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Monthly
Labor
Review
S E P T E M B E R 1951 VOL. 73 NO.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Medical-Care Insurance for Industrial Workers
Cooperative Housing in the United States
The ICFTU Congress at Milan
ICFTU Progress in Underdeveloped Areas
Democratic Trade-Unions in Malaya
U N I T E D STATES D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR
Maurice J. Tobin, Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR S T A T I S T I C S
fr
1
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
M aurice J. Tobin , Secretary
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
E wan C lagu e , Commissioner
A ryness J oy W ic k e n s , Deputy Commissioner
Assistant Commissioners
H erman B. B yer
H en ry J. F itzgerald
C ha rles D . S tew art
Chief Statistician
S amuel W eiss
H. M. D outy, Chief, Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
W. D tjane E vans, Chief, Division of Interindustry Economics
E dward D. H ollander, Chief, Division of Prices and Cost of Living
R ichard F. J ones, Chief, Division of Administrative Services
W alter G. H eim , Chief, Division of Field Service
H ersey E . R iley , Chief, Division of Construction Statistics
Samuel H . T hompson, Chief, Division of Productivity and Technological Development
F aith M . W illiams, Chief, Division of Foreign Labor Conditions
Seymour L. W olfbein , Chief, Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
P aul R . K erschbaum , Chief, Office of Program Planning
B oris S t er n , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
M orris W eisz , Special Assistant to the Commissioner
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Monthly Labor Review
KALAMAZOO
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTIC^’ *
____________________________ PUBHC LIBRARY
Lawrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications
CONTENTS
Special Articles
251
258
265
270
274
Medical-Care Insurance for Industrial Workers
Cooperative Housing in the United States, Mid-1950
Second Congress of the ICFTU at Milan, July 1951
Progress of the ICFTU in Underdeveloped Areas
Growth of Democratic Trade-Unions in the Federation of Malaya
Summaries of Studies and Reports
277
283
287
293
296
298
299
301
302
304
306
Health and Welfare Plans in the Automobile Industry
Defense Expansion in Shipyard Employment
Wage Chronology No. 18: Bethlehem Atlantic Shipyards, 1941-51
Communications Industry: Earnings in 1949 and 1950
Midyear 1951 Economic Reports of the President, CEA, and ODM
ODM Manpower Policy Statements of August 1951
Defense Production Act Amendments of 1951
Federal Law on Migratory Labor, 1951
General Wage Regulations 13-15; Ceiling Price Regulations, 55-66
Budget for an Elderly Couple; Estimated Cost, October 1950
Fourth Session of the ILO Coal Mines Committee
Technical Note
309 Estimating a Budget for an Elderly Couple
Departments
m
311
316
318
322
329
The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Developments in Industrial Relations
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)
September 1951 • Vol. 73 • No. 3
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington 25. D. C. - Price 50 cents a copy
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
This Issue in B rief...
development of the
free labor movement and its effect on the eco
nomic, political, and social outlook of workers in
widely separated regions is reported in three re
lated articles in this issue. S econd C ongress of
the ICFTU at M il a n , J u l y 1951 (p . 265) shows
how this free union confederation, which did not
even exist 2 years ago, has passed from the paper
to the operational stage. Here, the AFL, the CIO,
and the United Mine Workers are cooperating
with other trade-union groups in evaluating past
activities and in planning for future action. The
congress at Milan pledged itself to a relentless
campaign against totalitarianism in any form and
voted a fund of at least $700,000 to be spent on
regional activities in the next 3 years. This pro
gram is closely allied with the antitotalitarian
fight as well as with the desire to raise labor stand
ards in underdeveloped areas. Some of the fruits
of the Confederation’s work thus far are brought
out in P rogress of the ICFTU in U nderdevel
oped A reas (p. 270). The article shows that the
gradations of ICFTU activity are conditioned by
the economic and political structure of the areas
concerned: a regional organization is already
functioning in the Americas and another is well
under way in Asia; preparatory work has been
carried out in Africa.
N ational and international
A case history— G rowth of D emocratic T radeU nions in the F ederation of M alaya (p. 274) —
shows what action can be taken to rout Com
munist forces in the trade-unions of one coun
try and to create a responsible labor movement.
Under a Government-sponsored educational pro
gram started after World War II, workers merged
their efforts to organize the Malayan Trade-Union
Council—currently an ICFTU affiliate. Under
liberalized trade-union legislation, collective bar
gaining in Malaya has yielded wage increases on
the rubber plantations, which are the main source
ii
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of paid employment. Reasonable attempts made
to settle disputes by collective bargaining have
become the rule, before starting strike action.
In the United States, the substantial progress
made by industrial workers in obtaining health
protection under the private insurance principle
is evident in M edical-C are I nsurance for I n d u s
trial W orkers (p. 251). The article examines
1950 in retrospect and determines that it was a sig
nificant turning point in medical-care insurance,
utilizing programs sponsored and controlled by
the health professions and private insurance com
panies. Protection was extended greatly, with
employers bearing an increasing share of total
costs. Emphasis is placed upon the growing trend
toward employer financing, as a part of normal
operating expenses, and programs are described
that were arrived at both with and without col
lective bargaining. A detailed account of col
lectively bargained health and welfare plans in
a single industry is also included in this issue.
H ealth and W elfare P lans i n the A utomobile
I ndustry (p. 277) explains that many such plans
existed before they were covered by collective
bargaining agreements, but that once included in
contracts their spread was phenomenal in this in
dustry. Although individual benefits vary be
tween companies, the “package” of benefits is
generally uniform throughout the automobile in
dustry. Plans financed by employers and em
ployees jointly somewhat outnumbered those of
which the employer bore the sole cost in 1950.
Facts on employment in shipyards, among the
Nation’s industries having extreme fluctuations in
manpower requirements, are presented in D efense
E xpansion in S hipyard E mployment (p. 283).
The number of workers engaged in shipbuilding
and ship repair combined rose by more than 60
percent to a total of 216,900 from the start of
Korean hostilities to May 1951. This increase
was accompanied by only a moderate lengthening
in the average workweek. By mid-1952, outlook
is for a net addition of 40,000 workers in the in
dustry. W age C hronology N o. 18: B ethlehem
A tlantic S hipyards , 1941-51 (p. 287) adds to
the information on this particular industry in the
present issue.
The Labor Month
in Review
U nified action of organized labor was sus
pended with AFL withdrawal from the United
Labor Policy Committee in August. Organized
labor modified its position of favoring only out
right repeal rather than specific piecemeal changes
in the Taft-Hartley Act, when it endorsed, with
reservations, certain proposed amendments to the
act. President Truman used the emergency pro
visions of that act to insure continued production
of nonferrous metals. While credit restrictions
were relaxed for new housing in the Defense Hous
ing Act, new materials controls threatened to check
renewed housing activity.
End of United Labor Policy Committee
High point in the month’s activity in the field
of labor was AFL withdrawal from ULPC,
thereby dissolving the 18-man group formed al
most 9 months earlier by leaders of the AFL, CIO,
the Machinists (then Ind.), and railroad brother
hoods, to formulate policy on defense mobilization
problems. Teamwork among the top leadership
of organized labor through the ULPC had
led many observers to believe that the ground
work was being laid for unity between the two
federations.
The first intimation of the impending action by
the AFL indicated that the question of leaving
ULPC would be submitted to the San Francisco
convention. However, on August 28, AFL Presi
dent Green announced withdrawal at the final
meeting of the committee. Mr. Green explained
that the ULPC had been formed as a temporary
body. “To a large extent it has accomplished its
purpose.” In the future, labor must go to Con
gress for “basic improvements in defense policies,”
he added.
Mr. Green suggested that the standing com
mittee of the two federations should resume nego
tiations for organic unity. This was in line with
AFL advocacy of complete reunion of “the house
of labor” ; pending unification, the CIO has gen
in
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erally favored functional unity, with arrange
ments being made to cooperate on specific issues.
The ULPC has been an outstanding instance of
successful functional unity, as has been recent co
operation in the international field. CIO spokes
men argued that the tasks of ULPC had by no
means been solved, but that the CIO executive
board and coming convention would consider the
question of organic unity.
The ULPC was an informal cooperative ar
rangement between top union administrators in
Washington. I t grew in functions far beyond
the ideas of at least some of those who had first
brought it into being. Organic unity negotiations
had been suspended in July 1950. The AFL held
that since then ULPC had so filled the stage that
it actually was blocking the development of a
united labor movement. The CIO explained that
unity talks had been suspended due to CIO Presi
dent Murray’s illness, and that organized labor
had functioned effectively thereafter through
ULPC.
Soon after the ULPC was dissolved, reports
were published that Mr. Murray had again asked
to be relieved from CIO leadership. In answer to
pleas, he agreed to accept reelection to another
1-year term at the coming CIO convention. Spec
ulation as to his possible successor was rife, par
ticularly in view of Mr. Murray’s cementing in
fluence among the CIO unions.
Revision of the Taft-Hartley Act
For the first time, labor initiated amendments
to the Taft-Hartley Act, rather than insisting
upon outright repeal. Organized labor pressed
for amendments of the law when faced with a
potential host of law suits and disruption of an
estimated 4,700 established union-shop relation
ships. All union-shop contracts consummated
before top AFL or CIO officers signed non-Communist affidavits were in jeopardy as a result of the
U. S. Supreme Court’s Highland Park decision.
Organized labor supported a bill introduced
jointly by Senators Humphrey and Taft which
validated the union-shop agreements in question
and which also eliminated further union-shop
elections. Union spokesmen showed that during
the past year 96 percent of all union-shop elections
were won by the unions, while 85 percent of all
workers eligible to vote favored union shops; these
figures demonstrated that the union-shop election
IV
TH E LABOR MONTH I N R E V IE W
requirements were both time-consuming and ex
pensive, the workers being overwhelmingly in
favor of the union shop. The bill was passed by
the Senate.
Labor agreement on policy was conspicuously
absent when a second amending bill was brought
before the Senate subcommittee for hearings.
This bill would exempt the building and construc
tion industry from certain Taft-Hartley Act regu
lations : union-shop contracts could be negotiated
before projects are started; all workers could be
required to join a union after 7 days’ employment.
Disavowing approval of the rest of the TaftHartley law, Richard A. Gray, president of the
AFL Building Trades Department, supported the
proposed amendment. In contrast, the AFL Ma
chinists attacked the bill as a threat to their efforts
to win members in certain segments of the industry
which might be embraced by the building trades
amendment. A spokesman for both the CIO and
the Steelworkers protested the broad definition of
this industry in the bill, since the Steelworkers also
claim jurisdiction over certain jobs in industrial
plants which might be filled by building trades
workers. If the Taft-Hartley law is to be altered,
the CIO declared, an amendment permitting the
hiring hall in maritime employment would be to
the liking of that organization.
Taft-Hartley Sanctions Against Copper Strike
Almost the entire nonferrous metal industry
was paralyzed by a stoppage idling some 100,000
workers and shutting down 95 percent of the Na
tion’s copper mining, smelting, and refining, in
25 States. The International Union of Mine, Mill,
and Smelter Workers (Ind.) led the strike; work
ers affiliated with 16 AFL unions and railroad
brotherhoods respected the picket lines.
With the defense effort of the Nation dependent
on a steady flow of nonferrous metals, the Fed
eral Mediation and Conciliation Service sought to
achieve agreement between the union and the firms
in the industry. When the walkout began, Presi
dent Truman referred the dispute to the Wage
Stabilization Board. WSB asked the union offi
cers to order a return to work pending a hearing.
When the MMSW leaders refused to comply,
WSB returned the case to the White House. Act
ing under national emergency provisions of the
Taft-Hartley Act, President Truman named a
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3-man Board of Inquiry. Meanwhile Kennecott,
largest producer in the industry, agreed to a set
tlement along lines proposed by FMCS Director
Ching. The Board then found the strike a threat
to the domestic economy and to the national de
fense. Thereupon President Truman, acting
again under Taft-Hartley provisions, ordered that
an application be made for an injunction ending
the stoppage. After a temporary injunction was
issued, MMSW officials, under protest, ordered a
return to work. The metal miners went back to
their jobs, and Conciliation Service Commission
ers assumed the task of attempting to extend the
Kennecott agreement to the rest of the industry.
Economic Background
Summer vacations and a further cutback in con
sumer-goods production cut hiring in the Nation’s
factories in July to one of the lowest rates in more
than 10 years. The hiring rate in July dropped
to 42 for each 1,000 employees. Shortages of
skilled and semiskilled workers in defense indus
tries continued high, however.
Total civilian employment stood at 62.6 million
in August, almost the same as in the previous
month. Employment in business and Govern
ment declined seasonally in mid-July to 46.4 mil
lion. Factory employment, at 15.8 million in midJuly, was 100,000 below the June figure. Factory
production workers averaged 40.4 hours a week in
July. Average weekly earnings of production
workers in factories declined 75 cents to $64.56 in
July, still $5.35 a week above a year earlier.
Industrial production also slackened in July,
due chiefly to a lag in consumer demand. Output
fell to the lowest point in 10 months, although
consumer buying picked up more than seasonally
during the second half of the month, indicating a
higher level of production in August.
About 83,000 new private nonfarm dwelling
units were started in July, a decline of 5 percent
from June. Hourly wage scales of union construc
tion workers advanced 2 percent during the second
quarter of 1951.
The Consumers’ Price Index advanced to 185.5
for June 15, and 0.2-percent gain from a month
earlier. When added to retail price advances dur
ing the 2 previous months, this brought a 1-cent an
hour wage advance to over a million workers on
cost-of-living escalator clauses in the automobile
industry.
M edical-Care Insurance for Industrial Workers
Status of Programs in 1950 in Perspective
Three Principal Types of Nonindustrial Plans Used
Payment of Increasing Share of Cost by Employers
W alter
J. L e a r , M . D.*
A major turning point in the history of medicalcare insurance1 for industrial workers occurred in
1950. In the late 1940’s, signs of imminent change
were abundant, but there was much speculation
about what would develop. However, the pat
terns established in 1950 make possible a clearer
picture of the future in this field.
The beginnings of medical-care insurance in
this country were made to meet the needs of spe
cific industries or groups of workers. This trend
was definitely limited. In the past decade, in
dustrial workers have obtained medical-care in
surance coverage from programs sponsored and
controlled by interests other than management
and labor—principally the health professions and
the private insurance companies. In this way,
management and labor have accepted, although
at times reluctantly, existing patterns of health
and medical services.
Introduction of health programs under collec
tive bargaining has provided a major opportunity
for significant changes of many kinds. By the
end of 1950, the primary effect of these changes
had been to extend the coverage of existing plans
to more workers and to help shift a greater part
of the direct costs of medical-care insurance to the
employer. Like other industrial medical-care in
surance programs, collective-bargaining programs
have, with few exceptions, utilized Blue Cross,
medical society, and insurance company plans.
With reasonable progress in answering the spe
cial problems of workers as well as the general
questions raised by a more enlightened public,
these three principal types of medical-care insur
ance can be expected to cover the largest propor
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tion of the employed population with hospitaliza
tion and in-hospital physician services. Never
theless, these programs cannot be expected to give
much help to the solution of major problems in the
organization of medical-care insurance or the
quality of medical care. Rather, they are more
closely identified with the old and continuing
drive for economic security—the strivings of the
gainfully employed to cushion financial pressures
in an industrialized society.
Developments Prior to 1950
Industrial workers benefited from some of the
earliest forerunners of present-day medical-care
insurance plans. These were the mutual-benefit
associations, first started in the 1860’s and 1870’s,
which spread rapidly to a wide variety of indus
tries and businesses.
Some of these mutual-benefit associations were
initiated, administered, and financed by manage
ment; some, by the workers; and some, jointly.
Their principal function was the payment of cash
benefits to the member when he was sick and to
his family when he died. Medical-care benefits,
when provided, were almost always limited to cash
payments.
