court of appeals upheld 9 an order of the National
Labor Relations Board calling for reinstatement
with back pay of unfair labor practice strikers,
even though the strike occurred during the 60day waiting period provided in the Labor Manage
ment Relations Acts for modification of an existing
collective bargaining agreement and although the
agreement itself contained a no-strike clause.
The employer had unlawfully attempted to pro
mote a rival union as the representative of his
employees and fired one employee for activities
on behalf of the incumbent union. The employees
went out on a strike against such activities of the
employer a month after the union had given the
required 60-day notice of intent to negotiate for
modification of the collective bargaining agree
ment. A subsequent request for reinstatement
was denied by the employer on the grounds that
the employees had struck in violation of a strikewaiver clause in their contract, and a notification
was sent to all employees on strike that their
employment had been terminated for that reason.
The court agreed with the Board that the no
strike clause in the contract did not apply to a
strike brought about by unfair labor practices of
the employer. The court held that the clause
should be interpreted as part of the entire agree
ment, applying only to strikes involving matters
covered by the contract or arising out of the
normal relations of the parties. The right of
employees to strike against unfair labor practices
1008
of an employer is fundamental and recognized
by the LMRA, the court stated, and no contractual
waiver of that right is to be inferred unless
explicitly spelled out in the agreement.
The fact that the strike occurred during the 60day no-strike period provided in section 8 (d)
of the LMKA did not deprive the strikers of thenstatus as employees, as provided in section 8 (d)
(4) for workers engaging in a strike during the
waiting period, the court held. Reading section
8 (d) as a whole, the court concluded that the
word “strike” therein was meant to apply only to
strikes interfering with the processes of collective
bargaining provided in that section. Further,
the Congress, by providing for an orderly way to
terminate or modify collective bargaining agree
ments, did not intend to give an employer an
opportunity to engage in unfair labor practices
without the retaliatory sanction of a strike.
To so interpret the section, the court held, would
discriminate, in respect to the right to resist
unfair labor practices by striking, “between
employees working under a collective bargaining
contract and those who were not and between
unions who were satisfied with such existing
contracts and those who were not.”
An NLRB
order finding a company guilty of the unfair
labor practice of refusing to bargain with a union
which the company charged was improperly
certified was upheld 10 by a United States court of
appeals. The company’s motion at the certifica
tion hearing for further investigation as to the
Communist affiliation of certain officers of the
union was overruled by the Board.
On appeal, the company contended that the
Board was required to suspend the representation
proceedings until an investigation of the com
pany’s charge of falsity of the union officers’ nonCommunist affidavits could either be investigated
or the company could submit proof of its charge.
The court recognized that there is no provision in
the LMRA as to how or by whom the question of
compliance with affidavit requirements is to be
determined. Furthermore, it had been held 11 by
the Court of Appeals of District of Columbia,
which has sole venue of prohibitory suits against
the Board, that the Board is without authority
to inquire into the truth or falsity of the affidavits.
However, if there is no means for testing the valid
Challenge oj N o n -C o m m u n ist A ffidavits.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
ity of the affidavits, the court pointed out that
Congress, not the courts, should determine who
should have that authority. The court held that
Congress did not intend that each of the numerous
proceedings instituted by the Board should be de
layed by parties litigating the compliance question
on a case-to-case basis. A doubt as to the Board’s
authority to make the determination would not
justify a substitute procedure not within the intent
of the statute.
The company also claimed that an affidavit it
submitted at the hearing from one of its employees
showed coercion by the union in the representation
election and entitled the company to a hearing
on that question. The company wanted to show
that several of its employees cast blank ballots in
the election as a result of the coercion and there
fore the final count was incorrect. The court
found that the employee affidavit did not show
such coercion as to warrant a hearing on that
question and pointed out that an unmarked ballot
is not a vote: the number of votes, not the
number of ballots, determine an election.
A United
States court of appeals upheld 12 an NLRB order
to the effect that employees who engaged in a
strike 45 minutes after their demands were pre
sented to their employer could not be discharged
and must be reinstated by the employer. The
employees worked as inserters on a part-time
piecework basis for a newspaper. The work was
required to be done on Saturday evenings from
6 p. m. until all the Sunday papers were assembled.
Demands for a pay increase and individual locker
space were presented to an acting foreman at
6:15 p. m. on a Saturday evening, with a notice
that a strike would be called at 7 p. m. unless the
demands were met. The production manager,
who handled collective bargaining matters for
the company, could not reach the plant until
after 7 p. m. When he did arrive, the strike
had been called. Commenting on the shortness
of notice, the production manager told the em
ployees they were discharged. The following
week on asking to be reinstated, the workers
were told they had been replaced.
The court agreed with the Board’s finding that
Protected A ctivity— T im in g of S trike.
10N L R B v. Vulcan Furniture Mfg. Corp. (C. A. 5, July 7,1954).
n Farmer v. United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers (211 F. 2d 36).
12 N L R B v. Cowles Publishing Co. (O. A. 9, June 28, 1954).
DECISIONS IN LABOR CASES
the employees had been discharged before they
were replaced and while engaged in a concerted
work stoppage to gain economic objectives. The
employer argued that such a discharge did not
violate the LMRA by interfering with the rights
of the employees because the work stoppage was
an unprotected activity due to the shortness of
the notice and precipitate action taken by the
strikers. The court rejected this argument,
pointing out that this was not a case of wildcat
strike nor a strike in repudiation of a contract
not to strike, and that it had previously been held
that a strike even before grievances have been
presented is protected.13 However, if the produc
tion manager, instead of summarily discharging
the workers, had merely warned them that they
would be permanently replaced if the strike con
tinued, the court remarked, he would have been
legitimately exercising his right under LMRA to
replace economic strikers.
Representation— Second Contract within Election
Year. Reversing its ruling in the Quaker M aid
case,14 the NLRB decided 15 that a second con
tract executed within the certification year is not
a bar to representation claims made and petitions
filed by rival unions before the second contract is
signed. Three weeks before the termination of
the certification year the employer and the in
cumbent union entered into a second contract,
modifying slightly the terms of the first one signed
after certification and effective for 2 years. Pre
vious to signing the extension agreement, the
employer had been notified by another union of
its claim of representing a majority of his
employees.
The Board pointed out that if the second agree
ment had not been signed within the certification
year there would be no question of its barring
rival claims because such claims were made before
its execution. In the Quaker M aid case, it was
held that any contract signed within the certifica
tion year would be a bar to a rival claim. The
purpose of this ruling, which limited the rights of
employees to self-organization, was to afford time
to a certified union and an employer for negotiating
an agreement free of interference. The Board felt
18N L R B v. Olobe Wireless (193 F. 2d 748, O. A. 9,1951).
18 71 NLRB 915.
15 Ludlow Typograph Co. (108 NLRB 209, June 25, 1954).
18 Bausch & Lomb Optical Co. (108 NLRB 213, June 28, 1954).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1009
that, in a case where the parties were able to reach
an agreement in less time, the ruling unduly
limited the employees’ freedom of choice by giving
more protection than needed to the contracting
parties. The Board also pointed out that adher
ence to the rule in a case such as this would enable
the parties to circumvent another Board rule
against contracts of more than 2 years serving as
a bar.
A dissent by two members pointed out that
newly certified unions heretofore assured of pro
tection from challenge for 1 year had been willing
to execute initial contracts for less than a year.
By withdrawing this protection, the dissenting
opinion stated, they would be less willing to sign
short-term agreements. On the other hand, em
ployers would prefer such short-term agreements
as a minimum satisfaction of their duty to bargain
with a newly certified union. Modification of the
rule, according to the dissent, would promote con
tests over this issue and lessen industrial stability.
Union as Business Competitor. Reversing an
opinion by a trial examiner, the NLRB dis
missed 16 a complaint against an employer for
refusing to bargain with a union which was also
a business competitor. The union had repre
sented the employees for many years, but, shortly
before the bargaining, had established a company
to engage in the same business as the employer,
the optical business. Only union members could
become stockholders in the company; the union
actually controlled and operated the business.
The employer broke off bargaining with the union
until such time as it would no longer be a
competitor.
The Board disagreed with the trial examiner’s
opinion that it had no statutory authority to find
that a labor organization which both bargains and
competes with an employer is not a proper bar
gaining representative of employees of that em
ployer. It pointed out that, although the LMRA
defines a representative as including “any indi
vidual or labor organization,” it had previously
found that the policies of the act would best be
effected by excluding supervisors and craft unions
in certain basic industries as representatives.
Therefore, the statutory definition of representa
tive was not so unequivocal, the Board held, as to
deny it the authority to interpret the definition in
the light of the underlying policies of the act.
1010
Even though no showing of abuse by the union
in the bargaining relationship was found, the dual
status of the union as a competitor and as a bar
gaining representative for employees created a
dangerous situation, the Board held. In its dual
capacity, the union could make excessive demands
upon the employer which would not be balanced
by the usual desire of employees to maintain the
prosperity of their employer. Moreover, the
union as an employer could be in the position of
striking against its competitor and, profiting from
his loss of business, force him to subsidize the
union’s economic battle. By thus creating a sit
uation in which fair dealing was inherently im
possible, the union afforded the employer grounds
for refusing to bargain. The Board also found
that the particular circumstances of the case war
ranted its exercise of authority to determine that
the union was not the proper representative of
the employees.
A union did not
terminate its back-pay liability to an employee
against whom it had caused an employer to dis
criminate, the Board held,17 merely by notifying
the employer it no longer objected to his employ
ment. The employee was hired on a building
construction job by a nonunion contractor. The
union representative informed the job superin
tendent that there would be “trouble” on the job
if the employee remained. After failing to ob
tain clearance from the union, the job superin
tendent told the employee that he could not work
until he did obtain clearance. Before the hear
ings on a charge of discrimination filed with the
NLRB by the employee, the union had notified
the employer by telegram that it no longer ob
jected to a rehiring of the employee. The union
argued at the hearing that its liability for back
pay to the employee should terminate upon such
notice.
The Board adopted the trial examiner’s recom
mendation in holding such notice inadequate un
less also given to the employee. If the employee
had no notice he might fail to reclaim his job or
to file further charges. Termination of the union’s
liability for back pay would date in this case, the
Board held, with the date upon which the union
formally stated at the hearing in the employee’s
presence that it had withdrawn its objection to his
rehire.
Back-Pay Liability of Union.
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MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
Veterans’ Reemployment
Discretionary Promotion; Contractual and Statu
tory Rights. A veteran had worked as a carman
apprentice for a railroad from October 1, 1940, to
August 31, 1943, when he resigned. He was
again employed as a carman apprentice from
January 1944 until his induction into military
service on July 13, 1944. He was reinstated as
an apprentice, after discharge, on June 5, 1946.
On January 21, 1947, the veteran agreed to
waive seniority prior to the actual date of com
pletion of his apprenticeship (expected about
April 18, 1947) and to accept seniority as carman
“as of the following workday if retained in the
service.” This gave him the benefit of the first
of his two preinduction periods of apprenticeship,
the right to which was in dispute. It allowed no
credit toward carman seniority for the time he
spent in the Armed Forces.
The collective bargaining agreement required 4
years’ work as an apprentice. On completing
this, the apprentice, if retained as a carman, ac
quired carman’s seniority.
The veteran contended that under the reemploy
ment statutes, on completing the apprenticeship
after restoration, he should have carman seniority
as of the date when he would have completed the
apprenticeship had military service not inter
vened. He argued that since this was his statu
tory right, the agreement of January 21, 1947,
was without consideration and was invalid.
The Federal district court18 decided against
the veteran on the following reasoning. The
agreement did not provide for automatic pro
motion from apprentice to carman as a fixed or
absolute right, because of the uncertainty of re
tention as carman implied in “if retained.” There
fore, statutory rights were not violated when the
veteran, an apprentice before military service,
was reinstated as apprentice on his return. The
right to credit for the first period of apprenticeship
depends solely on the agreement and is therefore
within the jurisdiction of the National Railroad
Adjustment Board. Since the compromise settle
ment did not violate the reemployment statutes,
the proper seniority for the veteran as carman is
exclusively within the jurisdiction of the Board.
17 Iron Workers, A F L (109 N L R B 12, July 8,1954).
I* Cross v. Guy A . Thompson, Trustee^E. D. Mo. 1954, No. 8083 (3),
Harper, J.)
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
cent increase. When other workers refused to cross picket
lines, construction was brought to a virtual standstill,
with accompanying violence. On July 16, the strikers
defied a court order against picketing, despite a Govern
ment request for their arrest, and continued their strike
until July 20. (See also p. 1016 of this issue.)
United Electrical Workers (Ind.) and the General
Electric Co. negotiated a pay increase averaging 5 cents
an hour and improved holiday and vacation benefits, for
21.000 workers. A similar increase had been accepted
earlier by other organized groups (not including IUE-CIO)
and nonunion employees.
On July 24, the UE accepted the Westinghouse Electric
Corp.’s contract terms which increased wages for about
17.000 employees from
to 7 cents (or an average of
5 cents an hour) and improved pension benefits. Similar
adjustments were effected for 20,000 nonunion employees
on July 1.
T he
July 2, 1954
T h e Governor of Louisiana approved a “right-to-work”
law outlawing union-shop agreements. The State became
the 17th to adopt such legislation.
July 3
Communications Workers of America (CIO) ended a
3-day nationwide strike against the Western Electric Co.
by signing a new 1-year contract. The pact provided for
wage increases of 5 to 7 cents an hour for 15,700 telephone
installation workers and $1.50 a week for 400 job clerks.
On July 10, after 4 months’ negotiation, the CWA and
the New Jersey Bell Telephone Co. signed a new contract
under which most of the company’s 11,000 telephone
traffic employees received weekly wage increases of $1
or $1.50.
T he
July 6
P r e s id e n t E i s e n h o w e r , under the emergency provisions
of the Taft-Hartley Act, created fact-finding boards in
two labor disputes at atomic energy installations in Oak
Ridge, Tenn., and Paducah, Ky., between Carbide and
Carbon Chemicals Co. and (1) United Gas, Coke and
Chemical Workers (CIO) and (2) Atomic Trades and
Labor Council (AFL), each representing about 4,500
employees.
On July 7, UGCCW members struck at both locations,
after rejecting a 6-cent hourly wage increase recommended
by the Atomic Energy Labor-Management Relations
Panel (June 14) and accepted by the company, demanding
15 cents (originally 21 cents). Workers represented by
ATLC had rejected a like offer but did not strike. On July
10, the UGCCW strikers returned to work under a peace
plan developed by the Secretary of Labor and top CIO
and UGCCW officials, which called for a Government
review of related problems of housing, health, and com
munity facilities, but did not deal directly with the wage
issue. On July 12, the Presidential board of inquiry
reported on the UGCCW strike, stating that it would
create a “state of crisis,” but the Government postponed
obtaining an 80-day injunction.
On July 12, 2,000 laborers at two Oak Ridge construc
tion projects, represented by the Knoxville Building
Trades Council (AFL), began an unauthorized strike to
back up demands for a 15-cent hourly wage increase (plus
travel pay) after the Council had agreed on a 5-to-10-
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July 11
M e m b e r s of the United Mine Workers (Ind.) walked out
at the Buckeye Coal Co.’s Nemacolin Mine in southwest
ern Pennsylvania, in protest against the layoff of 235
fellow workers, which they claimed was based on job
classification rather than on seniority and therefore vio
lated their contract. By July 14, roving pickets had
forced the closing of 14 other mines, including U. S.
Steel’s Robena mine, thereby idling 10,000 miners.
UMW officials stated that the walkout was a breach of
contract and urged the men to return to work. The
strikers, after having closed 8 additional mines, ended
their walkout on July 20, having reportedly reached
agreement with the company on the question of seniority,
over which the strike arose.
July 12
T h e P r e s i d e n t approved Public Law 482 (83d Cong.)
financing grants to assist States in planning and construct
ing public and other nonprofit diagnostic or medical treat
ment centers, rehabilitation facilities, chronic disease
hospitals, and nursing homes. The law authorizes appro
priations totaling $60 million for each of the fiscal years
1955, 1956, and 1957, toward construction grants, and a
$2 million appropriation for State surveys and plans,
these grants to be matched by the States as prescribed
in the act.
July 15
NLRB prescribed additional new standards governing
the types of cases (affecting interstate commerce) over
which the Board, in its discretion, will assume jurisdiction,
thereby continuing the process of narrowing its jurisdiction
(see Chron. item for June 30, 1954, MLR, Aug. 1954).
The latest criteria pertain to cases involving retail stores,
utilities, transit systems, radio and television stations, news
papers, certain multi-state enterprises, industrial service
1011
T he
1012
establishments, and firms in national defense work. The
Board also announced that it would no longer take cases
involving public restaurants. (For details, see p. 998 of
this issue.)
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
been laid off because of the resultant parts shortage, the
local called off the strike on order of the international
executive board of the UAW, which termed it unauthorized.
July 20
Federal Wage and Hour Administrator approved
higher minimum wage rates, under the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act, for the textile and textile products industry in
Puerto Rico, effective August 23, 1954. This order raised
the minimum hourly rate for the mattress and pillow
division to 75 cents (from 50); for the general division to
42)4 cents (from 35); for the cotton ginning and compressing
division to 40 cents (from 30); and for the hard-fiber
products division to 37)4 cents (from 32)4).
T he
July 16
T h e Federal District Court for the District of Columbia,
in the case of International Fur & Leather Workers’ Union
(Ind.) v. Farmer et al., enjoined the NLRB from voiding
the union’s compliance (see Chron. item for May 30,
1954, MLR, July 1954) on the basis of the union’s presi
dent having been convicted of falsifying the non-Communist affidavit (required annually) which he filed with
the Board in 1950. The court held that the Board (in
1954) had no power to do so.
July 21
Transport Workers Union (CIO) ratified an agree
ment with the Transit Authority of New York City (see
Chron. item for June 3, 1954, MLR, Aug. 1954) covering
35.000 operating employees on the city-owned lines.
The contract provided for a wage increase of 6)4 to 11
cents an hour (retroactive to January 1, 1954); considera
tion by the Authority of a further wage adjustment on
March 15, 1955; appointment of an impartial “adviser”
for disputes arising out of the terms of the new contract;
a no-strike clause; and joint action by both parties to
seek legislative approval of changes in sick-leave pro
cedures.
T he
Federal Court of Appeals at New York upheld a n
NLRB ruling that employees who struck during negotia
tions for contract changes because of the employer’s
unfair labor practices were entitled to reinstatement,
notwithstanding a no-strike clause in their contract and
the 60-day cooling-off period following request for con
tract modifications required by the Taft-Hartley Act.
The case was N LRB v. Mastro Plastics Corp. et al. (see
Chron. item for Mar. 13, 1953, MLR, May 1953). (See
also p. 1007 of this issue.)
T he
T h e Federal Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia
reversed the lower court in Roth v. Brownell, ruling that a
Government attorney’s competitive civil service status
dating from 1943 precluded his summary dismissal, since
Executive Order 9830 (Feb. 24, 1947), which excepted
attorneys from the competitive service, did not apply to
those who already had status on that date. Moreover,
the appellate court held that this or any other formula
for excepting positions from civil service could not obviate
the requirement of the Lloyd-LaFollette Act that no
employee with civil service status be removed without
notice and reasons given in writing.
July 19
A b o u t 10,000 members of Local 3 of the United Automo
bile Workers (CIO) struck the Chrysler Corp.’s main
Dodge plant in Detroit, in protest over 2 dismissals,
charging a production “speedup.” On July 24, after about
35.000 workers in other Chrysler plants in the area had
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T h e NLRB ruled that a union must be in compliance
with the non-Communist-affidavit and filing requirements
of the Taft-Hartley Act at the time it makes a claim to
be majority representative, in order to prevent its petition
for a representation election from being barred by a
contract made by the company with another union during
the 10-day grace period allowed for filing. Chairman
Farmer and Board Member Rodgers, although agreeing
generally with the new rule, dissented from its retroactive
(and “unfair”) application in this case, which involved
North American Aviation, Inc., Columbus, Ohio, the
Independent Aircraft Workers Association, and the
United Auto Workers’ Union (CIO).
July 22
T h e 8-day shutdown of all dry-cargo handling in the
Philadelphia port area (Trenton, N. J., to Wilmington,
Del.), affecting 5,000 longshoremen, ended with agreement
by the International Longshoremen’s Association (Ind.),
Local 1291, to submit to arbitration its dispute with an
employers’ group over a claim for 3 hours’ pay for 110
workers. The shipping association had ordered the shut
down to discipline the union for pulling its men off a
freighter because of the dispute, which it insisted was
not arbitrable under the contraot.
July 23
T h e NLRB, in an amended supplemental decision, over
turned an established Board rule and held that a bona
fide purchaser of a business may not be required to remedy
unfair labor practices of his predecessor, as enunciated
by a Federal appellate court (see Chron. item for Nov. 5,
1953, MLR, Jan. 1954). The case was Symns Grocer Co.,
and Idaho Wholesale Grocery Co., Idaho Falls, Idaho, and
Teamsters’ Union, Local 983 (AFL).
July 26
T h e NLRB, by majority decision, reversed its earlier po
sition and affirmed the legal concept, laid down in a 1953
court decision, that a “strike by employees against one
1013
CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS
employer-member of a multibargaining unit constitutes a
threat of strike action against the other employers, . . .
which legally justifies their resort to a temporary lockout
of employees.” This case was Buffalo Linen Supply Co.
et al., Buffalo, N. Y., and International Brotherhood of Team
sters, Local 449 (AFL).
July 28
T he International Longshoremen’s Association (AFL), at
its first constitutional convention in Chicago, having ap
proved a constitution and bylaws, elected permanent
officers, thus ending administration by a trusteeship com
mittee (see Chron. item for Sept. 22, 1953, MLR, Nov.
1953). The convention, attended by 212 delegates repre
senting 44,000 members, also voted to change the union’s
name to International Brotherhood of Longshoremen.
ees under collective bargaining contracts in the aircraft
industry (and in the eastern segment, 88 percent) were cov
ered by contracts of 3 years or more. The case involved
the Republic Aviation Corp. of Long Island, N. Y., and 3
AFL unions.
T he NLRB, reversing (4 to 1) a 1946 ruling, held that it
was unnecessary for a union, in notifying an employer of
its intention to file a representation petition with the Board,
to claim that it represents a majority of the employees in
order for the petition to act as a bar to any contract that
may be signed by the employer and another union during
the 10-day grace period allowed for filing. The case was
Associated Food Distributors, Inc., Portland, Oreg., and
International Brotherhood of Teamsters, Miscellaneous
Drivers Local 228 (AFL).
July 30
T he Puerto Rican Government seized insular docks under
a temporary emergency law signed by the Governor on
July 25, in a 34-day strike of the 6,400 members of the
Union of Dock Workers, International Longshoremen’s
Association (AFL) against the shipping association, which
had idled 68,000 workers and immobilized the island’s
shipping. The controversy arose over the union’s demand
for a 25-cent-an-hour wage increase over the basic $1.23
rate, later split to 15 cents for 1954 and 10 cents in 1955.
The AFL union holds bargaining rights for the longshore
men on the island (see Chron. item for Jan. 11, 1954, MLR,
Mar. 1954). On July 29, the strike formally ended under
the no-strike provisions of the emergency law.
T he NLRB, reversing itself, ruled (3 to 2) that an employer
may legally question employees about union affiliation or
activities, if no reprisal or benefit therefor is implied, and
that systematic questioning does not per se imply a threat.
The test (laid down in an appellate court decision in a sim
ilar case), said the Board majority, is “whether, under all
the circumstances,” the questioning “reasonably tends to
restrain or interfere with the employees in the exercise of
their rights” under the Taft-Hartley Act. The case in
volved Blue Flash Express, Inc., of New Orleans, La., and
the International Teamsters Union, Local 270 (AFL).
July 31
July 29
NLRB held (3 to 2) that a 3-year contract in the air
craft industry is a bar to a Board representation election
for its full term. Ordinarily, the Board does not recognize
a contract as a bar for more than 2 years unless longer con
tracts have been negotiated in a “substantial part” of the
industry, as in the case of 3 other industries (see Chron.
item for Feb. 6, 1953, MLR, Mar. 1953). Applying this
industry test, the Board found that 42 percent of employ
T he
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
T he Aluminum Co. of America and the United Steelwork
ers (CIO) announced an agreement whereby more than
15,000 workers in 11 plants throughout the country will
receive a 5-cent across-the-board wage increase. The con
tract also provided for a 3-cent-an-hour per capita employer
contribution to a fund for eliminating interplant wage in
equities; a 2-cent-an-hour increase in the company’s in
surance contribution; and a minimum pension of $140 a
month (including social security).
Developments in
Industrial Relations1
plete knowledge of the firm’s finances, sales, and
earnings. In announcing the loan arrangement,
the union’s president, Alex Rose, said: “Sometimes
a union must fight on the picket line and spend its
money for strike benefits.2 Sometimes it can best
protect the interest of its members by providing
financial assistance to the company on which they
depend for a livelihood.”
A n u m b e r of novel measures were advanced by
two apparel unions during July, to conserve job
opportunities for their members and to maintain
union work standards in the industry; proposals to
consolidate unions in related industries were dis
cussed; and major revisions of jurisdictional stand
ards were announced by the National Labor
Relations Board. Brief stoppages in atomic
energy installations, bituminous coal mines, and
the Chrysler Corp. occurred and the unresolved
strike involving Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co.
plants in nine States continued. Developments
in the transportation industry were marked by an
agreement covering New York City municipal
transit employees, a strike by the American
Airlines pilots, and a strike ballot involving me
chanics and ground-service personnel of six major
air carriers. General Electric and Westinghouse
reached agreement with the independent Electrical
Workers, but negotiations with the CIO union
continued.
Garment W orkers. The International Ladies’ Gar
ment Workers (AFL) also demonstrated a flexibil
ity and willingness to apply new methods in
solving its problems. The union’s president,
David Dubinsky, offered a 3-year “moratorium”
on union organization to Southern garment man
ufacturers who committed themselves to pay
wages of at least 15 cents above the Federal mini
mum. During this period, no effort would be
made, he said, to organize garment plants that
established a minimum scale of 90 cents an hour
and kept 15 cents ahead of any new “floor” that
might be established by Congress. He also indi
cated that his organization would create a special
group of lawyers and research workers to seek out
violations of the minimum-wage and overtime-pay
provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act and
“vigorously bring the facts to the attention of the
proper Government agencies and courts.”
To combat a children’s clothing manufacturer
who had transferred his operations from New York
to the South, the ILGWU took two unusual steps.
It offered to aid in financing the expansion of a
union manufacturer’s plant in Appomattox, Va.,
and, as a longer range measure, undertook the
construction there of a new plant designed to
provide additional employment for its local
members.
The New York manufacturer had informed the
union of a decision made “for economic reasons”
to transfer his operations to a new plant in Greens
boro, N. C., when his contract with the union
expired at the end of 1953. Efforts to negotiate
new contracts for the company’s two branch
plants in Appomattox and Lynchburg, Va.,
employing approximately 400 workers and oper
ating on a union basis, proved unavailing, and a
strike began in January. To put its striking
members back to work, the union encouraged a
unionized garment employer in Appomattox to
Apparel Unions
H atters. The AFL Hatters, on July 17, completed
arrangements for a $250,000 loan to the Kartiganer
Hat Corp., one of the country’s largest millinery
manufacturers, to keep its plants in Beacon, N. Y.,
and West Upton and Milford, Mass., in operation
and to preserve the jobs of approximately 1,000
employees. Under the plan worked out with the
company president, the union committed itself to
advance $50,000 from its international treasury.
The remaining $200,000 was to be supplied by the
workers themselves, each lending the company $200
out of personal funds. Those who did not have
ready cash were to obtain loans from local banks
under arrangements made by the union locals, to
be repaid from future wages. The union set up
two conditions for its loan: First, there would be
no reduction in wages or established working con
ditions; and second, the union would have corn1014
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Wages and Industrial Relations.
• See Monthly Labor Review, August 1954 (p. 789).
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
expand his facilities sufficiently to hire 100 or more
workers, offering to lend him $20,000 to finance
the expansion. Later reports indicated that
while the loan had been negotiated, it was not
consummated because the company was able to
arrange financing through regular banking chan
nels. At the same time, the union began work on
a $40,000 factory building, and arranged to lease
the structure to a New York company which will
operate in Appomattox. The new employer
reportedly had agreed to offer jobs to all strikers
at rates above those in the struck plant and to
observe union-contract conditions. The union
pledged full cooperation in fostering high produc
tivity among the workers.
Union Mergers
Leaders of the Oil Workers (CIO) and the Gas,
Coke, and Chemical Workers (CIO) indicated to
their members that discussions during May and
June over a possible merger of the two organiza
tions was a “separate proposition’’ from the
proposed new overall union in the oil and chemical
industry.3 A joint session of the executive boards
of the two organizations in mid-July reported
favorably on the merger and a 24-member joint
committee of rank-and-file members was set up
to draft a proposed constitution. Formal merger
would require ratification by each of the two
unions, either by referendum or convention action.
The Transport Workers’ Union (CIO), on July
15, announced merger with the United Railroad
Workers (CIO), subject to a referendum vote of
the railroad workers.
Reports that leaders of the CIO Textile Workers
Union and the AFL United Textile Workers were
discussing amalgamation were denied by the presi
dent of the AFL affiliate, who said that such a
merger was only discussed as something “desirable
in the future,” which would have to be preceded by
organic unity of the parent federations. Member
ship in both textile unions has been severely
affected by reduced employment in the industry
and shifting of plants to nonunion areas.
The president of the United Hatters (AFL)
proposed a central agency for coordinated action
among 4 apparel unions in organizing workers
and meeting other problems in the needle-trades
* See Monthly Labor Review, August 1954 (p. 910).
4 See M onthly Labor Review, June 1954 (p. 671).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1015
industry. The proposal, made in an address to
the convention of the AFL Handbag Workers,
would unite in common action the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers (AFL) and the Amalga
mated Clothing Workers (CIO) with the two
smaller organizations.
Longshore Unions
The International Longshoremen’s Associa
tion (AFL), at its first constitutional convention
in Chicago, July 26-28, adopted a resolution
changing its name to the International Brother
hood of Longshoremen. In a speech at the
opening session, George Meany, AFL president,
assured the 212 delegates—representing an esti
mated 44,000 members—-of the federation’s con
tinued support in its fight on the New York
waterfront against the independent Longshore
men’s Association.
A uniform program of wage and welfare
demands for dockworkers in Atlantic and Gulf
Coast ports was discussed in mid-July by the
ILA (Ind.) executive council and 50 port repre
sentatives. Union leaders were also reported
working on a plan designed to eliminate wildcat
strikes, which would require approval of the
international’s officers and the executive council
for any strike action.
Health and Welfare Plans
The Senate Subcommittee on Welfare and Pen
sion Funds announced that hearings were not to
be held until after its staff had made a “compre
hensive” study of the operation of these funds in
various parts of the country.4
The president of the ILGWU-AFL urged labor
to drop its traditional hostility to government
intervention in its internal affairs by supporting
legislation designed to curb abuses in the conduct
of union welfare funds. The president of the
United States Chamber of Commerce urged both
management and labor to help halt “abuses” by
contributing their knowledge to the Senate and
House labor committees studying these funds.
Final details of a pension fund for union workers
in New York City hotels were announced in midJuly by the Hotel Association of New York City,
Inc., and the New York Hotel Trades Council
(AFL). The plan, effective September 1 , 1954,
1016
covers 35,000 employees of 187 hotels and 52
hotel concessionaires. Workers retiring at age
65 or later will receive $40 a month if they have
25 years’ service in the city’s hotels. Those
workers who have 15 but less than 25 pension
credit years can qualify for proportionately re
duced pensions. Estimates indicate that 857
workers will be eligible to retire in September
1954, on full or reduced pensions. The fund is
financed entirely by contributions from those
employers who are signatories to the contract.
They have contributed 2 percent of their weekly
payrolls to the fund since the pension agreement
was made in 1952.5
NLRB Actions
On June 30, the NLRB announced major
changes in its standards for determining whether
the Board would take jurisdiction of a case,
thereby substantially revising standards which had
governed it since October 1950.6 Additional rules
issued in mid-July further narrowed the Board’s
jurisdiction, applying to cases involving retail
stores, utility companies, transit systems, radio
and television stations, newspapers, industrial
service companies, concerns engaged in national
defense work, and certain types of interstate
companies. The Board also announced that it
would no longer take cases involving public res
taurants. The revisions were designed to remove
from the Board’s area of jurisdiction smaller
companies and those whose interstate activities
were not considered of sufficient scope or volume
to warrant Board action. Where these concerns
are excluded, neither employer nor employee may
use the facilities of the Board.
The NLRB ruled, that a union is entitled to
receive from a company a list of employees with
the individual wage rate of each in order to bar
gain effectively on their behalf. In this 4 to 1
decision 7 involving the Whitin Machine Works,
Charlotte, N. C., and the CIO Steelworkers, the
Board said: “When such information is reason
ably available only from the employer’s records,
it is the employer’s duty, on request, to accom
modate the union.”
The Federal District Court for the District of
Columbia, late in July, ordered the National
Labor Relations Board to recognize the inde
pendent Fur and Leather Workers’ Union, ruling
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
that such recognition could not be denied in 1954
because the union’s president had been convicted
of falsifying the non-Communist affidavit which
he filed with the Board in 1950.8 The NLRB had
notified the union 2 months earlier that it could
not use the Board’s facilities as long as Ben Gold
remained president.
Work Stoppages
A 3-day strike involving 4,500
production workers at the Oak Ridge, Tenn., and
Paducah, Ky., facilities of the Atomic Energy
Commission formally ended July 9 after the Secre
tary of Labor assured leaders of the CIO and the
United Gas, Coke and Chemical Workers (CIO)
that “A study will be initiated to seek to improve
labor-management relations and to strengthen
collective bargaining in the atomic energy field.”
The voluntary return to work at the time by the
employees of Carbide and Carbon Chemicals Co.,
operator of the AEC plants, made it unnecessary
for the Government to seek a court restraining
order under the Labor-Management Relations
(Taft-Hartley) Act.9
The strike grew out of the workers’ rejection
of a 6-cent hourly basic wage increase recom
mended by the Atomic Energy Labor-Manage
ment Relations Panel in June and their demand
for a 15-cent hourly wage increase which the
employer rejected. The AFL Atomic Trades and
Labor Council, which represents other production
workers at Oak Ridge, was also involved in a
wage dispute with the Carbide and Carbon Chem
icals Co., but its members did not participate in
the work stoppage.
Construction workers at two Oak Ridge, Tenn.,
projects of the Atomic Energy Commission
stopped work on July 12, in a dispute involving
the AFL Laborers’ Union and construction con
tractors. Unauthorized picket lines were main
tained by the Laborers to support their demand
for a wage increase of 15 cents an hour. The
picketing, which idled about 8,000 construction
A E C Projects.
1 See M onthly Labor Review, August 1952 (p. 204).
* See also p. 998 of this issue.
' 108 NLRB 223, June 28, 1954.
* See M onthly Labor Review, July 1954 (p. 793).
8 The President invoked the national emergency provisions of the Act on
July 6, when he appointed a Board of Inquiry to look into the issues involved
in the dispute. The facilities aSected by the strike were gaseous diffusion
plants processing uranium-235, a vital ingredient of nuclear and thermo
nuclear weapons.
DEVELOPMENTS IN INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS
workers, was enjoined in a court order obtained by
the contractors on July 15. However, the stop
page continued until July 20, when the Laborers
removed their pickets.
Chrysler Corp. plants in the De
troit, Mich., area were affected by a 6-day strike
of 10,000 UAW-CIO workers in the Dodge divi
sion. The Dodge employees stopped work on
July 19 and established picket lines after two
employees were discharged for refusing to do
work assigned them under a new system in the
body trim department. The president of Dodge
Local 3, UAW-CIO, indicated that there were
other grievances involving union charges of
“speedups, disciplinings, and the breakdown of
the grievance procedure.” Chrysler Corp. denied
these charges, called the strike a violation of
agreements between the company and the union,
and asked the international union to call the
workers back to their jobs.
The strike spread to other Chrysler Corp. plants
in the Detroit area, as drivers of interplant trucks
honored the picket lines, thereby causing parts
shortages and consequent layoffs. Altogether,
about 45,000 workers were idle by July 22.
The executive board of Dodge Local 3 voted
unanimously, on July 24, to comply with orders
of the UAW-CIO international executive board
that the strike be called off on the ground that it
was contrary to the terms of the contract between
the union and the company.
Automobiles.
Coal M ines. Bituminous coal miners employed
in 23 mines in southwestern Pennsylvania were
involved in a brief work stoppage in sympathy
with several hundred miners employed in the
Buckeye Coal Co.’s Nemacolin Mine. The
Nemacolin miners stopped work on July 11, in a
seniority dispute over layoffs. The stoppage
gradually spread as their roving picket lines were
honored, until about 16,000 members of the United
Mine Workers (Ind.) were idle by July 19. The
Nemacolin miners returned to work and withdrew
their picket lines the following day; union officials
reported agreement reached with the Buckeye
Coal Co. on future layoff procedures.
1017
District of Columbia ended July 3 after the Com
munications Workers (CIO) and the company
agreed on a new 1-year contract. The agreement
provided wage increases of 5 to 7 cents an hour for
equipment installers and $1.50 a week for several
hundred job clerks, effective June 28, 1954.
About 23,000 members of the United Rubber
Workers (CIO) stopped work on July 8 at 10
plants of the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co. in 9
States, after rejecting the company’s offer of a
5-cent hourly wage increase. The union reportedly
was asking for a 7^-cent hourly wage increase,
plus 4)j'-cents an hour to adjust interplant wage
differentials. Later in July, threatened strike
actions involving the U. S. Rubber and Goodrich
Rubber Companies were postponed when union
and company representatives agreed to continue
wage negotiations on a day-to-day basis.
Other Developments
Electrical Equipment. The independent United
Electrical Workers’ negotiating committee on
July 6 recommended membership acceptance of
the General Electric Co.’s proposal of a 2.68percent wage increase (averaging approximately
5 cents an hour) and improved holiday, vacation,
and other contract clauses. The settlement was
to be effective as of July 1 if ratified by the local
UE unions representing approximately 21,000
workers at General Electric plants. Later in the
month, the UE and Westinghouse Electric Corp.
agreed on a wage increase of 3% to 7 cents an hour
(average, 5 cents), retroactive to July 1, for 17,000
employees. The new contract, which also called
for increased pension benefits, was subject to
ratification by UE’s Westinghouse Conference
Board and the union’s Westinghouse locals.
Similar adjustments were put into effect for about
20,000 unorganized workers of the company. The
International Union of Electrical Workers (CIO),
representing approximatley 100,000 General Elec
tric employees and nearly 60,000 Westinghouse
production workers, rejected similar offers from
both companies as “unsatisfactory” and negotia
tions continued.10
On July 16, the Transport
Workers Union (CIO) ratified a 2-year agreement
with the New York City Transit Authority proNew York Transit.
A 3-day strike involving about
16,000 telephone equipment installers employed
by Western Electric Co. in 44 States and the
Other Stoppages.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
10 See Monthly Labor Review, August 1954 (p. 907).
1018
viding wage increases 11 ranging from 6}i to 11
cents an hour, retroactive to January 1, 1954.
The settlement, affecting 35,000 hourly rated
employees, also provided for consideration by the
Authority of a further wage adjustment on
March 15, 1955; appointment of an impartial
adviser for future disputes arising under the con
tract; and a pledge by the union not to strike
or interfere with transit service. Both parties
jointly are to seek legislative approval of changes
in sick-leave procedures. The Transit Authority
and representatives of the Street, Electric Railway
and Motor Coach Employees (AFL), who won the
election to represent approximately 2,000 Staten
Island and Queens bus workers, agreed to separate
contracts on the same terms, with the exception
that the impartial adviser for these units was to be
selected by the New York State Mediation Board
rather than the United States Secretary of Labor.
a,s preferred by the TWU-CIO.
The Air Line Pilots Association (AFL)
announced early in the month that it would call
a systemwide strike against American Airlines
for July 15, to prevent the company from schedul
ing flight crews for more than 8 hours in any 24hour period. This dispute, involving approxi
mately 1,200 pilots of the Nation’s largest domestic
air carrier, stemmed from the Civil Aeronautics
Board’s temporary suspension of the 8-hour flying
rule, in effect for 23 years, to enable scheduled air
carriers to make nonstop coast-to-coast flights
with the same crews.
American Airlines began operating nonstop
coast-to-coast service in November 1953, with
runs scheduled for 7 hours and 55 minutes in
keeping with the 8-hour rule, but the Pilots Asso
ciation charged that the flights averaged 9 hours,
with some running 10K hours. Strike votes were
also taken among United Air Lines and Trans
World Airlines pilots, but action was being pressed
only against American. At the request of the
National (Railway) Mediation Board, the Pilots
Association postponed its strike action. Nego
tiators for the parties met with Federal mediators
through July without resolving the dispute. The
strike began on July 31.
The International Association of Machinists
(AFL) conducted strike balloting from July 15
to 28, among 20,000 mechanics and groundservice employees of Capital, Eastern, National,
A ir lin e s .
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
Northwest, Trans World, and United airlines.
The voting was on whether or not to authorize
simultaneous strike action against these 6 major
United States airlines, which had allegedly turned
down a union demand for joint wage bargaining.
New agreements reached late in July
between the IAM (AFL) and the Boeing Airplane
Co., covering 23,000 production workers at Seattle,
Wash., and 25,000 at Wichita, Kans., provided for
wage increases of 4 to 6% cents an hour.
A ircra ft.
On July 1, the AFL Pacific Coast
Metal Trades Council and the AFL Machinists’
and Shipwrights’ (carpenters) unions obtained
agreements with shipbuilding employers on an
across-the-board increase of 6 cents an hour,
affecting approximately 15,000 shipyard workers.
The settlements are subject to union member rati
fication. Meantime, negotiations involving 11
major East Coast shipyards employing approxi
mately 24,000 workers, represented by the CIO
Marine and Shipbuilding Workers, continued on a
day-to-day basis following the expiration of a
30-day contract extension on July 23.
S h ip b u ild in g .
Contract negotiations between the South
ern Kraft Division of the International Paper Co.
and three AFL unions acting jointly were com
pleted on July 2. The new 1-year agreement,
effective June 1, 1954, provided for a general
increase of 7 cents an hour, increased pay for 2
holidays, individual rate adjustments, and revised
work schedules. The agreement covered approxi
mately 12,000 employees, represented by the
Paper Makers, the Pulp, Sulphite and Paper Mill
Workers, and the Electrical Workers in 9 paper
mills located in Alabama, Arkansas, Florida,
Mississippi, and South Carolina.
P aper.
Agreement between 8 major re
fractories and the United Construction Workers
(Ind.), covering approximately 6,000 workers, was
reached in mid-July. The settlement provided
for a 5-cent hourly wage increase and continued
negotiations on improvements in the pension and
insurance programs. The union retained the
right to strike if agreement on the issues cannot
be reached within 90 days.
Refractories.
u See Monthly Labor Review, August 1954 (p. 910).
Book Reviews
and Notes
Special Reviews
M anpow er in the U nited States: Problem s and
Policies. New York, Harper & Brothers, 1954.
225 pp. (Industrial Relations Research Asso
ciation Publication 11.) $3.
The sixteen essays in this book, by practical
students, present a series of discussions on related
aspects of manpower; the utilization and motiva
tion of workers; the size, characteristics, and
distribution of the work force; and manpower
problems in economic development and national
security, with some suggested solutions.
Manpower is a relatively new term and concept
which was not used much prior to World War II.
Currently, it has different meanings to different
groups. The editors define it in the following
way: “A specialized branch of economics has
developed in which the concept ‘manpower’
specifically denotes labor market dynamics and
labor force characteristics and attributes.”
The book was conceived to answer the question
of how our country can most effectively utilize its
labor force. The materials do not provide a
complete or detailed answer; however, they do
cover considerable of the ground and present some
excellent ideas on the subject.
The organization and presentation of the ma
terial will permit persons new to the manpower
field to get a sound picture of the nature and scope
of the problem. Those who have considerable
experience in the field are provided a framework
in which to put specific problems in perspective;
even the experienced will discover new and
stimulating ideas.
Five of the essays deal with the general subject
of “utilization and motivation of workers.”
Daniel Bell analyzes the problems of man in
relation to work and some of the traditional and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
informed opinions of how best to improve the
productivity of the wage earner.
Rensis Likert and Stanley E. Seashore discuss
the findings of research concerning factors moti
vating workers, and make the point that tremen
dous latent resources of manpower can be released
through the recognition and application of proper
means of motivating workers.
Solomon Barkin suggests that job designing
and engineering skills should be applied to the
fitting of jobs to the capacities of the physically
handicapped and the older worker, as they are
now commonly used to fit jobs to other kinds of
labor supply which may be available, such as
women, the unskilled, and the uneducated.
Glenn W. Miller, after discussing social-security
programs in relation to manpower resources, con
cludes that social insurances at present coverage
and benefit amounts have some but not farreaching effects on the size of the labor force, and
that neither jobs nor insurance adequately take
into account the older worker’s needs or interests.
Louis Levine describes the functioning of the
labor market and the factors working to bring the
supply and demand for labor into balance in both
a peacetime and a mobilization economy.
Seven of the statements describe the “changing
dimensions of the work force.” This section of
the book provides factual background and analysis
for appraising problems and policies and for under
standing the nature of manpower.
Gladys L. Palmer and Ann R. Miller contrast
the “economic activities of the American worker
in 1910 and in 1950 in terms of broad levels of
skill and major sectors of the economy, to indicate
the general direction of employment trends in
recent decades.”
Seymour L. Wolfbein describes the shifts in the
geographical distribution of nonfarm employment,
and discusses some of the reasons why employment
has increased in certain regions such as the South
and Southwest while it has declined in others
such as New England.
Helen Wood, after reviewing the trends and
causes of occupational shifts, particularly the
increased numbers of skilled and professional
members of the labor force, raises the question of
whether there is overspecialization in the pro
fessions.
1019
1020
Irving B. Kravis considers the effect of inter
national trade on employment opportunities. He
points out that international trade will be a con
tinuing important factor in foreign policy, which
presents the need to develop devices to measure
its effect as a basis for planning and policy.
Gertrude Bancroft describes the trends and
analyzes the factors which affect the size of the
labor force, and indicates that there are serious
gaps in our knowledge of the factors affecting it.
Donald J. Bogue enumerates several important
principles of the migration of workers which are
emerging as a result of intensive research on the
subject, and takes the position that “labor mobil
ity is not a separate subject matter in labor force
analysis, but a special research technique for dis
covering the ‘how’ and ‘why’ of labor force
change.”
Charles A. Myers presents a summary of con
clusions regarding labor mobility based upon
previous research, and suggests a number of areas
of research such as the “why” of mobility.
Four of the papers discuss “manpower mobili
zation.”
Eli Ginzberg and James K. Anderson analyze
the problem of maintaining an adequate military
force and, at the same time, providing for equality
of sacrifice demanded by our democracy, balanced
with economy and efficiency. They also give an
insight into the problems dealing with the relation
ships between size of the military-age population
and the size of the Armed Forces. They suggest
some alternate policies to deal with these problems.
J. Douglas Brown describes the nature of the
military and economic forces which determine the
requirements for skilled and professional man
power, and suggests elements of policy to develop
adequate skilled and professional manpower re
sources for economic development or national
security.
Peter Henle sets forth the reasons why labormanagement participation in determining man
power policy is desirable and necessary, and
describes, in general, the kind of participation
labor and management had through official com
mittees during World War II and the Korean
emergency.
Frederick H. Harbison and Albert Rees suggest
that, in a situation of less than full mobilization,
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
properly applied monetary and fiscal policy can
effect the proper distribution of manpower without
the need for compulsory regulation; they suggest
new ways of using World War II manpower
devices such as “manpower priorities,” “controlled
referral,” and “employment ceilings” to achieve
manpower distribution and utilization, and they
propose another device which they call “emergency
bonus compensation.”
— L eo R . W e r t s
U. S. Department of Labor
Proceedings of a Conference on the U tiliza tio n of
Scientific and P rofessional M a n p o w er H eld
October 7-1 1 , 1953, at A rd e n H ouse, H a rrim a n
C am pus of Colum bia U n iversity . New York,
Columbia University Press (for National
Manpower Council), 1954. 197 pp. $3.50.
This volume arrives after two earlier and more
impressive releases of the National Manpower
Council—Stu d en t D eferm ent and N a tio n a l M a n
power P o licy (Columbia University Press, 1952)
and A P olicy fo r Scientific and P rofessional M a n
power (Columbia University Press, 1953). The
earlier publications stand as important contribu
tions because they point up specific problems and
come to specific conclusions. Most people engaged
in pursuits which can influence or be affected by
national manpower policy think best and operate
best when they can see the application of proposals
made to concrete problems.
In contrast to the two earlier publications, the
document at hand is singularly unstimulating.
No one could possibly disagree with its objectives;
but, because the concepts are general, the reader
should not expect to find ideas which can be
quickly translated into action.
A limitation was imposed on the conference at
the very outset by arbitrarily limiting attention
to three fields—engineering, medicine, and teach
ings—-thus leaving untouched numerous critical
scientific endeavors in industry and government.
The Council in part justifies the exclusion of other
fields by calling attention to “ the distinctive, if
not unique, utilization problems which mark” each
of the three fields selected for analysis.
Early in the course of the discussions, however,
is a really stimulating paper, called “An Econo
mist’s View of the Manpower Concept,” by
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Kenneth E. Boulding, professor of economics at
the University of Michigan. It opens with the
announcement that the author will “‘raise a lonely
voice in denunciation of a respected object.” He
admits that, instead of holding the bad news for
the end of the speech, he will “apply the shock
technique and stun the audience into insensibility
by letting the cat out of the bag at the beginning.”
He finds “the whole manpower concept repulsive,
disgusting, dangerous, fascistic, communistic, in
compatible with the ideals of liberal democracy,
and unsuitable company for the minds of the
young.” The key point in Professor Boulding’s
essay is this: the “manpower” concept is basically
an engineering one, and one of society’s main
problems is “to keep engineers in a decently
subordinate position.” He adds that the “man
power” concept “contemplates society as having a
single well-defined end which is to be pursued with
efficiency. Society is conceived as a great machine,
feeding Manpower in at one end and grinding out
maximum quantities of the Single Well-defined
End, which I propose to call the SWED, at the
other. The manpower problem is, then, that of
getting as much SWED per unit of Manpower as
possible.” The fallacy, Professor Boulding argues
is that SWED does not exist. “There is no
Single Well-defined End of Society measured in
bushels or gollops or even dollars.”
Primarily because of the challenge of Professor
Boulding’s paper, specialists in the manpower
field should not overlook this volume.
— R ic h a rd D. F l e t c h e r
U. S. Employment Service
jRecent Trends in O ccupational M o b ility . By
Natalie Rogoff. Glencoe, 111., Free Press,
1953. 131 pp., bibliography. $4.
Labor M o b ility in S ix C ities: A R eport on the
Survey o f P atterns a n d Factors i n Labor
M o b ility , 1940-50. By Gladys L. Palmer
with assistance of Carol P. Brainerd. New
York, Social Science Research Council, 1954.
177 pp., charts. $2.25, paper; $2.75, cloth.
One of the major advances made in recent years
in the field of manpower in general and in the area
of occupational information in particular has been
the growth in the number and kinds of studies of
occupational mobility. These studies show how
and to what extent people move from occupation
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1021
to occupation, from job to job, and area to area, as
well as the degree to which mobility varies with
economic conditions and various characteristics of
the persons involved such as their age, sex, color,
educational status, etc. This information has
served a wide variety of useful purposes, ranging
from combating the old classical doctrine of
vocational guidance that a person trains for some
one particular occupation or job, works in it, and
eventually dies or retires from it, to permitting a
much more realistic assessment of the manpower
requirements and available labor supply of any
given mobilization program.
The recent and growing literature in this field is
highlighted not only by extensive substantive
findings but also by the wide variety of techniques
used in making mobility studies. Some of the
studies, e. g., the recent reports of the Bureau of
Labor Statistics on occupational mobility, have
involved extensive examination of specific im
portant occupations. Others are more global in
their approach and represent cross sections of the
national population or of broad labor markets.
Still others apply a variety of techniques to exist
ing bodies of data, as, for example, in the valuable
contribution of Dr. A. J. Jaffe in using cohort
analysis of information contained in the decennial
censuses of 1930, 1940, and 1950.
The two volumes here reviewed are good
examples of some of the recent work done in this
field and also illustrate the different research
techniques used. Recent Trends in O ccupational
M o b ility was Miss Rogoff’s doctoral dissertation at
the University of Chicago. It is an intensive
study of intergenerational mobility, based on
marriage license applications for Marion County
(Indianapolis and suburbs), Indiana. Marriage
license applications in Indiana since July 1905
have called for information on the occupation of
the applicant and his father and thus contain the
raw data for making comparisons of the occupa
tions of fathers and their sons. The author made
these comparisons and others for two periods:
the first from 1905 through 1912; the other from
1938 through the first half of 1941. She found
that mobility rates, for Marion County at least,
were the same for the first period as for the second;
that, in general, sons were more apt to follow their
father’s work than to move into some other
occupational group. However, this “inheritance”
1022
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
was relatively most frequent among the pro
fessional and semiprofessional occupations and
least frequent among the skilled occupations.
L abor M o b ility in S ix C ities summarizes the very
extensive findings of surveys made in Chicago,
Philadelphia, Los Angeles, San Francisco, St.
Paul, and New Haven, sponsored by the U. S.
Department of the Air Force and carried out
through the collaborative efforts of the Social
Science Research Council, seven university re
search centers, and the U. S. Census Bureau.
These surveys, using Census concepts and tech
niques, collected information covering the decade
of the 1940’s in the form of 13,000 work histories
and resulted in a huge fund of information on job
shifts by workers classified by occupation, indus
try? a£e> sex> length of time in the labor force,
reason for job change, etc. The occupational
groupings (except for some special data on the
skilled workers) are very broad, the industrial
classification system used is rather ill-suited for
mobility analysis, and some of the detailed cross
classifications are based on very small samples.
But for all these limitations, the surveys have no
rival in the extensiveness of mobility data made
available. Just about every conceivable kind of
job shift was found in the record of the 1940’s,
with workers moving up and down the occupa
tional ladder and between wage and salary jobs
and self-employment. However, as other studies
have shown, mobility is by no means characteristic
of everyone in the work force. Rather, it is
concentrated among a minority of workers, with
men generally being more mobile than women, the
younger folk more apt to move than older persons.
Interestingly, the pattern of mobility appears to
have been similar among the six cities surveyed
despite their different labor-market characteristics
and differing overall rates of mobility.
— S eym our
L.
W o l f b e in
Bureau of Labor Statistics
Arbitration
Arbitration of Labor-Management Grievances—Bethlehem
Steel Company and United Steelworkers of America,
1942-52. By Kirk R. Petshek, Solomon Shapiro,
Joseph W. Bloch. Washington, U. S. Department
of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1954. 42 pp.
(Bull. 1159.) 35 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Reflections of a Labor-Management Arbitrator. By Clarence
M. Updegraff. (In Arbitration Journal, New York,
Vol. 9, New Series, No. 2, 1954, pp. 70-82. $1.50.)
Education and Training
Apprenticeship Statistics, [1940-53]. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Apprenticeship,
1954. 47 pp., charts. (Technical Bull. T-137.)
Free.
Current Literature in Vocational Guidance— An Anno
tated Bibliography. By Henry L. Lash. Los Angeles,
Los Angeles Trade-Technical Junior College, Decem
ber 1953. 27 pp. (Los Angeles School Districts
Pub. 521.) Rev. ed.
Industrial Training for Manual Operations. By W.
Douglas Seymour. London, Sir Isaac Pitman &
Sons, Ltd., 1954. 203 pp., bibliographies, charts,
illus. 20s. net.
Management Education for Itself and Its Employees.
By
Lyndall F. Urwick and others. New York, American
Management Association, 1954. In 4 parts, various
pagings. Part I, $1.50; Parts II and IV, $1.25; Part
III, $2.50.
Parts I—III deal with management education and devel
opment; part IV is on the education of employees.
Vocational Training in Agriculture. Geneva, International
Labor Office, 1954. 78 pp. 50 cents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Report VII (1) prepared for 38th session of International
Labor Conference, 1955.
Employment and Unemployment
Nonagr{cultural Employment in Massachusetts, 1939-53;
Manufacturing Hours and Earnings, 1950-53. Boston,
Massachusetts Department of Labor and Industries,
Division of Statistics; and U. S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, New England
Regional Office, 1954. 57 pp., charts. Free.
Employment Trends in Oklahoma, 1939-53. Oklahoma
City, Oklahoma Employment Security Commission,
1954. 45 pp., charts. Free.
Nonagricultural Employment in South Carolina, 1939-53.
Columbia, South Carolina Employment Security
Commission, 1954. 12 pp., chart; processed. Free.
Trends in Technology and Employment. Chicago, Council
for Technological Advancement, 1954. 24 pp.
(Technology and Employment Series, 1.) Single
copies free.
A Report on Technological Changes and Loss of Employ
ment in the Building Service Industry. [Milwaukee],
Building Service Employees’ International Union,
Department of Research and Education, 1954. 5 pp.
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
Age, [Industrial], and Regional Analysis of Employed
Persons [in Great Britain, M ay 1953}. {In Ministry
of Labor Gazette, London, June 1954, pp. 183-189.
Is. 6d. net.)
Handicapped
Employ the Handicapped. Washington, President’s Com
mittee on Employment of the Physically Handi
capped, 1954. 11 pp. Free.
A year-round program guide for State and local com
mittees in providing job opportunities for qualified handi
capped workers.
A Summary Record of the Air Force Program to Utilize
Effectively the Skills of the Physically Handicapped.
Washington, U. S. Department of the Air Force,
Directorate of Civilian Personnel, [1954]. 13 pp.,
illus.
The Cardiac Can Work. By S. Charles Franco, M.D.
{In Industrial Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, July
1954, pp. 315-320. 75 cents.)
Describes experience of the Consolidated Edison Co. in
employment of cardiacs and makes recommendations.
The Disabled in Hospital Employment. By Loren T. Rice.
Washington, U. S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, Office of Vocational Rehabilitation,
1954. 14 pp.; processed. (Rehabilitation Service
Series, 275.)
A survey of current policies and practices.
Number of Disabled Persons in Need of Vocational Rehabili
tation. Washington, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Office of Vocational Re
habilitation, 1954. 12 pp.; processed. (Rehabilitation
Service Series, 274.)
industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention
Work Injuries in the United States During 1952. By Frank
S. McElroy and Robert S. Barker. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics, 1954. 41 pp., charts. (Bull. 1164.) 30 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Basic work-injury data for each of the major industries
in the United States.
Work Injuries in California Agriculture, 1953. San Fran
cisco, California Department of Industrial Relations,
Division of Labor Statistics and Research, 1954.
16 pp.; processed.
1023
Oil Well Safety Laws [of Colorado] with Rules and Regula
tions. Denver, Bureau of Mines, 1953. 50 pp. (Bull
15.)
Industrial Hygiene
Beryllium Extraction, Reduction, and Alloy Fabrication—
An Engineering Study Covering 10 Years’ Experience.
By Joseph Shilen, M.D., and others. {In Industrial
Medicine and Surgery, Chicago, July 1954, pp. 291299. 75 cents.)
Covers the experience of one company (producing about
90 percent of the beryllium alloys fabricated in the United
States) as to occupational hazards, and presents findings
of medical examinations of employees. Notes that beryl
lium poisoning has been made a compensable occupational
disease in the State (Pennsylvania).
Nickel Poisoning. By F. William Sunderman, M.D., and
John F. Kincaid. {In Journal of the American
Medical Association, Chicago, July 3, 1954, pp. 889894, chart, illus. 45 cents.)
Summarizes studies of clinical effects of acute exposure
of workers to vapors of nickel carbonyl and describes
treatment used.
Review of Literature on Health Hazards of Fluorine and
its Compounds in the Mining and Allied Industries.
By S. J. Davenport and G. G. Morgis. Washington,
U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines,
1954. 55 pp., bibliography. (Information Circular
7687.) Limited free distribution.
Threshold Limit Values [of Toxic Substances] for 1954• {In
A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupa
tional Medicine, Chicago, June 1954, pp. 530-534.)
Standards adopted by the American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists for the maximum
average atmospheric concentration of contaminants to
which workers may be exposed for an 8-hour working day
without injury to health.
Second Report of Joint ILO/WHO Committee on Occupa
tional Health. Geneva, United Nations, World
Health Organization, 1953. 30 pp. (Technical Re
port Series, 66.) 20 cents, Columbia University
Press, International Documents Service, New York.
Industrial Relations
Injury Rates in New York State Industries, 1952. New
York, State Department of Labor, Division of
Research and Statistics, 1954. 64 pp., chart. (Pub
lication B-74.)
Analysis of Work Stoppages, 1953— Major Developments
and Annual Statistics. By Ann J. Herlihy, Loretto R.
Nolan, Daniel P. Willis, Jr. Washington, U. S.
Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1954. 33 pp. (Bull. 1163.) 30 cents, Superintend
ent of Documents, Washington.
Pennsylvania Industrial Accident Survey, 1952-1953.
Harrisburg, Department of Labor and Industry,
Bureau of Inspection, Accident Prevention Division,
[1954?]. 12 pp.
Developing Trends in Labor Relations. By Rocco C.
Siciliano. Berkeley, California Personnel Management
Association, Research Division, [1954]. 9 pp. (Man
agement Report 194.) $1.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1024
Industry at the Bargaining Table— Critical Factors in
Contract Negotiation. New York, American Manage
ment Association, Inc., 1954. 52 pp. (Personnel
Series, 156.) $1 to members of Association, $1.25
to nonmembers.
Labor-Management Contract Provisions, 1953: Prevalence and
Characteristics of Selected Collective-Bargaining Clauses.
Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of
Labor Statistics, 1954. 22 pp., chart. (Bull. 1166.)
25 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
Recruiting Patterns and the Functioning of Labor Markets.
By F. Theodore Malm. (In Industrial and Labor
Relations Review, Ithaca, N. Y., July 1954, pp. 507525, charts. $1.50.)
A study of employer-hiring practices in the San Fran
cisco Bay area.
The Right to Work. Edited by Dumas Malone. (In
Proceedings, [April 21, 1954], of the Academy of
Political Science, New York, May 1954, pp. 1-70.
$2.50.)
The Legality of Strikes—A Short Historical Summary of the
Law in New Zealand. (In Labor and Employment
Gazette, Department of Labor and Employment,
Wellington, May 1954, pp. 48-50, 52-53.)
International Labor Affairs
Eighth Re-port of the International Labor Organization to the
United Nations. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1954. 332 pp. $2. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.
Summary of Reports on Ratified Conventions (Article 22 of
the Constitution [of the International Labor Organiza
tion] ). Geneva, International Labor Office, 1954.
240 pp. $2.50. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.
Report III (Part I) prepared for 37th session of Inter
national Labor Conference, Geneva, 1954.
Technical Assistance. Geneva, International Labor Office,
1954. 100 pp., map, illus. 75 eents. Distributed
in United States by Washington Branch of ILO.
Report on ILO activities and problems under the
technical-assistance program of the United Nations and
specialized agencies. Prepared for 37th session of Inter
national Labor Conference, Geneva, 1954.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
Health and Maternity Insurance Throughout the World,
1954— Principal Legislative Provisions in 48 Countries.
By Carl H. Farman. Washington, U. S. Departme J
of Health, Education, and Welfare, Social Secur
Administration, 1954. 63 pp. Limited free distil
bution.
Reprinted from transcript of hearing, January 11, 19
before Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commei^
House of Representatives, 83d Congress, 2d session, on
hospital and medical care programs in foreign countries.
Hospital and Medical Care Programs in Great Britain,
Sweden, New Zealand, Australia. (In “Health In
quiry” Hearing before Committee on Interstate and
Foreign Commerce, House of Representatives, 83d
Congress, 2d Session, Part 8, pp. 2631-3151. Wash
ington, 1954.)
Voluntary Medical Care Insurance: A Study of Non-Profit
Plans in Canada. Ottawa, Department of National
Health and Welfare, Research Division, 1954. 208
pp., bibliography, charts. (General Series, Memo
randum 4.)
Migratory Labor
Migrant Farm Workers in New York State. By Mabel
Lewis Hopper and Marjorie Cantor. New York,
Consumers League of New York, 1953. xi, 111 pp.;
processed. $1.
Detailed findings of a year of investigation and study
of the migratory farm labor problem in New York State,
with recommendations for dealing with it. Highlights
of the survey were given in a pamphlet entitled “Sweat
shops in the Sun” published by the Consumers’ League ir
1952.
Report of the New York State Joint Legislative Committe
on Migrant Labor, 1954- Albany, 1954. 20 pi
(Legislative Document, 1954, No. 27.)
Housing for Migrant Farm Workers. By Ruby M. Loper
and Howard E. Thomas. Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell
University, 1953. 31 pp., plans, illus. (Cornell
Miscellaneous Bull. 15.)
A publication of the New York State Colleges of Agri
culture and Home Economics.
Medical Care and Sickness Insurance
Selected References on Migratory Agricultural Workers and
Their Families— Problems and Programs, 1950 to
April 1954- Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Standards, 1954. 7 pp.; processed
Free.
Available Health Plans and Group Insurance Programs [in
the United States]. (In “Health Inquiry” Hearings
Before Committee on Interstate and Foreign Com
merce, House of Representatives, 83d Congress, 2d
Session, Parts 6 and 7, pp. 1339-2564. Washington,
1954.)
Modern Migration— A Challenge to the West. The Hague,
Research Group for European Migration Problems,
1954. 27 pp., illus. (REMP Bulletin, May 1954,
Supplement 2.) Distributed in United States by
Intergovernmental Committee for European Migra
tion, 11 West 42d Street, New York.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
BOOK REVIEWS AND NOTES
1025
Older Workers and the Aged
18 Years of Public Assistance, 1936-53. Chicago, Research
Council for Economic Security, 1954. 43 pp., bibli
ography, charts. (Publication 99.)
A review of the five Federal-State assistance programs
from their inception through 1953, with related data.
tr^Bibliography on Employment Problems of Older Women,
rjl
By Jean A. Wells. Washington, U. S. Department
of Labor, Women’s Bureau, 1954. 89 pp. (D-70.)
35 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
fhe Problem of the Employment of Older Workers. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, June 1954, pp.
594-618. 60 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
The Meaning of Work and Retirement. By Eugene A.
Friedmann, Robert J. Havighurst, and others. Chi
cago, University of Chicago Press, 1954. 197 pp.
$3.75.
Presents a set of studies of the “significance of work in
the lives of people and of the relations between the sig
nificance of work and attitudes toward retirement.”
Retirement. (In Journal of Business, University of Chi
cago, School of Business, April 1954, Part I, pp. 107175, bibliography.)
Symposium on retirement and other problems of older
people, including changes in physical and mental abilities.
j Economic Situation of Aged Insurance Beneficiaries: An
Evaluation. By Edna C. Wentworth. (In Social
Security Bulletin, U. S. Department of Health, Edu
cation, and Welfare, Social Security Administration,
,,i
Washington, April 1954, pp. 13-22, 26, charts. 20
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Based on the national beneficiary survey made in 1951
by the Federal Bureau of Old-Age and Survivors Insurance.
Providing for Pensions. (In Planning, P E P (Political
and Economic Planning), London, May 24, 1954; 24
a;
„
PP- 2s.)
Considers economic problems caused by increases in
the aging population of Great Britain.
Prices and Cost of Living
Consumer Prices in the United States, 1949-52— Price Trends
and Indexes. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1954. 74 pp., bibliography,
charts. (Bull. 1165.) 45 cents, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
U Évolution du Coût de la Vie et des Salaires dans le Monde.
(In Études et Conjoncture, Ministère des Finances et
des Affaires Économiques, Institut National de la
Statistique et des Études Économiques, Paris, D e
cember 1953, pp. 1199-1218, charts.)
‘ Social Security
« Federal Grants to State and Local Governments, 1952-53. (In
Social Security Bulletin, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Social Security Administra
tion, Washington, June 1954, pp. 12-15. 20 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Your Stake in Social Security. By Arthur J. Altmeyer.
New York, Public Affairs Committee, Inc., 1954. 28
pp. (Public Affairs Pamphlet 206.) 25 cents.
The Development of Social Security in Czechoslovakia,
1948-53. (In International Labor Review, Geneva,
May 1954, pp. 494-512. 60 cents. Distributed in
United States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Analysis of various laws and orders.
Socialpolitikken i Danmark Siden Socialreformen Belyst ved
Udviklingen i de Sociale Udgifter. Copenhagen,
Arbejds- og Socialministeriet, 1954. 181 pp. (0konomisk-Statistiske Undersdgelser 18.)
Report on social-welfare trends in Denmark, 1933 to
1952-53. A summary in English is appended.
National Insurance in Israel— The First Act. By Itzhak
Kanev. (In Bulletin of the International Social Se
curity Association, Geneva, May 1954, pp. 159-166.)
La Función Asistencial en la Organización Sindical Espa
ñola. Madrid, National Delegation of Syndicates,
Foreign Department, [1953?]. 85 pp., charts, maps,
illus. In English.
Account of the nine “assistance” programs of the
Spanish syndicate organization.
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
Wages and Related Benefits in the Machinery Industries—
Postwar Wage Trends, Survey of 20 Labor Markets,
1953-54• By Otto R. B. Hollberg and Alexander
N. Jarrell. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics, 1954. 60 pp., chart.
(Bull. 1160.) 40 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Occupational Wage Survey: Oklahoma City, July 1953.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Employment Security
Commission, [1953?]. 51 pp.
One of a series of wage surveys for individual areas
of Oklahoma.
Hours and Earnings in South Carolina, 1949-53. Colum
bia, South Carolina Employment Security Commis
sion, 1954. 15 pp., charts; processed. (Hours and
Earnings Bull. 3.) Free.
Pay Rates in Hawaii, 1953. [Honolulu], Hawaii Employ
ers Council, Research Department, 1953. 138 pp.
(Special Publication 27.)
Primary Teachers’ Salaries. Geneva, International Bu
reau of Education, [1953?]. 325 pp. (Publication
147.) 7 Swiss francs.
1026
Prepared for presentation at 16th International Confer
ence on Public Education convened by UNESCO and
IBE, based on data furnished by the ministries of educa
tion of 56 countries.
Farm Wages [in Canada, 1940-54]- (In Quarterly Bulletin
of Agricultural Statistics, Dominion Bureau of Statis
tics, Ottawa, January-March 1954, pp. 2-3.)
Les Salaires en France en 1953. (In Bulletin Mensuel de
Statistique, Ministère des Finances et des Affaires
Économiques, Institut National de la Statistique et
des Études Économiques, Paris, Supplément AvrilJuin 1954, pp. 44-52. 700 francs.)
Another article in the same issue of the periodical gives
data on wages of permanent agricultural workers in 1951
and 1952.
Payment by Results, [Great Britain, October 1953]. (In
Ministry of Labor Gazette, London, April 1954, pp.
113-117. Is. 6d. net, H. M. Stationery Office,
London.)
Systems of Payment by Results in the Construction Industry.
(In International Labor Review, Geneva, May 1954,
pp. 474-493. 60 cents. Distributed in United
States by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Workmen’s Compensation
Workmen’s Compensation Problems, 1953: Proceedings of
39th Annual Convention of International Association
of Industrial Accident Boards and Commissions,
Coronado, Calif., October 4~8, 1953. Washington,
U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Stand
ards, 1954. 189 pp. (Bull. 172.) 50 cents, Super
intendent of Documents, Washington.
Workmen's Compensation Under the Federal Laws. By
Marjorie W. Grigsby. (In A.M.A. Archives of In
dustrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, Chicago,
June 1954, pp. 451-475.)
Discusses administration of the Federal Employees’
Compensation Act and the Longshoremen’s and Harbor
Workers’ Compensation Act, under the Bureau of Em
ployees’ Compensation, U. S. Department of Labor.
Medical Relations Under Workmen’s Compensation in
Illinois. Chicago, American Medical Association,
Council on Industrial Health, [1953?]. 61 pp.
Danish Social Structure: Pamphlet 4> Employment Injuries
Insurance in Denmark. Copenhagen, Ministry of
Labor and Social Affairs, International Relations
Division, 1954. 24 pp.
The three preceding pamphlets in this series dealt, re
spectively, with the historical background of social wel
fare in Scandinavia; family welfare in Denmark; and
health insurance in Denmark.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
Miscellaneous
Economics of Labor Relations. By Gordon F. Bloom and
Herbert R. Northrup. Homewood, 111., Richard D.
Irwin, Inc., 1954. 784 pp., bibliographies, charts.
Rev. ed. $8.
Modern Labor Economics: An Analysis of Labor-Manage
ment Relations. By Pearce Davis and Gerald J.
Matchett. New York, Ronald Press Co., 1954.
xviii, 659 pp., bibliographies. $6.
The Sociology of Work. By Theodore Caplow. Min
neapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1954. 330
pp., bibliographies. $5.
An “essay on the division of labor . . . the study of
those social roles which arise from the classification of
men by the work they do.”
Papers and Proceedings of 66th Annual Meeting of Amer
ican Economic Association, Washington, D. C.,
December 28-30, 1953. (In American Economic Re
view, Evanston, 111., May 1954; 765 pp. $2.50.)