At about the same time, the lumber, mining,
oil, and railroad industries were expanding into
new areas. Frequently isolated, they found it use
ful to provide their employees with rather com
plete medical services. In some instances,
extensive medical staffs and facilities were organ
ized, and in a few, hospitals were built which con
tinue in operation today. The enactment of State
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MEDICAL-CARE INSURANCE
workmen’s compensation laws in the early 1900’s
further stimulated the development of medicalservice plans.
Benefit programs were important in the early
development of labor unions. They were financed
by the union members and generally provided
cash benefits similar to those of the mutual-benefit
associations. Only in a few notable cases did
labor unions add medical services of some type
to their benefit activities.
Whether sponsored by management, by the
workers, or jointly, industrial medical-service
plans proved to be definitely limited in both num
ber and enrollment. By 1945,115 such plans were
on record, providing service benefits to a member
ship of about a million and a half workers and
their families. In 49 of these plans, with 50 per
cent of the membership, the premiums were paid
for solely by the workers; 47 plans, with 36 per
cent of the membership, were supported jointly
by labor and management; and the other 19, with
14 percent of the membership, were employerfinanced. The number of these plans and the size
of their membership have not changed signifi
cantly in recent years.
Enrollment in industrial medical-service plans,
however, represents a fraction of medical-care
insurance coverage of industrial workers. By the
late 1940’s, the Blue Cross, medical society, and
insurance company plans were well established.
All these plans, at least initially, sought mass en
rollments from groups to which coverage could
be sold with relative ease and which represented
in terms of health an average or better cross sec
tion of people. Since industrial workers meet
both of these requirements, it is not surprising
that the bulk of the membership in these plans
was drawn from employed groups and their
families.
A development with perhaps the greatest po
tentialities was the inclusion of health and welfare
plans in labor-management agreements. The
first agreement with an employee benefits clause
was negotiated in 1926 and provided weekly sick
ness benefits. This type of clause, however, was
infrequent up to World War I I and the concomi
tant wage stabilization programs, which limited
wage increases but permitted reasonable employee
benefits. In that period of control, medical-care
benefits were first included in employee benefit
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MONTHLY LABOR
programs under collective bargaining. The ob
ligation to bargain on such programs was an issue
in a number of cases heard by the National War
Labor Board and subsequently taken through the
courts. Decisions in these cases established
health, welfare, and pension plans as proper sub
jects for collective bargaining.
The inclusion of employee benefit programs in
collective-bargaining agreements became wide
spread in 1949. This trend was greatly accel
erated by the conclusions of the President’s Fact
Finding Board in the Steel Industry Dispute and
by the inclusion of the recommended insurance
programs in the subsequent agreements between
the large steel companies and the United Steel
workers of America (CIO). The Board stated:
“Social insurance and pensions should be consid
ered a part of normal business costs to take care of
temporary and permanent depreciation in the hu
man ‘machine,’ in much the same way as provision
is made for depreciation and insurance of plant
and machinery. This obligation should be among
the first charges on revenues.”
Types and Extent of Insurance, 1950
The medical-care insurance plans covering most
industrial workers are the same three types that
are generally available to the public—Blue Cross,
medical society, and commercial group insurance.
Blue Cross hospitalization insurance is pro
vided throughout the United States by about 85
autonomous nonprofit organizations, sponsored
by the local hospitals and approved by a national
coordinating body, the Blue Cross Commission of
the American Hospital Association. Their ideal
is to provide service benefits—hospitalization in
ward or semiprivate rooms at no cost beyond the
premiums for a period which will include almost
all acute illness. This ideal is approximated by
some of the Blue Cross plans, notably Michigan
Hospital Service, which provides 120 days of
hospital service. On the other hand, some Blue
Cross plans provide cash benefits only: for ex
ample $5 a day for 30 days.
Insurance against some of the costs of physician
services is available throughout the country from
plans sponsored by State or local medical societies.
About 80 autonomous plans of this type are in
operation, and most of them are nonprofit. Al
most all of these plans are closely associated with
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
MEDICAL-CARE INSURANCE
Blue Cross plans either through single boards of
directors, identical executive staffs, or joint oper
ating agreements. Many belong to the Blue
Shield association, originally a subsidiary of the
American Medical Association but recently given
independent status. The American Medical Asso
ciation retains the mechanism for professional
approval of these and all other plans which pre
pay the costs of physician services.
These medical-society plans are usually limited
to surgery, although some also cover other physi
cian services in the hospital. Over half of them
provide (1) service benefits to subscribers having
annual incomes of less than a stated amount, and
(2) cash indemnities, according to a fee schedule,
to those with higher incomes. About a third pro
vide cash benefits only, and three of these are
actually underwritten by insurance companies.
Five medical-society plans provide service ben
efits only.
A large number of insurance companies now sell
group-insurance policies which provide one or
more of the following cash benefits: hospital ex
pense, surgical expense, and medical expense.
Hospital room and board reimbursements are gen
erally $4 to $8 a day for 31 days. An additional
amount is allowed for so-called “extras,” such as
laboratory tests, anesthesia, and operating room
fees. Allowances for extras cannot exceed a set
total, usually ranging from 5 to 10 times the daily
rate. Reimbursements for surgeons’ charges are
made according to a fee schedule with a maximum
generally set at $150 or occasionally at $225.
Other physician services are covered by the med
ical expense plans. These usually exclude the
first few visits provided during an illness. Reim
bursements frequently are set at $3 to $5 for home
or hospital visits and $2 to $3 for office visits.
An outstanding feature of these three principal
types of medical-care insurance is that they give
the plan member free choice of participating phy
sicians and hospitals. This generally means most
physicians and hospitals within the area covered
by the plan.
Coverage of Plans. As of September 30, 1950,
almost 16 million persons in the United States
were subscribers to Blue Cross plans and over 7
million, to nonprofit medical-society plans. The
number of dependents covered was 21 million for
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253
Blue Cross plans and 9.5 million for nonprofit
medical-society plans. These figures include both
nonindustrial and industrial groups. The im
portance of industrial groups in the total is sug
gested by the fact that the seven highly industrial
ized States of Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan,
New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania,
which have 38 percent of the total population,
accounted for 58 percent of the total Blue Cross
membership.
As of December 31, 1950, the Health Insurance
Council found that the insurance companies had
group policies covering hospital-expense benefits
for 10.1 million subscribers, surgical-expense for
10.3 million subscribers, and medical-expens©
benefits for 3.4 million subscribers. These figures
represent, in large part, industrial workers, as
this type of insurance is sold mainly to industrial
groups. The number of dependents covered were
12.3 million for hospital expenses, 10.9 million for
surgical expenses, and 2.2 million for medical
expenses.
In a study of employee benefit programs in 12
metropolitan areas, made in 1948 and 1949 by the
Research Council for Economic Security, over
6,800 firms, 34.7 percent of the sample, returned
questionnaires. These employed almost 2.5 mil
lion employees—27.4 percent of the nonagricultural employment in the 12 areas. According to
this study, 42 percent of the firms reporting, which
employed 35 percent of the workers, utilized local
Blue Cross plans. Another 33 percent of the
firms, with about the same percentage of workers
had group hospital-expense coverage underwritten
by insurance companies. In about 52 percent of
the firms with hospitalization plans, this benefit
was financed solely by the worker, and in about
20 percent it was financed solely by the employer.
The remainder were jointly financed.
I t was also disclosed that about 12 percent of
the reporting firms, with about 13 percent of the
employees, utilized local nonprofit plans for surgi
cal insurance—primarily Blue Shield plans.
Group surgical-expense insurance was reported by
32 percent of the firms, which employed about the
same percentage of workers. In the firms with
surgical plans, about 33 percent were financed
solely by the worker, while about 26 percent were
wholly employer-financed.
Some 9 percent of the firms in this study had
254
MEDICAL-CARE INSURANCE
group medical-expense insurance, and another 4
percent had other types of coverage for nonsurgical physician services. Together these firms em
ployed about 8 percent of the workers covered.
The workers paid for the entire cost in 25 percent
of the firms with this benefit, and the employer
alone financed it in the case of 38 percent of the
firms.
Two other studies of employee benefit plans
have been published recently, one by Beatrice F.
Brower and one by Jay V. Strong. Their findings
confirm the general pattern found in the survey
summarized in the preceding paragraphs, par
ticularly as to the frequent inclusion of hospital
and surgical plans in benefit programs.
Collective-Bargaining Plans. Employee benefit
programs under collective bargaining also differ
widely in the types and amount of benefits and
the methods of financing and administration. De
spite the differences, most of these programs have
a very significant similarity in that they use
existing voluntary medical-care insurance. Exist
ing plans present the fewest problems to both
union and management leaders who are busy with
many other activities and are often inexperienced
in medical-care administration. In fact, many
unions, as a protection, insist on writing into the
collective-bargaining contract the detailed de
scriptions of the benefits available from their local
Blue Cross or medical-society plans or the benefits
that a particular insurance company has agreed to
provide for the money available.
Exceptions to the general pattern of using exist
ing plans are few but nevertheless quite signifi
cant.
Collective-bargaining plans are financed by the
employer alone or jointly with the workers. The
employer’s contribution is calculated most often
on a percentage-of-payroll or cents-per-hour
formula. In some instances, it is based on a speci
fied sum per unit of production or per employee
per week or month. Administration is by the em
ployer or by various types of joint labor-manage
ment arrangements, such as formal tripartite trust
funds. These interesting differences and similar
ities are brought out in the following important
examples of programs now in operation.
The employee benefit program of the United
States Steel Corp. includes hospitalization insur
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
ance, which provides to most of its employees uni
form services throughout the country by means of
a special Blue Cross contract. It covers both the
worker and his family for 70 days of hospital care
per illness in semiprivate accommodations. Sur
gery and other physician services are not pro
vided. The total cost of the entire benefit program
is set at 5 cents for each hour worked by the
participating employees, half to be paid by the
company and half by the workers as a whole.
Among the benefits furnished by the longestablished welfare programs of the International
Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union (AFL) are cash
payments for hospitalization and ambulatory
medical services. The hospital benefits, selfinsured as are the other insurance benefits of the
union, are currently $5 a day for 75 days in a cal
endar year. The medical services are provided
by the union’s well-known health centers. Because
the administration of these programs is, to a large
extent, the responsibility of many separate unionmanaged welfare funds, the amounts of benefits
vary somewhat from local union to local union.
Generally these funds are now financed entirely
by employer contributions, set at about 4 percent
of the payroll.
The United Mine Workers Welfare and Retire
ment Fund, under a tripartite board of trustees,
provides a variety of benefits including complete
hospital care and all physician services in the hos
pital to the miners and their families. An exten
sive medical rehabilitation program is another
feature of this program. Arrangements for these
services are made directly with individual hos
pitals and physicians by the fund’s area medical
administrators. The fund is entirely supported
by employer contributions set at 30 cents for each
ton of coal produced.
In the precedent-making 5-year contract be
tween the General Motors Corp. and the United
Automobile Workers (CIO), the company pays
half the cost of local Blue Cross and Blue Shield
coverage for the worker and his family. In addi
tion, the company pays the entire cost of cashindemnity insurance for physician services to the
employee during hospitalization for nonsurgical
reasons; the maximum benefit is $5 a day for 70
days.
A health and welfare fund covers the over-theroad truckdrivers in 22 Central, Midwest, and
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
M E D IC A L -C A R E IN S U R A N C E
Southern States who belong to the Brotherhood
of Teamsters, Chauffeurs, Warehousemen and
Helpers (A FL ). Included in the group-insurance
“package” purchased by this jointly directed fund
are hospitalization and surgical benefits. Hos
pital expenses are reimbursed up to $10 per day
for not more than 31 days per disability with a
$200 maximum for “incidental” hospital charges;
the schedule for surgical reimbursement has a
maximum of $300. The fund is financed by an
employer contribution of $1 a week per worker.
A survey by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of
the U. S. Department of Labor reports that as
of mid-1950 health and welfare programs under
collective bargaining covered over 7 million
workers. They exist in practically all branches
of industry as well as in most of the major AFL,
CIO, and independent unions. Although there
is a wide variety of benefit combinations, hos
pitalization and surgical insurances have become
a frequent item in the health and welfare package.
About 80 percent of workers who have employee
benefits and for whom information was available
have hospital insurance, and about 72 percent of
these workers have surgical insurance, medical
insurance, or both. The employer is the sole
source of funds for 65 percent of the workers with
hospitalization coverage and for 72 percent of the
workers with surgical and medical coverage. The
other programs are jointly financed by the em
ployer and the workers.
Future Problems and Prospects
As management and labor acquire greater fa
miliarity and experience with medical care insur
ance, they will undoubtedly raise some significant
questions. The way in which these questions are
answered will profoundly influence the ultimate
role of present voluntary plans in providing med
ical-care insurance to industrial workers.
The questions, which have their origin in prob
lems of the worker as such, primarily concern the
continuity of coverage. For example, what hap
pens when a worker changes from one establish
ment to another? Some current developments
give a partial answer. For establishments which
are part of one company, insurance companies and
also Blue Cross plans in a few recent instances
have made available uniform Nation-wide pro963019— 51------ 2
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
255
grams for group contracts. In industries com
posed of many relatively small firms concentrated
in one or a few geographic areas, industry-wide
funds have provided continuity of coverage de
spite a high degree of mobility of the workers
within the industry. However, many situations
still remain under which a worker changing jobs
must accept one or more disadvantages in relation
to his medical-care insurance coverage.
Periods of temporary unemployment create a
second phase of the same problem. Some indus
tries have seasonal slumps when a considerable
number of workers are laid off for as long as 3
to 6 months. Then work stoppages may arise
from collective-bargaining disagreements. Aside
from unemployment during major economic de
pressions, experience has shown that during oc
casional recessions many, if not all, industries lay
off a smaller or larger number of employees. A
partial answer to this phase of the problem is
given by some of the plans, principally those of
the Blue Cross type. These allow the worker
to continue payment of his own premiums during
periods of unemployment. However, at such
times the worker himself is financially handi
capped. Although it is important for him to
be protected against the additional economic bur
den of illness, he finds it difficult to pay the pre
miums, particularly if the insurance is of the
relatively expensive type which covers his family
and provides a fairly wide range of benefits.
Some of the funds covering workers in irregular
or seasonal employment recognize this problem by
furnishing the health benefits to their workers
who have been unemployed for as much as 4
months, or who have worked a minimum amount
of time during the year, e. g., 6 months, or who
continue to pay their own contribution into the
fund.
A third aspect of the same problem is continu
ance of coverage for the worker who must retire
from employment because of old age or per
manent disability. Among the sources of money
which have been suggested for the premiums of
these various types of unemployed workers are
private or Government subsidy, industry, unions,
and State unemployment insurance programs.
Other questions that informed management and
labor will want answered concern the plans them
selves. These are the same questions that leaders
of the health professions and other students of the
256
M E D IC A L -C A R E IN S U R A N C E
subject ask: Are the people getting their money’s
worth from these plans? Do the plans really
meet the needs ? Are they providing and promot
ing a high quality of medical care ?
Recently some interesting data have been pub
lished regarding the adequacy of voluntary med
ical-care insurance plans. A study of group sur
gical-expense insurance was made from a sample
of 100,000 surgical claims submitted by seven lead
ing insurance companies. This showed that, in
1947, subscribers covered by a schedule of reim
bursements with a maximum average of a little
under $150 were reimbursed, on the average, for 55
percent of the surgeons’ charges. A Blue Cross
Commission study of experience during the first 6
months of 1950 showed that Blue Cross plans aver
aged 79 percent of the subscribers’ total hospital
bills, and that Blue Shield plans paid 65 percent
of the doctor bills for those services covered by
these plans.
Exemplifying the criticism by many union
leaders of the major alternatives for insuring the
costs of physician services is the following excerpt
from a recent address by Harry Becker, director
of the Social Security Department, United Auto
mobile Workers (CIO).
Even though collective bargaining is beginning to
make sufficient funds available for medical care fi
nanced on the basis of the insurance principle, a
satisfactory mechanism for the provision of medical
benefits and services has still to be developed. . . .
In no instance have the insurance companies assumed
the social responsibility of working out with organ
ized medicine a medical-insurance program that will
assure covered workers that their insurance benefits
will meet the full cost to them of covered medical or
surgical items when such services are provided by
their physician. . . .
Although most Blue Shield plans provide that fam
ilies with incomes below a given figure will be guar
anteed protection against medical expense for covered
medical or surgical procedures, the income ceilings
are generally so low that they exclude most workers.
The Blue Shield plans, however, have a potentiality
for flexibility and development, because of their spon
sorship by State medical societies, that does not exist
for the insurance companies. So far this potentiality
has not been realized.
There is general recognition that the more com
prehensive the range of benefits, the more effective
the plan. However, comprehensive benefits would
require a considerable increase in premiums for
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MONTHLY LABOR
the principle types of medical-care insurance
which utilize the fee-for-service and solo-practice
patterns of physician care. Of course, this does
not apply to the medical-service plans in which
physicians practice as a group and are paid on a
salary basis. In these plans, comprehensive serv
ices are available within reasonable costs.
Another important consideration affecting the
quality of care relates to the way that industrial
medical-care insurance programs can be inte
grated with the other health services that the
worker and his family are receiving from private
physicians and voluntary and governmental agen
cies. There follow some pertinent remarks on this
subject by Dr. E. Richard Weinerman, Medical Di
rector, Permanente Health Plan, Oakland, Calif.,
and Dr. Herbert K. Abrams, Chief of the Bureau
of Adult Health, California State Department of
H ealth:
The first principle to be recognized is that pre
ventive and therapeutic service are—or should be—
inseparable, and that both can be furthered through
the provisions of collective-bargaining agreements.
While preventive health and safety measures have
occasionally been included [in collective-bargaining
agreements] this aspect of health protection is usually
subordinated to the provision of the more dramatic
hospital-care benefits. Nursing services, sanitation,
case-finding, and other basic elements of good pre
ventive medicine are rarely provided. Moreover,
medical services for occupational illness and injury
under compensation laws have not been coordinated
with the newer arrangements for the care of nonoccupational cases. . . .
The recent experience of labor groups in California
demonstrates that labor health funds c a n satisfy
more of the basic elements of good medical-care plan
ning than is now true of most union plans. These
include:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Nonprofit financing.
Service rather than cash benefits.
Coordination of preventive and curative services.
Comprehensive scope of medical care.
Family coverage.
Coordination of professional personnel in modern
medical facilities.
(7) “Consumer” voice in policy making.
A unique example of a medical-care plan which
was developed under collective bargaining and in
cludes all seven “basic elements of good medicalcare planning” listed by Drs. Weinerman and
Abrams is the Labor Health Institute in St. Louis.
However, for many administrative and sociologic
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
M E D IC A L -C A R E IN S U R A N C E
reasons this type of plan is difficult to organize and
operate, and in many States during the past few
years has been illegal to establish.
State temporary disability insurance programs
in four States and serious consideration of such
laws by many State legislatures make possible
one type of governmental medical-care insur
ance system for industrial workers. In fact, the
State of California has already taken an impor
tant step in this direction by adding a hospitalexpense benefit of $8 a day, up to 12 days, to its
temporary disability insurance program. Kobert
Tilove, research director of Martin E. Segal and
Co., has covered this point as follows:
If the State considers it necessary, in the interest
of public welfare, to compel provision of cash ben
efits for temporary nonoccupational disability,
whether through State plans or through private plans
or both, it does not have very much further to go
to regard as a necessity a similar requirement for
hospitalization, surgical, and perhaps even, in some
form and degree, medical-expense insurance.
The future of present medical-care insurance
programs for industrial workers, if any Federal
or State governmental medical-care insurance
programs were enacted, would depend on the pro
visions of the enabling legislation. Some of the
possible results are suggested by existing situa
tions in related benefit programs as well as by
several of the legislative proposals themselves. A
governmental program, as in some of the State
disability-insurance programs, might permit the
substitution of the privately operated programs if
they met certain requirements, such as those
specifying the extent of benefits and amount of
premium. Or, the privately operated program
might be adapted, as is done under many pension
plans, to provide benefits supplemental to those
of a governmental program. In any event, it
would seem likely that plans which operated their
own facilities and had their own professional
staffs would be able to continue their activities in
the same way as would other hospitals or clinics.
Labor and management support of industrial
medical-care insurance programs is growing more
widespread and active. For example, Earl O.
Shreve, past president of the Chamber of Com
merce of the United States, has said: “. . . Em
ployers have come to realize that—apart from
conditions on the job—the general health of their
employees is a matter of concern to them. The
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
257
good health of the workers is essential for high
production . . . Closely related to the matter of
maintaining the health of employees is the prob
lem of aiding them to meet their health bills. In
surance is perhaps the best means of distributing
the costs of serious illness over groups of people
and over periods of time.”
Such support makes it likely that growing num
bers of workers, whether members of unions or
not, will, in the next few years, be covered by vol
untary insurance programs for hospitalization,
surgery, and some other physician services. This
support will also help to prevent such plans from
becoming casualties of future labor-management
disputes or of economy efforts during less prosper
ous times.
The principal types of voluntary medical-care
insurance plans now in operation appear to be
both adequate and flexible enough to meet most of
the current stipulations of management and labor.
In the absence of new factors, it can be expected
that the trend to use these existing plans will con
tinue. As at present, they will be financed only
occasionally by the workers alone, often jointly
by the employer and the workers, and, with in
creasing frequency, by the employer alone.
»Member of th e staff of th e D ivision of In d u s tria l H ygiene,
P ublic H e a lth Service, F ed eral S ecurity Agency, W ashington,
D. C. T he opinions expressed a re th e w r ite r ’s and do n o t
necessarily re p re se n t those of th e F ed eral S ecurity Agency.
Since th e a rtic le w as w ritte n , D r. L ear h as become A s sista n t
D irector of M onteflore H ospital, New York.
1
In th is a rtic le m edical-care in su ran ce refe rs to planned
m ethods fo r budgeting an d paying th e cost of m edical care by
pooling th e econom ic h azard s of sickness, in ju ry , an d m a te rn ity
and th e financial resources of a group of in dividuals. I t includes
hosp italizatio n , physician services, an d services from o th e r pro
fessional h e a lth personnel an d facilitie s. I t excludes planned
m ethods fo r com pensating th e loss of earn in g s due to d isab ility
fo r nonoccupational causes, freq u en tly called tem p o rary d isab ility
in su ran ce or weekly sickness an d accident benefits. T he term
h e a lth in su ran ce is avoided in th is artic le because i t is commonly
applied to these tw o types of program s to g eth er or separately.
Service p lans are m edical-care in su ran ce plans, w hich provide
th e ir m em bers w ith a c tu a l professional an d in stitu tio n a l services.
C ash indem nity p lan s a re m edical-care in su ran ce p lans w hich
provide cash reim bursem ents fo r th e costs of m edical care ac
tu a lly incurred. M edical expense p lan s or m edical in su ran ce
p la n s a re commonly used term s fo r cash indem nity p lan s w hich
cover nonsurgical physician services. M edical-care in su ran ce is
freq u e n tly included in em ployee benefit p lan s available to in d u s
tr ia l w o rk e rs ; o th e r ty p ical benefits a re life in su ran ce and tem
p o ra ry d isa b ility insurance. E m ployee benefits specified in
labor-m anagem ent agreem ents are com m only refe rred to as health
an d w elfare plans. I n th is connection, h e a lth is generally m eant
to encom pass both m edical-care in su ran ce an d tem porary-dis
ab ility insurance.
N ote : L im itatio n s of space have prevented th e inclusion of
th e lis t of references accom panying th is article. T his can be
obtained from th e au th o r.
Cooperative Housing
in the United States,
Mid-1950
problems were those of financing and insurance.
Also, long delays occurred during which costs of
materials, labor, etc., rose sharply. Another seri
ous obstacle was loss of members unable to pay
the increased prices or to wait longer for shelter.
The findings indicate, nevertheless, that the
associations that completed their projects were
able to produce above-average dwellings on plots
larger than ordinary.
Types Covered
F lorence E. P arker *
22,000 dwelling units of some 35,000
planned were either completed or under construc
tion by 160 cooperative housing associations, by
mid-1950. Of the total known associations, 155
were still active and 8 had dissolved after complet
ing their planned projects; of 33 additional co
operatives that had gone out of existence, 7 had
constructed a few dwellings but were unable to
finish the project and 26 had dissolved without
having reached the construction stage. The asso
ciations covered had a total of 24,253 members and
were holding 10,397 acres of land. This informa
tion was obtained in a joint survey by the Bureau
of Labor Statistics and the Housing Research
Division of the Housing and Home Finance
Agency.
Two-thirds of the families in these cooperatives
had annual incomes of $2,000 to $4,000 in 1949.
However, the great majority of them were able
to supply, from their own resources, the money
needed to buy the land and make the down pay
ment on the dwellings. The average cost to the
member of a 2-bedroom detached dwelling was
$11,000 in the all-the-way cooperatives and $8,267
in the co-ventures; an apartment of the same size
averaged $4,000. The cost in the mutual associa
tions was lowest of all—$2,743.
Many of the cooperators performed a number of
jobs, either on their own properties or for each
other, and this helped to lessen costs. The asso
ciations faced all the usual problems of building,
accentuated by the fact that they were cooperatives
and by the inexperience of the officers. The chief
N early
258
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In this survey, the housing associations were
regarded as cooperative only if (1) the initiative
for the project came from within the group to be
housed, (2) the project was a nonprofit enterprise
the technical advisers of which (architect, attor
ney, contractor, etc.) either were employees of the
association or donated their services, and (3) the
policies of the organization were determined and
controlled by the members from the beginning.
The survey therefore did not cover so-called “co
operatives” which are a sales device of speculative
builders or real-estate firms. A few of the asso
ciations had “sponsors,” but no sponsored project
was included if the sponsor stood to make any
pecuniary gain from the association’s activities.
The cooperatives covered were classified, by de
gree of cooperation, as “co-ventures” or “all-theway cooperatives.” These terms are recognized
and in use in the cooperative movement. (Under
the National Housing Act, the terms used to des
ignate these two classes are “sales” and “manage
ment” cooperatives, respectively.) In the co
venture association the members act collectively
at one or several stages only (such as buying and
developing the land, or constructing the houses).
Those stages completed, such associations go out
of business unless there are community facilities
(water-distribution system, park or playground
area, etc.) or other property owned in common
by the entire membership. In the latter case, the
cooperative housing organization continues in
existence to manage the facilities, or a new coop
erative is formed for that purpose. In all of the
co-venture associations, the individual member
receives a fee-simple title to his dwelling once it
is completed.
In the all-the-way cooperative, the whole prop
erty—dwellings and any community facilities
there may be—continues to be owned by the asso-
COOPERATIVE HOUSING
ciation. The member owns stock in the organiza
tion to the value of the particular dwelling he
occupies, but never receives title to i t ; he has only
a leasehold, for periods varying up to 99 years,
or the right of “perpetual use.”
The cooperatives covered included associations
building houses, those that built or bought
apartment buildings, and the so-called “mutuals”
(i. e., mainly organizations formed to buy war
housing built by the Federal Government1).
The house-building associations included both co
ventures and all-the-way cooperatives. All the
apartment associations and mutuals were all-theway cooperatives.
The cooperatives were functioning in all parts
of the United States: 29 States, the District of
Columbia, and Puerto Rico.
Of 160 associations for which type of incorpora
tion was known, 64 had incorporated under the
nonprofit law, 40 under a consumers’ cooperative
law, 40 under the regular corporation law, 7 under
the limited-dividend law, and 9 either were organ
ized under other statutes or were unincorporated.
Members came from a variety of income levels
and occupational groups, but quite often the com
position of the cooperative changed as time went
on. One of the most common changes was the
result of the withdrawal of the lower-income fam
ilies as building costs rose. New members were
most often recruited from individuals in the same
groups that started the association, or from friends
of members. Many joined as a result of stories
about the cooperative in local newspapers.
Such data as were available regarding family
incomes indicate that the cooperative membership
consisted largely of families earning from $2,000$4,000 per year in 1949. Nearly two-thirds of the
total were in this bracket. Less than a fifth were
earning $5,000 or more a year. Families that
Characteristics of Associations
Most of the associations actively engaged in the
provision of new dwellings were products of the
postwar housing shortage, and many were formed
by returned veterans who urgently needed shelter
for their families. Comparatively few had had
any formal sponsorship outside the cooperative
group. For these few the sponsors included labor
unions, veterans’ organizations, and racial or
religious bodies.
T
able
1.—
259
Membership and dwellings in housing cooperatives, July 1950, by status and type of association
Total associa
tions reporting
Status and type of association
Total
known
associa
tions Num
ber
Membership
Rooms completed or under
construction
Number of dwelling units
Com
Number
Num Associa
Associa
Planned Associa
units in Num
ber of tions Mem tions
Total orpleted
tions of
under
for
next
12
reporting
ber of
proj report bers report planned construc months report
associa rooms
ing
ing
ects
ing
tion
tions
A c tiv e
All-the-way cooperatives:
House-building associations_______ _____
Apartment associations............................. .
M utual associations—
With purchase contract_____________
W ithout purchase contract1________
In preconstruction stage ________ ______
Co-venture associations building houses:
Construction stage reached.......... ................
In preconstruction stage.............. ................
Total............................... ............ ...............
6
44
5
39
5
50
5
38
200
4,605
5
38
234
5,262
95
4,412
26
11
7
25
8
7
25
8
7
25
8
3
2 ,103
8, 799
251
25
8
7
9,627
5,141
3, 215
9, 627
M 4i
39
22
33
16
35
16
31
16
2, 426
1,165
33
14
3,407
1,445
1,250
155
133
146
126
20, 549
130
28, 331
20, 525
6
27
850
5
35
95
4,017
556
15,827
23
5
3 701
3^ 771
3fi 509
16^ 304
404
370
27
960
4,830
2,199
95
17, 544
73,019
548
D issolved
Co-venture associations:
Project completed___ ________ _________
Project not completed—
Some construction accomplished_____ 1
No construction accomplished.............. >
T o ta l............... ........ .......................
8
8
8
828
8
969
965
6
828
4,251
33 /
l
7
17
7
17
7 2 1, 682
17 2 1,194
7
15
2. 434
3, 530
436
6
341
1,586
41
32
32
30
30
6,933
1,401
12
1,169
5,837
1 These were associations, some of which were formed during the war period,
which had not, for various reasons, been able to conclude a purchase contract
with the Federal Government. In all of these projects mutual associations
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3,704
were active and in some were even operating the project as lessee agent for the
Government,
2 At end of association’s existence.
260
COOPERATIVE HOUSING
were members of mutual associations buying war
housing had somewhat lower incomes than either
those building apartments or houses. The heads
of families in membership in the cooperatives
were about evenly divided between those less than
34 years of age and those between 34 and 50 years.
Only about 7 percent were over 50.
T able 2.— Total number of known cooperative housing
associations, July 31, 1950, and number for which data
were obtained, by type and geographic division
Dissolved
associations
Active associations 1
Number
reporting
Number reporting
Geographic division
To
tal
CoAll-the-way cooper ven
Project
atives
tures Proj
not
ect
To
com
com
tal
pleted
pleted
A
part
M
u
Houses ments tuals
United States_____
155
133
New E n g l a n d _
Middle Atlantic-. East N orth CentralWest North Central-
4
55
32
S o u th A tla n tic
"Rast S o o t h C e n t r a l
W e s t S o o th C e n tr a l
TVToontain
P a c ific
P o e r to P ic o
13
4
13
3
50
30
7
11
2
8
9
14
3
7
8
13
2
6
45
33
49
8
24
1
2
3
6
8
1
3
3
2
36
4
3
1
2
7
6
3
8
4
1
18
1
3
1
2
3
2
1
9
1
2
1
3
5
4
5
1 Includes associations In preconstruction stage.
Characteristics and Costs of Projects
On the average, the all-the-way cooperatives
had built 19 houses apiece (of 47 planned) and
the co-ventures 38 apiece (of 97 planned). The
apartment associations had provided 116 units (of
138 planned); this average covered an extremely
wide range—the prewar apartment associations
averaged 60 units, and the postwar group ranged
up to 1,650 units. The mutuals averaged 447
units each.