Subjects of papers presented include income distribu
tion, wage determination and collective bargaining,
economic problems of the aging, and technological
progress.
Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Industrial
Relations Research Association, Washington, D. C.,
December 28-30, 1953. Edited by L. Reed Tripp.
Madison, Wis. (Secretary-Treasurer of the Associa
tion, Park and University, Temp. 3, Room 5), 1954.
357 pp. $3.
The papers and discussion cover various aspects of the
wage problem, arbitration and mediation, mobility of in
dustry and labor, social security, personnel management,
communism in labor unions, and the labor movement in
underdeveloped countries.
Fact and Fiction about Southern Labor. By Stefan H.
Robock and John M. Peterson. (In Harvard
Business Review, Boston, March-April 1954, pp.
79-88. Reprints of article are available at $1 each
for single copies.)
Human Relations and Management— [Bibliography of]
Motion Pictures for Industry. Washington, U. S.
Department of Commerce, Business and Defense
Services Administration, Office of Technical Services,
1954. 19 pp. (PB 111233.) $1.
Motion and Time Study. By L. C. Pigage and J. L.
Tucker. Urbana, University of Illinois, Institute of
Labor and Industrial Relations, 1954. 47 pp.,
bibliography, charts, forms. (Bull. 24.) 25 cents.
Labor and the Schuman Plan. By Gerhard Bebr. (In
Michigan Law Review, Ann Arbor, May 1954, pp.
1007-1022. $1.)
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
1029
Table A -l:
1030
Table A-2:
1034
1037
Table A-3:
Table A-4:
1037
1038
1038
1040
Table
Table
Table
Table
A-5:
A -6:
A-7:
A -8:
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolh in
manufacturing industries
Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B.—Labor Turnover
1041
Table B - l:
1042
Table B -2:
M onthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turnover
M onthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
1044
Table C -l:
1060
Table C-2:
1060
Table C—3:
1061
Table C-4:
1061
Table C-5:
1062
Table C-6:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construc
tion activity
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 1
1 This table is included in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
N ote .—Beginning with the June 1954 issue, data shown in tables A-2, A-3, A-4, A-5, C -l, C-2, C-3, and C -4
have been revised because of adjustment to more recent benchmark levels. These data cannot be used with
those appearing in previous issues of the Monthly Labor Review. Comparable data for earlier years are avail
able upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
1027
312534- 54-
-5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1028
D.—Consumer and Wholesale Prices
1069
Table D - l:
1070
1070
Table D -2:
Table D -3:
1071
1071
1072
Table D -4:
Table D -5:
Table D -6:
1074
1075
1076
1077
Table
Table
Table
Table
D -7:
D -8:
D -9:
D -1 0
Consumer Price Index— United States average, all items and com
modity groups
Consumer Price Index— United States average, food and its subgroups
Consumer Price Index—United States average, apparel and its
subgroups
Consumer Price Index— United States average, all items and food
Consumer Price Index— All items indexes for selected dates, by city
Consumer Price Index— All items and commodity groups, except
food, by city
Consumer Price Index—Food and its subgroups, by city
Average retail prices of selected foods
Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
Special wholesale price indexes
E.—Work Stoppages
1078
Table E - l :
Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.— Building and Construction
1078
1079
Table F - l:
Table F-2:
1080
Table F-3:
1081
Table F-4:
1082
Table F-5:
1082
Table F—6:
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Expenditures for new construction
Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on fed
erally financed new construction, by type of construction
Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
Number of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by
ownership and location, and construction cost
1029
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
A: Employment and Payrolls
T a b l e A - l : Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours worked, and sex
[In thousands]
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1
1953
1954 2
Labor force status
Ju ly 3
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.«
Oct.
Sept.3
Aug.
July
Total, both sexes
Total labor force____ ___________________
68,824
68, 788
67,786
67,438
67,218
67,139
66,291
66,106
66,874
66,954
67,127
68,238
68,258
Civilian labor force................... —____ ______
Unemployment_____________________
Unemployed 4 weeks or less________
Unemployed 5-10 weeks___ _______
Unemployed 11-14 weeks__________
Unemployed 15-26 weeks__________
Unemployed over 26 weeks________
Employment_______________________
Nonagricultural__________________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours 5___ - - - - - With a job but not at work •___
Agricultural______________ ____—
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours—_______ _
Worked 1-14 hours 5____ _____
With a job but not at work
65,494
3,346
1,394
853
250
510
339
62,148
54,661
21,936
23,005
1,886
7,833
7,486
5, 324
1,683
319
159
65,445
3,347
1,628
623
236
566
293
62, 098
54, 470
43, 502
6, 226
1,904
2,838
7,628
5,932
1,336
234
126
64,425
3,305
1,157
764
336
672
375
61,119
54,297
43,962
6,211
2,133
1,991
6,822
4,957
1,436
285
144
64,063
3,465
1,160
854
403
740
307
60,598
54,522
43,603
6,480
2, 379
2,060
6,076
4,231
1,336
283
226
63,825
3, 725
1,301
932
484
741
267
60,100
54,225
44,291
5,804
2,364
1,765
5,875
4,294
1,100
304
178
63,725
3,671
1,434
1,198
408
470
160
60,055
54,351
42,825
7,246
2,265
2,013
5,704
3,844
1,283
301
272
62,840
3,087
(4)
(4)
(4)
62,614
1,850
1,093
444
125
124
64
60, 764
55,326
46,889
5,139
1,811
1,487
5,438
3,900
1,123
232
184
63,353
1,428
886
294
96
96
55
61,925
55,274
42,847
8,972
1,873
1,582
6,651
5,092
1,274
180
105
63, 404
1,162
727
236
72
82
46
62,242
55,083
46,957
4,906
1,711
1,509
7,159
5,713
1,175
185
86
63,552
1,246
817
234
58
81
56
62,306
55,044
32, 767
18,114
1,543
2,620
7,262
5, 772
1,261
154
76
64, 648
1,240
724
278
88
88
62
63,408
56,134
45, 598
4,482
1,260
4, 794
7,274
5,512
1,442
190
130
64,668
1, 548
924
368
104
78
74
63,120
55,492
43,196
5,054
1,224
6,018
7,628
5,898
1,436
186
108
(4)
(4)
59, 753
54, 469
(<)
(4)
(4)
(4)
5,284
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
Males
Total labor force_____ __________________
48, 948
48,619
47, 791
47,671
47,408
47,539
«
47,013
47,184
47,129
47,446
48,599
48,803
Civilian labor force______________________
Unemployment_________________ ____
Employment------ --------------- ---------Nonagri cultural-------------- ------ -----Worked 35 hours or more—_____
Worked 15-34 hours-................ —
Worked 1-14 hours *----- ---- —With a job but not at work «-----Agricultural_____________ _____ —
Worked 35 hours or more.......... Worked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours *___________
With a job but not at work •------
45, 658
2,226
43,432
37,426
16,675
15,089
835
4,827
6,006
4,657
978
226
145
45,317
2,194
43,123
37,100
31,355
3,303
762
1,673
6,023
5,135
621
145
123
44,471
2,197
42,274
36,660
31,184
3,241
956
1,279
5,614
4,502
761
214
137
44,337
2,343
41,993
38,682
31,100
3,257
981
1,344
5,311
3,987
891
224
209
44,057
2,552
41, 504
36,337
31,219
2,944
1,040
1,134
5,167
4,052
687
261
167
44,167
2.542
41,625
36, 592
30,399
3,829
1,053
1,309
5,033
3,633
884
273
243
m
43,565
1,337
42,228
37,335
32,897
2,672
718
1,048
4,893
3,724
815
186
168
43, 709
927
42, 782
37,283
30,470
4,910
788
1,115
5,499
4, 549
727
120
103
43,626
736
42,889
37,241
33,319
2,283
648
991
5,649
4,848
595
127
78
43,917
768
43,149
37,370
24,173
10,968
560
1,669
5,779
4,891
707
109
71
45,056
814
44,242
38,204
32,680
2,112
514
2, 898
6,038
5,052
726
150
110
45,260
1,024
44,236
38,042
31,248
2,660
470
3,664
6,194
5,350
620
130
94
«
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
Females
19,877
20.170
19,995
19,767
19,810
19,600
(4)
19,094
19,690
19,825
19,681
19,639
19,455
Civilian labor force________________ _____ 19,837
1,121
Unemployment_____________________
Employment------ --------------------------- 18, 716
Nonagricultural--------- ---------------- 17,235
5, 263
Worked 35 hours or more______
7,916
Worked 15-34 hours___________
1,051
Worked 1-14 hours 5_____ —
3,006
With a job but not at work «. __
Agricultural-------- --------------------- 1,481
669
Worked 35 hours or more_______
705
Worked 15-34 hours. . . . --------92
Worked 1-14 hours A..
- .
14
With a job but not at work •____
20,129
1,153
18, 975
17,370
12,141
2,922
1,142
1,164
1, 605
797
716
89
4
19,954
1,108
18, 846
17,637
12, 775
2,972
1,177
712
1,209
454
675
71
10
19,726
1,121
18,605
17,840
12, 503
3,223
1,398
715
765
244
445
58
17
19, 768
1,173
18, 596
17, 888
13,072
2,860
1,324
631
708
242
413
43
11
19,558
1,128
18, 430
17,759
12,426
3,417
1,212
704
671
211
399
28
29
«
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4>
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
(4)
19,050
513
18, 536
17,991
13,992
2,468
1,093
439
545
175
308
46
16
19,645
501
19,143
17, 991
12,377
4,062
1,085
467
1,152
544
547
60
2
19, 778
425
19,353
17,842
13,638
2,624
1,063
518
1,510
865
580
58
7
19,635
478
19,157
17,674
8, 594
7,146
983
951
1,484
880
554
45
5
19, 592
426
19,166
17,930
12,918
2,370
746
1,896
1,236
460
716
40
20
19,408
524
18,884
17,450
11,948
2,394
754
2,354
1,434
548
816
56
14
Total labor force------- -----------------------------
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
group totals.
2 Data beginning January 1954 are based upon a new Census sample in
230 areas and are not entirely comparable with earlier data. In addition,
the introduction during 1953 of materials from the 1950 Census into the
estimating procedures produced certain discontinuities in the data. Revised
figures are expected to be available at a later date.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 Census survey week contained legal holiday.
* Not available.
1 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
* Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary layoff with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of layoff. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1030
T a b l e A -2 : Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1
[In thousands]
Annual aver
age
1953
1954
Industry group and Industry
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1953
1952
Total employees____________ _________ - 47,861 48,150 47,935 48,068 47,848 47,880 48,147 50,197 49,851 50.180 50,200 49,962 49,716 49, 660 48,306
M in in g -------- ----------------------------------- --------------
Metal........ ...............-________________
Iron_____________________________
Copper__________________________
Lead and zinc.—_____ _______ ____
Anthracite__ _____ _____________
Bituminous-coal__________ __________
727
101.2
193.7
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas production_____ ____ ________________
748
100.4
35.3
28.4
15. 3
737
98.8
35.3
27.5
15.1
749
98.4
34.9
27.4
15.2
772
101.6
36.2
29.0
15.4
790
103.1
37.1
29.1
16.0
805
104.3
38.2
29.3
15.9
822
105.5
39.6
29.4
15.4
829
105.3
39.7
29.2
15.5
826
839
105.1 105.2
40. C 40.5
28.7
28.6
15.8
15.7
844
105.2
40.8
28.5
16.3
836
105.9
40.8
28.5
16.6
844
105.7
39.8
28.6
17.4
885
99.8
33.5
26.5
21.2
28. 4
214.4
29.3
213.3
38.8
219.7
41.5
237.2
44.8
252.2
46.4
260.5
48.5
266.4
49.0
271.1
48.7
269.4
50.2
276.3
50.2
276.4
48.6
275.4
52.8
285.6
63.4
327.8
289.8
300.7
292. 2
291.2
292.3
291.4
295.3
298.0
297.4
295.0
298.2
303.1
298.4
294.5
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.-.......
105.2
104.1
103.2
101.0
99.0
98.1
98.8
104.0
106.0
107.7
108.6
108.7
107.2
105.1
103.8
C o n t r a c t c o n s t r u c t i o n . . . _____________ _____
2,819
2,730
583
269.1
314.1
2,634
550
243.6
306.7
2,535
497
208. 0
289.3
2,415
443
173.3
269.7
2,356
420
155. 9
264.1
2,349
415
149. 9
264.6
2,632
490
195.9
293.7
2,789
550
235.3
314.5
2,889
594
265.8
328.0
2,866
597
269.4
327.6
2,825
600
274.4
325.6
2,768
570
258.0
311.7
2,644
518
218.1
299.9
2,634
514
209.4
305.0
Nonbuilding construction___ _________
Highway and stre e t___ . ______
Other nonbuilding construction.__
Building construction_________
____
2,147
General contractors......... ....................... _____
924.7
2,084
892. 5
2,038
867.8
1, 972
834.0
1,936
813.7
1,934
811.5
2,142
924.6
2,239
2,295
2,269
2,225
981.0 1,020.8 1,014.7 1,018.3
2,198
997.7
2,126
944.5
2,119
948.3
1, 222. 6 1,191. 7 1,169.9 1,137.8 1,122. 5 1,122.6 1,217.6 1, 258.3 1, 274.1 1, 254. 5 1,206. 7 1, 200.0 1,181.2 1,170.8
'296.9 ' 292. 0 ' 290.1 ' 289. 2 ' 287.6 ' 292. 2 305.5 309.8 311.1 303.0 298.5 291.8 ' 293.1 287.7
150.1 139.2 134. 5 127.1 122.4 124.1 142.9 153.2 159.6 160.6 165.7 161.0 148.1 156.5
167. 5 164.2 162.0 163.1 165.4 169.1 170.5 171.6 172.0 169.3 165.9 162.7 162.3 155.7
608.1 596.3 583.3 558.4 547.1 537.2 598.7 623.7 631.4 621.6 576.6 584.5 577.7 570.9
Special-trade contractors ______ ____
Plumbing and heating__________
Painting and decorating_________
Electrical work______ _______ _
Other special-trade contractors___
15,661 15,888 15,836 16,000 16,234 16,322 16,434 16,765 16,988 17,301 17,510 17,537 17,336 17,259 16,334
Durable goods 2 ______ ________ 8,878 9,121 9,152 9,260 9,389 9,480 9, 591 9,773 9,897 10, 072 10,145 10,192 10,190 10,129 9,340
7,229 7,365
7,345 7,146 7,131 6, 994
Nondurable goods * „ ____ ________ 6,783 6, 767 6, 684 6,740 6,845 6,842 6,843 6,992 7,091
M a n u f a c t u r i n g ---------------- -----------------------
Ordnance and accessories........... ............
164.3
169.0
175.6
188.4
202.1
217.0
231.4
240.6
246.3
250.7
251.3
252.1
258.3
242.6
178.7
Food and kindred products..................... . 1, 596.1 1, 509. 5 1,457.8 1,434.9 1, 431.1 1,428.9 1,444. 7 1, 505.3 1, 574.2 1,651.4 1, 756. 2 1, 721. 4 1,634.9 1, 555.0 1, 548. 2
317. 5 310. 0 310. 6 316.7 319.3 326. 0 335.9 341.4 330.4 322.4 319.9 318.2 321.5 319.0
Meat products_________________ . .
130.0 124.2 118.7 115.3 111.6 110.8 112.4 114.6 117.1 122.7 127.5 129.7 118.7 119.9
Dairy products____________________
191.7 172.6 163.2 153.6 152.9 159.7 178.1 213.8 284.6 404.5 375.7 296.6 235.3 227.6
Canning and preserving________ ____
Grain-mill products___________ _____
123.3 119.7 112.5 116.2 117.4 117.1 116.8 117.6 120.6 121.8 121.6 121.3 119.4 123.8
Bakery products______________ ____
282.6 280.2 282.7 281.9 282.5 281.5 284.4 288.4 290.3 288.9 288.4 289.2 285.9 284.1
33.4
29.1
29.1
34.2
44.1
52.6
51.0
33.0
30.1
30.2
27.3
30.2
Sugar. ____________ ___________
28.3
28.7
86.2
83.2
84.6
75.0
74.5
90.2
93.0
93.1
89.6
75.5
79.3
81.2
Confectionery and related products___
76.6
83.6
219.2 209.6 205.1 202.3 198.0 200.8 206.4 212.0 219.1 226.8 230.2 228.7 214.9 215.6
Beverages . _____________________
141.1 137.9 137.2 138.5 137.3 135.0 137.0 140.8 145.2 146.5 144.8 145.5 140.6 138.7
Miscellaneous food products..................
Tobacco manufacturers_______________
Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars . _____________________ . .
Tobacco and snufl__________ ______
Tobacco stemming and redrying.........
89.8
90.3
31.6
39.8
7.8
11.1
89.8
31.4
39.5
7.9
11.0
89.9
31.6
39. 2
8.0
11.1
92.1
31.8
39.8
7.9
12.6
98.2
31.9
40.3
7.9
18.1
105.6
31.8
39.4
7.8
26.6
112.9
32.0
40.8
8.0
32.1
109.7
32.0
41.7
8.2
27.8
117.4
31.6
41.3
7.9
36.6
120.4
31.6
40.5
7.9
40.4
113.3
31.4
40.0
7.7
34.2
91.6
30.6
39.0
7.6
14.4
103.6
31.4
40.6
8.0
23.7
105.6
30.4
41.1
8.5
25.5
Textile-mill products................................. 1,052.0 1, 073.0 1,063. 2 1,073.8 1, 083.7 1,090.2 1,091.1 1,123.1 1,141. 4 1,163. 2 1,184.1 1,189.6 1,181. 5 1,188. 5 1,195.6
5.6
6.9
6.4
Scouring and combing plants________
6.0
5.4
5.1
5.8
5.6
6.3
7.1
7.1
6.6
5.0
5.2
Yarn and thread m ills/............... ..........
123.7 122.5 124.8 125.3 125.8 128.3 133.5 135.7 138.9 144.2 147.0 144.7 144.8 150.1
Broad-woven fabric mills. _________
485. 4 481.1 484.9 489.6 493.1 494.8 506.2 514.9 522.9 531.4 533.5 537.4 534.1 538.4
29.0
29.1
31.2
31.5
31.4
31.2
31.5
Narrow fabrics and smallwares______
29.4
29.2
29.1
29.2
30.2
30.6
31.3
217.4 213.2 212.6 214.1 214.5 211.1 219.5 225.4 231.8 237.0 238.9 234.3 236.1 236.2
Knitting mills____ . _________
86.0
92.5
Dyeing and finishing textiles________
90.5
91.6
92.7
93.2
93.8
85.7
86.9
88.5
90.7
91.0
87.8
88.1
50.1
55.4
57.2
54.4
55.6
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
50.1
54.1
55.0
56.2
55.8
57.6
52.9
53.3
54.1
14.0
16.2
Hats (except cloth and millinery)____
15.4
16.2
16.0
15.8
16.3
16.7
16.8
16.7
13.8
13.9
15.6
15.5
67.4
61.7
67.3
68.1
67.1
64.7
67.7
67.0
Miscellaneous textile goods____ _____
63.9
64.5
64.8
66.0
61.8
63.0
Apparel and other finished textile products__________ - ____ ______ _ 1,105. 9 1,113. 6 1,107. 3 1,155.1 1,226.8 1, 213.8 1,188. 2 1,212.6 1,214.1 1,231.3 1,226. 7 1, 249. 7 1,192. 5 1, 230.7 1,199.8
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
123.2 118.5 123.7 134.4 135.0 133.0 134.2 135.2 137.4 138.4 138.2 127.0 134.4 129.9
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing__ _______ ____________
285.0 283.6 290.1 297.7 293.1 290.9 298.9 308.2 314.0 314.9 316.3 301.8 310.2 287.2
Women’s outerwear__ ___________
321.1 324.1 353.2 389.4 384.7 372.7 371.1 352.6 352.5 351.2 371.0 350.1 363.1 369.6
Women’s, children’s undergarments__
107. 5 109.9 111.3 111.6 111.3 108.6 110.9 115.4 116.4 114.0 113.1 111.3 115.0 109.6
22.2
15.0
21.6
21.1
19.9
21.5
23.1
12.6
19.9
25.9
24.4
22.5
20.0
18.1
M illinery.. ______________________
69. 5 69.3
71.5
74.2
72.2
68.9
Children’s outerwear____________ . .
74.4
71.2
71.4
69.2
71.3
71.6
75.8
73.8
10.9
12.9
12.4
13.1
11.5
11.8
12.8
14.2
12.1
13.7
Fur goods________ ___ _ _________
8.9
9. 5
9.9
10.2
55.9
63.2
65.2
65.5
65.4
63.9
57.8
59.3
58.4
56.5
60.9
62.6
65.0
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories.
57.1
117.7 119.9 121.6 124.6 123.2 122.6 132.8 139.1 141.2 138.5 136.5 134.0 138.2 132. 9
Other fabricated textile products...........
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1031
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a b l e A -2 : Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1— Continued
[In thousands]
Annual aver
age
1953
1954
Industry group and industry
July
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except
furniture)..............................................
Logging camps and contractors............
Sawmills and planing mills........... ........
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products--------------Wooden containers---------- --------------Miscellaneous wood products................
685.8
___
June
May
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1953
1952
772.7
129.3
400.6
747.1
116.1
390.5
716.5
96.7
380.3
710.0
96.7
375.9
694.2
85.7
372.1
684.5
74.8
372.5
722.5
89.6
388.9
764.6
108.5
406.9
782.3
110.1
418.2
790.4
111.5
424.2
802.5
115.5
430.4
796.3
110.6
428.9
775.4
102.1
418.2
788.7
99.7
439.3
127.8
61.3
53.7
125.9
60.9
53.7
123.4
61.1
55.0
121.5
61.0
54.9
120.4
61.3
54.7
120.7
61.5
55.0
124.4
63.0
56.6
128.1
63.5
57.6
131.3
64.5
58.2
130.9
64.9
58.9
131.2
65.8
59.6
131.2
66.8
58.8
130.8
65.5
58.8
125.6
64.1
60.0
328.5
228.1
330.6
230.7
337.0
236.8
344.4
242.1
346.1
241.9
347.7
241.7
356.0
248.7
363.5
256.5
367.8
259.6
370.5
261.3
370.3
261.6
369.7
261.4
373.6
265.9
361.4
257.1
40.2
39.9
40.0
40.7
41.4
41.5
42.2
42.0
42.5
43.2
43.2
42.6
42.7
41.9
33.3
34.1
34.7
35.6
35.6
35.7
36.3
35.7
36.0
36.0
35.7
34.0
29.5
29.3
29.4
30.3
29.5
29.7
29.2
28.4
Furniture and fixtures....................... ........
Household furniture________________
Office, public-building, and profes
sional furniture....................................
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures_________________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous
furniture and fixtures--------------------
330.5
27.0
27.0
26.9
27.5
28.1
28.9
Paper and allied products.........................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard m ills---Paperboard containers and boxes_____
Other paper and allied products---------
519.0
525.8
259.0
142.5
124.3
522.7
256.9
142.1
123.7
522.7
256.5
142.0
124.2
525.1
257.7
143.6
123.8
525.2
257.7
144.4
123.1
525.7
257.5
145.6
122.6
530.7
260.0
148.2
122.5
535.0
259.2
153.6
122.2
537.7
259.8
153.8
124.1
539.7
260.8
152.5
126.4
537.6
260.0
151.4
126.2
529.5
258.5
145.9
125.1
529.6
257.5
148.2
123.9
503.7
252.8
132.6
118.4
802.9
804. 7
295.2
61.5
50.8
207.0
59.0
20.4
43.9
801.7
293.7
61.9
51.1
206.1
59.2
19.1
43.9
803.7
292.8
62.9
51.2
207.2
59.4
18.8
44.2
804.5
292.3
63.6
51.5
207.3
58.9
18.8
44.3
802.2
290.7
63.5
51.3
207.4
59.0
18.6
44.3
802.8
290.6
63.7
51.0
209.6
58.7
18.5
43.4
814.1
295.1
64.9
51.2
211.6
60.4
20.5
44.3
810.5
293.3
64.8
51.4
208.1
60.9
21.7
44.7
809.3
292.4
63.6
52.3
208.3
59.9
21.6
46.0
801.2
290.5
62.4
52.0
206.3
59.1
20.9
45.5
789.6
288.6
60.6
50.9
202.5
57.5
20.6
45.1
786.2
288.0
60.6
50.3
203.0
56.0
20.1
44.6
793.0
289.1
62.3
50.6
205.1
57.4
19.8
44.6
769.3
284.9
61.6
47.2
198.7
54.6
18.6
42.9
66.9
66.7
67.2
67.8
67.4
67.3
66.1
65.6
65.2
64.5
63.8
63.6
64.1
60.7
Chemicals and allied products-------------Industrial inorganic chemicals..............
Industrial organic chemicals-------------Drugs and medicines_________ _____
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions......... ................. -.......................
Paints, pigments, and fillers-------------Gum and wood chemicals___________
Fertilizers................................... - ...........
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___
Miscellaneous chemicals........................
771.2
775.9
94.6
298. 0
90.9
781.3
93.6
297.0
90.8
791.1
93.4
298.5
91.5
796.1
93.6
301.0
92.2
793.6
93.5
303.7
92.3
798.1
93.8
311.2
92.2
800.2
04.1
315.1
88.7
807.8
94.0
318.5
91.1
811.2
93.8
320.6
90.8
814.1
94.0
325.2
91.1
809.4
94.2
327.8
90.3
804.3
94.4
324.9
90.0
805.5
92.4
317.2
91.5
770.0
86.7
283.3
96.5
51.6
72.8
8.0
33.1
37.1
89.8
51.4
72.6
8.3
40.3
37.8
89.5
51.7
72.8
8.3
46.8
39.5
88.6
51.9
72.9
8.3
46.5
41.4
88.3
51.7
73.2
8.3
40.0
42.6
88.3
51.6
73.4
8.3
34.9
44.5
88.2
51.3
74.1
8.3
32.9
46.3
89.4
51.4
74.5
8.3
32.4
47.4
90.2
51.8
74.6
8.2
34.2
47.0
90.2
51.6
75.2
8.1
34.7
44.2
90.0
51.2
75.9
8.0
33.0
38.6
90.4
50.9
76.3
7.9
32.0
37.0
90.9
51.4
75.0
8.1
37.2
42.7
90.0
50.4
73.1
8. 0
36.9
44.3
90.9
Products of petroleum and coal-----------Petroleum refining.......... .....................
Coke and other petroleum and coal
products........................ .......................
256.7
255.2
204.8
252.6
202.9
251.8
202.9
251.6
202.4
252.2
202.3
253.1
203.1
255.4
204.1
258.0
205.0
260.7
206.5
263.2
208.1
265.6
209.9
265.4
209.6
260.4
206.3
253.9
201.6
50.4
49.7
48.9
49.2
49.9
50.0
51.3
53.0
54.2
55.1
55.7
55.8
54.1
52.2
Rubber products_____________ _____
Tires and inner tubes_______________
Rubber footwear...................................
Other rubber products---------------------
221.8
255.6
113.1
25.0
117.5
253.7
111.5
25.0
117.2
252.8
111.2
24.5
117.1
256.3
112.1
24.9
119.3
259.4
112.3
25.9
121.2
262.3
113.0
27.0
122.3
265.9
113.3
28.3
124.3
267.6
114.3
29.2
124.1
273.1
116.9
29.6
126.6
278.5
120.2
29.7
128.6
278.9
120.4
29.3
129.2
277.3
120.8
28.1
128.4
278.3
119.8
29.3
129.2
266.7
118.8
28.3
119.7
367.7
363. 5
43.7
4.7
16.0
241.7
14.6
26.5
16.3
353.5
43.1
4.7
14.9
234.4
13.9
27.0
15.5
364.0
43.3
4.8
15.7
241.7
13.4
30.0
15.1
377.5
44.3
4.8
16.9
250.6
13.3
32.9
14.7
378.4
44.7
4.8
17.2
250.2
14.3
33.3
13.9
371.0
44.6
5.0
16.9
246.6
13.6
31.1
13.2
372.0
44.7
5.0
16.7
243.6
15.5
31.4
15.1
373.0 374.1
45. C 46.4
5.2
5.1
15.6
16.0
238. £ 237.0
17.6
17.1
33.3
33.4
19.0
17.5
380.5
47.0
5.1
15.6
244.2
17.2
32.0
19.4
389.9
47.5
5.3
16.8
252.0
17.0
32.1
19.2
382.6
47.2
5.3
17.0
247.6
16.7
30.4
18.4
386.1
47.1
5.4
17.0
249.9
17.0
31.8
18.0
381.2
46.5
5.1
17.1
246.2
16.8
30.3
19.2
511.5
510.5
28. 3
90. 6
15.3
39.3
79.1
51.7
509.5
27.7
91.0
15.5
40.5
77.8
52.6
510.9
28.2
91.6
15.8
40.9
77.1
53.4
511.2
28.3
91.5
16.4
41.1
76.1
54.5
509.6
29.4
90.9
16.4
40.8
73.8
54.6
511.0
31.0
90.6
16.8
41.2
75.0
52.2
531.0
31.6
95.8
17.2
42.0
78.1
54.4
542.0
31.5
98.7
17.4
42. Î
79.7
55.7
547.7 650.8 549.6
31.6
31.9
31.5
97.6
99.1
99.1
18. C 18. C 18.2
42.7
42. C 42.5
81.2
80.5
80.6
56.3
55.1
56.7
541.9
31.3
95.1
17.8
42.5
81.9
50.1
543.2
31.6
97.8
18.2
41.8
79.6
56.1
527.5
30.4
93.2
17.1
40.0
81.2
57.9
103.6
18.5
101.8
18.7
100.0
19.0
98.2
18.4
96.5
18.2
96.2
18.0
101.6
18.7
104.9
18.7
106.5
18.7
108.3
18.7
109.1
18.7
108.5
18.4
104.6
18.4
100.7
17. 5
84.1
83.
84.9
86.7
89.0 1 90.0
91.6
93.1
94.6
95.5
95.4
96.3
95.0
89.7
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries.------ ---------------------------------Newspapers.............................................
Periodicals.----- ------------------------Books_________ _____ ___ _____ ___
Commerieal printing..............................
Lithographing.........................................
Greeting cards.........................................
Bookbinding and related industries---Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services.................................. ...............
Leather and leather products...... .............
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished.
Industrial leather belting and packing.
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings...
Footwear (except rubber)-----------------
33.2
___
Handbags and small leather goods........
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
Stone, clay, and glass products.................
Flat glass...............................-................
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown..
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic_________________
Structural clay products.........................
Pottery and related products.................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster prod
ucts— ..................................................
Cut-stone and stone products................
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products________________________
See footnotes at end of table
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.......
33.0
1032
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T able A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1954
Annua] aver
age
1953
Industry group and industry
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1953
1952
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries_______ _____ 1,163.1 1,178.4 1,172.4 1,186.8 1,206.9 1,223.4 1, 249.0 1,273. 7 1,290. 5 1,314.8 1,330.3 1,342. 4 1,348. 5 1,333.2 1,232.0
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills___ ___________ __________________ 578.1 573.9 580.1 593.3 601.4 614.2 626.6 637.7 650.3 654.0 666.8 665.1 653.3 570.7
Iron and steel foundries______________ _____ 220.3 219.1 223.0 223.9 225.5 228.7 232.0 232.8 238.8 245.3 245.0 250.8 249.8
256.6
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous m etals,._____ _______ ___________
58.4
57.8
57.7
58.0
58.7
58.5
58.4
58.9
59.7
60.8
60.6
60.9
59.5
55.7
Secondary smelting and refining of
nonferrous metals..................... ........................
12.4
12.6
12.4
12.7
12.4
12.8
12.9
13.1
13.4
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.5
12.7
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals____ ________ _____________
102.4 101.8 102.0 102.7 104.5 108.1 110.6 111.9 114.1 113.8 114.4 113.6 113. 5 106.5
Nonferrous foundries,....... ......... ........................
71.9
72.4
75.1
78.1
80.3
82.9
85.8
87.5
88.3
90.3
90.4
92.3
91.5
87.6
Miscellaneous primary metal industries__ ____ 134.9 134.8 136.2 138.5 140.6 143.8 147.4 148.6 150.2 152.8 151.8 152.3 152.3
142.3
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)................................... 1,007.3 1,037.3 1,040.4 1,047.4 1,060.1 1,072.6 1,083. 4 1,086.6 1,114.0 1,135.3 1,149.6 1,154.0 1,145. 7 1,141.1 1,042.0
Tin cans and other tinware...... ........... .............
57.0
54.2
55.3
52.8
52.9
53.3
33.1
55. C 57.9
61.6
62.6
59.7
55.4
55.4
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware_____ _____ 144.6 146.9 147.9 151.2 155.2 153.8 154.9 152.9 154.5 157.1 161.3 160.6
160.9 150.0
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies,_____ _______________
117.7 115.9 116.0 117.9 117.6 118.8 124.3 129.0 134.0 134.7 135.4 134.8 135.0 133.0
Fabricated structural metal products________ 269.3 266.6 265.7 264.7 264.9 266.5 272.6 274.6 276.5 278.3 276.7 272.1 271.
5 251.4
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving________ 224.0 230.4 234.4 239.2 245.2 249.8 253.1 251.3 256.9 258.8 258.4 260.0 259.7 209.9
Lighting fixtures....... ...........................................
43.3
43.3
44.6
45.8
46.8
47.6
48.7
49.4
48.8
50.1
50.8
50.2
50.3
46.0
Fabricated wire products___ _____ _________
53.2
53.8
54.6
55.5
56.2
58.3
62.0
63.0
62.8
63.7
63.8
64.2
64.4
59.8
Miscellaneous fabricated metal prod
ucts........................................................ .. .........
128.2 128.2 130.0 133.0 133.8 135.3 137.9 139.4 143.3 145.3 145.0 144.1 144.1 136.5
Machinery (except electrical).................... 1, 524.4 1, 551. 5 1, 567. 7 1, 590. 7 1,608.0 1,626.0 1,636. 6 1, 643.4 1,644. 8 1,659. 2 1, 669.4 1,676. 4 1,705. 4 1, 705. 3 1,664.4
Engines and turbines_______ ______ _______
75.5
76.4
78.9
77.3
80.3
81.8
84.2
86.0
86.5
86.8
85.9
89.4
88.5
85.8
Agricultural machinery and tractors_________
150.1 149.7 151.2 149.2 145.1 140.3 138.4 137.0 145.5 156.2 164.8 172.1 167.3 179.9
Construction and mining machinery________
124.0 123.7 124.6 124.9 124.2 125.0 125.5 126.5 128.1 131.2 133.7 134.9 133.4 134.8
Metalworking machinery___ ______________ 280.0 284.7 290.7 298.7 303.9 307.9 307.4 309.5 310.8 311.5 307.4 307.5 308.9 294.3
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________________ 174.3 175.5 177.2 179.3 180.1 181.8 183.5 183.5 184.0 183.7 185.6 186.8 187.9 190.9
General industrial machinery_____ ______ _
226.8 227.9 230.8 235.1 237.8 241.5 244.7 245.0 245.6 243.4 243.8 246.0 243.7 235.8
Office and store machines and devices________
103.5 103.3 104.8 105.7 107.9 108.6 109.6 109.3 110.1 108.9 107.6 108.7 109.3 108.7
S e rv ic e -in d u stry a n d household
machines______________________________ 165.8 175. S 180.4 178.6 185.7 185.1 184.4 183.6 184.4 183.1 185.1 193.1 198.7 181.9
Miscellaneous machinery parts_____________ 251. 5 251.2 253.7 257.6 261.0 264.6 265.7 264.4 264.2 264.6 262.5 266.9 267.7 252.4
Electrical machinery.......................... l, 071.8 1,073.8 1,087.1 1,108.5 1,126.6 1,138. 4 1,157.6 1,187.5 1, 216. 6 1,235. 8 1,242. 9 1,233. 9 1, 216. 9 1, 226. 5 1,084.1
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus____ ___ ___________ ______ 363.6 369.0 373.5 379.4 384.4 390.3 395.9 397.1 400.7 402.7 403.8 406.8 402.8 373.8
Electrical appliances________ ________
60.6
62.6
65.0
67.2
66.2
68.6
71.1
72.2
72.3
72.2
70.9
71.3
70.8
56.5
Insulated wire and cable............................. 28.4 28.6 28.8 28.9 28.9 29.8 31.1 31.6 32.7
33.1
33.4
33.2
33.4
30.8
Electrical equipment for vehicles.............. .
70.7
73.5
75.1
72.1
77.5
78.3
79.0
79.3
79.4
81.5
81.0
82.4
75.9
Electric lamps_____________________ 27.7 27.7 28.1 28.7 29.1 29.5 29.8 29.8 29.6 29.3 28.7 28.6 82.0
28.4
25.6
Communication equipment.......... ............. 477.0 481.6 494.3 503.2 505.2 514.6 532.1 555.7 569.3 572.6 565.1 544.7 559.7
474.2
Miscellaneous electrical products___ _____
45.8
45.1
45.5
45.3
46.1
46.5
48.5
50.9
51.8
51.5
51.0
49.9
49.5
47.3
Transportation equipment................ 1, 671.0 1, 734.1 1, 752. 5 1,793.4 1,823. 7 1,846. 8 1,886. 0 1, 904.3 1, 867. 7 1,924. 4 1, 938.0 1,969. 0 1,981.3 1, 955.0 1, 693.4
Automobiles...___ _____ _____
735.7 744.8 770.9 785.3 803.1 828.2 862.9 844.1
5 883.1 922.9 945.0 920.2 ' 790. 2
Aircraft and parts___________________ 804.2 806 9 816.6 823.1 823.7 830.1 810.9 789.8 875.
811.3 813.2 803.5 793.3 790.3 660.7
Aircraft__ ___ _____ ___ _______ 493.8 496.2 498.9 497.9 496.9 502.7 483.3 466.8 489.1
485.3 478.9 479.1 425.9
Aircraft engines and parts____ ____ ___ 166.1 169.5 174.5 178.2 178.8 179.5 181.6 181.7 183.9 490.6
180.2 179.7 177.3 138.8
Aircraft propellers and parts.................... 17.6 13.1 13.8 17.5 17.8 18.1 18.2 18.1 18.1 182.7
18.2
17.8
17.8
18.0
14.5
Other aircraft parts and equipment______ 126.7 128.1 129.4 129.5 130.2 129.8 127.8 123.2 120.2 121.7 120.2
116.9 115.9
81.6
Ship and boat building and repairing....... ..... 127.4 132.0 132.7 136.9 139. 5 143.3 143.7 146.2 146.5 150.1 150.3 153.
4 152.8 152.6
Shipbuilding and repairing............. .......... 105.3 109.1 111.8 114.0 117.4 121.7 123.2 124.9 125.3 128.6 128.1 130.2 130.5 134.2
Boatbuilding and repairing........... ........... 22.1 22.9 20.9 22.9 22.1 21.6 20.5 21.3 21.2 21.5 22.2 23.2 22.3 18.4
Railroad equipment-___ _____________
57.4
64.5
59.8
69.9
72.1
76.1
77.5
76.5
79.2
79.6
80.3
77.9
80.4
78.3
Other transportation equipment_________
9.4
9.0
8.7
8.5
8.4
8.3
9.3
11.1
11.9
12.0
12.0
11.7
11.3
11.6
Instruments and related products............ 300.0
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instruments____________ __________ ____
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments_________ _______ __________
Optica! instruments and lenses_____________
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
m ents..... .......................... .................................
Ophthalmic goods_______ ________________
Photographic apparatus......................................
Watches and clocks_______________________
306.0
310.5
315.3
321.2
325.0
329.7
332.9
334.3
332.7
334.1
332.8
334.4
332.8
50.3
51.4
52.5
53.7
54.7
55.4
55.9
56.0
55.9
55.5
53.2
55.8
54.9
49.4
74.5
13.7
76.9
13.8
77.3
14.1
78.3
14.3
79.1
14.6
79.3
14.8
80.4
14.3
80.6
14.8
79.1
14.9
79.8
15.2
81.2
14.9
80.9
14.9
80.7
14.9
74.0
14.1
39.7
25.5
67.0
35.3
39.7
25.8
66.8
36.1
40.0
26.2
67.6
37.6
40.8
26.7
68.2
39.2
40.9
27.2
68.4
40.1
41.8
27.3
69.4
41.7
42.5
27.6
69.3
42.9
42.5
27.2
69.4
43.8
42.8
26.7
69.2
44.1
43.3
27.1
69.4
43.8
43.7
26.9
69.9
43.0
43.7
26.7
69.5
42.9
43.3
27.3
68.1
43.5
40.8
27.3
64.9
39.7
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 447.8
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware_________
Musical instruments and parts_____________
Toys and sporting goods_______ ___________
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies_______
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions_____ ____ _
Fabricated plastic products________________
Other manufacturing industries______ ______
See footnotes at end of table.
458.9
51.8
15.2
81.6
29.2
62.1
69.8
149.2
458.3
51.9
15.5
81.2
29.3
59.6
70.1
150.7
480.4 473.8 494.7
55.6
55.3
56.1
16.5
16.7
17.0
81.1
78.3
85.9
29.8
29.2
30.1
65.1
62.7
64.9
73.8
75.2
76.8
158.5[ 156.41 163.9
512.4
57.4
16.9
96.8
30.5
68.0
78.7
164.1
521.4 517. 9 508.6
56.7
55.3
53.5
17.0
17.3
17.1
104.0 103.4 101.0
30.2
29.9
29.5
69.2
68.8
69.3
79. 9| 80.0
78.9
164.4! 163.21 159.3
491.7
50.8
16.8
96.9
29.1
66.1
76.7
155.3
500.2
53.6
17.2
94.1
29.5
67.0
77.2
161.5
457.4
49.7
16.1
80.3
29.9
61.2
67.8
152.5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
464.7 475.1
52.9
54.2
15.9
16.3
80.0
80.1
29.4
29.8
60.7
62.6
71. 5| 73.6
154.31 158.5
310.2
1083
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-2: Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division and group 1—Continued
[In thousands]
July
June
M ay
Apr.
Annual aver
age
1953
1954
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1953
1952
4.033 4.029 4.008 4,008 3,992 4,039 4,069 4,187 4,216 4,257 4,265 4,274 4,283 4,224 4,185
Transportation______________________ 2,689 2, 700 2,685 2,685 2,670 2,719 2, 747 2,861 2,887 2,927 2,932 2,929 2, 934 2,899 2,899
1,227.8 1, 215. 6 1,206. 4 1,215.2 1,243. 7 1,266.4 1,328.6 1,353.9 1,382.6 1,393. 5 1,407.2 1,409. 5 1,376. 9 1,399.8
Interstate railroads_________________
1,073. 8 1,061. 9 1,052. 4 1,058.8 1, 086.1 1,107. 6 1,155.1 1,188.0 1,214.6 1, 224. 3 1, 236. 7 1,238.8 1, 206. 5 1, 226.2
Class I railroads___ ______________
122.4 123. 5 125.4 125.7 126.1 126.5 127.1 127.5 128.1 126.1 126.8 128.2 127.6 133.1
Tonal railways and buslines_________
684.0 680.1 683.7 685.4 690.4 698.5 729.5 733.7 740.2 736.4 724.4 721.3 724.4 699.1
Trunking and warehousing__ ______
665.8 665.4 669.8 643.8 658.4 655. 5 676.0 672.1 676.4 676.2 670.8 674.9 669.9 666.9
Other transportation and services____
52.2
52.4
53.2
53.5
52.2
53.1
51.2
51.7
49.1
50.8
48.5
48.6
48.4
48.5
Buslines, except local_____________
97.1
105.0 105.3 105.3 104.8 104.8 104.8 105.7 105.8 105.7 105.9 106.1 105.9 104.4
Air transportation (common carrier).
720
747
760
754
748
749
750
742
747
742
744
741
742
741
Communication_____________________ 748
698.8 698.6 699.6 700.0 700.5 701.3 704.0 705.2 705.6 703.6 709.9 715.5 702.2 678.4
Telephone____ _________________
40.4
43.7
43.2
43.9
43.0
43.6
42.1
42.6
40.9
42.7
40.9
41.4
41.2
41.5
Telegraph - _________________
566
589
578
591
585
580
580
579
578
578
582
580
588
581
596
Other public utilities__________ ______
563.2 557. 1 556.3 555.2 553.9 554.5 555.5 556.3 555.8 560.3 566.1 564.1 554. 2 543.3
Gas and electric utilities________ ____
22.6
23.9
24.7
24.3
24.8
23.8
23.7
23.7
23.8
23.6
24.3
24.9
24.4
24.5
T/ocal utilities, not elsewhere classified.
10,281
10,533
10,392
10,414
10,523
10,669
10,828
10,421
11,361
10,310
W h o l e s a le a n d r e t a i l t r a d e _________________ 10.381 10.424 10.375 10,496 10,305
2,743
Wholesale trade_____________________ 2, 774 2,757 2,746 2, 762 2, 780 2, 792 2, 794 2,830 2,831 2,808 2, 774 2,770 2, 773 2,782 7,537
Retail trade .. ___ _________________ 7,607 7.667 7,629 7,734 7, 525 7,518 7,627 8,531 7,997 7,861 7,749 7,622 7, 641 7,751
2 1,446.1
General merchandise stores__________ 1, 299. 2 1.333.4 1, 339. 3 1,408.6 1,318.8 1,304.6 1,368.8 1,960. 4 1,581.0 1,476.3 1,403.3 1,339. 6 1,333.9 1,447.
Food and liquor stores_______ ______ 1,411.0 1,422.1 1, 416. 3 1, 419.6 1, 398. 5 1,406. 4 1,401.1 1,428.7 1,415.3 1,405. 2 1,385. 7 1,375. 5 1,385.6 1,387. 58 1,346.1
767.8
Automotive "and accessories dealers___ 811.0 810.7 808.8 807.7 811.8 818.2 824.9 839.3 830.0 826.9 822.6 825.2 820.1 812.
602.0 689.1
Apparel and accessories stores________ 567.3 595.2 600.0 659.0 574.1 563.1 583.7 720.7 629.8 616.9 594. 5 549.8 560.0 3,501.9
3,388.2
Other retail trade__________________ 3, 518.0 3, 506.0 3,464.6 3,438.6 3,421.8 3,425. 7 3,448. 9 3,582. 2 3, 540. 5 3,535.9 3, 542.8 3,531. 7 3, 541. 6
T r a n s p o r t a tio n a n d p u b lic u t i l i t i e s --------------
F in a n c e , i n s u r a n c e , a n d r e a l e s t a t e ________
2.127
2.106
525.7
66.9
776.7
736.3
2.081
521.3
165. 8
770.9
723.2
2,075
522.6
65.4
771.2
715.4
2,057
522.5
64.8
768.4
701.1
2,044
520.3
64.4
764.9
694.3
2,033
516.1
63.9
759.4
693.3
2,040
515.8
64.1
761.4
699.0
2,034
513.7
64.3
756.6
698.9
2,040
512.0
64.6
754.3
709.4
2,041
511.8
64.9
749.0
714.8
2,067
518.9
66.2
753.8
727.6
2,067
519. 3
66.8
751.0
729.6
2,025
506.3
65.7
740.8
712.5
1,957
480.0
65.1
704.8
707.1
S e r v ic e a n d m i s c e ll a n e o u s __________________
5.644
5.600
526.2
5.563
501.7
5,506
488.0
5,406
474.3
5,380
473.5
5,377
466.7
5,435
474.7
5,467
477.3
5,506
490.2
5,566
524.9
5,601
596.0
5,607
596.2
5,486
510. 2
5,423
493.3
336.6
172.8
236.5
333.6 330.8
171.3 170.9
235. 7 233.4
328.8
164.4
225.0
330.0
163.2
223.1
332.6
164.5
223.8
334.8
167.2
225.2
336.5
169.9
228.8
338.1
170.3
233.5
338.3
166.7
237.3
342.8
163.4
238.0
347.3
167.8
237.3
339.2
167.6
232.7
340.2
166.0
240.1
Banks and trust com panies____ ______
Security dealers and exchanges________
insurance carriers and agents__________
Other finance agencies and real estate---Hotels and lodging places____________
Personal services:
Bairn dries
_________________
Gleaning and dyeing plants_________
Motion pictures __ ________________
6,609
6.469 6.625 6.701 6,699 6,667 6,639 6,659 6,955 6,700 6,692 6,590 6,422 6,405 6,645 2,420
____ __ _____________________
Federal
_ _ ___________ 2,163 2,164 2,160 2,168 2,173 2,175 2,184 2,480 2,203 2,205 2,230 2,258 2,281 2,305
4,188
4,340
4,124
4,164
4,487
4,360
State and local4.......................................... 4,306 4,461 4,541 4,531 4,494 4,464 4,475 4,475 4,497
G o v ern m en t
• The Bureau of Labor Statistics series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating firms.
These reports cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricul
tural establishments who worked during, or received pay for, any part of
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Because of this, persons
who worked in more than 1 establishment during the reporting period will
be counted more than once. In Federal establishments the data generally
refer to persons who worked on, or received pay for, the last day of the mon th;
In State and local government, to persons who received pay for any part of the
pay period ending on, or immediately prior to, the last day of the month.
Proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic
servants are excluded. These employment series have been adjusted to first
quarter 1953 benchmark levels indicated by data from government social
Insurance programs. Revised data in all except the first 3 columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
These data difler in several respects from the nonagricultural employment
data shown in the M onthly Report on the Labor Force (table A -l, civilian
labor force), which are obtained by household interviews. This M R L F
series relates to the calendar week which contains the 8th day of the month.
It includes all persons (14 years and over) with a job whether at work or not,
proprietors, self-employed persons, unpaid family workers, and domestic
servants.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 D u ra b le goods include: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood
products (except furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass
products; primary metal Industries; fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation equipment); machinery (except
electrical); electrical machinery; transportation equipment; instruments
and related products; and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
»Nondurable goods include: food and kindred products; tobacco m anu
factures; textile-mill products; apparel and other finished textile products;
paper and allied products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chem
icals and allied products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products;
and leather and leather products.
«State and local government data exclude, as nominal employees, paid
volunteer firemen and elected officials of small local units.
See N ote on p. 1027.
N o t e .— Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
given in a technical note on Measurement of Industrial
Employment, which appeared in the September 1953
Monthly Labor Review.
1034
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T able
A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1
[In thousands]
1954
Annual
average
1953
Industry group and Industry
July
Mining:
Metal.................. ...... ....................
Iron______ ____ ______ ____ _
Copper.......................................
Lead and zinc___ ________ ___ _
Anthracite___________________
Bituminous-coal________________
Crude-petroleum and natural-gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural-gas production
(except contract services)_______
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.......
Manufacturing__________________
Durable goods2..........................
Nondurable goods 2___________
Ordnance and accessories__________
Food and kindred products_____ ___
Meat products________________
Dairy products_______________
Canning and preserving____ ___
Grain-mill products______ ____ _
Bakery products______________
Sugar________ __ ___ _______
Confectionery and related products__
Beverages..... ................................
Miscellaneous food products..............
Tobacco manufactures____________
Cigarettes____________ ______
Cigars......................... ....... .........
Tobacco and snuff_________ ___ _
Tobacco stemming and redrying........
Textile-mill products_____________
Scouring and combing plants______
Yam and thread mills___________
Broad-woven fabric mills_____ ___
Narrow fabrics and smallwares..........
Knitting mills....................... .........
Dyeing and finishing textiles.............
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Hats (except cloth and millinery).......
Miscellaneous textile goods___ ____
Apparel and other finished textile products.
Men’s and boys’ suits and coats.........
Men’s and boys’furnishings and work
clothing............................ ...... .
Women’s outerwear____________
Women’s, children’s undergarments_
Millinery___________________
Children’s outerwear.............. ” 11”
Fur goods...................... ...............
Miscellaneous apparel and accessories..
Other fabricated textile products........
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture).—............ .......................
Logging camps and contractors.........
Sawmills and planing mills............ .
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products......... .....
Wooden containers____ ____ ___
Miscellaneous wood products______
Furniture and fixtures........................
Household furniture____________
Office, public-building, and professional
furniture____ ____________
Partitions, shelving, lockers, and
fixtures___________________
Screens, blinds, and miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures........................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
86.1
30.7
24.3
12. 9
May
84.8
30.9
23.4
12.8
Apr.
84.
30.4
23.
12.8
Mar.
87.2
31. £
24.8
13. C
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
88.7
32.5
24. S
13.5
90.0
33.5
25.1
13.5
91.1
34.9
25.2
12.9
90.7
35. (
25.0
12.9
90.6
35.2
24.6
13.1
90.9
35.7
24.5
13.3
90. 7
36.0
24.4
13.7
01. 4
36.6
24. 5
13.9
1953
91.3
35.1
24. 5
14.8
1952
86 6
29 3
22 9
18.5
25.6
195. 3
26. C 35.4
194.9 200.8
38.0
217.8
41.5
232.7
42.8
241.2
45.0
246.7
45.1
251.0
45.0
248.4
46.5
255.9
46. 5
255.4
45. 4
254.5
49 1 59 5
264.5 304.4
135.1
129.0
128.7
128.4
128.9
128.4
128.8
129.0
130.6
133.7
136.9
136.5
131.4
89.2
88.6
86.6
84.5
83.8
84.3
89.1
91.2
92.6
94.0
94.1
93.4
90.6
703.9 678.5
120. 7 108.3
371.9 361.3
648.7
89.9
350.8
642.6
89.6
346.8
627.3
78.6
343.3
616.9
67.6
343.7
653.5
82.2
359.0
695.3
100.9
377.0
713.1
102.8
388.2
720.7
104.4
393.3
731.1
108.0
398.6
726. 5
104 0
396.9
705 3
94 8
387.1
719 1
93 2
406! 7
107.5
56. 5
47.3
105. 5
56.1
47.3
103.3
56. 4
48.3
101.4
56.4
48.4
100.5
56.7
48.2
100.6
56.8
48.2
104.0
58.4
49.9
107.6
58.9
50.9
110.8
59.8
51.5
110.6
60.2
52.2
110.7
61.0
52.8
111.3
62. 0
52.3
110. 5
60. 7
52.2
106. 4
59. 3
53.3
274.5
196.1
276.5
198.6
282.7
204.3
290.0
209.3
291.7
209.1
293.2
208.5
301.4
215.8
308.4
223.4
312.6
226.1
315.3
228.1
315.1
228.2
314. 4
228.0
319 0
233.0
309.3
225.6
129.0
89.9
12,259 12,484 12,437 12,590 12,818 12,906 13,002 13,319 13,534 13,852 14,061 14,070 13,875 13,850 13 144
6,942 7,180 7, 208 7,309 7,430 7, 520 7,616 7,791 7,910 8,088 8,161
8,195 8,194 8,167 7 539
5,317 5,304 5, 229 5, 281 5,388 5,386 5, 386 5, 528 5,624 5,764 5, 900 5,
875 5,681 5,683 5,604
116.0 119.8 125.2 136.8 150.4 164.5 176.5 183.6 187.4 193.0 194.3 194.4
198.7 186. 3 135.
1,162.2 1, 077.9 1,031.1 1,011.1 1,009.1 1,009.1 1, 024. 2 1,082. 7 1,149.0 1, 223.8 1,325. 6 1,289. 4
1,202
133 5 1 137 2
246.6 238. 6 241.1 246.0 249.7 256.4 267.1 272.5 262.5 254.4 252. 6 251. 62 1 254
9 ’ 252 9
88.3
84.0
80. 2 76.6
74.1
73.4
74.4
76.1
78.9
84.1
88.7
90.2
80.7
82.7
163.4 144.2 135.2 125.9 125.3 132.0 148.7 183.8 253.0 371.8 342. 7 263.6 204.
5 197. 9
91.4
87.9
80.6
84.7
85. 8 85.7
85.2
85.7
88.7
89.5
89.1
89
2
87
3
93 2
174.3 171.9 174.2 174.4 174.7 173.1 176.6 180. ? 182.1 181.5 181. 4 182.9 180.1 18l!
6
23.8
23.8
22.1
23.0
23.2
24.7
37.9
45.7
44.1
27.5
24.8
24.7
28.6
28.0
61.1
60.3
62.0
65.5
67.0
69.0
75.6
78.4
78.8
fil 2
70 4
71 fi
75.3
68.9
127. 9 121.8 117.1 115.1 111.9 115.1 119.7 125.2 130.0 135.0
137.6 133.9 126 2 129 3
101.1
98. 6 97.7
97.4
98.8
94.8
97.5 101.3 105.7 106.5 103.6 104.8 100.9
99.9
82.3
82.0
81.5
81.7
84.0
89.9
97.2 104.3 101.1 109.2 112.2 105.2
9fi
7
83
6
95
1
28. 7 28.3
28.6
28.7
28.8
28.9
28.8
28.9
28.6
28.7
28. 5 27. 7 28 4 27 5
37.8
37. 5 37.2
37.9
38.5
37.5
38.8
39.8
39.4
38.6
38.0
37.1
38.
5
39.
0
6. 7
6. 7
6. 7
6.8
6.7
6.6
6.8
6.9
6.8
6. 7
6.6
73
6. 5
68
9.1
9.0
9.1
10.7
15.8
24.2
29.9
25.5
34.4
38.2
32.1
12.3
21.4
22.9
960.4 980.1 968.6 979.0 989.0 994.6 996.5 1,028. 2 1,046.0 1,067.3 1,088. 2 1,092. 8 1,085. 3 1,092.6 1,100. 5
5.5
5.1
4.9
4.6
4.5
4.6
5.2
5.1
5.7
fi fi fi 1
6. 4
6. 5
114.4 113.1 115.3 115.7 116.2 118.7 123.9 125.8 128.9 134.3
136.9 134 5 134 9 139 8
457.3 451. 5 455. 2 460.1 463.2 466.0 477.0 485.1 493.2 501.8
503.
4
507.
2 504.1 508 6
25. 3 25. 3 25.7
25. 5 25.3
25.5
26.4
27.0
27.6
27.9
27.8
27 6 27 9 27 8
196.3 192.2 191.6 193.0 193.5 190.0 198.6 204.3 210.8 215.
5 217.4 213 6 215 2 215 fi
75.3
75.5
76.6
77.5
77.8
77.5
79.9
80.2
80.8
81. 7 81.6
80 0 82 3 83 0
41.0
41.0
43.8
44.3
45.0
44.9
45.9
46.4
47.1
48.1
46. 7 45. 3 48 6 47 2
12.3
12.2
12.5
13.8
14.0
13.9
14.6
14.4
14.6
14. 2
14. 7
15 0
15. 2
14 9
52.7
52.4
54.5
53.7
55.1
55.4
56.7
57.7
58.6
58.3
57.8
55.5
58.4
57.7
981.6 989.2 984.9 1,029.7 1,100. 5 1,087.6 1,061. 6 1,083. 5 1,084.6 1,102. 5 1,099. 4 1,120. 7 1,065 5 1,102 1 1 074 7
109.6 105.3 110. 2 120.8 121.5 119.2 120.5 121.4 124.0 125.2 124.9 114.2 121.1 116.9
262.9 261.4 267.7 275.0 270.6 268.1 275.2 284.5 290.4 292.2 293.8 279.3 287. 3 266 2
282. 7 286.8 314.2 349.4 344.4 332.9 330.5 312.0 312.6 311.4 330.2 309.9 322. 7 329.3
95.3
97.2
99.2
98.8
99.0
96.2
98.3 102.7 103.8 101.4 100.4
98.8 102. 5 97. 9
10. 6 13.1
17.9
23.6
22.2
20.2
17.7
15.8
19.2
18.8
19.9
17. 7
19.1
20 5
69.1
63.0
68.0
67.4
63.0
65.0
64.9
62.7
64.6
64.7
67.2
65.1
65. 5 62.8
9.9
8.2
6.3
6.9
7.3
7.5
9.7
10.2
8.8
9.0
10.1
11.
5
9.
3
10 7
51.4
49.4
50.3
52.8
51.9
49.8
54.2
56.4
58.2
58.4
58.1
57 7
55.3
56 8
97.7 100.5 101.3 104.8 103.3 102.7 112.5 118.9 120.9 118.3 116.1 113.7 117.8
112.9
613.9
276.3
31.9
31.9
32.1
32.9
33.5
33.9
34.3
34.0
34.7
35.2
35.5
34.7
35.0
34.5
25.3
24.9
25.2
26.0
26.8
27.8
27.9
27.7
28.5
27.8
27.9
28.0
27.8
26.5
21.2
21.1
21.1
21.8
22.3
23.0
23.4
23.3
23.3
24.2
23.5
23.7
23.31
22.7
1035
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual aver
age
1953
1954
Industry group and Industry
July
Manufacturing—Continued
428.9
Paper and allied products____ ___ _
Pulp, paper, and paper board mills___■
Paper board containers and boxes........ ■
Other paper and allied products_____ ■
Printing, publishing, andalliedindustries. 515.3
Newspapers.....................................Periodicals........ ...................
Books___ ____________
Commercial printing____________ Lithographing..................................Greeting cards......... .............
Bookbinding and related industries___ Miscellaneous publishing and printing
services............. ........................ ..
Chemicals and allied products_______ 511.5
Industrial inorganic chemicals............Industrial organic chemicals...............Drugs and medicines_______
Soap, cleaning and polishing prepara
tions______________________Paints, pigments, and fillers...-..........Gum and wood chemicals.... .............. Fertilizers___________
Vegetable and animal oils and fats___Miscellaneous chemicals______
-...............
Products of petroleum and coal............ 180.6
Petroleum refining_____
Coke and other petroleum and coal
products_______
Rubber products__ ____________ 166.9
Tires and inner tubes____________ Rubber footwear_________
Other rubber products....................... Leather and leather products_______ 328.0
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished. Industrial leather belting and packing. Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.. Footwear (except rubber).................. ■
Luggage................
Handbags and small leather goods___ Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods.
Stone, clay, and glass products............. 428.8
Flat glass........................... ..........
Glass and glassware, pressed or blown.. •
Glass products made of purchased glass.
Cement, hydraulic..........................
Structural clay products_________
Pottery and related products............
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products
Cut-stone and stone products............
Miscellaneous nonmetallic mineral
products__________________
Primary metal industries.................... 967 8
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills..........................................
Iron and steel foundries__________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals_______________
Secondary smelting and refining ofnonferrous metals_______________
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals........ ......................
Nonferrous foundries__ ___ _____
Miscellaneous primary metal industries
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipment)____________ 802.6
Tin cans and other tinware...............
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies........................
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Lighting fixtures______________
Fabricated wire products_________
Miscellaneous fabricated metal products.
See footnotes at end of table.
3 1 2 5 3 4 -5 4 -
6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
May
April
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1953
1952
435.7
219.4
117.2
99.1
432.5
217.9
116.3
98.3
432.7
217.3
116.3
99.1
435.9
218.6
118.0
99.3
436.5
218.3
119.1
99.1
437. 5
218.7
119.9
98.9
442.4
220.7
122.3
99.4
446.3
220.0
127.5
98.8
448.3
220.5
127.7
100.1
450.0
222.2
125.9
101.9
447.0
220.7
124.3
102.0
438.8
219.0
119.0
100.8
441.0
218.9
122.2
99.9
420.9
215.7
109.9
95.3
518.2
147.3
25.4
30.8
167.9
45.4
15.3
34.7
514.7
146.6
25.6
30.6
166.5
45.6
14.0
34.5
516.4
145.8
26.0
30.4
168.0
45.7
13.8
34.8
516.8
145.9
26.3
30.5
168.1
45.2
13.7
34.7
513.6
143. 3
26.0
30.3
168.6
45.3
13.5
34.5
514.2
142.4
26.4
30.3
170.9
44.7
13. 4
33.8
524.5
147.8
26.3
30.1
172.8
46.2
15.3
34.6
522.1
146.6
26.5
30.1
169.4
47.0
16.6
34.9
524.8
147.4
26.6
30.6
170.0
46.5
16.6
36.4
520.5
147.0
26.8
30.7
168.0
45.6
16.2
36.0
509.6
144.3
25.8
29.7
164.4
44.4
16.0
35.6
506.7
143.7
25.9
29.0
165.4
42.9
15.4
35.2
513.3
145.1
26.6
29.7
167.5
44.4
15.0
35.1
500.5
143.5
27.5
28-2
163.0
42.2
14.1
33.9
51.4
51.3
51.9
52.4
52.1
52.3
51.4
51.0
50.7
50.2
49.4
49.2
50.1
48.2
517.9
67.5
201.3
55.9
525.3
67.1
201.0
56.2
533.8
66.7
201.7
56.6
538.6
66.8
204.3
57.2
536.1
66.5
207.1
57.7
539.5
67.0
214.1
57. 5
540.1
67.1
217.3
54.1
547.7
66.9
219.7
57.6
552.3
67.0
221.8
56.9
554. 6
66.8
225.8
56.9
549. 8
66.9
228.9
55.4
546.2
67.3
226.9
55.0
551.4
65.9
222.0
56.9
536. 9
62.2
203.9
61.3
31.8
45.9
6.8
24.6
25.9
58.2
31.7
45.6
7.1
31.7
26.7
58.2
32.0
46.0
7.0
38.4
28.4
57.0
32.2
45.9
7.1
38.1
30.0
57.0
32.2
45.8
7.1
31.7
31.1
56.9
31.8
45.8
7.1
26.6
32.6
57.0
31.1
46.2
7.1
24.8
33.9
58.5
31.4
46.3
7.2
24.3
34.9
59.4
31.9
46.7
7.1
26.1
35.0
59.8
32.0
47.3
6.9
26.5
33.1
59.3
31.6
48.0
6.8
24.8
27.5
59.9
31.4
48.6
6.7
23.8
26.0
60.5
32.1
47.4
6.9
29.0
31.3
59.9
32.0
46.6
6.9
29.2
32.9
61.9
179.8
139.1
178.6
138.4
176.2
137.0
176.5
137.2
177.6
137.7
177.8
137.7
180.7
139.4
183.8
140.8
185.3
141.3
187.9
142.8
190.5
144.8
190.0
144.2
186.5
142.4
182.6
140.2
40.7
40.2
39.2
39 3
39.9
40.1
41.3
43.0
44.0
45.1
45.7
45.8
44.1
42.4
199.1
85.7
19.7
93.7
197.0
83.9
19.8
93.3
195.2
83.2
19.2
92.8
199.4
84.7
19.6
95.1
202.9
85.3
20.5
97.1
205.7
86.4
21.5
97.8
208.7
86.7
22.9
99.1
210.0
87.3
23.7
99.0
215.6
90.3
24.0
101.3
220.6
93.4
24.1
103.1
220.7
93.3
23.6
103.8
219.3
93.7
22.5
103.1
220.8
93.0
23.7
104.1
211.7
92.9
22.9
96.0
324.2
39.2
3.6
14.2
217.5
12.3
23.2
14.2
315.1
38.6
3.6
13.2
210.8
11.8
23.7
13.4
325.1
38.8
3.6
14.0
217.8
11.3
26.7
12.9
337.7
39.8
3.7
15.1
225.8
11.1
29.6
12.6
338.6
40.2
3.7
15.4
225.4
12.2
30.0
11.7
331.9 332.4
40.0
40.0
4.0
3.9
15. 2 14.9
222.4 219.3
11.6
13.3
28.0
27.8
11.0
12.9
333.6
40.4
4.1
14.2
215.0
»14.9
|30.0
15.0
334.4
41.7
4.2
13.8
212.8
15.3
30.0
16.6
340.5
42.3
4.1
13.8
219.8
14.9
28.7
16.9
349.4
42.7
4.3
14.9
227.0
14.8
28.7
17.0
342.9
42.4
4.3
15.2
223.3
14.6
27.0
16.1
346.7
42.4
4.4
15.1
225.8
14.8
28.5
15.6
342. 5
41.9
4.3
15.3
222.7
14.7
27.0
16.7
428.0
25.3
77.3
13.2
32.6
70.5
45.6
85.0
16.1
426.9
24.7
77.9
13.3
33.7
69.2
46.4
83.3
16.3
428.3
25.0
78.4
13.7
34.2
68.5
47.1
81.4
16.8
429.1
25.3
78.2
14.2
34.5
67.7
48.2
79.6
16.2
427.2
26.2
77.6
14.2
34.2
65.4
48.3
78.2
16.0
428.4
27.6
77.4
14.6
34.6
66.4
45.8
78.1
15.8
458.6
28.3
85.5
15.1
35.6
71.6
49.1
86.2
16.5
464.8
28.2
86.0
15.7
35.5
72.2
50.4
88.1
16.6
467.4
28.4
85.7
15.7
35.9
72.1
50.0
89.8
16.7
465.6
28.1
84.6
15.8
35.9
72.9
48.7
90.2
16.5
457.9
27.8
82.0
15.5
35.8
73.5
43.9
89.8
16.1
460. 2
28.2
84.8
15.8
35.2
71.2
49.8
86.0
16.2
447.7
26.9
80.4
14.6
33.9
73.0
51.7
82.3
15.3
.À
447.7
28.3
82.6
15.0
35.2
69.8
48.1
82.8
16.5
72.9
73.5
73.1
72.9
72.1
69.5
69.4
70.7
67.1
68.1
63.2
65.2
991.1 1,009.6 1,026.7 1,048.8 1,074.3 1,088.1 1, 111. 5 1,128.6 1,138. 4 1,143.4 1,131. 5 1,043.7
490.8 502.0 511.3 522.2 534.0 542.2 554.9 560.8 572.4 570.5 559.6 486.5
194.2 195.0 196.4 198.9 202.5 203.6 209.4 215.5 214.8 220.3 219.9 226.7
62.4
62.1
985.1
975.6
490.3
191.8
483. 3
190.4
47.5
47.1
47.1
47.6
48.6
48.3
48.3
49.0
49.9
50.8
50.4
50.4
49.3
9.2
9.3
9.3
9.1
9.0
9.3
9.6
9.7
10.0
9.9
10.0
9.9
10.0
9.5
81.0
57.4
107.9
80.6
57.6
107.3
80 9
60.0
108.8
81.4
63.3
111.2
83.2
65.1
113.1
86.7
67.6
115.8
89.5
70.8
119.6
90.6
72.4
120.6
92.6
73.0
121.7
92.3
74.9
124.4
92.4
75.2
123.2
91.5
76.9
123.9
92.2
76.4
124.3
86.2
73.0
115.7
830.0
50.4
117.1
833.3
48.8
119.3
839.5
47.5
120.3
852.1 863.6
46. (
46.1
123. < 127. (
873.5
46.:
125.5
874.9
26. *
126.7
902.4
47.9
124.6
924.0
50.9
126.2
939.0
54.5
129.0
942.1
55.5
133.2
933.9
52.5
132.1
932.1
48.6
132.9
847.5
48.7
123.3
97.3
91.1
92.2
89.2
91.3
201.7 201. C 201.; 203.1 209. (
195.3 200.2 205.: 209.1 211. £
39.4
37.6
38. ‘
36.6
35.5
46. ‘
48. £ 52.
45.
45.0
105. C 107.' 108. £ 110.' 112.
102.0
211.7
209.6
39.5
53.0
114.1
107.1
213.:
215.6
40.1
52.7
118.1
107.5
215.4
217.5
41.0
53.7|
120.4[
108.1
213.2
217. C
41.
53.
119.
107.2 107.8
209.1 209.4
219.1 219.0
41.2
41.2
63. S 54.3
19.1
118.
106.0
194.1
175.2
37.2
49.9
113.1
89.6
91.7
204.6 202.8
185.1 191.1
34.4
34.3
43.8
44.3
102. S 103.1
ft»?
46.1
1036
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T able
A-3: Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1954
Annual
average
1953
Industry group and Industry
July
June
May
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1953
1952
M a n u f a c t u r i n g — Continued
Machinery (except electrical)________ 1, 122. 2 1,149. 1.165. 0 1,186.6 1,201.9 1,219. 1,230.0 1, 238.4 1,240.1 1,253. 6 1,262.2 1, 267. 5 1,294.9 1,301. 5 1,279.9
Engines and turbines......... ............. .
53.5
54.2
54.6
55.8
57.
58.3
60.6
62.2
62.7
62. Ï
61.7
64.8
64.7
63.4
110.7 110. 1 111.6 109.7 105.
Agricultural machinery and tractors.
100.9
98.8
97.3 105.3 115.1 122.7 130.0 125.8 137.0
Construction and mining machinery
90.2
89.6
90.4
90.7
90.
91.9
91.5
92.5
94.1
96.8
99.1 100.1
99.2 102.4
Metalworking machinery.......................
214.7 219.5 224.9 232.2 237.
241.0 242.0 243.8 245.0 245.8 241.9 242.0 244.8 235.7
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)________
124.8 125.8 127.8 129.7 130.
132.1 134.3 134.0 134.1 134.0 135.2 136.6 138.0 142.6
General industrial m achinery........... .
154.1 155.7 158.2 162.2 164.
167.7 170.7 171.3 172. C 169.9 170.7 172.5 171.8 167.9
Office and store machines and devices.
81.9
81.3
82.8
83.6
86 .
86.7
87.9
87.9
88.8
87.8
86.8
87.7
88.5
89.0
Service-industry and household ma
chines___ ______________ ______ _
124.2 133.4 138.0 135.6 142.
142.4 141.3 140.5 140.9 139.4 141.3 148.7 154.6 140.7
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
195.8 195.4 198.3 202.4 205.