The average dwelling had two bedrooms,
kitchen (with dining space), and living room.
Some associations, however, built houses contain
ing up to 4 bedrooms or more.
The apartment associations were all in cities
where sewer, water, and other utilities were con
veniently at hand. Most of the associations that
built individual houses, however, went into the
outskirts to obtain the advantage of less-expensive
land. In most cases this was unimproved, and
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MONTHLY LABOR
the cooperative had to subdivide and develop it.
Expense of development naturally increased the
total land cost considerably, by $152 to nearly
$1,600 an acre. The high-priced city land used
by the apartment associations was naturally
many times the per-acre cost of that of the other
associations, but was generally less per dwelling
unit because of the much greater density of
dwellings on the tract.
For nearly two-thirds of all the associations
reporting, the acquisition cost of the land was less
than $1,000 per acre. The cost, after all develop
ment costs (site and offsite) were included, was
still less than $1,000 per acre for about 40 percent
of the associations; for about 40 percent of the
associations it was between $1,000 and $2,999 per
acre, and for about 20 percent $3,000 or more.
Total costs of the projects included in the sur
vey ranged from less than $25,000 to more than
$5,000,000. The average house-building project
cost $439,022; the average prewar apartment proj
ect, $200,209; the average postwar apartment
project, $5,491,710; and the average mutual proj
ect, $1,176,146 (purchase price to association).
The relative distribution of expenditures for
the various items involved in the housing projects
varied greatly, depending largely on whether the
project did or did not include community facilities
and land earmarked for common use, in addition
to the dwellings themselves. For the associations
with community facilities, land cost constituted
17.9 percent of the total project cost, compared
with 0.7 to 10.0 percent in the other associations.
Development costs (including the installation of
permanently owned sewer and water systems and
recreational and other facilities) represented an
other 33.2 percent of the costs of these associations.
For the other associations, the site and offsite de
velopment costs ranged from 4.5 to 19.1 percent of
the total cost. Architect and engineering fees took
another 1.5 to 9.9 percent.
Costs were reduced in a number of cases by vol
unteer work by the members. They helped to clear
away brush, surveyed the land, did grading and
leveling, dug trenches, laid sewer and water pipe,
built at least two small bridges, and planted trees,
in addition to various kinds and amounts of work
on the exterior and interior of the dwellings. In
several self-help associations the members did all
or nearly all the work, including the construction
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COOPERATIVE HOUSING
of the houses, sometimes by the exchange-of-labor
method, sometimes on their own houses only.
Other savings were made in various ingenious
ways. Some also had the advantage of special
talents (architectural, land planning, legal, etc.)
contributed by the members or even by nonmem
bers. Some associations shared with the contractor
any savings made from the total estimated cost.
Financing and Insurance
The members furnished 89.4 percent of the
money for the purchase of the land, obtaining the
rest from lenders, friends, or relatives, etc. The
membership also furnished from their own re
sources 22.9 percent of the money needed for con
struction. All of the money for the down payment
on the mortgage was supplied by the members of
the apartment associations and mutuals, and 71.7
percent by the members of the all-the-way asso
ciations building houses. In the co-ventures, the
houses were built under individual financing ar
rangements of which the associations had no
records.
Construction funds not furnished by the mem
bers were obtained from lending agencies in a
number of ways—through loans to individual
members who then turned the funds over to the
cooperative, through a single loan made directly
to the association, or through loans made to the
cooperative acting as agent for the members.
Some of the self-help associations and a few of
the co-ventures financed the construction of a few
or a considerable group of dwellings themselves.
As these were completed, they were mortgaged
and the money thus obtained was used to build
the next group. Generally, such expedients were
resorted to because the association was unable to
obtain construction money from regular lending
agencies.
Few of the housing projects covered in the study
had FHA insurance. Prior to 1948 there was
no specific legal authorization of such insurance
for cooperatives, and it was therefore practically
impossible for a cooperative association to obtain
either collective financing or collective insurance.
For that reason, associations starting with the in
tention of becoming all-the-way cooperatives
necessarily became co-ventures. Under co-venture
organization, it was possible for members to ob
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261
tain individual mortgages and insurance, and it
appears that they did so.
Early in 1948, an amendment to the National
Housing Act specifically included cooperatives
.among those eligible for FHA insurance. Three
■of the cooperative associations covered in the
study obtained such insurance in 1948; two of
these were mutuals. The third was a large unionsponsored project which obtained a blanket FIIAinsured mortgage; as each house was completed,
it was released from the mortgage and the owner
made his own financial arrangements. In 1949,
two of the associations received insurance; one
was a mutual and the other a co-venture associa
tion which had started as an all-the-way co
operative.
Of three all-the-way cooperatives, two (started
in 1945 and 1948, respectively) obtained FHA
insurance in 1950, and the third (formed in 1945)
withdrew its application for insurance.
In 1950, an amendment to the National Housing
Act created a new program for housing coopera
tives and established the office of a new assistant
commissioner of the FHA who was directed to
assist them with their organizing and technical
problems.2 Under this amendment a definite pro
gram for cooperatives was started, regulations
were drawn up to deal with them, and a kit of
materials was issued for the use of associations
intending to apply for FHA insurance. The proDwelling Units Completed or Under Construction by
Housing Cooperatives, July 1950
ACTIVE
THOUSANDS
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
OF UNITS
262
C O O P E R A T IV E H O U SIN G
cedures have been crystallized and processing
speeded up under the new arrangement. The
regulations prohibit builders or others benefiting
from the project in a pecuniary way from acting
as incorporators or officers of cooperatives. In
many cases, however, the organizations accepted
as cooperatives do not conform to the definition
of a cooperative as understood in the cooperative
movement. According to the FHA, in such cases
“the initiative for the project comes from a sponsor
builder who organizes the nucleus of a cooperative
group and through it submits plans to the FHA
with an application for a statement of eligibility.
Upon receipt of a statement of eligibility (issued
to the cooperative group), the sponsor advertises
for the members necessary to complete the coopera
tive. A mortgage is obtained, the insurance com
mitment issued, the project is built, and then man
agement and control are assumed by the coopera
tive group.” This is a reversal of recognized co
operative procedure.
Cost to Member
Generally the member, on joining, pays a mem
bership fee (in half the associations the amount
was $50 or less), used to cover some of the initial
expenses (organization, incorporation, stationery,
etc.). If the entrance fee is not sufficient to cover
option money when an attractive site is found, the
member may be assessed for an additional amount
for this. The next payment required is that to
cover his share of the purchase price of the land
and, later, assessments to cover development costs.
Costs per lot to the member in the associations
for which this information was obtained ranged
from less than $100 to $4,000. In the majority of
cases it ranged from $700 to $1,200 (including cost
of subdividing, putting in utilities, etc.).
Naturally, considering the different kinds and
quality of projects covered (individual houses,
apartments, and war housing), there was a wide
range in cost per dwelling as well as in the living
space provided. For example, for a 2-bedroom
dwelling among the associations building detached
houses, the range in the all-the-way associations
was from $7,000 to $15,000 (average $11,000), and
among the co-ventures from $5,000 (for a house
built by self-help) to $16,000 (average $8,267).
An apartment of the same size ranged in cost from
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$1,000 (in a 25-30 year old building) to $12,600
(average $4,000). The mutuals—war housing—
were the most moderate in cost, ranging from
$1,619 to $3,655 for a 2-bedroom unit (average
$2,743).
Down payments on the dwellings averaged
$3,500 and $3,640 in the associations building in
dividual houses, $251 in the mutuals, and $390 per
room in the apartment associations. The down
payment in the reporting associations constituted
from 5 to 40 percent of total cost, but in the ma
jority of cases was about 10 percent.
The monthly carrying charges depend on a num
ber of factors, such as the price of the dwelling,
the period in which the mortgage is to be amor
tized, the interest rate on the mortgage, the
amount and cost of insurance, the tax rate, etc.
In the co-venture associations these factors varied
according to the terms of the individual member’s
contract. In the mutuals and apartment associa
tions, another variable is added: the services and
utilities that are included in the rent. In the mu
tual associations, the average monthly charges per
member in 1949 ranged from $31.41 to $70.54. In
the apartment associations, the range was from
$41.19 to $67. In the one all-the-way association
building houses, for which the monthly carrying
cost was known, it amounted to $90. Additional
assessments for any purpose usually depend on the
vote of the membership.
A few associations bought water, gas, or electric
ity, or all three, at wholesale, metering them out
to members at a considerable saving.
What the Member Gets
Associations building houses provided lots of
generous size. The smallest was 60 by 100 feet
and the largest 4 acres. In over three-fifths of
these associations for which size of lot was known,
the lot was a quarter of an acre or more.
The average house was a one-story building of
either frame or combination masonry and wood.
Floors were generally of either concrete or hard
wood. The bathroom had asphalt or linoleumcovered floor, shower over the tub, and wainscot
ing of a variety of materials (some used glazed
clay tile, others composition, aluminum tile, etc.).
Items most commonly included in the price of the
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
C O O P E R A T IV E H O U SIN G
dwelling were floor and wall cabinets in the
kitchen, an unusual amount of closet space and
storage cabinets, hot-water heater, utility room,
gas range, and sometimes a refrigerator. Hot
air and hot-water heat were the most popular types
of heating, with either oil or gas for fuel. Com
paratively few dwellings had either basements,
porches, or garages, but in some cases members
were planning to build these themselves, later.
The apartment buildings were usually of brick
or other masonry; and ranged in height from 2
to 12 stories. The price usually included wall
and floor cabinets in the kitchen, gas range, and
automatic refrigerator. Hot water and heat were
also supplied, as well as garbage-incinerator
chutes on each floor, and laundry facilities
(usually in the basement). All of the postwar
buildings (except one of two stories) had auto
matic elevators.
In the mutuals, the buildings were one or twostory row or semidetached buildings of frame or
masonry construction. The interiors were more
cheaply finished than in any of the other types
of associations. They provided minimum stor
age and cupboard space, a gas range, small-tomedium refrigerator, and hot-water heater.
For an average cost of $11,000 the member of
the all-the-way cooperative building houses re
ceived a 2-bedroom dwelling with 810 square feet
of living space; for an average of $13,250 a 3-bedroom house with 1,092 square feet of living space.
Among the co-ventures the average 2-bedroom
house cost $8,267 and provided 965 square feet of
space; for the 3-bedroom house the figures were
$13,110 and 1,358 square feet.3 The costs in these
two groups were influenced by the presence or ab
sence of costly community facilities. All of the
all-the-way cooperatives had such facilities, which
naturally raised average per-unit costs to the mem
bers. A large proportion of the co-ventures, on
the other hand, provided dwellings only, and
undertook no provision of community facilities.
In such cases the cost to the member was that of
his house only.
A 2-bedroom apartment cost, on the average,
$4,000 and provided 833 square feet of space; a
3-bedroom apartment cost $4,950 and provided
1,124 square feet. (Both of these averages were
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263
affected by the inclusion of the old apartments
with lower cost and larger rooms.)
For the mutuals, the cost and space were small
est of all—$2,743 and 697 square feet for a 2-bedroom unit, and $3,095 and 837 square feet for a
3-bedroom unit.
In practically all cases except the co-ventures,
outside maintenance and structural and major in
terior and exterior repairs were the function of the
association. The member was expected to take
care of any interior redecoration and minor in
terior repairs, besides looking after his dooryard
and garden space (if any).
Problems of Cooperatives
Many and varied were the problems faced by
the associations studied. In order of their im
portance and seriousness, they were—
(1) Obtaining financing and insurance.
(2) The long periods of delay while the land
was being sought and bought, while the types of
housing that the members could pay for were be
ing investigated, while the association was trying
to overcome neighborhood opposition, while lend
ing agencies were being canvassed for financing,
while a builder was being sought, and while the
application for insurance was being considered
and processed by FHA or VA, or both.
(3) The increases in the cost of materials, labor,
and other aspects of housing that occurred while
all the processes in (2) were going on, and
(4) The loss of members resulting from (2) and
(3), as they were either priced out of the market,
bought houses elsewhere because their family needs
were such that they could not wait, or lost confi
dence in the ability of the association to carry
through its project.
Less serious problems were involved in organiz
ing the association, in finding suitable land at a
reasonable price, in overcoming or adjusting to
zoning or building regulations, in installing the
necessary utilities on the site, and in working out
relationships with architect, contractor, and labor.
Most of the associations had, by dint of long
hours of volunteer labor and grim persistence on
the part of officers and loyal members, won
through to a complete, or at least a compromise
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C O O P E R A T IV E H O U SIN G
victory. A few succumbed, either because of in
superable obstacles or cooperative mistakes, or
because there was insufficient drive, determination,
and perseverance. In some cases, the failure could
be attributed largely to the matter of timing ; the
cooperative just happened to get started or get to
the construction stage when all conditions were
against it.
Mistakes of judgment on the part of the co
operative often added to the difficulties. Indeed,
among the failures, errors of omission or com
mission by membership and leaders Avere practi
cally as numerous among the causes of failure as
the factors over which the cooperative had no con
trol. In the main, they were not as serious as the
latter.
In the cooperatives’ search for financing, a num
ber reported opposition, tacit or overt, from local
builders, contractors, real-estate men, and lending
agencies. Some felt, also, that the opposition had
been deliberately fomented by local interests.
Others received no discouragement but were
simply kept waiting indefinitely for a decision for
or against. Opinions differed as to the reasons
for this treatment. Ignorance of the cooperative
method, lack of confidence in a group’s ability to
carry through the project, unwillingness to de
part from the established pattern of financing,
intolerance of the interracial make-up of the co
operative, and fear of depreciated property values,
all seemed to have figured in the situation in vari
ous instances.
The difficulty of obtaining mortgage insurance
was found to have varied as to both time and place.
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As already noted, prior to 1948 the National
Housing Act made no specific provision for insur
ing cooperatives. Even after they were specifi
cally included in the law, in that year, no special
machinery was created to deal with them. Also,
the FHA regulations covered section 207 as a
whole, but none were issued specifically for the
item on cooperatives. The associations were usu
ally unacquainted with FHA procedures, and
FHA was equally inexperienced as regards coop
eratives. In practice, the treatment accorded to
cooperatives, as revealed by this study, varied
from office to office, sometimes even within the
same FHA region.
Most of the experience of the associations cov
ered in the present study had occurred prior to the
passage of section 213 in the Housing Act of 1950.
Since that time, a new insurance program for co
operatives has been formulated, with central per
sonnel to carry it out and a specialist in each in
suring office to deal especially with cooperatives.
The cooperative aims and principles have been ex
plained to the operating people in the field, in or
der to enlist their interest and cooperation.
*Of th e B u reau ’s Office of L abor Econom ics.
1 B u t the stu d y also included one organization t h a t bought a
subsistence housing p ro ject b u ilt by th e F e d eral G overnm ent
du rin g th e depression of th e 1930’s and one association th a t is
buying housing b u ilt by th e G overnm ent of P u e rto Rico.
2 T his m easure w as enacted in lieu of a bill t h a t would have
provided fo r d irect loans, a t c u rre n t G overnm ent rates, to co
operatives and o th er nonprofit housing org an izatio n s. T his p ro
gram would have been adm inistered by a se p a ra te organization,
independent of FH A , in the H ousing an d Home F in an ce Agency.
3 T hese averages conceal a g re a t range in costs, especially from
one section of th e co u n try to another.
Second Congress of
the ICFTU at Milan,
July 1951
E ric K ocher*
T he I nternational C onfederation of F ree
T rade-U n io n s (ICFTU) opened its second con
gress at Milan on July 4, 1951, with a significant
background of growth since its foundation at the
London congress a year and a half before. At
its inception in 1949, the ICFTU drew on an affil
iated membership of something less than 48 mil
lions in 67 organizations, some of which had just
withdrawn from the Communist-ruled World
Federation of Trade-Unions (WFTU). Current
claims are 52.5 million members in 84 organiza
tions. Not all affiliates were represented at Milan,
however.
Final figures on attendance indicate that 56
trade-union organizations were represented by
154 delegates, 8 substitutes, and 20 advisers. The
absence of 28 affiliates, many of them small unions,
can only be explained on financial grounds. Rep
resentatives were also present from the United
Nations; the UN Educational, Scientific and Cul
tural Organization; the International Labor Or
ganization; the International Trade Secretariats
(ITS) ; and trade-union federations of Finland,
Australia, and Turkey, none of which are yet affil
iated to the ICFTU.
A marked difference in atmosphere existed be
tween the London and the Milan congresses. At
London, delegates with different points of view
and from different parts of the world had to shape
the structure and nature of the organization, its
principles, and its orientation. Among the spe
cific issues which gave the London congress its
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dramatic quality were decisions concerning the lo
cation of the headquarters and the choice of gen
eral secretary and president. I t was also neces
sary to arrive at a constitution that would be ac
ceptable to all participants, regardless of ideologi
cal position. With these fundamental decisions
already made, the major function of the Milan
congress was to evaluate past activities and to pro
vide a key to future action. From this point of
view, the congress recorded a number of note
worthy accomplishments.
Past Policies and Future Action
The organization and policy decisions taken by
the ICFTU governing bodies between the two con
gresses were approved unanimously by all dele
gates. This approval was more significant than
it appears to be at first view. In many cases the
instructions given to the general secretary by the
London congress had been of a general nature, be
cause it was realized that it would be necessary to
build a sizable fund of experience before more
definite lines of action could be evolved. The gen
eral secretary, therefore, acting under the execu
tive board and emergency committee, formulated
operational policy and acted on the basis of guid
ing principles enunciated as far back as 1949. One
example of the type of action taken involved the
development of the regional program. Another
instance was the arrangements made with the
Christian Trade-Union International (CISC)
concerning relative representation on the organ
isms of the Schuman Plan.
In addition to its approving look at the past,
the second ICFTU congress suggested general
lines of future action for the organization to fol
low. On the basis of emphasis at Milan, it ap
pears that a major activity of the ICFTU will be
a relentless campaign against Communist totali
tarianism. In this struggle no attempt will be
made to separate trade-union and political ele
ments. The ICFTU realizes that the social, eco
nomic, and political are all intertwined to make
of Communist dictatorship an integrated whole,
any part of which should be attacked whether or
not it belongs strictly to the trade-union field.
The forcefulness of the ICFTU attitude on this
point is revealed essentially through the strong
wording of its final resolution on totalitarianism.
265
266
SECO N D IC F T Ü
Closely related to its fight on Communist totali
tarianism is the expansion of regional activities
by means of a fund of at least $700,000 to be spent
over the next 3 years. Adoption of this program,
though integrated into the general antitotalitarian
campaign of the ICFTU, was also motivated by
the desire to raise standards of workers in under
developed areas. The success of the regional pro
gram, as it is translated into terms of organiza
tion and personnel, will certainly play a large
share in the future effectiveness of the ICFTU.
The congress proceedings also indicated that
matters of an organizational nature are not to be
ignored. Using increased dues payments, the
staff of the ICFTU headquarters will be expanded
with special emphasis on the press and publicity
side; also, educational activities will be intensi
fied in all regional organizations.
Congress Proceedings1
The work of the Milan congress was divided
between public plenary sessions and private com
mittee meetings. At the plenary sessions the re
port of the general secretary was considered, and
the ICFTU attitude toward current world prob
lems was examined. The five committees (organ
ization, finance, and constitution; economic, social,
and political; regional organization; education
and publicity; and resolutions), which were es
tablished in addition to the standing committees,
dealt in detail with sections of the general secre
tary’s report and draft resolutions within their
scope.
Totalitarianism. The keynote of the congress
was undoubtedly the totalitarian problem. From
the beginning the ICFTU has taken a militant
antitotalitarian attitude. The free trade-unions
of the world have seen the increasing tragedy of
those trade-unions which have fallen under the
control of totalitarian influences not only to the
left but also to the right. It was the awareness
of the fate of these organizations which prompted
the ICFTU to devote the major part of its atten
tion during the congress to this problem.
Since delegates unanimously agreed that totali
tarianism is the greatest menace to world peace to
day, the only issue in the discussion was the tac
tics to be used by the ICFTU in combating this
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MONTHLY LABOR
evil. Would it, for example, concentrate on Sta
linism to the exclusion of fascism? Would its
condemnation of Stalinism and/or fascism be
cloaked in generalities or would it be direct and
uncompromising ? What would be its attitude to
ward the Chinese aggression in Korea, especially
in view of what seemed an imminent end to hos
tilities ? And what emphasis should be placed on
social and economic factors in the battle against
totalitarianism ?
The three reports presented to the congress on
this problem placed different emphasis on the
methods that should be used. The first report,
The Aims of Free Trade-Unionism and its Strug
gle against the Totalitarian Menace, was submit
ted by George Meany of the American F ederation
of Labor and Jacob Potofsky of the Congress of
Industrial Organizations. In his statement, Mr.
Meany listed the reasons for the growth of totali
tarianism, indicated the principles which should
guide free trade-unions in the fight against Stalin
ism, and concluded that the ICFTU must take the
lead in this struggle. In substance, the report
represented an official AFL call to the ICFTU to
use all methods and tactics—economic, social, and
defense—in the battle against Communist totali
tarianism, which is a movement representing an
internal and external menace to all democracies.
Mr. Potofsky’s statement, although identified
with the AFL position through a draft resolution
on totalitarianism submitted by both AFL and
CIO, was directed primarily against fascism,
notably the Franco and Peron regimes. It criti
cized financial aid voted to Spain by the United
States Congress and urged rejection of further
Import-Export Bank loans to that country “in
order to give Franco a shove into oblivion.”
Finally, the CIO delegate attacked a prevalent
military opinion that Spain is necessary as a mili
tary base. This same position has also been taken
by the AFL on numerous occasions.
Delegates from the French Force Ouvrière and
the British Trades Union Congress next presented
reports on The Role of Labor in the International
Crisis, and Conditions for the Establishment and
Maintenance of World Peace, respectively. Al
though these presentations recognized other facets
of the totalitarian problem, they emphasized the
importance of social and economic planning in the
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
SECOND IC F T Ü CO N G RESS
world today. The FO delegate’s report, for ex
ample, concentrated on the economic measures
necessary to the maintenance of peace; the report
of the TUC delegate stressed complementing re
armament with a willingness to negotiate, indi
cated that war is not inevitable, and suggested
that democracy and communism can co-exist.
Such were the variations expressed by the dele
gates on the general theme of totalitarianism.
The advocates of a strong anti-Stalinist resolution
were aided by the first-hand account of life under
Communist rule presented to the congress by a
Chinese resistance fighter, Wang Chung. Wang
had spent the last 2 years underground in Com
munist China and only with extreme difficulty had
been able to leave the Chinese mainland to attend
the Milan congress. To indicate that even those
Chinese who hoped for social improvement with
the arrival of the Communists have been deceived,
Wang recounted the appalling conditions of the
Chinese workers at present. He then stated that
large-scale resistance movements are operating
on the Chinese mainland. At the conclusion of
his address, Wang paid tribute to the material as
sistance given by the AFL to the Free China Labor
League.
A telegram from the WFTU, requesting a joint
meeting and subsequent action by the two labor
internationals against “capitalist exploitation,”
highlighted the discussion on totalitarianism.
WFTU may have hoped to saddle the ICFTU
with the blame for lack of unity on the interna
tional labor level; but the ICFTU reply with its
carefully chosen examples of WFTU subordina
tion to the Kremlin left no doubt where the blame
should be placed. In its answering telegram, the
ICFTU indicated that it was “aware of the diffi
cult economic, social, and political conditions from
which the world is suffering;” stressed that these
difficulties were due to Cominform aggression;
and excluded joint action as long as “you remain
faithful agents of the Cominform.” It is perhaps
significant that approximately the same tele
graphic appeal for unity was also sent by the
WFTU to the CISC (Christian International).
The final resolution emerging from the debate
on totalitarianism embodied all the force and per
suasive power of the draft resolution on this sub
ject which had been presented jointly by the AFL
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
267
and CIO on the basis of the Meany-Potofsky re
port. The reports of the French and British dele
gates received considerably less attention either
in public debate or in the resolution on totali
tarianism: the intellectual emphasis on economic
and social planning seemed to make only a minor
impression on the delegates, in contrast to the emo
tional appeal of the Stalinist and fascist struggle.
Though echoes of the FO and TUC delegates’ re
ports can be distinguished in a series of supple
mentary resolutions on economic and social
questions voted at the end of the congress, these
resolutions occupied a secondary role compared
with the overriding condemnation of totali
tarianism.
Economic and Social Questions. The congress
voted its economic and social resolutions without
particular discussion, but several of them are sig
nificant. One such resolution expressed dissatis
faction that a majority of governments on the ILO
Governing Body recently refused to increase its
budget sufficiently. A second stated the principal
requirements for the economic and social develop
ment of underdeveloped countries. Finally, an
intracommittee discussion concerning worker par
ticipation in management resulted in a compromise
resolution. It indicated that the ICFTU notes
“with particular interest” the efforts of tradeunionists in some countries to obtain co
determination.
Regional Activities. Regional activities of the
ICFTU were considered from two points of view.
On one hand, the congress was asked to examine
the links between the central body and the regional
organizations already established for Europe, the
Americas, and Asia, and to lay down rules and reg
ulations that could be applied in dealing with both
existing and future regionals. This problem was
complicated because the degree of centralized con
trol already varies over existing regional bod
ies. The Inter-American Regional Organization
(ORIT), for example, in its founding conference
in January 1951, voted to pay the salary of its own
secretary instead of having it paid by ICFTU
headquarters, as suggested by the ICFTU exe
cutive board. The final decision of the Milan
congress was generally to recognize the latitude
268
SECOND IC F T U CON G RESS
already taken by ORIT, while affording central
headquarters a fair degree of control over regional
activities. Thus, although any regional organiza
tion may pay its own secretary, the ICFTU retains
financial control over the region. More impor
tantly, article 7 of the constitution, which orig
inally made only a general provision for the
establishment of such organizations, was amended
to enlarge on the relationship between parent and
regional bodies. The implication is that the latter
is an integral part of the ICFTU with a certain
degree of autonomy.
Regional discussions also extended to broad
financial questions. For some time, the whole
regional program of the ICFTU has been under
careful study by its secretariat. Realizing that
the scope of the program required financial re
sources beyond those provided by ordinary dues,
it was decided to constitute a special 3-year fund
of $700,000 to be supplied by donations by affiliated
organizations. This budget (two-thirds of which
was already pledged before the opening of the
congress) was scrutinized by the delegates and
unanimously approved. Although a resolution
from Cuba suggested raising $30,000,000 annually
for regional activities, the general goal of $700,000
over 3 years was maintained, with the admission
by the congress that this sum is “totally inade
quate.”
Because regional organizations are envisaged
not only as the most effective means of strengthen
ing democratic trade-unions in underdeveloped
areas but also as a weapon to combat totalitarian
communism, there was general agreement that
every effort must be made to endow the program
with adequate finances. It appears, therefore, that
a higher financial target may be required and
voluntary contributions may be solicited from time
to time beyond the limits originally foreseen.
General Finances. Even though regional needs
are to be met by a special budget, the secretariat
itself has felt a need for expanded facilities which
the original rate of dues would not cover. For
this reason, the congress decided to raise contribu
tions 25 percent, thus affording the funds needed
to expand ICFTU headquarters personnel and
publication services to affiliated centers. Ob
viously, those trade-unions which were unable to
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MONTHLY LABOR
pay the full amount of dues under the old rate
cannot meet the higher levies set at Milan. The
financial responsibilities of the relatively more
prosperous unions, therefore, will increase, both
for the special regional program and the expanded
headquarters functions.
Christian International. Relations between the
ICFTU and the CISC, a question which had been
discussed at various executive board and emer
gency committee meetings during the past 18
months, were again considered by the second
ICFTU congress. After remarkably little de
bate, the congress put itself on record as stating
that the Christian trade-union centers are still
welcome to join the ICFTU throughout 1951. In
addition, the ICFTU report implies that its execu
tive board will examine the possibility of collabo
ration on specific issues with the Christian
trade-unions among others. By this means the
collaboration, already effected between the two
Internationals, in respect to the Schuman Plan
and the European Recovery Program-Trade
Union Advisory Committee was indirectly en
dorsed. There is still very little actual change in
the ICFTU attitude toward the CISC. Cur
rently, collaboration with the Christian Interna
tional is restricted to specific issues.
Education and Publicity. A substantial and
fairly detailed program of education and public
ity emerged as an achievement of the Milan con
gress. Special advisory committees on education
are to be formed in each regional organization;
a World Educational Congress in conjunction
with the third ICFTU congress is projected for
1953; based on the successful experience with the
two summer schools held in Europe this year, two
more such schools plus one world summer school
are planned for 1952; and the use of press con
ferences, films, radio, and periodicals will be in
creased to publicize more effectively the ICFTU
name.
Role of Certain Trade-TJnions. The United
States trade-unions (AFL, CIO, and United Mine
Workers) in conjunction with the Canadians met
several times early in the proceedings to consult
on specific problems expected to arise during the
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
SEC O N D IC F T Ü C O N G R E SS
congress. Although beset by a number of issues
which might have tended to create a divergence
in their position, all differences were finally
composed.
Individual trade-unions and groups of unions
took a significant part in the congress. The small
unions, especially those from underdeveloped
areas, generally used the congress as a sounding
board for publicizing their local problems and
views. Most of these representatives were satis
fied merely to state their cases for the record,
without any prolonged attempt to insert them in
any congress resolution. In this connection, the
Tunisian delegate drew a parallel between totali
tarianism and colonialism and indicated that con
ditions in Tunisia in some respects resembled
those under totalitarian rule. The Pakistan dele
gate, in introducing one of the few controversial
notes in the congress, delivered a restrained pro
test against the independent international activi
ties of western trade-unions in Asia and elsewhere.
Mentioning the AFL, CIO, and TUC, he empha
sized that the international work of these organi
zations should be done through the ICFTU.
Among the addresses of delegates from colonial
and underdeveloped countries were the Malayan
and Indian declarations, both of which expressed
gratitude for aid received by the trade-unions in
their countries. By the same token, the Iran dele
gate avoided the Anglo-Iranian oil question and
concentrated instead on his country’s poor social
conditions which he attributed to his own govern
ment. I t was only on the last day of the Milan
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269
meeting that a minor difficulty was caused, when
the Greek delegates threatened to walk out be
cause the congress refused to recommend the union
of Cyprus with Greece. The Greek delegates,
however, later accepted the suggestion of the
general secretary to place the matter before the
executive board.
Perhaps the greatest contribution to the con
gress made by these delegates from underdevel
oped areas was their presence. The attendance
at Milan of delegates from North Africa, the West
Indies, the Middle East, and Asia served to indi
cate not only that the influence of the ICFTU is
increasing in these critically important regions
but also that the world organization has begun to
fill the need felt for some time by these tradeunions for leadership and direction. Unions in
the underdeveloped areas are the natural media
for achieving unity and prosperity for the work
ers in their respective countries. They are look
ing to the ICFTU for active support in the ac
complishment of these aims. I t is the function
of the regional organizations to construct, recon
struct, and strengthen these unions where neces
sary. The effectiveness with which this task is
accomplished will determine in large part the
future contribution of the ICFTU.
*Labor A ttaché, A m erican Em bassy, B russels.
F u rth e r in fo rm atio n on th is subject can be obtained from
th e Office of I n te rn a tio n a l L abor A ffairs, ü . S. D ep artm en t of
Labor.
1
Progress of the
ICFTU in
Underdeveloped Areas
M. Mead Smith*
R egional activity —backbone
of the Interna
tional Confederation of Free Trade Unions
(ICFTU) operational program—has progressed
unevenly in the underdeveloped areas, reflecting
the extent of economic, political, and trade-union
development in the regions concerned. I t has,
however, exceeded anticipated goals in the 18
months since the Confederation was established.