209.4 210.9 210.6 210.7 210.5 208.1 212.2 214.2 201.3
Electrical machinery______ __________
774.8 778.3 791.2 810.9 827.4 838.9 855.1 882.7 913.0 933.1 940.8 932.2 918.1 930.4 817.4
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus253.3 259.2 263.2 268.5 272.7 277.1 282.4 282.4 286.8 289.9 290.0 293.2 290.7 269.8
Electrical appliances........... .................
48.1
50.4
52.9
54.6
55.4
57.0
59.0
60.2
60.0
60.2
59.0
59.5
59.0
46.0
Insulated wire and cable____________
22. 7 23.1
23.2
23.4
23.4
24.2
25.5
25.9
27.1
27.4
27.8
27.5
27.7
25.6
Electrical equipment for vehicles_____
56.6
57.7
60.5
58.9
62.9
64.3
63.9
64.6
64.5
66. 5 66.0
67.5
67.5
60.8
Electric lamps____________________
24.0
24.2
24.5
25.0
25.5
25.9
26.2
26.3
25.6
26.0
25.2
25.2
24.9
22.0
Communication equipm ent........... ......
339.3 342.6 354.3 361.9 364.4 371.9 388.2 414.3 428.4 431.1 424.8 406.8 422.6 356.6
Miscellaneous electrical products_____
34.3
34.0
33.9
33.5
34.6
35.1
37.1
39.3
40.3
40.1
39.4
38.4
38.1
36.6
Transportation equipment.................... 1,265.8 1. 321.3 1,342. 4 1,380.4 , 408.6 1,434.6 1,469. 1, 486.8 1,449.1 1,506. 5 1, 520. 4 1, 546.9 1, 558.9 1, 543.6 1,334.2
Automobiles______ ______ _______
591.6 600.9 625.0 637.0 655.0 676.8 707.1 685.6 714.6 720.7 757.7 779.2 759. 9 644.4
Aircraft and parts.................... ...........
569.9 575.0 584.5 591.9 596.0 602.3 586.4 567.0 591.6 595.7 584.3 574.9 576.8 483.5
Aircraft_______________________
348.6 353.3 356.2 355.5 356.2 362.9 346.0 330. 5 354.6 358.6 351.3 344.8 347.8 311.6
Aircraft engines and parts________
113.4 116.2 121.3 125.5 127.3 127.3 129.1 128.6 131.5 130.3 128.1 127.2 126.5
98.8
Aircraft propellers and parts______
12.6
9.1
9.3
12.6
12.9
13.4
13.2
13.3
13.3
13.3
12.9
13.1
13.2
10.4
Other aircraft parts and equipment.
95.3
96.4
97.7
98.3
99.6
98.9
97.9
94.6
92.2
93.5
92.0
89.8
89.3
62.7
Ship and boat building and repairing.
110.6 115.2 115.6 119.5 121.8 125.3 125.9 128.2 128.4 131.8 131.9 135.1 134.4 134.6
Shipbuilding and repairing_______
91. 2 95.0
97.2
99.1 102.1 106.2 107.9 109.4 109.8 113.0 112.3 114.4 114.5 118.1
Boatbuilding and repairing_______
19.4
20.2
18.4
20.4
19.7
19.1
18.0
18.8
18.6
18.8
19.6
20.7
19.8
16.5
Railroad equipment........... ................ .
41.5
44.1
53.4
48.3
55.2
58.9
59.9
58.9
61.7
62.0
62.8
59.8
62.9
61.9
Other transportation equipment____
7.7
7.2
7.0
6.8
6.6
6.5
7.5
9.4
10.2
10.2
10.2
9.6
9.9
9.8
Instrum ents and related products........._. 210.3 215.2 219.5 223.9 229.4 232.5 237.0 240.8 242.9 241.5 242.2 239.8 241.5 242.3 227.5
Laboratory, scientific, and engineering
instrum ents_____________________
29.7
30.5
31.7
32.6
33.6
34.1
34.5
34.9
34.7
34.5
32.0
34.3
34.4
32.2
Mechanical measuring and controlling
instruments_________ ______ ____
51.7
54.0
54.4
55.4
56.0
56.1
57.5
57.8
56.8
56.8
57.5
58.1
57.5
53.0
Optical instruments and lenses______
10.8
11.0
10.8
11.1
11.4
11.6
11.3
11.7
11.7
11.8
12.0
11.8
11.7
11.3
Surgical, medical, and dental instru
m ents__________________________
27.7
27.7
28.0
28.8
28.7
29.6
30.2
30.5
31.1
30.7
31.2
31.2
31.0
29.5
Ophthalmic goods...... ............................
20.1
20.5
20.8
21.3
21.8
21.9
22.2
21.9
21.2
21.6
21.6
21.4
22.0
22.0
Photographic apparatus.........................
45.9
45.7
47.0
46.3
47.1
48.1
48.3
48.3
48.2
48.2
48.6
48.4
47.5
45.6
Watches and clocks________________
29.3
33.2
30.3
31.7
33.9
35.6
36.8
37.8
38.2
38.0
37.1
36.9
33.8
37.5
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.. 363.2 373.9 373.9 380.1 389.0 393.2 386.4 407.1 424.9 434.0 430.3 421.9 405.4 414.8 378.1
Jewelry, silverware, and plated w are...
41.6
41.9
42.6
44.0
45.3
44.8
46.1
47.1
46.6
45.3
43.4
41.2
43.8
40.4
Musical instruments and parts_______
12.9
13.2
13.5
13.8
14.1
14.5
14.7
14.7
14.9
14.9
15.0
14.6
14.9
13.7
Toys and sporting goods.___________
68.3
67.9
67.0
66.8
67.4
64.5
72.3
83.4
90.3
89.5
87.7
83.1
69.1
81.0
Pens, pencils, and other office supplies.
22.1
22.1
22.1
22.5
22.4
22.0
22.8
23.2
23.0
22.7
22.2
21.8
22.3
22.7
Oostume jewelry, buttons, notions........
51.5
49.1
50.5
52.3
54.5
52.2
53.9
56.8
58.1
57.8
58.4
55.3
56.2
50.8
Fabricated plastic products_________
57.0
57.3
58.8
60.6
60.9
62.2
63.7
65.5
66.5
66.5
65.7
63.6
64.6
56.6
Other manufacturing industries______
120.5 122.4 125.6 129.0 128.6 126.2 133.6 134.2 134.6 133.5 129.6 125.8 132.0 124.8
1 See footnote 1, table A-2. Production and related workers include work
ing foremen and all nonsupervisory workers (including leadmen and trainees)
engaged in fabricating, processing, assembling, Inspection, receiving, storage,
handling, packing, warehousing, shipping, maintenance, janitorial, watch
man services, products development, auxiliary production for plant’s own
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
use (e. g., powerplant), and record-keeping and other services closely associ
ated with the above production operations.
2 See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2.
See N ote on p. 1027.
1037
A : EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T a b l e A -4 : Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in m anufacturing
industries 1
[1947-49=100]
Employ Weekly
payroll
ment
Period
1939: Average.................-.
1940: Average........-..........
1941: Average...................
1942: Average............... .
1943: Average...... .............
1944: Average...... .............
1945: Average_________
1946: Average.............. .....
1947: Average...................
1948: Average _ _
66.2
71.2
87.9
103.9
121.4
118.1
104.0
97.9
103.4
102.8
29.9
34.0
49.3
72.2
99.0
102.8
87.8
81.2
97.7
105.1
Employ Weekly
ment
payroll
Period
97.2 1953: November____ ___
111.7
December________
129.8
136.6 1954: January___ _____
February_________
151.6
March__________
April___________
151.1
154.0
May____________
June_____ ___ ___
153.4
152.6
July____________
93.8
99.6
106.4
100.3
112.0
112.2
113.8
113.7
1949: Average........... .......
1950: Average_________
1951: Average--------------1952: Average_________
1953: Average_________
1953: July____________
August----- ---------September____ ___
October. _________
Employ Weekly
ment payroll
Period
112.0
109.4
107.7
105.1
104.3
103.6
101.8
100.5
100.9
99.1
148.0
147.2
140.8
140.5
138.4
135.0
135.1
136.7
1 See footnote 1, tables A-2 and A-3.
See N ote on p. 1027.
T able
A-5: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
[In thousands]
Excelltlve 1
Year and m onth
All branches
Total
Department of
Defense
Post Office
Department
Legislative
Judicial
Other agencies
Continental United States 3
1952: Average------- ---------------------------1953: Average_______________________
2, 420
2,305
2,394.0
2,279.0
1,199. 2
1,130.6
538.3
526.5
656.6
621.9
22.6
22.2
3.9
3.9
1953: June............... -........------- -----------July------- --------------------------------A ugust--.-------- -----------------------September_____________________
October---------------- ------------------November....................................
December______ _______________
2,303
2,281
2,258
2,230
2,205
2,203
2,480
2,277.2
2,255.0
2,231.9
2,204.7
2,179.3
2,177.0
2,454.6
1,138.1
1,128.2
1,113.0
1,094.4
1,076. 5
1,069.0
1,063. 5
504.3
498.6
495.0
497.4
497.9
505.2
792.8
634.8
628.2
623.9
612.9
604.9
602.8
598.3
22.3
22.2
22.2
21.9
21.8
21.7
21.7
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.8
3.9
3.9
3.9
1954: January_______________________
February--------- ------------ ------M arch--------- ------------ -------------April_________ - _ ______ _____
M ay__________________________
June____________ ___ ________
2,184
2,175
2,173
2,168
2,160
2,164
2,157.9
2,149. 0
2,147.2
2,141.9
2,134. 2
2,138.1
1,058.0
1, 048.4
1,041.4
1, 036.0
1,028. 6
1,025.2
504.4
502.2
500.8
502.6
502. 4
504.8
595.6
598.4
605.0
603.3
603.2
608.1
21.7
21.9
21.8
21.8
21.8
21.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
3.9
4.0
4.0
Washington, D. C.8
1952: Average_______________________
1953: Average____________________ -.-
258.7
241.4
237.2
220.3
92.9
90.4
10.0
9.5
134.4
120.4
20.8
20.3
0.7
.7
1953: June__________________________
July---------------------------------------August________________________
September___________________ October__________ ____________
November___________ --- -- --December______________ ______
243.2
239.6
236.4
233.8
231.1
230.3
233.7
222.1
218.6
215.4
213.0
210.4
209.6
213.0
90.1
89.6
88.9
89.5
88.9
88.6
88.2
9.1
9.3
9.1
9.0
9.1
9.1
13.3
122.9
119.7
117.4
114.5
112.4
111.9
111.5
20.4
20.3
20.3
20.1
20.0
19.9
19.9
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.8
.8
1954: January__________ _____ ______
February______________________
M arch_____________ ___________
April_________________________
M av____________ _____________
June___ ________ ________ _--
228.4
228.1
228.0
227.8
226.6
228.7
207.7
207.2
207.2
207.0
205. 8
207.8
87.8
87.4
87.3
87.1
86.4
87.2
9.0
9.0
9.1
9.2
9.0
8.9
110.9
110.8
110.8
110.7
110.4
111.7
19.9
20.1
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.1
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
.8
i Includes all executive agencies (except Central Intelligence Agency) and
Government corporations. Civilian employment in navy yards, arsenals,
hospitals, and on force-account construction is also included.
3 Includes the 48 States and the District of Columbia.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 Includes all Federal civilian employment In Washington standard metro
politan area (District of Columbia and adjacent Maryland and Virginia
counties).
See N ote on p. 1027.
1038
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T able
A-6: Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 1
[In thousands]
Annual average
1953
1954
State
June
May
Mar.
Apr.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1953
1952
676.8
670.3
677.6
684.4
683.1
675.1
681.1
Alabama............................... 661.0
662.3
666.2
683.0
662.8
661.9
665.0
197.4
199.2 201.3
195.9
198.4
202.9
201.1
201.7
206.2
Arizona....... .........._.............. 198.1
202.8
202.7
203.2
202.5
316.3
317.9
313.6
312.2
317. 5 319.1
302.5
316.1
Arkansas............................ .
305.6
322.1
307.0
307.0
304.3
302.1
California_______________ 3,824.8 3, 810. 6 3, 796. 3 3, 785.0 3, 790. 9 3,812.0 3, 951. 7 3, 913. 4 3, 980. 4 4, 000.1 3, 974. 6 3, 905.1 3, 891. 8 3,895.3
411.3
416.7
416.7
418.1
418.1
416.1
Colorado________________ 407.3
410.6
397.6
393.9
394.3
408.6
390.0
392.3
668.6
192.4
319.7
3,739. 2
407.8
876.0
508.9
837.6
906.3
135.4
847.6
529.6
796.1
881.4
137.0
Illinois-.................................. 3, 307.1 3, 298. 7 3, 303.8 3, 289.0 3,298.0 3, 319.0 3, 439. 0 3,431. 5 3,458.9 3, 456. 5 3, 444.1 3, 424.4 3,454.3 3, 424. 2
Indiana.................................- 1, 298.0 1, 302. 4 1, 315. 7 1, 318.2 1, 335. 5 1, 353.4 1, 406.4 1, 409. 3 1,423. 7 1, 446. 9 1,431.1 1,432. 3 1,433.3 1, 423. 7
639.4
636.0
645.4
640.1
647.2
647.8
633.0
640.2
628.1
617.8
640.1
Iowa___________________
626.0
616.6
618.0
547.1
553.3
551.8
547.4
539.3
549.6
551.0
543.4
Kansas........ .........-............... 543.9
537.4
545.7
532.5
529.9
529.8
696.2
695.8
697.6
702.8
692.3
707.8
714.7
713.0
Louisiana________ ______
690.3
718.3
692.7
686.3
689.6
689.7
3, 318.8
1, 360.3
627.4
540.1
669.2
274.6
283.1
284.5
285.2
275. 7 282.3
273.9
M aine.—.............................
270.0
265.8
256.2
255.9
257.4
260.2
270.9
806.5
813.4
814.6
820. 1 819.9
818.1
M aryland_______________ 791.0
784.2
779.9
815.3
809.7
784.7
777.7 779.6
Massachusetts...................... 1, 755.9 1, 747.1 1, 749. 8 1, 743. 0 1,741.4 1, 752. 5 1,822.0 1, 808.0 1,823.4 1, 825. 6 1, 825.7 1, 820. 4 1,837. 7 1, 815.6
860.8
868.2
833.2
885.2
877.1
M innesota3_____________
817.4
826.0
821.1
839.6
872.1
870.4
879.1
886.0
829.1
Missouri_______________ _ 1,234.0 1, 236. 5 1,244.6 1, 237.8 1,240.9 1, 250.0 1, 299. 7 1, 282. 7 1, 300. 5 1, 296.9 1, 288.9 1, 277.1 1, 285.4 1,284.3
154.4
158.2
160.4
160.1
M ontana............................. . 158.5
159.8
161.5
153.3
156.7
149.6
146.9
146.9
155.8
145.7
348.8
353.9
353.4
353.0
352. 5 348.8
355.1
Nebraska_______________
354.5
357.0
343.0
341.2
343.5
356.9
346.0
73.3
71.6
75.5
75.1
Nevada___ _____________
75.7
72.9
74.0
74.3
72.6
73.3
70.9
72.1
72.0
70.7
178.4
175.0
179.7
181.4
177.7
N ew Hampshire.................. 175.9
170.4
171.7
175.7
169.2
169.2
169.1
173.1
168.8
New Jersey............ ............... 1, 779.3 1, 767. 7 1, 774. 9 1, 774.0 1, 772.0 1, 773.6 1,841.0 1, 829. 4 1, 846. 7 1, 858. 3 1,855. 9 1,850. 5 1, 854.2 1,834.2
275.6
784.6
1, 791.1
835.8
1, 269.4
153.2
342.3
65.7
173.4
1, 793. 2
176.1
178.0
177.6
176.5
177.4
New Mexico..___________
176.9
176.9
176.3
173.2
173.6
177.6
175.9
174.5
172.9
New York______________ 5, 800. 9 5, 790.8 5, 820. 2 5,814.6 5,815.7 5,846. 4 6, 090. 2 6,027.9 6,044. 6 5, 994. 6 5, 969. 6 5, 951.8 5, 977. 4 5, 960.9
N orth Carolina__________
977.7
975.9
984.6
985.1
986.7
991.0 1, 028.1 1, 020. 3 1, 024. 4 1,023. 3 1,013.0 1,000.3 1, 003.4 1, 010. 7
111.2
114.2
114.4
114.2
North Dakota....................... 112.7
114.3
111.4
107.3
112.6
112.8
114.8
108.1
106.6
106.6
O hio3__________________ 2, 917. 6 2, 917. 5 2, 931.9 2, 933.6 2, 952.6 2, 980. 4 3,079.1 3,057. 8 3,092. 5 3,106.4 3,085.4 3,079. 0 3,084.7 3,063.1
170.2
5,866.8
992.0
110.9
2, 959.4
537.6
541.5
537.0
Oklahoma______ ________ 534.5
541.8
539.9
535.5
531.6
529.4
532.8
527.6
527.5
546. 7 540.5
467.6
477.9
Oregon........ .......................... 462.3
488.7
495.3
488.1
454.4
463.6
480.7
447.3
431.7
432.8
456.1
436.6
Pennsylvania........................ 3, 593.1 3, 585.3 3, 634. 4 3,638.1 3, 661.4 3, 689.0 3,866. 5 3, 856. 8 3, 887. 0 3,891. 5 3, 881.3 3, 867.1 3,883. 6 3, 859. 5
302.5
305.9
Rhode Island______ ______ 282.0
303.4
302. 1 301.3
297.9
301.2
279.3
282.3
283.7
282.9
284.8
297.1
536.5
538.1
538.4
533.7
South Carolina_________
533.3
536.8
537.2
513.0
519.2
514.6
522.7
519.0
521.0
536.7
527.1
465.2
3,767. 2
303.7
532.4
121.0
123.9
125.2
South Dakota....................... 121.5
125.3
124.8
124.8
119.3
118.4
115.3
116.6
123.7
115.9
123.1
829.9
837.3
834.4
Tennessee.___ ___________ 817.7
839.8
836.1
816.2
828.7
839.6
819.2
815.5
820.6
845.0
812.0
2,
242.0
Texas..... ........ ....................... 2, 244.0 2, 223.0 2, 220. 6 2, 209. 5 2, 207.1 2, 216.8 2, 277.9 2, 251. 8 2, 247. 7 2, 248.1 2, 240. 2 2, 246.8 2, 259. 7
216.5
214.8
218.8
U tah........ ................... .......... 205.4
218.2
220.9
226.5
205. 2 203.7
201.9
215.9
201.0
203.6
215.3
103.7
104.9
Vermont________________
100.1
106.2
105.0
102.3
103.9
105.8
106.5
100.9
99.9
104.3
100.0
100.0
118.8
805.3
2,201. 6
213.9
99.6
897.5
895.0
894.4
894.1
Virginia....................... .......... 859.7
895.7
902.7
902.0
859.3
857.9
855.4
862.9
902.9
853.0
738.3
751.1
758.1
754.3
Washington........................... 747.5
741.1
706.5
758. 6 766.0
731.3
720.4
740.9
742.5
707.6
507.3
509.1
502.4
West Virginia....................... 469.8
507.8
509. 3. 506.4
471.6
473.9
477.9
486.8
508. 3 506.3
481.1
Wisconsin_________ ______ 1,055. 4 1,045. 5 1,042. 0 1,036.8 1, 042. 8 1,050. 7 1,085. 2 1,085.9 1,099.4 1,110. 2 1,107. 9 1,104.1 1,099.9 1, 092. 3
84.5
Wyoming_________ ____ _
87.1
88.6
84.5
78.4
84.1
87.2
89.0
80.0
76.8
75.3
76.8
82.7
86.0
891.3
733.0
520.5
1,076. 2
85.8
Connecticut..........-............. District of Columbia 3..........
Florida................................—
Georgia..................................
Idaho___________________
850.2
486.2
824.9
888.9
132.2
846.8
487.4
846.0
890.6
130.5
852.8
488.4
880.7
895.0
126.6
850.7
486.5
887.5
889.8
125.3
855.1
485.8
894.7
888.1
124.9
862.0
485.2
897.1
891.0
126.6
894.5
503.2
895.3
917.5
133.9
879.0
495.7
855.6
910.6
136.2
878.6
497.6
828.2
913.9
140.4
881.6
500. 2
810.3
917.0
144.3
881.1
501.3
797.1
917.1
141.8
878.9
507.0
792.8
908.8
140.5
884.1
513.6
805.7
909.1
138.3
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available more
detailed industry data. See table A-7 for addresses of cooperating State agencies.
3 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
T able
A -7: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1¡
[In thousands]
1954
1953
Annual average
State
June
Alabama........................
Arizona______ ______
Arkansas.___________
California____________
Colorado ____________
Connecticut...... ....... ......
Delaware___________
District of Columbia—......
Florida_____________
Georgia_____ ___ ___
Idaho.—_____ _______
Illinois__ _______ ...
Indiana_____________
Iowa_______________
Kansas_____________
Kentucky 3______ ___ _
Louisiana—............ .........
Maine______________
Maryland_________ ..
Massachusetts.... ...... ......
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
May
224.2 223.7
25.8 25.8
79.2 80.6
1,022.3 1,020. 7
63.8 62.7
414.2 416.3
57.7 57.3
16.1 16.3
120.0 123.2
304.1 304.4
23.4 22.3
1, 210.6 1,207.2
567.8 571.2
163.3 160.8
132.8 131.2
148.2 145.9
155.2 154.0
107.9 102.6
250.8 247.0
665.4 663.0
Apr.
Mar.
226.9 228.5
25.8 25.5
80.4 80.5
1,019.9 1,018. 4
62.6 62.6
424.4 430.3
56.7 57.5
15.9 16.8
128.1 128.0
306.8 307.8
19.9 18.8
1, 220.0 1,235.0
583.1 595.1
161.5 161.8
131.5 131.7
146.7 149.7
153.9 154.3
97.9 100.6
247.6 249.1
674.0 687.5
Feb.
Jan.
228.5 229.8
25.6 25.4
79.8 79.9
1,019.2 1,022. 6
63.4 64.0
438.2 444.0
57.9 57.7
16.9 17.2
130.3 130.0
307.3 307.3
18.5 19.1
1,243.9 1,253.6
610.3 621.3
162.1 161.6
131.8 131.5
153.2 158.4
158.8 160.7
103.4 104.5
251.4 254.9
692.6 696.5
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
231.2 233.6 236.9
25.9 26.6 26.6
82.6 83.0 83.1
1,032.1 1,050.0 1,105. 5
67.6 70.5 72.8
451.8 452.8 451.9
58.4 59.1 61.2
17.3 17.4 17.4
127.4 124.7 117.0
311.8 315.0 316.4
21.2 24.2 26.6
1,269.9 1,302.2 1, 321. 4
636.6 650.6 659.7
165.1 167.9 169.7
131.4 132.4 133.1
161.3 156.2 159.8
166.5 172.7 171.3
105.2 108.0 112.0
258.9 261.7 270.9
712.9 724.0 734.1
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1953
1952
237.5 234.0 230.5 233.8 234.2 226.4
26.9 27.4 28.1 28.5 28.0
27.7
84.0 81.7 82.7 82.6 82.7
82.2
1,125.8 1,128. 5 1,084.1 1,057.8 1.063. 7 993.6
71.3 69.7 68.6 68.1 68.3
67.2
454.1 454.4 451.2 460.7 455.8 433.0
65.8 67.6 63.1 62.4 62.1
59.2
17.6 17.4 17.2 17.2 17.3
17.3
114.8 114.7 114.2 117.4 121.4 115.0
319.0 321.2 317.0 315.7 316.0 308.2
28.8 27.2 27.2 25.2 23.5
23.3
1,338.3 1,340.2 1,319.8 1,343. 7 1,326.1 1,255.8
693.4 682.9 682.5 677.1 674.2 618.1
169.4 173.2 171.5 172.9 172.1 171.0
134.5 139.2 140.9 142.0 138.6 135.7
160.4 160.0 159.0 160.7 159.7 148.3
165.6 165.8 162.5 160.8 162.1 150.4
117.9 119.2 119.8 119.2 114.1 115.5
279.4 282.2 276.0 272.6 268.9 257.3
734.5 739.0 731.7 744.5 737.9 721.9
1039
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
T able
A -7: Employees in manufacturing industries, by State 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1953
1954
Annual average
State
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1953
Michigan________________ 1, 045. 5 1,051.2 1,073.4 1,088.9 1,102.9 1,129.4 1,168.3 1,158.3 1,173.0 1,183.8 1,212.3 1,238.3 1,260.1 1,219.4
238.6
234.3
224.8
225.4
215.8
222.5
233.6
212.4
219.5
224.7
227.1
206.3
208.1
207.8
Minnesota 2_____________
91.4
97.9
97.9
98.8
98.2
92.9
92.1
94.9
96.2
97.8
97.7
91.8
93.5
92.9
Mississippi________ ______
414.1
403.3
413.3
419.1
422.7
420.7
414.3
391.9
397.4
401.1
403.9
379.2
386.7
377.7
M issouri..___ __________
18.8
18.4
16.3
16.6
19.1
19.7
19.7
19.7
16.2
18.0
19.9
16.4
17.2
18.6
M ontana------------------------
59.6
4.2
81.2
822.8
15.6
New Y o r k ______________ 1,832.3 1,838. 7 1,879.3 1, 937.1 1,942.7 1,947.6 1,994.9 2,018. 7 2,047.8 2,030.2 2,034.9 1,991.7 2,005.1 2,016. 6
444.1
449.4
447.9
450.5
460.3
456.7
442.5
433.9
437.0
454.9
421.3
431.0
427.0
423.7
North Carolina.................
6.4
6.4
6.3
6.4
6.6
6.5
6.5
6.3
6.1
6.1
6.5
6.3
6.2
6.6
North Dakota___________
1,421.4
1,
376.3
1,438.9
1,
433.0
1,430.8
1, 412. 7
1, 435. 3
O hio................ ............ ........ 1,280.0 1,284. 7 1,301.0 1,323. 5 1,340.2 1,356.6 1,370.0
85.4
86.6
84.8
84.8
83.3
85.3
86.6
86.5
83.4
84.0
83.8
85.5
82.6
82.8
Oklahom a.........................
1, 955.4
435.0
6.4
1,335.2
80.2
157.9
155.2
157.2
149.7
143.2
122.4
139.8
149.1
130.6
126.4
121.2
129.0
135.3
140.5
Oregon. .. ____________
Pennsylvania____________ 1, 428.8 1,437.0 1, 468.9 1,496.4 1, 512. 6 1, 529. 5 1,560.1 1, 585.1 1,610.4 1,624.0 1,630.0 1,625.8 1,635.8 1, 619.3
145.4
146.8
148.2
145.6
130.4
136.4
143.3
146.0
128.3
131.5
138.7
124.8
122.8
124.7
Rhode Island____________
227.2
228.5
226.8
223.4
225.7
225.8
219.2
221.7
225.2
215.7
218.3
218.7
220.1
South Carolina.------- ------- 216.0
12.3
12.4
12.3
11.4
12.4
12.1
12.2
12.0
11.3
11.3
11.8
11.6
11.4
12.0
South Dakota------ -----------
145.5
1, 531.0
144.9
220.1
12.0
59.4
4.2
78.7
770.5
16.5
58.4
4.0
77.0
767.5
16.3
57.1
4.1
78.0
779.1
15.9
57.8
4.2
80.3
800.9
15.9
58.1
4.2
80.2
804.0
15.9
58.9
4.3
80.1
806.3
15.7
61.2
4.3
80.3
818.4
15.6
62.2
4.6
80.0
826.9
15.9
62.4
4.5
80.7
840.0
16.2
61.5
4.5
82.2
853.9
16.1
62.9
4.4
81.7
844.5
16.7
62.1
4.3
82.4
854.2
16.5
1,096.9
213.9
95.3
389.8
18.0
61.3
4.3
82.2
844.8
16.3
Nebraska_______________
Nevada_________________
New Hampshire_________
New Jersey______________
New Mexico....... ................ .
61.9
4.4
82.9
854.4
16.6
1952
Tennessee......... .....................
Texas___________________
U t a h ............................... .
V erm ont...............................
Virginia___________ ____
272.6
424.6
30.1
37.4
236.7
272.9
421.7
29.8
36.9
236.4
273.9
421.7
29.4
38.6
235.2
275.6
423.3
29.3
38.6
237.4
275.4
423.5
29.1
38.7
241.1
280.9
428.2
29.5
38.3
244.7
284.1
429.4
31.4
39.3
250.9
287.2
434.5
33.2
40.1
252.4
292.0
434.0
35.6
41.2
258.5
296.4
439.8
38.0
41.5
260.7
298.6
443.1
33.4
41.3
257.5
296.8
444.2
34.5
40.0
255.2
295.4
444.1
31.9
40.6
255.0
291.4
437.8
32.4
40.5
255.9
274.9
424.3
30.8
38.3
248.6
Washington........ ............. .
W estVirginia....... ..............Wisconsin................ .............
Wyoming_______________
200.5
125.6
427.6
196.8
124.7
424.4
6.2
193.0
124.7
426.4
6.1
191.0
126.7
434.2
6.0
187.0
128.3
439.5
6.0
183.8
130.7
, 442. 3
6.2
189.2
133.9
446.4
6.8
195.5
135.0
454.6
7.1
206.5
136.2
463.8
7.4
211.2
137.3
478.0
6.8
203.8
137.7
481.2
7.0
206.3
133.8
479.0
201.3
137.3
472.5
6.4
195.3
136.0
472.2
6.5
191.6
134.6
466.7
6.3
6 .6
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available
more detailed industry data.
6 .8
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
Cooperating State Agencies
Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 5.
A r iz o n a —Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Security Commission, Phoenix.
Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Little Rock.
C alifornia—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of Industrial Relations, San Francisco 1.
C olorado—U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, Denver 2.
C onnecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Hartford 15.
D e l a w a r e —Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1, Pa.
D istrict of C olumbia—U. S. Employment Service for D. C., Washington 25.
F lorida—Industrial Commission, Tallahassee.
G eorgia—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta 3.
I daho—Employment Security Agency, Boise.
I llinois—State Employment Service and Division of Unemployment Compensation, Department of Labor, Chicago 54.
I ndiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 9.
I o w a — Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
K ansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Topeka.
K entucky—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic Security, Frankfort.
L ouisiana—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Baton Rouge 4.
M aine—Employment Security Commission, Augusta.
M aryland—Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 1.
M assachusetts—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and Industries, Boston 8.
M ichigan—Employment Security Commission, Detroit 2.
M innesota—Department of Employment Security, St. Paul 1.
M ississippi—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
M issouri—Division of Employment Security, Jefferson City.
M ontana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
N ebraska—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Lincoln 1,
N evada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
N ew H ampshire—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor, Concord.
N ew J ersey —Bureau of Statistics and Records, Department of Labor and Industry, Trenton 8.
N ew M exico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
N ew Y ork—Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Employment, State Department of Labor, 1440 Broadway, New York 18.
N orth C arolina—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor, Raleigh.
N orth D akota—Unemployment Compensation Division, Workmen’s Compensation Bureau, Bismarck.
Ohio—Bureau of Unemployment Compensation, Columbus 16.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Oregon—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
P ennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1 (mfg.); Bureau of Research and Information, Department of Labor and Industry,
Harrisburg (nonmfg.).
R hode I sland—Division of Statistics and Census, Department of Labor, Providence 3.
South Carolina—Employment Security Commission, Columbia 1.
South D akota—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
T ennessee —Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
T exas—Employment Commission, Austin 19.
U tah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission, Salt Lake City 13.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and Industry, Richmond 14.
W ashington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
W est Virginia—Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
W isconsin—Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
W yoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1040
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T able A-8: Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance programs,1 by geographic
division and State
[In thousands]
1954
1952
1953
Geographic division and State
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Continental United States________ 1,924.0 2,070. 4 2,181.6 2,174. 8 2,169.3 2,033.8 1, 508.9 1,115.1
June
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
832.7 1,024. 9
840.0
779.4
816.1
861.1
New England........................ .............
Maine............................................
New Hampshire__ ____ ______
Vermont. . . .................................
Massachusetts_______________
Rhode Island_______ Connecticut____ ____________
147.7
11.1
10.6
3.6
68.6
22.1
31.7
168.3
16.6
13.7
4.3
75.2
26.7
31.8
172.8
18.1
12.3
3.5
78.4
28.3
32.2
160.9
13.7
9.7
3.4
76.1
28.0
30.0
161.2
14.4
9.4
3.6
78.3
27.2
28.3
153.8
14.9
10.2
3.8
75.7
24.5
24.7
118.7
13.5
9.3
2.7
60.3
17.3
15.6
91.6
10.1
8.8
1.5
45.9
13.6
11.7
73.1
7.4
8.4
1.0
36.8
10.7
8.8
66.1
5.3
7.2
1.2
34.5
9.3
8.6
64.0
4.9
5.5
1.1
31.4
10.0
11.1
66.6
5.8
5.8
1.1
34.7
9.7
9.5
61.9
6.3
6.2
1.0
32.7
9.3
6.4
118.3
7.4
7.7
3.9
67.5
18.0
13.8
Middle Atlantic_______ __________
New York___________ ..
New Jersey__________________
Pennsylvania._____ __________
609.7
279.3
89.1
241.3
623.2
275.8
94.9
252.5
622.0
277.3
91.9
252.8
589.4
261.7
87.9
239.8
575.6
264.5
89.0
222.1
563.9
265.1
91.0
207.8
430.1
209.9
65.8
154.4
331.3
168.9
50.0
112.4
246.2
120.1
37.2
88.9
251.2
127.2
38.3
85.7
257.0
132.2
39.1
85.7
283.8
153.6
45.9
84.3
275.0
156.6
40.2
78.2
355. 7
185.2
41.7
128.8
East North Central............................
O hio...___ _________________
Indiana______________
Illinois _________
Michigan____________
Wisconsin_____ ________
426.4
97.3
51.0
161.4
89.2
27.5
465.7
105.3
56.8
168.0
103.9
31.7
486.7
113.5
64.1
153.3
118.9
36.9
480.4
116.2
67.0
124. 5
129.9
42.8
472.3
109.3
65.8
126.9
127.8
42.5
426.1
99.0
60.4
117.8
107.0
41.9
318.1
72.2
40.7
86.2
83.3
35.7
233.2
50.2
28.4
60.4
69.4
24.8
179.3
33.7
20.9
52.0
56.0
16.7
152.4
25.2
14.7
43.3
52.4
16.8
155.8
23.0
14.6
49.7
53.1
15.4
140.2
23.6
14.8
53.7
30.6
17.5
130.0
29.4
14.4
54.5
22.7
9.0
175.4
36.0
: 19.8
81.6
30.1
7.9
West North Central______________
Minnesota__________________
Iowa _ ____________ . .
Missouri____________________
North Dakota_______________
South Dakota______ ____ _____
Nebraska__________ _______
Kansas_____________________
84.2
23.0
8.1
41.2
.6
.5
2.9
7.9
103.0
31.6
9.6
46.6
1.3
.9
3.8
9.2
123.1
40.4
12.1
47.6
3.6
1.9
5.6
11.9
130.3
41.1
15.6
43.2
5.1
3.0
7.7
14.6
127.8
35.3
17.1
42.0
5.4
3.3
8.9
15.8
119.7
33.5
16.2
40.2
4.2
2.7
7.6
15.3
81.9
19.8
10.1
32.9
2.4
1.4
4.3
11.0
56.0
9.8
6.2
28.8
.8
.4
1.9
8.1
39.8
6.2
4.3
21.6
.2
.2
1.1
6.2
32.3
5.8
3.7
16.4
.2
.2
1.0
5.0
31.1
6.7
4.0
14.2
.2
.2
.9
4.9
38.1
7.6
4.3
19.0
.3
.2
1.1
5.6
39.0
8.0
4.0
20.1
.5
.2
1.2
5.0
30.0
8.2
3.8
14.2
.2
.2
1.1
2.3
South Atlantic....................................
Delaware___________________
M aryland. _________________
District of Colum bia...................
Virginia____________ ________
West Virginia______ _________
North Carolina______ _____. . .
South Carolina______________
Georgia__________ __________
Florida..........................................
237.7
2.8
32.3
5.2
30.5
43.3
52.3
18.9
34.2
18.2
241.6
3.3
33.6
5.6
23.8
46.6
58.8
20.7
33.8
15.4
237.9
4.0
32.0
6.6
21.6
47.2
59.1
21.0
32.8
13.6
224.9
4.5
26.8
7.6
23.0
41.4
54.5
20.8
31.9
14.4
221.5
4.6
27.5
7.5
22.4
36.3
54.1
21.1
33.7
14.3
213.6
4.0
24.8
6.3
21.6
32.5
54.6
22.4
34.0
13.4
148.2
3.0
16.5
4.4
14.3
20.5
36.6
15.9
25.2
11.8
113.9
2.4
12.6
3.4
10.3
15.4
28.9
12.6
17.0
11.3
93.8
1.6
8.6
2.7
8.0
12.3
22.4
10.3
12.7
15.2
91.7
1.2
8.2
2.6
8.4
12.4
21.3
9.3
11.9
16.4
101.8
.8
9. 7
2.4
10.7
14.2
20.9
11.0
12.8
19.3
112.5
.9
10.7
2.5
13.7
16.6
24.5
12.3
14.3
17.0
105.2
.9
10.3
2.4
14.8
15.3
25.8
10.1
13.8
11.8
113.6
.8
12.8
1.7
16.0
20.2
27.1
9.6
14.7
10.7
East South Central................. ...........
Kentucky___________ ______
Tennessee......... ...........................
A lab am a..._____ ___________
Mississippi___ _____________
150.5
49.2
52.1
31.7
17.5
156.9
53.9
54.9
30.3
17.8
159.8
52.8
57.0
31.6
18.4
154.4
49.7
54.9
30.4
19.4
151.5
45.3
56.3
28.9
21.0
139.7
40.3
52.6
26.9
19.9
103.2
30.9
36.9
21.3
14.1
77.4
23.0
28.8
16.5
9.1
59.7
19.3
21.2
12.4
6.8
52.5
14.9
19.3
12.2
6.1
58.7
17.0
19.3
14.2
8.2
60.9
17.0
21.2
14.1
8.6
57.5
17.3
18.4
13.9
7.9
72.4
21.7
22.8
20.1
7.8
West South C e n tra l................. ........
Arkansas____ _____ _________
Louisiana.___ _____________ _
Oklahoma........ ........... ................
Texas.............................................
83.8
15.3
22.4
13.1
33.0
93.5
18.3
23.1
14.9
37.2
101.9
20.4
24.4
16.2
40.9
106.5
20.5
26.0
17.7
42.3
107.9
22.1
25.0
18.8
42.0
94.1
19.8
22.2
17.0
35.1
64.8
13.1
13.9
12.4
25.4
47.2
9.2
9.4
9.3
19.3
38.5
7.3
7.8
7.0
16.4
37.3
5.7
8.8
6.0
16.8
45.1
7.5
11.2
8.2
18.2
46.2
7.6
12.2
9.1
17.3
44.2
7.2
11.8
9.2
16.0
39.7
5.8
15.4
7.2
11.3
M ountain............................................
M o n ta n a ......................................
Idaho...... ............................ ..........
W y o m in g ....................................
Colorado____ _______________
New Mexico______ __________
Arizona...................... ........... ......
U tah...............................................
Nevada..........................................
25.7
2.0
2.5
1.2
3.8
4.1
5.5
4.9
1.7
33.3
3.3
3.8
2.1
5.5
4.8
5.9
6.0
1.9
47.4
5.9
6.7
3.1
8.0
5.9
6.7
7.8
3.3
57.7
7.2
9.7
3.9
10.1
6.5
7.0
9.6
3.7
60.0
8.4
11.8
3.7
9.2
6.5
6.5
10.0
3.9
51.6
6.9
11.0
2.2
7.8
5.7
6.0
8.7
3.3
33.9
3.2
7.9
1.1
5.0
4.4
4.6
5.2
2.5
19.5
1.3
3.8
.4
3.1
2.8
3.8
2.7
1.6
12.8
.7
1.5
.2
1.8
2.4
3.4
1.7
1.1
11.0
.6
1.2
.2
1.5
2.0
3.3
1.5
.7
12.7
.7
1.3
.2
1.8
2.3
3.8
1.8
.8
12.7
1.0
1.4
.2
1.8
1.9
3.5
2.1
.8
12.8
1.4
1.5
.3
1.6
1.7
3.2
2.3
.8
10.0
.9
.7
.4
2.3
1.2
1.6
2.3
.6
Pacific................................... ...............
Washington..................................
Oregon. .......................................
California......................................
158.0
18.2
11.8
128.0
185.2
23.7
15.0
146.5
229.9
33.9
22.9
173.1
270.6
47.6
32.5
190.5
291.5
63.4
42.3
185.8
271.3
66.1
43.9
161.3
209.9
49.4
36.2
124.3
144.9
34.9
23.8
86.2
96.6
22.2
13.0
61.4
85.0
16.9
9.6
58.5
90.0
15.6
10.1
64.3
100.0
14.0
9.6
76.4
107.1
12.5
8.9
85.7
110.1
11.6
5.4
93.1
* Average of weekly data adjusted for split weeks in the month. For a
technical description of this series, see the April 1950 Monthly Labor Review
(p. 382). Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Soukce: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
B : LABOR TURNOVER
1041
B: Labor Turnover
T a b l e B - l : M onthly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing industries, by class of
turnover 1
Class of turnover and year
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
May
June
July
Aug.
Sept.
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
Total separation:!
1954— .......................... ....................
1953.................................. ................
1952__________________ ______
1951____ __________ ___________
1950________ _________________
1949-_____ __________________
1943____ ______ ______________
1947...................................................
1916_____ ____ ________________
1939-________________________
4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
3.5
3.6
3.9
3.8
3.0
4.1
4.7
4.5
6.3
2.6
3.7
4.1
3.7
4.1
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1
3.8
4.3
4.1
4.6
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5
3.3
4.4
3.9
4.8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
2 3.1
4.2
3.9
4.3
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
4.3
5.0
4.4
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3
4.8
4.6
5.3
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
5.2
4.9
5.1
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8
4.5
4.2
4.7
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
4.2
3.5
4.3
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0
4.0
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
Quit:
1954................. ........... .....................
1953.......... ............................ .........
1952........................... .......................
1951_________________________
1950_________________________
1949___ ______________________
1948____________________ _____
1947_________________________
1946-..................... ..........................
1939 »________________________
1.1
2,1
1.9
2.1
1.1
1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9
1.0
2.2
1.9
2.1
1.0
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6
1.0
2.5
2.0
2.5
1.2
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8
1.1
2.7
2.2
2.7
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8
1.0
2.7
2.2
2.8
1.6
1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7
2 1.1
2.6
2.2
2.5
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7
2.5
2.2
2.4
1.8
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
2.9
3.0
3.1
2.9
1.8
3.4
4.0
5.3
.8
3.1
3.5
3.1
3.4
2.1
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1
2.1
2.8
2.5
2.7
1.5
2.8
3.6
4.7
.9
1.5
2.1
1.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
2.7
3.7
.8
1.1
1.7
1.4
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7
Discharge:
1954.................. ........ .......................
1953.................... .............................
1952.......... ........................................
1951................... ...............................
1950____ _______ ______ ______
1949_________________________
1948___________________ _____
1947_________ _______ — ............
1946................................................. .
1939______________ ____ ______
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.5
.1
.2
.4
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.2
.4
.3
.4
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.2
.4
.3
.4
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
2.2
.4
.3
.4
.3
.2
.4
.4
.3
.1
.4
.3
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.3
.4
.3
.3
.2
.4
.4
.4
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.1
Layoff:
1954................................. ................
1953..................................................
1952...................................................
1951....___ _______ ___________
1950.......— .......................................
1949_________________________
1948_______ ________ _________
1947...............................................
1946_________ ________________
1939___ ________________ _____
2.8
.9
1.4
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
2.2
.8
1.3
.8
1.7
2.3
1.7
.8
1.7
1.9
2.3
.8
1.1
.8
1.4
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
2.4
.9
1.3
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7
2 1.7
.9
1.1
1.0
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5
1.1
2.2
1.3
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
2.5
1.3
1.0
1.4
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
1.5
.7
1.3
.7
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6
1.8
.7
1.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8
2.3
.7
1.7
1.1
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
2.5
1.0
1.5
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7
Miscellaneous including military:
1954...................................................
1953..................................................
1952..................................................
1951________________________ _
1950-_____ __________________
1949_________________________
1948_______ ________ _________
1947___ ______ _______________
1946_____ ____________________
.3
.4
.4
.7
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.4
.4
.6
,1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
2.2
.3
.3
.4
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
Total accession:
1954_____________________ ____
1953..............................- .................
1952............... .................. - .............
1951......... ........ .................... ...........
1950..................................................
1949_____ ____________________
1948-................................................
1947...................... ............................
1946..................... ............................
1939........................... ................— .
2.8
4.4
4.4
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1
2.5
4.2
3.9
4.5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1
2.8
4.4
3.9
4.6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3
2.4
4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
2.7
4.1
3.9
4.5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3
2 3.6
5.1
4.9
4.9
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9
4.1
4.4
4.2
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
4.3
5.9
4.5
6.6
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1
4.0
5.6
4.3
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2
3.3
5.2
4.4
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9
2.7
4.0
3.9
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
2.1
3.3
3.0
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8
i Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turnover rates are not comparable with the changes
shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the following
reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1-week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turnover sample is not so large as that of the employment and
payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and seafoods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(3) Plants are not included in the turnover computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
2 Preliminary.
3 Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
fBeginning with data for October 1952, components may not add to total
because of rounding.
N o t e : Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
given in a technical note on Measurement of Labor Turn
over, whichappearedin the May 1953 Monthly Labor Review.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1042
T a b l e B -2 : M o n th ly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups and industries 1
Separation
June
1954
Manufacturing
All m anufacturing.....................................
Durable goods 2______ _____ ______
Nondurable goods !. . . ............ .............
Ordnance and accessories_____________
Food and kindred products____ _______
Meat products___________________
Grain-mill products_______________
Bakery products..___ ____________
Beverages:
Malt liquors...................................
Tobacco manufactures___ ____________
Cigarettes_______________________
Cigars.....................................................
Tobacco and snuff________________
Textile-mill products______ ___________
Yarn and thread m ills______ ______
Broad-woven fabric mills
________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber_____
Woolen and worsted___________
Knitting mills_______________ ____
Full-fashioned hosiery................ .
Seamless hosiery...........................
Knit underwear............. ................
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings__
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts__________ __________________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing____ _____ _____________
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)______________ ___________
Logging camps and contractors...........
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products................
Furniture and fixtures......... .......................
Household furniture_____________
Other furniture and fixtures________
Paper and allied products________ _____
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills___
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied p ro d u cts.................
Industrial inorganic chemicals.............
Industrial organic chemicals................
Synthetic fibers_______________
Drugs and medicines..........................
Paints, pigments, and fillers........ ........
Products of petroleum and coal_________
Petroleum refining..____ _____ ____
Rubber products...... ............................. .
Tires and inner tubes......... ........... ......
Rubber footwear............... ....................
Other rubber products.........................
Leather and leather products......................
Leather___ ______ ______ ________
Footwear (except ru b b er)...................
Stone, clay, and class products
Glass and class products
Cement, hydraulic................................
Structural clay products.............. ........
Pottery and related products
Primary metal industries__________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills.................................................
Iron and steel foundries........................
Gray-iron foundries............ ..........
Malleable-iron foundries_____ _
Steel foundries........... ................
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc....... ........
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper......... .................................
Nonferrous foundries______________
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings...................
See footnotes at end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Quit
Total
Industry group and industry
3.1
3.4
2.6
(9
3.3
3.9
1.9
3.5
May
1954
3.3
3.6
3.0
4.1
3.6
4.1
4.2
3.7
1.6
1.9
1.4
2.5
1.1
2.9
3.2
3.3
3.2
4.0
2.3
2.2
2.0
2.2
1.7
2.1
2.0
1.3
2.6
1.5
3.2
3.5
3.2
3.0
5.4
13.3
F2. 7
F3. 5
T3.6
r2.5
[3.6
3.3
2.5
June
1954
1.1
1.0
1.1
(9
1.2
.9
.9
2.0
Discharge
May
1954
1.0
1.0
1.1
.9
1.1
.8
1.2
2.0
June
1954
0.2
.2
.2
(9
.3
.2
.4
.5
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
May
1954
0.2
.2
.2
.2
.4
.2
.3
.7
.2
.3
.2
.4
June
1954
1.7
2.0
1.1
May
1954
1.7
2.6
.5
.9
1.9
2.2
1.5
2.8
1.9
2.9
2.5
.8
.8
.5
1.3
.5
(9
June
1954
0.2
.2
.1
.4
1.1
.9
1.4
.5
1.1
1.4
1.1
1.1
.8
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.6
.8
.4
4.9
3.8
1.6
.9
2.2
1.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
1.5
1.4
2.5
2.1
3.8
5.9
1.6
2.4
.1
.1
2.1
3.4
(9
3.4
3.9
5.4
3.2
2.0
.3
.2
.2
.9
2.2
2.2
3.7
2.0
.2
3.1
.6
1.3
1.4
.8
(9
1.8
2.9
3.2
2.2
2.1
1.2
2.5
1.8
1.7
2.0
2.8
1.3
1.1
1.0
.8
2.4
1.4
2.0
3.5
2.4
1.6
2.5
2.5
3.4
.9
2.7
1.4
2.4
3.1
5.7
6.9
3.0
1.9
1.3
2.4
1.4
1.8
1.5
1.8
.9
1.3
.8
.4
2.3
1.3
2.2
3.4
3.4
2.7
3.5
2.5
2.6
1.3
2.5
2.9
2.4
1.0
1.3
1.5
1.0
1.1
.6
1.5
.7
.7
.5
.6
.7
.6
.4
.2
.9
.8
.9
.9
1.5
.7
1.6
.7
.7
.5
1.0
.9
.6
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.0
1.0
.7
1.4
.5
.7
.3
.3
.7
.6
.3
.2
.7
.6
1.2
.8
1.4
.5
1.6
.6
.6
.7
.9
.7
.5
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.5
1.2
1.3
.8
.6
.3
.5
.7
.6
1.3
1.9
.2
.2
.3
.4
1.2
.4
.8
2.0
.5
.6
.5
1.6
2.4
.2
1.4
.3
1.3
1.6
4.0
5.1
1.6
.5
.3
.6
.6
.7
.9
1.3
.1
.3
.4
.1
1.3
.5
.8
2.2
1.7
2.0
1.6
1.5
1.8
.3
1.3
2.0
1.6
1.6
4.0
4.5
2.5
4.1
1.8
3.5
3.6
2.5
3.9
.6
.8
.8
.9
.7
.4
.7
.7
.9
.6
.2
.3
.2
.2
.6
2.7
3.2
1.0
2.9
1.2
2.4
2.4
1.2
2.8
1.0
1.3
.4
.6
.1
.2
1.5
4.4
1.0
4.9
.4
.9
.3
.8
.1
.4
.1
.4
3.8
2.9
.4
.5
.2
.1
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.3
.3
.1
.2
.1
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
(9
(9
(9
.2
(9
(9
(9
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.3
.2
.2
.1
.3
.1
.2
.1
(9
.1
May
1954
.1
.2
.2
.1
0.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
(9
.6
1.1
1.0
1.4
.4
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
1.2
1.1
1.2
1.2
.6
(9
Total accession
Mise. incl.
military
Layoff
June
1954
3.6
3.4
3.9
(9
5.8
5.9
4.7
5.0
May
1954
2.7
2.5
3.0
2.1
4.9
6.3
3.1
4.6
7.1
3.0
4.0
2.4
1.5
3.0
3.5
3.1
2.9
5.2
3.1
2.1
4.2
2.8
2.5
4.8
2.5
2.4
3.0
.7
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.6
5.2
2.8
1.3
3.3
3.9
1.8
2.1
.1
.1
4.4
5.6
3.5
3.8
.1
4.6
3.7
5.4
4.7
5.7
11.9
4.8
.3
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
3.9
4.6
4.9
4.0
3.4
2.8
3.7
3.3
2.9
4.2
8.6
1.8
2.4
2.3
1.8
2.7
2.5
1.8
3.1
3.8
3.3
3.9
3.2
3.8
4.5
3.1
2.4
2.7
2.7
2.8
2.8
2.9
2.5
1.8
3.0
1.3
1.9
1.2
2.0
.7
1.8
1.0
.6
2.2
2.0
2.4
2.3
3.3
2.8
3.4
2.2
2.9
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.9
.3
.2
.3
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
2.8
3.0
3.3
2.5
2.9
1.7
2.4
3.1
1.9
1.9
.2
.3
.3
2.3
2.1
.5
2.7
.5
3.5
.4
.4
.2
.2
1.9
3.2
1.6
2.8
3.2
2.2
.1
.1
1.9
1.4
(9
.9
.1
1.4
1.7
1.6
1.5
2.3
.8
.8
.3
.9
.8
(9
(9
(9
.8
.7
1.8
1.9
1.7
1.5
3.6
1.7
1.2
1.8
1.8
1.4
2.7
(9
(9
.4
.2
.1
.3
.3
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
(9
.3
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1
.3
.1
.1
(9
.3
.2
.1
.3
.3
.6
.1
(9
.2
(9
.1
.4
.2
.1
.1
(9
(9
B : LABOR TURNOVER
1043
T a b l e B -2 : M o n th ly labor turnover rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups and industries 1—
Continued
Separation
Total
Industry group and industry
June
1954
Manufacturing—C ontinued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)____- __________________
Cutlery, handtools, and hardware___
Cutlery and edge tools_________
Hand tools............................... ......
Hardware_________ ____ ______
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ supplies________ ..
Sanitary ware and plumbers’ supplies_______________________
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not elsewhere classified______________
Fabricated structural metal products.
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving------------------ -----------------------Machinery (except electrical)................ .
Engines and turbines___________ ._
Agricultural machinery and tractors. ..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery__________
Machine tools................................
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools).... ........... ............
Machine-tool accessories________
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking m achinery).......... .
General industrial machinery_______
Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household machines______________ ___________
Miscellaneous machinery parts______
Electrical m achinery..............................
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial apparatus________________________ _
Communication equipm ent__ ______
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipm ent_________
Telephone, telegraph, and related
equipm ent__________________
Electrical appliances, lamps, and miscellaneous products___________ ..
Transportation equipment____ ____ ____
Automobiles_____ _______________
Aircraft and parts____________ ____
Aircraft. . __________________
Aircraft engines and p a r ts ______
Aircraft propellers and parts____
Other aircraft parts and equipm e n t ._____ __________ ____
Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipment_______________
Locomotives and parts_________
Railroad and street cars________
Other transportation equipment____
Instruments and related products_______
Photographic apparatus___ ____ ____
Watches and clocks_______________
Professional and scientific instruments.
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.—
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware..
Nonmanufacturing
Metal mining_______ ________________
Iron mining..... ..................................... .
Copper mining_____ _____________
Lead and zinc mining_____________
Anthracite mining......... ....................... ......
Bituminous-coal mining_______________
Communication :
TeleDhone_______________________
Telegraph9 . . .
. ___ . . . .
Quit
M ay
1954
3.7
4.0
2.1
3.1
4.9
4.2
3.2
1.9
2.8
3.8
M ay
. 1954
1.0
.8
.4
.6
1.1
0.9
.9
.7
.6
1.2
M ay
1954
0.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
June
1954
0.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
M ay
1954
2.2
2.9
1.4
2.3
3.5
2.8
2.0
1.1
2.0
2.3
June
1954
M ay
1954
0.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
June
1954
0.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
3.9
2.3
1.9
2.1
2.5
M ay
1954
3.2
1.6
1.6
1.4
1.7
3.7
4.1
1.3
1.4
.6
.3
1.6
2.1
.1
.2
6.5
4. 5
2.8
1.1
.8
.6
.2
1.6
1.7
.1
.1
7.4
3.9
3.9
2.5
5.0
3.5
1.4
1.2
1.9
1.0
.7
.3
.4
.2
1.6
.9
2.5
2.0
.2
.1
.2
.2
5.8
3.6
4.9
3.0
6.0
3.3
2.7
5.1
2.6
3.1
2.7
6.9
3.0
2.4
2.7
3.4
3.4
3.7
.9
.8
.7
.8
.9
.8
.6
.8
.7
.8
.7
.8
.7
.6
.1
.2
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
4.7
2.0
1.7
3.6
1.3
1.9
1.8
5.6
1.9
1.3
1.6
2.3
2.3
2.9
.3
.2
.1
.4
.2
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.3
.1
.2
.2
4.4
2.3
2.3
3.0
2.4
1.7
1.5
4.0
1.5
1.5
1.8
2.1
1.0
.7
2.9
4.1
2.8
3.1
1.0
1.1
.9
.9
.2
.2
.3
.3
1.6
2.6
1.6
1.6
.1
.2
.1
.2
1.4
2.5
1.0
1.9
3.2
2.8
1.9
3.2
2.7
2.3
.9
.8
1.0
1.0
.7
.8
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
1.9
1.6
.6
1.8
1.7
1.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
1.9
2.8
3.0
1.7
1.4
1.6
5.8
1.9
3.4
4.8
2.1
3.4
.9
.6
1.1
.7
.6
1.0
.7
.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
3.9
.9
1.8
3.6
1.1
2.0
.3
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
2.7
1.9
3.3
1.6
1.5
1.9
3.2
2.9
2.3
3.5
.9
1.2
.7
1.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
1.9
1.1
1.2
1.9
.2
.4
.2
.3
1.6
3.1
1.2
1.9
3.2
4.4
1.2
1.3
.2
.2
1.4
2.5
.5
.4
4.2
2.1
2.4
2.1
.9
.8
.1
.1
1.1
.9
.3
.3
.9
.6
4.3
4.9
5.1
2.7
2.1
4.8
4.9
4.2
3.5
2.8
2.4
4.3
.9
1.1
.6
1.4
1.5
1.1
.9
1.0
.6
1.3
1.4
1.1
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
3.0
3.4
4.0
1.0
.3
3.3
3.5
2.7
2.3
1.2
.7
2.8
.2
.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.4
.2
.1
.2
4.7
4.0
3.5
2.6
2.7
1.6
3.0
2.8
2.7
1.9
2.0
1.4
0
2.9
14.0
0
0
11.9
1.4
2.1
0
4.8
1.9
3.5
3.5
2.2
12.3
15.0
10.8
17.6
2.9
2.3
1.1
2.7
2.8
4.4
4.2
2.4
1.7
1.7
2.6
4.4
4.0
4.0
1.8
18.8
2.7
0
2.3
«
0
1.4
1.3
0
0
l.l
.4
.7
0
.8
.6
1.0
1.0
1.2
.4
1.0
1.6
0
.4
0
0
0
0
0
1.0
2.0
1See footnote 1, table B -l. Current month data subject to revision without
notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indicated by footnotes.
8 See footnote 2, table A-2.
s See footnote 3, table A-2. Printing, publishing, and allied industries are
excluded.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
June
1954
Mise, inch
military
Layoff
3.4
0
0
June
1954
Discharge
.9
1.9
.7
.3
1.0
.4
.6
.6
.5
.6
1.1
1.0
.3
.5
.2
.1
.3
.3
.6
0
0
.3
0
2.3
.3
3.5
1.4
.3
.4
0
0
1.1
.9
0
«
.1
.1
.2
.1
0
.9
9.8
13.3
9.3
15.8
2.3
1.4
.4
1.8
1.9
3.0
2.8
0
0
.1
0
.2
0
0
1.5
11.2
0)
0
.1
0
0
.3
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
0
.3
.1
0
(5)
.1
.1
0
3.8
1.0
2.1
2.3
.7
1.1
.1
.2
.4
0
9.9
.9
1.2
1.7
0
0
0
0
0
1.4
3.3
.3
.6
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
.2
.3
.7
0
.1
18.1
2.2
0
.2
.2
0
0
.1
0
0
0
.1
.2
.7
1.1
.5
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
3.7
12.4
0
0
6.9
1.8
2.2
0
2.1
1.9
2.6
1.9
2.2
8.6
2.6
1.3
3.5
8.9
1.1
.6
1.2
1.3
2.6
1.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
.3
.1
2.3
.9
3.1
3.5
5.5
5.2
6.3
1.9
.7
1.4
.1
.2
0
1.0
0
0
1.2
1.5
4 Data are not available.
* Less than 0.05.
9 Data relate to domestic employees except messengers and those employees
compensated entirely on a commission basis.
1044
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
C: Earnings and Hours
T a b l e C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1
Mining
Metal
Year and month
Average........
Average........
June______
July______
August____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1954: January____
February___
March..........
April............
May______
June__
1952:
1953:
Total: Metal
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
$81.65
88. 54
86.76
88.82
92.19
94.16
90.29
90.72
92.40
92.00
85. 49
82.62
81. 19
82.00
83.44
43.9
43.4
43.6
42.7
43.9
44.0
43.2
43.2
44.0
43.6
41.7
40.5
39.8
40.0
40.7
Iron
Copper
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn
ings
ings ings hours ings
$1.86 $80.34
2.04 90. 74
1.99 90.67
2.08 95.82
2.10 98.99
2.14 98. 75
2.09 93. 04
2.10 93.44
2.10 92.62
2.11 90.45
2.05 86.03
2.04 83. 03
2.04 76.74
2. 05 77. 80
2.05 81.20
43.9
42.4
43.8
42.4
43.8
43.5
42.1
41.9
42.1
41.3
40.2
38.8
36.2
36.7
38.3
$1.83 $85. 73
2.14 91.60
2.07 87.81
2.26 86.33
2.26 93.32
2.27 97.39
2.21 95.27
2.23 95. 63
2.20 97.97
2.19 99.22
2.14 88.56
2.14 83. 22
2.12 84. 25
2.12 84.25
2.12 87.34
45.6
45.8
44.8
43.6
46.2
46.6
46.7
46.2
47.1
46.8
43.2
41.2
41.5
41.5
42.4
Lead and zinc
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
$1.88 $81.60
2. 00 80.06
1.96 79. 61
1.98 79.52
2.02 79.90
2. 09 81.56
2. 04 79.15
2. 07 77.99
2.08 84.08
2.12 84. 32
2.05 74. 64
2.02 73.10
2. 03 75. 24
2.03 75. 76
2.06 74.07
42.5
41.7
41.9
41.2
41.4
41.4
40.8
40.2
42.9
42.8
39.7
39.3
39.6
40.3
39.4
Coal
Anthracite
Bituminous
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkiy. hrly.
earn hours earn earn hours earn
ings
ings ings
ings
$1.92 $71.19
1.92 72.91
1.90 91.63
1.93 83.89
1.93 61.49
1.97 70.40
1.94 73.41
1.94 63.49
1.96 64.71
1.97 70.93
1.88 74.84
1.86 63. 74
1.90 64.45
1.88 62.74
1.88 91.36
31.5
29.4
36.8
34.1
25.2
28.5
29.6
25.6
26.2
28.6
29.7
25.6
26.2
25.4
36.4
$2.26 $78.09
2.48 85.31
2.49 91.25
2.46 84. 97
2.44 92.88
2.47 86.15
2.48 89.78
2.48 81.17
2.47 82. 25
2.48 82. 34
2. 52 79. 04
2. 49 73. 06
2. 46 71.67
2. 47 76.32
2. 51 83. 66
34.1
34.4
36.5
34.4
37.3
34.6
36.2
32.6
33.3
33.2
32.0
29.7
28.9
30.9
33.6
$2.29
2.48
2.50
2.47
2.49
2.49
2.48
2.49
2.47
2.48
2.47
2.46
2.48
2.47
2. 49
Mining—Continued
Contract construction
Crude-petroleum and
natural-gas production
Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining Total: Contract con
Petroleum and
struction
natural gasproduction and quarrying
Total: Nonbuilding Highway and street Other nonbuilding
(except contract
construction
construction
services)
Average____
Average____
June______
July.............
August.........
September__
October........
November__
December___
1954: January____
February......
March.......
April______
May...........
June______
1952:
1953:
$85. 90
90. 39
87.02
92. 74
93.83
92.39
90. 27
94. 39
90. 45
92.80
91.08
90. 45
90. 45
94.58
9 0 .4 0
41.1
40.9
40.1
41.4
41.7
40.7
40.3
41.4
40.2
40.7
40.3
40.2
40.2
41.3
40.0
$2.09 $71.10
2.21 75. 99
2.17 76. 78
2.24 77.63
2.25 79. 41
2.27 79.20
2.24 80.33
2.28 76.99
2.25 76.12
2.28 70. 93
2.26 73.79
2. 25 74. 22
2. 25 75.08
2.29 77.88
2.26 78.58
45.0
44.7
45.7
45.4
45.9
45.0
45.9
44.5
44.0
41.0
42.9
42.9
43.4
44.5
44.9
$1.58 $87.85
1.70 91.61
1.68 92.25
1.71 91.82
1.73 94.18
1.76 90. 77
1.75 96.11
1.73 93.00
1.73 92. 37
1.73 87.12
1.72 92.85
1.73 93. 24
1.73 92. 87
1.75 94. 50
1.75 95.63
38.7
37.7
38.6
38.1
38.6
36.9
38.6
37.2
36.8
34.3
36.7
37.0
37.0
37.5
38.1
$2.27 $86. 72
2.43 90.27
2.39 91.54
2.41 92. 57
2.44 96. 05
2.46 90.97
2.49 97.48
2.50 91.01
2.51 89. 93
2. 54 83.88
2.53 91.14
2.52 90.12
2.51 89.60
2. 52 93.79
2.51 96.37
41.1
40.3
41.8
41.7
42.5
39.9
42.2
39.4
39 1
36.0
39.8
39.7
39.3
40.6
41.9
$2.11 $80.26
2. 24 85.28
2.19 88.10
2.22 88. 37
2.26 92.42
2.28 87.97
2.31 94. 61
2. 31 86. 67
2.30 81.87
2. 33 71.69
2. 29 81.37
2.27 80.98
2.28 82.53
2.31 88.97
2.30 91.81
41.8
41.2
43.4
42.9
43.8
41.3
43.8
40.5
38.8
34.3
39.5
39.5
39.3
41.0
42.7
$1.92 $91. 35
2.07 93. 85
2.03 94.19
2.06 95.65
2.11 98.95
2.13 93.27
2.16 99.80
2.14 94.18
2.11 95. 50
2.09 91.02
2.06 97. 20
2.05 95. 92
2.10 94. 71
2.17 97.93
2.15 100.53
40.6
39.6
40.6
40.7
41.4
38.7
40.9
38.6
39.3
37.0
40.0
39.8
39.3
40.3
41.2
$2.25
2. 37
2.32
2.35
2. 39
2.41
2.44
2.44
2.43
2. 46
2.43
2.41
2.41
2.43
2.44
Building construction
Total: Building con General contractors
struction
Average........
Average........
June______
July--------August____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1954: January____
February___
March...... .
April______
May______
June___ ...
1952:
1953:
$88.01
91.76
92.23
91.64
93. 62
90. 97
95.76
93.59
93. 29
87. 46
93. 24
94.28
94.17
94. 69
95. 46
38.1
37.0
37.8
37.1
37.6
36.1
37.7
36.7
36.3
33.9
36.0
36.4
36.5
36.7
37.0
$2.31 $82. 78
2. 48 87. 75
2.44 88. 55
2. 47 87.14
2. 49 89.68
2.52 86. 03
2. 54 90.58
2. 55 88.45
2.57 87.85
2.58 82.13
2. 59 8 8 . 94
2. 59 90.41
2.58 89. 55
2.58 89.67
2.58 89. 79
38.5
37.5
38.5
37.4
38.0
36.3
37.9
36.7
36.3
33.8
36.3
36.9
36.7
36.6
36.8
Special-trade contractors
Total: Special-trade Plumbing and heating
Painting and
contractors
decorating
$2.15 $91.99
2.34 95.05
2.30 95.23
2. 33 95.20
2.36 96.98
2.37 95.04
2.39 99. 75
2.41 97. 62
2 .4 2
97.19
2.43 91.80
2. 45 96.30
2.45 97.11
2.44 97.28
2. 45 98.36
2.44 99. 70
37.7
36.7
37.2
36.9
37.3
36.0
37.5
36.7
36.4
34.0
35.8
36.1
36.3
36.7
37.2
$2.44
2. 59
2. 56
2.58
2.60
2.64
2.66
2.66
2. 67
2.70
2. 69
2.69
2.68
2. 68
2.68
Special-trade
contractors—Con.
Other special-trade
contractors
Average........
Average____
June______
July______
August____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1954: January____
February......
March..........
April______
May______
June______
1952:
1953:
$88.43
91.04
91.98
92. 46
93.84
92.20
95.79
93.70
91.00
83. 21
90.90
91.87
93.10
94.68
95. 89
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37.0
35.7
36.5
36.4
36.8
35.6
36.7
35.9
34.6
31.4
34.3
34.8
35.4
36.0
36.6
$94.92
98. 30
97. 67
97.01
98.68
96.42
101. 78
101. 08
102. 94
99.96
101.30
101.68
101.41
101.95
103. 41
38.9
38.1
38.3
37.6
38.1
36.8
38.7
38.0
38.7
37.3
37.8
37.8
37.7
37.9
38.3
$2.44 $82. 72
2.58 87.10
2. 55 87. 75
2.58 88. 35
2. 59 89.06
2.62 88.32
2.63 91.85
2.66 88.41
2.66 88. 67
2.68 82. 36
2.68 87. 28
2.69 88.58
2.69 89. 27
2. 69 89.78
2. 70 91.78
35.2
34.7
35.1
35.2
35.2
34.5
35.6
34.4
34.5
31.8
33.7
34.2
34.6
34.8
35.3
Electrical work
$2.35 $110. 30
2. 51 111.61
2.50 110.21
2. 51 109. 48
2.53 112.29
2.56 108.46
2.58 117. 49
2 . 57 114.17
2 . 57 116.11
2 . 59 111.07
2.59 112. 42
2. 59 112.42
2.58 110. 98
2. 58 113.59
2.60 112. 81
40.7
39.3
39.5
39.1
39.4
37.4
40.1
39.1
39.9
38.3
38.9
38.9
38.4
38.9
38.9
$2.71
2.84
2.79
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.93
2.92
2.91
2. 90
2. 89
2.89
2. 89
2.92
2.90
Manufacturing
Total: Manu
facturing
$2. 39 $67.97
2. 55 71.69
2. 52 72. 04
2.54 71.33
2. 55 71.69
2. 59 71.42
2.61 72.14
2.61 71.60
2.63 72.36
2.65 70.92
2.65 71.28
2. 64 70. 71
2.63 70.20
2.63 71.13
2.62 71.68
40.7
40.5
40.7
40.3
40.5
39.9
40.3
40.0
40.2
39.4
39.6
39.5
39.0
39.3
39.6
Durable goods ä
$1.67 $73.46
1.77 77.23
1. 77 77. 42
1.77 76.70
1.77 77.27
1.79 77.14
1.79 77.90
1.79 76.73
1.80 77.52
1.80 76.59
1.80 76.38
1.79 7 6 .0 0
1.80 75. 43
1.81 76.21
1.81 76.40
41.5
41.3
41.4
40.8
41.1
40.6
41.0
40.6
40.8
40.1
40.2
40.0
39.7
39.9
40.0
Nondurable goods *
$1. 77 $60.98
1.87 63.60
1.87 63. 52
1.88 63. 76
1.88 63. 76
1.90 63. 57
1.90 63.67
1.89 63. 73
1. 90 64.45
1.91 63. 53
1.90 64.02
1.90 64.02
1.90 62. 87
1. 91 63.91
1.91 64. 74
39.6
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.6
39.0
39.3
39.1
39.3
38.5
38.8
3 8 .8
38.1
38.5
39.0
Total: Ordnance
and accessories
$1.54 $77.47
1.61 77. 90
1.60 78.88
1.61 77.87
1.61 78.12
1.63 79.13
1.62 78.94
1.63 76. 21
1.64 78.94
1.65 77.60
1.65 78.40
1.65 79.19
1. 65 78. 21
1.66 78.80
1. 66 79.79
42.8
41.0
41.3
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.9
39.9
40.9
40.0
40.0
40.2
39.7
40.0
403
Food and kindred
products
Total: Food and
kindred products
$1.81 $63.23
1.90 66. 33
1. 91 66. 56
1.89 66. 72
1.91 65. 25
1.93 67.04
1.93 67.23
1.91 68. 31
1.93 68.15
1.94 68.71
1.96 67.64
1.97 67. 87
1. 97 67.54
1.97 68. 54
1.98 69. 55
41.6
41.2
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.9
41.5
41.4
41.3
40.9
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.8
41.4
$1.52
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.65
1.65
1.68
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1045
O: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a ble C -l:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
Meat products 4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average—........ $70.30
1953: Average.......... 74. 57
June________ 74.29
Ju ly................. 72.85
August______ 72.67
September___ 76.18
October........... 77.89
November___ 82. 51
76.54
December___
1954: January.......... 76. 78
February____ 73.05
March............. 73.05
72. 68
April............
74. 74
M a y ......... .
76.04
June________
41.6
41.2
41.5
40.7
40.6
41.4
42.1
43.2
41.6
41.5
39.7
39.7
39.5
40.4
41.1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.69 $73.39
1.81 77.64
1.79 76.63
1.79 75.52
1.79 75.33
1.84 80.06
1.85 82. 22
1.91 87.20
1.84 80.03
1.85 80.60
1.84 75. 22
1.84 75.81
1.84 74. 86
1.85 76. 97
1. 85 78.50
Canning and pre
serving 4
1952: Average........... $51.88
1953: Average........... 53.18
June................ 51.44
J u ly ................ 54.00
August—......... 54.14
September___ 55.34
October........... 54.54
November___ 49.95
December___ 53.44
1954: January........... 55.04
February____ 54.38
M arch............. 53.95
April................ 52. 85
M ay________ 54.72
June________ 53.52
39.3
39.1
38.1
40.3
40.1
41.3
40.1
37.0
37.9
37.7
37.5
36.7
36.2
38.0
38.5
41.6
41.3
41.9
41.6
41.4
41.8
41.3
41.0
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.9
41.0
41.4
1952: Average........... $52.27
1953: Average........... 53.45
June................ 54.35
July................. 53.10
A ugust........... 54.37
September___ 55.18
55.06
October_____
November___ 53.45
64.94
December___
1954: January.......... 54.60
February........ 55.16
55. 52
March............
April............... 55. 34
M ay________ 55.34
June................ 57.17
39.9
39.3
39.1
38.2
39.4
39.7
39.9
39.3
40.1
39.0
39.4
39.1
38.7
38.7
39.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.76 $69.72
1.88 73.39
1.86 74.56
1.86 74.55
1.86 74.03
1.92 74.46
1.93 73.51
2.00 76.68
1.91 74.34
1.91 73.98
1.89 73.35
1.90 72. 44
1.90 73. 93
1.91 76.36
1.91 76.96
31.0
29.8
30.3
35.8
32.5
28.5
29.6
26.6
29.3
30.5
27.9
26.8
27.5
29.7
31.9
41.7
41.4
42.1
41.9
41.5
41.7
41.3
41.2
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.9
41.2
41.4
41.5
$1.31 $50.67
1.36 51.74
1.39 52.13
1.39 50.65
1.38 52.14
1.39 53.46
1.38 52.93
1.36 51.74
1.37 53.47
1.40 52.65
1.40 53.06
1. 42 53. 29
1.43 53.93
1.43 53.13
1.44 55.04
39.9
39.2
38.9
37.8
39.2
39.6
39.8
39.2
40.2
39.0
39.3
38.9
38.8
38.5
39.6
$1.66 $63.80
1.76 68.05
1.73 68. 39
1.75 69.73
1.75 68. 51
1.79 69.84
1.78 68.26
1.80 67.94
1.80 68.73
1.80 69.39
1.82 69. 71
1. 82 69.12
1.83 68.85
1.84 69. 01
1.85 71.52
41.0
40.7
39.2
41.5
41.0
42.2
41.7
39.4
39.4
39.7
39.5
38.6
38.1
39.8
40.3
41.3
41.2
40.9
40.4
40.9
42.2
41.2
40.1
39.7
40.4
41.0
40.3
39.5
39.4
40.8
$1.32 $69.15
1.37 71.88
1.38 72.16
1.32 72. 74
1.35 72.21
1.35 74.25
1.37 73.10
1.34 72.04
1.40 72.38
1.45 73.81
1.46 72.65
1. 48 71.38
1.46 71.94
1.44 73.37
1.41 76. 49
$1.27 $71.14
1.32 76.04
1.34 79.66
1.34 80.60
1.33 79.19
1.35 80.90
1.33 77.33
1.32 75.41
1.33 75.39
1.35 75.06
1.35 76.80
1.37 77.79
1.39 78. 57
1.38 78.18
1.39 80. 56
41.6
41.1
42.6
43.1
41.9
41.7
40.7
39.9
40.1
39.3
40.0
40.1
40.5
40.3
41.1
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.45 $66.41
1.55 69. 77
1.53 72.05
1.56 72. 22
1.55 69.92
1.58 72.23
1.58 68. 25
1.58 68. 25
1.58 69.00
1.61 70.84
1.61 70. 20
1. 60 70.04
1.59 70. 51
1. 59 71. 75
1.60 74.73
44.9
44.1
45.1
44.9
44.3
45.0
44.3
43.4
43.6
44.2
43.5
43.0
43.6
44.2
45.8
$1.54 $71. 71
1.63 75.65
1.60 74.59
1.62 76.84
1.63 77.74
1.65 79.90
1.65 80.78
1.66 79.20
1.66 77.26
1.67 79.73
1.67 77.08
1. 66 73.36
1.65 74.70
1.66 76.39
1.67 78.58
42.1
43.4
42.2
42.9
41.0
42.2
42.3
48.5
47.7
42.7
41.2
42.9
39.2
41.2
41.3
$1.53 $66.58
1.64 74.94
1.72 78.37
1.72 79.56
1.70 73.50
1.75 80.66
1.55 72.58
1.53 72.90
1.56 75.06
1.72 73.78
1.73 72.31
1. 79 82.53
1.76 72.31
1. 77 77.33
1. 75 76. 49
Bottled soft drinks
$1.71 $55.73
1.85 60. 49
1.87 63.05
1.87 64.08
1.89 61.35
1.94 63.94
1.90 60.03
1.89 59.86
1.88 60.01
1.91 58. 51
1.92 60.68
1.94 60.68
1.94 61. 30
1.94 60.42
1.96 63.33
45.8
45.9
47.4
47.2
46.0
46.6
44.9
44.9
45.1
45.7
45.0
44.9
45.2
45.7
47.3
45.1
44.5
44.4
45.2
45.2
45.4
45.9
45.0
44.4
45.3
44.3
42.9
44.2
43.9
44.9
41.1
42.1
43.3
44.2
42.0
43.6
40.1
40.5
41.7
40.1
39.3
43.9
39.3
41.8
41.8
Malt liquors
43.2 $1.29 $82.20
1.42 89.79
42.6
1.42 94.98
44.4
1.44 97.45
44.5
1.43 93.68
42.9
43.2
1.48 95.68
41.4
1.45 91.13
1.46 89. 04
41.0
41.1
1.46 90.05
39 8
1.47 88.20
1.48 89.95
41.0
1. 48 91.37
41.0
1.47 92. 46
41.7
41.1
1.47 92.92
1.49 95. 47
42.5
41.1
41.0
42.4
43.7
42.2
41.6
40.5
39.4
40.2
39.2
39.8
39.9
40.2
40.4
40.8
Ice cream and ices
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.45 $64.09
1.52 68. 53
1.52 68. 61
1.53 70.68
1.52 68.85
1.55 71.83
1.52 69.80
1.52 68.88
1.53 71.28
1.55 69.64
1.56 71.40
1.56 70. 72
1. 56 70. 38
1. 57 69.63
1.58 72. 65
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
43.6
43.1
43.7
43.9
43.3
43.8
42.3
42.0
43.2
41.7
42.5
42.6
42.4
42.2
43.5
$1.47
1.59
1.57
1.61
1.59
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.67
1.68
1.66
1.66
1.65
1.67
Fbrspared feeds
$1.59 $67.62
1.70 69.30
1.68 70.97
1.70 69.77
1.72 69.45
1.76 70.99
1.76 69.44
1.76 68.77
1.74 70.18
1.76 71.10
1.74 69. 52
1.71 70. 28
1. 69 70.47
1.74 70.53
1. 75 74.10
Cane-sugar refining
Sugar 4
$1.36 $64.41
1.43 71.18
1.43 72.58
1.44 73.79
1.45 69.70
1.46 73.85
1.45 65. 57
1.46 74.21
1.47 74.41
1.49 73.44
1.49 71.28
1.53 76.79
1.54 68.99
1. 54 72.92
1. 55 72.28
Beverages4
44.0
43.9
44.7
44.7
44.2
44.2
43.2
43.0
43.5
43.1
43.3
43.2
43.3
43.4
44.7
Condensed and evap
orated milk
and other grainGrain-mill products4 Flourmill
products
Biscuits, crackers, and
pretzels
$1.52 $56.17
1.60 58.92
1.59 58.49
1.61 58.18
1.61 59.31
1.64 61.61
1.63 59. 74
1.64 58.55
1.65 58.36
1.65 60.20
1.65 61.09
1.65 61.66
1.66 60. 83
1.67 60.68
1.68 63.24
Confectionery
42.0
41.7
43.1
42.6
42.3
41.6
41.3
42.6
41.3
41.1
40.3
39.8
40.4
41.5
41.6
Dairy products 4
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Canned fruits, vege
tables, and soups
$1.47 $54.12
1.51 55.76
1.43 54.10
1. 59 54.78
1.55 55.35
1.44 56.97
1.42 57.13
1.51 52.80
1.61 55.16
1.65 57.57
1.52 57.67
1.54 57.13
1.55 55.63
1.57 57.31
1.41 56.82
Bread and other bakery
products
$1.48 $63.38
1.57 66. 24
1.56 66.94
1.58 67.46
1.58 66.82
1.60 68.39
1.59 67.32
1.60 67.57
1.62 68.15
1.62 67.49
1.62 67.65
1.63 67. 49
1. 64 68. 39
1.65 69.14
1.65 69.72
Confectionery and
related products 4
41.7
41.3
41.2
40.6
40.5
41.7
42.6
43.6
41.9
42.2
39.8
39.9
39.4
40.3
41.1
Sausages and casings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Seafood, canned and
cured
$1.32 $45.57
1.36 45.00
1.35 43.33
1.34 56.92
1.35 50.38
1.34 41.04
1.36 42.03
1.35 40.17
1.41 47.17
1.46 50.33
1.45 42.41
1.47 41.27
1.46 42.63
1.44 46.63
1.39 44.98
Bakery products4
1952: Average........... $61. 57
1953: Average.......... 64.84
June________ 65.36
July................. 65.73
65.41
August....... .
September___ 66.88
October.......... 65.67
November___ 65.60
December___ 66.42
1954: Jan u ary_____ 66.10
February........ 66.42
M arch............. 66. 50
April................ 67. 08
M a y .............. 67. 65
J u n e .............. 68.31
Meatpacking, whole
sale
46.0
45.0
47.0
45.9
45.1
45.8
44.8
43.8
44.7
45.0
44.0
44.2
44.6
45.5
47. 5
$1.47
1.54
1.51
1.52
1.54
1.55
1.55
1.57
1.57
1.58
1.58
1.59
1.58
1.55
1. 56
Beet sugar
$1.62 $65.94
1.78 69.80
1.81 67.37
1.80 67.83
1.75 68.02
1.85 69.89
1.81 62. 78
1.80 77.12
1.80 77.24
1.84 78.85
1.84 75.78
1. 88 70.20
1.84 66. 97
1.85 71.38
1.83 70. 88
42.0
42.3
39.4
39.9
38.0
40.4
41.3
48.5
47.1
44.8
42.1
39.0
37.0
40.1
40.5
$1.57
1.65
1.71
1.70
1.79
1.73
1.52
1.59
1.64
1.76
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.78
1. 75
Distilled, rectified, and
blended liquors
$2.00 $70.88
2.19 71.42
2.24 72.91
2.23 71.05
2.22 72.94
2.30 72.95
2.25 72. 52
2.26 71.80
2.24 70.12
2.25 73.34
2.26 73. 54
2. 29 73. 73
2.30 75.26
2.30 73.53
2.34 74.69
39.6
38.4
39.2
38.2
38.8
38.6
39.2
38.6
37.7
38.4
38.3
38.6
39.2
38.7
38.7
$1.79
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.85
1.S6
1.86
1.91
1.92
1.91
1.92
1.90
1.93
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1046
T a b l e C - l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1— Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Miscellaneous food
products *
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average........... $ 60.35
1953: Average........... 63.12
June________ 62. 28
July................. 63.57
August— ....... 63.57
65.48
September—
O ctober......... 64.53
November___ 65.57
December....... 64.95
1954: January........... 66.20
February____ 66.36
M arch______ 65.36
April....... ........ 65.16
M a y ............
65.78
June________ 65. 47
42.2
41.8
41.8
42.1
42.1
42.8
41.9
42.3
41.9
41.9
42.0
41.9
41.5
41.9
41. 7
Corn sirup, suyar, oil,
and starch
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.43 $77.00
1.51 80.94
1.49 81.65
1.51 81.78
1.51 80. 56
1. 53 89.00
1.54 86. 57
1.55 85.80
1.55 82. 52
1. 58 81.95
1.58 80. 90
1. 56 81.02
1. 57 79.49
1.57 82.84
1.57 80. 70
Tobacco manufactures
Manufactured ice
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.77 $59.80
1.90 63.34
1.89 62.15
1.88 65.00
1.90 65. 55
2.00 68. 26
1.99 64. 61
2.00 65.21
1.96 65.00
1.97 65.04
1.94 64.16
1. 92 64.30
1.92 65.42
1.94 65. 71
1.94 64.78
43.5
42.6
43.2
43.5
42.4
44.5
43.5
42.9
42.1
41.6
41.7
42.2
41.4
42.7
41. 6
46.0
45.9
45.7
47.1
47.5
47.4
45.5
45.6
46.1
45.8
45.5
45.6
46.4
46.6
45.3
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.30 $44.93
1.38 47.37
1.36 46.99
1.38 47.87
1.38 47.46
1.44 46. 92
1.42 48.07
1.43 47.49
1.41 49.13
1.42 45.97
1.41 46.31
1.41 47. 52
1.41 49.01
1.41 49. 98
1.43 51.71
1952: Average—
1953: Average__
June...........
July............
August.......
September.
October__
November.
December..
1954: January__
February...
March____
April_____
M a y .........
June_____
$47.74
50.90
51.03
50.63
52.25
53.98
52.85
50.69
51.34
50.18
50.92
49. 76
51.80
53.02
53.02
37.3
37.7
37.8
37.5
38.7
39.4
38.3
37.0
37.2
36.1
36.9
35.8
37.0
37.6
37.6
38.6
39.0
39.7
39.2
38.9
38.3
36.2
36.9
37.3
36.7
36.5
38.8
35.8
37.3
37.5
$1.29 $51.99
1.27 52.80
1.27 53.47
1.26 52.93
1. 27 52.14
1.26 50. 79
1.27 50.94
1.28 51.21
1. 26 51.34
1. 27 49.13
1. 27 50.03
1. 26 50.16
1.27 48.73
1.27 48.97
1.27 49. 76
38.8
39.4
39.9
39.5
39.2
37.9
38.3
38.5
38.6
37.5
37.9
38.0
37.2
37.1
37.7
40.2
39.8
40.4
39.1
38.8
39.3
39.0
38.8
39.5
39.0
39.7
39.6
39.1
39.6
39.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.35 $49.02
1.37 48. 75
1.38 48.25
1.38 47. 99
1.38 48. 63
1.37 46.80
1.38 49.26
1.38 48.73
1.38 48. 60
1.39 47.65
1.38 48.84
1. 38 48. 71
1.38 46.99
1.38 47.65
1.38 48.34
$1.17 $56.45
1.24 58.59
1.27 54.45
1.28 58.89
1.22 62.68
1.20 60.68
1.22 63.49
1.24 60. 84
1.25 63.96
1.27 58.40
1.29 54.91
1.32 56.68
1.35 60. 96
1.34 61.60
1.35 65.53
39.2
38.8
36.3
39.0
40.7
39.4
40.7
39.0
41.0
37.2
35.2
36.1
38.1
38.5
40.7
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.1
39.0
37.7
38.2
38.2
38.4
37.4
38.0
38.0
37.1
37.3
37.8
Scouring and combing
plants
$1.36 $62.80
1.37 62. 40
1.36 65.35
1. 36 66.14
1. 36 63.12
1.37 64. 24
1.37 54.24
1.37 52.46
1.37 60.29
1.36 58. 78
1.37 60.74
1.36 60.04
1.36 58.09
1.37 61.30
1.36 63.52
40.0
39.0
41.1
41.6
39.7
38.7
33.9
31.6
38.4
37.2
38.2
38.0
37.0
38.8
40.2
$1.57 $49.15
1.60 48.51
1.59 49. 53
1. 59 49.15
1.59 48.51
1.66 46.85
1.60 46.00
1.66 45.75
1.57 45.26
1.58 44.13
1.59 44. 75
1.58 45.14
1.57 43.90
1.58 45.00
1.58 45.63
37.5
37.8
37.7
36.8
37.7
38.3
38.8
38.9
38.3
35.9
36.8
36.1
34.7
36.6
36.6
$1.07
1.13
1.12
1.12
1.13
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.13
1.14
1.15
1.16
1.15
1.15-
38.7
38.2
39.0
38.7
38.2
36.6
36.8
36.6
36.5
35.3
35.8
36.4
35.4
36.0
36.5
Yarn mills
$1.27 $49.15
1.27 48.26
1.27 49.53
1.27 49.15
1.27 48.26
1. 28 46.70
1.25 45.75
1.25 45.38
1.24 44.76
1. 25 43.25
1.25 44.13
1.24 44.39
1.24 43.65
1.25 44. 50
1.25 45.25
38.7
38.0
39.0
38.7
38.0
36.2
36.6
36.3
36.1
34.6
35.3
35.8
35.2
35.6
36.2
$1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.27
1.29
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.25
Woolen and worsted
North
United States
38.6
39.3
39.7
39.3
39.2
37.8
38.4
38.7
38.5
37.4
37.8
37.8
37.0
36.7
37.2
$1.29 $55.25
1.30 56.37
1.29 56. 54
1. 29 55.86
1.29 56. 26
1.30 55.41
1.29 54.67
1.29 54. 81
1.29 54.99
1.28 53.86
1.29 54.14
1. 29 54. 43
1.28 53.44
1.29 53.72
1.28
38.1
39.7
40.1
39.9
39.9
39.3
38.5
38.6
39.0
38.2
38.4
38.6
37.9
38.1
South
$1.45 $48. 76
1.42 49.78
1.41 49.90
1.40 49.27
1. 41 49.14
1.41 47.50
1.42 48.38
1.42 48. 76
1.41 48.38
1.41 46. 50
1.41 47. 50
1. 41 47.50
1.41 46.00
1.41 45.86
38.7
39.2
39.6
39.1
39.0
37.4
38.4
38.7
38.4
37.2
37.7
37.7
36.8
36.4
$1.26 $62.56
1.27 61.93
1.26 63.90
1.26 64.06
1.26 61.23
1.27 59.75
1.26 58. 97
1.26 57. 88
1.26 60.84
1.25 59.14
1.26 59.36
1.26 59. 21
1.25 60.06
1.26 62.16
62.68
40.1
39.7
40.7
40.8
39.5
38.3
37.8
37.1
39.0
38.4
38.8
38.7
39.0
40.1
40.7
$1.5ft
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.54
1.5»
1.53
1.54
1.55
1.54s
Seamless hosiery
.
United States
38.3
37.5
37.4
37.2
37.7
36.0
37.6
37.2
37.1
36.1
37.0
36.9
35.6
36.1
36.9
$1.44 $40.13
1.51 42.71
1.50 42.22
1.51 41.22
1.54 42.60
1.54 44.05
1.56 44.23
1.56 44.35
1. 56 43. 66
1. 57 40. 57
1.56 41.95
1. 57 41.52
1.60 40. 25
1. 60 42.09
1.61 42.09
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
$1.34 $49. 79
1.34 51.09
1.34 51.21
1.34 50. 70
1.33 50. 57
1.34 49.14
1.33 49.54
1.33 49.92
1.33 49.67
1.31 47.87
1.32 48. 76
1.32 48. 76
1.31 47.36
1.32 47.34
1.32 47.62
in
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Yarn and thread
mills *
Full-fashioned hosiery
Narrow fabrics and
small wares
Average_____ $54. 27
Average_____ 54. 53
55. 75
Ju n e ............ .
July________
53. 96
August--------- 53.54
September___ 53. 84
53. 82
October_____
November___ 53. 54
54.51
December___
January_____ 54. 21
February____ 54.79
M arch______
54.65
April....... 53.96
M ay________ 54. 65
June....... ......... 54.10
Total: Textile-mill
products
$0.99 $53.18
1.04 53.57
1.18 53. 72
1.17 53.18
1.01 53.04
.96 51.65
.98 52.33
1.00 52.33
1.04 52.61
1.06 50. 86
1.11 52.06
1.18 51.68
1. 23 50. 46
1.24 51.10
1.24 51.41
39.3
38.2
35.7
35.6
38.8
39.6
39.2
36.9
39.3
35.5
34.8
35.2
36.2
36.4
37.9
Broad-woven fabric
mills *
Thread mills
Average_____ $49.79
Average_____ 49.53
June...... .......... 50. 42
49.39
July________
August............ 49.40
September___ 48. 26
October........... 45.97
November___ 47.23
47.00
December___
January.........- 46.61
February.......- 46.36
48.89
March______
45.47
April_______
M ay.............. . 47.37
June____ 47.63
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
$1.28 $38. 91
1.35 39.73
1.35 42.13
1.35 41.65
1.35 39.19
1.37 38.02
1.38 38.42
1.37 36.90
1.38 40.87
1.39 37.63
1.38 38.63
1.39 41.54
1.40 44.53
1.41 45.14
1.41 47. 00
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Textile-mill products
Tobacco manufactures—Continued
Tobacco and snuff
38.4
38.2
37.0
37.4
38.9
39.1
39.4
38.3
39.3
36.2
35.9
36.0
36.3
37.3
38.3
Cigars
Cigarettes
$1.28 $57.61
1.30 56.70
1.29 54.66
1.29 54.66
1.29 55. 72
1.30 53.00
1.31 57. 23
1.31 57. 75
1.31 57.98
1.32 55.95
1.32 57.75
1.32 57.83
1.32 54.53
1.32 55.12
1.31 54.24
37.9
37.3
36.2
36.2
36.9
35.1
37.9
38.5
38.4
37.3
38.5
38.3
36.6
36.5
36.4
$1. 52 $57.00
1. 52 57.00
1.51 55. 78
1.51 55.72
1.51 55. 42
1.51 53.70
1.51 57. 45
1.50 59.04
1.51 59.89
1.50 56.78
1.50 57.98
1. 51 58.83
1.49 52.35
1.51 54.87
1.49
North
37.5
37.5
36.7
36.9
36.7
35.8
38.3
39.1
39.4
37.6
38.4
38.2
34.9
36.1
South
$1.52 $58.06
1.52 56.24
1.52 53.91
1.51 53.40
1.51 56.02
1.50 52. 44
1.50 56.63
1.51 56.85
1. 52 56.63
1.51 55.65
1. 51 57.37
1. 54 57.07
1.50 56.02
1.52 55.20
38.2
37.0
35.7
35.6
37.1
34.5
37.5
37.9
37.5
37.1
38.5
38.3
37.6
36.8
United States
$1.52 $40.39
1. 52 40.26
1.51 40.07
1.50 39. 79
1.51 39.85
1. 52 38.37
1. 51 40.26
1.50 39.93
1.51 40.26
1. 50 39.18
1.49 40.32
1. 49 39.87
1.49 37.97
1. 50 39.31
40.88
37.4
36.6
37.1
36.5
36.9
35.2
36.6
36.3
36.6
35.3
36.0
35.6
33.9
35.1
36.5
$1.08
1.10
1.08
1.09
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.10
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.12
1047
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T
able
C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1 Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Seamless hosier y— Continued
Year and month
North
South
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
1952: Average........... $43.62
1953: Average_____ 43.88
June________ 45.05
July................. 44.01
August— ........ 44.11
September___ 42.69
October.......... 43.19
November___ 41.07
41.18
December___
1954: January_____ 40.80
February........ 42.72
M a rc h ........... 43.32
April............. . 39.63
M a y .............. 42.72
38.6
37.5
38.5
37.3
37.7
36.8
36.6
35.1
35.5
34.0
35.6
36.1
33.3
36.2
$1.13 $39.33
1.17 39.31
1.17 38.90
1.18 38.84
1.17 38.90
1.16 37.24
1.18 39.53
1.17 39.89
1.16 40.11
1.20 39.05
1.20 39.71
1.20 39. 52
1.19 37.74
1.18 38.85
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings 4
1952: Average........... $68.39
70. 58
1953: Average_____
June________ 68.74
July— ........... 69.20
August______ 69.89
September___ 69.03
69.37
October_____
November___ 68.16
69. 72
December___
1954: January......... . 68. 68
February........ 69.83
M a rc h ........... 69. 72
67.94
April_______
M ay________ 68.38
June________ 68.73
41.2
40.8
40.2
40.0
40.4
39.9
40.1
39.4
40.3
39.7
39.9
40.3
39.5
39.3
39.5
37.1
36.4
36.7
36.3
36.7
34.8
36.6
36.6
36.8
35.5
36.1
35.6
34.0
35.0
Knit outerwear
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.06 $49.14
1.08 50.81
1.06 51.19
1.07 50.25
1.06 52.65
1.07 49.28
1.08 53.68
1.09 52.30
1.09 50.83
1.10 49.07
1.10 50.82
1.11 50.46
1.11 49.90
1.11 51.32
51.99
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
$1.66 $65. 74
1.73 69.08
1.71 66.91
1.73 66.39
1.73 67.64
1.73 66.43
1.73 67.34
1.73 65.91
1. 73 68.38
1.73 66.95
1. 75 66.99
1.73 67.69
1.72 66. 26
1. 74 65.19
1.74 65.02
39.6
39.7
38.9
38.6
39.1
38.4
38.7
38.1
39.3
38.7
38.5
38.9
38.3
37.9
37.8
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
39.0
38.2
38.2
37.5
39.0
36.5
38.9
37.9
37.1
35.3
36.3
36.3
35.9
36.4
37.4
$1.26 $45.55
1.33 45.12
1.34 45.22
1.34 44.96
1.35 44.96
1.35 45.01
1.38 44.65
1.38 42.23
1.37 42.33
1.39 42.33
1.40 43.08
1.39 43.44
1.39 41.97
1.41 43.68
1.39 45.14
Hats (except cloth
and millinery)
$1.66 $53.20
1.74 56.47
1.72 57.83
1. 72 51.80
1.73 60.68
1.73 56.24
1.74 55.87
1. 73 54. 77
1. 74 56.70
1. 73 54.53
1.74 54.66
1. 74 53.10
1.73 46.11
1. 72 52.39
1. 72 55. 57
Knit underwear
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings horns
ings
38.6
37.6
38.0
38.1
38.1
37.2
36.9
34.9
34.7
34.7
35.6
35.9
34.4
36.1
37.0
$1.18 $62. 58
1.20 61.65
1.19 63. 72
1.18 60. 64
1.18 59.90
1.21 57.96
1.21 59.40
1.21 61.56
1.22 61.86
1.22 59.49
1.21 62.17
1. 21 62.17
1.22 59.85
1.21 59. 55
1.22 59.90
Miscellaneous textile
goods 4
37.2 $1.43 $60.09
37.4
1.51 62.42
1.51 62.62
38.3
1.48 62.73
35.0
1.56 62.68
38.9
1.52 62. 31
37.0
1. 51 62. 62
37.0
1.53 62. 31
35.8
1.52 62.99
37.3
1.49 61.75
36.6
1. 51 62.00
36.2
1.50 61.91
35.4
1.45 60. 68
31.8
35.4 ' 1.48 61.23
1.51 61.69
36.8
40.6
40.8
41.2
41.0
40.7
40.2
40.4
40.2
40.9
40.1
40.0
40.2
39.4
39.5
39.8
1952: Average_____ $64.17
65.19
1953: Average_____
June...... .......... 63. 24
65. 94
July________
August______ 65. 93
September___ 63. 86
October.......... 66. 58
November___ 64. 64
66.02
December___
1954: January_____ 69. 55
February____ 65. 51
M arch. ____ 67.65
April..... .......... 66. 66
M ay________ 69.14
June________ 64. 71
41.4
41.0
40.8
42.0
40.7
38.7
41.1
39.9
40.5
41.9
39.7
41.0
40.4
41.4
39.7
$1.55 $51.24
1.59 51.30
1.55 51.91
1.57 50.88
1.62 51.73
1.65 50.51
1.62 51.24
1.62 50. 87
1.63 50.58
1.66 50.82
1.65 49.73
1. 65 50. 51
1.65 50.02
1.67 51.73
1.63 51.05
Men’s and boys’
furnishings and
work clothing 4
1952: Average.......... $40.50
1953: Average.......... 41.18
June________ 41.51
40.96
July________
August............ 41. 78
September___ 40. 79
October_____ 41.84
November___ 40. 81
December___ 40.70
1954: January_____ 39. 56
February____ 41.29
41.15
M arch.........
April— ......... 39.10
M ay................ 39.67
June________ 39.78
37.5
37.1
37.4
36.9
37.3
36.1
36.7
35.8
35.7
34.4
35.9
36.1
34.6
34.8
35.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Processed waste and
recovered fibers
42.7
42.4
42.9
42.4
42.4
41.4
42.0
41.7
41.8
42.0
41.1
41.4
41.0
42.4
41.5
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
$1.08 $39.96
1.11 41.40
1.11 41.78
1.11 41.13
1.12 41. 55
1.13 41.72
1.14 42.98
1.14 42. 75
1.14 41.27
1.15 39.45
1.15 41. 52
1.14 41.50
1.13 39. 22
1.14 39.67
1.13 39.79
37.0
37.3
37.3
36.4
37.1
36.6
37.7
37.5
36.2
34.3
36.1
36.4
34.4
34.8
34.6
44.2
44.5
45.0
44.8
44.4
44.3
43.2
44.3
45.8
42.6
43.7
42.7
42.5
42.4
43.5
37.6
37.5
38.1
37.0
37.1
35.8
36.4
35.3
36.1
36.2
37.8
37.6
35.6
34.8
34.3
Cordage and twine
$1.71 $53.06
1.80 53.33
1.81 53.99
1.80 53.72
1. 81 53.99
1.82 53.19
1.82 52. 90
1. 83 52. 25
1. 83 53. 33
1.80 52.25
1.82 53.18
1. 81 53.84
1.81 51.41
1.83 52.20
1.83 52.06
Separate trousers
$1.08 $42.86
1.11 44.63
1.12 46.10
1.13 43.66
1.12 44.89
1.14 43.32
1.14 44.41
1.14 43.07
1.14 44.04
1.15 44.16
1.15 46.12
1.14 45. 87
1.14 42.72
1.14 41.41
1.15 40. 47
$1.49 $62.16
1.50 61.65
1.51 63.15
1.49 60.09
1.49 59. 79
1.49 57.87
1.50 59.15
1.52 61.46
1.52 61.76
1.51 59.40
1.52 62.06
1.52 62.06
1.50 59.60
1.50 59.30
1.49 59.64
40.3
41.3
41.2
40.7
40.2
41.4
40.8
41.2
40.9
39.5
39.2
40.1
39.8
38.4
40.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.0
41.1
42.1
40.6
40.4
39.1
39.7
40.7
40.9
39.6
41.1
41.1
40.0
39.8
40.3
$1.48
1.50
1.50
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.51
1.51
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.49
1.49
1.48
Lace goods
$1.68 $57.07
1.72 61.85
1.72 63. 43
1.70 62.37
1.70 62. 81
1.73 62.95
1.76 63.24
1.75 61.88
1.73 61.92
1. 72 57.24
1. 73 59.84
1.70 60. 59
1.72 58. 81
1.72 57. 96
1. 75 60.31
38.3
38.9
39.4
38.5
38.3
39.1
38.8
38.2
38.7
36.0
37.4
37.4
36.3
36.0
37.0
$1.49
1.59
1.61
1.62
1.64
1.61
1.63
1.62
1.60
1.59
1.60
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.63
Apparel and other finished textile products
Artificial leather, oil
cloth, and other
coated fabrics
$1.20 $75.58
1.21 80.10
1.21 81.45
1.20 80.64
1.22 80.36
1.22 80. 63
1.22 78.62
1.22 81.07
1.21 83.81
1.21 76.68
1.21 79.53
1.22 77.29
1.22 76.93
1.22 77.59
1.23 79.61
42.0
41.1
42.2
40.7
40.2
38.9
39.6
40.5
40.7
39.4
40.9
40.9
39.9
39.7
40.2
Dyeing and finishing
textiles (except wool)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Felt goods (except
woven felts and hats)
$1.48 $67.70
1.53 71.04
1. 52 70.86
1. 53 69.19
1.54 68.34
1.55 71.62
1.55 71.81
1.55 72.10
1.54 70.76
1.54 67.94
1.55 67.82
1.54 68.17
1.54 68.46
1.55 66.05
1.55 71.58
Textile-mill products—Continued
Paddings and uphol
stery filling
Dyeing and finishing
textiles4
39.6
39.5
39.7
39.5
39.7
39.4
38.9
38.7
39.5
38.7
39.1
39.3
37.8
38.1
38.0
Work shirts
$1.14 $35.15
1.19 34.32
1.21 34.76
1.18 34.22
1.21 35.24
1.21 34.31
1.22 32.83
1.22 31.58
1.22 33. 56
1. 22 31.39
1.22 34.24
1. 22 33. 79
1.20 34.69
1.19 34.20
1.18 34.13
37.8
36.9
38.2
37.2
38.3
36.5
35.3
33.6
35.7
32.7
35.3
35.2
36.9
36.0
36.7
Total: Apparel and
other finished tex
tile products
$1.34 $47. 58
1.35 48. 41
1.36 48.05
1.36 47.88
1.36 49.78
1.35 47.12
1.36 48. 74
1.35 48.06
1.35 48.82
1.35 47.68
1.36 49.46
1.37 49.59
1.36 45. 62
1.37 46.07
1.37 46.55
36.6
36.4
36.4
36.0
36.6
34.9
36.1
35.6
35.9
34.8
36.1
36.2
34.3
34.9
35.0
$1.30 $52.15
1.33 57. 93
1.32 58.67
1.33 57.41
1.36 60. 59
1.35 57.35
1. 35 58. 64
1.35 57.48
1.36 58.19
1.37 55.84
1.37 57.96
1.37 57.32
1.33 52. 64
1.32 52.97
1.33 54.92
Women’s outerwear 4
$0.93 $52.39
.93 52.65
.91 50.66
.92 52. 59
.92 54. 72
.94 49.40
.93 51.83
.94 50.76
.94 53.61
.96 52.44
.97 54.62
.96 54. 93
.94 49.01
.95 49. 76
.93 48.82
35.4
35.1
34.7
34.6
35.3
32.5
34.1
34.3
35.5
34.5
35.7
35.9
33.8
34.8
33.9
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
35.0
36.9
36.9
36.8
37.4
35.4
36.2
35.7
36.6
34.9
36.0
35.6
32.9
32.9
33.9
$1.49
1.57
1.59
1.56
1.62
1.63
1.62
1.61
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.60
1.61
1.62
Women’s dresses
$1.48 $51.48
1.50 52.15
1.46 49.16
1. 52 48.76
1. 55 53.45
1. 52 49. 53
1.52 52.02
1.48 51.15
1.51 52.80
1.52 50.96
1.53 53.25
1. 53 55.18
1.45 52. 25
1.43 53.45
1.44 48.19
35.5
35.0
33.9
34.1
35.4
32.8
34.0
34.1
35.2
34.2
35.5
36.3
34.6
35.4
33.7
$1.45
1. 49
1.45
1.43
1. 51
1.51
1.53
1.50
1.50
1.49
1.50
1. 52
1.51
1.51
1.43
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1048
T able
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Year and month
Household apparel
Women’s and chil
dren’s undergarments
Women’s suits, coats,
and skirts
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn
ings
ings ings hours ings
Average-.___
Average_____
June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January__ _
February____
March- _ ...
April_______
M ay... ____
1952:
1953:
June__ _____
$39. 96
39. 74
39. 53
38. 45
38.31
37.37
39.46
39.53
40.77
38.26
40.26
41.18
40. 04
39. 79
39.21
37.7
36.8
36.6
35.6
35.8
34.6
36.2
36.6
37.4
35.1
36.6
37.1
36.4
36.5
34.7
$1.06 $64. 94
1.08 64.81
1.08 62. 51
1.08 68. 34
1.07 68.74
1.08 60. 50
1.09 62.69
1.08 60.96
1.09 65.86
1.09 66. 80
1.10 67.94
1.11 65.47
1.10 51.43
1.09 51.44
1.13 60.45
Average____
Average____
June______
July------------August____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1954: January____
February___
March. ____
April_____ ..
May. ___ .
June . . ____
$43. 52
44.41
45.26
45. 51
45.50
42.46
44. 76
44. 27
44.98
45.59
47.12
46.63
42.11
44.29
45. 88
37.2
36.4
37.1
37.0
36.4
33.7
36.1
35.7
35.7
35.9
37.4
37.3
34.8
36.6
37.3
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn
ings
ings ings hours ings
$1.95 $43. 62
1. 97 44.28
1.90 44.04
2.01 41.54
2.01 43.79
1.99 43.08
1.99 45.13
1.96 44. 77
1.96 44. 04
2. 00 42.33
2. 01 44. 28
1.99 44. 65
1.87 42.58
1.78 43. 67
1.86 43. 91
Miscellaneous
apparel and
accessories
Children’s
outerwear
1952:
1953:
33.3
32.9
32.9
34.0
34.2
30.4
31.5
31.1
33.6
33.4
33.8
32.9
27.5
28.9
32. 5
$1.17 $43.15
1. 22 44. 52
1. 22 44. 27
1.23 43. 07
1. 25 45.25
1.26 44.41
1.24 46.13
1.24 44. 77
1.26 44. 41
1. 27 42.83
1.26 43. 92
1.25 43.80
1.21 40. 92
1.21 43.19
1.23 42. 96
37.2
37.1
37.2
36.5
37.4
36.4
37.5
36.4
36.7
35.4
36.6
36.2
34.1
35.4
35.5
Underwear and night
wear, except corsets
$1.16 $41.03
1.20 41. 58
1.20 41.47
1.17 39.29
1.19 41.10
1.19 41.02
1. 21 43.13
1. 21 42. 67
1. 21 41.38
1. 22 39. 79
1.23 41.63
1. 22 41.95
1.22 39. 79
1.23 40.14
1.23 40. 24
37.6
36.9
36.7
35.5
36.8
36.2
37.3
37.0
36.4
34.7
36.0
36.6
34.9
35.5
35.7
$46. 46
47.75
48.13
47.37
47.88
46. 86
49. 67
48.38
47. 21
45. 92
47.06
47.60
46.70
47. 47
47. 36
38.4
37.6
37.6
37.3
37.7
36.9
38.5
37.5
36.6
35.6
36.2
36.9
36.2
36.8
37.0
$1. 21
1. 27
1.28
1.27
1. 27
1. 27
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.30
1. 29
1.29
1.29
1. 28
$42. 67
42.18
41.15
40.18
42.56
41.92
43.28
42.41
40. 71
39. 56
41.53
42. 69
41. 64
41. 40
41.41
$1.10 $47. 24
1.13 48.10
1.13 47.71
1.11 44.50
1.12 47.97
1.13 46. 57
1.15 48. 47
1.15 48. 21
1.14 48.18
1.14 45.89
1.15 47. 97
1.14 48. 64
1.14 46.63
1.15 48. 78
1.14 48. 51
38.1
37.0
36.1
36.2
38.0
37.1
38.3
37.2
35.4
34.1
35.8
36.8
35.9
36.0
35.7
Millinery
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn
earn hours earn earn wkly.
ings
ings ings hours ings
Curtains, draperies,
and other housefurnishings
Other fabricated
textile products 4
$1.16
1.20
1.19
1.18
1.21
1. 22
1.23
1.23
1. 21
1.21
1.20
1. 21
1.20
1.22
1.21
37.3
36.8
36.7
35.4
36.7
36.3
37. 5
37. 1
36.3
34.9
36.2
36.8
34.9
34.9
35.3
Corsets and allied
garments
38.1
37.0
36.7
35.6
36.9
36.1
37.0
36.8
36.5
34.5
35.8
36.3
34.8
36.4
36.2
$58. 60
58. 64
50. 05
58. 55
64. 51
58.14
59.20
51.48
58.08
59.29
67.09
67.20
45.90
44. 68
52. 81
$1.24
1. 3C
1.30
1.25
1.30
1.29
1.31
1.31
1.32
1. 33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.34
Canvas products
Textile bags
$1.12 $47.60
1.14 49.53
1.14 49.13
1.11 49. 52
1.12 50.30
1.13 49.78
1.13 52.27
1.14 50.14
1.15 51.32
1.16 50.41
1.16 47. 78
1.16 49. 50
1.16 48. 78
1.15 49. 71
1.16 50. 46
$1.61
1.62
1.54
1.64
1.68
1.70
1.64
1.56
1.60
1.62
1.69
1.68
1.50
1.53
1.61
36.4
36.2
32.5
35.7
38.4
34.2
36.1
33.0
36.3
36.6
39.7
40.0
30.6
29.2
32.8
38. 7
38.1
37.5
37.8
38.4
38.0
39.3
37.7
38.3
37.9
36.2
37.5
36.4
37.1
37.1
$1.23 $49.88
1. 30 51.09
1.31 53.32
1.31 52. 66
1.31 50. 30
1.31 49. 27
1. 33 51. 22
1.33 49. 37
1.34 50. 41
1.33 50.01
1. 32 50. 25
1.32 50. 76
1. 34 51.84
1.34 53. 33
1.36 52.80
$1. 25
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.32
1.32
1.33
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.35
1.35
1.34
39.9
39.0
40.7
40.2
38.4
37.9
38.8
37.4
37.9
37.6
37.5
37.6
38.4
39.5
39.4
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)
Average__
Average....... .
June................
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February____
March______
April....... ......
May________
1952:
1953:
Ju n e ..
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
Logging camps and
contractors
$63.86
65.93
68.31
67.16
66.91
66. 97
67.32
65.20
64.32
62.65
63.76
64. 40
65.93
67. 03
68. 21
$77. 68
79.00
84. 46
83.84
78.17
81.97
77.79
75.85
71.81
72.74
73. 92
72. 96
80. 30
76. 80
76. 30
41.2
40.7
41.4
40.7
40.8
40.1
40.8
40.0
40.2
39.4
40.1
40.0
40.2
39.9
40.6
$1. 55
1.62
1.65
1.65
1.64
1.67
1. 65
1.63
1.60
1. 59
1.59
1. 61
1.64
1.68
1.68
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
structural wood
products 4
1952:
1953:
1954:
Average...........
Average..........
June________
July________
August_____
September___
October_____
November___
December___
January____
February____
March. ____
April...............
May________
Ju n e .. _____
$66. 94
68. 89
69. 89
68.31
68.15
66.47
69. 55
68.54
69.22
68.28
69.19
68. 54
68.78
69. 77
71.31
42.1
41.5
42.1
41.4
41.3
39.8
41.4
40.8
41.2
40.4
40.7
40.8
40.7
40.8
41.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.1
39.5
40.8
40.5
38.7
39.6
38.7
38.5
37.4
38.9
38.7
36.3
37.7
36.4
37.4
Millwork
$1.59 $65. 83
1. 66 68. 55
1.66 69. 86
1.65 68. 72
1.65 68. 55
1.67 67.23
1.68 69. 72
1.68 67.98
1.68 68.89
1.69 67.80
1.70 68. 47
1. 68 68.47
1. 69 67.73
1.71 69. 55
1. 71 71.99
42.2
41.8
42.6
41.9
41.8
40.5
42.0
41.2
41.5
40.6
41.0
41.0
40.8
41.4
42.6
Sawmills and planing mills, general
Sawmills and plan
ing mills4
$1.89 $63. 24
2.00 65.37
2.07 67.16
2.07 65.85
2.02 67.40
2.07 67.06
2.01 67. 82
1.97 65.76
1.92 64.64
1.87 62. 72
1.91 63. 92
2.01 64. 96
2.13 65.77
2.11 67.23
2.04 68. 56
40.8
40.6
41.2
40.4
41.1
40.4
41.1
40.1
40.4
39.2
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.5
41.3
42.8
42.2
42.7
41.6
41.1
40.0
41.0
40.6
41.8
42.1
42.1
41.7
41.4
40.4
40.5
40.8
40.6
41.2
40.4
41.1
40.4
41.1
40.1
40.4
39.2
40.2
40.6
40.7
40.5
41.3
South
$1.56 $43.03
1.63 43.78
1.65 43.76
1. 65 43.98
1.66 44.30
1.68 44. 08
1.66 45.24
1.65 43.99
1.61 43.99
1.61 41.61
1.60 43. 57
1.61 43.26
1. 63 43.68
1.67 43. 26
1.67
$
1.65
1.69
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.69
1.69
1. 71
1. 71
1.73
1.74
1. 71
1.73
1.76
1.75
$
50.39
51. 25
51.88
51.28
50.78
49. 52
51.18
49.85
50.10
47.72
48.83
49.08
49.20
49. 97
51.16
41.3
41.0
41.5
40.7
40.3
39.3
40.3
40.2
40.4
38.8
39.7
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.6
$
1.22
1.25
1. 25
1.26
1.26
1.26
1. 27
1.24
1.24
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.26
42.6
42.5
42.9
42.7
42.6
42.8
43.5
42.3
42.3
40.4
42.3
42.0
42.0
41.6
West
$1.01 $81.51
1.03 83. 81
1.02 85. 46
1.03 83. 11
1.04 86. 33
1.03 85.14
1.04 85.06
1.04 82 94
1.04 82.22
1.03 80. 35
1.03 80. 85
1.03 82.68
1.04 84.10
1.04 84.85
$
50. 82
51.34
52. 08
51. 25
50.10
49.00
50.25
48.56
49.04
47.46
47.95
49.20
49.45
49.85
51.44
42.0
41.4
42.0
41.0
40.4
39. 2
40 2
39.8
40.2
38.9
39.3
40.0
40.2
40.2
40.5
$
1.21
1.24
1.24
1. 25
1.24
1.25
1. 25
1.22
1.22
1.22
1. 22
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.27
39.0
38.8
39.2
38.3
39.6
38.7
39.2
38.4
38.6
37.9
38.5
39.0
39.3
39.1
$2.09
2.16
2.18
2.17
2.18
2.20
2.17
2.16
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.17
Miscellaneous
wood products
Wooden boxes,
other than cigar
Wooden containers 4
Plywood
$1. 56 $70. 62
1.64 71.32
1.64 72.16
1. 64 69. 89
1.64 69. 05
1.66 67.60
1.66 69.29
1. 65 69.43
1.66 71.48
1.67 72.83
1.67 73.25
1.67 71.31
1. 66 71. 62
1.68 71.10
1.69 70. 88
United States
$1. 55 $63.65
1.61 66.18
1.63 67.98
1.63 66.66
1.64 68.23
1.66 67.87
1. 65 68.23
1.64 66.17
1.60 65.04
1.60 63.11
1.59 64.32
1.60 65. 37
1.62 66.34
1.66 67.64
1.66 68. 97
$
53.63
55.46
55. 99
55.06
55.59
55.35
56.43
54. 54
55. 34
53. 07
54. 67
54.54
54. 54
54.68
55.49
41.9
41.7
42.1
41.4
41.8
41.0
41.8
40.7
41.3
39.9
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.5
40.8
$
1.28
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1. 35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.34
1.34
1.34
1.35
1. 36 -
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1049
T able C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures
Year and month
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average.......... $61.01
1953: Average_____ A3.14
June________ 62. 73
61.05
July________
August______ 62.99
September___ 62. 78
October-------- 64.12
November___ 63. 49
December....... 63.90
1954: January.......... 61.78
February____ 62.16
M arch. ____
62. 56
April________ 61.00
M ay________ 60.53
June................ 62. 33
Household
furniture ‘
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
41.5
41.0
41.0
39.9
40.9
40.5
41.1
40.7
40.7
39.6
40.1
40.1
39.1
38.8
39.7
Wood household fu r
Wood household
niture (except up furniture,
upholstered
holstered)
$1.47 $58. 93
1.54 60.38
1.53 60.24
1.53 58.21
1.54 60.38
1.55 59. 90
1.56 61.35
1.56 61.00
1.57 60.70
1.56 58. 41
1. 55 59.30
1. 56 59. 85
1. 56 58.20
1. 56 57. 30
1.57 59. 34
41.5
40.8
40.7
39.6
40.8
40.2
40.9
40.4
40.2
39.2
39.8
39.9
38.8
38.2
39.3
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1. 42 $53. 38
1.48 55.21
1.48 55. 61
1.47 54.40
1 48 55. 89
1.49 54. 41
1.50 56.03
1.51 55.35
1.51 54.68
1.49 53.60
1. 49 54.14
1.50 54. 54
1.50 52.92
1.50 52. 52
1.51 54.40
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
41.7
41.2
41.5
40.9
41.4
40.3
41.2
40.7
40.5
40.0
40.4
40.4
39.2
38.9
40.0
$1.28 $64. 58
1.34 65. 45
1.34 64.55
1.33 61. 56
1.35 63. 84
1.35 65.36
1.36 67. 24
1.36 66. 58
1.35 68.80
1.34 60.10
1.34 63. 41
1.35 63. 57
1.35 62.16
1.35 58. 48
1.36 61.13
41.4
40.4
39.6
38.0
39.9
40.1
41.0
40.6
41.2
37.1
38.9
39.0
37.9
36.1
37.5
Mattresses and
bedsprings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1. 56 $64. 87
1.62 66.23
1. 63 66.07
1.62 64.68
1.60 67.40
1.63 66.90
1.64 65.51
1.64 63.69
1.67 63.25
1.62 64.08
1.63 66.30
1.63 65. 97
1.64 64.30
1.62 63. 74
1.63 65. 63
1952: Average_____ $60. 86
1953: Average_____ 61.71
June................ 60.70
59.28
July________
August............ 62.73
September__
61.05
October-......... 61.51
November___ 60.89
December___ 61.86
1954: January.......... 59.60
February____ 59. 55
M arch______
59.10
April_______
56.17
M ay................ 57. 75
June________ 58.80
41.4
40.6
40.2
39.0
41.0
39.9
40.2
39.8
40.7
40.0
39.7
39.4
37.2
38.5
39.2
Metal office furniture
$1.47 $72. 80
1.52 75. 70
1. 51 75.03
1.52 72.71
1.53 68. 81
1.53 79.15
1.53 77.93
1.53 77. 71
1.52 78.09
1.49 77.11
1.50 77. 30
1.50 77.71
1. 51 75.98
1.50 75.60
1. 50 76. 55
41.6
40.7
41.0
39.3
37. 6
42.1
40.8
40.9
41.1
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.2
40.0
40.5
Partitions, shelving,
lockers, and fixtures
$1.75 $71.17
1. 86 73.85
1.83 73.03
1.85 70. 56
1.83 74. 93
1.88 73.71
1.91 75.81
1.90 76. 20
1.90 74. 93
1.89 75.14
1.89 73.60
1.90 73.05
1.89 72.68
1.89 73.84
1.89 76.11
Screens, blinds, and
miscellaneous fur
niture and fixtures
40.9 $1.74 $57. 69
1. 81 62.31
40.8
1. 79 63.33
40.8
39.2
1.80 61.42
41.4
1.81 61.27
1.82 61.84
40.5
1.84 63.15
41.2
1.86 63. 57
41.0
40. 5 1.85 64.90
40. 4 1.86 62. 47
1.84 62.88
40.0
1.84 62.58
39.7
1. 84 62.42
39.5
1.86 64.48
39.7
1.87 64. 74
40.7
41. 5
42.1
42.5
41.5
41.4
41. 5
42.1
42.1
42.7
40.3
41.1
40.9
40.8
41.6
41.5
1952: Average_____ $64. 45
1953: Averago_____ 67.68
June________ 68.00
July------------- 67.36
69.17
August........
September___ 68. 88
69. 50
October_____
November___ 68.10
December....... 66. 65
1954: January.......... 65.36
February____ 66. 09
March- ....... . 66. 75
April_______
66.33
M ay-- -.
67. 89
69.31
June__ -.
42.4
42.3
42.5
42.1
42.7
42.0
42.9
42.3
41.4
40.1
40.3
40.7
40.2
40.9
41.5
Paperboard boxes
$1.52 $64.18
1.60 67. 42
1.60 67. 73
1.60 66.94
1.62 68. 75
1.64 68.46
1.62 69. 23
1.61 68.00
1.61 66.08
1.63 65.12
1. 64 65.69
1.64 66. 34
1.65 65. 93
1.66 67. 65
1.67 69.06
Books
Periodicals
1952: Average-------- $83.60
1953: Average.......... 86.98
Juno________ 82. 68
July------------- 85. 84
August—......... 92.62
September___ 96. 28
October.......... 89. 47
November___ 86.24
December___ 86.33
1954: January_____ 89. 87
February____ 90.27
March -------- 88.58
April------------ 86. 63
M ay ----------- 86.14
June________ 85.09
40.0
39.9
39.0
40.3
40.8
41.5
40.3
39.2
39.6
40.3
40.3
39.9
39.2
38.8
38.5
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.5
42.4
42.6
42.1
42.7
42.0
43.0
42.5
41.3
40.2
40.3
40.7
40.2
41.0
41.6
$2.09 $71. 24
2.18 73.84
2.12 73.45
2.13 72.35
2.27 74.96
2.32 74.80
2.22 73.82
2.20 73.68
2.18 74. 84
2.23 74.49
2.24 73.91
2.22 75.84
2. 21 73.92
2. 22 75. 27
2.21 75. 66
39.8
39.7
39.7
38.9
40.3
40.0
39.9
39.4
39.6
39.0
38.9
39.5
38.5
38.8
39.2
Fiber cans, tubes,
and drums
$1.51 $66.01
1.59 71.65
1.59 69. 55
1. 59 71. 72
1.61 73.02
1.63 73.85
1.61 71.14
1.60 70.24
1.60 72.08
1.62 69. 60
1.63 71.69
1.63 71.69
1.64 71.20
1.65 71.82
1.66 73.60
41.0
41.9
11.4
41.7
42.7
42.2
41.6
40.6
42.4
39.1
40.5
40.5
40.0
39.9
40.0
40.2
40.2
40.0
40.0
40.1
40.0
40.2
40.1
40.5
39.9
39.3
39.8
39.3
39.1
39.1
42.2
41.9
42.1
40. 7
41.4
42.2
41.7
41.6
42.2
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.1
40.4
40.2
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.62
1.70
1.68
1.70
1.70
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.72
1. 71
1.73
1.72
1. 71
1.72
42.8
43.0
43.1
43.2
43.3
42.7
43.0
42.9
42.8
41.9
41.9
42.1
41.6
42.1
42.5
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
$1.61 $73. 68
1. 69 78. 76
1.68 78.68
1.70 80.10
1.70 79. 92
1.73 80. 85
1. 71 79. 72
1.71 80. 08
1.72 80. 08
1.72 78. 55
1.72 78.37
1.73 78.99
1. 72 77. 47
1.73 78.19
1. 74 79. 97
43.6
44.0
44.2
44.5
44.4
43.7
43.8
44.0
44.0
43.4
43.3
43.4
42.8
43.2
43.7
$1.69
1.79
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.85
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Other paper and
allied products
$1.61 $62. 40
1. 71 65.31
1.68 64.58
1.72 65.31
1. 71 65. 47
1.75 65. 57
1.71 65.83
1.73 65.19
1.70 66.72
1.78 65.53
1.77 65. 85
1. 77 66.01
1. 78 65.37
1.80 66. 42
1.84 66.26
Commercial printing
$1. 79 $80.00
1.86 84. 42
1.85 84.00
1. 86 83.60
1. 86 83.81
1.87 84.80
1. 85 85.63
1. 87 85.41
1.89 86. 67
1.91 85. 79
1.90 S4. 50
1.92 85.57
1.92 84.50
1.94 84. 46
1.93 84.85
$1. 59 $68.36
1.66 71.23
1.66 70. 73
1.65 69.19
1.66 70.38
1.66 72. 58
1. 65 72.14
1. 65 71. 55
1.66 73.01
1.60 70. 86
1. 67 69. 94
1. 67 70.93
1. 67 68. 97
1.66 69.08
1.67 69.14
Total: Paper and
allied products
$1.39 $68. 91
1.48 72. 67
1.49 72. 41
1. 48 73. 14
1.48 73. 61
1. 49 73. 87
1.50 73.53
1.51 73.36
1.52 73. 62
1.55 72.07
1.53 72.07
1.53 72.83
1.53 71. 55
1.55 72.83
1.56 73. 95
Paper and allied products—Continued
Paperboard con
tainers and boxes 1
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Paper and allied products
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Wood office furnilurt
40.8
39.9
39.8
39.2
40.6
40.3
39.7
38.6
38.1
38.6
39.7
39. 5
38.5
38.4
39.3
Office, public-build
ing, and profes
sional furniture 4
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.6
41.7
41.5
41.4
41.0
41.7
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.6
41.0
40.9
$1.50 $81.48
1. 57 85. 58
1.56 85.36
1.57 84. 75
1.57 85. 58
1. 58 87.14
1. 59 86.58
1.59 86.14
1.60 88.43
1.61 86.02
1. 61 85. 95
1.61 86.85
1. 61 86.11
1.62 86. 71
1.62 86. 94
Lithographing
$1.99 $81. 61
2.10 85.20
2.10 85. 46
2.09 87.34
2.09 86.30
2.12 86.71
2.13 85.26
2.13 84. 65
2.14 85. 44
2.15 83. 07
2.15 84.96
2.15 87.05
2.15 84. 32
2.16 85. 97
2.17 88. 29
40.2
40.6
40.5
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.6
40.5
40.3
39.0
39.7
40.3
39.4
39.8
40.5
T o ta l: P r i n t i n g ,
p u b lish in g , and
allied industries
38.8
38.9
38.8
38.7
38.9
38.9
39.0
38.8
39.3
38.4
38.2
38.6
38.1
38.2
38.3
$2.10 $87.12
2.20 91.22
2.20 92.35
2.19 90.36
2.20 90. 36
2.24 93.03
2.22 92.93
2.22 92. 57
2.25 96. 87
2.24 90. 07
2.25 90. 42
2. 25 90.68
2. 26 92.26
2. 27 93. 86
2. 27 93. 86
Greeting cards
$2.03 $45. 84
2.10 48.50
2.11 46.75
2.12 45. 23
2.11 47.00
2.12 47.21
2.10 50. 95
2.09 51.34
2.12 52. 22
2.13 51.61
2.14 53.10
2.16 53.20
2.14 53.16
2.16 54. 05
2.18 51.38
38.2
37.6
37.1
35.9
37.3
36.6
38.6
38.6
38.4
37.4
38.2
38.0
37.7
37.8
37.5
Newspapers
36.3
36.2
36.5
36.0
36.0
36.2
36.3
36.3
37.4
35.6
35.6
35.7
35.9
36.1
36.1
$2.40
2.52
2.53
2. 51
2. 51
2.57
2.56
2. 55
2.59
2.53
2. 54
2.54
2.57
2.60
2.60
Bookbinding and
related industries
$1. 20 $62.33
1.29 66.30
1.26 66. 70
1.26 65.86
1.26 66. 70
1.29 65.69
1.32 66.70
1.33 67. 49
1.36 68. 51
1.38 67.16
1.39 66. 95
1.40 67. 82
1.41 66. 91
1.43 67. 64
1.37 68.16
39.2
39.7
39.7
39.2
39.7
39.1
39. 7
39.7
39.6
38.6
38.7
39.2
38.9
39.1
39.4
$1. 59
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.68
1.70
1.73
1. 74
1.73
1.73
1. 72
1.73
1.73
1050
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Printing, publishing,
and allied indus
tries—Continued
Year and month
Miscellaneous pub- Total: Chemicals and
llshing and prlntallied products
ing services
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average_____
1953: Average...........
June________
July—..............
August—.........
September___
October..........
November___
December—. . .
1954: January..........
February____
M arch.. ___
April________
M ay_______
June................
Chemicals and allied products
$98.25
104.15
102. 83
103.23
105. 73
106. 65
105.86
105. 20
106. 66
104. 41
103.33
106. 79
102. 98
104.13
103.33
39.3
39.6
39.4
39.4
39.6
39.5
39.5
39.4
39.8
39.4
38.7
39.7
38.0
39.0
38.7
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$2.50 $70.45
2.63 75. 58
2.61 75.58
2. 62 76.63
2.67 76.26
2.70 77.83
2.68 76.04
2. 67 76.82
2.65 77.61
2.65 76. 86
2.67 76. 86
2. 69 76.86
2. 71 77.27
2.67 77. 71
2.67 79.07
Synthetic rubber
1952: Average.......... $80. 60
1953: Average-------- 87. 29
June________ 86. 71
July— ............. 87.91
A u g u st-------- 88.29
September___ 90. 50
October_____
86. 80
November___ 87. 82
December___ 88. 51
1954: January_____ 88.29
February........ 88. 88
March. ____ 89.20
A pril......... .
89.69
M ay________ 89. 20
June. ______
90. 98
40.3
40.6
40.9
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.0
40.1
40.6
40.5
40.4
40.0
40.4
40.0
40.8
1952: Average_____ $71. 38
1953: Average-......... 76.08
June________ 76.20
July— ........... 76.31
August______ 75.17
September___ 76.41
October_____
76. 54
November___ 76. 54
December....... 77.00
1954: January....... .
76. 67
February____ 76. 67
March______
76.11
April............... 77.04
M ay________ 77. 87
June________ 78.25
41.5
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.3
41.3
41.6
41.6
41.4
41.0
41.0
40.7
41.2
41.2
41.4
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.71 $77.08
1.83 82. 81
1.83 84.00
1.86 83.21
1.86 83.23
1.88 86.11
1. 85 83.23
1.86 84.05
1. 87 85.28
1. 87 84.87
1. 87 84.46
1.87 85.06
1.88 84. 66
1.90 85.06
1.91 88. 20
Synthetic fibers
$2.00 $66. 47
2.15 69.87
2.12 69. 77
2.16 71.38
2.18 70. 62
2. 24 75.20
2.17 68. 71
2.19 69. 24
2.18 71.56
2.18 71.60
2.20 69. 42
2.23 70. 71
2.22 72.47
2. 23 72. 98
2.23 74.07
Paints, pigments,
and fillers 4
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.3
41.5
41.1
41.1
41.1
41.1
40.9
41.4
39.8
39.7
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.0
38.6
38.9
40.2
40.0
39.0
39.5
39.6
40.1
40.7
41.7
41.7
42.0
41.5
41.2
41.1
41.3
41.5
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.6
41.1
41.4
41.0
41.2
42.0
41.4
40.8
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.4
41.0
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.7
42.0
39.6
39.6
38.7
39.8
39.8
40.5
39.4
40.3
40.3
40.3
40.7
39.5
39.2
39.7
40.0
$1. 88 $76. 52
2.01 82.39
2.00 87.60
2.01 84.64
2.04 83.03
2. 09 84. 86
2. 05 81.81
2.05 82. 62
2.06 83. 64
2.07 83.23
2.07 82. 82
2.09 82.82
2.08 83.22
2.09 82. 21
2.10 87.96
42.1
41.7
41.3
42.9
42.3
42.2
42.1
42.0
41.6
41.4
41.9
41.7
42.7
41.1
42.6
40.7
41.4
43.8
41.9
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.6
40.4
40.4
40.1
42.7
$1.77 $63.44
1.89 68. 71
1.90 66.90
1.91 68. 28
1.91 68. 38
1.92 70.04
1.93 71. 55
1.92 71.97
1.93 72.66
1. 93 72.28
1.94 73. 39
1. 94 72.45
1.95 70. 64
1.96 71.46
1.95 71.81
39.9
40.9
40.3
40.4
40.7
41.2
41.6
41.6
42.0
41.3
41.7
41.4
40.6
40.6
40.8
$1. 88 $75.11
1.99 SO. 18
2.00 80.16
2.02 81.59
2.03 80.79
2.08 83.64
2.02 80.60
2.02 81.20
2.05 81. 81
2.03 81. 41
2. 04 81. 20
2.05 81.20
2.06 82.62
2.05 82. 62
2.06 84.05
42.6
42.4
41.9
42.2
41.4
42.0
41.1
41.1
42.1
41.5
42.2
43.8
44.2
42.4
42.3
Animal oils and fats
1952: Average........... $70.34
1953: Average........... 74.29
Ju n e .......... .
75.28
July------ ------ 73.92
August—......... 74.13
September___ 76.32
October_____
75. 48
November___ 76. 44
December___
75.26
1954: January_____ 76.39
February........ 76. 88
M a rc h ........... 75.75
April— ........... 75. 58
M av________ 75. 99
June_____ . 77.98
44.8
45.3
45.9
46.2
45.2
45.7
45.2
45.5
44.8
45.2
44.7
44.3
44.2
44.7
45.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.57 $65.35
1.64 69. 94
1.64 69.70
1.60 69.60
1.64 69.77
1.67 70. 76
1.67 71.17
1.68 70.99
1.68 71.05
1.69 70.35
1. 72 71. 46
1.71 71.10
1. 71 70.53
1.70 70.93
1.71 70. 70
41.1
40.9
41.0
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.9
40.8
40.6
40.2
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.3
40.4
Essential oils, per
fumes, cosmetics
$1.59 $54. 49
1. 71 57. 66
1. 70 57.37
1.71 56.17
1.71 57.30
1.73 58.26
1. 74 60.74
1. 74 60. 44
1. 75 60.13
1. 75 59. 44
1.76 61.86
1.76 60. 45
1. 75 60.22
1.76 59.90
1.75 59. 99
39.2
38.7
38.5
37.7
38.2
39.1
39.7
39.5
39.3
38.1
39.4
38.5
38.6
38.4
38.7
$1.85 $76.31
1.97 82.88
1.96 83.85
1.99 82. 68
1.99 83.92
2.05 84.80
2.01 82.35
2. 01 83. 58
2.01 82.94
2.01 81.32
2.01 82.12
2.02 81.34
2.05 82.15
2. 04 82.76
2.05 83.80
41.3
41.3
40.9
40.7
41.5
41.5
41.0
41.3
41.0
41.2
40.9
41.2
40.7
41.1
41.4
$1.32 $61. 51
1. 40 64. 89
1. 41 67.93
1.42 67.18
1.42 65. 97
1.45 65.52
1. 41 65.35
1.40 66. 58
1.44 66.83
1.43 66.17
1.41 66. 87
1.40 67.33
1.42 68. 25
1.47 68. 53
1.47 70.02
45.9
45.7
44.4
44.2
43.4
48.8
47.7
47.9
47.4
46.6
45.8
45.8
45.2
44.5
44.6
41.7
42.5
43.0
42.4
42.6
42.4
41.8
42.0
42.1
41.7
41.9
41.5
41.7
41.8
41.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.83
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.97
2.00
1.97
1.99
1. 97
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.98
2.00
Soap and glycerin
$1.79 $81.14
1.90 85.90
1.89 83.84
1.88 83.43
1.91 86.31
1.92 87.35
1. 94 87. 54
1. 93 87. 77
1.93 87. 76
1.94 86.07
1.94 87.97
1.96 88. 58
1.96 87. 29
1.97 88. 56
1.98 89.19
Vegetable and animal
oils and fats 1
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Miscellaneous chem
icals 1
40.6
40.7
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.8
40.1
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.4
40. 2
40.3
40.5
41.0
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Soap, cleaning and
polishing prepara
tions <
$1.59 $73.93
1.68 78. 47
1.66 77.30
1.69 76. 52
1.68 79.27
1.70 79.68
1. 72 79. 54
1.73 79. 71
1.73 79.13
1. 75 79.93
1.76 79.35
1.75 80.75
1.74 79. 77
1.76 80. 97
1.76 81.97
Fertilizers
$1.41 $56.23
1.54 59. 36
1. 55 59. 08
1.55 59. 92
1.54 58. 79
1.64 60.90
1.54 57.95
1.55 57. 54
1. 55 60. 62
1.56 59.35
1.56 59.50
1.56 61.32
1. 59 62. 76
1.61 62. 33
1.59 62.18
Industrial organic
chemicals «
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Drugs and medicines
Gum and wood
chemicals
$1. 69 $59.36
1.79 64.22
1. 78 64.02
1.80 66. 50
1.79 65.14
1.80 69.21
1.82 64.83
1.82 65.10
1.83 64. 48
1.84 64. 58
1.84 65.36
1.84 65.05
1.84 67.89
1.86 66.17
1.85 67. 73
Alkalies and chlorine
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Explosives
$1.67 $70. 09
1. 76 74.84
1.74 73.53
1.78 76. 02
1.77 76.02
1.88 77.76
1.78 76.04
1.78 77. 38
1.78 77. 78
1. 79 77.78
1.78 78.96
1.79 76. 63
1.83 76.44
1.82 77. 81
1.82 78.00
Paints, varnishes,
lacquers, and enamels
$1.72 $70. 47
1.82 74. 64
1.81 74. 76
1.83 74.70
1.82 73. 75
1.85 73.98
1.84 75.17
1.84 75.53
1.86 75.58
1. 87 75.26
1.87 75. 44
1.87 74. 70
1.87 74.70
1.89 76.45
1.89 76. 59
Industrial inorganic
chemicals *
41.4
41.1
40.7
40.5
41.1
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.2
40.6
41.3
41.2
40.6
41.0
41.1
$1.96
2.09
2.06
2. 06
2.10
2.11
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.12
2.13
2.15
2.15
2.16
2.17
Vegetable oils
$1.34 $57.07
1.42 59. 67
1.53 62.35
1. 52 61.92
1.52 60.35
1.40 59. 72
1.37 61.00
1.39 62.10
1. 41 62.82
1. 42 61.36
1.46 61.58
1.47 62. 44
1. 51 63. 66
1.54 63. 35
1.57 64. 68
46.4
45.9
43.3
42.7
42.2
47.4
48.8
48.9
48.7
47.2
46.3
46.6
45.8
44.3
44.0
$1.23
1.30
1.44
1.45
1.43
1.26
1.25
1.27
1.29
1.30
1.33
1.34
1.39
1.43
1.47
Products of petroleum and coal
Compressed and
liquefied gases
$1.39 $74.10
1.49 80.37
1. 49 79.38
1.49 81.18
1.50 81.75
1.49 83.57
1.53 81.02
1.53 80. 67
1.53 80.10
1.56 81.67
1. 57 80. 67
1. 57 80.10
1. 56 82. 06
1.56 81.29
1.55 81.51
42.1
42.3
42.0
42.5
42.8
43.3
42.2
41.8
41.5
42.1
41.8
41.5
42.3
41.9
41.8
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
$1.76 $84. 85
1. 90 90.17
1.89 88. 54
1. 91 92.32
1.91 92.06
1.93 94.35
1. 92 91. 80
1.93 92.21
1.93 91.98
1.94 91.53
1.93 90. 68
1. 93 90.45
1. 94 91.08
1.94 93.52
1.95 94. 39
40.6
40.8
40.8
41.4
41.1
41.2
40.8
40.8
40.7
40.5
40.3
40.2
40.3
41.2
41.4
Petroleum refining
$2.09 $88. 44
2.21 94.39
2.17 91.94
2.23 96.00
2.24 95.00
2. 29 97. 68
2.25 94.71
2. 26 96. 46
2.26 96. 05
2.26 95. 58
2. 25 94. 47
2.25 94.47
2. 26 94.87
2. 27 97.17
2. 28 97. 58
40.2
40.6
40.5
41.2
40.6
40.7
40.3
40.7
40.7
10.5
40.2
40.2
40.2
41.0
41.0
$2. 20
2.32
2. 27
2.33
2.34
2. 40
2.35
2.37
2.36
2.36
2.35
2.35
2.36
2.37
2. 38
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
1051
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Products of petro
leum and coal—Con.
Year and month
Coke and other pe
troleum and coal
products
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- hours
ings
1952: Average_____ $73. 74
78. 81
1953: Average____
June—. .
78. 58
July________
80.60
82. 60
August____
83. 07
September...
October_____ 81.83
November___ 78. 72
77.36
December__
1954: January__
77. 57
February____ 77. 52
March____ _ 75. 98
April________ 76. 95
May___
80. 06
June.. _____
82. 64
41.9
41. 7
41.8
42.2
42.8
42.6
42.4
41.0
40.5
40.4
40.8
40.2
40.5
41. 7
42.6
1952: Average__
$64. 48
1953: Average____
68.23
June_______
69.26
July_______
68. 46
August______ 69.03
September___ 67.86
October_____
67. 99
November___ 68.38
69.43
December___
1954: January_____ 68.68
February____ 68. 34
67.64
March__ . . .
April________ 67.34
May ______ 68.25
June________ 69.70
39.8
39.9
40.5
39.8
39.9
39.0
39.3
39.3
39.9
39.7
39.5
39.1
38.7
39.0
39.6
Total: Rubber
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
$1.76 $74.48
1. 89 77. 78
1.88 78. 55
1.91 78.98
1.93 77.21
1. 95 74. 88
1.93 75.07
1.92 75. 65
1. 91 75. 66
1. 92 75.08
1.9C 75. 47
1.89 74.31
1.90 75.08
1.92 77. 81
1.94 81.00
Leather: tanned, curried, and finished
40. 7
40.3
40. 7
40. 5
39.8
39.0
39. 1
39.4
39.2
38.7
38.9
38. 5
38. 7
39.7
40.5
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
41.1
41.7
40.3
39.8
41.9
41.4
40.8
40.5
41.9
41.2
40.0
38.9
39.1
38.0
39.4
Tires and inner
tubes
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- hours
ings
$1.83 $85.65
1.93 88.31
1.93 89. 20
1. 95 90. 45
1. 94 87. 58
1. 92 83. 54
1.92 83.16
1. 92 85. 09
1.93 82.43
1.94 82.88
1.94 83. 03
1.93 80. 89
1. 94 84.14
1.96 88. 65
2.00 94.48
Industrial leather
belting and packing
$1. 62 $64.12
1.71 67.97
1. 71 64.88
1.72 63. 68
1.73 68. 72
1. 74 67.90
1. 73 66.50
1. 74 66.02
1.74 70.39
1.73 69.22
1.73 66.80
1.73 64. 57
1.74 64. 91
1.75 61.94
1.76 65.01
40.4
39. 6
40.0
40. 2
39.1
37.8
37.8
38.5
37.3
37.5
37.4
36.6
37.9
39. 4
40.9
$1. 56 $49.40
1.63 50.16
1. 61 51. 74
1.60 50. 95
1. 64 50. 67
1.64 47.22
1.63 47. 44
1.63 48. 33
1. 68 51.72
1. 68 50.65
1.67 50.67
1.66 50.52
1. 66 48.06
1.63 48.96
1.65 50.63
38.9
38.0
38.9
38.6
38.1
35.5
35.4
35.8
38.6
37.8
38.1
37.7
35.6
36.0
37.5
1952: Average
$44.15
1953: Average_____ 44.04
June..............