By mid-1951, a regional body was functioning in
the Americas, as in Europe, and a permanent or
ganization was taking over the temporary Asian
office. Activities in Africa were still preliminary.1
Policy for Regional Activity
The program of local development rests on a
policy quite new to the international labor move
ment, namely, to decentralize operations as much
as possible and to concentrate its efforts in the un
derdeveloped areas. In this way, the ICFTU
hoped to achieve tangible economic and social im
provements rather than a set of paper resolutions.
Administrative provisions reflect this policy. The
executive board is made up of representatives
from all regions; the secretary general must con
sult an emergency committee, also selected by area,
on important issues arising between board meet
ings; and standard affiliation fees can be reduced
for organizations having financial difficulties.
Recognizing the difficulties of building strong
international and regional organizations simul
taneously, ICFTU leaders approached the pro
gram in a cautious, exploratory fashion. Initial
proposals called for preliminary steps in sections
of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. At the re
quest of affiliated national centers, however, the
program was expanded to include the industrially
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advanced areas of Europe and North America as
well. Nevertheless, the main emphasis continued
to be placed on expanding operations in the under
developed regions, and the ICFTU has taken every
opportunity, at international meetings and by pub
lic statement, to urge stronger trade-unions, broad
economic and social development, and improved
living and working conditions in these areas.
Operation of the program has raised some fun
damental problems, which were considered at the
ICFTU’s world congress in July 1951. (The con
gress is discussed on p. 265 of this issue.) Para
mount among these was the definition of the “high
degree of autonomy” to be exercised by regional
secretariats in “matters falling within their pur
view”—a definition sufficiently flexible to fit the
vast differences in trade-union development in
the various regions.
Without questioning the ultimate authority of
the Confederation, all three of the regional organ
izations made changes in the rules drafted by the
ICFTU secretariat. These rules aimed roughly
at centralization of policy-making, decentraliza
tion of action, and joint planning. The congress
attempted to settle the question by a constitutional
amendment (1) giving the executive board author
ity for determining relationships between the Con
federation and the regional bodies and for han
dling all questions involving modification in the
general policy, and (2) requiring regional bod
ies to submit to the board semiannual activity re
ports and annual accounts (recognizing, however,
their right to set and collect affiliation fees).
Other problems encountered in the regional pro
gram included: (1) Friction with existing inter
ests of colonial Governments and foreign employ
ers over ICFTU support of regional demands for
political and economic independence; (2) the im
possibility of financing regional organizing opera
tions and, in some instances, administrative ex
penses from the regular affiliation fees; and (8)
procedures for the close cooperation in regional
activities agreed to by the ICFTU and the Inter
national Trade Secretariats, hitherto the only
operational arm of the international labor move
ment. Some joint action had already been taken,
such as International Transport Workers’ Federa
tion representation on the West Africa mission
and consultation of the International Landworkers’ Federation on plantation workers’ conditions.
IC FTTJ I N
UNDERDEVELOPED
Activities by Area
Problems of labor in the underdeveloped re
gions and the kind of ICFTU program required
to solve them were pointed up by ICFTU missions
to Asia and Africa and the resolutions of confer
ences there and in the Western Hemisphere.
Notwithstanding considerable variation between
regions, these findings brought out certain under
lying difficulties common to all. Included were
numerical and structural weakness of the tradeunion movement ; illiteracy and the lack of leader
ship from the ranks of workers themselves; the
desire for political and/or economic independence
from foreign control; antilabor and paternalistic
policies of many of the Governments concerned;
preoccupation of the trade-union movement with
political rather than economic ends ; predominance
of agriculture and underemployment of the
largely unskilled labor force; and extremely de
pressed living and working conditions. These
conditions laid the labor movement open to the
threat of Communist infiltration and control.
Some current and pronounced differences in
main emphasis, reflecting the various levels of eco
nomic and political development in the regions,
are Latin American trade-union efforts to elim
inate dictatorial regimes; opposition of Asian
labor to Government control of unions; and the
weakness of indigenous trade-unionism in Africa.
Union leaders in all the regions have consist
ently called on the ICFTU to provide education
for trade-union leadership, to work with inter
national agencies whose activities affect labor,
and to work for economic development free from
foreign control and with labor interests protected.
Latin America. Workers in Latin America had
federated in 1948, when the Inter-American Con
federation of Workers (CIT) was established.
Its main purpose was to combat the activities of
the Confederation of Latin American Workers
(CTAL) which was set up in 1936 and subse
quently became the Latin American wing of the
World Federation of Trade Unions (W FTU).
CIT regional solidarity was incomplete; while
the American Federation of Labor and the Trades
and Labor Congress of Canada were active partic
ipants, the Congress of Industrial Organizations
and the Canadian Congress of Labor remained
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AREAS
271
outside. By January 1951, when the CIT voted
to dissolve in favor of the new ICFTU regional
organization, it had drawn away from the CTAL
a number of the latter’s strongest affiliates.2
Unions representing some 17 million workers
joined in January 1951 to form the Inter-Ameri
can Regional Organization of workers (ORIT),
regional branch of the ICFTU. The Mexico City
conference was planned by the ICFTU secretariat
in cooperation with the CIT executive committee.
Workers from 20 countries in North, South, and
Central America and the Caribbean area were in
cluded; all major North American groups par
ticipated. Argentina was specifically excluded
by the ICFTU as lacking “independent workers’
unions”— 3 an action which created a serious rift
in the conference. Opposition came from the
Mexican delegation which advocated admitting
Argentine representatives. On the last day of the
conference, all the Mexican representatives except
those from the small National Proletarian Confed
eration (CPN) withdrew on grounds that the
regional constitution permitted undue ICFTU
control.
The ORIT executive committee, meeting in Jan
uary and March 1951, approved a plan of organi
zation work dividing Latin America and the West
Indies into 5 zones, each of which was to be the
direct responsibility of one or more full-time
ORIT organizers. Most of these organizers were
already working with trade-unions in their re
gions, by mid-1951; for example, they assisted in
the formation of the new Paraguayan Federation
of Workers and in setting up a committee to form
a federation in Haiti. In order to disseminate
information, the ORIT initiated a monthly pub
lication, issued in both Spanish and English,
started a twice-monthly trade-union radio pro
gram in Spanish from a Montevideo station, and
made plans for regional broadcasts in English
from a West Indian station. Preparatory steps
were also taken toward establishing a school for
labor organizers and union leaders. The ICFTU
secretary general reported to the July world con
gress that the ORIT was investigating the possi
bilities of cooperating with international agencies
in educational work in Latin America.
In addition, the executive committee (1) initi
ated special measures designed to improve the
conditions of banana workers in Costa Rica, Hon-
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ICFTXJ I N
UNDERDEVELOPED
duras, Panama, and British Honduras; (2) dis
tributed a manifesto in four languages to the
workers of the Americas and adopted a resolution
condemning the closing of the independent Ar
gentine newspaper La Prensa; (3) addressed a
special statement to the Foreign Ministers of the
American States, calling on them to repudiate not
only international communism but all forms of
governments denying the fundamental rights of
man, to respect political and trade-union freedom,
and to take certain specified measures for the bene
fit of labor in order to attain full labor cooperation
in the common effort to strengthen the Western
Hemisphere economy; and (4) provided ICFTXJ
delegates to a United Nations Economic and Social
Council meeting in Chile.
Asia and the Far East. The timing for under
taking regional activities created considerable dif
ference of opinion in initial ICFTU deliberations.
But there was agreement on the need for pre
liminary surveys for underdeveloped areas outside
Latin America, the first to be in Asia.
Both the W FTU and non-Communist tradeunionists had taken steps toward forming regional
labor organizations in Asia before the ICFTU be
came active in this region. The WFTU held
regional conferences in Peiping in November 1949
and Ceylon in September-October 1950 and ap
pointed an Australian trade-unionist to head the
secretariat of an Asian regional office. A number
of countries failed to send delegates to the nonCommunist Asian Federation of Labor inaugural
conference in January 1950 in Ceylon, in the belief
that ICFTU regional machinery would supersede
the Federation. At the conference, a desire was
expressed to have the Federation serve as regional
machinery for the ICFTU, but no other meetings
were held and Federation members participated
actively in forming the new ICFTU regional body.
The ICFTU mission visited 11 countries in Asia
and the Far East during July and August 1950
and reported great eagerness everywhere for par
ticipation in and assistance from the new inter
national. On the basis of their findings, the
ICFTU appointed Dhyan Mungat, an Indian
trade-union official, as its full-time representative
in Asia. Mr. Mungat met with trade-unionists
in a number of Asian countries on behalf of the
ICFTU and represented the Confederation at the
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MONTHLY LABOR
December 1950 meetings of the ILO’s Asian Ad
visory Committee and Committee on Work on
Plantations. He also presented to the FebruaryMarch 1951 meeting of the United Nations Eco
nomic Commission for Asia and the Far East a
set of principles for an economic and social de
velopment program designed to produce progres
sive social institutions and free trade-unions. In
addition, the ICFTU sent Jay Krane (CIO) to
visit Burma, in line with the executive board de
cision to maintain relations with the democratic
forces in the Burmese trade-union movement.
Operating machinery was established in early
1951, when the ICFTU opened a temporary In
formation and Advisory Center in Singapore,
with the Asian representative in charge. The
purpose was to maintain contact with the free
trade-unions throughout Asia and the Far East
and to assist them in solving their many organi
zational problems. As part of the Center’s work,
initial measures were taken to step up the press
and publications activities of the ICFTU in Asia;
publication of ICFTU material in some of the
Asian languages had already begun by the time
the regional conference met in May 1951. Im
plementation of the executive board’s decision that
subcenters should be opened elsewhere in Asia
awaited formal establishment of a regional secre
tariat, as did final action on plans for an extensive
educational program for training trade-unionists,
including establishment of trade-union colleges
and short-term local study courses.
Pending establishment of regional machinery,
the ICFTU executive board gave support to a num
ber of individual groups. Action included a reso
lution demanding “that trade-union freedom be
respected by the Japanese Government” and that
limitations on trade-union rights of public em
ployees in Japan be lifted. Aid was sent to strik
ing textile workers and earthquake victims in
India.
Nine of the ten ICFTU affiliates in Asia sent
representatives to the Karachi conference which
set up an Asian regional body in May 1951. They
represented nearly 8 million members in eight
countries; observers from unaffiliated federations
in three additional countries represented some
300,000 additional trade-unionists. Conference
discussion emphasized particularly the depressed
condition of plantation workers and the need to
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
IC FT TJ I N
UNDERDEVELOPED
organize these workers in spite of the difficulty of
reaching them. Delegates deplored the nonrati
fication by Asian Governments of ILO conven
tions affecting plantation workers. They estab
lished a committee to work out an effective ap
proach, including support of western workers in
view of the extent of western capital in Asian
plantations.
The regional council elected by the conference
met briefly on May 31 but adjourned to meet again
during the July ICFTU conference.
Africa. Before the ICFTU started its efforts in
Africa, the only regional activity was a WFTUsponsored West African conference in October
1950.
A survey of the trade-union situation in three
countries of French North Africa was made by
an ICFTU delegation in November 1950. The
delegation found that the three countries differed
widely—with regard to political structure as well
as certain economic and social factors—although
the prevalence of the Moslem religion was one of
several important characteristics common to all
three. Except in Tunisia, most of the tradeunions in the area were linked organically to
metropolitan French national centers. No in
digenous trade-unions existed in either Algeria or
Morocco (being legally prohibited in the latter
country) and the local branch of the Communistdominated French General Confederation of
Labor (CGT) was the strongest trade-union or
ganization in both countries. Accordingly, the
secretariat was instructed (1) to establish close
relations between the ICFTU and the Tunisian
Workers’ Union (UGTT), which represented the
great majority of organized Tunisian workers,4
and (2) to maintain relations with all forces in
the other two countries, including nationalist
groups supporting free trade-unionism.
A visit of an ICFTU delegation to four coun
tries in West and Central Africa in early 1951
culminated with the delegation assisting at a pre
paratory meeting of affiliated and unaffiliated or
ganizations in the region. Ten countries were
represented at the meeting held in the French
Cameroons in March. This conference called for
formation of an ICFTU regional organization for
the area to coordinate trade-union activities, par
ticularly in the field of education, and for ICFTU
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AREAS
273
support for other actions to improve conditions
in the area, including the abolition of racial dis
crimination and granting of national independ
ence in accordance with the ICFTU program.5
Recommendations of the ICFTU delegation to
this area were scheduled to be submitted to the
July 1951 executive board meeting.
Late in 1950, the executive board approved in
principle the sending of a delegation to East
Africa. Subsequently it was decided to await the
results of the survey in West and Central Africa,
with a delegation scheduled to visit East Africa
soon after the July 1951 world congress.
Near and Middle East. No conference has as yet
been held in the Near and Middle East. The con
ference scheduled for April 1951 in Teheran, to
be convened on the occasion of the ILO Conference
for the region, was delayed when the latter confer
ence was postponed. However, agreement was
general that the ICFTU must take an active inter
est in Near and Middle East developments.
The secretariat and various trade-unionists in
the region had had preliminary discussions by
mid-1951, and initial steps had been taken regard
ing the development of a free trade-union move
ment in Turkey. In addition, the ICFTU in Feb
ruary 1951 urged the Egyptian Government to re
move existing restrictions on the formation of
nation-wide trade-unions and a national tradeunion center. Either an ICFTU representative
or a delegation is to visit the countries in this area
as soon as possible after the Milan congress. Pro
posals for formation of a Mediterranean regional
body, encompassing certain North African, Near
East, and Southeast European countries, were re
ferred by the congress to the executive board.
*Of th e B u reau ’s Office of P ublications.
1 F o r m ore detailed discussion of th e regional policies and
a c tiv ities of th e IC FTU , see v arious issues of N otes on L abor
Abroad, Nos. 13-21, December 1949-M ay 1951.
2 Recent CTAL efforts to recoup th e ir losses have reflected th e
c u rre n t W FTU em phasis on tra d e d e p artm en t developm ent. In
1951, th e CTAL held regional m eetings of railw ay and ag ricu l
tu r a l w orkers.
3 T he D om inican R epublic w as also excluded, fo r th e sam e
reasons.
4 Affiliation of th e UGTT to th e IC F T U w as la te r approved,
i t being understood th a t th e existence of o th er trade-union groups
in T u n isia belonging to o rg an izatio n s affiliated to th e IC F T U ,
i. e., the F ren ch W orkers’ F orce (F O ), would n ot be affected.
5 The IC F T U m anifesto pledges to su p p o rt subject peoples
in th e ir stru g g le to w ard full n a tio n a l freedom and selfgovernm ent.
Growth of Democratic
Trade-Unions in the
Federation of Malaya1
Alice W. Shurcliff*
exemplify the pos
sibilities of a Government-sponsored educational
program in promoting a responsible trade-union
movement. Efforts to encourage labor organiza
tion were started immediately after World War I I
and expanded following the start of the Commu
nist insurrection in mid-1948. During 1950 the
majority of organized labor formed the Malayan
Trade-Union Council which aligned itself with
the democratic trade-union movements in other
countries by affiliating with the International Con
federation of Free Trade Unions, and by repre
senting Malayan labor at Asian Regional Confer
ences of the International Labor Organization.2
These milestones have already been passed, not
withstanding many obstacles : the insecurity con
nected with the continuing insurrection ; the social
and political tensions inherent in a country where
the majority of its paid workers are foreigners—
Chinese and Indians—having strong ties with
their respective countries ; 3 and the Communist
direction of the trade-union movement from 1945
to mid-1948. John A. Brazier, M. B. E., was as
signed by the Colonial Office of the British Gov
ernment, on the advice of the British Trade-Union
Congress, to act as Trade-Union Advisor to the
Federation of Malaya in 1946. Mr. Brazier, a
former railway worker, and a member of the Brit
ish National Union of Railwaymen originally
went to Singapore in 1945 as Labor Welfare Of
ficer for the Malayan Railway.