44.17
July________
42.83
August______ 44.17
September___ 42.94
October_____ 44.53
November___ 44.41
44.53
December___
1954: January......... 43.54
February........ 44.02
44. 27
March______
April________ 43. 77
M ay.____
44. 02
June_______
43.90
37.1
36.4
36.5
35.4
36.5
35.2
46.5
36.4
36.5
35.4
35.5
35.7
35.3
35.5
35.4
1952: Average.......... $56. 30
1953: Average.......... 60.01
June...............
58.75
July..... ........... 57.28
August........... 59. 71
September___ 58.90
October........... 60.74
November___ 60.98
61.24
December___
1954: January......... 57. 57
F e b r u a ry
59. 94
March..’ ___
60.49
April......... .
59.19
59.10
May_______
58.44
June__ ____
40.8
41. 1
40.8
39.5
40.9
39.8
41.6
41.2
41.1
38.9
40.5
40.6
39.2
39.4
38.7
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.12 $62. 22
2. 23 65.60
2 23 68.06
2. 25 68.64
2.24 65.53
2. 21 64.24
2.20 62.86
2.21 63. 57
2.21 65. 44
2. 21 62. 98
2. 22 65. 57
2.21 65. 51
2.22 63. 58
2. 25 65. 46
2. 31 67. 54
40. 4
40.0
41. 0
41.1
40.2
39.9
38.8
39.0
39.9
38.4
39.5
39. 7
38.3
39.2
40.2
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- hours
ings
$1.54 $66. 58
1. 64 70.93
1. 66 71. 28
1. 67 70.64
1.63 70. 30
1. 61 69.65
1. 62 70. 70
1. 63 70. 53
1.64 72.45
1.64 70. 62
1. 66 70. 40
1. 65 70. 22
1.66 69. 30
1.67 70. 98
1.68 71.56
Footwear (except
rubber)
$1. 27 $48. 26
1.32 49.10
1. 33 49.90
1.32 49. 65
1.33 49.24
1.33 45.41
1.34 45.67
1.35 45.80
1.34 49.10
1.34 49. 37
1.33 50.41
1.34 49. 98
1.35 46. 42
1.36 45. 89
1.35 47. 75
38.0
37.2
37.8
37.9
37.3
34.4
34.6
34.7
37.2
37.4
37.9
37.3
34.9
34.5
35.9
41.1
41.0
41.2
40.6
40.4
39.8
40.4
40.3
40.7
39.9
40.0
39.9
39.6
40.1
40.2
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
40.5
39.1
37.8
38.8
38.7
39.1
39.4
39.2
35.6
35.4
34.2
37.2
36.4
38.4
39.3
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn- hours
ings
$1.62 $50.69
1.73 51. 65
1. 73 52.33
1.74 51. 82
1. 74 51.79
1. 75 48. 99
1.75 49. 68
1. 75 49. 82
1. 78 52. 03
1. 77 51.89
1. 76 52.44
1. 76 52. 40
1. 75 49.13
1.77 49. 21
1. 78 51.01
38.4
37. 7
38.2
38.1
37.8
35.5
36.0
36.1
37.7
37.6
38.0
37. 7
35.6
35. 4
36.7
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$1. 32
1.37
1. 37
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.38
1. 38
1. 38
1.38
1. 38
1. 39
1.38
1.39
1.39
Handbags and small
leather goods
Luggage
$1. 27 $56. 70
1.32 57.09
1. 32 55. 57
1.31 56.26
1. 32 55.73
1. 32 58.65
1.32 59.49
1.32 58. 02
1.32 53.40
1. 32 53.10
1.33 51.64
1.34 56.17
1.33 54. 60
1.33 57.60
1.33 58. 95
Total: Leather and
leather products
$1. 40 $45.08
1. 46 46.99
1. 47 46.36
1. 45 45.99
1.44 47.48
1. 50 44.65
1. 51 48.38
1. 48 49.13
1.50 48.24
1.50 46.38
1. 51 48.88
1.51 49. 38
1.50 45. 00
1.50 45.18
1.50 47.13
38.2
38.2
38.0
37.7
38.6
36.3
38.7
39.3
38.9
37.1
39.1
39.5
36.0
35.3
37.7
$1.18
1.23
1.22
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.25
1.25
1. 24
1. 25
1. 25
1.25
1. 25
1.28
1.25
Stone, clay, and glass products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
$1.19 $66. 33
1. 21 70. 35
1. 21 70.11
1. 21 70.58
1. 21 71.10
1.22 71.10
1.22 72.10
1. 22 71.05
1. 22 71.23
1.23 69.48
1.24 70.70
1.24 70.30
1. 24 70.18
1.24 71.10
1.24 71.10
Glass products made
of purchased glass
Other rubber
products
Rubber footwear
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- hours
ings
ings
Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings
Leather and leather
products—Con.
Gloves and miscellaneous leather goods
Leather and leather
products
Rubber products
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.1
40.4
41.2
40.6
40.7
39.7
40.4
40.4
40.1
40.4
40.4
$1. 61 $85.65
1. 72 97.34
1. 71 95. 65
1.73 96. 46
1.73 94. 64
1.76 91. 72
1.75 95. 75
1. 75 97. 77
1. 75 98. 42
1. 75 99.31
1. 75 100. 28
1.74 96.00
1. 75 96.80
1. 76 99.38
1.76 97.28
Cement, hydraulic
$1.38 $67.72
1. 46 73.39
1.44 73.99
1. 45 76.26
1.46 75.18
1. 48 77.75
1. 46 74.82
1. 48 72.75
1.49 73.46
1.48 73.51
1.48 74.05
1. 49 73.81
1. 51 74.05
1.50 73.98
1.51 76.73
41.8
41.7
41.8
41.9
42.0
41.8
41.8
41.1
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.1
41.7
40.4
40.9
40.7
40.7
40.1
38.7
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.7
41.1
40.0
40.0
40.4
40.2
$2.12 $62. 09
2.38 67. 89
2. 35 68. 40
2.37 67.08
2.36 68.46
2.37 69.17
2.37 69.08
2.42 70.13
2. 43 69. 34
2.44 68.64
2. 44 70. 09
2. 40 70. 49
2.42 68.94
2. 46 69. 81
2.42 69.45
Structural clay
products 4
$1. 62 $60.09
1.76 64.06
1. 77 64. 74
1.82 65.41
1. 79 65.83
1.86 65. 37
1.79 66. 98
1. 77 65. 92
1. 77 65.03
1.78 62.81
1. 78 64.40
1.77 64.08
1.78 65. 85
1.80 66.74
1.84 6b. 33
40.6
40.8
41.5
41.4
41.4
40.6
41.6
41.2
40.9
39.5
40.5
40.3
40.9
41.2
41.2
Pressed and blown
glass
Glass and glassware,
pressed or blown4
Flat glass
39.8
39.7
40.0
39.0
39.8
39.3
39.7
39.4
39.4
39.0
39.6
39.6
38.3
39.0
38.8
$1.56 $63.12
1. 71 69.60
1. 71 71.23
1. 72 67.73
1. 72 71.15
1. 76 68.89
1.74 70.80
1. 78 72.09
1. 76 72.50
1. 76 70.35
1. 77 72. 54
1.78 72. SO
1.80 72. 52
1. 79 73. 38
1. 79 72. 65
Brick and hollow tile
$1. 48 $58.51
1. 57 61. 77
1.56 62.64
1.58 62. 35
1. 59 63. 36
1.61 62.60
1.61 64.96
1.60 64.22
1. 59 63. 77
1. 59 59.13
1. 59 62. 05
1. 59 62.31
1.61 65.53
1. 62 65.82
1. 61 65.23
42.4
42.6
43.2
43.0
43.1
42.3
43.6
43.1
42.8
40.5
42.5
42.1
43.4
43.3
43.2
39.7
40.0
40.7
38.7
40.2
38.7
40.0
40.5
40.5
39.3
40.3
40.0
39.2
40.1
39.7
$1. 59 $60. 89
1. 74 65.46
1. 75 64. 91
1. 75 65.80
1. 77 64.85
1.78 69.20
1.77 66.81
1. 78 68.00
1. 79 65.53
1. 79 66.61
1.80 66.95
1.82 67.47
1.85 63.81
1.83 65. 25
1.83 64.88
Floor and w all tile
$1.38 $62.64
1.45 67. 47
1. 45 67.97
1. 45 68.64
1. 47 67. 97
1.48 68.28
1. 49 69.77
1. 49 68.95
1.49 66.90
1. 46 66.36
1.46 66.36
1.48 67.54
1. 51 67.03
1.52 68.40
1. 51 69.60
39.9
40.4
40.7
41.1
40.7
40.4
40.8
40.8
40.3
39.5
39.5
40.2
39.9
40.0
40.7
39.8
39.2
39.1
39.4
39.3
40.0
39.3
38.2
38.1
38.5
38.7
39.0
37.1
37.5
37.5
$1.53
1.67
1. 66
1.67
1.65
1.73
1.70
1.78
1.72
1.73
1.73
1. 73
1.72
1.74
1.73
Sewer p ip e
$1. 57 $59.98
1. 67 64.56
1.67 66. 01
1.67 66.91
1.67 66. 02
1. 69 64. 94
1. 71 66. 91
1.69 67.23
1.66 64. 55
1.68 63.20
1.68 64.40
1.68 64. 96
1.68 66.26
1.71 68. 06
1.71 67.98
39.2
40.1
41.0
41.3
40. 5
39.6
40.8
40. 5
39.6
39.5
40.0
40.1
40.4
41.0
41.2
$1. 53
1.61
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.66
1.63
1.60
1.61
1.62
1. 64
1.66
1.65
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1052
Table C-l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Clay refractories
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
1952: Average....... .
1953: Average.......
June..............
July..............
August..........
Septem ber...
October____
Novem ber...
December__
1954: January....... .
February___
March_____
April______
M ay_______
June......... .
$61. 60
66.85
66.13
68.20
69.63
69.17
69. 09
67.28
67. 79
67.11
66. 93
65.10
64. 44
66. 06
65. 52
38.5
38.2
38.9
38.1
38.9
37.8
38.6
37.8
38.3
37.7
37.6
36.4
36.0
36.7
36.4
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Pottery and related
products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.60 $61.15
1.75 62.04
1.70 61.09
1.79 60.92
1.79 60.06
1.83 60. 59
1.79 63.20
1.78 62.42
1.77 61.62
1.78 60.14
1.78 61.62
1. 79 62. 66
1.79 60. 79
1.80 60.82
1.80 60.14
38.7
37.6
36.8
36.7
36.4
36.5
38.3
37.6
36.9
35.8
36.9
37.3
36.4
36.2
35.8
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Concrete, gypsum,
and plaster products4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.58 $70. 65
1.65 72. 87
1.66 73. 54
1.66 73. 37
1.65 75.71
1.66 74.21
1.65 76.37
1.66 73.35
1.67 73. 25
1.68 70.31
1.67 72.48
1. 68 72. 38
1.67 73.04
1.68 73.48
1.68 73. 54
45.0
43.9
44.3
44.2
44.8
43.4
44.4
43.4
43.6
42.1
43.4
43.6
44.0
44.0
44.3
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings
$1.57 $70.22
1.66 71.56
1.66 72.82
1.66 71. 72
1.69 74. 70
1.71 71.81
1.72 74.93
1.69 71.28
1.68 71.94
1.67 68. 30
1.67 70.63
1.66 70. 79
1.66 70. 56
1. 67 71.44
1. 66 72.45
45.3
43.9
44.4
44.0
45.0
43.0
44.6
43.2
43.6
41.9
43.6
43.7
44.1
44.1
45.0
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings hours
ings
$1.55 $60. 01
1.63 63.91
1.64 64.17
1.63 64.02
1.66 65. 57
1.67 63.71
1.68 65.60
1.65 64.06
1.65 66.34
1.63 61.29
1.62 63. 55
1.62 64.12
1.60 64.27
1.62 65.16
1.61 63.18
1952: Average____
1953: Average____
June.............
Ju ly............. .
August....... .
September..
October.......
November.
December__
1954: Jenuary.......
February___
March_____
April______
M ay_______
Ju n e ..........
$73. 45
79.98
79. 59
78. 01
79. 20
76.04
77.62
78.41
79.20
76.44
75.86
75. 47
74.69
75. 86
75. 27
39.7
40.6
40.4
39.6
39.8
38.6
39.2
39.4
40.0
39.0
38.9
38.7
38.3
38.9
38.8
$1.85 $71. 57
1.97 76.43
1.97 77.43
1.97 77. 51
1.99 76.80
1.97 77. 41
1.98 78.14
1.99 77. 04
1.98 76.44
1.96 75. 07
1.95 75.81
1.95 74. 52
1.95 74. 37
1. 95 77.23
1.94 78. 58
Electrometallurgical
products
1952: Average....... .
1953: Average____
Ju n e ............ .
J u ly ............ .
August.........
September...
October.......
Novem ber...
December....
1954: January____
February___
March_____
April______
M ay..............
June_______
$76. 04
80.36
79.95
83.82
81.79
85. 70
77.62
78.99
78.40
77.41
77.61
77.02
80.18
78.41
79. 00
$75.06
41.7
1952: Average____
42.1
80. 41
1953: Average____
79.61
41.9
June______
79.84
41.8
July_______
80.87
41.9
August.........
42.1
84. 20
Septem ber..
81.48
October___
42.0
82.45
42.5
Novem ber..
81.6C 42.5
December...
82. 49
42.3
1954: January.......
40.8
77.93
February__
74. 66
39.5
March_____
74.28
39.3
A pril..........
74. 66 39.5
M ay______
76.02
39.8
June.............
See'footnotes at end of table.
42.6
42.7
43.5
43.3
42.2
42.3
42.7
42.1
42.0
40.8
41.2
40.5
40.2
41.3
41.8
40.8
40.6
41.5
40.7
40.5
39.5
39.3
39.1
39.7
38.9
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.3
38.6
41.8
40.5
40.6
40.0
39.7
39.5
40.1
40.7
40.9
40.9
40.0
40.5
40.6
40.6
40.6
36.3
36.3
35.6
35.9
36.0
36.4
35.7
34.5
36.5
36.0
34.8
32.9
31. 5
31.3
31.2
40.4
40.7
41.5
40.8
40.6
39.7
39.8
39.5
40.0
39.1
38.5
38.4
38.8
38.8
39.1
40.7
40.9
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.2
40.3
39.8
39.8
39.3
38.6
38.0
38.0
38.4
39.0
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn- earn- wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.46 $69.83
1.54 74.07
1.55 73. 67
1.55 73. 35
1.55 74.34
1.55 74.74
1.54 73.97
1.54 72.86
1.55 74.56
1.54 73. 08
1.55 72.68
1. 56 72. 50
1. 56 71.02
1. 57 72. 52
1. 56 73.28
39.2
40.5
41.2
41.1
40.0
38.7
39.1
37.9
38.6
38.1
36.9
39.1
37.8
37.7
37.6
41.5
42.3
43.5
42.2
41.9
41.2
41.4
40.8
40.7
39.7
39.5
39.5
39.6
40. Í
40.7
$1.79
1.96
1. 95
1. 95
1.98
2.02
1.98
1.97
1.98
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.98
1. 99
1.991
40.0
40.5
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.2
38.9
37.8
36.8
37.1
37.6
38.4
40.6
40.7
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.4
40.2
39.6
40.3
39.5
39.5
39.4
38.6
39.2
39.4
Avg.
hrly.
earnings
$1.72
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.85
1.84
1.84
1. 84
1.85
1.86
42.0
40.6
41.6
40.2
40.4
39.4
38.3
38.7
39.6
38.6
39.3
38.6
37.4
37.3
37.7
Blast furnaces, steelworks, and rolling
mills, except electrometallurgical prod
ucts
$1.99 $79. 60
2.16 87.48
2.14 87. 53
2.20 89. 76
2.20 90.20
2. 27 90.80
2.19 88.04
2.18 86.33
2.18 85.46
2.18 84.80
2.15 81.27
2.15 79.12
2.14 79.18
2.16 81.22
2.19 84.10
Steel foundries
$1.80 $77. 70
1.90 79.98
1.93 81.95
1.90 79.19
1.89 80.40
1.89 78.80
1.89 75.83
1.89 76.63
1.90 78.80
1.91 76.43
1.90 77.81
1.91 76.43
1.92 73.68
1.91 73.48
1.89 74. 65
Rolling, drawing,
and alloying of nonferrous m etals4
41.3 $1.65 $74.29
41.6
1.77 82. 91
41.6
1.76 84. 83
40.5
1.77 82.29
41.3
1.78 82. 96
41.0
1.80 83.22
41.3
1.78 81.97
41.2
1.77 80. 38
42.1
1.79 80.59
40. £ 1.80 78.21
40.8
1.7S 77.82
40.7
1.79 77.82
40.7
1.79 78.41
41. C 1.80 80.20
41.7
1.81 80.99
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills 4
$1.90 $79.60
2.06 87.48
2.04 87. 53
2.08 89. 76
2.08 90.20
2.13 90.80
2.08 88.04
2.08 86.33
2.08 85.46
2.08 84.80
2.06 81.27
2.06 79.12
2. 05 79. 39
2. 07 81.22
2. 08 84.10
Malleable-iron
foundries
$1.73 $70. 56
1.84 76.95
1.85 79. 52
1.86 78.09
1.84 75.60
1.86 73.14
1.86 73. 90
1.86 71.63
1.86 73. 34
1.88 72.77
1.86 70.11
1.86 74. 68
1.87 72.58
1.87 72.01
1.87 71.06
Secondary smelting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
$1.82 $68.15
2. 02 73.63
1.99 73. 22
2.00 71.69
2.04 73. 51
2.16 73.80
2.07 73. 51
2.09 72.92
2.06 75. 36
2.07 73.62
2.07 73. 03
2.07 72.85
2.08 72.85
2.08 73.80
2.08 75.48
Total: Prim ary metal
industries
$1.81 $77.33
1.97 84. 25
1.92 84.25
1.97 85.07
2. 00 85.28
2. 01 85.63
1.98 83.82
1.97 82.78
2.00 82.78
1.99 81.74
2.01 79. 52
1.98 78. 28
1.96 77. 90
1.95 79.49
1.96 81.12
Oray-iron foundries
$1.77 $69. 89
1.88 74.89
1.89 76.78
1.90 75.89
1.89 74. 70
1.90 73.84
1.89 74.03
1.89 73.47
1.90 74.40
1.91 73. 51
1.89 71.61
1.89 71.42
1.90 72. 56
1.90 72. 56
1.90 73.12
Primary refining of
aluminum
$1.80 $76.08
1.91 81.81
1.90 80.79
1.91 80.00
1.93 80.99
2.00 85.32
1.94 83.01
1.94 85. 06
1.92 84.25
1.95 84.66
1.91 82.80
1.85 83. 84
1.89 84.45
1.89 84.45
1.91 84.45
Nonclay refractories
$1.68 $65.70
1.79 71.51
1.78 68.35
1. 79 70. 72
1.82 72.00
1.83 73.16
1.83 70. 69
1.83 67. 97
1.82 73.00
1.84 71.64
1.84 69.95
1.84 65.14
1.85 61.74
1.87 61.04
1.88 61.15
Iron and steel
foundries 4
41.1 $1.85 $72.22
1.96 76.33
41.0
41.0
1.95 78.44
41.7
2.01 77.33
41. 1 1.99 76. 55
41.6
2.06 75.05
39.6
1.96 74.28
40.3
1.96 73.90
1.96 75.43
40.0
39.9
1.94 74. 30
39.8
1.95 72. 77
1.94 72. 77
39.7
40.7
1.97 72. 96
39.8
1.97 72. 77
39.9
1. 98 73. 34
Primary
smelting
and refining of cop
per, lead, and zinc
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Asbestos products
41.1
41.5
41.4
41.3
42.3
41. 1
42.6
41.6
42.8
39.8
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.5
40.5
Miscellaneous non
ni etallic mineral
products4
Prim ary metal industries
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Abrasive products
Cut-stone and stone
products
Concrete products
40.0
40.5
40.9
40.8
41.0
40.0
40.2
39.6
39.2
38.9
37.8
36.8
37.0
37.6
38.4
$1.99
2.16
2.14
2.20
2.20
2.27
2.19
2.18
2.18
2.18
2.15
2.15
2.14
2.16
2.19
Prim ary smelting
and refining of non
ferrous metals 4
$1.85 $75.48
1.97 80.93
1.97 80. 51
1.97 80. 34
1.99 81.16
2.00 85.08
1.98 82.39
1.98 82.98
1.99 82.54
1.98 83. 40
1.98 79. 98
1.98 78.20
1.97 78. 41
1.97 78. 40
1.98 79. 19
41.7 $1.81
41.5
1.95
1.94
41.5
41.2
1.95
41.2
1.97
41.3
2.06
41.4
1.99
1.99
41.7
41.9
1.97
41.7
2.00
40.6
1.97
1.96
39.9
1.97
39.8
40. C 1.96
40.2
1.97
Rolling, drawing, and Rolling, drawing, and
alloying of copper
alloying of aluminum
$76. 49
85. 37
90.25
86.37
86.20
83.64
81.99
81.39
81.2C
77. 21
75.61
76. 42
76.25
79. 8(
81.61
41.8 $1.83 $69. 95
42.9
1.99 77. 93
44.9
2. 01 77.27
43.4
1.99 75.60
43.1
2.00 77.03
41.2
2.03 80.80
41.2
1.99 80.16
40.9
1.9£ 76.82
40.6
2. 0C 77.79
38.8
1.9£ 77.99
38.2
1.98 78. 57
38.6
1.98 77.9£
38.5
1.98 79. 58
39. £ 2.00 79. 58
40.6
2.01 79. 77
40.2
40.8
41.1
40.0
39.5
40.2
40.9
39.6
40.1
40.2
40.5
40.2
40.6
40.6
40.7
$1.74
1.91
1.88
1.89
1.95
2.01
1.96
1.94
1. 94
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.S6
1.96
1.96
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1053
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal
products (except ord
nance, machinery,
and transportation
equipment)
Primary metal industries—Continued
Year and month
prima
Nonferrous foundries Miscellaneous
ry metal industries 4 Iron and steel forgings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average_____
1953 : Average_____
June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954 : January_____
February.......M a rc h ..........
A pril...............
M ay......... ......
June......... ......
$ 77.
79
80.97
80. 97
80. 59
79.38
80. 60
81.60
80.00
81.61
80. 40
80.20
79.00
78.01
79. 00
79.19
41.6
41.1
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.8
40.0
40.6
40.0
40.1
39.5
39.2
39.5
39.4
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$ 1.87
1.97
1.97
1.98
1.96
1.99
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.00
2.00
1.99
2.00
2.01
Tin cans and other
tinware
1952 : Average_____
1953 : Average....... .
June________
July________
August______
September___
October..........
November___
December___
1954: January-------February........
March______
April...............
M ay................
June________
$ 69 .
31
75.71
75.24
78.32
79.30
78.02
74.89
75.70
77.93
77.79
81.71
79.32
78. 94
82.74
83.13
41.5
41.6
41.8
42.8
43.1
42.4
40.7
40.7
41.9
40.1
41.9
41.1
40.9
42.0
42.2
June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954 : January..........
February____
March. ___
April............. .
M ay________
June_____ ..
$ 73.60
75.64
74.26
74.09
74.67
72. 58
76. 43
76.04
75.66
74.69
74.69
76.04
72.58
75. 66
77. 79
40.0
39.6
39.5
39.2
39.3
37.8
39.6
39.4
39.2
38.9
38.9
39.4
37.8
39.2
40.1
June________
July.......... ......
August............
September___
October..........
November___
December___
’1954 : January_____
February........
M a rc h ..........
April_______
M ay________
June________
$ 75.18
80.22
78.81
75. 79
80.03
82.71
83.46
80.90
80.93
77.95
76.80
77. 59
77.18
79. 73
79.73
42.0
42.0
41.7
40.1
41.9
42.2
42.8
41.7
41.5
40.6
40.0
40.2
40.2
41.1
41.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.7
41.5
41.6
40.9
41.2
40.4
40.9
40.2
40.4
39.6
39.4
39.0
38.7
39.4
40.2
$ 1.97
$ 86.09
2.11
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.14
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.12
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.14
91.12
89. 44
88.99
90.27
88.66
89. 95
90.13
90.35
88. 40
87.56
85. 58
83.22
84.04
84.48
Cutlery, handtools,
and hardware 4
$ 69.05
1.82
1.80
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.94
1.95
1.93
1.93
1.97
1.97
74.05
75. 36
73.21
72.45
72.27
72.67
73.39
74.39
73.16
73.38
72.04
72. 62
74.74
72.65
41.1
41.6
42.1
40.9
40.7
40.6
40.6
41.0
41.1
40.2
40.1
39.8
39.9
40.4
39.7
$
1.68
1.78
1.79
1.79
1.78
1.78
1.79
1. 79
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.81
1.82
1.85
1.83
Oil burners, nonelec
tric heating and cook
ing apparatus, not
elsewhere classified
$ 1.84
$ 69.87
1.91
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.92
1.93
1. 93
1.93
1. 92
1.92
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.94
72.32
72.32
72.50
72.14
71.31
73.71
71.13
72.80
70.46
72.29
71.92
69.87
72. 29
73.20
Sheet-metalwork
1952 : Average—.......
1953: Average—.......
86.94
85.89
87.34
86.46
86. 71
85.63
86.05
83.95
83. 53
82.29
81.66
83. 53
86.03
$ 1.67
Sanitary ware and
plumbers' supplies
1952 : Average...........
1953 : Average....... .
$ 82.15
87. 57
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.1
40.4
40.4
40.5
40.3
39.4
40.5
39.3
40.0
38.5
39.5
39.3
38.6
39.5
40.0
$ 1.79
$ 74.29
1.91
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.96
1.95
1.94
1.95
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.92
1.94
1.94
78.81
78.58
78.88
77. 71
76.78
78.91
78.12
79.90
81.16
78.76
77. 97
78.18
80.36
79. 97
41.5
41.7
41.8
41.3
40.9
40.2
41.1
40.9
41.4
41.2
40.6
40 4
40.3
41.0
40.8
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$ 2.04
2.18
2.15
2.16
2.17
2 . 20
2.21
2.22
2.22
2.21
2.20
2.20
2.19
2.20
2 . 20
Cutlery and edgetools
$ 63.
55
67.32
65.92
65.29
67.48
68.89
69. 22
69.39
67.89
64.12
65.67
65.44
63.41
66.00
65.90
41.0
41.3
41.2
40.3
41.4
41.5
41.7
41.8
40.9
39.1
39.8
39.9
38.9
40.0
39.7
$ 74.87
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.81
1. 83
1.83
80.75
80.46
79.00
81.60
80. 48
83.03
81.87
83.23
80.26
79.49
78.69
78. 72
79.30
80.06
42.3
42.5
42.8
41.8
42.5
41.7
42.8
42.2
42.9
41.8
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.3
41.7
$ 54.00
1.89
1.88
1.91
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.91
1.93
1.97
1.94
1.93
1.94
1.96
1.96
59.06
58.22
63.45
59.60
57.15
58.83
59.59
60.60
61.88
61.60
60. 83
60.83
61.06
62.98
37.5
38.6
38.3
41.2
38.7
36.4
38.2
38.2
38.6
38.2
38.5
38.5
38.5
38.4
38.4
54
84.87
86.73
84. 45
85. 27
83.79
82.19
81.12
82. 78
81.14
81. 54
81.33
81.33
84. 21
88.19
41.3
41.0
41.9
40.6
40.8
39.9
39.9
39.0
39.8
39.2
39.2
39.1
39.1
40.1
41.6
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$ 1.95
$ 81.14
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.06
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.08
2.08
2.08
2.10
2.12
84.45
81.59
82.18
83.39
82. 56
85.67
84.42
85.84
83.37
82.16
82.16
82.97
' 84.85
86.92
$ 69.38
74.70
75. 96
74.34
73.08
73. 62
73.49
74.03
74.07
73. 57
73.42
73.05
72.10
72.31
72. 52
41.3
41.5
42.2
41.3
40.6
40.9
40.6
40.9
40.7
40.2
39.9
39.7
39.4
39.3
39.2
$ 1.68
$ 70.69
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.85
75.89
78.02
75.03
73.71
72.76
73.16
74. 26
77.00
76.33
75.76
74.03
75. 95
78.50
75.20
Structural steel and
ornamental metal
work
$ 1.77
$ 75.05
1.90
1.88
1.89
1.92
1.93
1.94
1.94
1.94
1. 92
1.92
1.91
1.92
1. 92
1.92
81.27
81.97
79.71
82.32
80. 26
84.39
83.23
85.17
82.18
80.79
79. 99
79. 42
80.41
82.13
42.4
43.0
43.6
42.4
43.1
41.8
43.5
42.9
43.9
42.8
42.3
42.1
41.8
42.1
43.0
$ 77.33
1.53
1.52
1.54
1.54
1.57
1.54
1.56
1.57
1.62
1.60
1. 58
1.58
1.59
1.64
81.90
81.67
82.15
80.95
79.59
81.77
80.36
81.97
83.63
80. 79
80.19
80.60
83.01
82.61
41.8
42.0
42.1
41.7
41.3
40.4
41.3
41.0
41.4
41.4
40.6
40.5
40.5
41.3
41.1
$ 1.96
$ 72.38
2.08
2.05
2.07
2.09
2.09
2.11
2.10
2.13
2.10
2.08
2.08
2.09
2.09
2.12
77.15
77.28
76.41
76.59
75.70
77.23
76.67
78.02
76.92
76 33
75.95
75.39
77. 33
76.92
$ 74.23
1.89
1.88
1.88
1.91
1.92
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.92
1.91
1.90
1.90
1.91
1. 91
78.44
81.13
78.44
77. 71
76.95
76.67
76. 52
79.61
75.39
74.86
76. 21
76.42
76.99
77. 52
$ 1.
85
1.95
1.94
1.97
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.96
1.98
2.02
1.99
1. 98
1.99
2.01
2.01
41.1
41.7
42.4
41.0
40.5
40.2
40.2
40.8
41.4
40.6
40.3
39.8
40.4
41.1
40.0
41.7
41.5
42.7
41.5
40.9
40.5
41.0
40.7
41.9
40.1
39.4
39.9
39.8
40.1
40.8
$ 1.72
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.86
1.88
1.88
1.86
1.88
1.91
1.88
72.50
70.98
71.42
68.64
69. 74
73.67
72.90
75.58
72.58
70.49
70.13
70. 35
71.82
71.10
40.0
40.5
40.1
39.9
39.0
39.4
40.7
40.5
41.3
40.1
39.6
39. 4
39.3
39.9
39.5
$ 70.
99
73.57
72.98
72.98
72.80
71.76
74.56
72.31
73.63
71.80
73.10
73.10
70.66
73.28
74.40
$ 1.74
1.85
1.84
1.85
1. 85
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.90
1.89
40.8
40.2
40.1
40.1
40.0
39.0
40.3
39.3
39.8
38.6
39.3
39.3
38.4
39.4
40.0
$ 1.74
1.83
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.84
1.86
1.86
Boiler-shop products
$ 1.78
$ 74.80
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.90
1.90
1.87
1.88
1.90
1.88
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.90
80.94
80 09
80.98
82.22
80.48
82.88
81.48
82.60
80.87
80.67
79.30
78.94
78.74
78. 55
Lighting fixtures
$ 68.00
41.6
41.7
42.0
41.3
41.4
40.7
41.3
41.0
41.5
40.7
40.6
40.4
40.1
40.7
40.7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies 4
Metal doors, sash,
frames, molding, and
trim
$ 1.77
Stamped and pressed
metal products
$ 1.44
41.4
40.6
39.8
39.7
39.9
39.5
40.6
40.2
40.3
39.7
39.5
39.5
39.7
40.6
41.0
Total: Fabricated
metal products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Hardware
Handtools
1.63
1.60
1.62
1.63
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.66
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.65
1. 66
Vitreous-enameled
products
$ 1.79
$ 80.
$ 1.55
Fabricated structur
al metal products 4
$ 1.70
Metal stamping,
coating, and engrav
ing 4
42.2
41.8
41.6
41.2
41.6
40.3
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.0
39.8
38.9
38.0
38.2
38.4
Welded and heavyriveted pipe
Wire drawing
42.5
42.6
42.6
42.4
42.6
41.7
42.5
42.0
42.8
41.9
41.8
41.3
40.9
40.8
40.7
$ 1.76
1.90
1.88
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.95
1.94
1. 93
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.93
Fabricated wire prod
ucts
$ 1.70
$ 68.30
1.79
1.77
1.79
1.76
1.77
1.81
1.80
1.83
1.81
1. 78
1.78
1. 79
1.80
1.80
72.62
72.16
72.22
72. 85
71.82
73.89
73.12
71.31
73.02
72.04
72.76
71.46
72.58
72.58
40.9
40.8
41.0
39.9
40.7
39.9
40.6
40.4
39.4
39.9
39.8
40.2
39.7
40.1
40.1
$ 1.67
1.78
1.76
1.81
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.83
1.81
1. 81
1.80
1.81
1.81
1054
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Year and month
Miscellaneous fabri Metal shipping barrels,
cated metal proddrums, kegs, and pails
ducts 4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average_____ $73.02
1953: Average-......... 78. 51
June................ 79.97
J u ly - .............. 77. 78
August______ 77.59
September___ 76.36
October_____
76.36
November___ 76.36
December....... 77. 52
1954: January_____ 74. 70
February____ 75.85
74.34
March______
April............... 72.47
M a y ........ ...... 73.78
June......... ...... 74.15
42.7
42.9
43.7
42.5
42.4
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.9
40.6
41.0
40.4
39.6
40.1
40.3
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.71 $79. 61
1.83 82.35
1.83 83.61
1.83 82. 52
1.83 83.95
1.84 82.42
1.84 83. 43
1.84 82.21
1.85 83.84
1.84 81. 41
1.85 82.01
1.84 82.61
1. 83 80.60
1.84 85.68
1.84 85.24
43.5
41.8
43.1
42.1
42.4
40.8
41.3
40.7
41.1
40.3
40.6
41.1
40.1
42.0
42.2
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.83 $74.26
1.97 83.13
1.94 83.69
1.96 82.12
1.98 79.93
2.02 79.40
2.02 81.61
2.02 81.81
2.04 84.22
2.02 81.40
2.02 79.00
2.01 77.03
2.01 75.07
2.04 75.04
2.02 78.21
engines, turbines,
Engines and turbines4 Steam
and water wheels
1952: Average........... $82.68
1953: Average_____ 85.28
June................ 84.67
July................. 83. 43
August______ 85.06
September___ 85.89
October,....... . 87.14
November___ 85.88
December....... 88.61
1954: January........... 86. 51
February____ 86.30
M arch______
86.28
A p ril.............. 83.39
M ay........... .
86. 07
June................ 83.81
Steel springs
40.8
42.2
42.7
41.9
41.2
40.1
40.6
40.7
41.9
40.7
40.1
39.3
38.3
37.9
39.3
Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.82 $72.83
1.97 79.18
1.96 81.03
1.96 78.26
1.94 78.31
1.98 77.00
2.01 76.63
2.01 75.85
2.01 77.19
2.00 74.00
1.97 75.92
1.96 73.66
1.96 72. 52
1.98 72.91
1. 99 73. 47
42.1
42.8
43.8
42.3
42.1
41.4
41.2
41.0
41.5
40.0
40.6
39.6
39.2
39.2
39.5
$1.95 $89.02
42.8 $2.08 $80. 37
42.3 $1.90 $75. 41 39.9
2.07 93.66
42.0
2.23 82.41
2.01 77.21
41.0
39.8
2.05 87.94
40.9
2.15 83. 63
2.02 76. 62 39.7
41.4
2.06 83. 98 38.0
2. 21 83.43
2.02 75.85
41.3
39.3
2.09 99.39
43.4
2.29 80.00
2.01 76.81
39.8
39.8
2.10 96.30
2. 25 82.01
42.8
40.2
2.04 75.66
39.2
2.11 97. 58 42.8
2.28 83. 64 40.8
39.2
2.05 75.26
2.11 94.24
41.7
2.26 82.62
40.3
2.05 75.46
39.3
2.13 99. 72 42.8
2.33 84.87
41.2
2.06 76.64
39.3
2.11 97.02
42.0
2.31 82.42
40.6
39.5
2.03 77.03
2.11 97.06
42.2
2.30 82.62
40.5
2.04 77. 62 39.6
2.12 99.03
42.5
2.33 81.20
40.0
2.03 79.00
40.1
2.09 89.60
40.0
2. 24 81.00
39.9
2.03 78.41
39.6
2.12 94.76
41.2
2.30 82.82
39.8
40.4
2. 05 78.80
2.09 84.26
38.3
2. 20 83. 64 40.8
39.9
2.05 78.60
Construction and min Construction and min Oilfield machinery and Metalworking
ing
machinery,
ex
ing machinery 4
tools
chinery 4
cept for oilfields
43.6
41.8
42.2
41.3
40.8
39.9
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.9
41.5
41.2
40.8
40.9
41.0
1952: Average_____
1953: Average...........
June________
Ju ly ................
August............
September___
October...........
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February........
M arch______
April________
M ay................
June................
46.6
46.3
45.4
45.0
45.3
45.4
46.3
45.3
45.5
44.7
44.1
43.6
43.4
43.5
43.1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.73 $76.37
1.85 81.07
1.85 83. 25
1.85 79.97
1.86 78.99
1.86 77. 78
1.86 78. 38
1.85 78. 75
1.86 78. 75
1.85 75. 76
1.87 75.95
1.86 74.62
1. 85 72.25
1.86 74.12
1.86 73. 53
Diesel and other in
ternal combustion Agricultural machin
engines, not else
ery and tractors 4
where classified
42.4
41.2
41.3
40.5
40.7
40.9
41.3
40.7
41.6
41.0
40.9
40.7
39.9
40.6
40.1
1952: Average_____ $77.61
1953: Average......... 79.42
Ju n e ............... 80.60
Ju ly ................ 78.47
August............ 77. 52
September___ 76. 21
October_____ 78.14
November___ 78.55
December___
79. 54
1954: January_____ 79. 76
February____ 80.93
March______
79.93
April________ 78.74
M ay................ 79.76
June................ 79.95
Screw-machine
products
Tractors
$1.89 $77.02
1.94 79.20
1.93 78.80
1.93 77.22
1.93 79. 20
1.93 77. 81
1.92 77. 81
1.92 79.00
1.95 79. 79
1.95 80.19
1.96 79. 78
1. 97 81.40
1. 98 80.17
1.98 80. 77
1. 97 78.78
ma
44.4
44.3
45.0
43.7
43.4
42. 5
42.6
42.8
42.8
41.4
41.5
41.0
39.7
40.5
40.4
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.72 $79.79
1.83 82.91
1.85 82.49
1.83 81.73
1.82 82.12
1.83 82. 57
1.84 83.58
1.84 82. 78
1.84 84. 42
1.83 82.40
1.83 82.60
1.82 82.20
1. 82 81.00
1.83 81.61
1.82 81.00
42.9
42.3
42.3
41.7
41.9
41.7
42.0
41.6
42.0
41.2
41.3
41.1
40.5
40.6
40.5
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.86
1.96
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.98
1.99
1.99
2.01
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.00
Agricultural machinery
(iexcept tractors)
39.7
39.6
39.6
39.0
40.0
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.9
93.3
39.4
39.0
$1.94 $73. 97
40.2 $1.84
2.00 75. 20 40.0
1.88
1.99 74.61
39.9
1.87
39.6
1.98 74.45
1.88
39.7
1.98 74.64
1.88
1.99 73.70
39.2
1.88
1.99 73. 28 39.4
1.86
2.00 72. 52 39.2
1.85
2.02 73.70
39.2
1.88
2.02 74. 47 39.4
1.89
2.03 76.02
39.8
1.91
2.04 77.38
40.3
1. 92
2.04 76.61
39.9
1. 92
1.92
2.05 76. 99 40.1
2.02 78. 36 40.6
1. 93
Metalworking ma
Machine tools
chinery (except ma
chine tools)
$1.78 $76.64
43.3 $1. 77 $79. 48
44.4 $1.79 $91. 87
46.4 $1.98 $89.96
47.1 $1.91 $85. 95 45.0 $1.91
1.90 78.85
41.5
1.90 80. 98
42.4
1.91 96.64
2.11 94.92
45.8
46.3
2.05 89. 52 44.1
2.03
1.91 80.22
42.0
1.91 82.18
42.8
1.92 94.89
45.4
2.09 93.43
45.8
2.04 90.09
44.6
2.02
1.90 77.90
41.0
1.90 80. 22 42.0
1.91 93.18
2.08 91.15
44.8
44.9
2.03 89. 93 44.3
2.03
1.90 76.76
40.4
1.90 80.03
41.9
1.91 94.95
45.0
2.11 91.55
45.1
2.03 89.76
2.04
44.0
1.91 76.59
40.1
1.91 74. 86 39.4
1.90 96.30
45.0
2.14 95.68
46.0
2.08 86. 90 42.6
2.04
1.92 76. 78 40.2
1.91 81.09
1.94 98.04
41.8
45.6
2.15 96. 56 46.2
2.09 87. 92 43.1
2.04
1.93 77.18
40.2
1.92 81.93
41.8
1.96 95.66
2.14 95.10
44.7
45.5
2.09 86.92
42.4
2.05
1.94 78.17
40.5
1.93 83.33
42.3
1.97 96. 75 45.0
2.15 96.18
45.8
2.10 87.95
42.9
2.05
1.95 77.59
40.2
1.93 84. 77 42.6
1.99 94.60
2.15 93.66
44.0
44.6
2.10 85.27
41.8
2.04
1.95 78. 36
40.6
1.93 86. 33 43.6
1.98 94.39
43.9
2. lg 93.63
44.8
2.09 86.51
42.2
2.05
1. 94 78. 74 40.8
1.93 81. 90 42.0
1.95 93.74
43.6
2.15 93. 21
44.6
2.09 86.10
2.05
42.0
1.93 77.57
40.4
1. 92 81.93
41.8
1.96 92.45
42.8
2.16 89. 42 43.2
2. 07 84.46
41.0
2.06
1. 95 78. 57 40.5
1.94 82.54
41.9
1.97 92.87
42.6
2.18 88. 61
42.6
2.08 84. 46 40.8
2.07
1. 95 79. 37 40.7
1. 95 81.93
41.8
1.96 92.21
42.3
2.18 87. 78 42.0
2.09 84. 66 40.9
2.07
Special-industry ma
Machine-tool acces
chinery (except
Food-products ma
Paper-industries ma Printing-trades ma
Textile machinery
sories
metalworking ma
chinery
chinery
chinery and equipment
chinery) 4
$95. 53
100.93
97. 61
96.30
99.21
100.33
103. 71
100.11
101.47
99.23
98.34
97.66
98.08
99.62
98.70
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$2.05 $77. 40
2.18 81.32
2.15 81.27
2.14 80.37
2.19 79. 76
2. 21 80.26
2.24 81.22
2.21 81.48
2.23 83.23
2.22 80.51
2.23 81.29
2.24 80.67
2.26 79.13
2. 29 79.15
2.29 78.55
43.0
42.8
43.0
42.3
42.2
41.8
42.3
42.0
42.9
41.5
41.9
41.8
41.0
40.8
40.7
$1.80 $77.96
1.90 81.56
1.89 81.51
1.90 82. 75
1.89 82.32
1.92 81.25
1.92 81.45
1.94 81.09
1.94 83.89
1.94 84.15
1.94 84.94
1.93 83. 95
1. 93 81.36
1.94 80.97
1.93 79. 77
42.6
42.7
42.9
43.1
43.1
42.1
42.2
41.8
42.8
42.5
42.9
42.4
41.3
41.1
40.7
$1.83 $68. 54
1.91 71.93
1.90 72.45
1. 92 69.60
1.91 70. 47
1.93 69.34
1.93 71.98
1.94 71.15
1.96 73.63
1.98 70.09
1.98 71.69
1.98 71.33
1.97 70.05
1.97 69.52
1.96 69. 83
40.8
41.1
41.4
40.0
40.5
39.4
40.9
40.2
41.6
39.6
40.5
40.3
39.8
39.5
39.9
$1.68 $82.08
1.75 82.84
1.75 82.84
1.74 81.97
1.74 81.03
1.76 82.03
1. 76 82.40
1.77 81.65
1.77 86.98
1. 77 83.03
1.77 83.98
1. 77 84.11
1. 76 82.08
1.76 82.94
1.75 83. 28
45.6
44.3
44.3
43.6
43.8
43.4
43.6
43.2
45.3
43.7
44.2
44.5
43.2
43.2
43.6
$1.80 $87.36
1.87 94. 59
1.87 92.00
1.88 93. 93
1.85 91.15
1.89 93.09
1.89 94.83
1.89 97.46
1.92 97.24
1.90 89.24
1.90 91.38
1.89 92.23
1.90 87.74
1.92 91. 56
1.91 87.51
43.9
44.2
43.6
44.1
43.2
43.5
43.3
44.3
44.0
41.7
42.5
42.5
41.0
42.0
40.7
$1.99
2.14
2.11
2.13
2.11
2.14
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.14
2.15
2.17
2.14
2.18
2.15
1055
C : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month
General industrial
machinery 4
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average_____ $79.24
1953: Average.........- 83.42
June________ 83.38
July------ ------ 82. 60
August______ 82. 45
September___ 83. 69
October........... 83.92
November___ 83.33
December___ 83.95
1964: January.......... 81.16
February........ 81.36
79.77
M arch______
April................ 78. 99
M ay................ 79.39
June________ 79. 79
43.3
43.0
43.2
42.8
42.5
42.7
42.6
42.3
42.4
41.2
41.3
40.7
40.3
40.3
40.3
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.83 $78. 66
1.94 81.98
1.93 82.37
1.93 80.83
1.94 80.87
1.96 84.91
1.97 83.30
1. 97 81.51
1.98 80.90
1.97 80. 56
1.97 80. 56
1.96 78.38
1.96 78.18
1.97 76.63
1.98 77.02
Mechanical stokers
and industrial fur
naces and ovens
1952: Average........... $76.97
1953: Average.......... 81.02
June________ 81.02
July------------- 77. 46
August______ 80.70
September___ 80.93
October........... 84.35
November___ 81.76
December___ 83.36
1954: January........... 82.98
February........ 82. 76
March______ 81.77
A pril.............. 80.19
M ay________ 79. 60
June________ 79. 99
43.0
42.2
42.2
41.2
41.6
41.5
42.6
41.5
42.1
41.7
41.8
41.3
40.5
40.2
39.6
43.9
42.3
42.0
42.4
42.2
41.0
42.7
41.8
41.8
40.4
40.9
40.6
41.1
41.0
40.2
Machine shops (job
and repair)
1952: Average.......... $78. 55
80.28
1953: Average------June________ 80.09
July------------- 78. 77
A u g u st_____ 79.95
September___ 80.41
October_____ 81.98
November___ 81.22
December___ 82.22
1954: January.......... 79.68
February........ 79.49
79. 71
M arch______
April________ 77.74
M ay________ 79. 52
June________ 79. 32
43.4
42.7
42.6
41.9
42.3
42.1
42.7
42.3
42.6
41.5
41.4
41.3
40.7
41.2
41.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.80 $79. 79
1. 92 84.44
1.92 84.97
1.92 85.36
1.93 82.06
1.97 83.27
1.96 84.32
1.95 85. 77
1.94 85.80
1.96 81.76
1.96 82. 76
1. 94 81.16
1. 94 79.79
1.94 82.00
1.94 82.62
40.9
40.3
40.5
39.9
40.0
40.3
40.4
40.2
40.4
39.9
39.7
39.6
39.5
39.3
39.7
40.6
39.9
39.9
40.2
39.7
40.0
39.7
39.7
39.6
38.8
39.8
40.0
39.6
39.8
40.1
42.9
43.3
43.8
44.0
42.3
42.7
42.8
43.1
42.9
41.5
41.8
41.2
40.5
41.0
40.9
40.9
40.2
40.2
40.1
39.5
39.8
40.1
40.1
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.1
39.5
39.2
39.5
$1.86 $74. 47
1.95 76.50
1.94 77. 51
1.94 75.58
1.94 78. 62
1.95 77.38
1.97 78.02
1.99 75.99
2.00 76. 54
1. 97 75.07
1.98 74.26
1. 97 73.02
1.97 72.40
2.00 73.38
2.02 74.15
41.1
40.9
40.7
40.9
39.7
39.4
40.1
39.1
39.6
39.9
39.7
39.7
38.8
39.2
38.9
42.8
42.5
43.3
42.7
43.2
41.6
42.4
41.3
41.6
40.8
40.8
39.9
40.0
40.1
40.3
41.0
40.3
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.3
41.1
40.3
40.3
39.4
39.5
38.4
39.2
39.2
39.8
$1. 74 $81.22
1.80 83.50
1.79 82. 74
1.77 83.50
1.82 82.35
1.86 83.07
1.84 84.51
1.84 84.18
1.84 80.54
1.84 73.15
1.82 76.04
1.83 76.63
1.81 77.02
1.83 77. 42
1.84 80.19
42.1
41.5
41.5
40.3
41.6
41.3
41.4
41.1
41.5
40.5
40.3
40.3
39.8
40.0
40.1
43.2
42.6
42.0
42.6
41.8
42.6
42.9
42.3
41.3
38.1
39.4
39.5
39.7
39.7
40.5
$1.68 $75.81
1.76 78.74
1.76 77. 76
1.77 78.96
1.77 77.20
1.80 76.82
1.80 79.18
1.80 77.03
1.81 78.01
1.81 77.62
1.81 78.01
1.82 78.01
1.83 76.05
1.84 77.22
1.85 75. 46
41.2
40.8
40.5
40.7
40.0
39.6
40.4
39.5
39.8
39.6
39.8
39.8
38.8
39.2
39.1
$1.88 $79.98
1.96 85.93
1.97 85.06
1.96 85. 50
1.97 85.50
1.95 84. 94
1.97 84.60
1.99 85.02
1.95 85.85
1.92 83.82
1.93 81.99
1. 94 79. 40
1.94 79.20
1.95 79. 79
1.98 79.80
41.7
41.0
41.0
38.9
41.2
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.6
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.1
43.0
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.4
42.9
42.3
42.3
42.5
41.7
41.2
40.1
40.0
40.3
40.1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.86
1.98
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.98
2.00
2.01
2.02
2.01
1.99
1.98
1.98
1.98
1.99
Domestic laundry
equipment
$1.84 $74.89
1.93 78. 57
1.92 77.41
1.94 74.88
1.93 75.64
1.94 77.42
1.96 81.77
1.95 78.20
1.96 77.03
1.96 73.91
1.96 77.42
1.96 79. 20
1.96 74.25
1.97 74. 88
1.93 74.88
Fabricated pipe, fit
tings, and valves
$1.79 $73.39
1.90 77. 90
1.89 77.08
1.89 73.13
1.90 78. 69
1.92 79. 52
1.92 80.10
1.94 80.73
1.95 81. 54
1.94 78.78
1.94 78.78
1.94 79.18
1.93 77.60
1.94 78.40
1.94 78. 20
Mechanical powertransmission equipment
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Service-industry and
household machines4
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts 4
$1.85 $75.36
1.95 78. 85
1.94 78. 44
1.96 76.17
1.95 79.04
1.95 79.30
1.98 79.49
1.97 79.73
1.98 80.93
1.99 78.57
1.99 78.18
1.98 78.18
1.97 76.81
1.99 77. 60
1.94 77. 79
Industrial trucks,
tractors, etc.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Typewriters
$2.00 $68.88
2.07 70.93
2.08 70.75
2.07 70. 98
2.07 71.33
2.06 72. 54
2.09 73. 98
2.10 72. 54
2.12 72. 94
2.11 71.31
2.11 71.50
2.11 69.89
2.12 71.74
2.12 72.13
2.14 73.63
Refrigerators and airconditioning units
$1.89 $76.04
1.93 79.76
1.93 78.96
1.94 80.16
1.91 77.42
1. 93 76.83
1.94 79.40
1.98 77.03
1.99 78.41
2.00 79.40
1.99 79.00
1.99 78.61
1. 99 76.44
2.00 78.01
1.99 75. 47
Blowers, exhaust and
ventilating fans
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Computing machines
and cash registers
$1.84 $81.80
1.92 83.21
1.92 83.62
1.93 83.01
1.92 81.77
1.93 81.99
1. 94 83.81
1.95 84.21
1. 97 85.44
1. 97 84.40
1.96 84.19
1.96 81.61
1.97 83.74
1.97 83.10
1. 99 84. 53
Sewing machines
$1.74 $76. 73
1.81 77.01
1.82 77.01
1.81 77.99
1.82 75.83
1.83 77.20
1.84 77. 02
1.84 78.61
1.86 78.80
1.83 77.60
1.84 79.20
1.85 79.60
1.84 78.80
1.85 79. 60
1.84 79.80
Machinery (except
electrical)—Con.
43.7
42.7
42.9
42.1
41.9
43.1
42.5
41.8
41.7
41.1
41.1
40.4
40.3
39.5
39.7
Conveyors and con
veying equipment
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Office and store ma
chines and devices4
$1.79 $75.26
1.92 77.38
1.92 77.76
1.88 77.01
1.94 76.80
1.95 77.78
1.98 78.38
1.97 78.39
1.98 79. 59
1.99 78.60
1.98 77.81
1.98 77.62
1.98 77.82
1.98 77. 42
2.02 79.00
Commercial laundry,
dry-cleaning, and
pressing machines
1952: Average_____ $76.39
1953: Average.......... 76. 56
June________ 76. 44
July------------- 76. 74
August______ 76.80
September___ 75.03
October_____ 78. 57
November___ 76.91
77. 75
December___
1954 January........ . 73.93
75.26
February____
75.11
March......... .
A pril.............. 75.62
M ay________ 75.85
June________ 73. 97
Pumps, air and gas
compressors
40.7
40.5
39.9
38.6
39.6
39.3
41.3
39.9
39.3
38.1
39.7
39.8
37.5
38.6
38.4
$1.84
1.94
1.94
1.94
1.91
1.97
1.98
1. 96
1.96
1.94
1.95
1.99
1.98
1.94
1.95
Ball and roller bearings
$1.76 $74. 57
1.90 77. 71
1.88 78.12
1.88 76.95
1.91 78.06
1.93 77.57
1.93 76. 22
1.95 76.04
1.96 78. 59
1.95 77.42
1.95 75.85
1.96 75.08
1.94 73. 73
1. 96 74. 50
1.95 75. 46
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.5
41.3
40.4
39.7
39.4
40.3
39.5
39.1
38.9
38.4
38.8
39.1
$1.81
1.90
1.91
1.90
1.89
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.95
1.96
1.94
1.93
1.92
1.92
1.93
Electrical machinery
Electrical generating,
transmission, dis Wiring devices and
Total: Electrical ma
tribution, and in
chinery
supplies
dustrial apparatus4
$1.81 $68.80
1.88 71.81
1.88 71.81
1.88 70.58
1.89 71.63
1.91 72.09
1.92 71.91
1.92 72.14
1.93 72.36
1.92 70. 74
1.92 72. 22
1.93 71.28
1.91 70. 56
1.93 71.50
1.93 71.68
41.2
40.8
40.8
40.1
40.7
40.5
40.4
40.3
40.2
39.3
39.9
39.6
39.2
39.5
39.6
$1.67 $74.40
1. 76 77.83
1. 76 77.79
1.76 77.11
1.76 77.68
1.78 78. 72
1.78 77. 74
1.79 78.12
1.80 78.91
1.80 76.99
1.81 77.38
1.80 76.40
1.80 75.45
1.81 76.22
1.81 76. 80
41.8
41.4
41.6
40.8
41.1
41.0
40.7
40.9
41.1
40.1
40.3
40.0
39.5
39.7
40.0
$1.78
1.88
1.87
1.89
1.89
1.92
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
1.91
1. 91
1. 92
1.92
$64. 78
68. 54
67.89
67.37
68.78
68.91
69.32
68.74
69.60
67.20
67.32
67.49
65.23
66.08
66.47
41.0
40.8
40.9
40.1
40.7
40.3
40.3
40.2
40.7
39.3
39.6
39.7
38.6
39.1
39.1
Carbon and graphite
products (electrical)
$1.58 $75. 58
1.68 77. S3
1.66 77.83
1.68 78.44
1. 69 77.11
1. 71 79. 27
1. 72 76.70
1.71 75. 58
1.71 77.11
1.71 75.39
1.70 76.14
1.70 74.43
1.69 74. 61
1.69 74.82
1.70 74. 26
41.3
41.4
41.4
41.5
40.8
41.5
40.8
40.2
40.8
40.1
40.5
39.8
39.9
39.8
39.5
Electrical indicating,
measuring, and re
cording i n s t r u
ments
$1.83 $71. 48
1.88 73. 57
1.88 72. 92
1.89 72.90
1.89 73.03
1.91 74.16
1.88 75. 76
1.88 73.89
1.89 74.66
1.88 71. 92
1.88 73.16
1.87 72.25
1. 87 71.50
1.88 72.44
1.88 73. 57
41.8 $1.71
41.1
1.79
41.2
1.77
1.80
40.5
1.79
40.8
41.2
1.80
41. 4 1.83
40.6
1.82
1.83
40.8
1.83
39.3
40.2
1.82
39.7
1.82
39.5
1.81
1.82
39.8
40.2
1.83
1056
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month
Motors, generators, ant
motor-generator sets
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average_____ $80. 22
1953: Average........... 84.03
J u n e .............. 84. 42
July------------- 82.62
August______ 83. 22
September___ 84. 25
October_____ 82. 62
November___ 84. 05
84. 67
December___
1954: January_____ 82. 62
February........ 83.23
82.01
March_____
April..... .......... 80. 59
M a y .. .
80.78
June__ _____ 81.80
42.0
41.6
42.0
40.9
41.2
40.9
40.5
41.2
41.3
40.5
40.6
40. 2
39.7
39.6
39.9
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.91 $72.04
2.02 76.33
2. 01 76.45
2. 02 75.58
2. 02 75.98
2.06 76.59
2.04 76.00
2.04 76.81
2.05 76.63
2.04 75.85
2.05 76.24
2. 04 78.20
2. 03 76.44
2.04 79.19
2.05 78.18
Electric equip
ment for
vehicles
1952: Average.......... $72. 98
1953: Average_____ 76.70
June________ 77.90
July________
75.20
August______ 75.20
September___ 74. 28
October_____
75.43
November___ 76.00
74. 84
December___
1954: January_____ 75.06
February____ 75.24
73.32
March______
April..... .......... 72.19
M a y .. _____ 78.17
June.............. . 74, 68
40.1
40.8
41.0
40.0
40.0
39.3
39.7
40.0
39.6
39.3
39.6
39.0
38.4
40.5
39.1
Power and distribu
tion transformers
40.7
40.6
41.1
40.2
40.2
40.1
40.0
39.8
39.5
39.1
39.3
40.1
39.2
40.2
40.3
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1. 77
1.88
1.86
1.88
1.89
1.91
1.90
1.93
1.94
1. 94
1. 94
1.95
1.95
1.97
1.94
Electric lamps
$1.82 $58.89
1.88 65.21
1.90 63.12
1. 88 61.78
1.88 63. 52
1.89 66. 58
1.90 66.42
1.90 65.85
1.89 65.44
1.91 64.12
1.90 65. 01
1. 88 65. 24
1.88 64.19
1.93 64.85
1.91 63.69
39.0
40.5
39.7
39.1
39.7
40.6
40.5
40.4
39.9
39.1
39.4
39.3
38.9
39.3
38.6
Switchgear, switch
board and industrial
controls
$72.16
75.84
74. 46
75.12
76.49
77.28
75.95
76. 54
76. 91
75.11
75. 48
74. 37
73. 66
74. 99
74.96
42.2
41.9
41.6
41.5
41.8
42.0
41.5
41.6
41.8
40.6
40.8
40.2
39.6
40.1
40.3
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1. 71 , $91. 28
1.81 85.20
1. 79 83. 78
1. 81 84.82
1.83 86. 25
1.84 86.09
1.83 83.36
1.84 81. 77
1.84 81.38
1.85 78. 21
1.85 78.39
1. 85 80. 56
1.86 83.73
1,87 81.99
1.86 83.01
Conimunication
eq uipm ent4
$1. 51 $64. 21
1. 61 66. 66
1. 59 66. 66
1.58 65.34
1.60 67.73
1.64 67.06
1.64 66.97
1.63 67.26
1. 64 67. 49
1.64 65. 96
1. 65 67.89
1. 66 67. 55
1.65 66.30
1.65 67.42
1.65 68. 51
40.9
40.4
40.4
39.6
40.8
40.4
40.1
39.8
39.7
38.8
39.7
39.5
39.0
39.2
39.6
Electrical welding
apparatus
$1. 57
1.65
1. 65
1.65
1. 66
1.66
1.67
1.69
1.70
1.70
1. 71
1. 71
1.70
1.72
1.73
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
46.1
42.6
42.1
42.2
42.7
42.2
42.1
41.3
41.1
39.7
40.2
41.1
42.5
41.2
41.3
$1.98 $72.32
2.00 76.92
1. 99 74. 80
2. 01 75.36
2.02 75. 62
2.04 76.80
1.98 78. 55
1.98 77. 76
1.98 76. 21
1.97 74. 87
1. 95 76. 02
1.96 76.03
1.97 75.26
1.99 76.22
2.01 73.15
Padios, phonographs,
television sets,
and equipment
$62.12
64.64
64. 64
63.50
65.36
64. 71
65.44
66.23
67.03
65.02
67.09
66.59
65. 35
66.08
67.49
Electrical appliances
40.6
39.9
39.9
39.2
40.1
39.7
39.9
39.9
39.9
38.7
39.7
39.4
38.9
39.1
39.7
Electrical machinery—Continued
Miscellaneous elec
trical products 4
1952: Average____ $65. 93
1953: Average_____ 67.94
June________ 68.04
July________
67.70
August______ 69.36
September___ 68.23
O ctober......... 68.61
November___ 68.00
December....... 68.51
1954: January.......... 68.43
February........ 69.60
March______ 69.13
April_______
68.73
M ay________ 67. 51
June________ 69. 87
40.7
40.2
40.5
40.3
40.8
39.9
40.3
40.0
39.6
39.1
40.0
39.5
39.5
38.8
39 7
$1.62
1. 69
1.68
1.68
1.70
1. 71
1.70
1.70
1.73
1. 75
1. 74
1.75
1.74
1.74
1.76
Motor vehicles, bodies,
parts, and accessories
1952: Average_____ $83.64
1953 Average_____ 88.78
June________ 90.06
July________
88.32
August....... .
89. 21
September___ 87. 38
October_____ 89.16
November___ 87.82
December....... 88. 22
1954: January_____ 90. 42
February........ 86.11
March.... ........ 85.10
April_______
88.07
M ay________ 89.16
Ju u e ................ 85.46
40.6
41.1
41.5
40.7
41.3
39.9
40.9
40.1
40.1
41.1
39.5
39.4
40.4
40.9
39.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Storage batteries
$73. 34
76. 67
78. 54
79.76
79. 80
79.32
76.73
76. 95
75.83
76. 22
76.99
74.69
75.84
75. 66
79.99
41.2
41.0
42.0
42.2
42.0
41.1
40.6
40.5
39.7
39.7
40.1
38.9
39.5
39.2
40.4
Truck and bus
bodies
$2.06 $70.18
2.16 74.26
2.17 72.18
2.17 73.12
2.16 75. 48
2.19 74.85
2.18 73.89
2.19 74. 70
2.20 78. 77
2.20 75.58
2.18 72.68
2.16 74.89
2.18 74.96
2.18 77.08
2.18 77.30
40.8
40.8
40.1
40.4
41.7
40.9
40.6
40.6
41.9
40.2
39.5
40.7
40.3
41.0
40.9
39.9
40.0
40.0
39.7
40.3
39.5
39.7
39.6
39.7
38.9
40.0
39.7
39.4
38.1
39.2
41.0
40.0
40.2
39.2
39.7
38.7
40.0
40.4
40.1
38.8
39.3
39.4
39.5
40.3
41.4
X-ray and nonradio
electronic tubes
$1.42 $72.93
1. 48 72.36
1. 46 67.73
1.44 68.11
1.49 71. 56
1.49 73.49
1. 51 75.14
1. 52 73.63
1.53 74.74
1. 62 74.64
1. 52 77.74
1. 53 80. 32
1.53 77. 57
1.52 77.59
1.51 76.42
Trailers (truck and
automobile)
$1.72 $70. 52
1.82 73.60
1.80 73.16
1.81 71.74
1.81 73.84
1.83 71.98
1. 82 74.80
1.84 75.95
1. 88 75.79
1.88 72.56
1.84 73. 49
1.84 72. 89
1.86 72.68
1.88 76.17
1.89 79. 07
40.4
40.7
40.0
40.3
39.8
40.0
40.7
40.5
39.9
39.2
39.8
39.6
39.2
39.7
38.3
$1.79 $72.11
1.89 72.24
1.87 72. 93
1.87 70. 86
1.90 69.14
1.92 71.51
1.93 70.69
1.92 69. 60
1. 91 69. 77
1.91 67.20
1.91 69.32
1.92 68. 57
1.92 67. 77
1.92 69.14
1.91 69 03
40.2
40.7
41.0
40.4
41.6
40.8
39.2
37.3
37.7
37.8
39.1
39.1
39.5
39 4
39. 2
43.7
42.0
42.4
41.2
40.2
40.4
41.1
40.7
40.8
39.3
40.3
40.1
39.4
40.2
39.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.65
1. 72
1. 72
1. 72
1. 72
1. 77
1. 72
1.71
1. 71
1. 71
1.72
1. 71
1. 72
1 72
1.73
Telephone, telegraph,
and related
equipment
$1.43 $82.03
1.53 82. 49
1.53 82.91
1.54 77. 59
1. 54 83.66
1. 56 83. 42
1. 54 83. 69
1. 56 82. 71
1. 57 81.12
1. 58 77.78
1.58 79.38
1.57 78. 99
1. 57 77.03
1. 59 78.41
1.61 79. 20
43.4
42.3
42.3
40.2
42.9
43.0
42.7
42.2
41.6
40.3
40.5
40.3
39.5
39.8
40.0
$1. 89
1. 95
1.96
1.93
1.95
1.94
1.96
1.96
1.95
1.93
1. 96
1.96
1.95
1.97
1.98
Transportation equipment
Primary batteries
(dry and wet)
$1.78 $56. 66
1.87 59.20
1.87 58. 40
1.89 57.17
1.90 60. 05
1.93 58. 86
1. 89 59. 95
1.90 60.19
1.91 60.74
1. 92 59.13
1. 92 60. 80
1. 92 60. 74
1.92 60.28
1.93 57.91
1.98 59.19
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Radio tubes
$1.53 $57.49
1.62 62.27
1. 62 62. 73
1. 62 62.22
1.63 64.06
1.63 63. 65
1.64 60. 37
1.66 58.19
1.68 59.19
1.68 59.72
1.69 61. 78
1.69 61.39
1.68 62.02
1.69 62. 65
1.70 63.11
Insulated wire
and cable
$1.72
1. 84
1.82
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.87
1.87
1.85
1.84
1.89
1.91
42.9
40.2
38.7
38.7
40.2
40.6
40.4
39.8
40.4
39.7
40.7
41.4
40.4
40.2
39.8
$1.70
1.80
1. 75
1.76
1.78
1.81
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.88
1. 91
1.94
1.92
1.93
1.92
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
$81.14
85.28
85.08
84. 86
85.70
84.23
85.89
84.84
85.88
85.86
84. 82
84. 21
84. 82
85. 67
84.19
Aircraft and
p arts4
$81. 70
83.80
81.99
82.59
83.60
83. 21
84.03
84.03
85. 27
83.23
85.28
84. 46
83.43
83.84
84.25
43.0
41.9
41.2
41.5
41.8
41.4
41.6
41.6
41.8
40.6
41.2
41.0
40.5
4C.7
40.7
41.4
41.2
41.1
40.8
41.2
40.3
40.9
40.4
40.7
40.5
40.2
40.1
40.2
40.6
39.9
Aircraft
$1.90 $79.66
2.00 82.19
1. 99 80.18
1. 99 80.57
2.00 82.39
2.01 80. 99
2.02 82.61
2.02 82.61
2.04 83.43
2.05 82. 21
2.07 85. 49
2.06 84.67
2.06 83.22
2.06 83.84
2.07 84. 25
42.6
41.3
40.7
40.9
41.4
40.7
41.1
41.1
41.1
40.1
41.3
41.1
40.4
40.7
40.7
Automobiles4
$1.96 $82.82
2. 07 87. 95
2.07 89.23
2.08 87.91
2.08 88.58
2.09 86.58
2.10 88.13
2.10 87.02
2.11 87. 42
2.12 89.79
2.11 85. 72
2.10 84. 93
2.11 87. 26
2.11 88.34
2.11 84.89
40.6
41.1
41.5
40.7
41.2
39.9
40.8
40.1
40.1
41.0
39.5
39.5
40.4
40.9
39.3
$2.04
2.14
2.15
2.16
2.15
2.17
2.16
2.17
2.18
2.19
2.17
2.15
2.16
2.16
2.16
Aircraft engines and
parts
$1.87 $86. 92
1. 99 87.29
1.97 84. 84
1.97 86.68
1. 99 86.90
1.99 87.54
2.01 87. 55
2.01 86.93
2.03 87.96
2. 05 84.67
2. 07 85.28
2.06 84. 24
2.06 83. 84
2.06 83.42
2.07 81.44
43.9
43.0
42.0
42.7
42.6
42.7
42.5
42.2
42.7
41.3
41.0
40.5
40.5
40.3
40.4
$1. 98
2.03
2.02
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.05
2.08
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.09
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
1057
C -l : Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Year and month
Aircraft propellers and
parts
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
1952: Average____________ $92.25
1953: Average----- ------------ 85.90
June___________ -- 84.67
July--------- -------------- 84.66
A ugust...................— 85. 70
September__________ 85. 49
October.............. .......... 84.67
November__________ 85.28
December.. ________ 85.08
1954: January____________ 78.28
February___________ 84.04
M arch_____________ 85.67
April----- ---------------- 82. 76
M ay_______________ 79. 87
June_______________ 80.64
45.0
41.9
41.1
41.5
41.6
41.7
41.3
41.4
41.3
38.0
40.6
40.6
39.6
38.4
38.4
$2.05
2.05
2.06
2.04
2.06
2.05
2.05
2.06
2.06
2.06
2.07
2.11
2.09
2.08
2.10
$81.22
85.17
83. 75
84.38
84.80
85.04
86.05
85.45
87.95
85. 07
84.04
84.05
83. 85
85. OS
85.08
Ship and boat building
and repairing 4
Shipbuilding and
repairing
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
43.2
42.8
42.3
42.4
42.4
42.1
42.6
42.3
42.9
41.7
41.4
41.2
40.9
41.3
41.3
$1.88
1.99
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.02
2. 02
2. 02
2. 05
2.04
2.03
2.04
2.05
2.06
2.06
$75. 58
79. 37
79. 59
80.98
81.16
78.87
79. 70
78.62
82.37
78.66
81.12
81.95
80.70
80.94
80.16
40.2
39.1
39.4
39.5
39.4
38.1
38.5
37.8
39.6
38.0
39.0
39.4
38.8
39.1
39.1
$1.88
2.03
2.02
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.08
2. 07
2.08
2.08
2.08
2. 07
2.05
$76. 78
80.91
81.14
82.53
82.92
80.60
81.41
80. 30
83.92
80.14
83.25
84.28
82.18
82. 82
82. 26
40.2
38.9
39.2
39.3
39.3
38.2
38.4
37.7
39.4
37.8
38.9
39.2
38.4
38.7
38.8
$1.91
2.08
2.07
2.10
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.12
2.14
2.15
2.14
2.14
2.12
$66.23
70.58
70.41
70. 93
70. 93
67.86
70. 92
69.66
73.62
70. 53
70.45
70.93
71.58
72.34
71.05
39.9
40.1
40.7
40.3
40.3
37.7
39.4
38.7
40.9
39.4
39.8
40.3
40.9
41.1
40.6
Locomotives and
parts
1952: Average.----- ----------- $77.33
1953: Average____________ 80.39
June_______________ 81.20
July_______________ 77.99
August_____________ 78.16
September______ . . .
80. 73
October ___________ 81.77
November_____ ____ 80.11
December . . . ______ 82.76
1954: January____________ 82.32
February___________ 82.95
March_____________ 81.93
April---------------------- 80.08
80.85
M ay_________ ____
82.11
June______________
40.7
39.6
40.0
38.8
38.5
39.0
39.5
38.7
39.6
39.2
39.5
39.2
38.5
38.5
39.1
$1.90
2.03
2. 03
2.01
2.03
2.07
2.07
2.07
2. 09
2.10
2.10
2.09
2.08
2.10
2.10
Laboratory, scientific,
and engineering
instruments
1952: Average____________ $93.11
1953: Average____________ 89.25
June---------- ----------- 90.09
July_______________ 82.40
August_______ _____ 88.62
Septem ber... ______ 91.38
October____________ 89.04
November__________ 89.25
December_____ _____ 88.83
1954: January____________ 80. 50
February____ _____ 83.22
M arch_____________ 83.43
82.18
April_______ _____
M ay_______________ 81.56
June__________ . .. 82. 59
45.2
42.5
42.9
40.0
42.4
42.9
42.2
42.3
42.1
38.7
40.4
40.5
39.7
39.4
39.9
$2.06
2.10
2.10
2.06
2.09
2.13
2.11
2.11
2.11
2.08
2.06
2.06
2.07
2. 07
2. 07
$81.14
82.00
85.06
78.16
81.97
82. 56
81.16
81.54
84.35
82.89
84.21
82.97
81.97
82.78
84. 82
41.4
40.0
40.7
38.5
39.6
39.5
39.4
39.2
39.6
39.1
40.1
39.7
39.6
39.8
40.2
$1.96
2.05
2. 09
2.03
2. 07
2.09
2. 06
2.08
2.13
2.12
2.10
2.09
2.07
2.08
2.11
Mechanical measuring
and controlling
instruments
$71.66
74.16
74.52
71.96
72.72
74.66
75.99
75.26
75.85
72.83
74.70
74.12
73.60
73.60
74.37
42.4
41.2
41.4
40.2
40.4
40.8
41.3
40.9
41.0
39.8
40.6
40.5
40.0
40.0
40.2
$1.69
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.85
$74.00
79.19
78.01
78.00
75.60
79.34
82.16
79.49
81.97
81.54
82.11
81.30
78.79
79.13
79.84
40.0
39.4
39.4
39.0
37.8
38.7
39.5
38.4
39.6
39.2
39.1
38.9
37.7
37.5
38.2
1952: Average____________ $76.73
1953: Average............ ........... 77. 49
76.30
June__ ____________
July_______________ 75.36
August_____________ 77.68
September__________ 78.28
October____________ 79.07
November__________ 80.83
December__________ 80.83
1954: January____________ 81.16
February___________ 80. 57
March_____________ 79.98
April..... ....................... 79.99
M ay_______________ 79. 79
June_______________ 80.98
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.7
41.0
40.8
40.3
41.1
41.2
41.4
42.1
42.1
41.2
40.9
40.6
40.4
40.3
40.9
$76.68
79. 00
79.98
78.26
78.44
77.04
76. 73
76.45
78.35
75.11
73.38
73.20
72.65
74. 52
75.41
42.6
42.7
43.0
42.3
42.4
42.1
41.7
41.1
41.9
40.6
40.1
40.0
39.7
40.5
39.9
$60. 55
66.98
67.78
66.98
67.65
66.99
68.31
67.24
67.49
64.62
64.39
64.62
62.43
62.98
61.50
40.1
41.6
42.1
41.6
41.5
41.1
41.4
41.0
40.9
39.4
39.5
39.4
38.3
38.4
37.5
$1.80
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.89
$1.51
1.61
1.61
1.61
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.64
1.65
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.63
1.64
1.64
$1.66
1. 76
1. 73
1.76
1.76
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.76
1. 75
1.76
1.75
$73.02
73.49
75.17
70.31
76. 59
76.96
77.04
70.86
69.34
68.78
71.31
71.31
71.16
73.35
77.46
42.7
40.6
41.3
39.5
41.4
41.6
41.2
38.3
38.1
38.0
39.4
39.4
39.1
40.3
41.2
$1.71
1.81
1.82
1.78
1.85
1.85
1.87
1.85
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.88
Surgical, medical, and
dental instruments
$64. 68
66. 74
66.74
67.65
66.99
66.91
67.08
65.85
66.83
66.00
67.73
67.23
66.30
65.97
66.40
41.2
41.2
41.2
41.5
41.1
40.8
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.0
40.8
40.5
39.7
39.5
40.0
$1.57
1.62
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.66
Total: Instruments and
related products
$72.07
73. 69
73.87
71.86
73.16
74.16
74.93
74.75
75.17
72. 22
73.12
72.76
72.07
72. 07
72.83
41.9
41.4
41.5
40.6
41.1
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.3
39.9
40.4
40.2
39.6
39.6
39 8
$1.72
1.78
1.78
1.77
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.83
Ophthalmic goods
$56.63
58.69
58. 69
57. 67
56.59
58.40
59.68
60.24
60. 09
58.76
58.76
58.71
58.20
58 20
58.95
39.6
40.2
40.2
39.5
39.3
40.0
40.6
40.7
40.6
39.7
39.7
39.4
38.8
38.8
39.3
$1.43
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.44
1.46
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.50
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries
Total: Miscellaneous
manufacturing industries
Watches and
clocks
$1.84
1.89
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.97
1.97
1.97
1. 98
1.98
1.98
$1.85
2.01
1.98
2.00
2. 00
2.05
2.08
2.07
2.07
2.08
2.10
2.09
2.09
2.11
2.09
Optical instruments
and lenses
Instruments and related products—Continued
Photographic
apparatus
Other transportation
equipment
Railroad and
streetcars
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Instruments and related
products
Transportation equipment—Continued
Railroad
equipm ent4
Boatbuilding and
repairing
$61.50
64.06
63.80
61.93
63.74
63. 36
65.19
65.12
65. 53
63.43
64.16
64.00
62.72
63.43
63. 52
41.0
40.8
40.9
39.7
40.6
40.1
41.0
40.7
40.7
39.4
40.1
40.0
39.2
39.4
39.7
$1.50
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.60
1.61
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.60
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware 4
$65.99
68.85
67.36
65.28
67.14
68.88
71.71
72. 31
71.98
66.58
68.22
67.24
65. 69
66.00
65.61
42.3
42.5
42.1
40.8
41.7
42.0
43.2
43.3
43.1
40.6
41.6
41.0
40.3
40.0
40.5
$1.56
1.62
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.64
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.64
1.64
1.64
1.63
1.65
1.62
Jewelry and
findings
$63.33
65.41
63.38
60. 70
62.73
63.71
68. 37
68.05
68. 53
63.65
64.95
64.12
63.34
62 80
63.24
42.5
42.2
41.7
40.2
41.0
41.1
43.0
42.8
43.1
40.8
41.9
41.1
40.6
40.0
40.8
$1.49
1.55
1.52
1.51
1.53
1. 55
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.56
1.55
1.56
1.56
1.57
1. 55
1058
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T able C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees 1—Continued
Manufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Year and month
1952: Average__
1953: Average__
June_____
Ju ly ...........
August___
September.
October__
November.
1954: January_____
February____
M arch______
April...............
M ay................
June________
Silverware and plated
ware
Musical instruments
and parts
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$70. 81
75.86
74.73
73.50
75.50
77. 43
78.04
80.00
77.83
71.33
73.98
73.03
70.27
71.60
70. 62
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$68.64
71. 81
70.35
68.78
70.58
70.84
72. 80
73. 51
73.51
70.75
70. 40
69.13
67.90
67. 06
70.84
Avg.
wkly.
hours
41.9
43.1
42.7
42.0
42.9
43.5
43.6
44.2
43.0
40.3
41.1
40.8
39.7
40.0
39.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1. 69
1.76
1.75
1. 75
1.76
1.78
1. 79
1.81
1.81
1. 77
1.80
1.79
1.77
1.79
1.77
Toys
and sporting
goods 4
Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
hours
ings
ings
41.1
$1. 67 $58. 73
40.5
40.8
1.76
60.70
40.2
40.2
1. 75 60.60
40.4
39.3
1. 75 58.20
38.8
59. 75
40.1
1.76
40.1
39.8
1. 78 60. 34
39.7
40.9
62.12
1.78
40.6
41.3
1.78
62.93
40.6
41.3
1.78
61.69
39.8
40.2
60.22
1.76
38.6
40.0
1. 76 60. 30
38.9
39.5
1. 75 59.98
39.2
1.75
57. 76
38.8
38.0
38.1
1.76
59.04
39.1
39.8
1.78
57. 81
38.8
M anufacturing—Continued
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.45
1. 51
1.50
1.50
1.49
1. 52
1.53
1.55
1. 55
1.56
1. 55
1.53
1.52
1.51
1.49
Games, toys, dolls, and
children’s vehicles
Sporting
and
goods
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$58.84
61. 35
60. 70
57. 45
60.30
61. 51
63. 55
64.84
61. 70
59.63
60.83
61.15
58.52
59.13
57. 57
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
$58.90
60.35
60.24
59.00
59.05
58.05
60.00
59.65
61.41
60.65
59.49
58.65
56. 77
58. 71
58. 05
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
wkly.
hours
40.3
40.1
40.2
38.3
40.2
40.2
41.0
41.3
39.3
37.5
38.5
39.2
38.0
38.9
38.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.46
1.53
1.51
1.50
1. 50
1.53
1.55
1. 57
1.57
1.59
1.58
1.56
1.54
1. 52
1.48
Pens, pencils, and other
office supplies
$57. 26
40.9
$1.40
58.98
40.4
1.46
59.86
41.0
1. 46
57. 38
39.3
1.46
58.58
40.4
1.45
58. 80
40.0
1.47
60. 56
41.2
1.47
60.79
40.8
1.49
61.12
41.3
1.48
59. 30
39.8
1.49
41.2
61.80
1. 50
60. 79 ?40.8
1.49
61.61
1.51
40.8
40.6
61.31
1.51
61.05
40.7
1.50
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.44
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.48
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.49
1.50
Transportation and
public utilities
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
1952: Average___
1953: Average___
June_____
July............
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
1954: January__
F ebruary..
M arch____
April..........
M ay_____
J u n e .........
40.9
40.5
40.7
39.6
39.9
38.7
40.0
39.5
40.4
39.9
39.4
39.1
38.1
39.4
38.7
athletic
Costume jewelry, but Fabricated plastic prod Othe
manufacturing
tons, notions
ucts
industries
$55. 74
40.1
$1.39 $64. 79
41.8
$1. 55 $62. 02
40.8
$1. 52
59. 09
40.2
1.47
67. 97
41.7
1.63
64.80
40.5
1.60
59.83
40.7
1. 47 67.16
41.2
1.63
64. 71
40.7
1.59
55.39
38.2
1.45
66. 91
41.3
1.62
64.24
39.9
1.61
58.11
39.8
1.46
67.07
41.4
1.62
65. 21
40.5
1. 61
58.61
39.6
1.48
66. 91
40.8
1.64
63.92
39.7
1.61
58. 07
39.5
1.47
68.06
41.5
1. 64 66. 34
40.7
1.63
57.57
38.9
1. 48
67.73
1.64
41.3
65. 53
40.2
1.63
58.36
39.7
1.47
68.31
41.4
1.65
66.50
40.3
1.65
57.42
38.8
1.48
66. 23
39.9
1. 66 65.46
39.2
1.67
57.67
39.5
1.46
67. 06
40.4
1.66
66.00
40.0
1. 65
57.82
39.6
1.46
67. 40
40.6
1.66
66.40
40.0
1.66
55.63
38.1
1.46
65. 40
39.4
1.66
65.18
39.5
1.65
56.45
38.4
1.47
66.86
39.8
1.68
66.13
39. 6
1.67
57. 62
39.2
1.47
67. 20
1.68
40.0
66.30
39.7
1.67
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Class I railroads
$74.30
76. 33
77. 75
78.31
75. 36
76. 33
77.30
76.04
76.78
75.08
79.18
78.66
78.50
76.05
40.6
40.6
41.8
42.1
40.3
40.6
40. 9
39.4
40.2
38.7
40.4
41.4
41.1
39.2
$1.83
1. 88
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.88
1.89
1.93
1. 91
1.94
1. 96
1.90
1.91
1.94
Communication
Local
1952: Average...
1953: Average...
June..........
July..........
August__
September
O ctober...
November.
December1954: Jan u ary ...
February.
M arch___
April........
M ay.........
June..........
railways
buslines 6
$76. 56
77.12
78.37
77.92
77.40
78.13
77. 53
77.18
77.43
78.59
77. 25
77.33
77. 58
77.94
78. 92
46.4
45.1
46.1
45.3
45.0
44.9
44.3
44.1
44. 5
44.4
43.4
43.2
43.1
43.3
43.6
and
Switchboard operating
employees1
Telephone
$1.65
1.71
1.70
1. 72
1. 72
1. 74
1.75
1. 75
1. 74
1. 77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.81
$61. 22
65.02
65.13
64.35
64.24
68.16
66.01
67. 90
65. 84
65.70
65.74
65.70
66.09
67.38
87.16
38.5
38.7
39.0
39.0
38.7
39.4
38.6
38.8
38.5
38.2
38.0
38.2
38.2
38.5
38.6
$1. 59
1.68
1.67
1. 65
1. 66
1.73
1.71
1. 75
1. 71
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.75
1 74
$51.43
54.39
54. 09
54.38
53. 57
59. 75
55.72
57.88
53. 58
54.30
54. 36
53.64
54.09
56. 98
56.39
37.0
37.0
37.3
37.5
37.2
38.3
36.9
37.1
36.2
36.2
36.0
36.0
36.3
37.0
37.1
$1. 39
1. 47
1. 45
1.45
1. 44
1. 56
1.51
1.56
1.48
1. 50
1. 51
1.49
1.49
1.54
1.52
Wholesale and retail trade
public utilities—Con.
Other public utilities
Total: Gas and electric
utilities
1952: Average......... ........... . $75.12
1953: Average____________ 80. 51
June......... .................
80.22
July— .........................
81.32
August____________
81. ¿54
September_________
82. 76
October........................ 82.17
November...................
82.98
December__________
82. 37
1954: January____________ 81. 77
February..................... 80. 97
M arch_____________ 80. 77
April............................ 80. 77
81. 59
82.40
See footnotesAt end
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
oftable.
41.5
41. 5
41.5
41. 7
41. 5
41. 8
41. 5
41. 7
41. 6
41.3
41.1
41.0
41.0
41.0
41.2
$1.81
1. 94
1.93
1. 95
1.96
1.98
1.98
1.99
1.98
1. 98
1. 97
1.97
1.97
1.99
2.00
Line construction, in
stallation, and mainte
Telegraph
nance employees 8
$86. 51
42.2
$2.05 »$72.48 »43.4 » $1. 67
92.23
42.5
2.17
74.23
41. 7
1.78
93.53
43.3
2.16
75.60
42.0
1. 80
90.95
42.3
2.15
74.76
42.0
1. 78
91.15
42.2
2.16
74. 76
42.0
1. 78
93.94
42.7
2.20
77.46
42.1
1.84
93.26
42.2
2.21
74. 05
41.6
1. 78
95. 87
42.8
2.24
73.34
41.2
1.78
95. 44
42.8
2.23
73.16
41.1
1.78
91.94
41.6
2.21
72.80
40.9
1.79
92. 57
41.7
2.22
73.69
41.4
1.78
93.91
42.3
2.22
73. 75
41.2
1.79
93. 46
42.1
2. 22
75.78
42.1
1.80
93. 88
42.1
2.23
75. 78
42.1
1. 80
94. 75
42.3
2.24
77.15
41.7
1.85
Retail trade
Wholesale trade
$67.80
71.69
71.10
72.09
71.91
72.72
72.67
72.50
73.26
72.76
72.36
72.76
73.16
73.93
74.12
40.6
40.5
40.4
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.6
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.2
40.4
40. 5
$1. 67
1.77
1.76
1.78
1. 78
1.80
1. 79
1. 79
1.80
1. 81
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.83
1.83
Retail trade (except
eating and drinking
places)
General
$52. 67
55. 02
55.16
56. 26
56.12
55. 52
55.24
55.10
54. 49
55. 77
55. 91
55.91
55. 91
56.41
57. 52
$38. 41
38. 96
39. 6ò
40.07
39. 74
38.98
38. 75
38.64
39.93
40.14
39.90
40.13
39. 76
39. 91
41.65
39.9
39.3
39.4
39.9
39.8
39.1
38.9
38.8
39.2
39.0
39.1
39.1
39.1
38.9
39.4
$1.32
1.40
1.40
1.41
1.41
1. 42
1. 42
1.42
1.39
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.45
1.46
merchandise
stores4
35.9
35.1
35.4
36.1
35.8
34.8
34.6
34.5
36.3
34.9
35.0
35.2
35.5
34.7
35.6
$1.07
1.11
1. 12
1. 11
1.11
1.12
1.12
1.12
1.10
1.15
1.14
1.14
1.12
1.15
1.17
Department stores and
general m ail-order
houses
$44. 77
44.88
45. 59
45.86
45.11
45.09
44.96
44. 60
47.13
45.31
45.47
45.49
45. 74
45.82
47.45
37.0
35.9
35. 9
36.4
35.8
35.5
35.4
35.4
37. 7
35.4
35.8
36.1
36.3
35. 8
3G.5
$1. 21
1 25
1. 27
1. 26
1. 26
1. 27
1. 27
1. 26
1. 25
1. 28
1. 27
1. 26
1. 26
1.28
1.30
1059
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C -l: Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory employees1—Continued
Wholesale and retail trade—Continued
Retail trade—Continued
Year and month
Food and liquor stores
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average_________
1953: Average_________
June___________
July____________
August_____ ___
September_______
October..................
November______
December________
1954: January______ ___
February___ _____
March. T______ __
April ____________
M ay_________ _____
June_________ _____
$56. 52
58.89
58.95
60.25
60.40
60.37
59.37
59. 75
59.83
59. 75
59. 59
59.75
59. 75
59. 82
61.15
39.8
39.0
39.3
39.9
40.0
39.2
38.3
38.3
38.6
38.3
38.2
38.3
38.3
38.1
38.7
Other retail trade
Automotive and acces Apparel and accessories
stores
sories dealers
Furniture and appliance Lumber and hardware
supply stores
stores
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings ings hours
$1.42 $70.06
1.51 73.92
1.50 74.98
1.51 74.98
1.51 74.48
1.54 73.10
1.55 74.48
1.56 74.32
1.55 72.37
1.56 71.60
1.56 72.82
1.56 73.26
1.56 74.76
1.57 75. 75
1.58 76. 27
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings ings
45.2 $1.55 $43.68
44.8 1.65 44.96
44.9 1.67 45.09
44.9 1.67 45.61
44.6 1.67 45.25
44-3 1.65 45.15
44.6 1.67 45.76
44.5 1.67 45.63
44.4 1.63 46. 90
44.2 1.62 46.11
44.4 1.64 46.15
44.4
1.65 45.80
44.5 1.68 46.37
44.3 1.71 45.37
44.6 1.71 46.64
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings ings hours
$1.22 $61.06
1.27 62.31
1.27 61.89
1.26 62.31
1.25 62.16
1.29 62.31
1.30 63.15
1.30 62.97
1.31 66.07
1.31 63.00
1.30 61.89
1.29 62.46
1.31 62. 31
1.30 62.73
1.31 63.60
$1.43 $61.19
1.48 64. 65
1.47 64. 67
1.48 65.10
1.48 65.97
1.48 65.79
1.50 66.99
1.51 66.22
1.54 65.79
1.50 64.14
1.47 65.33
1.48 65.33
1.48 66.22
1.49 67. 39
1.50 68. 02
35.8
35.4
35.5
36.2
36.2
35.0
35.2
35.1
35.8
35.2
35.5
35.5
35.4
34.9
35.6
42.7
42.1
42.1
42.1
42.0
42.1
42.1
41.7
42.9
42.0
42.1
42.2
42.1
42.1
42.4
Personal services
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
1952: Average______ _____
1953: Average____________
June_______________
Ju ly_______________
August_____________
September.............. .....
October____________
November__________
December__________
1954: January____________
February___________
M arch_____________
April
M ay_______________
June................ .............
$52.50
54.84
54.28
54.90
55.00
55.03
55.36
55.33
55.68
56.51
56.79
56.47
56. 76
57.19
56. 97
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$81.08
82.94
82. 55
81.72
79. 72
80.00
80.68
81.73
84.19
86.83
86.57
89.53
92.09
91. 53
92.07
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
$63.38
67. 29
67. 20
68.73
68. 07
67.30
67.63
68.54
68.43
68.74
68.66
69.06
68.99
69. 72
69.47
Hotels, year-round 11
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Laundries
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$37.06
38.40
38.22
38.40
38.49
39.06
39. 76
39. 67
39.81
39. 71
39.90
39.81
39. 62
40.13
39. 81
42.6
42.2
42.0
42.2
42.3
42.0
42.3
42.2
41.9
41.8
42.0
41.9
41.7
41.8
41.9
$0.87
.91
.91
.91
.91
.93
.94
.94
.95
.95
.95
.95
.95
.96
.95
$38. 63
39.69
40.08
39.30
39.10
39.80
39. 70
40.00
40. 60
39. 70
39.80
39.60
40.80
40. 30
41.01
41.1
40.5
40.9
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.0
40.6
39.7
39.8
39.6
40.4
40.3
40.6
$0.94
.98
.98
.98
.98
.99
.99
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
1.01
1.00
1.01
$45.10
45. 71
47.08
44.69
44.35
46.40
46.92
45.98
46.68
45.08
45.55
46.26
50. 40
47.32
49. 08
41.0
40.1
41.3
39.2
38.9
40.0
40.1
39.3
39.9
38.2
38.6
39.2
42.0
40.1
40.9
$1.10
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.14
1.16
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.20
1.18
1.20
1 Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received pay for,
any part of the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants, data refer to pro
duction and related workers only. For the remaining industries, unless other
wise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors.
Data for the most recent month are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first month
they are published,
* See footnote 2, table A-2.
* See footnote 3, table A-2.
4 Italicized titles which follow are components of this industry.
*,Figures for class I railroads (excluding switching and terminal companies)
are based upon monthly data summarized in the M-300 report by the Inter
state Commerce Commission and relate to all employees who received pay
during the month, except executives, officials, and staff assistants (ICO
Group I).
* Beginning with January 1953, data include only privately operated estab
lishments. Averages for earlier years include both privately operated and
Government operated establishments.
1D ata relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as
312534— 54------ 7
43.4
43.1
43.4
43.4
43.4
43.0
43.5
43.0
43.0
42.2
42.7
42.7
43.0
43.2
43.6
$1.41
1.50
1.49
1.50
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.54
1.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.56
1.56
Service and miscellaneous
Finance, insurance, and real estate 10
Banks and Security
Insurance
trust com dealers and carriers
exchanges
panies
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Motionpicture pro
duction and
distribu
tion 10
Avg.
wkly.
earnings
.
$90.56
90.04
91.55
91.13
91.22
85.85
89. 79
92.38
95.25
92.18
92.97
92. 55
92.25
97.30
102. 07
switchboard operators, service assistants, operating-room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1953 such employees made up 45 percent of
the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry as
central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1953 such employees
made up 24 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in
telephone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
• 10-month average.
io Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
» Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips not included.
See N o t e on p. 1027.
N o t e .— Information on concepts, methodology, etc., is
given in a technical note on Hours and Earnings in Nonagricultural Industries, which appeared in the April 1954
Monthly Labor Review.
1060
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T a b l e C -2 : Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected industries, in current and
1947-49 dollars 1
Manufacturing
Period
1939;
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1940:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Cur 1947 -49 Cur 1947-49 Cur
rent
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
Average.................. $23. 86
25. 20
Average_________
Average_________
29.58
Average_________ 36. 65
Average_________
43 14
Average____ _____ 46. 08
Average...............
44.39
Average................... 43.82
Average....... .......... 49. 97
Average.................. 54. 14
Average_____ ____ 54 92
Average_________
59.33
Average____ _____ 64.71
67. 97
Average_________
Average_________ 71.69
$40. 17
42. 07
47.03
52.58
58.30
61.28
57 72
52 54
52.32
52. 67
53 95
57 71
68. 30
59. 89
62. 67
$23. 88
24.71
30. 86
35. 02
41.62
51.27
52 25
58 03
66. 59
72. 12
63. 28
70 35
77 79
78 09
85.31
$40.20
41.25
49. 06
50. 24
56. 24
68. 18
67 95
69. 58
69. 73
70. 16
62 16
68. 43
70. 08
68. 80
74. 57
$17.64
17.93
18.69
20. 34
23 08
25. 95
27 73
30. 20
32 71
34. 23
34.98
35. 47
37. 81
38.63
39. 69
Manufacturing
Period
1947-49
dollars
$29. 70
29. 93
29. 71
29 18
31. 19
34. 51
36. 06
36.21
34 25
33 30
34. 36
34. 50
34.06
34. 04
34.09
1 These series indicate changes in the level of average weekly earnings prior
to and after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from
the Bureau’s Consumer Price Index, the years 1947-49 being the base period.
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Cur 1947-49 Cur 1947-49 Cur 1947-49
rent
rent
rent
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1953: June____ _______ $72.04
July............. .......... 71.33
August.................... 71.69
September_______ 71.42
October_________
72. 14
November...... ........ 71.60
December............... 72. 36
1954: January.___ _____ 70. 92
February................. 71.28
M arch..................... 70.71
April....................... 70. 20
M ay____________ 71.13
June 1___________ 71.68
$62. 92
62. 19
62. 34
62 00
62. 51
62. 26
62.98
61. 56
61.98
61.59
61.26
61.85
62.28
$91.25
84. 97
92.88
86. 15
89.78
81. 17
82. 25
82. 34
79. 04
73. 06
71.67
76.32
83.66
$79. 69
74.08
80. 77
74. 78
77. 80
70.58
71. 58
71.48
68 73
63. 64
62. 54
66.37
72. 68
$40. 08
39. 30
39. 10
39 80
39. 70
40 00
40. 60
39.70
39. 80
39. 60
40.80
40.30
41.01
$35.00
34.26
34.00
34. 55
34.40
34. 78
35. 34
34. 46
34.61
34. 49
35. 60
35. 04
35.63
1 Preliminary,
Q M
„
bee JNOTE on p. 1027.
T able C-3: Average weekly earnings, gross and net spendable, of production workers in manufacturing
industries, in current and 1947-49 dollars 1
Cross average
weekly earnings
Period
1939: Average..............
1940: Average..............
1941: Average.______
1942: Average..............
1943: Average..............
1944: Average..............
1945: Average..............
1946: Average_______
1947: Average..............
1948: Average..... ........
1949: Average..............
1950: Average_______
1951: Average......... .....
1952: Average_______
1953: Average..............
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Worker with 3
dependents
Period
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with Worker with 3
no dependents dependents
Cur 1947-49
Cur
A- Index
rent
(1947- rent 1947-49
mount 49=
100) dollars dollars dollars dollars
Index Cur 1947-49 Cur 1947-49
A- (1947rent
rent
mount 49=100)
dollars dollars dollars dollars
$23. 58 $39. 70
24 69 41. 22
28.05 44. 59
31. 77 45. 58
36.01 48 66
38.29 50 92
36. 97 48 08
37. 72 45 23
42. 76 44. 77
47 43 46. 14
48. 09 47 24
51.09 49. 70
54. 04 48. 68
55. 66 49. 04
58. 54 51. 17
136.1 $58. 81 $51.36 $66.86
134.7 58. 26 50. 79 66. 29
135. 4 58. 54 50.90 66.68
134.9 58.33 50. 63 66. 36
136. 2 58. 89 51.03 66. 94
135.2 58.47 50. 84 66.50
136. 7 59. 06 51. 40 67. 11
133.9 58.80 51.04 66.00
134.6 59. 09 51.38 66.30
133.5 68. 63 51.07 65. 83
132.6 58.22 50. 80 65.41
134.3 58.97 51.28 66.18
135.4 59.41 51.62 66.63
$23. 86
25 20
29. 58
36. 65
43. 14
46. 08
44.39
43.82
49. 97
54. 14
54. 92
59 33
64. 71
67. 97
71.69
45. 1
47. 6
55. 9
69. 2
81. 5
87.0
83.8
82.8
94. 4
102 2
103. 7
112.0
122 2
128 4
135. 4
$23. 62 $39. 76 1953: June................... $72. 04
July................... 71.33
24 95 41 65
August..... ....... . 71.69
29. 28 46. 55
September_____ 71.42
36. 28 52.05
October.............. 72. 14
41 39 55 93
November........... 71 60
44 06 58 59
December............ 72. 36
42. 74 55. 58
43. 20 51 80 1954: January...............
70.92
February______ 71. 28
48 24 50. 51
M arch ........ .......
70. 71
53. 17 51. 72
April................ 70.20
53 83 52. 88
57. 21 55. 65
M ay _________
71.13
June J________
61.28 55. 21
71.68
63. 62 56 05
66. 58 ,58. 20
1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the
specified tvj>e of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability de
pends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as
well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, there
fore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no
dependents; (2) a worker with 3 dependents. See footnote 1, table C-2.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Gross average
weekly earnings
$58.39
57.79
57.90
67.60
58.01
57.83
58. 41
57.29
57. 65
57. 34
57.08
57. 55
57.89
The computation of net spendable earnings for both the worker with no
d(‘|>endents and the worker with 3 dependents are based upon the gross aver
age weekly parnings for all production workers in manufacturing industries
without direct regard to marital status and family composition. The pri
mary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes in
disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers.
* Preliminary.
See N ote on p. 1027.
1061
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -4 : Average hourly earnings, gross and excluding overtime, of production workers in manu
facturing industries 1
Manufacturing
Period
1941*
1942;
1943;
1944:
1945;
1940;
1947;
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
Avpragft
Average___
Average.......
Average.......
Average___
Average____
Average____
Average........
Average........
Average____
Average___
AV f im g f i
Average.......
Durable goods
Nondurable
goods
Excluding
overtme
$0,702
.805
.894
.947
3 .963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
1.53
1.61
1.71
54.5 $0,808 $0,770 $0.640
.881
.723
62.5
.947
.803
.976
69.4 1.059
.861
73.5 1.117 1.029
.904
»74.8 1.111 »1.042
81.6 1.156 1.122 1.015
1.171
93.0 1.292 1.250
101.7 1.410 1.366 1.278
106.1 1.469 1.434 1.325
109.9 1.537 1.480 1.378
1.48
1.60
118.8 1.67
1.54
1.70
125.0 1.77
1.61
1.80
132.8 1.87
$0.625
.698
.763
.814
*.858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1.43
1.49
1.56
Excluding
overtime
Period
Ex
ExcludGross
Gross ing over
Gross cluding
over
amount
time
Index
time
Amount (1947-49
= 100)
$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1.465
1.59
1.67
1.77
Durable goods Nondurable
goods
Manufacturing
Gross
amount
1953: June.............
July..............
August____
September...
October____
November...
December__
1954: January.......
February__
M arch_____
April............
M ay........... .
June ’.. ___
» Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for
at time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings excluding
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holidays.
Ex
Ex
Gross cluding
Gross cluding
over
over
Index
time
time
Amount (1947-49
= 100)
$1.77
1.77
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.81
$1.70
1.71
1.71
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.76
1.75
1. 75
1. 75
1.76
1.76
132.0
132.8
132.8
134.3
134.3
135.1
135.1
136.6
135.9
135.9
135.9
136.6
136.6
$1.87
1.88
1.88
1.90
1.90
1.89
1.90
1.91
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.91
$1.80
1.82
1.81
1.84
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.86
$1.60
1.61
1.61
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.66
$1.56
1.56
1.56
1. 58
1.58
1.59
1. 59
1.61
1.61
1.61
1. 61
1.62
1.62
* 11-month average; August 1945 excluded because of V-J holiday period,
« Preliminary,
See N ote on p. 1027.
T a b l e C -5 : Indexes of aggregate weekly man-hours in industrial and construction activity 1
[1947-49=100]
Annual
average
1953
1954
Major Industry group and industry
June*
May
April
Mar.
Feb.
J a i.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1953
1952
T o ta l3____________________________ -- 102.2
100.4
99.9
101.8
102.4
101.9
108.4
110.6
114.8
114.5
116.5
114.1
115.8
113.5
109.7
83.2
86.5
86.5
89.4
86.9
90.0
86.6
90.9
130.1
140.2
133.2
137.1
132.0
130.9
124.2
127.5
Mining division--------------- ------------ . . .
76.2
72.3
71.5
73.9
78.0
80.3
82.9
122.5
115.9
109.8
106.0
98.3
120.6
Contract construction division__________
129.5
M anufacturing. ______________ ______
100.1
D u ra b le ..____ _________ ___________
Ordnance and accessories----------------Lumber and wood products (except
furniture).......... ....................... ...........
Furniture and fixtures______________
Stone, clay, and glass products....... ......
Primary metal industries----------------Fabricated metal products (except
ordnance, machinery, and trans
portation equipment)------------------Machinery (except electrical)-----------Electrical machinery..............................
Transportation equipment.....................
Instruments and related products___
Miscellaneous manufacturing indus
tries......................................................
107.0
522.5
N ondurable..._______ _______________
Food and kindred products____ _____
Tobacco manufactures...........................
Textile-mill products ------- -------------Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts................ ....................... ...............
Paper and allied products_____ _____
Printing, publishing, and allied indus
tries____________ _____ ____ ____Chemicals and allied products...... ........
Products of petroleum and coal______
Rubber products_____ ____—........... Leather and leather products________
99.5
102.5
103.5
103.8
108.4
i09.6
113.0
113.7
115.4
113.4
115.4
113.7
108.4
107.2 108.1
542.0 587.8
110.6
654.3
112.5
712.1
113.7
764.1
118.4
812.7
119.6
809.2
123.6
854.3
123.4
862.1
125.6
860.5
124.7
885.9
128.5
866.7
125.5
826.7
116.6
625.0
99.1
93.5
90.2
97.9
94.7
88.5
88.8
97.6
92.4
85.3
91.6
97.3
92.8
84.1
96.2
98.2
94.4
82.3
96.7
97.8
97.5
79.6
96.1
96.2
101.4
86.1
101.4
103.2
105.4
91.2
103.8
105.4
106.7
95.2
106.3
108.3
110.4
94.7
105.8
106.9
111.7
97.6
106.8
108.3
114.9
96.7
103.7
105.8
115.2
100.3
107.6
108.6
117.4
94.0
108.2
106.6
114.0
96.9
106.2
104. 3
104.6
107.5
100.6
120.1
131.6
110.4
107.8
102.0
122.0
136.0
112.0
106.9
103.7
123.8
138.6
114.3
109.4
106.6
127.9
141.0
118.9
111.5
108.6
130.6
144.0
120.9
112.9
109.4
131.1
148.6
121.9
115.4
112.3
138.3
151. 1
128.1
117.8
111.4
143.3
146.3
129.1
121.4
113.8
146.9
153.9
128.7
121.5
113.5
148.4
153.1
128.6
123.9
114.5
148.0
159.2
126.8
122.7
116.5
143.6
158.9
126.3
127.3
121.3
149.2
161.7
131.3
123.7
118.9
148.0
158.7
129.1
112.1
118.4
131.2
138.0
122.7
96.2
95.6
96.6
101.0
102.1
98.7
107.5
112.1
115.3
111.9
111.0
104.4
110.4
109.8
100.5
89.4
84.2
75.5
76.0
89.2
81.3
73.5
76.5
92.9
81.5
75.0
79.2
92.8
81.8
80.1
79.5
92.1
83.8
87.3
78.5
96.4
89.4
101.7
83.2
97.6
95.1
96.1
84.2
100.5
101.6
106.8
86.0
102.2
111.2
108.9
86.3
103.3
106.6
101.6
89.8
99.9
100.3
77.6
89.3
99.7
92.2
76.4
92.7
99.7
93.5
90. 1
90.0
98.6
94.7
92.2
90.7
92.2
108.7
91.5 93.8
106.9 105.7
106.1
107.8
104.3
107.5
98.2
107.6
103.5
111.1
102.8
112.3
106.0
113.2
102.0
112.9
109.2
113.7
102.2
111.3
105.0
112.0
106.8
111.4
104.5
105.9
104.8
101.4
98.5
101.3
87.7
104.0 104.0
101.8 103.8
97.4 94.0
98.3 95.0
82.2 85.3
105.4
104.9
94.0
96.4
93.8
103.7
104.4
94.9
99.1
94.9
104.3
105.0
95.3
100.1
91.9
109.0
106.1
97.3
102.8
92.3
107.2
107.2
99.3
104.0
88.7
108.1
107.5
100.2
106.0
88.7
106.9
108.8
102.5
108.0
89.1
104.7
106. 7
103.8
110.5
97.4
103.6
106.6
104.3
111.6
96.3
105.1
107.7
102.4
115.8
98.3
105.5
107.8
100.9
111.7
96.4
102.7
104.7
98. 2
108.4
96.9
91.8
89.3
78.2
78.1
1 Aggregate man-hours are for the weekly pay period ending nearest the
15th of the month and do not represent totals for the month. For mining and
manufacturing industries, data refer to production and related workers. For
contract construction, the data relate to construction workers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3 Preliminary.
* Includes only the divisions shown
1062
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas1
Birmingham
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average....... . $52. 53
1953: Average.......... 55. 32
40.1
39.8
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn wkly.
ings
ings
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn
ings
ings
ings
$1.31 $63.18
1. 39 69.20
$1. 49 $75. 50
1. 58 78. 96
$1. 76 $71.40
1.88 76.45
$1.70 $47. 20
1.86 49. 49
40.5
40.0
68.06
70.80
70.12
70.09
70. 05
70. 27
70. 27
71.56
70.71
70.13
68.85
70.09
69.78
40.9
41.0
Ju n e ..............
July________
August_____
September__
October.........
November__
December___
1954: January_____
February___
M arch_____
April..............
M ay..............
June...............
41.1
41.5
41.1
40.9
41.4
41.4
41. 6
38.8
40.8
40.5
40.9
40.8
40.8
49. 32
48. 56
49.73
48. 67
49. 27
48.85
49.50
46.17
48.96
48.20
49.08
49. 37
48. 96
$69. 92
75. 59
38.5
39.1
June___
July___
74.71
76.14
76.93
73. 72
76. 67
77. 45
82. 66
81. 92
78. 89
78. 82
79. 99
81.35
80. 79
38.7
39.3
39.6
37.8
39.4
39.7
41.7
40.8
39.6
39.2
39.4
40.1
39.6
December..
1954: Jan u ary ...
February..
March___
April.......
M ay____
June.........
42.0
42.3
74.80
42.5
73.57
41.8
74. 52 42.1
74.23
41.7
75.18
42.0
75. 42 41.9
75. 24 41.8
40.3
72.14
72.90
40.5
February.
40.2
March__
71.96
April____
39.5
71.10
71.82
39.9
May___
72. 40
40.0
June.........
See footnotes at end of table.
June_____
July............
August___
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.6
40.1
79. 05
78.60
79. 62
78.84
79. 69
79.18
80.28
80.23
80.23
79. 68
79.54
80.85
81.44
40.1
40.9
40.7
40.3
39.1
38.9
40.3
39.8
39.4
40.2
39.8
41.3
40.9
1.93
1.94
1. 94
1. 95
1. 95
1.95
1.98
2.01
1.99
2.01
2. 03
2.03
2.04
80. 66
79. 56
81.14
80. 44
81.98
81.10
81.21
82.14
81.28
81.80
81.20
83.18
83.33
39.6
39.2
$1.87 $64. 27
1.97 67. 37
42.2
41.6
74. 93
73. 67
74. 62
74.89
76. 96
77.00
76.82
74.03
76. 30
75. 52
73. 47
74.80
76. 17
41.4
40.7
41.0
40.7
41. 6
41.4
41.3
39.8
40.8
40.6
39.5
40.0
40. 9
79. 29 42.4
41.7
78. 81
79. 46
41.6
80. 87
41.9
78. 78 40.4
79. 61 41.9
41.7
79. 65
82. 06 42.3
79. 10 41.2
79. 04 41.6
79. 10 41.2
41.3
79. 71
41.8
81. 51
California
1.87
1.89
1.91
1.93
1.95
1.90
1.91
1.94
1. 92
1.90
1.92
1.93
1.95
Los Angeles
$1.71 $76. 20
1.80 79. 03
41.3
40.7
78. 88
79. 08
79. 76
78. 79
79. 39
79. 47
80. 40
80. 44
80. 44
79. 68
79. 25
80. 26
81. 17
40.5
40.6
40.9
40.2
40.5
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.2
40.0
39.8
40.1
40.3
1.81
1.81
1.78
1.79
1. 78
1.80
1.82
1.86
1.87
1.84
1.87
1.89
1.86
75.71
76.82
77.76
79. 95
76.76
75.81
76.97
81. 34
77. 97
78.12
77.55
76. 97
79.10
42.0
41.1
$1.84 $73.00
1.94 74. 77
1.95
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.99
2.00
2.00
1.99
1. 99
2. 00
2.01
71.05
76. 33
74. 09
87. 48
78. 88
76. 64
76. 51
76. 52
76. 52
75.85
72.01
78.03
77.10
$1.82
1.91
37.8
39.7
40.2
44.5
41.0
38.4
38.2
37.9
37.9
37.1
36.3
39.9
38.7
1.88 76. 67
1.92 79. 44
1.84 78. 42
1.97 78. 44
1.92 78.30
2.00 76. 76
2. 00 78. 97
2.02 78. 40
2.02 76.04
2.05 76. 13
1.98 76.00
1.95 77.51
1.99 79. 43
Colorado
40.5
41.2
41.1
40.5
40.4
40. 1
40.6
40.1
39.4
39.6
39.3
39.8
40.3
1.89
1.93
1. 91
1.94
1.94
1.92
1. 95
1.95
1.93
1. 92
1. 93
1. 95
1. 97
$1.81 $67.16
1.88 71. 34
41.2
41.0
79. 90
71. 57
74.01
76. 48
73. 97
72.81
76. 56
76. 25
77.85
76. 24
75.30
77.35
40.0
39.5
41.4
42.6
40.4
38.2
39.3
38.4
38.9
38.9
37.8
38.8
30. ?
2.00 72.67
1.81 72.02
1. 79 74. 70
1.80 72. 61
1.83 74. 20
1.91 74. 27
1. 95 75. 26
1.99 77. 67
2.00 75.16
1. 96 75. 44
1. 99 75. 35
1.99 75. 66
2.01 77. 79
Connecticut
38.0
40.0
40.9
39.3
40.2
38.2
38.6
38.8
38.3
38.1
38.6
39.0
40.0
1.91 72.83
1.80 72.45
1.83 72. 38
1.85 69.65
1.85 70. 30
1.94 72.80
1.95 72.04
2. 00 71.02
1.96 72.00
1.98 72. 32
1.95 71.78
1.94 72. 76
1.94 75.21
42.1
41.4
41.6
39.8
40.4
41.6
40.7
39.9
40.0
40.4
40.1
40.2
41.1
$1.72 $77. 28
1.82 80. 96
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.87
1.86
1.86
1.87
1. «7
79.35
80. 34
79. 61
81.47
82. 40
81.84
81. 47
77. 70
77. 79
76. 07
75. 48
75. 30
70 90
43.7
44.0
43.6
43.9
43.5
43.8
44.3
44.0
43.8
42.0
41.6
40.9
40.8
40.7
<«1.0
$1.77 $69. 53
1.84 73. 95
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.87
1.86
1.85
1.85
1 SO
74.12
73.01
73.78
72. 92
76.01
75.05
75.47
71.20
73. 34
71. 69
70. 62
70. 27
70. 31
42.2
42.5
42.6
42.2
42.4
41.2
42.7
42.4
42.4
40.0
41.2
40.5
39.9
39.7
39. 5
Denver
$1. 63 $67.07
1.74 71. 28
1. 73
1.75
1.74
1.75
1.74
1.75
1. 77
1.78
1.80
1. 79
1. 79
1.81
1.83
72.14
71.80
71.97
70. 70
73. 28
72. 34
70.40
70. 67
71.82
72.72
73.44
73.20
73.35
1.74
1.73
1.74
1. 77
1.78
1.77
1. 78
1.78
1.78
1.77
1. 77
1.77
1.78
71. 32
68.88
71.49
70. 38
70. 97
71. 38
70. 62
65.66
67.66
67.49
66. 35
68. 28
68.85
41.4
41.8
42.2
41.0
42.3
41.2
41.5
41.5
41.3
38.4
39.8
39.7
38.8
39.7
39.8
41.4
41.2
$1.62
1. 73
41.7
41.5
41.6
40.4
41.4
41. 1
40.0
39.7
39.9
40.4
40.8
40.0
40.3
1.73
1.73
1. 73
1. 75
1.77
1.76
1. 76
1. 78
1.80
1.80
1. 80
1.83
1. 82
Stamford
New Haven
$1.65 $65. 00
1. 74 70.64
1.21
1.21
1.22
1. 22
1.23
1.23
1.25
1. 26
1. 25
1. 23
1.24
1.24
1.24
San BernardinoRiverside-Ontario
State
New Britain
41.1
41.4
40.6
41.2
41.2
40.0
40.6
38.6
40.9
41.4
41.0
40.5
41.1
40.5
40.3
39.3
39.4
Hartford
$1.14
1.21
$1.83 $73.78
1. 92 76.78
$1.76 $71.30
1.88 74.17
7Q 04
49.73
50.09
49. 53
50. 26
50. 68
49.94
50. 75
48.64
51.13
50. 92
50.84
50. 22
50.96
41.4
40.9
39.8
39.0
40.8
40.2
2.05
2.05
2. 04
2.06
2.06
2.09
2.10
2. 11
2.11
2.11
2.12
2.12
?.. 17
1.82
1.86
1.92
1.95
1.90
1. 90
1.91
1.96
1.93
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.92
41.6
41.3
40.5
41.0
40.4
39.9
40.3
41.5
40.4
40.9
40.6
40.3
41.2
Sacramento
Stockton
San Jose
Bridgeport
1. 76
1. 76
1.77
1.78
1.79
1.80
1. 80
1.79
1. 80
1. 79
1. 80
1. 80
1.81
37.6
37.4
42.9
42.0
$1. 95 $72.00
2.05 75. 36
39.3
38.8
39.7
39.1
39.8
38.7
38.6
38.9
38.6
38.8
38.4
39.2
39.3
$1.67 $72.58
1. 77 75.71
1. 58
1.62
1.61
1.66
1. 59
1.59
1. 62
1.61
1. 60
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.62
Fresno
40.0
1.98 67.89
37.5
40.0
1.97 66. 26 36.7
40.6
1.96 69. 00 38.8
39.9
1.98 66. 90 37.5
38.9
40.3
1.98 69.37
35.5
39.7
1.99 63.83
39.9
2.01 66. 05 36.2
39.6
2. 02 68.11
36.5
39.6
2.02 67. 95 36.4
39.5
2.02 69. 50 37.8
39.4
2.02 70.82
37.9
38. 2
39.8
2. 03 72.11
38.1
39.9
2. 04 70.86
California—Continued
$1.82 $77. 27
1.93 80. 30
State
$70. 28
1953: Average__ . . . . 74.87
63. 36
66. 26
65. 53
66. 90
62.17
61.85
65. 29
64.08
63.04
65.12
64. 87
67. 32
66. 26
1.71
1.77
1. 74
1.77
1. 76
1.77
1. 77
1.78
1.79
1.78
1. 77
1.77
1.78
San Francisco—
Oakland
San Diego
1952: Average.
1953: Average.
40.4
39.9
State
$1.12 $75.85
1.18 78.82
1.20
1.17
1.21
1.19
1.19
1.18
1.19
1.19
1.20
1.19
1. 20
1.21
1. 20
$1. 56 $60. 20
1. 73 63. 04
39.8
40.0
40.3
39.6
39.8
39.7
39.7
40.2
39.5
39.4
38.9
39.6
39. 2
Little Rock-North
Little Rock
1952: Average.......... $45.81
1953: Average.......... 48. 38
State
State
1. 38
55. 20 40.0
1.39
55.32
39.8
1.38
55. 48 40.2
1.41
55.13
39.1
1.39
54. 63
39.3
1.42
55. 38 39.0
1.41
54. 99 39.0
54. 95 38.7
1. 42
1.42
54.95
38.7
1.41
54. 57 38.7
54. 24 38.2
1.42
54. 67 38.5
1.42
1.44
55. 15 38.3
Arkansas—Con.
June..............
July...............
August..........
Septem ber..October.........
November__
December___
1954: January........ .
February........
March______
April..............
M ay...............
June........... .
Phoenix
Mobile
State
Year and month
Arkansas
Arizona
Alabama
$1. 57 $74. 64
1.69 80.45
1.69
1.68
1. 69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
78. 58
76.19
84.00
82.88
86.57
82.93
80. 34
77. 39
82. 39
80. 57
79. 59
78.99
78. 39
41.9
41.9
$1.78
1.92
41.8
40.1
43.3
42.5
43.5
42.1
41.2
40.1
41.4
40.9
40.4
40.3
40.2
1.88
1.90
1.94
1. 95
1. 99
1.97
1.95
1.93
1. 99
1. 97
1.97
1.96
1.95
1063
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able
C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas1—Continued
Connecticut--Con.
Waterbury
State
Tampa-St. Petersburg
State
Wilmington
State
Georgia
Florida
Delaware
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average_____ $68. 75
1953: Average_____ 75.93
June_____
July________
August______
September .
October. __
November
December.. _
1954: January
February__
March
April___
M ay____
June___
79.30
78. 04
76.29
75. 76
74.34
73.28
73.16
69. 91
71.60
72.00
69. 27
70.88
72.58
41.8
42.9
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.65 $66.46
1.77 69.89
$1.62 $76.85
1.71 82.28
40.9
41.2
$1.88 $53.59
2.00 55.36
42.7
42.2
$1.26 $51.68
1.31 54.53
41.8
42.0
$1.24 $47.88
1.30 50. 27
85. 33
85.52
80.14
79. 55
81.24
82.01
83.52
83.29
81.84
81.03
83.82
84.23
85. 31
42.2
41.9
40.7
40.3
40.2
40.4
40.8
40.2
40.0
39.8
40.2
40.3
40.8
Idaho
41.9
41.5
41.2
41.2
41.3
42.6
42.7
42.5
42.4
41.6
41.8
41.1
40.9
1.31 53.21
1.33 53. 81
1.33 52. 68
1.34 52. 74
1.33 53.92
1.33 55.19
1.33 56.31
1.33 55. 73
1.33 57.24
1.34 53. 60
1.34 55.06
1.34 54. 93
1.36 54.80
Illinois
41.1
41.3
40.4
40.3
40.8
42.2
43.4
41.9
42.4
40.3
41.4
41.3
41.2
41.0
40.8
44.3
41.2
1.79 70. 41
43.6
40.4
1.79 69.69
43.1
40.2
1.77 67.13
42.8
1.77 68. 64 41.4
40.4
42.0
1.77 69.21
41.4
39.7
1.77 69. 91
41.1
71.90
40.6
1.78
39.4
39.5
1.77 71.71
40.0
1.79 69. 97 39.6
40.0
1.80 69. 30 39.4
38.7
1.79 69. 53 38.8
39.6
1.79 71.02
39.9
40.5
40.1
1.81 71.16
Georgia—Continued
Atlanta
Savannah
$57.94
1952: Average _
1953: Average_____ 62. 83
40.8
40.8
$1.42 $60. 21
1.54 63. 57
42.7
42.1
64. 53
63.40
64.68
63.04
62.16
62.16
62. 62
65. 69
61.62
60. 45
61.86
62.41
62.09
41.1
40.9
41.2
39.9
40.1
40.1
40.4
40.8
39.5
39.0
39.4
39.5
39.3
1.57 63. 60
1.55 65. 48
1.57 64.41
1.58 63. 70
1.55 63. 76
1.55 65. 52
1.55 68. 57
1.61 67. 27
1.56 66.73
1.55 64. 64
1.57 64.37
1.58 64.17
1.58 64. 58
Iowa
42.4
42.8
42.1
41.0
41.4
42.0
43.4
41.2
42.5
41.7
41.8
41.4
41.4
June___
July________
August______
September
October___ _
November. _
December___
1954: January..
February___
M arch_____
April_____ .
M ay____
Ju n e ...
State
1952: Average__ _ $67. 08
1953: Average........... 69. 08
41.5
40.8
68. 75
66. 66
67. 66
69.24
70.62
70. 71
70.00
69. 83
68. 58
69.24
69.10
70. 57
71.27
40.8
39.6
40.5
40.3
41.1
40.9
40.8
40.4
39.9
39.9
39.7
40.1
40.5
June..............
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June___
$1.62 $69.81
1.69 73.98
1.69
1.68
1.68
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.71
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.76
1.76
42.0
41.7
63.19
64.58
64.02
64.53
64.68
63.84
65.14
63.90
63.83
65.35
64.24
65.67
65.89
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.1
42.0
42.0
42.3
40.7
40.4
41.1
40.4
41.3
41.7
Ju n e ...............
July________
August______
September___
October____
November. ..
December___
1954: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
74.37
69.71
76.18
76.39
75. 59
75.13
74.42
73.11
72. 01
73. 54
75.18
77. 71
76. 95
40.2
37.6
40.5
40.3
39.9
40.1
40.0
39.1
38.6
39.4
39.8
40.1
39.8
Louisiana
$1.41 $75.03
1.51 76.48
41.0
40.9
78.88
78. 81
80. 56
76.03
77. 75
75.89
77.00
77. 30
72.86
73.02
75. 36
78.34
80.12
41.3
41.7
41.1
39.6
41.8
40.8
41.4
40.9
39.6
39.9
40.3
40.8
41.3
1.50
1.53
1.53
1.55
1.54
1.56
1.58
1.56
1.57
1.55
1.54
1.55
1.56
$1.83 $72.18
1.87 76.39
1.91
1.92
1.96
1.92
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.89
1.84
1.83
1.87
1.92
1.94
$1.73 $71.42
1.85 74.18
1.85
1.86
1.88
1.90
1.89
1.87
1.86
1.87
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.94
1.93
73.37
73.78
74.75
72.75
73.40
75.48
73.80
75.86
77.:00
76.17
76.34
78.15
76.80
42.6
41.3
41.2
41.3
41.3
40.4
40.3
41.0
40.3
40.7
41.5
41.2
41.3
42.0
41.7
41.1
40.7
41.2
40.9
41.0
40.6
40.7
40.0
40.0
39.8
39.4
39.5
40.0
Kansas
$1.75 $74.84
1.86 79.82
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.91
79.82
79.53
80.19
80.81
80.37
79. 96
80. 31
78. 57
78.05
77.66
76.61
78.02
79. 27
41.2
41.3
41.4
40.9
41.2
41.1
41.1
40.8
40.8
39.9
39.8
39.5
39.0
39.4
40.0
42.2
41.1
$1.56 $76.73
1.62 76.33
43.7
40.9
62.42
63.40
66.97
65. 56
71.04
70.49
69.13
68.07
67.24
66.65
66.86
69.30
72. 74
40.6
40.3
41.5
39.9
42.0
41.5
41.2
41.2
40.9
40.7
40.3
40.9
42.2
1.54 74.26
1.58 73. 51
1.61 74. 43
1.64 73.48
1.69 73. 57
1.70 77. 52
1.68 74.12
1.65 75.44
1.64 81.06
1.64 81.04
1.66 81.22
1.69 81.70
1.72 80.19
Maine
40.4
39.8
39.9
39.3
38.6
40.6
38.6
38.9
41.7
41.5
41.7
41.7
41.0
1.78
1.79
1.81
1.80
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.84
40.3
40.1
61.62
61.62
61.93
63.12
64.62
64.06
63.67
63.50
63.41
65.20
63. 73
66. 99
67.06
39.5
39.5
39.7
39.7
40.9
40.8
40.3
39.2
38.9
40.0
39.1
40.6
40.4
1.56
1.56
1.56
1.59
1.58
1.57
1.58
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.65
1.66
56. 79
56.60
56. 31
56.32
56.03
54. 61
57.81
56.60
57.11
57.02
55.53
54.70
56.17
40.8
40.6
40.9
40.3
40.3
40.1
39.9
38.6
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.3
39.2
38.9
40.2
$1.35 $56.96
1.40 59. 57
1.39
1.41
1.40
1.41
1.40
1.42
1.42
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.41
1.40
58.27
60.62
60.38
61.08
59.42
58. 50
58.46
59.02
60.93
60.65
61.27
59.64
60.68
41.9
41.6
41.5
42.5
42.2
42.0
41.3
40.2
40.1
40.7
41.0
40.7
40.8
40.5
41.1
39.9
39.9
$1.20
1.26
40.4
39.9
40.0
38.6
39.4
39.4
39.0
38.6
38.8
38.7
38.2
38.0
38.4
Indiana
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.29
1.27
1.26
1.26
1.26
1.26
State
$1.82 $72. 64
1.94 77.14
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.97
1.96
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.98
1.98
77.15
77. 21
76.94
76.24
77.19
76.42
77.68
76.07
75.39
75.02
74.14
75.78
75.58
40.8
40.7
$1.78
1.89
41.0
40.1
40.4
40.1
40.3
39.8
40.2
39.4
39.3
39.2
38.7
39.6
39.4
Kentucky
1.88
1.92
1.90
1.90
1.92
1.92
1.93
1.93
1.92
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.92
State
$1.76 $62. 73
1.86 68.00
1.84
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.94
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.96
67.98
68.01
70.00
70.14
69. 75
67.44
67.03
66. 22
66.19
66.47
66.16
66.75
67.61
Portland
State
$1.41 $55.17
1.56 56.88
50.90
50. 27
50.80
49. 41
49. 64
49. 64
49. 53
49. 79
49. 28
48. 76
48.13
47.88
48. 51
Wichita
$1.68 $65. 55
1.79 66. 62
$2.04 $56. 82
2.14 62. 56
2.12
2.14
2.14
2.23
2.18
2.18
2.19
2.19
2.17
2.23
2. 23
2.24
2.25
41.2
41.1
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.31
1.30
1.33
1.35
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
Chicago
Topeka
41.4
41.6
42.2
43.2
41.6
42.0
41.1
40.9
41.6
41.0
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.4
41.4
76.18
75.58
76. 25
76. 59
76. 79
76. 56
76. 91
75.90
75.66
75.39
74.60
75. 25
76.20
State
New Orleans
89.46
92.45
89.02
93.66
89.60
89.16
91.10
89. 79
89.84
91.65
92.32
92.74
93.15
54.86
55.11
54. 75
55. 24
54. 94
56.84
56. 68
56. 53
56. 39
55. 74
56. 01
55.07
55. 62
State
Baton Rouge
$1.41 $84. 46
1.53 89.02
1.53
1.56
1.55
1.57
1.54
1.52
1.54
1.57
1.58
1.59
1.59
1.59
1.58
40.3
40.0
2.02
2.04
1.97
1.97
2. 02
2. 03
2.05
2.07
2.05
2.04
2.09
2.09
2.09
State
Des Moines
State
1952: Average.. . . _ $59. 22
1953: Average_____ 63.80
1.71
1.73
1.67
1.66
1. 71
1.76
1. 77
1.82
1.77
1.76
1.79
1.78
1.76
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.1
41.9
$1.49
1.62
41.5
41.4
42.5
41.8
42.4
40.6
40.6
40.2
39.9
39.9
39.6
40.0
40.5
Maryland
1.64
1.64
1.65
1.68
1. 65
1. 66
1.65
1.65
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.67
1.67
State
$1.36 $63.84
1.43 67.35
1.40
1.43
1.43
1.45
1.44
1.45
1.46
1.45
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.47
1.48
67.57
67.24
66.13
66.45
68.38
68.16
68. 72
66.15
67.92
68.18
67.30
68.20
68.66
40.5
40.7
$1.58
1.66
41.1
40.4
40.3
40.1
40.9
40.3
40.4
38.5
39.7
40.0
39.3
39.7
40.2
1.64
1.66
1.64
1.66
1.67
1.69
1.70
1.72
1.71
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.71
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1064
T able C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas1—Continued
Maryland—Con.
Massachusetts
State
Boston
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn- earn hours
fcugs ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.65 $63.43
1.76 66. 60
$1.57 $65.04
1.65 68.09
$1.61 $49.63
1. 70 53.46
$1.32 $53.52
1.37 55.55
$1.39 $69. 39
1.42 70. 38
Baltimore
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1952: Average—....... $67. 22
1953: Average_____ 71.73
June____
July________
August— _ —
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January. . . —
February........
March______
April_____ .
M ay_____ _
June________
40.7
40.9
72.02
41.3
1.75
72. 70 40.9
1.78
72.03
40.8
1.77
71.66
40.3
1.78
72.86
40.9
1.78
72.47
40.4
1.79
72.57
40.5
1.79
69. 61
38.9
1.79
71.34
39.9
1.79
71.66
40.2
1.78
70. 97
39.7
1.79
72.16
40.0
1.80
72. 57 40.3
1.80
Massachusetts—Con.
67.16
66.90
66.66
66.07
65.80
65. 30
67. 37
66.19
66.63
65.90
64.02
64. 57
65.24
Worcester
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.3
40.4
39.8
39.4
39.1
40.1
39.4
39.9
39.7
38.8
38.9
39.3
1.65
1.66
1. 65
1.66
1.67
1.67
1.68
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.65
1.66
1.66
68.11
67.89
69. 08
68.28
67.99
67. 34
69. 25
67.86
68.16
68.90
67.69
68.78
68.16
40.4
40.1
40.3
39.7
40.4
39.7
39.3
38.7
39.8
39.0
39.4
39.6
38.9
39.3
39.4
1952: Average_____ $68.21
1953: Average_____ 71.81
40.6
40.9
41.0
41.5
$1.98 $84.36
2.09 89.18
40.5
41.0
June......... —
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay____
June________
41.0
41.6
1.75 87.28
41.0
1.77 85.84
40.8
41.2
41.3
1.76 86.15
40.3
39.5
1.77 85.40
40.6
41.6
1.80 87.90
40.9
39.7
1.79 86.59
40.4
1.78 87. 75 41.1
41.3
39.5
1.77 88.46
39.8
1.76 86. 48 40.6
39.7
1.76 85.10
40.2
39.2
40.4
1.77 85.97
39.0
40.5
1.78 86.31
39.6
40.0
1.80 85.48
Michigan—-Continued
2.10 88.96
2.10 87.20
2.09 89. 71
2.12 88.59
2.11 93.26
2.12 91.32
2.14 90. 44
2. 14 91.58
2. 13 89.06
2.12 88.70
2. 13 87.87
2.13 89.34
2.14 88.16
40.9
40.0
41.0
39.8
41.8
41.1
40.5
40.9
39.9
39.9
39.6
40.1
39.2
71.75
72. 57
72 69
69.92
73.08
71.06
71.91
69.92
70.05
69.87
69.38
69.42
71.28
$1.68 $81.34
1.76 86.65
Saginaw
Muskegon
1952: Average_____ $82. 37
1953: Average_____ 82.76
40.2
40.0
$2. 05 $78.44
2.07 86.40
41.7
43.2
June......... ......
Ju ly-----------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January...........
F eb ru ary ___
March____ _
April_____ —
M ay________
June...... .........
39.9
39.5
38.3
38.8
38.7
39.2
39.0
38.9
38.7
39.1
38.3
38.5
37.1
2.04 95.17
2.07 90.27
2.05 84.32
2.07 81.71
2.05 79.39
2.09 78.79
2.08 81.55
2.08 83.19
2.09 78.84
2.08 78. 49
2.08 84.33
2. 07 82. 05
2. 07 84. 56
Mississippi
46.0
44.1
42.5
41.1
40.4
40.3
41.0
41.1
39.4
39.7
41.3
40.4
40.5
81.32
81.61
78.40
80.12
79.41
81.97
81.08
81.07
80.77
81.48
79.66
79.73
76.91
State
1952: Average_____ $45.45
1953: Average........... 46.63
41.7
40.9
June________
July----- ------August______
September___
October.. _ ..
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay___
J u n e ... .. —
41.4
41.0
41.4
39.9
40.8
39.3
39.9
40.5
40.7
40.8
40.9
39.4
40.8
46.78
46. 33
47.20
46. 68
46.10
45. 20
46.28
46.98
47 21
47. 33
47.04
46. 10
47. 74
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.5
41.2
49.20
47. 84
47.88
49.20
50.10
49.92
50. 70
48.19
49. 35
50. 47
50. 65
48.26
50.70
41.0
40.2
39.9
41.0
42.1
41.6
41.9
39.5
39.8
40.7
40.2
38.3
39.3
1.13
1.13
1.14
1.17
1.13
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.16
1.15
1.17
1.17
54.12
39.5
52.33
38.2
52.22
38.4
53. 27 38.6
53.52
38.5
52.88
37.5
54.49
39.2
51.80
37.0
53. 79 38.7
51.79
37.8
52. 47
38.3
50.46
36.3
51.34
37.2
Michigan
$1.88 $69.35
2.00 72.56
2.07
2.05
1.98
1.99
1.97
1.96
1.99
2.02
2.00
1.98
2.04
2.03
2.09
72.58
72.09
71.85
72. 65
75.02
74.10
74. 73
73.04
73.81
73.43
72.92
73.38
74. 22
41.7
41.2
41.2
41.4
41.6
40.9
41.5
41.0
41.0
40.5
40.6
40.4
40.0
40.2
40.7
$2.08 $85.00
2.18 99.19
2.18
2. 18
2.19
2.23
2.23
2. 22
2. 23
2. 24
2.23
2.23
2.20
2.23
2. 25
101. 53
105.82
98. 35
98.79
92.64
84.80
97. 27
99.36
94.98
87. 87
99.59
97. 59
89.20
$1.66 $68.11
1.76 71.16
1.76
1.74
1. 73
1.78
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.80
1.82
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.83
40.5
39.9
68.05
68.51
68.72
68.19
68. 63
67.08
67.94
67.87
67.16
67.35
66.92
67. 51
67.24
40.2
40.1
40.5
39.3
39.8
38.8
39.5
39.2
39.0
39.1
38.6
38.8
38.8
1.20
1.19
1.20
1.20
1.19
1.20
1. 21
1.22
1.24
1.24
1.26
1.26
1.29
70.79
72. 07
79.11
71.97
73.85
69. 28
69. 27
71.92
74.59
71.14
71.38
73.73
72. 75
57.23
56.52
56.66
55.77
53. 48
53. 71
55.54
53.68
53.02
53.68
51.55
53.86
55. 54
40.3
39.8
39.9
39.0
37.4
37.3
38.3
37.8
37.6
37.8
36.3
37.4
38.3
1.42
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.45
1.42
1.41
1.42
1.42
1.44
1.45
71. 62
71.10
70.00
68.11
69. 20
69. 25
71.22
71.51
71.63
71.40
69.52
70.80
71.96
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.8
40.9
$1.66
1.72
41.4
41.1
40.7
39.6
40.0
39.8
40.7
40.4
40.7
40.8
39.5
40.0
40.2
1.73
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.75
1. 77
1.76
1.75
1.76
1.77
1.79
Lansing
41.3
44.8
$2.06 $74. 64
2. 21 80.54
41.7
42.1
$1.79 $84. 79
1.91 94. 87
41.2
43.5
$2.06
2.18
44.2
45.3
44.3
44.4
42.4
38.6
43.6
44.3
42.9
40.7
44.5
43.8
40.6
2.30 81.77
2. 34 79. 37
2.22 80.66
2. 23 79.98
2.19 81.99
2.20 81.20
2.23 85.54
2.24 83.01
2. 21 81.99
2.16 80.08
2.24 81.45
2.23 79.93
2.20 80.40
Minnesota
42.7
41.6
42.1
41.4
42.2
41.6
42.6
41.8
41.6
40.9
41.2
40.8
41.0
1.92 101. 64
1.92 93. 56
1.92 92.23
1.93 87.45
1.94 90.56
1 95 91.64
2.01 95.18
1.99 92.30
1.97 98.12
1.96 92.82
1.98 96.26
1.96 96.70
1.96 94.14
45.6
42.8
42. 5
40.3
41.6
42.0
42.7
41.5
43.9
42.5
43.3
43.6
42.1
2.23
2. 19
2.17
2.17
2 18
2.18
2.23
2.22
2.24
2.18
2. 22
2. 22
2.24
39.5
39.0
Minneapolis
$1.72 $70.16
1.83 72.88
39.0
39.1
41.4
39.1
39.6
38.2
37.7
38.2
39.1
38.9
39.4
39.7
39.0
Missouri
1.82
1.84
1.91
1.84
1.87
1.81
1.84
1.88
1.91
1.83
1.81
1.86
1.87
72.78
73.88
72.45
74.82
74.62
74.00
73.42
73.36
73.12
72.80
72.48
72. 48
75. 03
Kansas City
$1.58 $69.92
1.69 74.53
40.9
40.5
74.95
76. 83
78.13
75.30
75.88
75.72
74. 71
75.79
74. 32
74.08
74. 53
75. 46
75. 46
40.5
41.0
41.3
40.1
40.5
40.3
40.0
40.2
39.7
39.7
39.4
39.7
39.3
1.69
1.71
1.70
1.74
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.73
1.72
1.72
1.74
1.74
1. 73
38.5
39.3
Springfield-Holyoke
Grand Rapids
Duluth
State
$1.13 $64.21
1.20 67. 56
1.37
1.37
1.36
1.38
1.39
1.41
1.39
1.40
1.39
1.37
1.37
1.39
1.38
Flint
State
Jackson
$1.09 $48.03
1.14 49.44
1.69
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.75
1.73
37.6
39.0
Detroit
State
New Bedford
Fall River
41.9
41.2
41.1
41.6
41.1
41.4
41.3
41.1
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.0
39.9
39.7
40.6
St. Paul
$1.67 $70. 27
1.77 74.02
1.77
1.78
1.78
1.81
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.85
74.23
74.43
72.79
75. 95
76.48
75.38
74.68
76. 72
76.08
75.49
75.61
76.08
75. 81
St. Louis
$1.71 $67. 27
1. 84 71. 60
1.85
1.88
1.89
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.87
1.89
1.87
1.87
1.89
1.90
1.92
72.25
72.59
72.48
72.74
72. 49
71.13
73. 06
72.66
71.84
72.06
71.51
72.54
73.63
40.3
40.1
40.2
40.1
40.4
39.7
39.7
38.8
39.8
39.5
39.2
39.3
38.7
39.0
39.3
40.3
40.0
$1.74
1.85
40.3
40.0
39.3
39.8
40.1
39.5
39.1
39.9
39.6
39.5
39.2
39.4
39.5
Montana
1.84
1.86
1.85
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.91
1.92
1.92
1.91
1.93
1.93
1.92
State
$1.67 $76.46
1. 79 79. 76
1.80
1.81
1.80
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.88
82. 89
78. 23
81.30
79.81
79.21
80. 05
81.54
SO. 42
77.50
76. 77
77.54
78.25
76. 20
41.0
41.4
$1.86
1.93
42.9
40.5
41.5
40.7
41.5
41.2
41.5
40.4
39.3
39.0
39.3
40.2
39.4
1.93
1.93
1.96
1.96
1.92
1.93
1.96
1.99
1.97
1.97
1.97
1.95
1.93
1065
0 : EARNINGS AND HOURS
T able C-6. Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas1—Continued
Year and m onth
N evada
State
State
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn hours earn earn wkly.
ings
ings
ings
ings hours
$1.46 $80. 90
1.57 86. 74
$1.94 $56.17
2. 08 57.51
40.7
40.5
83. 62 41.6
2. 01 58. 22
83. 84 41.1
2. 04 57. 37
89. 46 42.4
2.11 57.51
2.13 56. 49
86. 69 40.7
2.19 55.20
90. 23
41.2
89. 38 41.0
2.18 56. 77
91.36
42.1
2.17 57. 92
91.37
42.5
2.15 57.08
88. 60 41. 4 2.14 57. 92
83. 56 39. 6 2.11 57. 34
S3. 50 39. 2 2.13 55.48
86.00
40.0
2.15 55. 58
2.11 57. 57
84. 38 39.8
New Jersey—Continued
41.0
40.4
40.5
39.5
38.6
39.7
40.5
40.2
40. 5
40.1
38. 8
38.6
39.7
1952: Average_____ $61.16
1953: Average___ - 65.40
41.9
41. 7
June________
July________
August______
September__
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January_____
43.2
41. 9
41.8
42.2
42.4
43 1
41.7
40.7
40. 5
40. 7
41. 3
42.1
42.7
F e b r u a ry
M arch__
April_______
M av_____
June__ .
66. 74
64. 51
65. 33
67. 21
67. 82
70. 45
67. 57
66. 31
65.84
65. 84
66 21
67. 43
67. 97
1.54
1.54
1.56
1.59
1.60
1.64
1.62
1.63
1. 62
1. 62
1. 60
1. 60
1.59
1952: Average_____ $72.04
74. 66
1953: Average...
41.5
41.0
75.17
74. 05
73.63
73. 81
75.46
74. 87
75.52
72.51
74. 77
74. 44
73. 01
74.29
76.03
41.3
40.6
40. 5
40.2
40.9
40.6
41.0
39.3
40.7
40. 5
39.7
40.2
40.9
$1.74 $71. 31
1. 82 75.30
1. 82
1.82
1.82
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.86
Albany-SchenectadyTroy
1952: Average____ $72.45
1953: A v erag e..__ 76.57
40.9
40.4
78.60
76.13
77. 62
77.11
76.28
76. 34
77.26
75. 50
74. 86
75. 91
74. 39
74.14
75. 02
40.9
40.0
40.3
40.0
39.9
39.6
39.6
39.1
39.0
39.4
38.9
39.1
39.3
June__ _ .July_____ -.