The labor program is only one of the economic,
military, and social efforts in Malaya to curb the
Communist bid for power, which is also a serious
issue elsewhere in Asia.
M alaya ’s labor organizations
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Communist Activity, 1945 to Mid-1948
Following the liberation of Malaya at the end
of World War II, the Malayan People’s AntiJapanese Army, a Communist guerrilla force of
which 90 percent were Chinese, was officially dis
banded. Some of its members turned their at
tention toward gaining control of workers, pre
paratory to forming a Communist Republic of
Malaya. By September 1945, they had set up
trade-unions for almost every type of worker from
miners and rubber plantation workers to cabaret
girls. These unions were directed by an over-all
General Labor Union (GLU) which accepted as
members individuals and unions from Malaya and
Singapore. The few genuine trade-unions that
survived were intimidated by the Malayan Com
munist Party.
In 1946 the GLU reorganized itself into two
bodies: the Singapore Federation of TradeUnions with headquarters in Singapore ; and the
Pan Malayan Federation of Trade-Unions
(PMFTU) with headquarters in Kuala Lumpur.
The purpose of this reorganization was to comply
with the somewhat different legislation in Singa
pore and the Federation of Malaya. The TradeUnion Enactment of 1940 which came into effect
throughout Malaya in comformance with the
Trade-Union Ordnance of 1946 provided for (1)
the compulsory registration of all associations
with trade-union objectives; (2) the auditing of
union accounts; (3) prohibiting the use of union
funds for political purposes; and (4) granting
trade-unions and their members certain legal pro
tections in their trade-union activities.
The PMFTU set up branch federations in each
State and grouped individual unions on a craft
or area basis. Government workers, however,
were not brought under PMFTU domination
since they were forbidden by law to federate or
to act with unions of nongovernment workers
without prior Government sanction.
At the end of 1947 there were 277 registered
unions with a total membership of 195,113. Only
63 unions, mostly of Government workers, were
independent. The 214 remaining unions were
dominated by the PMFTU and included workers
in two of Malaya’s main industries, the rubber
plantations and the tin mines, as well as port
workers and workers in less important industries.
TRADE UNIONISM IN MALAYA
The PMFTU and its satellite unions were managed
by full-time paid officers, many of whom were
members of the Malayan Communist Party.
Widespread strikes of long duration broke out
in May and June 1948, resulting in a loss of 178,623 man-days of work in May and 117,154 in June,
compared with a monthly average of 68,842 earlier
in the year when considerable labor unrest existed
over rising prices. I t was later discovered that
the May and June strikes were planned in April
1948, at the annual conference of the PMFTU in
Singapore and at a meeting of the Malayan Com
munist Party held almost immediately afterwards.
Growth of Democratic Trade-Unionism
The Government’s program of labor education,
which had been started in 1945, began to show
results in 1948, when more than half of the Com
munist union membership dropped out in 3
months. The Government also decided to return
control of the unions to the workers by amending
the Trade-Unions Enactment. The TradeUnions (Amendment) Ordinance, passed on June
12,1948, required that (1) all officers of the tradeunions, except the secretary, must be of good char
acter, actually employed in the industry or having
had 3 years of such employment, and (2) federa
tions were to be confined to unions of similar
occupations or industries.
This amendment enabled the Registrar of
Trade-Unions to advise the PMFTU and the State
federations, which included unions in all trades
and industries, that their continued operation
would be illegal. Deprived of most of their in
come by this action, the PMFTU and the State
federations lost some of their power. Strikes—
many accompanied by violence—declined.
On July 13, 1948, following the Communist in
surrection, the Government declared a state of
emergency and outlawed the Communist Party
and the New Democratic Youth League on July
23, At this time most of the Communist tradeunion officials absconded, in many cases taking the
union funds. As a result, the leaderless unions
collapsed and only those which formerly enjoyed
some degree of independence continued to operate.
Total trade-union membership dropped sharply.
Trade-unions experienced considerable difficulty
in the months after the emergency was declared,
because of distrust of their motives by certain
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275
employer and other groups. The public found
it hard to differentiate between illegal Communist
and legitimate trade-union activities. That any
organizations survived this difficult period demon
strated the workers’ strong desire for a trade-union
movement in Malaya.
In July 1948 the Federal Legislative Council
decided to expand the Trade-Union Advisor’s Of
fice. By the end of 1949 it included one tradeunion advisor and two assistant advisors, one pub
licity officer, nine Asian trade-union officers (five
Indian, two Malay, and two Chinese), and one
trade-union assistant. These officers were given
intensive training in trade-unionism, bookkeeping,
public speaking, chairmanship, and secret ballot
ing. Most of them were sent in rotation to the
United Kingdom for further training.
The labor education program of the Advisors
Office was designed to (1) educate union officials
and members in the principles, practices, and pro
cedures of collective bargaining, (2) encourage
trade-unions to give their members labor education
and vocational training, (3) educate workers in
citizenship at evening and week-end schools ; and
(4) bring to plantations, movies, plays, slides, and
talks on unionism and related subjects.
In addition there was an Office of the Registrar
of Trade-Unions which dealt with registration of
unions and inspection of union accounts.
The expanded program met with little response
during late 1948 and 1949. Many workers be
lieved that the Government’s only interest in labor
organization was to induce Communists and other
agitators to reveal themselves. This misconcep
tion was particularly prevalent among the Chi
nese workers throughout the country. Gradually,
however, the program began to achieve success in
spite of the obstacles raised by the emergency and
the racial diversity of the population which re
quired the use of four languages for the educa
tional work (Malay, Chinese, Tamil, and Eng
lish). Trade-union membership increased stead
ily as shown in the accompanying table, and at the
end of May 1951 was about 75,000. Of these
about 29,000 were Government workers, including
administrative workers as well as those employed
in the Government-operated railways, post, tele
phone and telegraph services, public works, utili
ties, and schools. Of the 34,000 organized non
government workers about half were employed on
rubber plantations. Other groups with notable
276
TRADE UNIONISM IN MALAYA
R e g is te r e d T r a d e - U n i o n s a n d T r a d e - U n i o n m e m b e r s h ip o n
D e c . S I , 1 9 4 6 to 1 9 5 0 1
Item
1946
1947
Trade-Unions______________
Government workers_____
Other workers___________
83
0
0
0
0
Membership____ ___________
Government workers_____
Other workers___________
0
0
0
195,113
19,178
175,965
277
1948
1949
1950
163
70
93
168
84
84
69,134 341,305
25, 692 20,142
43, 442 21,163
54,579
23, 507
31,072
156
52
104
1 Excluding employers’ associations which are also registered as tradeunions under the Trade-Unions Enactment.
2 Not available.
3 Of this membership 23,957 were Indians, 9,913 were Chinese, 5,370 were
Malays and 2,065 belonged to other races.
Sources: Federation of Malaya, Annual Reports of the Trade-Unions
Registry, 1947-49; S. S. Awbery and F. W. Dailey, Labor and Trade-Union
Organization in the Federation of Malaya and Singapore, London 1948,
and unpublished U. S. Foreign Service Reports.
numbers of organized workers are clerical, Gov
ernment unskilled labor, mine, and harbor.
Several groups of trade-unions have federated
since the Trade-Union Enactment was amended
in June 1948 to provide for registration of federa
tions whose members are employed in a similar
trade, occupation, or industry. The largest of
these federations is the Pan Malayan Rubber
Workers Union with a membership probably over
12,000. Other smaller federations with member
ships of about a thousand or two are: the All
Malayan Federation of Government Medical Em
ployees Trade Unions, the All Malayan Estate
Staff Unions, the Malayan Federation of Clerical
and Administrative Unions, and the All Malayan
Teachers Federation.
A “Trade-Union Committee”, composed of both
Government and nongovernment unions was au
thorized by the Government in May 1949. I t de
cided to set up a Malayan Trade-Union Council,
which was formally constituted in May 1950 at
Kuala Lumpur by representatives of 107 unions
(with 35,000 paid-up members) of the approxi
mately 165 unions (with about 60,000 members)
in existence at that time. Even before the Coun
cil was formally constituted, it sent representa
tives as observers to the London Conference at
which the International Confederation of Free
Trade-Unions was formed in November 1949.2
In November 1950, the Malayan Trade-Union
Council’s application for membership in the
ICFTU was accepted.
Collective Bargaining
Unions have developed skill in collective bar
gaining and for the most part have called strikes
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only after a reasonable attempt has been made to
settle grievances through negotiations. The most
important illustration of such collective bargain
ing took place on the rubber plantations which
are the main source of paid employment in
Malaya. In April 1950 an agreement between the
All Malayan Rubber Workers Negotiating Com
mittee (predecessor of the Pan Malayan Rubber
Workers Union) and the Malayan Planting In
dustries Employers Association (MPIEA, an as
sociation which represents most of the large
estates throughout Malaya) authorized a 12-per
cent increase in wages, the first since 1948. A
further 12-percent increase was obtained in a
1-month interim agreement reached in September.
Discussions were resumed in October but became
deadlocked. Both parties then referred to the dis
pute to an arbitration board established by the
Commissioner of Labor. This board awarded fur
ther substantial increases under a schedule based
on skill in the job and selling price of rubber.
Unions of Government workers have also dem
onstrated their strength. During discussions
regarding revisions of salaries of Government
workers which have been under way since 1947,
the Government avoided direct negotiations with
unions of public workers. Instead it relied upon
the recommendations of specal study committees
appointed by the Government. After the most
recent committee report issued in 1950 was re
jected by the Malayan Federation of Clerical and
Administrative Unions, by the All Malayan
Teachers Federation, and by many other unions,
the Government reversed its policy. On October
16, 1950, it agreed that Government workers’ re
muneration was an appropriate subject for col
lective bargaining and offered to negotiate di
rectly with each union which rejected the report.
*Of th e B u re a u ’s D ivision of F oreign L abor C onditions.
1 The F ed eratio n of M alaya, established in F e b ru a ry 1, 1948,
succeeded th e M alayan Union w hich w as se t up in A pril 1946.
The F ed eratio n consists of th e sam e te rrito rie s as th e form er
union nam ely th e nine S ta te s of the M alay pen in su la an d th e
tw o B ritish s tr a its se ttlem en ts of P en an g an d M alacca. S inga
pore th e th ird of th e form er S tra its S ettlem en ts is now a se p ara te
colony.
2 Since th e F ed eratio n of M alaya is a non-self-governing t e r r i
tory, it is n o t eligible fo r m em bership in th e In te rn a tio n a l labo r
O rganization.
3 F o r fu rth e r in fo rm atio n , see L abor C onditions in B ritish
M alaya, M onthly L abor Review, A ugust 1944.
S o u r c e s : F ed eratio n of M alaya, A nnual R eports of th e D ep art
m ent of L abor an d th e T rade U nions R eg istry 1947-49 ; a n d U. S.
F oreign Service R eports.
Summaries of Studies and Reports
Health and Welfare Plans
in the Automobile Industry
N ote : The automobile and basic steel industries fur
nish outstanding examples of the rapid extension
and development of health and welfare plans in
many sectors of the economy. In this article, the
plans of the automobile industry are described; a
similar study covering the basic steel industry is
scheduled for the October issue of the Monthly
Labor Review.
I n c l u sio n in labor-management contracts of
health and welfare plans and their subsequent
phenomenal expansion is a comparatively recent
collective-bargaining development. Many health
and welfare plans now under collective bargaining
existed prior to their inclusion in labor-manage
ment contracts. However, in a number of in
stances plans were negotiated only after prolonged
bargaining and resort by unions to the National
Labor Relations Board and the courts.1 There
after, as welfare plans spread, the worker’s desire
for greater security manifested itself increasingly,
and inclusion of these plans in additional contracts
became more common. Permission for the em
ployer to offset part of the costs under tax regula
tions, as well as the general slackening of the post
war inflationary pressures, resulted in less empha
sis on wage increases and more on the pension and
welfare movement on the part of many unions.
Elements of competition between different
unions as well as intra-union considerations also
had an effect.
Thus, with time, the primary issue did not
center in the adoption of the program, but rather
on the type of plan, extent of coverage, method of
financing, adequacy of benefits, form of adminis
tration, and other specific matters the parties
deemed necessary in devising an insurance pro
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gram best suited to their needs. The experience
in the automobile industry, in which nearly com
plete worker coverage was achieved in a brief
period, exemplifies the nature of these problems.
As recently as 3 years ago, none of the major
producers in the automobile industry had nego
tiated health and welfare programs with unions.
By 1951, at least 90 percent of all workers in this
industry were under some type of collectively bar
gained program.
A widely held impression that the “ package” of
benefits is generally uniform or standard through
out the automobile industry was found to be
broadly true with respect to the inclusion of cer
tain basic benefits in most contracts. However,
substantial diversity in plans was disclosed upon
closer analysis of the individual benefits regarding
amounts, duration, and extent of coverage.
Among the first programs to receive considera
ble notice was that negotiated by the United Auto
mobile Workers (CIO) with the Kaiser-Frazer
Corp. in 1948; and in September of the following
year, an agreement concluded with the Ford
Motor Co. also provided a health and welfare
plan. By the summer of 1950, all of the major
automobile producers had incorporated such pro
grams in their collective-bargaining contracts.
In order to determine the scope and character
istics of such programs, the Bureau of Labor Sta
tistics analyzed 63 plans, covering approximately
683,000 workers, under 64 agreements with 60
companies.2 The companies ranged in size from
the major automobile producers to those employ
ing less than 500 workers. The United Automo
bile Workers (CIO) was represented by 45 agree
ments covering all but 3 percent of the workers in
the study. Eight agreements were negotiated by
the United Automobile Workers (AFL) and 5 by
the United Steelworkers (CIO). Six other unions
were represented by one contract each.
277
AUTOMOBILES—HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANS
278
Plans in General
Contributory (employer-employee financed)
plans outnumbered those entirely paid for by the
employer (noncontributory), 34 to 29 (table 1).
Significantly, over 94 percent of all the workers
in the survey were included in programs to which
they contributed. For the most part, contribu
tory plans provided a greater number of benefits
than the noncontributory plans.
1.— S c o p e a n d f i n a n c i n g o f h e a lth a n d w e lf a r e p l a n s
u n d e r se le c te d c o lle c tiv e - b a r g a in in g a g r e e m e n ts i n a u to
m o b ile i n d u s t r y 1
T able
[“X ” indicates benefits provided under plan,
Workers repre
sented by
agreements
Number
of plans
in agree
ments
analyzed
N um
ber
(thou
sands)
Per
cent
”,
no benefit provided]
Benefits provided
Acci
dental Weekly
acci Hospi Surgi M ed
Life
death
insur and dis dent and taliza cal ical
tion
ance member sick
ness
ment
All Plans
63______
682.5
100.0
23.............
13 _____
7_........... 15______
3_______
1 ______
456.0
8.9
168.7
24.3
17.0
7.5
66.8
1.3
24.7
3.6
2.5
1.1
(2)
1
____________
. 1
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
X
—
—
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
X
X
—
X
—
—
—
~
Employer-Employee Financed Plans
34______
644.0
100.0
13______
6_______
5_______
9_______
1_______
450.0
2.3
167.0
9.7
15.0
69.9
(2)
25.9
1.5
2.3
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
—
X
X
X
X
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
X
X
—
X
—
—
—
Employer Financed Plans
29______
38.5
100.0
10______
7_______
2_______
6_______
2_______
1_______
1_______
6.0
6.5
1.7
14.7
2.0
7.5
.1
15.6
16.9
4.4
38.1
5.2
19.5
(>)
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
X
—
—
—
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
1 Based on 64 agreements containing 63 health and welfare plans.
Less than 1 percent.
2
Six major benefits were scrutinized in detail by
the Bureau: Life insurance; accidental death and
dismemberment; cash payments for loss of time
resulting from temporary sickness and accident;
hospitalization; surgical; and medical. Most of
these were provided by the overwhelming majority
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MONTHLY LABOR
of the plans. Approximately 2 out of 3 workers
were covered by plans providing th e 4‘full package”
of six, while better than 9 out of every 10 were
provided with five or more benefits (table 1).