August— __
September__
October..
November
December__
1954: January.. February.......M arch. . . .
April_____
M ay________
June__ _ . . .
75.12
75.50
76.51
75.70
75. 35
75. 13
75. 95
73.89
74.15
74. 61
72.82
75.54
75. 99
41.2
41.6
77. 58
76. 49
76. 78
77.51
76. 33
76.70
77.16
77.10
76.37
75. 65
74.62
75. 45
76.86
41.8
41.4
41.6
41.9
41.2
41.3
41.2
40.5
40.1
39.9
39.3
39.6
40.0
June__ - . . .
Ju lv ________
August— __
September__
October_____
November- —
December— 1954: January___ February____
M arch__ ____
April_______
M a y ..............
June________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.3
41.1
41.2
40.7
40.6
40.5
40.7
39.2
39.4
39.9
38.9
40.2
40.4
$1.73 $68.69
1.83 73. 78
1.82
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.87
1.87
1.88
1.88
1. 86
1.85
1.85
1.85
1. 85
1.86
1.87
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.90
1.91
1.92
75.12
75. 68
71.68
70.05
69. 79
70. 73
72.94
69. 89
69. 52
71.31
69. 67
70. 50
71.61
42.1
1.70 84.41
42.1
1. 70 85.20
1.70 84.40
41.8
1.71 81.04
40.1
40.9
1.71 82.30
1.72 83. 50 41.3
1.73 82. 76 40.9
40.8
1.73 82.70
1.72 81.10
40.2
1.73 80. 02 39.7
1.74 79. 49 39.4
1.74 82. 70 40.5
1.74 82. 42 40.1
York--Continued
77.44
76.25
76. 82
76. 75
77.20
77.91
76. 53
73.80
74.19
73. 49
72.74
73.20
72.88
42.3
41.7
41.8
41.9
41.8
42.0
41.4
40.4
40.5
40.2
39.9
39.9
39.7
41.1
40. 9
$1.73 $72. 33
1.82 75. 83
39.1
38. 6
39.2
37.6
35.2
37.6
39.0
38.7
39.0
38.7
35.9
35.9
37.3
1.43 74. 76
1.41 74. 95
1.43 73.59
1.42 73.83
1.43 73. 93
1.43 74. 07
1.43 75. 07
1.42 72. 79
1.42 73 78
1.43 74.01
1.42 72. 38
1.44 74.08
1.43 74 73
New Mexico
41.1
40.8
40.5
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.6
39. 2
39.9
39.9
39.0
39.7
39.9
43.3
41.2
$1.70 $65. 54
1.83 69. 21
40.5
40.8
69. 38
68. 50
68. 98
69.74
69. 93
70.04
68. 98
68.17
68. 05
68. 55
67.64
68.62
68. 72
40.9
40.5
40.6
40.8
40.6
40.4
39.5
39.2
39.2
39.4
38.9
39.5
39.4
$1. 66 $71. 83
1.80 71.10
43.8
41.1
73. 02
69. 43
70. 52
69.20
68. 34
69. 24
72. 40
72. 09
70.40
72. 45
72. 45
73. 92
73. 22
42.7
40.6
41.0
40.0
39.5
38.9
40.0
40.5
40.0
40.7
40.7
42.0
41.6
1.80
1.77
1.82
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.94
1.88
1.87
1.89
1.86
1.86
40.7
40.6
71.98
68.93
70.20
71.35
74.00
73.39
73.60
72.10
73. 03
72. 93
73. 58
73.03
73. 53
40.8
39.3
39.8
39.7
41.2
40.8
40.7
39.6
40.4
40.5
40.6
40.5
40.6
2.00
2.02
2. 02
2.02
2.01
2.02
2. 02
2.03
2. 02
2.01
2.02
2.04
2. 06
1.70
1.69
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.74
1. 74
1.73
1.74
1.74
1.74
1.75
72. 83
09. 31
70. 92
69. 59
69. 87
67. 68
71.65
68. 30
69. 41
71.12
72. 17
71.58
71.37
39.8
40.0
40.7
39.2
40.0
39.3
39.7
38.9
39.8
38.1
38.5
39.2
39.1
39.0
38.9
41.4
41.1
$1.75
1.84
76. 69 41.5
40.8
76. 01
75.60
40.8
75.09
40.5
75.09
40.5
76.69
40.9
40.5
76. 42
39.2
74. 52
75. 06 39.8
39.9
75. 21
73. 94 39.1
75. 55 39.7
76. 06 39.8
New York
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.89
1.88
1.89
1.90
1.91
State
39.8
39.7
$1.70
1.79
71.27
71.25
71. 45
70. 42
71.54
71. 50
71.85
70. 76
71.26
71.58
69. 57
70.60
71.11
39.9
39. 5
39.7
39.0
39.6
39.5
39.4
38.5
38.8
39.0
38.1
38.6
38.7
1.78
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.84
1.84
1.84
1.71
1.71
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.78
1.81
1. 78
1.76
1.78
1.78
1.76
1.76
1.83
1.83
1.84
New York City
$1.68 $82.69
1.78 83. 77
44.9
42.5
$1.84 $65.49
1. 97 67.49
38.1
37.9
$1.72
1.78
83.34
82. 96
82. 67
84. 28
85. 31
81.00
82. 49
75. 91
81.42
82. 75
80.67
82. 52
84.89
42.2
41.8
41.9
42.2
42.6
41.2
41.4
38.1
41.0
41.2
40.1
40.7
41.5
1.98 66.74
1.99 67.29
1.97 67. 76
2.00 65. 91
2.00 68. 11
1.96 68.09
1.99 68.60
1.99 68.11
1.99 68.98
2.01 70.01
2.01 66. 61
2. 03 67. 36
2.05 67. 77
North Carolina
38.0
37.5
37.7
36.7
37.8
37.9
37.8
36.9
37.3
37.8
36.5
37.2
37.3
1.76
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.79
1.82
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.76
1.76
1.77
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.80
1.81
1.80
1.81
$1.66 $47. 52
1. 76 48. 34
39.6
39.3
48.19
48.34
48. 46
46. 99
48. 22
47. 99
47. 86
45. 63
46.62
47. 25
46. 38
46 75
47. 75
39.5
39.3
39.4
38.2
39.2
38.7
38.6
36.8
37.6
37.8
37.1
37.1
37.9
1.79
1. 77
1.77
1.77
1.76
1.74
1.80
1.79
1.80
1.82
1.85
1.83
1.84
Charlotte
State
"Westchester County
$1.62 $66.25
1.70 70.11
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.64 $67. 77
1.73 71.12
Nassau and Suffolk
Counties
Blmira
$1.87 $68. 48
1.99 72.05
1.82
1.84
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.86
1.85
1.85
1.86
1.87
1.87
Albuquerque
State
Utica-Rome
1.83
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.85
1.85
1.85
1.83
1.83
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.83
$1.40 $71.02
1.42 74. 32
41.9
1.82 75.42
1.84 72. 75 41.1
1.79 75. 71 41.6
1.78 76.36
41.5
41.1
1.78 75.21
1.79 73. 97 40.2
41.7
1.81 77.15
1.81 79. 35 40.9
1.80 75. 58 40.2
40.7
1.81 76.11
1. 79 76. 36 40.4
1.79 77. 38 41.6
1.81 77.19
41.5
York--Continued
40.0
39.4
38.8
38.6
38.7
38.7
38.7
38.2
38.2
37.7
37.1
36.8
37.5
New
41.9
42.2
38.8
38.6
41.3
41.2
40.0
39.4
39.1
39.6
40.3
38.7
38.6
39.4
38.9
39.3
39 5
New
41.4
41.6
Syracuse
55. 91
54.43
56. 06
53. 39
50. 34
53. 77
55. 77
54.95
55. 38
55. 34
50. 98
51. 70
53 34
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.70 $71. 88
1.80 74.16
$1.65 $77. 35
1.70 83.04
$1.77 $71.16
1.84 77.02
1.42
1. 42
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.44
1.45
Newark-Jersey City
State
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
40.5
40.9
39.1
39.4
68.06
67. 04
65. 81
65.81
66. 35
66. 65
67.17
65. 91
65. 78
65.17
64.50
63. 86
65.13
$1.38 $54. 32
1. 42 54. 81
Trenton
Buffalo
$1.77 $64. 59
1.90 67.08
1.92
1.90
1.93
1.93
1.91
1.93
1.95
1.93
1.92
1.93
1.91
1.90
1.91
41.1
41.1
Manchester
State
Binghampton
Rochester
1952: Average—. — $72. 61
1953: Average_____ 76.54
41.7
41.7
New Hampshire
Perth Amboy
Paterson
June________
July.............
August______
Septem b er.. .
October_____
November. ..
December..- 1954: January..- . February____
M arch__ _ .
A pril.. .
M ay_______
June________
New Jersey
Nebraska
$1.20 $51.01
1.23 51.33
1.22
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.26
1.26
51.84
51. 58
51.71
49. 79
52.26
52. 39
51.22
50. 70
52.40
53.06
52. 39
51.87
52. 27
40.3
40.1
$1.27
1.28
40.5
40.3
40.4
38.3
40.2
40.3
39.4
39.0
40.0
40. 5
40.3
39.9
39.9
1.28
1.28
1.28
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.30
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.31
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1066
T a b l e C -6 : Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas—Continued
North Carolina—Con.
Year and month
Greensboro-High
Point
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Fargo
State
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1.42 $64.20
1.48 63.79
43.8
42.2
$1.47 $75.14
1.51 79.86
$1.83
1.95 $73. 86
41.5
$1.78
65. 99
67. 28
65. 31
64.01
63.99
67.68
62.82
44.2
43.7
43.3
43.4
41.0
42.0
39.4
41.2
40.4
41.1
41.5
41.6
41. 2
41.5
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.0
40.1
40.2
1.79
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.82
1. 83
1.84
1.84
$64.04
65. 26
$46.46
46.98
45. 44
44. 29
44.93
46.59
36.3
36.7
35.5
34.6
35.1
36.4
1952: Average_____ $65.68
1953: Average_____ 70.14
June........... .
July.............
August______
September___
October...........
November___
December.......
1954: January...........
February........
M arch______
April............ .
M a y ...............
Ju n e ...............
41.3
41.6
40.9
41.2
41.7
41.8
41.8
41.1
41.3
41.6
41. 1
41.2
41.4
68. 56
70. 30
69.94
70.45
70. 89
71.06
71.48
71.10
71.45
71.55
70.69
71.69
72.45
39.6
38.8
June................
Ju ly.......... .
August..........
September__
October_____
November___
December___
1954: January_____
February___
March.........
April_______
M ay.............. .
June_______
38.5
38.2
39.0
38.5
38.9
38.5
37.3
36.8
37.5
37.6
36.3
35.7
35.9
66. 57
66.24
67.70
68.15
68.39
68.18
64.90
64.51
64.84
64.94
62.94
62. 08
62.43
Tulsa
$1.56 $63. 36
1.69 67.82
43.4
43.2
42.7
40.9
67.39
66.94
66. 72
70.24
71.48
71.77
72. 21
70.85
69. 28
69.01
69. 50
69.69
71.78
43.2
42.1
41.7
43.9
44.4
44.3
44.3
43.2
43.3
42.6
42.9
42.4
43.5
1.66
1.69
1.71
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.73
1. 73
1.72
1.72
1.74
1.75
$1.61 $70.33
1.73 75.21
1.73
1.73
1.74
1. 77
1.76
1.77
1.74
1.75
1.73
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.74
39.4
39.9
June_______ 67.40
July............... . 67.10
August.......... 66.26
September__ 63.17
October......... 65.60
November__ 64.70
December___ 64. 66
1954: January_____ 62. 94
February___ 64.19
M arch______ 64.19
April............... 61.35
M ay................ 63.47
June............... 63.89
40.6
40.4
39.7
38.1
39.4
39.0
38.6
37.8
37.9
38.6
36.8
37.8
38.1
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.46 $72.59
1.57 75.26
1.56
1.59
1.60
1.60
1.61
1.62
1.63
1.64
1.60
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.65
73. 69
70.80
74.17
73. 85
74. 79
73. 72
73. 65
75.91
74.76
75. 99
73.48
73. 50
73.24
41.2
41.1
$1.71 $61.33
1.83 63.80
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.66
1.67
1.66
1.68
1.67
1.66
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.68
54.74
54. 83
54.44
54.97
55. 57
55.04
54.66
53.84
55.63
54.73
51.73
54.40
53.35
38.7
39.1
39.3
39.5
39.0
38.9
39.3
38.6
38.2
37.7
38.5
37.9
36.1
38.2
37.7
80. 21
80. 41
79. 88
79. 89
79.95
79.07
80.04
78. 60
77.64
76.66
76.93
77.70
78.34
1.39
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.41
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.45
1.44
1.43
1.42
1.42
51.07
49. 79
50.73
50. 21
51.67
51.34
50.79
50.20
51.92
51.70
47.16
50.57
49. 92
41.2
41.1
40.9
40.5
40.5
40.2
40.5
39.8
39.4
39.0
39.1
39.3
39.5
40.7
39.6
38.0
37.6
37.8
37.1
37.3
37.0
37.2
37.2
36.7
36.3
37.3
37.6
34.2
37.1
37.2
Cincinnati
1.95
1.96
1.95
1. 97
1. 97
1.97
1.98
1.97
1.97
1.96
1.97
1.98
1.98
73. 65
72. 38
73. 71
74. 70
75.45
74.78
75. 52
73. 21
73. 47
73.47
73.09
73.69
73. 77
Oregon
State
$1.70 $79. 56
1.84 82.04
38.9
38.7
$1.51 $59.49
1.61 62.69
1.62
1.62
1.61
1.63
1.62
1.63
1.63
1.63
1.61
1.60
1.60
1.59
1.60
62.90
63.65
63.33
61.86
62.54
61.66
61.71
60.26
63.19
62. 51
60.37
63.06
63.54
$2.05 $73. 39
2.12 76.19
2.16
2.12
2.13
2.13
2.10
2.12
2.10
2.12
2.12
2.14
2.16
2.19
2.17
41.6
41.6
41.5
40.3
40.9
40.3
40.2
38.9
40.4
40.3
39.1
40.3
40.6
76.17
75.33
77. 55
75. 57
77.05
75. 95
76.00
76. 95
77.06
76.23
78.31
77.80
77.34
64. 73
62.18
63.42
61.69
64.17
63.13
63.68
62. 53
63. 57
63.31
60.60
60.49
62. 46
41.4
41.8
42.7
41.1
42.0
40.8
41.4
40.7
41.3
39.8
40.7
40.4
38.6
38.7
40.8
$81.01
84.87
38.7
38.4
37.9
38.2
38.6
38.0
39.1
37.6
38.0
38.4
38.3
38.0
38.5
38.1
38.7
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
42.3
41.6
$1.92
2.04
84.92
42.1
2.02
85.17
41.8
2.04
2.04
84. 96
41.7
84 95 41 0
2.07
85.22
2.05
41.5
83.82
40.9
2.05
2.06
85.38
41.5
2.06
83.58
40.6
2. 04
81.57
40.0
2. 04
79.86
39. 2
80. 58 39.5
2.04
2.04
39.4
80.56
81.22
39.7
2.05
Pennsylvania
State
$1.90 $66.54
1.98 71.38
2.01
1.97
2.01
1.99
1.97
2. 02
2.00
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.03
2.04
2.05
Philadelphia
70. 92
70. 71
72.13
72.32
72. 33
71.72
71.40
70. 20
70. 52
70.01
68.00
69.33
69.46
40.2
39.9
$1.66
1.79
40.0
39.5
39.9
39.5
39.7
39.3
39.1
38.3
38.8
38.7
37.5
38.1
38.2
1.77
1.79
1.81
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.83
1.82
1.81
1.81
1.82
1.82
Pittsburgh
$1.44 $69. 97
1.52 73. 91
40.8
40.5
$1.72 $75.82
1.83 81.89
40.5
40.4
$1.87
2.03
73. 73
73. 28
74. 58
75. 31
74.61
74.35
74. 80
71. 28
73.92
74.15
71.58
73.59
73.68
40.6
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.2
40.1
40.3
38.3
39.7
39.8
38.4
39.0
38.9
1.82
1.83
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.85
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.86
1.89
1.89
Rhode
40.8
40.4
40.7
40.1
40.2
39.6
39.6
39.7
39.0
38.5
37.8
38.2
38.3
2.00
2.04
2.06
2.10
2.06
2.05
2.06
2.07
2. 05
2.05
2.05
2.05
2.07
1.51
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.55
1. 57
1.55
1.54
1. 56
1.57
York
$1.31 $57.13
1.36 63.08
1.35
1.34
1.36
1.36
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.36
1.34
41.2
41.3
Cleveland
Portland
Lancaster
Wilkes-BarreHazleton
$1.32 $49.74
1.40 51.06
41.1
41.0
41.4
1.81 83.58
38.6
41.3
1.83 83.05
39.1
40.8
38.4
1.85 81.70
40.0
1.84 81.17
38.2
40.0
1.86 81.50
38.8
40.0
1.87 81.46
38.3
40.5
1.88 81.06
38.6
40.1
1.90 81.99
38.6
41.4
1.92 82.16
38.7
40.9
1.93 82.31
38.5
40.5
1.91 83. 77 38.8
1.92 84.89
40.9
38.8
41.2
1.93 83.88
38.6
Pennsylvania—Continued
41.1
40.1
1.79 64.76
39.2
1.81 63. 30 39.1
40.4
1.84 63. 67 39.5
1.82 62.84
40.6
38.6
40.8
1.83 62. 34 38.6
40.0
1.84 63.56
38.9
1.87 62.40
38.4
40.5
40.4
1.88 62.26
38.1
40.0
1.87 61.19
38.1
40.4
1.88 59.97
37.6
39.4
35.4
1.87 56.60
39.6
1.86 58. 55 36.8
39.4
1.86 60. 47 37.7
Pennsylvania—C ontinued
Scranton
$1.58 $51.08
1.66 54.62
74. 93
75. 58
75.48
73.60
74. 40
74.80
76.14
76.19
79.49
78. 94
77.36
78. 53
79. 52
1.49
1.54
1. 51
1.47
1.56
1.61
1.60
Harrisburg
Erie
Reading
1952: Average_____ $62.13
66.15
1953: Average___
1.46
1.49
1.47
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.52
1.53
1.54
1.49
1.47
1.51
1.53
Oklahoma City
Allentown-Bethlehem-Easton
1952: Average_____ $63. 76
1953: Average_____ 67.05
45.1
44.2
66.87
45.7
69.00
46.4
68. 75 46.7
65. 74 45.4
65. 41 43.7
43.9
68.03
64. 08 42.2
$1.28 66.04
43.2
42.4
1.28 65.34
42.4
1.28 63.16
42.9
1. 28 63.25
44.1
1.28 66.42
1.28 70.22
45.8
Oklahoma
State
42.1
41.5
Ohio
State
1952: Average.._
1953: Average...
June.........
July..........
August__
September.
O ctober...
November.
December.
1954: January...
February..
March___
April____
M ay.........
June..........
North Dakota
State
$1.38 $59.62
1.51 60.50
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.55
1.55
1.54
1.57
1.56
1.57
1.57
1.56
1.53
61.61
60. 26
57.26
59. 72
57. 78
58. 72
60.68
59.43
59.89
60.44
59.28
59.89
60.60
40.2
39.8
40.8
40.0
37.8
38.8
38.0
37.9
40.0
39.0
39.7
39.8
39.1
39.3
39.7
81.64
82. 21
83.76
84.29
82. 73
81.18
81.42
82.26
80.03
79.00
77. 34
78.42
79.20
Island
Providence
$1.48 $59.16
1.52 60.45
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.54
1.52
1.55
1.52
1.52
1.51
1. 52
1. 52
1.52
1.53
61.31
60.60
59.40
59.80
59.04
59.04
61.26
59. 89
61.31
61.00
59.65
60.40
61.10
40.8
40.3
$1.45
1.50
40.6
40.4
39.6
39.6
39.1
39.1
40.3
39.4
40.6
40.4
39.5
40.0
40.2
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.52
1.52
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1. 52
1067
C: EARNINGS AND HOURS
T a b l e C -6 : Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
States and areas1—Continued
State
Sioux Falls
State
Charleston
State
Tennessee
South Dakota
South Carolina
Year and m onth
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
earn
ings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
1952: A verage___________
1953: Average____ - _____
$47.88
49. 60
39.9
40.0
$1.20
1.24
$48.03
50.27
40.7
39.9
$1.18
1.26
$62. 76
63.95
44.2
43.5
$1.42
1.47
$69.01
71.10
45.4
45.0
$1.52
1. 58
$54.67
56.84
40.8
40.6
$1.34
1.40
J u n e ____ _____
July _____________
August__________ -September _________
October__________
November ___ _ _
December . ______
1954: Ja n u a ry ___________
February___ ______
M arch..’___________
April________ _____
M ay_______________
June__. . . . ..........
50. 22
49.48
49.35
49.39
49. 60
49.35
49.62
48.88
49.12
49.50
48.26
48.13
48.89
40.5
39.9
39.8
39.2
40.0
39.8
39.7
39.1
39.3
39.6
38.3
38.2
38.8
1.24
1.24
1.24
1.26
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.26
1.26
1.26
52.10
50. 67
51.09
53.04
53.73
50.44
50.94
50.96
49.66
50.31
49. 27
52. 67
50.82
43.5
64. 51
1.28
40.7
42.6
63.27
39.9
1.27
62. 35
42.8
1.30
39.3
44.0
64.04
1.36
39.0
65.11
44.0
1.35
39.8
46.
5
67.69
1.30
38.8
44.9
68.96
1.28
39.8
44.4
1.29
68. 78
39.5
41.6
63. 72
1.30
38.2
40.0
1.29
60.78
39.0
40.7
60.94
1.30
37.9
42.3
1.32
63.95
39.6
42.5
64.15
1.32
38.5
Tennessee—Continued
1.48
1.49
1.46
1.46
1.48
1. 46
1. 54
1. 55
1.53
1.52
1.50
1.51
1.51
70.36
68.87
67.34
71.35
71. 25
78.83
77. 31
77. 25
68.03
65.47
65. 26
70. 77
69.81
44.4
43. 7
42.9
45. 7
45. 6
50. 2
47. 5
47.4
41. 7
40. 2
40.3
43. 8
43.3
1.58
1.58
1.57
1.56
1.56
1.57
1.63
1.63
1.67
1.63
1.62
1.62
1.61
56.57
56.84
57.12
58.18
57. 92
57.74
57.08
56. 98
57.02
55.15
54.86
57.31
58.03
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.4
40.5
40.1
39.9
39.3
39.6
38.3
38.1
39.8
40.3
Texas
1.39
1.40
1.40
1.44
1.43
1.44
1.43
1.45
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1.44
1952: Average____________ $55. 76
57.49
1953: Average___________
41.0
40.2
57.63
57.49
59.04
58.16
57.23
58.95
58.06
57. 57
56. 74
56.15
55.86
57.04
57.18
40.3
40.2
41.0
39.3
39.2
40.1
39.5
38.9
38.6
38.2
38.0
38.8
38.9
June_______ ______
Ju ly .____ __________
A u g u st___
. ..
___
September
October___
___
November
___ .
December
__
1954: J a n u a ry ____
__
February . ___ __
March __
. _____
April ______ ___
M ay _____________
Ju n e_________
___
$61. 20
65.53
40.8
40.7
$1.50
1.61
$62. 63
64.57
42.9
42.2
$1.46
1. 53
66.08
1.43
63.99
1.43
65. 44
1.44
67. 06
1.48
67.64
1.46
67.20
1.47
65. 50
1.47
65.24
1.48
66.02
1.47
65.52
1.47
64. 98
1.47
65.23
1.47
67.42
1.47
Utah
41.3
40.5
40.9
40.4
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.3
39.3
39.0
38.0
38.6
39.2
1.60
1.58
1.60
1.66
1.67
1.68
1.65
1.66
1.68
1.68
1.71
1.69
1.72
63.12
64.45
63.12
66.03
67.27
64.83
62. 99
62.99
63.86
65.10
65.10
64.94
66.88
41.8
42.4
41.8
42.6
43.4
42.1
40.9
40.9
41.2
42.0
42.0
41.9
42.6
1.51
1. 52
1. 51
1. 55
1. 55
1. 54
1.54
1.54
1. 55
1.55
1.55
1.55
1.57
$1.36
1.43
1952: Average....... ............. .
1953: Average__ ______
$66. 73
72.50
40.2
40.5
$1.66
1.79
$70.64
74.05
June ____
___
July _______ ____
A u g u st_____
-September
October____ _ __
November___
_
December.. _
1054: January ___ _____
February____
__
M arch_______ _. . .
April_________ ____M ay_____________ June______ ______
72.76
72. 76
73.49
70.11
68.40
74.30
75. 33
76.33
73.84
71.94
72. 54
73.28
74.40
40.2
42.3
40.6
41.0
38.0
40.6
40.5
40.6
39.7
39.1
39.0
39.4
40.0
1.81
1.72
1.81
1.71
1.80
1.83
1.86
1.88
1.86
1.84
1.86
1.86
1.86
73.87
72.98
75.12
75.89
73.62
76.62
78.57
75.99
75.85
71.71
71.19
74.34
75. 44
41.8
41.6
41.5
41.7
41.5
41.7
40.9
42.1
42.7
41.3
41.0
39.4
38.9
40.4
41.0
Virginia
$1.37
1.44
$66.57
70.22
42.4
41.8
$1.57
1.68
41.0
58.63
40.3
58.03
40.1
57.74
38.9
57. 57
57.71
39.8
39.9
59.85
41.1
60.01
39. 2
57. 62
39.1
57.48
39.7
57.96
40.4
59.79
39.9
59.45
40.6
60.09
Vermont
1.43
1.44
1.44
1.48
1.45
1.50
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.46
1.48
1.49
1.48
69.30
70.89
70.81
70. 96
71.40
71.40
71.82
70.86
71.21
71.10
70.76
71.69
22.28
41.5
41.7
41.9
41.5
42.0
42.0
42.0
41.2
41.4
41.1
40.9
41.2
41.3
1.67
1.70
1.69
1.71
1.70
1.70
1.71
1.72
1.72
1.73
1.73
1.74
1.75
Springfield
Burlington
$1.69
1.78
$59.35
62.49
42.7
42.8
$1.39
1.46
$56.49
58.86
39.5
39.5
$1.43
1.49
$78.12
2 80.81
46.5
2 45.4
$1.68
2 1.78
1.78
1.75
1.81
1.82
1.80
1.82
1.84
3.84
1.85
1.82
1.83
1.84
1.84
63.20
62.20
62.83
63.11
62.30
61.06
62.95
61.35
61.83
62. 58
60.35
59. 53
59. 71
43.2
42.6
43.1
43.2
42.4
41.5
42.3
41.2
41.3
41.7
40.8
40.5
40.6
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.46
1.47
1.47
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.50
1.48
1.47
1.47
58.99
56. 93
58.87
59. 40
59.34
57. 70
61.55
60.94
60.47
59.41
58.18
59.05
58.13
39.5
38.6
40.2
40.0
39.3
38.2
40. 6
40.2
40.0
39.1
39.1
39.5
39.4
81.62
1.49
81.24
1.47
81.98
1.46
81.80
1.48
1.51
81.36
1.51
79.38
1.52
80. 99
78.04
1.52
79.36
1.51
1.52
78. 75
1.49
73.26
69.85
1.50
1.47
68.67
Washington
45.6
45.9
45.8
45.7
45.2
44.1
44.5
43.1
43.7
43.3
41.3
40.1
39.0
1.79
1.77
1.79
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.82
1.81
1.82
1.82
1.78
1.74
1.76
Seattle
State
Richmond
Norfolk-Portsmouth
State
40.2
40. 4
$55.07
58.18
State
Salt Lake City
State
State
Nashville
Memphis
Knoxville
Chattanooga
1952: Average____________ $53.47
1953: Average____________ 55.58
40.2
39.7
$1.33
1.40
$56.44
59.28
41.5
40.6
$1.36
1.46
$56.68
59.39
40.2
40.4
$1.41
1.47
$76.16
78.99
38.7
38.8
$1.97
2.04
$74.36
76.45
38.5
38.4
57.39
54. 74
55. 58
55.41
55.44
55. 55
57.23
55.63
56. 77
56.48
56.20
55.81
56. 66
40.7
39.1
39.7
39.3
39.6
39.4
40.3
38.9
39.7
39.5
39.3
39.3
39.9
1.41
1.40
1.40
1.41
1.40
1.41
1.42
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.43
1.42
1.42
58.46
62.13
59. 60
61.86
62.47
61.51
61.09
60.52
62. 52
60.60
61.65
61.20
62.78
40.6
41.7
40.0
40.7
41.1
40.2
41.0
39.3
40.6
40.4
41.1
40.0
41.3
1.44
1.49
1.49
1.52
1.52
1.53
1.49
1.54
1.54
1.50
1.50
1.53
1.52
58. 51
58.31
60.83
60. 24
60.20
61.00
61.24
57.57
58.71
58.86
58. 50
59.34
60. 55
39.8
39.4
41.1
40.7
40.4
40.4
41.1
38.9
39.4
39.5
39.0
39.3
40.1
1.47
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.49
1. 51
1.49
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.50
1.51
1. 51
79.61
79.75
79.06
77.74
78.12
77. 75
79.61
81. 22
80.60
80. 21
81.36
80.98
82.03
38.9
39.6
38.7
38.1
38.8
37.9
38.7
39. 2
38.9
38.6
38.9
39.0
39.1
2.05
2. 01
2.04
2.04
2.01
2.05
2.06
2.07
2.07
2.08
2. 09
2.08
2.10
75.83
75.68
77.44
76.11
78.10
77.00
77.43
79.51
79.48
78.54
77.51
77.84
78.25
38.1
38.3
38.7
37.9
39.0
38.2
38.5
39.2
39.1
38.7
38.1
38.3
38.4
J u n e ____
___
July _____________
August ____
- September__________
___
October______
N o v e m b e r..__ . . . .
December .
1954: January-----------------February....................
M arch_____ _______
A p ril_____________
M ay ______________
June..............................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.93
1.99
1.99
2.00
2.01
2.00
2.01
2.01
2.03
2.03
2. 03
2.03
2.04
1068
T a b l e C-6.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing industries for selected
states and areas1— Continued
Washington —Continued
Spokane
West Virginia
Tacoma
State
Charleston
Year and Month
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn hours earn earn - wkly.
ings
ings
ings hours
1952: Average.
1953: Average.
June___
July................
August_____
September.. .
October____
November__
December___
1954: January____
February___
M arch ..........
April_______
M ay_______
June_______
$74. 21
77.87
40.2
39.4
77.83
80.04
77.59
81.79
76.95
77.24
77.85
78.48
77.02
77. 70
81.91
83.17
82.19
39.7
40.1
39.1
37.9
39.1
39.4
39.6
39.9
39.4
38.9
40.9
41.1
40.6
$1.85 $75.10
1.97 76.67
1.96
2.00
1.98
2.16
1.97
1.96
1.97
1.97
1.96
2.00
2.00
2.02
2.03
77.02
79.73
76.67
73.66
75.99
75.58
78.64
79.34
78. 07
78.17
80.15
80.17
81.47
38.9
38.5
38.1
39.0
38.9
37.9
39.2
37.3
39.0
38.6
38.6
38.7
39.2
39.0
39.3
Wisconsin
State
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn
earn earn
hours
ings
ings
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.93 $65.82
1.99 70.84
$1.95 $71. 77
2.11 74. 73
2.02
2.05
1.97
1.94
1.94
2.02
2.02
2.06
2.02
2.02
2.04
2.05
2.07
70.84
71.68
71. C2
71.19
71.60
72.25
72.65
69.72
69.30
68. 94
69.69
70.64
70.66
39.7
39.8
$1.66 $78. 35
1.78 85.67
39.8
39.6
39.9
38.9
40.0
39.7
39.7
38.1
38.5
38.3
38.5
38.6
38.4
1.78
1.81
1.78
1.83
1.79
1.82
1.83
1.83
1.80
1.80
1.81
1.83
1.84
85.05
88.18
85.26
88.00
85.60
86.65
87. 56
85. 24
85.46
85. 75
88.09
91.54
88.58
40.2
40.6
40.5
41.4
40.6
40.0
40.0
40.3
39.8
39.1
39.2
39.7
39.5
39.8
39.9
2.10
2.13
2.10
2.20
2.14
2.15
2.20
2.18
2.18
2.16
2.23
2.30
2.22
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
74. 55
72.05
73. 72
72.98
73.91
74. 97
75.48
74.74
74.22
74.80
74.10
75. 28
75.31
42.2
41.9
41.9
41.9
42.0
41.4
41.1
41.4
41.3
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.2
40.7
40.9
W iscons in—Continued
La Crosse
1952: Average____
1953: Average____
$68.47
73.10
39.5
39.6
June...............
July................
August_____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1954: January____
February___
M arch...........
April_______
M ay_______
June_______
73.49
71.53
73.58
76.05
76.11
73.56
75. 91
71.00
74.63
75.49
72.89
75.02
76.79
40.1
38.8
39.7
40. 6
40.4
39. 5
40.1
38.0
39.6
40.2
38.7
39.8
40.8
Madison
$1.73 $73.56
1.84 75.91
1.83
1.84
1.85
1.87
1.88
1.86
1.89
1.87
1.88
1.88
1.88
1.89
1.88
76.40
72.13
72. 78
74. 72
75.57
86.22
80.32
82.66
77. 24
77.06
76.45
77.35
78.40
41.0
40.2
40.3
39.4
39.4
39.7
39.3
43.1
40.7
41.3
39.7
39.4
39.3
40.0
40.3
1.90
1.83
1.85
1.88
1.92
2.00
1.97
2.00
1.95
1.95
1.94
1.94
1.94
79.80
79.76
83.07
81.97
80.49
81.54
81.88
81.14
80.46
80.49
79.55
81.09
81.48
1 Data for earlier years are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics or the cooperating State agency. State agencies also make available
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
$1.70 $75.34
1.78 76.92
1.78
1.72
1.76
1.76
1.80
1.81
1.83
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.84
1.85
1.84
74.79
73.28
74.75
78.06
69.64
76.13
76.13
77.92
70. 29
77.72
76.23
75.82
77. 50
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.1
39.3
$1.88
1.96
38.8
38.5
39.2
40.1
35. 5
38.6
38.3
39.3
35.8
39.4
38.7
38.3
39.1
1.93
1.90
1. 91
1. 95
1. 96
1. 97
1.99
1.98
1. 96
1 97
1. 97
1.98
1.98
Wyoming
Milwaukee
$1.80 $77. 79
1.89 81.33
Kenosha
41.7
41.4
41.1
41.2
42.0
41.2
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.2
40.1
40.1
39.4
39.9
40.2
Racine
$1.86 $77.85
1.96 78.59
1.94
1.94
1.98
1.99
1.98
1.99
2.00
2.02
2.00
2.01
2. 02
2.03
2.03
78.41
75.61
76.15
76. 53
76.80
77. 50
78.65
78.27
77.66
77.88
77.35
76.83
79.49
41.2
41.0
41.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
40.4
40.2
40.5
40.1
39.8
39.7
39.4
39.2
39.9
State
$1.89 $76.36
1.92 80.20
1.91
1.88
1.89
1.89
1.90
1.93
1.94
1.95
1.95
1.96
1.97
1.96
1.99
79.20
84.67
80.54
78. 58
79. 56
82.59
82.61
83.81
83.20
81.92
82.11
85.44
83. 95
40.4
40.3
39.8
41.1
41.3
38.9
40.8
41.5
41.1
40.1
40.0
39.2
39.1
40.3
39.6
Casper
$1.89
1.99 $92.86
1.99
2.06
1.95
2.02
1.95
1.99
2.01
2.09
2.08
2.09
2.10
2.12
2.12
91.88
94.25
96.17
91.34
89.77
96. 29
92.80
96.88
94.25
95.53
92.63
93.09
97.52
40.2
$2.31
40.3
40.8
41.1
39.2
38.2
40.8
40.0
41.4
40.8
41.0
40.1
40.3
41.5
2. 28
2.31
2.34
2.33
2.35
2.36
2.32
2.34
2.31
2.33
2.31
2.31
2.35
more detailed industry data. See table A-7 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.
2 Not comparable with preceding data shown.
1069
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
D : Consumer and Wholesale Prices
T able D - l : Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, all items and commodity groups
[1947-49=100]
HousLng*
Year and month
All
items
Total
food J
Total
apparel
Total *
Rent
House House
Oas and Solid
electric fuels and furnish hold op
eration
ings
ity
fuel oil
Other
Trans M edical Personal Reading
goods
and
porta
and
care
recrea
care
tion
tion services *
95.9
104. 1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
97.1
103.5
99.4
98.1
100.9
105.8
104.8
95.0
101.7
103.3
106. 1
112.4
114.6
117.7
94.4
100.7
106.0
108.8
113.1
117.9
124.1
97.6
100.0
102.5
102. 7
103.1
104.5
106.6
88.8
104.4
106.8
110.5
116.4
118.7
123.9
97.2
103.2
99. 6
100.3
111.2
108.5
107.9
97.2
102.6
100.1
101.2
1C9.0
111.8
115.3
90.6
100.9
108.5
111.3
118.4
126.2
129.7
94.9
100.9
104.1
106.0
111.1
117.2
121.3
97.6
101.3
101.1
101.1
110.5
111.8
112.8
95.5
100.4
104.1
103.4
106.5
107.0
108.0
96.1
100.5
103.4
105.2
109.7
115.4
118.2
103.8
105.6
106.2
106.4
106.6
106.6
106.3
106.4
109.3
109.2
108.5
108.1
110.4
111.2
111.7
111.9
112.2
112.3
112.6
112.6
112.9
113.2
113.7
113.9
110.6
111.3
111.9
112.2
112.5
112.7
113.1
113.6
114.2
114.8
115.4
115.6
103.1
103.1
103.1
102.8
103.2
103.0
103.1
103. 2
103.2
103.3
103.3
103.4
115.1
116.4
116.7
116.7
115. 2
115.4
115.9
116.2
116.6
117.1
117.4
117.6
109.3
110.5
111. 1
111.6
112.1
112.0
112.0
111. 1
111.3
110.9
111. 1
110.8
107.2
108. 1
108.4
108.3
108.7
108.7
109. 1
109.0
108.8
109.6
110.4
111.1
114.7
115.8
116.9
117.2
117.6
117.5
117.8
118.7
119.7
120.5
122. 1
122.2
108.5
108.9
109.9
110.3
110.7
lie. 8
110.9
110.9
111.6
112. 1
112.8
113.1
109.9
111.9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5
113. 5
114.6
115.0
109.8
110.6
110.7
110.7
110.8
110.8
110.6
110.4
110.0
110.0
110.6
105.6
106.4
107.0
107.3
107.3
106.5
106.6
106.4
105.8
105.9
106.3
106.5
108.4
108.7
108.9
109.0
109.2
109.1
109.1
109.1
109.6
109.6
112.4
112.8
113.1
1952: Januarv_______
112.4
February______
- 112.4
March _
112.9
A pril_________
M ay.
___
113.0
113.4
___
J u n e ___
114. 1
July
114.3
August _______
114. 1
Septem ber____
1)4. 2
October . ___
114.3
November_____
114. 1
December______
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115. 4
115.0
115.0
113.8
107.0
100.8
106. 4
106.0
105.8
105. 6
105.3
105. 1
105.8
105.6
105.2
105.1
113.9
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.0
114.4
114.6
114.8
115.2
115.7
116.4
116.0
116.4
116.7
116.9
117.4
117.6
117.9
118.2
118.3
118.8
119.5
120.7
103.5
103.8
103.8
103.9
104.1
104.3
104.2
105. 0
105.0
105. 0
105.4
105.6
117.7
117.6
117.7
117.3
115.6
115.8
118.6
119.0
119.6
121.1
121.6
123.2
110.2
110.0
109.4
108.7
108.3
107.7
107.6
107.6
108.1
107.9
108.0
108.2
110.9
110.8
111.0
111.2
111.2
111.8
111.9
112.1
112.8
113.3
113.4
122.8
123.7
124.4
124.8
125.1
126.3
126.8
127.0
127.7
128.4
128.9
128.9
114.7
114.8
115.7
115.9
116.1
117.8
118.0
118.1
118.8
118.9
118.9
119.3
111.3
111.6
111.7
111.9
112.1
112.1
112.3
112.4
112.5
107.2
106.6
106.3
106.2
106.2
106. 8
107.0
107.0
107.3
107.6
107.4
108.0
113.2
114.4
114.8
115.2
115.8
115.7
116.0
115.9
115.9
115.8
115.8
115.9
1953: January_______
February______
Match
____
April
M ay
J u n e _________
July......................
August
____
September_____
O c to b e r.._____
November_____
December........ .
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114. 0
114. 5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112. 1
113.7
113.8
114. 1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105.3
105.5
105. 5
105.3
116.4
116.6
116.8
117.0
117.1
117.4
117.8
118.0
118.4
118. 7
118.9
118.9
121.1
121.5
121.7
122. 1
123.0
123.3
123.8
125.1
126.0
126.8
127.3
127.6
105.9
106.1
106. 5
106. 5
106.6
106.4
106.4
106.9
106.9
107.0
107.3
107.2
123.3
123.3
124.4
123.6
121.8
121.8
123.7
123.9
124.6
125.7
125.9
125.3
107.7
108.0
108.0
107.8
107.6
108.0
108.1
107.4
108.1
108. 1
108 3
108.1
113.4
113.5
114.0
114.3
114.7
115.4
115.7
115.8
116.0
116.6
116.9
117.0
129.3
129.1
129.3
129.4
129.4
129.4
129.7
130.6
130.7
130.7
130.1
128.9
119.4
119.3
119.5
120.2
120.7
121.1
121.5
121.8
122.6
122.8
123.3
123.6
112.4
112.5
112.4
112.5
112.8
112.6
112.6
112.7
112.9
113.2
113.4
113.6
107.8
107.5
107.7
107.9
108.0
107.8
107.4
107.6
107.8
108.6
108.9
108.9
115.9
115.8
117.5
117.9
118.0
118. 2
118.3
118.4
118. 5
119.7
120.2
120.3
1954: January_______
February______
March ________
April
. ___
M ay__________
June _________
July....... .............
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115.0
115.1
115.2
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104.2
104.0
118.8
118.9
119.0
118.5
118.9
118.9
119.0
127.8
127.9
128.0
128.2
128.3
128.3
128.5
107.1
107.5
107.6
107.6
107.7
107.6
107.8
125.7
126.2
125.8
123.9
120.9
120.9
121.1
107.2
107.2
107.2
106.1
105.9
105.8
105.7
117.2
117.3
117.5
116.9
117.2
117.2
117.2
130.5
129.4
129.0
129.1
129.1
128.9
126.7
123.7
124.1
124.4
124.9
125.1
125.1
125.2
113.7
113.9
114.1
112.9
113.0
112.7
113.3
108.7
108.0
108.2
106.5
106.4
106.4
107.0
120.3
120. 2
120.1
120.2
120.1
120.1
120.3
1947:
1948:
1949;
1950:
1951:
1Q591953:
Average_______
Average_______
Average______
Average...............
Average_______
Ave.rneo
Average-----------
1951: Ja n u a ry _______
February______
M arch
April
M ay__________
J u n e _________
Ju lv ..........
August _______
September ___
October .
November_____
December______
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
108.6
109.9
110.3
no. 4
no. 9
1A major revision was incorporated In the Consumer Price Index beginning
January 1953. The revised index, based on 46 cities, has been linked to the
previously published “interim adjusted” indexes for 34 cities and rebased on
1947-49=100 to form a continuous series. For the convenience of users, the
“ All items” indexes are also shown on the 1935-39=100 base in table D-4.
The revised Consumer Price Index measures the average change in prices
of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clerical-worker
families. Data for 46 large, medium, and small cities are combined for the
United States average.
For a history and description of the index, see: The Consumer Price Index—
A Layman’s Guide, Bulletin 1140; The Consumer Price Index, in the Feb
ruary 1953 Monthly Labor Review; The Interim Adjustment of Consumers’
Price Index, in the April 1951 Monthly Labor Review; Interim Adjustment
of Consumers’ Price Index, Bulletin 1039, and the following reports: Con
sumers’ Price Index, Report of a Special Subcommittee of the House Com
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
111.0
111.0
111.0
111.2
111.8
112.6
113.1
114.3
111.1
111.0
111. 1
111.0
mittee on Education and Labor (1951); and Report of the President’s Com*
m itteeon the Cost of Living (1945).
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for the
United States and 20 individual cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau for
“ All items” and 8 major components from 1947 to date. Indexes are also
available from 1913 for “ All items,” food, apparel, and rent, for all large cities
combined, and from varying dates foi individual cities.
1 Includes “ Food away from home” (restaurant meals and other food
bought and eaten away from home); prior to January 1953, prices for this
category were estimated to move like prices for “ Food at home” but, since
that date, have been measured by prices of restaurant meals.
J Includes “ Other shelter.”
,
4 Includes tobacco, alcoholic beverages, and “miscellaneous services (such
as legal services, banking fees, and burial services).
loro
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
T able
D-2: Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, food and its subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Food at home
Food at home
Total
Year and month food1
Total
food
at
home
1947:
194R:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1952:
95 9
104.1
100.0
101 2
112. 6
114. 6
112. 5
115.0
112. 6
112 7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116 6
115. 4
115.0
115.0
113.8
Avg
Avg
Avg
Avg
Avg
Avg
Avg__
Ian ______
Feb .
Mar
Apr
May
.Tune
July.
Ang
Sept_
Oct__
Nov
Dec_____
95. 9
104 1
100. 0
101 2
112.6
114. 6
112.8
115.0
112. 6
112 7
113.9
114.3
114. 6
116.3
116 6
115. 4
115. 0
115. 0
113.8
Cereals Meats,
and
poul
bakery try,
prod
and
fish
ucts
94.0
103 4
102.7
104. 5
114.0
116.8
119.1
115.3
115. 5
115. 7
115. 6
117.2
116.9
117. 6
117 5
117. 4
117. 5
117. 5
117.7
93. 5
106.1
100. 5
104. 9
117.2
116.2
109.9
117.1
116. 7
115. 2
114.8
114. 5
116. 5
116.4
119 4
119. 2
116. 9
114.3
113.0
Dairy
prod
ucts
Fruits
and
vege
tables
Other
foods *
96. 7
106 3
96.9
95.9
107.0
111. 5
109.6
112.0
112. 7
112.0
110.4
109.3
108.9
110.2
111 0
112. 5
113.2
113.3
112.7
97.6
100 5
101.9
97.6
106.7
117.2
113. 5
118.2
109.5
113. 7
121.1
124.3
122.4
124.0
118 7
111. 5
111.3
115.9
115.8
100.1
102. 5
97. 5
101.2
114.6
109.3
112.2
109.1
105.8
104.4
105.0
104.4
105.2
111.5
113.1
113. 7
115.1
114. 3
110.6
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 18 food subgroups (1935-39=
100) from 1923 to December 1952 were published In the March 1953 Monthly
Labor Review and in previous issues.
T able
Year and month
Total
food s
Total
food
at
home
1953: Jan______
Feb_____
M ar_____
Apr_____
M ay. ___
June_____
July_____
Aug_____
Sept_____
Oct______
Nov_____
Dec_____
1954: Jan______
Feb_____
M a r . . ___
Apr__
M ay..........
June ___
July-------
113.1
111. 5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
112.9
111. 1
111.3
111.1
111.7
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.5
113.3
111.4
111.7
112.6
112.0
111.4
111.8
112.8
113.3
114.2
Cereals Meats,
poul
and
bakery try,
and
prod
fish
ucts
117.7
117.6
117.7
118.0
118.4
118.9
119.1
119.5
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.9
121.2
121.3
121.2
121.1
121.3
121.3
121.6
110.9
107.7
107.4
106.8
109.2
111.3
112.0
114.1
113.5
111. 1
107.0
107.8
110.2
109.7
109.5
110. 5
111.0
111.1
109.7
Dairy
prod
ucts
Fruits
and
vege
tables
Other
foods *
111.6
110.7
110.3
109.0
107.8
107. 5
108.3
109.1
109.6
110.1
110.5
110.3
109.7
109.0
108.0
104.6
103.5
102.9
104.3
116.7
115.9
115.5
115.0
115.2
121.7
118.2
112.7
106.6
107.7
107.4
109.2
110.8
108.0
107.8
110.0
114. 6
117.1
120.1
109.7
107.3
109.1
110.4
110.3
110.9
112.3
114.4
116.7
117.4
114.8
113.5
113.5
114.0
112.3
113.6
114.5
115.2
117.3
2 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
»Includes eggs, fats and oils, sugar and sweets, beverages (nonalcoholic)
and other miscellaneous foods.
D-3: Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, apparel and its subgroups
[1947-49=100]
Year and month
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1952:
Avg___________
Avg___________
Avg_________ __
Avg_____ _____
Avg___________
Avg___________
Avg___________
Jan____________
Feb____________
M ar___________
A p r ............... ......
M ay_______ . . .
June....... ..............
J u l y .....................
Aug___________
S e p t..___ _____
Oct____________
Nov___________
Dec____ _______
Total
apparel
97.1
103. 5
99.4
98.1
106.9
105. 8
104.8
107.0
106.8
106.4
106.0
105.8
105.6
105.3
105.1
105.8
105.6
105.2
105.1
Men’s
and
boys’
97.3
102.7
100.0
99. 5
107.7
108. 2
107.4
109. 6
109.1
108.7
108. 5
108.3
108.3
108.1
108. 0
107.8
107.7
107.5
107.4
Women’s
and
girls’
98.0
103.8
98.1
94.8
102.2
100. 9
99. 7
101.6
101.8
101.4
100.8
100. 6
100.5
100.1
99.9
101.6
101.6
100. 6
100.4
Foot
wear
94. 5
103.2
102.4
104. 0
117.7
115. 3
115.2
117.1
116.7
116. 4
116.1
115.9
115.4
114.9
114. 5
114.2
113.9
114.1
114.4
O ther5
apparel
(3)
108.6
93.2
92.0
101.6
92.1
92.1
94. 0
93.6
92.8
92.0
91. 5
91.3
91.1
91.2
91. 5
91.7
92.3
92.5
1 See footnote 1 to table D -l.
* Includes diapers, yard goods, and an unpriced group of items represented
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Year and month
1953: Jan____________
Feb............... ........
M ar___________
Apr____________
M ay________ ..
June___________
July___________
Aug. _________
Sept___________
Oct____________
Nov___________
Dec____________
1954: Jan____________
Feb____________
M ar___________
Apr_________ ..
M ay________ ..
June
July ___________
Total
apparel
104.6
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.7
104.6
104.4
104.3
105. 3
105.5
105.5
105.3
104.9
104.7
104.3
104.1
104.2
104. 2
104.0
Men’s
and
boys’
107.1
107.3
107.3
107.3
107.4
107.2
107.4
107.3
107.5
107.6
107.8
107.6
107.4
107.4
107.2
107.1
107.3
107.0
106.6
Women’s
and
girls’
99.7
99.3
99.6
99.4
99.4
99.2
98.9
98.7
100.5
100.8
100.7
100.5
99.8
99.5
99.0
98.4
98.5
98.5
98.2
Foot
wear
114.3
114.6
114.5
114.8
115.1
115.3
115.0
115.0
115.3
115.8
116.2
116. 1
116.2
116.1
116.1
116.1
115.9
116.3
116.5
O ther1
apparel
92.0
92.3
92.4
92.1
92.5
92.3
92.2
92.0
92.5
92.3
91.3
90.9
90.4
90.4
90.0
90.4
90.9
91.0
90,8
in the index by the weighted average of prices for all priced items in the total
apparel group,
i Not available.
1071
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able D-4: Consumer Price Index 1—United States average, all items and food
Year and month
Year
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
All
Items
Total
food 1
42.3
42.9
43.4
46.6
54.8
64.3
74.0
85.7
76.4
71.6
72.9
73.1
75.0
75.6
74.2
73.3
73.3
71.4
65.0
58.4
55.3
57.2
58.7
59.3
61.4
60.3
59.4
59.9
62.9
69.7
74.0
75.2
39.6
40.5
40.0
45.0
57.9
66.5
74.2
83.6
63.5
59.4
61.4
60.8
65.8
68.0
65.5
64.8
65.6
62.4
51.4
42.8
41.6
46.4
49.7
50.1
52.1
48.4
47.1
47.8
52.2
61.3
68.3
67.4
Average_____
Average_____
Average____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
A v erag e..___
Average_____
Average_____
Average..........
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average..........
Average-------Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
Average..........
Average__ _
Average_____
Average..........
Average_____
Average_____
Average_____
» See footnote 1 to table D -l.
All items
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123.7
125.7
Year and month
All
items
76.9
83.4
95.5
102.8
101.8
102.8
111.0
113.5
114.4
100. 6
100.4
100.7
100.8
101.3
101.8
102.9
103.7
104.4
105.0
105.5
106.9
108.6
109.9
110.3
110.4
110.9
110.8
110.9
110.9
111.6
112.1
112.8
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
1951:
1952:
1953:
1950:
Average-------Average_____
Average-------Average-------Average_____
Average-------Average..........
Average_____
Average_____
January-------February____
March______
A p ril_______
M ay............
June________
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: January_____
February____
March______
April_______
M ay________
June_______
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November___
Total
food s
All items
128.6
139. 5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171.9
185.6
189.8
191.3
168.2
167.9
168.4
168.5
169.3
170.2
172.0
173.4
174.6
175.6
176.4
178.8
181.5
183.8
184.5
184.6
185.4
185.2
185.5
185.5
186.6
187.4
188.6
68.9
79.0
95.9
104.1
100.0
101.2
112.6
114.6
112.8
97.0
96.5
97.3
97.7
98.9
100.5
103.1
103.9
104.0
104.3
104.4
107.1
109.9
111.9
112.0
111.7
112.6
112.3
112.7
112.4
112.5
113.5
114.6
1935-39=100
1947-49=100
1935-39=100
1947-49=100
1935-39=100
1947-49=100
1951: December.......
1952: January....... .
February____
M arch______
April........ ......
M ay________
June________
J u l y .......... .
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.. ..
1953: January_____
February____
March.........
April_______
M ay________
June_______
Ju ly -----------August______
September___
October_____
November__
December___
1954: January........
February____
March______
April...............
M ay________
June________
July________
All
items
113.1
113.1
112.4
112.4
112.9
113.0
113.4
114.1
114.3
114.1
114.2
114.3
114.1
113.9
113.4
113.6
113.7
114.0
114.5
114.7
115.0
115.2
115.4
115.0
114.9
115.2
115.0
114.8
114.6
115. 0
115.1
115.2
Total
food 1
All items
115.0
115.0
112.6
112.7
113.9
114.3
114.6
116.3
116.6
115.4
115.0
115.0
113.8
113.1
111.5
111.7
111.5
112.1
113.7
113.8
114.1
113.8
113.6
112.0
112.3
113.1
112.6
112.1
112.4
113.3
113.8
114.6
189.1
189.1
187.9
188.0
188.7
189.0
189.6
190.8
191.1
190.8
190.9
191.1
190.7
190.4
189.6
189.9
190.1
190.6
191.4
191.8
192.3
192.6
192.9
192.3
192.1
192.6
192.3
191.9
191.6
192.3
192.4
192.6
1 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
T able D -5: Consumer Price Index 1—All items indexes for selected dates, by city
1935-39
1947-49=100
=
City
Nov.
1953
Oct.
1953
Sept.
1953
Aug.
1953
July
1953
June
1950
115.2
114.9
115.0
115.4
115.2
115.0
114.7
101.8
192.6
(3)
(3)
112.7
116.7
(3)
117.1
114.5
(3)
116.4
114.6
(3)
(3)
(3)
116.4
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.8
117.1
(3)
117.6
115.0
(3)
116.6
115.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
116.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.1
115.7
(3)
(3)
101.6
102.8
102.8
101.2
( 3)
0 )
115.2
116.4
116.9
(3)
116.6
(3)
117.0
(3)
115.0
116.8
(3)
116.4
(3)
(3)
115.8
115.5
116.7
117.3
(3)
116.1
(3)
117.2
(3)
115.7
116.3
(3)
116.9
(3)
(3)
116.2
115.1
116.9
116.8
(3)
115.8
(3)
116.9
(3)
115.3
115.8
(3)
102.8
103.8
(3)
101.3
(3)
(3)
112.4
114.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.8
115.2
(3)
(3)
116.6
113.0
115.3
114.4
115.4
(»)
113.0
115.0
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.9
114.7
<*)
(3)
116.6
113.3
115.3
114.7
116.1
0)
113.2
115.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.7
114.9
(3)
(3)
115.6
112.1
114.7
113.8
115. 5
102.1
100.9
101.6
101.1
(3)
194.2
187.5
193.5
196.2
116.9
116.5
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.2
116.2
114.1
(3)
<*)
(3)
(3)
(3)
116.9
116.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.4
116.4
114.3
(3)
I3)
(3)
3)
(3)
117.1
116.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
113.2
116.8
114.2
(3)
(3)
(*)
(3)
(3)
101.1
100.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
“
*
May
1954
Apr.
1954
Mar.
1954
Feb.
1954
Jan.
1954
United States average ä................................ 115.2
_ (3)
Atlanta, Ga.........(3)
Baltimore, M d__
113.8
Boston, Mass___
118.0
Chicago, 111_____
Cincinnati, Ohio..
(3)
115.1
115.0
114.6
114.8
115.0
117.6
115 5
(3)
117.3
114.2
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.3
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.9
116.5
(3)
117.0 ~ ( 3)
114.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
116.7 116.7
114.2
(3)
Cleveland, O hio..
Detroit, Mich___
Houston, Tex.......
Kansas City, M o.
(3)
117. 5
(3)
115.6
114.9
(3)
117.1
(3)
(3)
115.7
115.3
116.9
116.7
(3)
115.9
(3)
116.7
(3)
115.5
115.7
(3)
116.5
(3)
(3)
116.2
Minneapolis, M inn.
New Y®rk, N. Y---Philadelphia, P a—
Pittsburgh, P a.........
Portland, Oreg........
117. 3
113.3
116.3
115. 4
115.5
(3)
112.9
115.9
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.9
115.3
(3)
(3)
116.3
112.5
115.1
114.5
114.8
St. Louis, Mo............
San Francisco, Calif.
Scranton, P a______
Seattle, Wash______
Washington, D. C ...
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
117.4
116.8
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
112.3
116.3
113.7
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
(3)
* See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes are based on time-to-time changes
in the cost of goods and services purchased by urban wage-earner and clericalworker families. They do not indicate whether it costs more to live in one
city than in another.
„ .
,,
,
> Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to taple D -l.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Revised
series
July
1954
Dec.
1953
June
1954
1954
100
* I l l V l If'-' J t t U U U l J
lUUVAV/O "
183.2
201.0
(3)
198.3
( 3)
186.1
192.0
200.0
.
and once every 3 months for the remaining 11 cities on a rotating cycle.
Beginning in January 1953, indexes are computed monthly for 5 cities and
once every 3 months for the 15 remaining cities on a rotating cycle.
1072
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1054
Table D-6: Consumer Price Index 1—All items and commodity groups, except food,2 by city
[1947-49= 100]
Personal care
All items
Medical care
Reading and
recreation
Transportation
Other goods
and services
City and cycle of pricing
July
1954
United States average...... .
Monthly:
Chicago, 111____ _____
Detroit, Mich__ ___ _
Los Angeles, Calif. ___
New York, N. Y...... .
Philadelphia, Pa______
Jan., Apr.. July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass................
Kansas City, Mo...........
Minneapolis, Minn____
Pittsburgh, Pa..............
Portland, Oreg..............
July
1954
July
1953
July
1954
Julv
1953
Julv
1954
Julv
1953
Julv
1954
July
1953
114.7
113.3
112.6
125.2
121.5
126.7
129.7
107.0
107.4
120.3
118.3
118.0
117.5
114.9
113.3
116.3
113.8
115.6
117.3
115. 4
115.5
115.7
116.9
115.8
112.1
114.7
113.1
115.3
115.6
113.8
115.5
115.0
118.8
117.1
107.6
117.1
112.0
116.2
115.9
116.1
110.5
114.0
119.2
117.7
106.7
116.2
111.9
116.0
117.0
106.1
111.8
122.6
124.3
122.9
123.9
125.0
124.2
136.0
143.0
128.0
122.3
121.2
121.4
120.1
120. 5
120.3
123.6
119.4
137. 4
121.3
119.4
133.7
119.7
121.0
129.3
136.9
137.2
125.4
121.4
137. 5
122.3
134. 3
127. 5
128. 1
128.5
134.9
136. 7
130.5
121.9
140.7
126.6
110.8
111. 1
99. 5
107.0
112.2
103.4
114.8
114.3
97.7
115.0
110. 3
109.6
102. 5
105. 6
110.7
106. 5
109. 5
116.2
95.0
114.4
118.8
125.0
114.8
121.5
123.5
118. 5
117.3
125.9
120.6
118.8
112.9
123.6
113.7
118.9
122.0
116.5
118.0
123.4
118.9
118.5
June
1953
117.6
115.5
114.2
117.4
116.8
June
1954
117.1
115.1
114.5
115.8
116.1
May
1954
Feb., May, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio______
Houston, Tex____ .. .
Scranton, Pa.___ ____
Seattle, Wash_______
Washington, D. C_____
July
1953
115.2
June
1954
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Oa_________
Baltimore, Md_______
Cincinnati, Ohio______
St. Louis, Mo______ ._
San Francisco, Calif___
July
1954
July
1953
115.2
107.9
108.8
109.8
112.9
115.0
107.0
108.5
113.2
111.6
May
1954
May
1953
115.3
116.7
112.3
116.3
113.7
June
1953
113.7
116.8
112.0
116.2
113.5
May
1953
114.6
119.3
112.5
110.4
111.4
113.8
119.5
112.1
111.4
111.4
June
1954
120.6
133.3
124.8
134.8
123.3
May
1954
129.5
119.6
119.7
131.0
117.2
June
1953
June
1954
118.9
132.0
121.5
133.1
121.0
May
1953
127.4
137.8
126.6
136.2
142.9
May
1954
119.8
118.4
114.1
125.0
117.5
122.7
125.2
124.0
129.8
127.1
June
1953
June
1954
129.2
138.8
130. 0
136.9
142.0
June
1953
110.0
115.5
99.4
95.7
105.6
May
1953
111. 1
119.3
99. 1
100. 1
105. 1
May
1954
123. 3
126.7
129.3
133. 4
127.3
May
1953
114.0
111.0
115.4
107.7
105.3
114.0
114. 5
118.2
110.4
112.9
June
1954
118.4
123. 1
117.8
115. 7
116. 3
May
1954
119.9
119. 5
116. 1
127. 1
127.0
June
1953
117.6
118.9
116.0
116. 1
115.4
May
1953
116.7
119.4
115. 3
125.9
125.1
Apparel
Total
July
1954
United States average..........
Monthly:
Chicago, 111_________
Detroit, Mich...............
Los Angeles, Calif, ___
New York, N. Y______
Philadelphia, Pa______
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass...............Kansas City, Mo_____
Minneapolis, Minn... ...
Pittsburgh, Pa...... .......
Portland, Oreg_______
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July
1953
July
1954
July
1953
July
1954
Other apparel3
July
1953
Julv
1954
July
1953
106.6
107.4
98.2
98.9
116.5
115.0
90.8
92.2
107.9
102.9
103.9
103.5
105.3
101.8
103.6
105.7
103.7
104.6
106.7
103.2
103.6
104.4
103.8
103.4
105.6
104.4
103.1
103.9
113. 0
109.2
109.2
106.2
104.4
103.7
107.4
109.0
106.8
109.7
112.8
109.7
107.8
106.9
106.5
105. 0
108.9
108.9
107.3
108.0
101.2
95.0
96.6
97.4
104.0
96.1
98.0
101.0
96.2
95.4
99.9
95.4
97.6
99.2
100.0
98.3
100.3
98.3
96.6
95.7
118.0
113.0
117. 5
116.6
110.7
112.2
114.2
113.9
118.0
121.0
114.5
111.8
114.7
114.3
109.7
112.0
115.3
112.8
111.8
117.9
94.7
87.6
82. 5
93.8
92.7
103. 3
87.5
92.7
98.9
93.9
94 9
89.2
83.8
95.7
92.6
104.7
89.6
93. 2
98. 9
94. 7
May 1954
See footnotes a t end of table.
July
1954
Footwear
104.4
111.5
102.2
102.6
104.7
103.2
Feb., May, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, Ohio........... .
Houston, Tex..............
Scranton, Pa.—............
Seattle, Wash________
Washington, D. C_____
July
1953
Women’s and girls’
104.0
June 1954
Mar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Oa_________
Baltimore, Md_______
Cincinnati. Ohio______
St. Louis, Mo________
San Francisco, Calif___
Men’s and boys’
104.6
106.7
106.1
106.1
102.5
June 1953 June 1954 June 1953 June 1954 June 1953 June 1954 June 1953 June 1954 June 1953
110.3
104.2
104.8
104.6
103.6
114.0
101.7
105.2
109.6
105.6
114.2
102.7
105.7
109.4
105.9
106.4
98.0
96.2
96.7
99.0
104.4
101.4
100.4
96.9
100.1
122.6
117.0
122.4
118.9
114.2
119.6
116.2
121.3
117.0
111.9
92.7
94.7
86.2
96.0
87.8
93.7
96.9
88.7
98.0
89.0
May 1953 May 1954 May 1953 May 1954 May 1953 May 1954 May 1953 May 1954 May 1953
105.4
107.0
106.5
106.9
103.8
109.2
106.8
108. 0
109.2
105.5
109.0
106.3
108.7
109.9
106.1
97.1
100.7
100.8
101.2
97.0
99.1
100.5
101.2
102.6
99.5
116.8
127.2
120.3
117.3
115.2
115.8
129.8
119.6
114.9
113.0
93.4
89.2
92.3
86.7
90.8
94.1
90.8
93.7
88.7
92.5
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
10TB
Table D-6: Consumer Price Index1—All items and commodity groups, except food,2by city—Continued
[1947-49=100]
Housing
Total housing
City and cycle of pricing
Rent
Oas and electricity
Solid fuels and fuel
oil
Housefurnishings
Household operation
July 1954 July 1953 July 1954 July 1953 July 1954 July 1953 July 1954 July 1953 July 1954 July 1953 July 1954 July 1953
United States average---------Monthly:
Chicago, 111____________
Detroit, Mich_________
Los Angeles, C a lif ___ .
Now York, N. Y _______
Philadelphia, P a_______
Jan., Apr., July, and Oct.:
Boston, Mass ...................
Kansas City, Mo_______
Minneapolis, M in n ..........
Pittsburgh, P a .................
Portland, Oreg--------------
119.0
117.8
128.5
123.8
107.8
106.4
121.1
123.7
105.7
108.1
117.2
115.7
126.9
122.2
124.4
115.5
113. 7
121.0
119.7
124.0
114. 7
113.0
0)
(*)
(4)
116.8
(<)
(4)
(4)
(4)
114.4
(4)
106.3
108.4
109.5
108. 5
102.3
100.0
108. 1
109. 5
108.0
101.8
122.9
118.7
(4)
122.4
114.3
122.0
118.5
(4>
128.8
121.8
107.4
109. 1
107.1
105. 9
108.8
110.3
111.0
111. 1
107.9
109.9
120.8
110.1
107.2
118.9
113.7
120.3
106.8
107.7
118.8
113.2
117.9
119.1
121.4
117.1
119.9
116.4
117. 7
118.0
115.0
119.3
122.0
(<)
139.9
(4)
129.2
118.0
(4)
122.7
(4)
127.2
108.8
104.3
110.0
116.9
105.2
105.3
103. 6
110.0
113.7
105.2
118.9
112.6
113.9
122.9
127.6
122.9
113.2
115.1
120.6
127.1
104.6
105.6
106. 7
105.3
108.3
108.4
107. 7
107.9
106.6
111. 1
113.5
122.3
121.0
120.0
111.7
109.3
120.8
116.9
117.4
111.4
June 1954 June 1953 June 1954 June 1953 June 1954 June 1953 June 1954 June 1953 June 1954 June 1953 June 1954 June 1953
M ar., June, Sept., and Dec.:
Atlanta, Oa____ ____ ___
Baltimore, M d___ _____
Cincinnati, Ohio________
St. Louis, M o__________
San Francisco, C a lif ____
124.1
113.9
116. 7
119.6
117.5
122.7
113.3
115.0
115. 7
117.0
0)
0)
128.6
133.8
129.0
(4)
(4)
123.4
117.1
122.1
111.4
97.5
115.6
103.8
130. 1
108.6
97.3
113. 1
100. 1
130.1
112.3
121.1
118.0
133.0
(4)
112.2
122.2
118.5
127.9
(4)
110.0
99.8
102.0
106. 7
105. 1
112.7
103.4
104.4
109.1
109. 7
129.4
109.3
119.5
118.8
108.9
127.1
109.2
115.7
116.7
109.0
May 1954 May 1953 May 1954 May 1953 May 1954 May 1953 May 1954 May 1953 May 1954 May 1953 May 1954 May 1953
Teb., May, Aug., and Nov.:
Cleveland, O h io ............ .
Houston, Tex__________
Scranton, P a .......... ..........
Seattle, W ash ...................
Washington, D. C ............
119.4
123.8
114.7
119.4
116.8
117.7
123.2
114.2
119.0
116.2
i See footnote 1 to table D -l.
* See tables D-2, D-4, D-7, and D-8, for food.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(4)
(4)
123.0
(4)
123.0
(4)
(4)
118.8
(4)
118.6
106.8
106. 5
112.2
88.5
118.1
106.8
106.5
111.9
99.0
114.9
120.5
(4)
125.7
127.3
125. 5
119.4
(4)
129. 9
127.0
126.6
8 See footnote 2 to table D-3.
* Not available.
102.8
101.2
100. 7
106.2
107.2
105.0
105.2
101.7
108.5
108.9
110.6
128.5
109.6
112.3
114.8
112.5
119.6
105. 8
110.3
113.0
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1074
T able D -7: Consumer Price Index1—Food and its subgroups, by city
[1947-49 = 100]
Food at home
Total food 2
Total food at home
City
July
1954
United States average2..........-
114.6
June
1954
July
1953
July
1954
June
1954
Cereals and bakery products
July
1953
July
1954
July
1953
June
1954
Meats, poultry, and fish
July
1954
June
1954
July
1953
113.8
113.8
114.2
113.3
113.8
121.6
121.3
119.1
109.7
111.1
112.0
114.7
116.3
112.3
112.0
116.1
113.9
115.6
109.9
110.9
114.7
113.6
114.0
111.2
112.5
117.1
116.9
121.8
119.4
116.9
118.8
115.4
121.7
119.5
117.0
118.5
115.5
116.4
117.1
113.9
117.8
116.8
113.0
107.0
104.5
113.1
117.9
115.0
107.3
106.2
113.6
117.8
114.0
107.2
108.4
118.2
Atlanta, Ga----------- ----------Baltimore, M d............. ...........
Boston, Mass............ ...... ........
Chicago, 111. --------- ---------- Cincinnati, Ohio----- -----------
115.3
116.6
112.9
112.6
116.1
114.7
116.0
110.8
111.6
114.9
113.8
114.2
111.7
112.7
117.0
Cleveland, Ohio___________
Detroit, Mich______ ______
Houston, Tex______________
Kansas City, Mo__________
Los Angeles, Calif....................
113.2
118.5
112.8
109.9
112.3
112.4
117.5
112.1
109.4
113.1
111.4
117.2
112.6
111.9
112.8
112.8
117.8
112.1
109.5
110.8
111.9
116.7
111.3
108.9
111.9
111.1
117.4
112.0
111.5
112.1
117.4
117.8
118.2
120.3
122.4
116.5
117.9
118.5
120.4
122.4
114.8
116.3
115.2
117.5
122.9
107.7
109.6
105.7
104.3
108.7
108.9
109.8
107.1
107.1
111.1
109.1
111.7
108.7
109.6
110.7
Minneapolis, M inn_________
New York, N. Y ______ ___
Philadelphia, P a----------------Pittsburgh, P a------------------Portland, Oreg......................
113.5
113.6
117.7
115.6
114.1
113.0
111.6
116.5
115.5
114.3
112.7
111.9
115.8
114.8
113.9
113.2
113.4
117.2
115.4
114.3
113.1
111.1
115.9
115.1
114.6
112.5
111.7
115.8
114.7
114.1
125.4
125.1
120.9
122.4
119.3
125.4
125.0
121. 6
122.5
119.3
119.8
123.1
118.5
119.6
115.5
102.5
109.7
112.8
106.6
114.6
103.6
110.0
113.5
108.0
115.5
104.0
110.4
113. 5
108.9
116.4
St. Louis, Mo..........................
San Francisco, Calif-----------Scranton. P a______________
Seattle, Wash___________
Washington, D. C _________
117.0
115.2
114.0
113.2
113.8
116.6
115.3
113.3
113.3
113.4
116.6
113.2
114.0
112.7
112.1
115.8
114.8
114.2
113.2
113.2
115.3
114.9
113.3
113.3
112.7
116.7
113.5
113.7
112.8
111.7
119.2
130.2
118.9
121.5
120.9
116.5
127.7
118.9
121.5
120.7
113.4
127.5
116.7
119.7
115.2
109.2
109.9
110.7
109.8
105.6
111.8
111.7
111.4
111.7
107.6
115.0
110.9
111.8
110.4
108.8
Food at home—Continued
Fruits and vegetables
Dairy products
City
July 1954
June 1954
July 1953
July 1954
June 1954
United States average3------- -------------------
104.3
102.9
108.3
120.1
117.1
Atlanta, Ga___-------------------------------------Baltimore, M d----- ------ ------------------------Boston, Mass_________________________
Chicago, 111... ------------------------------ -----Cincinnati, Ohio__________________ ____
108.0
108.4
104.3
103.2
103.4
108.1
107.2
102.9
100. 6
103.6
110.1
112.2
106.9
109.7
109.3
121.6
121.3
120.5
118.8
123.0
117.9
118.2
110.2
113.7
116.7
Cleveland, Ohio--- ------- -----------------------Detroit, M ich_________________________
Houston, Tex.- _____________ - ................
Kansas City, M o______________________
Los Angeles, Calif______________________
97.2
103.1
103.4
96.5
102.9
97.4
103.3
103.9
91.6
102.9
102.2
109.8
108.1
103.0
108.9
119.9
136.9
119.4
115.9
106.8
114.9
132.3
113.2
114.6
111.6
Minneapolis, M inn____________ _______
New York, N. Y ______________________
Philadelphia, P a_______________________
Pittsburgh P a ..-------- ---------------- ------ Portland, Oreg-------------------------------------
98.6
104.2
108.1
106.8
104.6
98.7
100.3
105.3
107.0
104.9
106.7
103.8
111.1
109.5
109.4
125.8
114.2
126.2
122.5
115.2
St. Louis, Mo........................ ...... ..................
San Francisco, Calif______________ _____
Scranton, P a-------------------- ------------------Seattle, Wash______________ ____ ______
Washington, D. C _________ ___________
99.4
105.4
105.3
102.8
110.2
96.6
105.3
105.3
103.1
109.9
106.0
109.7
110.0
107.1
114.4
127.8
113.7
119.0
117.1
117.4
i See footnote 1 to table D -l. Indexes for 56 cities for total food (1935—
39=100 or June 1940=100) were published In the March 1953 Monthly Labor
Review and in previous issues. See table D-8 for U. S. average prices for 46
cities combined.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Other foods at home *
July 1953
July 1954
June 1954
118.2
117.3
115.2
112.3
117.9
117.3
117.0
116.7
121.0
109.3
117.5
111.5
122.9
122.8
108.1
114.8
109.3
121.3
120.5
105.7
109.8
108.2
117.5
118.0
114.1
133.7
117.3
117.6
106.8
121.0
120.3
115.9
111.7
114.0
119.5
118.4
114. 6
110.0
112.1
113.8
113.8
111.6
109.6
112.7
125.4
108.0
122.4
118.6
120.2
122.7
114.0
123.1
120.1
111.9
124.5
119.0
118.2
125.3
117.4
122.6
116.3
116.0
124.6
113.8
117.5
111.4
112.1
119.7
115.5
125.6
120.4
116.0
120.1
113.4
127.7
114.2
116.4
116.6
110.3
125.8
119.0
116.8
115.7
115.1
125.0
113.7
114.2
111.8
113.6
119.7
110.6
112.2
111.5
110.2
July 1953
2 See footnote 2 to table D -l.
2 Average of 46 cities beginning January 1953. See footnote 1 to table D-l.
* See footnote 3 to table D-2.
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
1075
T able D-8: Average retail prices of selected foods
Commodity
Cereals and bakery products:
Flour, wheat......................... _ ....... .5 pounds..
Biscuit mix...................... ...... ___ 20 ounces..
Cornmeal1................ ................ ....... ..pound..
R ice........................................... ------------do___
Rolled o ats.............................. ___ 20 ounces..
Cornflakes 3______ ________ ___ 12 ounces..
B read ....................................... ............ pound..
Soda crackers.................... ........ ....... ........ d o __
Vanilla cookies *...................... ____ 7 ounces..
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Beef and veal:
Round steak___ ________ ......... ..pound..
Chuck roast........................ .............. _do___
Rib roast............................. ............ __do___
Hamburger................. ........ ................do___
Veal cutlets........... ............ ....... ........do___
Pork:
Pork chops, center c u t __ ................do___
Bacon, slice d .................... ................do___
Ham, whole____ _______ ................do___
Lamb, leg_________________ ________do__
Other meats:
Frankfurters...... ............ ....... ........do___
Luncheon meat, canned ___ 12 ounces..
Poultry:
Frying chickens:
Dressed 3___________ ............ pound..
Ready-to-cook *______ ................do___
Fish:
Ocean perch fillet, frozen >.................do___
Haddock, fillet, frozen 8__ ------------ do___
Salmon, pink...................... 16-ounce can
Tuna fish............ .............. . . .7-ounce can..
Dairy products:
Milk, fresh (grocery)................ ............ .q u art..
Milk, fresh (delivered L .......... ___ ____do___
Ice cream ..____ ___________ ....... ........pint..
B utter....................................... ______ pound..
Cheese, American process____ ------------ do___
Milk, evaporated....................... 14)4-ounce can.
All fruits and vegetables:
Frozen fruits and vegetables:
Strawberries____________ ___ 12 ounces..
Orange juice concentrate... ____ 6 ounces..
Peas, green 10_.............. ...... ___ 10 ounces..
Beans, green____________ ________do___
Fresh fruits and vegetables:
Apples......... ...................... ______ pound..
Bananas.................... .......... ________do___
Oranges, size 200________ .............. dozen..
Lemons........... .................. . ______ pound..
Grapefruit*....... .................. ............... each..
July
1954
June
1954
July
1953
53.5
27.6
12.7
19.6
18.5
21.9
17.1
27.2
23.6
53.6
27.4
12.5
19.6
18.5
21.9
17.0
27.2
23.6
52.1
28.2
12.6
21.1
18.4
21.7
16.3
23.3
27.2
91.4
50.3
70.0
41.0
108.2
91.0
51.8
70.1
41. 1
110.5
88.2
48.7
65.4
42.3
111.2
92.0
81.6
71.5
72.9
92.7
86.7
72.9
73.6
90.6
85.8
75.3
73.1
56.0
51.6
56.1
52.2
57. 4
50.9
44.1
55.7
44.0
54.1
47.3
59.3
44.2
49.7
52.0
39.7
44.5
49.6
51.7
39.7
44.2
48.5
53.2
38.2
21.6
22.6
29.5
69.2
56.7
13.8
21.1
22.1
29.5
69.3
56.9
13.9
22.0
23.1
29.9
78.1
59.8
14.5
36.5
19.5
19.2
24.5
36.5
19.3
19.4
24.5
36.7
19.0
22.5
24.3
18.1
17.9
60.2
18.0
18.5
18.0
54.8
17.6
19.9
16.8
53.8
20.0
141 cities.
*42 cities.
3 38 cities.
• 36 cities.
3 9 cities.
145 cities.
* 37 cities.
s 40 cities.
3 44 cilles beginning July 1953, 43 cities December 1952 through June 1953.
10Si>ociflcation changed from 12 ounces to 10 ounces, effective February 1954.
•Priced only in season.
312534— 54-
■8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Commodity
All fruits and vegetables—Continued
Fresh fruits and vegetables—Continued
nound
Peaches*______________ _
Strawberries*...................... ....... ..." .p in t .
Grapes, seedless*................ ______ pound
Watermelons*..................... ......... ...... do___
Potatoes............................ ___15 pounds..
Sweetpotatoes................... ............pound..
Onions_______________ _ ............._.do___
Carrots.............................. ....... ........do___
Lettuce_______________ ________head..
Celery.................................. ......... ..p o u n d ..
Cabbage.................... ......... ................do___
Tomatoes______________ ................do___
Beans, green............ .......... ....... ........do___
Canned fruits and vegetables:
Orange juice........................ ..46-ounce can..
Peaches................................ ..N o.
c a n ..
Pineapple................... ........ ............ _-do___
Fruit cocktail........... .......... ------------do___
Corn, cream style.............. ...N o . 303 can..
Peas, green_____________ ....... ........do___
Tomatoes 3_____________ ....... No. 2 can..
Baby foods.......................... -4J,i—
5 ounces..
Dried fruits and vegetables:
Prunes........................ ........ .............pound..
Navy beans____________ ................do___
Other foods at home:
Partially prepared foods:
Vegetable soup................... —11-ounce can..
Beans with pork........ ........ ..16-ounce can..
Condiments and sauces:
Gherkins, sweet_________ ___7j-i ounces..
Catsup, tom ato................. ----- 14 ounces..
Beverages, nonalcoholic:
Coffee............................ . ...........p o u n d ..
Tea....................................... ----- M pound..
Cola drink.................carton of 6, 6-ounce—
Fats and oils:
Shortening, hydrogenated. --------- pound..
Margarine, colored 9........... ----- ------ do___
Lard......... .......................... ..............-do___
Salad dressing..................... .............. .p in t..
Peanut butter..... ............... ______ pound..
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar........................ ........... ----- 5 pounds..
Corn syrup________ ____ ___ 24 ounces..
Grape jelly_____________ ___ 12 ounces..
Chocolate bar___________ ____ 1 ounce.—
Eggs, fresh.............. .................... ______ dozen..
Miscellaneous foods:
Gelatin, flavored.............. . .........3-4 ounces
July
1954
June
1954
18.9
32.7
4.3
102.7
17.6
8.2
13.9
12.8
14. 5
6.5
26.1
21.7
32.8
July
1953
15.9
4.8
94.4
16.1
8.4
14.4
13.8
14. 5
6.6
24.3
17.7
28.5
5.5
78.8
20.1
8.2
12.2
14.1
16.9
8.0
30.0
21.5
35.7
32.8
38.6
40.9
18.2
21.4
17.5
9.7
34.7
32.8
38.8
41.1
18.2
21.4
17.3
9.8
34.0
34.2
38.6
40.1
19.0
21.3
17.3
9.8
30.9
17.9
30.6
17.7
29.3
17.2
14.3
14.5
14.3
14.5
14.3
14.3
29.7
22.4
30.0
22.3
29.6
22.4
123.0
34.4
32.3
120.9
34.2
32.2
88.6
32.5
30.0
35.5
30.3
26.3
36.1
49.3
35.2
30.1
27.1
35.9
49.1
34.5
29.2
18.3
34.6
49.0
52.7
23.7
25.5
4.8
56.9
52.7
23.7
25.3
4.7
53.0
52.9
23.6
24.4
4.5
70.6
8.5
8.5
8.6
N o t e .—The United States average retail food prices appearing in table
D-8 are based on prices collected monthly in 46 cities for use in the calculation
of the food component of the revised Consumer Price Index. Average retail
food prices for each of 20 large cities are published monthly and are available
upon request. Prices for the 26 medium-size and small cities are not published
on an individual city basis.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1076
T able
D-9: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1
11947-49 = 100]
Commodity group
All commodities-—......................................... -.........
July June
1954 2 1954
110.4
110.0
May
1954
110.9
Apr.
1954
111.0
Mar.
1954
Feb.
1954
110.5
110.5
Jan.
1954
110.9
Dec.
1953
Nov.
1953
110.1 109.8
Oct.
1953
Sept.
1953
Aug.
1953
July
1953
June
1950
110.2
111.0
110.6
110.9
100.2
97.9
94.7
85.4
95.9
105. 0
96.4
106.2
85.5
140.7
94. 6
89.8
89.6
99.8
107.3
81 6
70 6
87 6
122. 4
Farm products
Fresh and dried produce__________________
Grains
- _________________________
Livestock and poultry_________________ ___
Plant and animal fibers___________________
Fluid milk
___________________________
Eggs
__ _____________________________
Hay and seed s__________________________
Other farm products______________________
96.2
110.9
88.1
83.2
107.2
87.0
86.3
94.8
184.0
94.8
96.6
86.5
87.7
106.9
*83.7
70.8
96.0
181.7
97.9
104.4
91.2
93.0
107.0
84.1
69.0
95.3
181.2
99.4
97.4
92.9
94.9
105.5
88.3
77.9
96.5
182.2
98.4
89.6
93.0
92.4
105.9
93. 4
80.1
93.4
181.2
97.7
89.7
91.6
91.3
106. 5
95.0
89.6
91.6
168.0
97.8
94.4 93. 7
91.2
89.8 94. 2
90.6 89.3
91.3
91.8
83 9 78.4
104.2 103.2 103. 5
99.5 101.9
97.5
92. 7 97.2 111.6
90. 5 89.7 88.0
161.0 148.1 145.9
95.3
94.2
87.9
82.0
103.2
100.7
126.3
84.3
146.2
06. 4
98.1
96.0 98.0
86.5
88.3
90.6 88. 1
103.6 103.9
99.0 97.6
122. 5 113.8
81. 1 85. 1
149.3 144.3
Processed foods __ _________________________
Cereal and bakery products.............................. Meats, poultry, fish _____________________
Dairy products and ice cream______________
Canned, frozen, fruits and vegetables________
Sugar and confectionery . ________________
Packaged beverage materials_______ _______
Animal fats and oils______________________
Crude vegetable oils........ ..................................
Refined vegetable oils____________________Vegetable oil end products.—.______________
Other processed foods.......... .................. .............
106.4 105.0
114.0 113.5
94.1
92.3
105.1 102.4
104.7 *104. 7
113.4 *113.3
231.3 231.3
94.2 *90.0
71.9
73.0
79.1
79.1
87.3
87.3
99.1
96.8
106.8
113.3
98.3
101.7
104.5
113.1
229.6
99.7
71.8
76.4
87.2
101.3
105.9
113.2
94.3
103.0
103.3
112.6
229.6
108. 5
72.1
76.5
84.4
102.9
105.3 104.8
112.6 112.7
92.8
92.9
106.1 107.4
103.0 103.0
112.8 110.2
209.1 191.4
95.3
94.7
67.9
65.2
73.1
69.8
83.2
81.4
106. 5 108.9
106.2 104.3 103.8
112.4 112.2 112 6
96.4
89.7 86.2
109.4 111.3 113.9
103.8 103.9 104.7
110.1 108. 9 108.7
182.1 171.6 171.0
92.7 85.6
93.5
64.0
66.3 71.2
72.7
74.2 75.5
84.4 84.2
83.8
111. 5 113.9 110.2
104.7
112.0
88.9
112.7
104.9
110.2
169.8
94 0
70.1
73.3
80.3
117.1
106.6
110.8
97.4
111.3
104.7
110.1
169.8
106.8
65.7
68.8
80.5
116.8
104.8 105.5
108.4 108.5
97.0
93. 6
110.7 110.0
104.7 105.0
110.5 109.8
169.8 169.8
82. 2 72.4
62.9
63.1
78.0
70.9
83.4
84.0
116.7 117.3
96.8
96. 5
102. 4
90 0
68.0
94.7
136.0
63.9
67.9
67.4
79.2
106.6
All commodities other than farm and foods.... ........
114.3 *114. 2
114.5
114.5
114.2
114.4
114.6
114.6 114.5
114.6
114.7
114.9
114.8
102.2
Textile products and apparel................... .................
Cotton products ________________________
Wool products
________________________
Synthetic textiles_________________________
Silk p ro d u cts___________ - __________ ____
Apparel
________________ _____________
Other textile products. ___________ _______
95.1
88.9
109.8
85.6
124.2
98.5
79.1
94.9
88.4
110.1
85.6
123.9
98.1
79.0
94.8
88.3
109.5
85.2
131.6
98.2
78.8
94.7
88. 5
109.2
84.6
132.3
98.2
78.9
95.0
88.5
109.3
84.9
135.1
98.6
80.6
95.3
88.8
109.0
85.4
135.8
98.8
83.1
96.1
90.4
111.0
85.4
142.1
99.1
82.7
95.8 96.2
90.9 91.6
112.1 111. 5
85.5 85.2
139.3 136.5
97.9 98.7
82.4 83.5
96.5
92. 4
111.6
85.9
135.8
98.7
82.7
96.9
93. 7
111.2
86.7
134.7
98.5
82.9
97.5
97.5
94. 1 94.1
111.8 111.7
87.5
86.7
134.7 134.7
99.3
99.3
85.3
86.5
93.3
90.0
105.3
91.3
88.8
92.7
96.3
TTMpr sfcins and leather products______________
Hides and skins. ________________________
Leather ______________________________ Footwear
________________________
Other leather products__________ ___ ______
95.0
58.2
86.4
111.8
97.3
95.6
60.6
87.4
111.9
*97. 5
96.0
62.5
87.6
111.9
97.5
94.6
56.5
86.0
111.9
97.4
94.7
56.0
86.3
111.9
97.6
94.9
55.4
87.4
111.9
98.0
95.3
56 8
88.1
111.9
98.1
95.6 97.1
57.7 64.3
88.7 90.4
111.8 111.8
98.2 98.8
97.1
64.4
90. 4
111.7
99.1
99.7
74.2
94.5
111.8
99.1
99.9
74.6
95.0
111.8
99.5
100.0
73.4
96.1
111.7
99.7
99.1
94.3
98. 2
102.7
95.2
Fuel, power, and lighting materials_____________
Coal
_____________________________ Coke
_ ___________ , ______ ______
Gas
. - _________- ________________
Electricity
__________ - ______________
Petroleum and products_________________ _ _
106.4 *107.8
104.9 104.7
132.4 132.4
107.8 *107.8
101.8 101.8
108.2 110.9
108.2
104.6
132.4
109.0
101.8
111.7
108.6
104.1
132.4
112.3
101.8
112.1
109.2
107.9
132. 5
111.5
102.9
111.5
110.5
110.9
132.5
113. 5
101.3
113.5
110.8
111.9
132.5
111.8
100.7
114.2
111.1
112.5
132.5
109.6
100.7
114.9
111.2
112. 5
132.5
106.3
99.6
116.3
111.2
112.5
132. 5
106 6
98.5
116.6
110.9
112.3
131.8
106.0
98.0
116.5
111.0
111.7
131.8
105.7
99.1
116.5
111.1
111.8
131.8
106.1
98.5
116.8
102.4
104 8
115.6
94.8
101.3
103.1
Chemical? and allied p ro d u cts________________
Industrial chemicals _____ __________ _____
Prepared paint _____________ -___________
Paint materials--------- ------------------------------Drugs, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics---------------Fats and oils, inedible____________________
Mixed fertilizer
_____________________ _
Fertilizer materials _____________________
Other chemicals and products______________
106.7 106.8
117.1 *117.0
112.8 112.8
96.8
97.6
94.0
94.0
52.0
55.7
109.7 109.9
111.9 111.6
108.0 107.7
107.1
117.3
112.8
95.3
94.0
59.3
109.9
114.0
108.1
107.2
117.4
112.8
94.7
94.0
59.8
109.9
114.1
108.1
107.4
117.9
112.8
95.2
93.9
60.5
110.0
114.0
108.1
107.5
118.4
112.8
95.2
93.9
63.5
110.0
114.0
106.8
107.2 107.1 107.2
118.4 118.6 119.2
112.8 112.7 112.7
96.6 97.7
96.5
93.8 93. 5
93.9
68.6 58.0
61.2
111. 1 111.4 111.5
114.0 113.9 112.9
105.3 105.2 105.0
106.7
119 5
112.1
98.0
93.5
53.3
111.7
112.9
103.4
106.7
120.0
111.0
98.5
93.5
51.1
112.0
113.0
103.3
106.3 106.2
120.2 120.2
110.7 110.7
95.3
96.0
93.6
93.5
46. 0 46. 7
111.2 110.6
113.8 113.8
102.9 102.8
92.1
96.3
98.0
86.8
91.3
48.8
101.2
98.5
91.1
Rubber and pro d u cts______ - ___ . . . . __________
____ ____ „„____________
Crude rubber
Tire casings and tubes________________ ___Other rubber products____________________
126.8
126.2
129.3
123.7
126.1
122.8
129.3
123.7
125.1
117.5
129.3
123.7
125.0
117.0
129.3
123.7
124.9
113.8
130.3
123.7
124.6
112.9
130.3
123.3
124.8
113.4
130.3
123.7
124.8
114.5
130.1
123.2
124.3
112.0
130.1
123.2
124.2
111. 3
130.1
123.2
124.0
120.1
126.4
123.0
123. 5
120.0
125.1
123.2
124.6
121.1
126.4
124.1
109.5
129.0
106.1
103.6
Lumber and wood products...... ............. ...... ...........
Lumber ______________________________
Mill work ______________________________
Plywood
_____________________________
118.9 116.3
118.5 *115. 5
130.7 130.8
101.1
99.7
116.1
115. C
130.8
101.4
116.2
115.3
130.8
100.7
116.7
115. e
131.1
102. £
116.8
115.5
131.1
105. C
117.0
115.9
131.1
103.5
117.4
116.4
131.3
103.9
117.3
116.3
131.2
103.1
118.1
117.2
131.2
104.7
119.2
118.3
131.4
106.8
120.4
119.3
131.7
112.4
121.1
120.2
131.6
112.7
112.4
113.5
110.9
101.7
Pulp paper, and allied products_______________
Wood pulp
________________ - __________
W astepaper
_________________________
Paper
_______ _________ -_____________
Paperboard
_______________ - __________
Converted paper and paperboard___________
Building paper and board__ ______________
116.2 *115.8 115.8
109.6 109.7 109.7
79.2
67.2
70.1
126.5 *126. 5 126.5
124.2 124.2 124.4
111.9 111.5 111.5
127.! 127.! 127. Í
116.3
109.7
83.2
126.8
124.8
111.8
127. Í
116.6
109.7
84.1
126.8
124.6
112.3
127. S
117.1
109.7
85.7
126.8
125.1
113.2
127.!
117.0
109.7
79.1
126.8
125.5
113.2
127.9
117.1
109.7
79.1
126.8
125.9
113.4
123. C
117.3
109.7
90.8
126.8
126.0
113.4
123.0
117.5
109.7
112.9
126.6
126.2
113.2
123. C
116.9
108.8
109. e
126.5
126.0
112.3
123.0
116.2
108.8
98.5
125.9
123.6
112.1
123.0
115.8
95.9
108.8
90.6
85. C 79.0
125.1 103.3
123.7
97.2
112.1
93.2
123.
106.3
Metals and metal products_______________ ____
Iron and steel
_________________________
"Monferrous m e ta ls_______________________
Metal containers
______________________
Hardware
________________________
Plumbing equipm ent____________________
Heat in p equipment
___________________
Structural metal products_________________
Nonstructural metal products..____________
See footnotes a t end of table.
128. C 127.1
133.0 131.5
124.
123.7
130.3 130. f
138.: 137.
118. £ 118. £
114.
113.5
115. EI *115. £
125.3 1 125.
126.8 126.3
131.1 130.6
123.' 121.2
130.0 130.
138. £ 138.
118.2 118.2
114. £ 114.'
116.6 116.
126.31
125.
126.2
131. C
119.
130. (
137.
118.2
114.
116.?
126.
127.2 127. £
132. ( 132.
122.:
121.
130.! 128."
137. £ 137.2
118.2 118.2
115.3 115.
117.1 117.
127.2 127.2
127.9
133.6
122.3
128.7
137.2
118.2
115.8
117. 5
127.2
127.9
133.
122.1
128.7
137.5
118.5
115.?
117."
127.5
128.5 129.4
134.6 136.2
122.8 124.
128.6 128.1
136. £ 135.6
118." 118."
115.? 115.6
117.5 117.?
127.
126.1
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
127.1
131.8
123.6
130. C
137. £
118.
113. £
116. £
125.
129.2
135.7
126.
128.6
134."
116.
115.
117.6
125.
108.8
113.1
101.8
109. 0
111.1
103. 2
102.0
100.1
113.2
1077
D : PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
T able
D -9: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities 1—Continued
[1947-49=* 100]
July
June
1954 2 1954
Commodity group
May
1954
Apr.
1954
Mar.
1954
Feb.
1954
Jan.
1954
Dec.
1953
Nov.
1953
Sept.
1953
Oct.
1953
Aug.
1953
July
1953
June
1950
Machinery and motive products....... ..................... ..
Agricultural machinery and equipment--------Construction machinery and equipment-------Metalworking machinery and equipm ent........
General purpose machinery and equipment__
Miscellaneous machinery ---- -----------------Electrical machinery and equipment................
Motor vehicles, _______ _____ _____ ____ _
124.3 *124. 3
122.3 *122.3
131. 6 131.5
132.6 132.6
127.8 128.2
125.5 *125. 5
125.9 125.9
118.9 118.9
124.4
122.6
131.5
132.6
128.2
125.2
126.0
118.9
124 4
122. 3
131.6
132.6
128.2
125.2
126.5
118. 9
124. 5
122.3
131.7
133.0
128.5
125.1
120.8
118.9
124.5
123.0
131.5
133.0
128.2
124.9
126.8
118.9
124.4
122.7
131.2
132.8
128.2
124.7
126.8
118.9
124.3
122.5
131.1
132.8
128.6
124.5
126.8
118.5
124.2
122.5
131.1
132.8
128. 5
124.4
126.6
118.5
124.1
122.4
131.0
132.7
128.2
124 1
126.5
118.5
124.0
122.3
130.9
132.8
127.9
124.2
126.2
118.6
123.7
122.3
130.5
131.9
126.9
123.9
125.6
118.6
123.4
122.7
130.8
131.8
125.8
123 3
124.8
118.6
106.3
108.3
108.1
108.8
107.0
105.0
102.1
106.7
Furniture and other household durables..............
Household furniture . . .....................................
Commercial furniture_______- .................. ........
Floor covering.,.......................... ....................... .
Household appliances................................ ........
Radios. ------------- --------------------- ------ -----Television sets__________ _________ _______
Other household durable goods_____________
115.3 115.4
112.8 113. 1
126.2 126.2
122.7 122.6
109.7 *109.8
95.6
95.6
70.4 *70.6
130.4
130.4
115.5
113.5
126.2
122.6
109.9
95. 7
73.8
130.4
115.6
113.6
126.2
122.6
109.9
95.7
73.8
130.4
115.0
113.7
126.2
122.6
109. 5
95.7
73.8
128.2
115.1
113.9
126.2
122.3
109.7
96.1
73.8
128.1
115.2
114.2
126.2
122.5
109.6
96.1
73.5
128.1
115.0
114. 1
126.2
124.8
109.1
94.3
74.0
127.7
114.9
114.1
126.2
125.0
109. 0
94.3
74. 2
127.6
114.8
114.2
125.8
125.2
109.0
94.8
74.2
126.8
114.9
114.2
125.8
125.2
109. 1
94.8
74.2
126.9
114.8
113.8
125.8
125.3
108.9
95.0
74.0
126.9
114.7
113.8
125.8
125.2
108.8
95.0
74.3
126.7
103.1
101.8
106.2
109.1
100.1
(>)
(')
106.8
Nonmetallic minerals—structural— ................ ........
Flat glass................. .............................. ............
Concrete ingredients..... .................. ..................
Concrete products.............................................
Structural clay products____________ _____
Gypsum products____ ______________ ____
Prepared asphalt roofing...................................
Other nonmetallic minerals_________________
120.4 *119.1
124.7 124 7
122.1 *120.1
117.9 117. 6
132.0 132.0
122.1 122.1
98.2 *94.2
120.2 120. 2
119.3
124.7
120.0
117.3
132.0
122.1
96.3
120.2
120.8
124.7
119.8
117.3
132.0
122.1
108.4
120.2
121.0
124.7
119.9
117.3
132.0
122.1
109.9
119.8
121.0
124.7
119.8
117.6
131.9
122.1
109.9
119.8
120.9
124.7
119.9
117.2
131.9
122.1
109.9
119.8
120.8
124.7
119.6
117.2
132.1
122.1
109 9
118.9
120.8 120.7
124.7 124.7
119.4 119.4
117.4 117.4
132.1 132.0
122. 1 122.1
109.9 109.9
118.9 118.0
120.7
124.7
119.3
117.4
132 0
122.1
100.8
117.8
119.6
124.7
118.6
116.1
131.4
122.1
105.8
117.8
119.4
124.7
118.4
115.6
131.1
122.1
105.8
117.3
105.4
105.6
105. 7
104. 5
110.5
102.3
98.9
105. 7
Tobacco manufactures and bottled beverages____
Cigarettes...........................................................
Cigars------------ --------------------- ------- -------Other tobacco products-----------------------------Alcoholic beverages. ____________________
Nonalcoholic beverages_______________ ____
121.4
124.0
103.7
121.4
114.2
148.1
121.4
124.0
103. 5
120.7
114.2
143.1
121.4
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.3
147.9
121.5
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.6
147.9
117.9
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.6
125.1
118.0
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.6
125.1
118.2
124.0
103.5
120.7
115.0
125.1
118.1
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.9
125.1
118.1
124.0
103. 5
120. 7
114.9
125.1
118.1
124.0
103.5
120.7
114.9
125.1
116.2
124.0
103. 5
120.7
111.2
125.1
115.6
124.0
103.5
120.7
110.0
125.1
115.6
124.0
103.5
120.7
110.0
125.1
101.4
102.8
100.6
103.3
100.9
100.8
Miscellaneous........................ ............................ ........
Toys, sporting goods, small arm s......................
Manufactured animal feeds................................
Notions and accessories___________ ____ ____
Jewelry, watches, photo equipment...............
Other miscellaneous_________ ____________
103.9 *105.1
113. 5 113. 6
98.3 100. 6
101.6 *101. 6
102.7 102. 7
121.2 121. S
109.2
113.6
109.1
93.5
102.3
121.3
110.3
113.6
111.1
93.5
102.7
121.3
104.9
113.0
101.1
93.5
102.0
121.2
102.8
113.0
97.2
93.5
102.0
120.4
101.1
113.1
94.0
93.5
102.1
119.8
93.2
100.1
113.2 114.0
92.2
78.7
93. 5 93.5
101.9 101.9
119.7 119.5
94.4
114.1
81.0
93. 5
101.9
119.5
94.7
114.0
81.6
93. 5
102.0
119.3
96.4
114.0
85.0
93.5
101.8
119.6
95.3
114.1
82.7
93.2
101.8
119.8
96.9
104.8
93.7
88.7
96.6
105.4
* The revised wholesale price index (1947-49=100) is the official index for
January 1952 and subsequent months. The official index for December 1951
and previous dates is the former index (1926=100). The revised index has
been computed back to January 1947 for purposes of comparison and analysis.
Prices are collected from manufacturers and other producers. In some cases
they are secured from trade publications or from other Government agencies
which collect price quotations in the course of their regular work. For a more
T able
detailed description of the index, see A Description of the Revised Wholesale
Price Index, Monthly Labor Review, February 1952 (p. 180), or reprint
Serial No. R. 2067.
1 Preliminary.
* Not available.
* Revised.
D-10: Special wholesale price indexes1
[1947-49 = 100]
1954
1953
1950
Commodity group
July 2 June
All foods.............................. ........................................
All fish..___________ _________ _____________
Special metals and metal products_____________
Metalworking machinery.........................................
Machinery and equipment___________ ________
Total tractors___ _______ ___________________
Steel mill products................................. ....................
Building materials___________ ___________ ____
Soaps___________ ___________________________
Synthetic detergents......... ...................... ................
Refined petroleum products___________________
East coast petroleum..........................................
Mid-continent petroleum.___ _____________
Gulicoast petroleum ..___________________
Pacific coast petroleum___________________
Puln. rmner and products, excl. bldg paper
Bituminous coal, domestic sizes 3__________ ____
Lumber and wood products, excl. millwork______
» See footnote 1, table D-9.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
* Preliminary.
105.6
103.5
125.8
139.9
127.3
123.9
145.6
120.4
96.7
93.4
105.9
104.7
102.8
109.0
108.8
115.9
107.0
117.2
102.7
97.4
125.2
*139. 9
*127. 3
123.9
141.9
118.5
*96.3
93.4
109.1
106.1
104.8
113. 1
115.9
*115. 5
104.2
114.3
May
104.6
103. 7
125. 2
139.9
127.4
123.9
141.9
118.6
97.1
93.4
110.0
107.3
105.4
113.1
118.8
115.5
103.6
114.0
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
103.9 103.0- 103.1
105. 7 107. 5 107 2
125. 0 124.6 124. 6
139. 9 140. 1 140. 1
127.5 127.6 127.6
123.9 123. 7 124.9
141.9 141.9 142.0
119.0 119.3 119. 2
97.1
97.1
94.8
93.4
93.4
91.0
110.5 109.7 112.2
108.1 108.7 109.9
105.7 106.3 107. 7
114.1 110.0 116.0
118.8 118.8 118.8
116.1 116.3 116. S
103.7 106.3 112.2
114.1 114.7 114.7
s Comparable to former code 05-12-01.12.
Jan.
104.5
114.0
125.3
139.7
127.4
124.5
142.4
119.6
91.1
91.0
112.9
109.4
109.9
116.2
118.8
116.8
113. C
115.0
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
103 1 103.6
109.4 106. 1
125.4 125.7
139. 7 139. 7
127.5 127.4
124. 1 124. 1
142.4 142.4
119.6 119. 5
90.0
90.5
91.0
91.0
113.8 115.5
112.0 114. 1
109.6 110. 2
117.8 121.3
118.8 118.8
116.9 117. 1
112.5 112.6
115.4 115.3
* Not available.
105.1
111.3
125.7
139.6
127.2
124.1
142.5
120.0
86.5
91.0
115.8
113.5
110.1
122.8
118.8
117.4
112.6
116.2
Sept.
106.8
104.9
126.2
139.7
127.1
124. 1
142.6
120.4
86.2
91.0
115.6
113.8
109.6
122.8
118.8
116. 7
111.1
117.4
Aug.
104.8
107.8
126.8
139. !
126. 5
123.7
142.7
120.8
85.8
91.0
115.6
113.8
109.6
122.8
118.8
116.1
110.2
118.8
• Revised.
July
104.9
102 5
126 8
138.8
126.0
124.3
142.7
121.3
85.8
90.8
116. 1
113.8
109.7
124.1
118.8
115.6
108.7
119.7
June
95.0
92. 4
108 3
109.8
106.1
107.5
114.9
107.5
80.9
82.9
102.1
98. 1
101 8
109. 7
94. i
95 6
106.8
(4)
1078
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
E: Work Stoppages
T a b l e E - l : W ork stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Workers involved in stoppages
Man-days Idle during month
or year
Month and year
Beginning in
month or year
In effect during month
Beginning in
month or year
1935-39 (average).
1947-49 (average).
1945
........
1946
........
1947
........
1948
........
1949
........
1950
........
1951
........
1952
........
1953
........
2,862
3. 573
4, 750
4. 985
3,693
3,419
3,606
4,843
4,737
5, 117
5,091
1953: July...........
August.......
September.
October__
November.
December..
534
484
420
379
281
145
841
763
721
658
502
354
293. 000
238.000
119, 000
175. 000
100, 000
76, 300
1954: January *...
February >_
March 8__
A p ril8____
May 1____
June *____
J u ly ».........
250
200
225
300
350
350
375
400
350
375
450
500
550
575
80, 000
50. 000
100, 000
130. 000
180. 000
180, 000
230,000
In effect durlng month
1,130.000
2, 380, 000
3, 470. 000
4, 600. 000
2, 170. 000
1, 960. 000
3, 030, 000
2. 410. 000
2. 220. 000
3, 540, 000
2, 400, 000
i All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift are
included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “workers
involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or more
Number
Percent of esti
mated work
ing time
16. 900, 000
39. 700. 000
38. 000. 000
116,000. 000
34, 600, 000
34. 100, 000
50, 500, 000
38. 800. 000
22. 900, 000
59, 100, 000
28, 300, 000
0.27
.46
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
.23
.57
.26
491,000
393. 000
211.000
240. 000
175.000
173, 000
3, 880, 000
2. 880, 000
1, 700, 000
1, 650. 000
1, 570. 000
1, 880, 000
.39
.32
.19
.17
.18
.20
150, 000
100, 000
150. 000
200. 000
230,000
280.000
370,000
1, 000, 000
750, 000
1, 300, 000
1. 200. 000
1, 750.000
2, 200, 000
3, 750,000
.12
.09
.14
.13
.21
.24
.43
shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not meas
ure the indirect or secondary eflects on other establishments or industries
whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages,
1 Preliminary.
F: Building and Construction
T able
F -l: Expenditures for new construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
Type of construction
1954
Aug.8 J u ly 8 June8 May
1953
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
Total new construction *.................. $3,605 $3, 512 $3, 358 $3,094 $2,814 $2, 568 $2, 348 $2, 440 $2, 712 $3,024 $3. 236 $3, 362 $3, 345 $3. 325
Private construction____________ 2,436 2. 387 2,277 2, 115 1,937 1,791 1,643 1,714 1,917 2,077 2,154 2,200 2,223 2,218
Residential building (nonfarm). 1,278 1,252 1. 183 1,092
980
758
863
816
-951 1,034 1,076 1,093 1,114 1,126
New dwelling units______ 1,140 1,110 1,040
955
770
860
675
730
850
915
950
965
980
990
Additions and alterations..
113
110
114
111
96
71
61
63
94
78
101
103
110
112
Nonhousekeeping»_______
29
28
29
26
24
22
22
23
23
25
25
25
24
24
Nonresidential building (nonfarm)6
552
549
628
464
490
469
474
486
507
523
511
505
493
489
Industrial......................... .
161
160
164
165
169
173
176
179
177
177
177
177
174
176
Commercial.......... ..............
207
203
189
167
151
154
157
164
182
192
179
175
169
165
Warehouses, office, and
loft buildings_______
81
88
76
72
69
70
73
75
79
79
75
71
66
60
Stores, restaurants, and
garages......................
119
122
113
95
82
84
84
89
103
104
113
104
103
105
Other nonresidential building----------------------------185
185
175
158
144
141
142
143
154
148
155
153
150
148
Religious_____ ______
55
51
46
42
40
40
41
42
45
46
46
44
43
40
Educational_________
53
51
47
43
39
38
38
39
40
41
41
40
38
36
Social and recreational20
20
20
17
16
16
16
16
16
17
16
15
15
15
Hospital and institutional i........................
29
29
28
28
27
27
26
26
26
26
26
27
27
27
Miscellaneous...............
28
34
34
28
22
21
20
20
21
24
26
27
27
30
Farm construction__________
167
164
157
145
114
127
106
102
103
118
140
170
185
182
Public utilities......................... .
427
410
398
379
358
338
298
303
347
393
417
422
420
408
Railroad_____ __________
37
36
34
35
36
33
25
26
41
36
42
41
39
39
Telephone and telegraph...
56
55
54
54
50
50
45
46
51
48
56
51
52
55
Other public utilities....... .
334
319
309
291
272
255
228
231
263
301
319
330
329
314
All other private 8................. .
12
12
11
9
8
7
7
9
0
7
10
10
11
13
See footnotes a t end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1953
1952
Total
Total
$35, 256 $33. 008
23,877
11,930
10, 555
1, 108
267
5, 680
2, 229
1,791
22,107
11, 100
9,870
1,045
' 185
5,014
2, 320
1,137
739
515
1,052
622
1,660
472
426
163
1,557
399
351
125
317
282
1,731
4,416
442
615
3, 359
120
394
288
1,905
4, 003
438
570
2,995
' 85
1079
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F - l : Expenditures for new construction—Continued1
[Value of work put In piice]
Expenditures (in millions)
1953
1952
Total
Total
1953
1954
Type of construction
Sept.
Aug.
July
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
$979
31
$877
32
$777
34
$705
35
$726
36
$795
39
387
133
171
33
50
63
320
83
383
146
165
29
43
66
230
79
367
142
158
26
41
61
160
75
347
140
150
23
34
61
125
69
354
145
150
23
36
65
130
68
350
136
152
23
39
78
174
71
353
131
154
23
45
96
286
75
374
140
158
25
51
101
379
77
380
147
153
26
54
118
428
81
376
150
148
28
50
120
395
80
373
153
147
28
45
122
382
77
4, 352
1,771
1,728
353
500
1,307
3, 165
861
4,136
1,684
1,619
473
360
1.388
2,820
790
17
63
15
15
59
13
14
53
13
12
46
10
13
51
9
13
61
9
18
66
10
23
70
12
24
73
12
22
74
11
20
77
10
201
830
107
193
854
66
Public construction _____ _____ $1,169 $1,125 $1,081
Residential building9________
29
26
26
Nonresidential building (other
421
407
395
than military facilities)..........
129
Industrial_________ _____
130
128
Educational_____________
180
175
187
Hospital and institutional..
33
33
35
57
Other nonresidential_____
65
71
84
80
81
Military facilities 10....................
395
Highways.......... ....................... .
440
415
86
96
Sewer and water____________
90
Miscellaneous public service
22
enterprises » ______________
22
20
Conservation and development.
69
69
67
15
15
15
All other public 12___________
' Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Business and Defense Services Administration, U. S. Depart
ment of Commerce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the
monetary value of the volume of work accomplished during the given period
of time. These figures should he differentiated from permit valuation data
reported in the tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and
the data on value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
* Preliminary.
* Revised.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
*Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “ Public utilities.’’
Nov.
Oct.
Aug.2 July 3 Ju n e3 May
$947 $1,082 $1,162 $1,122 $1,107 $11,379 $10,901
654
44
46
556
46
43
46
11ncludes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
* Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges, and
miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
* Includes non housekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
i# Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for
production facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
>> Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power
systems, and local transit facilities.
t} Covers public construction not elsewhere classified such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
T able F-2: Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on federally financed new
construction, by type of construction 1
Value (in thousands)
Type of construction
1953 2
1954»
June 3
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
19,532
1952»
Total
Total
Total new construction4. $338, 411 $264,842 $251,015 $106, 872 $111.0.53 $158, 156 $168, 045 $156, 748 $318. 493 $166, 946 $212.413 $170, 726 $352,393 $2. 839, 734 $4, 730,311
14, 584 15, 691 20. 342
Airfields J. __________
B u ilding......... ............... 120, 576 111, 205 69. 023
2,417
Residential...... ...........
181
46
Nonresidential........... 120, 395 111, 159 66, 006
6,109
Educational 7_____
6, 480 6, 461
Hospital and insti
2,026
tutional ............... 15, 702 13, 471
Administrative and
2,092
2, 976
general 8________
7,333
Other nonresiden
tial building . . . 91,251 89,116 55.143
6, 309 17.340
Airfield buildings*. 14, 222
39, 591 55. 869 25. 833
Industrial 10____
5,951
8, 403
2,858
Troop housing...
2, 006
7,106
6, 070
Warehouses_____
7,106
Miscellaneous n ... 24, 381 12,465
Conservation and de
velopm ent.............. 29, 523 16. 608 23, 288
591
2,765
Reclam ation..............
10, 295
River, harbor, and
flood control............. 19, 228 13, 843 22,697
Highways........ ............... 158, 931 112, 166 129, 794
4. 598
Electrification________
6, 175 3, 988
8,622
5, 184 3. 970
All other 12______ _____
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8, 554
48, 337
394
47,943
11,051
11,305
65 399
30
65,369
19, 778
9, 505
10, 033
9, 691
6, 856
10, 280
18, 490
141,346
211,877
1,150
14, 460
2, 512
2,135
1, 719
4,506
45, 731
43,195
28, 030 136,358
199
1. 774
19, 631 128, 400
1,002
1. 176
992
2, 758
4,631
3, 825
24. 689
4, 027
11, 190
823
3, 437
5,206
36. 600
2,630
22,011
3, 077
160
8, 722
19, 689
1,008
12. 910
2,284
880
2, 577
87,237
17,659
36, 004
9, 483
8,382
15, 709
861,398 2,187, 644
70 047
80, 671
603, 128 1,305, 481
285, 602
60.046
276, 455
40,338
87,839
239, 435
9, 770
1,844
14, 663
11,086
11,564
4, 060
31, 396
4, 540
206, 355
63,604
19, 212
19, 865
397
19, 468
2, 562
11, 497
82, 073
104
81, 969
11,051
2. 702
38, 131
79
38,052
6, 580
4,425
6, 493
3,615
9, 780
2, 936
1,766
2,145
1,873
29, 500
10, 256
7, 408
951
5, 776
5, 109
8, 647
1.382
3, 403
1,394
511
1, 957
65, 158
12,913
42, 333
2, 334
2, 538
5, 040
19,819
1,076
15, 5-10
372
751
2,080
12,385
782
7,296
810
4, 763
1,339
11,252
7, 701
9, 729
3, 673
27,012
1, 716
11,603
90. 547
6,905
8,397
6, 486
47, 552
13,413
3,715
3,424
50, 401
3, 585
5,837
3, 551
92, 047
20, 130
3,783
6, 056
88, 176
1, 226
5, 216
25. 296
66. 407
47, 237
8, 640
1 Excludes classified military projects, but includes projects for the Atomic
Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs cover amounts con
tributed by both owner and the Federal Government. Force-account work
Is done not through a contractor, but directly by a Government agency, using
a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance construction on the agency’s
own properties.
2 Beginning with January 1953 data, awards with a value of $25,000 or less
are excluded; the combined value of such awards during 1951-53 amounted
to less than 1 percent of the annual totals.
* Preliminary.
♦ Includes major additions and alterations.
• Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
106, 411
140, 991
12, 651 10, 274
48, 007 132,074 1, 237,047 2, 596, 961
3.412
15, 239
23.296
(•)
48, 007 128, 662 1,221.808 2, 573, 665
173, 333
130, 949
16,319 18, 429
3,357
634
49, 044 168, 503
68
(•)
48. 976 168, 563
7,712
10, 291
8, 250
40,388
463
39, 925
3,064
7,926
3, 577
97, 543 105, 629
557 10, 695
2,185
4. 722
287, 498
92, 916
194, 582
142, 751
7,504 26, 856
94, 792 122, 202 1,050, 116 1, 005, 808
156, 759 515, 962
5,293 40, 069
83, 046
183, 091
4,419 16,378
8 Less than $25,000.
11ncludes projects under the Federal School Construction Program, which
provides aid for areas allrcted by Federal Government activities.
8 Includes armories, offices and customhouses.
* Includes all buildings on civilian airports and military airfields and air
bases with the exception of barracks ana other troop housing, which are in
cluded under “ Troop housing.”
*° Covers all industrial plants under Federal Government ownership, in
cluding those which are privately operated.
11 Includes types of building' not elsewhere classified.
1J Includes sewer and water projects, railroad construction, and other types
of projects not elsewhere classified.
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
1080
T a b l e F - 3 : Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by type of b u ild in g1
Number of new dwelling units—Housekeeping only
Valuation (In thousands)
New residential building
Privately financed
Housekeeping
Period
Total, all
classes»
NonPublicly housePrivately financed dwelling units
financed keepdwell
ing 5
M ulti
ing
Total
1-family 2-family » family * units
1942............................ - $2, 707, 573 $598, 570 $478, 658
4, 743,414 2,114,833 1,830, 260
1946.............-............. 1947________________ 5, 563,348 2, 885,374 2,361, 752
6,972, 784 3, 422, 927 2, 745, 219
1948........... - ............. —
1949................................ 7,398,144 3, 724, 924 2, 845,399
1950...............-............... 10, 480, 350 5, 819,360 4, 850, 763
1951------------------------ 8, 918,168 4, 380,137 3, 817, 697
1952................................ 8,926, 672 4, 647,014 4,050,435
1953......................... — - 9,603, 891 4, 645, 521 3, 993, 421
$42,629
103, 042
151,036
181, 493
132, 365
178,985
171, 343
213, 790
201,133
New non
resi
dential
building
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
Total
$77,283 $296,933 $22,910 $1, 510, 688 $278, 472 184, 892
181, 531 355, 587 43,369 1,458, 602 771,023 430,195
372, 586 42, 249 29, 831 1, 713, 489 892, 404 502,312
496, 215 139, 334 38,034 2,367, 940 1,004, 549 516,179
747,160 285,627 39, 785 2,410,315 937,493 575, 286
798,612 327, 553 84, 504 3,156, 475 1,092, 458 798, 499
391,097 587,476 37, 875 2, 815, 669 1,097,011 534, 605
382, 789 460, 375 51, 713 2,637,037 1.130, 534 563, 211
450,967 284, 592 93,111 3,330, 469 1, 250,197 536,998
1-fam
ily
138, 908
358,151
393,606
392, 532
413, 543
624,377
435, 219
457, 389
425,686
Pub
licly fi
2-fam Multinanced
fam
ily s
ily 4
15. 747 30, 237
24,326 47, 718
33, 423 75, 283
36,306 87, 341
26, 431 135, 312
33,310 140, 812
29, 895 69, 491
37, 454 68, 368
32, 548 78, 764
95, 946
98. 310
5,833
15,114
32,194
38, 953
66, 640
53, 626
32, 737
1952: Ja n u ary .......... .
February......... .
March_________
A pril,................
M ay....... ........... .
Ju n e....................
J u ly ....................
August................
September_____
O ctober-............
November_____
December_____
527, 773
611.085
783,787
858, 403
829, 940
887, 561
807,019
751,678
800,125
822, 292
644, 786
602,222
267,068
345,392
408, 651
465, 793
443,519
411,226
420,336
401, 450
438,618
450,175
319,189
275, 596
230,354
300, 957
353, 504
409, 964
388,013
368, 060
369,052
347, 555
384,202
388, 207
276, 724
233,845
16, 287
17, 276
18. 807
20, 425
20. 737
17, 489
17, 301
19,001
20, 719
17, 479
14, 498
13, 770
20,426
27,160
36, 341
35, 404
34. 769
25, 678
33,983
34, 894
33, 697
44, 489
27, 967
27,981
28,684
26, 089
80,957
75,698
62,057
63, 596
22, 554
12,119
15,947
15,680
21, 822
35,172
1,432
1,632
4, 570
3, 257
6, 729
3, 605
2,395
5,781
7,247
4,243
7,451
3,370
159,148
160, 555
197, 739
219, 581
211,040
291, 571
252,128
232, 974
233, 568
246,654
217,087
214,990
71, 441
77,417
91, 869
94,074
106, 595
117, 562
109, 607
99, 354
104, 746
105, 539
79, 237
73,094
34, 426
43, 237
50,026
56,325
53,352
48, 909
50, 636
48, 768
52, 528
52, 785
38,314
33,905
27,902
35,003
40, 204
45, 964
43,672
41,107
41, 842
39,110
42, 767
42, 655
30. 854
26,309
2,892
3,019
3, 471
3, 566
3, 550
3,080
2,938
3, 289
3, 588
3,055
2, 521
2,485
3,632
5, 215
6,351
6, 795
6,130
4, 722
5, 856
6,369
6,173
7, 075
4, 939
5,111
3,419
3, 047
10, 094
9,235
6, 736
7,008
2,484
1,663
1,701
1,624
2,475
4,141
1953: January----------February....... .
March________
April................ .
M a y ................ .
Ju n e ................ .
July.....................
August________
September_____
October..... ........ .
November......... .
December........
590,397
665, 229
941, 507
1,015, 568
910, 269
886,089
884,063
802, 374
801,062
785,093
672, 564
608,318
278, 931
331, 971
482,342
501, 327
454. 976
447, 820
410, 770
392, 541
378,975
386,155
302, 858
271,361
233,070
281, 720
417, 691
438,360
395,168
385, 891
352, 921
338,663
323,110
332, 596
263, 782
227,110
13, 369
16, 345
19, 861
20, 964
20,095
16, 970
17, 967
14, 682
14, 790
18, 644
13, 518
12,192
32, 492
33, 906
44, 790
42,003
39, 713
44,959
39, 882
39,196
41,075
34,915
25, 558
32,059
32, 280
33,111
80,979
26,005
23,150
19, 976
5, 210
9, 730
28,001
2,066
12, 705
5,146
5,153
3,101
6,693
7,077
6, 235
4, 677
11,135
13,109
15, 425
5,986
7,697
6,823
195, 643
213,028
268,016
362,123
311,049
288,053
332, 523
278,386
260, 908
282, 237
262,917
248,324
78, 390
84,088
103, 478
119, 037
114, 859
125, 563
124,425
108,609
117, 753
108, 650
86, 387
76,664
34, 914
39, 953
56, 068
57, 225
52, 739
51, 721
46,697
44, 528
42, 899
43,148
34,363
32,074
26,833
31, 047
44, 647
46, 074
42, 477
41,351
37,015
35,686
33, 625
34, 534
27, 839
24,165
2, 347
2, 815
3,342
3, 524
3,294
2,635
2, 906
2, 246
2,399
2,674
2,128
2,028
5,734
6,091
8,079
7,627
6, 968
7,735
6, 776
6, 596
6, 875
5,940
4,396
5,881
3,973
3, 869
9,268
3, 918
2,457
2,282
571
1,046
3,249
238
1, 557
734
1954: January----------February______
March________
April_____ _____
May 6-_...............
June 7...................
600,116
637, 444
887. 732
949,948
906, 203
1,060,236
2&3, 564
320,014
467. 733
512,809
488,007
548,793
210,176
277,379
408, 444
450, 668
434,989
486,321
9, 274
11,103
15, 544
16,265
14,653
16,016
44,114
31, 532
43. 745
45,876
38,365
46,456
16, 817
9,876
9, 711
9,323
6, 952
32,296
8,117
5,223
11, 296
9,858
6,326
6,516
238, 295
220, 517
297.066
305, 242
296,428
345,203
73, 324
81, 814
101, 927
112,716
108,491
127,428
31, 855
37,392
53. 655
56,941
52,889
59, 526
23,185
29, 810
43, 417
47,102
44, 513
49,865
1,489
1,900
2, 528
2,556
2, 259
2,422
7,181
5, 682
7, 710
7,283
6,117
7,239
1,830
1.132
1,174
1,104
792
3, 583
>Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Urban is defined according to the 1940 Census, and includes all incorporated
places of 2,500 inhabitants or more in 1940 and a small number of places,
usually minor civil divisions, classified as urban under special rule.
Sums of components do not always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
* Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
* Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
* Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
* Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
* Revised.
1 Preliminary.
1081
F : BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION
T able F-4: New nonresidential building authorized m all urban places,1by general type and by
geographic division 2
Valuation (In thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1953
1954
Ju n e 3 May 4
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1953
1952
Total
Total
$278. 386 $332, 523 $288. 053 $3,303, 469 $2,637.037
All types-....................... 5345, 203 $296,428 $305, 242 $297,066 $220, 516 $238,295 $248,324 $262, 917 $282, 237 $260,908
165,928
192,857
8,237 17, 350 20, 166 18, 912 15,378 11,952 16, 233 17, 486
6,591
New England_____ 12, 719 19.685 19,630 18, 754
440, 529
508, 043
44, 733 40. 125 46, 485
40,
252
36,
391
45,840
62,
445
36,
992
45,
993
61,891
50,
781
42,124
42,833
Middle Atlantic___
786,
544
597,
588
68.768
102,
275
74.
963
56.
482
76,361 73, 685 69,880 68,901 49,008 55, 354 41,019 58, 297 67. 670
East North Central
215. 776
271. 263
548 30, 470 18, 584
West North Central- 33,842 26,941 31, 716 26, 951 15,712 15, 751 21,058 16, 520 23, 865 26.308 23,
441,683
276,
783
35,810
44,
496
40,810
27,
366
South Atlantic____ 56, 526 38.014 32,250 37,483 34, 024 28, 374 25,172 41,241 36, 375 10, 870 10, 086
120.165
113. 191
8,558 10.164
6, 212 10, 9.54
7,737
8,181
8,703
12,822 11,389 13,105 13,350
East South Central
274,
142
368.
642
41.
131
28,
101
22.
425
West South Central. 37,401 40, 497 28,204 25,310 25,371 31,003 24, 746 37,410 24, 642 28. 570
101, 699
141, 752
9.961 17, 762 10, 749
8, 510 15, 421
8,838
5,288 11,124
7.768
8,815 15. 298
7,956
17, 250
M ountain............
444,
429
506,
494
38,877
44,
503
39,908
55, 449 36,138 39, 751 38,439 36. 348 40,114 37, 674 37,842 45, 470 40, 261
Pacific___________
41,198 39, 523 37, 982 429, 709 351, 520
Industrial buildings *__ 31,109 53,537 32,086 20,096 20,347 37,362 36,890 39, 378 34, 217 21,027
28. 097
2,553
25, 231
1,982
1,291
1,704
1,066
6 858
683
511
603
2,059
2,199
5.400
1,314
New England........
60, 949
84. 380
7,335
4, 729 6, 213
5,
556
9,962
8,321
2,141 14,089 11, 893
6,117 12,450 6,129
3,778
Middle Atlantic----111,839
138,
556
12,
380
18,
399
21,156
6,307
9,718
14,
083
8,
227
9,037
4,036
4,815
8,896
9,237
10,986
East North Central
24. 305
30,
457
1,
225
3,
055
2,147
3,090
3,536
1,875
6,257
2.486
2,244
860
I , 344 1,700
2,449
West North Central.
41,631
25. 237
3, 774
2,341
357 2,199
2, 255
I,
339 I ,
1,435
1,436
908
I,
400 4,362
3,547 10,132
South Atlantic____
16, 084
16,
511
707
662
I
,
359
441
2,408
1,232
2, 431
897
1,133
218
663
571
1,131
East South Central
17,192
14,410
1,026
801
2,258
2,033
610
1,208
762
1,013
I,
407
779
I
,
302
16,140
2,571
West South Central5,983
9,989
209
625
356
271
484
933
277
583
531
631
614
483
1,042
M ou n tain ................
61, 834
68, 645
8, 774
5,587
5,
562
5,269
4,177
3,
528
4,926
7,311
4,805
2,782
2,863
4,113
4,290
Pacific_____ ____
686,
346
1,093,
687
96.137
112,
910
91,
247
94,
446
Commercial buildings •_ 97,474 98, 559 111, 421 97.582 76. 364 66,141 74, 210 87, 594 98, 279
28, 766
49,192
2,832
3,487
3,649
4,935
3,122
4,154
3,454
2,206
6,694
2,895
4,131
4,149
2,985
New E n g lan d -.......
121,
120
181,
303
16,
237
16,
260
13,096
17, 476
Middle Atlantic___ 13, 221 14, 657 21, 671 15,818 10,174 10,959 17, 202 11,784 17, 510 22,
144,107
226,201
023 20. 176 26,805 16,182
17,192 26, 478 20, 708 18, 578 13, 216 10,606 16, 642 14.955 17, 434
East North Central
84,
282
56.056
6,808
6,699
8,056
7,928
4,953 11, 056
3, 504 4,028
3,944
9, 383 8,650 15,273 10,291
West North Central.
87,085
166, 734
8,977 21,162 22, 294 12,903
15, 220 13,788 14,440 10,704 19, 955 9,629 11, 734 18,096 14,889
South Atlantic____
26. 015
33. 055
3,405
3,666
3,083
3, 514
1,807
1, 452
2,106
1,836
4,790
5, 835
4, 162 4,704
4.322
East South Central
91, 774
138,
262
20,
558
12,
671
5,715
9,386
9,
520
14,
272
7,444
14,449
10,
Oil
10,
257
12,855
8,881
West South Central. 14, 764
30. 392
54,133
3,307
5,095
3,149
8,080
2,574
3,431
2,908
1,718
3, 618
3,841
6,288
4,915
6,613
M ountain............... 101,032
160,
525
13,906
15,
934
13,162
12,126
20,366
14,
497
8,692
11,234
13,116
7,
761
13, 775 12,879 13,798
Pacific_____ ____
1,101,141
1,
268,
043
102,
894
136,
250
476
Community buildings 7. 158,874 108,158 121, 423 136, 719 74,043 102, 500 101, 501 93,908 106, 237 100,331 100,
78, 221
80, 420
6,649
8,911
4, 541
7,172
4,703 11, 389 6, 705 10, 644
2,637
8, 288
8,887 11,487
4,374
New England_____
193,155
188,091
9, 949 12,890
247 23.349
Middle Atlantic----- 14,641 16, 808 22,663 26,411 13, 646 18, 341 26, 212 II, 686 15, 432 13,
227,139
272,
363
26,
956
46,
284
20,252
17,844
23,
664
17,824
12,372
28,902
15,398
27,
778
26,805
27,091
East North Central. 31,665
103,712
115,333
7,136
9,697
921 18.026
5,164 I I ,
3,891
9,195
3,867
7,234
9,831 12.623
19, 622 8,408
West North Central
115, 572
167, 647
7,711 12, 403 16, 576 13, 758 8,913 15,814 13, 360
I I , 664 23,137
621 7,122 12,929
33, 533 I I ,
South Atlantic____
57, 008
46,
632
4,
500
1,
469
4,406
5,621
3,860
2,742
2,961
2.487
1,177
6,179
6,417
5,847
6,584
East South Central
117,
264
150,
304
15,
499
8,
758
I
I
,
011
10,331
11,
010
19,
927
10,
368
12,
214
9,815
10.
212
West South Central. 12, 745 13,235 12,356
56,164
34,827
5,385
9,
246
4,877
3, 371
3, 613 4,028
6,318
1,886
1,884
7,077
2,977
1,730
7,830
M ountain________
174.
243
191,
090
10,
518
17,
792
13,
432
17,067
15,859
15,116
14,975
17,171
15,130
15,014
14,
489
17,266
Pacific......... ............ 27,880
152, 537
119, 502
4,384 13, 700
7,087
4,824
3, 952 8, 334
9,715
7,059
7,299 29, 279
6,392
Public buildings •-------- 10, 674 5,504
13, 951
6,
723
420
20
711
0
1,
510
231
798
55
0
0
115
397
1,880
New England_____
19, 434
10,993
6,145
381
285
125
110
127
1,213
552
25 8,198
918
986
2,847
Middle A tlan tic....
15, 656
39. 286
1,269
666
731
448
4,155
1,050
462
313
170 II, 737
1,079
1,743
2.323
East North Central.
4, 246
7,0.53
606
467
285
1,050
739
509
790
773 1,032
937
1,132
2,130
0
West North Central16, 547
4,114
13,102
1,227
611
354
482
1,168
417
1,348
192
969
364
797
605
South Atlantic-----10.841
2,329
175
0
55
44
0
27
72
1, 662
1,905
1,883
21
150
450
East South Central .
7,348
9,412
176
14
212
642
454
136
3,373
335
1, 444
118
352
176
907
West South Central.
14, 480
3,845
5
506
96
906
83
82
801
0
982
504
144
0
681
M ountain.............. 50, 035
26, 759
790
3,484
1,718
1,
254
801
622
1,
788
1,762
4,050
2,691
837
556
979
Pacific___________
Public works and utility
135, 525
193,608
15.623
254 7,561 10, 559 15,051 23,180 15, 284 13, 666 11,668 14,140 12,113
9,069 I I ,
16,161
buildings •-------------6, 298
19, 227
3,632
536
567
143
1,606
1,089
453
155
136
1, 007
495
43
1, 217
New England_____
23,540
21,
292
1,112
5,335
1,301
474
1, 553
3,043
4,015
345
1,298
553
1,979
1,209
477
Middle Atlantic----33,
612
42,
462
3,
904
4,184
1,509
2,565
5,675
6,
491
1,522
463
2,860
9, 274
2,679
2,427
6, 579
East North Central7, 618
15,936
1,174
614
1,363
418
1, 265
3,878
21
643 4, 213
319
1,099
397 3,250
West North Central12,
736
29,
286
181
2,078
1,602
1,156
551
5,868
2,048
2,097
1,117
461
855 2,708
1,904
South Atlantic____
3, 720
5,878
28
889
123
650
76 2,394
0
1,010
0
30
727
14
9
East South Central19,
991
654
29,
299
1,760
890
3,724
1,
250
533
1,262
1,489
649
206 2,143
599
3,823
West South Central3.365
4, 282
74
951
462
1, 576
364
190
361
305
49
196
535
275
33
M o u n ta in ........... .
24,648
25,945
1,
354
468
1,176
1,880
1,
706
2,012
5,370
480
811
1,646
827
396
1,720
209,968
225,921
707 25,316 25,226
30,912 21,601 22,666 19,748 12, 922 14,674 10,957 14,905 19, 886 21, 614 26,
All other buildings —
10, 599
12,064
1,401
1,297
1,193
1, 425
964
572 1,129
607
320
70"
1,203
810
948
New England.........
22, 331
21,984
2,
766
1,987
1,975
2, 295
1, 429 2,352
1,909
1,707
1,845
1, 535
2,210
2,348
7,868
Middle A tlantic.. . .
65,
234
67,
677
8,077
8,612
8,464
7,296
7,024
3,894
1,793
6,034
1,762
8,284
9,713
6,70S
7,616
East North Central
18,202
19,839
1,635
1,609
1,99S
1,901
2,104
1,413
64E
767
873
1,92C
1,682
4,156
1,991
West North Central
19,
605
23.282
1,
47?
1,
499
5,56.
1,763
1,62D
2,
367
1,828
935
1, 277
1,10.
1,286
1,211
1,716
South Atlantic____
6,497
8,787
1, 349
1,872
l,06f
59E
485
683
167
289
614
29
574
645
32f
East South Central.
20,
573
26,955
3,21?
4,
096
2,33!
2,45
1,79S
1,334
1,
538
1,50^
2,04C
1,80
1,134
1,465
2,596
West South Central.
12, 651
13, 339
1,76'
1,346
1,02
97"
1, 21C
58S
458
79(
705
60
705
5K
1,051
Mountain ..............
32,638
33,639
3,53,
3,004
>
3,09,
2,
66.
2,
56C
2,06"
1,925
2,15(
3, 793
4,16C 3,19
6,80'
3,704
Pacific......................
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding,
a For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
«Preliminary,
i Revised.
i includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, Ice plants,
Industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
• Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
uildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
7 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
braries 6tc
* Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as courtiouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals, armories,
__
,, . ,,_
rmy barracks, etc.
» Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
as and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
. . . . . .
i®Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, and other buildings
lot elsewhere classified.
1082
T able
MONTHLY LABOR REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1954
F-5: Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by
urban or rural location, and by source of funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
All units
Period
1925...........................
1933 3.........................
1941 «...................................
1914 • ...................................
1946
...................
1947
1948
..............
..............
1919 . .
. .................
1950*.........................
1951...........................
1952..
.............
1953...........................
Privately owned
Total
nonfarm
Urban
Rural
nonfarm
Total
nonfarm
Urban
Rural
nonfarm
Total
nonfarm
Urban
Rural
nonfarm
937.000
93 000
706.100
141.800
670. 500
849. 000
931.600
1,025. 100
1.396.000
1,091,300
1,127. 000
1,103,800
752.000
45.000
434.300
96,200
403. 700
479. 800
524. 900
588.800
827. 800
595. 300
609, 600
565,000
185,000
48. 000
271.800
45.600
266, 800
369. 200
406, 700
436, 300
568. 200
496,000
517.400
538.800
937,000
93. 000
619.500
138. 700
662,500
845, 600
913. 500
988.800
1,352, 200
1.020. 100
1.068.500
1,068, 300
752. 000
45.000
369, 500
93, 200
395, 7C0
476, 400
510. 000
556. 600
785, 600
531,300
654,600
533, 200
185, 000
48. 000
250, 000
45, 500
266.800
369. 200
403. 500
432. 200
566, 600
488, 800
513.900
535,100
0
0
86. 600
3.100
8, 000
3, 400
18, 100
36. 300
43. 800
71,200
58. 500
35,500
0
0
64. 800
3, 000
8.000
3,400
14,900
32. 200
42. 200
64,000
65. 000
31,800
0
0
21,800
100
0
0
3,200
4, 100
1, 600
7. 200
3, 500
3, 700
257,100
72.100
79. 260
105. 800
324.300
111, 400
108,300
104,600
285. 000
96, 700
93, 200
95,100
237, 400
90.100
81,500
65,800
140, 600
38, 400
43, 100
59.160
165,900
57, 400
55, 200
53.300
141.600
48,100
46,400
47,100
116.900
43. 100
38. 800
35,000
116, 500
33, 700
36,100
46. 700
158, 400
54, 000
53. 100
51,300
143, 400
48. 600
46.800
48.000
120. 500
47. 000
42. 700
30,800
238.100
68, 200
73. 800
96, 100
315, 000
107,400
105, 600
102, 000
280. 700
96,400
92. 200
92, 100
234, 500
90. 100
79. 600
64,500
123,800
35, 400
38. 600
49. 800
158,000
54, 100
52, 500
51,400
137, 300
47, 800
45.400
44,100
114.100
43.100
37, 200
33, 800
114.300
32. 800
35. 200
46, 300
157,000
53. 300
53, 100
50. 600
143.400
48. 600
46. 800
48,000
120, 400
47,000
42, 700
30, 700
19, 000
3, 900
5, 400
9, 700
9, 300
4,000
2, 700
2. 600
4,300
300
1,000
3.000
2,900
(7)
1,600
1,300
16, 800
3. 000
4, 500
9,300
7,900
3. 300
2, 700
1,900
4,300
300
1.000
3,000
2, 800
(7)
1,600
1,200
1953: First q u arter...
January____
February___
March...........
Second quarter.
April..............
M ay_______
June..............
Third quarter...
July............... .
Aueu st..........
September__
Fourth quarter.
October......... .
Novem her___
December___
■iic roLunmes suuwn nere uo noi mciuae temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of Federal
construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys in non
permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm dwelling units
started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is lf'0,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 96,000 and 104,000.
T a b l e F -6 :
Publicly owned
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands)3
Total
Privately
owned
Publicly
owned
$4, 475,000 $4, 475, 000
285. 446
285. 446
2,826. 192 2, 530. 765
496. 054
483.231
3, 769, 767 3,713,776
5, 643. 436 5,617,425
7,203, 119 7, 028, 980
7,702. 971 7,374,269
11. 788. 595 11,418, 371
9, 800. 892 9.186, 123
10,208. 983 9, 706. 276
10, 488,003 10,181,185
$295, 427
12, 823
55. 991
26,011
174, 139
328. 702
370,224
614, 769
502, 707
306,818
2, 200 2,346, 213 2,183, 710
900
641, 703
610,344
900
720. 234
674,399
400
984. 276
898. 967
1, 400 3, 083. 256 3,000. 120
700 1, 057. 899 1,022, 836
1,027. 221 1,001,093
(7)
700
998, 136
975, 591
2, 777, 607 2, 739,268
(7)
941, 943
(7)
938, 871
911,681
902, 501
(7)
923. 983
897. 896
(7)
100 2, 280. 927 2, 258, 087
883, 455
882. 838
(7)
0
777,479
764, 774
100
619, 993
610,475
162, 503
31,359
45,835
85, 309
83. 130
35.063
25. 528
22, 545
38,339
3.072
9. 180
26, 087
22, 840
617
12, 705
9,518
0
0
3 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
3 Depression, low year.
< Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
1 Last full year under wartime control.
• Housing peak year.
7 Less than 50 units.
Num ber of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units started, by ownership and location,
and construction co st1
Number of new dwelling units started
Total
1954: First quarter.........
236,800
January______
66,400
February...........
75, 200
M arch____ ____
95, 200
Second q u arter3. __ 334. 700
A p ril4 _...........
107, 700
M ay 3____
107, 000
June 3.__
120,000
Third quarter..............
July 3________
112, ÖÖÖ
Privately
owned
Publicly
owned
Metro
politan
places
Nonmetro N orth North
politan
east
Central
places
Privately
owned
South
West
59,100 $2,240,448 $2,199,446
17,600
618,313
605, 951
19, 600
701,934
690, 760
21, 900
920, 201
902, 735
3,411,040 3,360, 737
25, 600 1,115,897 1,104, 645
1,085, 268 1,081,827
(5)
1,209,875 1,174, 265
(s)
232, 200
65,100
73, 900
93, 200
328,600
106,500
106, 500
115, 600
4,600
1.300
1.300
2,000
6,100
1,200
500
4, 400
174,300
49, 700
53, 500
71,100
240,100
79,400
75, 700
85,000
62, 500
16, 700
21,700
24,100
94,600
28, 300
31,300
35,000
47,400
13,000
13,300
21,100
52, 700
13,300
16, 200
23, 200
77,600
22, 500
26,100
29,000
21, 700
(5)
(s)
31,100
(s)
(5)
29,300
(5)
(s)
109,000
3, 000
83, 200
28,800
(‘)
(5)
(8)
1 This new series on housing starts begins with January 1954 data, and
continuous with statistics for earlier dates except that the urban-rural noi
farm distribution shown previously is replaced by metropolitan-nonmetr.
poll tan and regional data. 1 he new series is based on recently revised est
mating techniques which combine (1) a monthlv reporting system expande
to include almost all building-permit-issuing localities (accounting for near!
80 percent of total nonfarm population), with (2) field surveys of dwelling-un
starts in nonpermit-issuing places—based on a newly designed sample <
counties that permits more efficient operations and a greater degree of acci
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Estimated construction cost
(in thousands)3
Location
Period
(s)
Total
(s)
Publicly
owned
(‘)
$41,002
12, 362
11,174
17, 466
50,303
11,252
3,441
35,610
O)
racy than previously. The error in the total private, nonfarm estimate due to
sampling in the nonpermit segment is sueh that for an estimate of 100,000
starts the chances are about 19 out of 20 that a complete enumeration of all
nonpermit areas would result in a total private nonfarm figure between 98,000
and 102,000. For metropolitan-nonmetropolitan or regional components, the
relative error is somewhat larger. D ata on type of structure (1-famiiy houses
versus rental type structures) are available on request.
3 See table F-5, footnote 2.
3 Preliminary.
‘ Revised.
« Not yet available.
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