In terms of individual benefits, every worker,
without exception, was insured for accident and
sickness disability (table 2). More than 97 per
cent of the workers were covered by life insurance,
hospitalization, and surgical benefits. Over half of
the plans, covering nearly 70 percent of the
workers, provided accidental death and dismem
berment insurance. Significantly, only 30 pro
grams provided medical benefits, yet these plans
offered protection to over 90 percent of the work
ers. Maternity benefits were provided by prac
tically all plans. Dependents of more than 96 per
cent of the workers were covered by some kind of
benefits (at least partly paid for by the employer).
Most frequently the worker’s family was pro
vided with hospitalization and surgical benefits.
The above analysis is general in approach. A
more detailed and comprehensive treatment is
accorded the following aspects: Financing, par
ticipation requirements, extended coverage pro
visions, and an analysis of the individual benefits
covering employees and dependents.
Financing Provisions
The most prevalent method of cost sharing,
from the viewpoint of number of workers affected,
was to vary the employees’ contributions accord
ing to earnings and the number of dependents
included in the plan. Of the 34 jointly financed
plans, 8 were of this type and accounted for 62
percent of the workers covered. It was also the
practice under these 8 programs to vary the
amounts of life insurance, accidental death and
dismemberment insurance, and accident and sick
ness disability payments according to the basic
hourly, weekly, or annual earnings of the worker.
Such variation did not exist with respect to hos
pitalization, surgical, and medical benefits.
Employee contributions, varying in accordance
with number of dependents, were provided for in
15 of the employer-employee financed plans under
agreements covering slightly more than 29 percent
of the workers. The remaining 11 plans provided
for flat contributions in all but two cases, which
stipulated employee payments according to
earnings.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
279
A U T O M O B IL E S — H E A L T H A N D W E L F A R E P L A N S
Participation Requirements
Naturally, workers are unprotected by benefits
during the specified period of employment required
before becoming eligible to participate in health
and welfare programs.
Few programs, covering only slightly over 1
percent of the workers, allowed participation
immediately upon employment, whereas nearly
half the workers had a 3 month and about a tenth
a 1 month waiting-period requirement. (Informa
tion was not available on this point for plans
covering over a third of the workers).
that is, a specified insurance amount was provided
to all workers alike. However, more than threefifths of the workers were covered by programs
under which the amounts of insurance depended
upon the employee’s basic weekly, hourly, or an
nual earnings (graduated type). The majority of
the workers under flat-type plans were insured for
from $3,000 to $3,600, as were almost all workers
with $3,000 basic annual earnings under the gradu
ated programs. Thus, while most workers under
T able 2.— I n d i v i d u a l b e n e fits p r o v id e d i n h e a lth a n d w e lf a r e
p l a n s u n d e r s e le c te d c o lle c tiv e - b a r g a in in g a g r e e m e n ts i n
a u to m o b ile i n d u s t r y 1
Extended Coverage Provisions
Protection under a health and welfare program
is particularly important to workers during periods
of temporary unemployment. Such instances
include (1) involuntary leave (lay-off), (2) volun
tary leave (leave of absence), and (3) involuntary
leave due to disability (disability leave).
Approximately two-thirds of the plans set forth
an explicit policy on extended coverage (financed
wholly or in part by employer). Generally, more
plans continued coverage during lay-off than dur
ing leave of absence or disability. Periods of
extension varied both by type of leave and by the
individual benefits within the package. One
month’s extended coverage was often allowed
during lay-off and leave of absence, whereas for
disability leave, extensions were usually longer
'(frequently 6 months to 1 year). With respect to
^ individual benefits, life and accidental death and
dismemberment insurances were generally ex
tended for longer periods than were the other
benefits.
Types of Employee Benefits
Life Insurance. Historically, need for life insur
ance or death benefits was recognized very early.
Such protection provides funds for dependent sur
vivors to defray some of the immediate expenses
of burial, as well as to tide the family over the
critical period immediately following the loss of
the wage earner.
Of the programs studied, only 2 failed to pro
vide life insurance. Slightly more than 4 out of
every 5 plans were of the uniform or “flat” type,
963019— 51----3
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Workers represented
Number
by agreements
of plans
in agree
ments an Number
alyzed 1 (thou
Percent
sands)1
Benefits
All Plans
Total_______ _________________________
63
682.6
100.0
Life insurance___________________ _____
Accidental death and dismemberment___
Weekly accident and sickness............... ......
Hospitalization________________________
Surgical______________________________
Medical______________________________
61
37
63
60
60
30
674.9
472.4
682.5
665. 6
665. 6
624.8
98. 9
69.2
100.0
97. 5
97.5
91.5
Employer-Employee Financed Plans
T o ta l________ ____________________ .
34
644.0
100.0
Life in surance____ ___________________
Accidental death and dismemberment____
Weekly accident and sickness____ _______
Hospitalization...............................................
Surgical..........................................................
Medical.................................... ............ ..........
34
19
34
33
33
18
644.0
452.4
644.0
629.0
629.0
617.0
100.0
70.2
100.0
97.7
97.7
95.8
Total________________________________
29
38.5
100.0
Life insurance________________________
Accidental death and dismemberment____
Weekly accident and sickness.......................
Hospitalization. ____ ________________
Surgical.................... .............................. .
Medical______________________________
27
18
29
27
27
12
30. 9
20.1
38.5
36.6
36.6
7.7
80.3
52.2
100.0
95.1
95.1
20.0
Employer Financed Plans
1 Based on 64 agreements containing 63 health and welfare plans.
1 Figures not additive since all workers are covered by more than one
benefit.
flat plans were covered by an amount approxi
mately equal to the average annual earnings in
the industry for 1950 (50 weeks at $73.25 3), only
workers under graduated plans who earned at
least $3,000 basic annual earnings were similarly
protected. Those employees under graduated
plans who earned more than $3,000 (basic annual
earnings) were insured for greater amounts.
280
AUTOMOBILES—HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANS
Continuation of life insurance in reduced
amounts upon a worker’s retirement at employer
expense was stipulated in 20 plans, accounting
for almost nine-tenths of the workers with lifeinsurance protection.
Provisions for permanent and total disability,
occurring before age 60, were contained in 41
plans under agreements covering more than
525,000 workers. Nearly 95 percent of these
workers were entitled to face value of the insur
ance, paid either in a lump sum or in installments.
Accidental Death and Dismemberment. Insurance
covering the contingency of accidental death and
dismemberment was available to 472,000 workers.
The 37 plans including this benefit were mostly
of the flat type (providing from $750 to $2,000 for
accidental death, with coverage of the majority
of the workers toward the upper end of the range).
Nevertheless, the 6 programs which scaled the
amounts according to the employee’s earnings cov
ered almost 90 percent of the workers. The
amounts for accidental death under the graduated
plans ranged from $1,200 to $3,000. However,
virtually all workers under these plans who re
ceived $60 basic weekly pay ($1.50 basic hourly
rate) were covered by $1,500 to $1,750 for acci
dental death.
In most instances, payment for multiple dis
memberment equaled the death benefit, while the
single dismemberment benefit was half this
amount.
Accident and Sickness Disability. A need not pro
vided for in the Federal and most of the State
social-insurance laws is partially filled by accident
and sickness disability benefits. Under unem
ployment compensation, a worker receives some
income when temporarily unemployed, and under
workmen’s compensation, when unable to work
because of occupational sickness or injury. If he
is disabled due to a nonoccupational cause, he
must usually rely on private disability programs.
Workers’ desire for this type of protection is
shown by the inclusion of an accident and sickness
disability program in every plan surveyed.
Weekly benefits provided by these plans were
payable for periods ranging from 13 to 52 weeks,
starting from the first to eighth day in case of
accident and from the fourth to eighth day in
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MONTHLY LABOR
event of sickness. Although the main purpose of
accident and sickness disability benefits is to cover
nonoccupational cases, 8 plans, with almost half
the workers, also included provisions for payment
of benefits for occupational disabilities. These
programs stipulated that workmen’s compensation
benefits should be supplemented so as to make
them comparable to benefits received for nonoc
cupational disabilities.
Weekly sickness and accident benefits were flat
amounts in two-thirds of the plans, with five of
every six workers so covered entitled to receive
$30 to $32. Graduated scales of benefits based
on earnings covered 65 percent of the workers,
with payments of about $35 predominating for
employees whose basic annual earnings approxi
mated $3,000 per year. Benefits beginning on the
eighth day during sickness, on the first day of
accident, and continuing for a maximum of 26
weeks were most common (in plans covering twothirds of the workers). Generally, accident and
sickness benefits were payable during each separate
period of disability.
Hospitalization. The 60 hospitalization plans in
the study were of two broad categories—cash or
service. Cash plans, in turn, either stipulated a
flat daily allowance for room and board or pro
vided for reimbursement of the daily hospital
charge up to a specified limit. The service plans
furnished room, board, and extra services (without
cash limit) usually listed in the hospitalization
contracts, such as anesthesia, oxygen therapy,
drugs, laboratory services, etc. Under cash plans
an allowance was provided toward the cost of
these services.
The great majority of the workers were covered
by service plans which stipulated a maximum of
120 days of hospital care with semiprivate room
accommodations. Cash plans, although twice as
numerous as service programs, applied to less than
10 percent of the workers. With few exceptions
these plans permitted either 31 or 70 days’ hos
pitalization. Daily benefits in a majority of in
stances, ranged from $7 through $8.50. Cash
allowances for extra services, most often, were
from 10 to 20 times the daily benefit.
Surgical. Usually, surgical benefits are based on
a schedule of allowances for specified operations.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
Classification of the 60 surgical plans, according
to the maximum amounts allowable, showed that
these payments ranged from $150 to $400.
In the event an operation costs more than the
amount specified in the schedule, the worker pays
the excess. However, some plans have a provision
under which the worker, whose income is below a
specified ceiling, is not charged more than the
scheduled amount.
In this connection, a pamphlet describing the
Michigan Blue Shield plan, in effect at the time
of this study, includes the following proviso:
“ More than 4,300 Surgical Plan Participating
Doctors have agreed to make no additional charge
for services rendered to you under your Certificate
if you are married and the total income of your
family, averaged for 3 years, has not exceeded
$2,500 a year ($2,000 if you are single), and if you
do not voluntarily request and occupy a private
room in the hospital.” The great majority of
workers under surgical plans were covered by this
provision.4
Medical. Medical plans under agreements studied
were of two types—those providing payments for
visits to the worker only while hospitalized (“inhospital” benefit), and those covering home and
office calls as well.
Although only half the 30 medical-benefit plans
provided solely for “ in-hospital” payments, this
type of coverage accounted for nearly 95 percent
of the 625,000 workers under medical programs.
The great majority of these workers were covered
by plans which provided maximum compensation
of $350 or $370. Generally, the more comprehen
sive type of medical plan, covering home, office,
and hospital benefits, stipulated between $150 and
$250 in maximum compensation.
Nearly three-fourths of the workers were eligible
for benefits up to the maximum amount for each
separate case; the rest were entitled to payments
not to exceed the maximum during any 1 year.
Usually the benefits were payable beginning with
the first visit (or day) in the event of an accident,
and third or fourth visit (or day) for sickness.
Maternity. Usually, maternity benefits under
health and welfare programs are provided in
connection with the specific benefit—accident and
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A U T O M O B IL E S — H E A L T H A N D W E L F A R E P L A N S
sickness disability, hospitalization, and surgical.
Provision for a flat amount in lieu of some of the
benefits is less common (table 3). When provided
in connection with accident and sickness disability,
benefit payments for maternity were usually
limited to 6 weeks.
T able 3.— M a t e r n i t y b e n e fits f o r e m p lo y e e s i n h e a lth a n d
w e lfa r e p l a n s u n d e r s e le c te d
m e n ts i n a u to m o b ile i n d u s t r y
c o lle c tiv e - b a r g a in in g
[“X ” indicates benefits provided under plan,
Workers représentée
by agreements
Number of
plans in
agreements Number
analyzed
(thou Percent
sands)
a g re e
1
no benefit provided]
Benefits provided
Weekly
Separate
accident Hospitali Surgical maternity
and
zation
benefit
sickness
All Plans
63_______
682.5
100.0
42_______
10_______
3________
3________
1________
618.0
23.9
22.1
17.0
.5
1.0
90.5
3.5
3.2
2.5
4 ____________
m
X
—
X
X
—
X
X
—
—
—
(2)
_
X
X
—
—
—
—
—
X
—
X
—
—
Employer-Employee Financed Plans
34_______
644.0
100.0
21_______
7________
3________
1________
1________
1________
583.2
22.9
22.1
15.0
.5
.3
90.6
3.6
3.4
2.3
(2)
(2)
X
_
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
—
X
—
—
—
—
—
—
X
—
—
Employer Financed Plans
29_______
38.5
100.0
21_______
3________
2________
3________
34.7
90.2
2.6
5.2
2.0
1
. 0
2.0
.8
X
—
X
_
X
X
X
X
—
—
—
—
—
—
1 Based on 64 agreements containing 63 health and welfare plans.
2 Less than 1 percent.
Service type hospitalization plans in a majority
of instances granted employees the same privileges
in maternity as in other cases. Cash plans either
allowed the same daily benefits (generally limited
to 14 days) and extra allowances, or provided
reimbursement up to a stated maximum (usually
10 times the nonmaternity daily allowance) to be
applied against all hospital charges.
Surgical benefits were granted in all plans cover
ing maternity for hospitalization. The amounts
payable varied from $40 to $125 with $40, $50,
and $75 most common.
282
A U T O M O B IL E S — H E A L T H A N D W E L F A R E P L A N S
T able 4.— B e n e fits f o r d e p e n d e n ts i n h e a lth a n d w e lfa r e
p l a n s u n d e r se le c te d c o lle c tiv e - b a r g a in in g a g r e e m e n ts i n
a u to m o b ile i n d u s t r y 1
[“X ” indicates benefits provided under plan,
Number
of plans
in agree
ments
analyzed
Benefits provided 1
Workers repre
sented by agree
ments
N um
ber
(thou
sands)
Percent
no benefit provided]
Maternity
Hospitalization
Surg M ed Hosical
ical pitalization
Sep
Surg arate
ical bene
fit
All Plans
63______
682.5
100.0
26______
12.— .......
3...............
2...............
3 ..............
17..............
436.0
170.3
45.6
1.0
4.0
25.6
63.9
25.0
6.7
(3)
(3)
3.7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
—
X
X
—
—
X
X
—
—
X
X
X
—
—
—
—
—
X
X
—
Employer-Employee Financed Plans
34______
644.0
100.0
15______
7 _______
3_______
2...............
1...............
6._______
408.7
168.1
45.6
1.0
3.0
17.6
63.5
26.1
7.1
(3)
(3)
2.7
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
—
—
X
X
—
—
X
X
X
—
—
—
X
X
X
X
X
—
X
X
—
—
—
—
X
X
—
Employer Financed Plans
29_______
38.5
100.0
11______
5...........................
2 ..............
11..............
27.3
2.2
70.9
5.7
2.6
20.8
1.0
8.0
X
X
X
X
X
—
_
X
—
—
—
—
l Based on 64 agreements containing 63 health and welfare plans,
i Includes only those paid for wholly or in part by the employer.
* Less than 1 percent.
An additional restriction generally placed on
hospital and surgical maternity benefits was the
requirement that the worker be insured when
pregnancy commenced, or 9 months prior to claim
ing maternity benefits.
Four plans stipulated flat amounts for maternity
cases in lieu of benefits under the hospitalization
and surgical programs. Scheduled amounts for
normal delivery under these plans varied from
$90 to $150.
Benefits for Dependents
About two-thirds of the plans analyzed in
cluded some type of benefits for the workers’
dependents, paid wholly or in part by the em
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MONTHLY LABOR
ployer. Several others provided for family enroll
ment at the option of the employee and at his sole
expense. Generally, contributory plans provided
benefits for dependents more often than non
contributory plans.
Over 650,000 workers were covered by plans
under which hospitalization, surgical, and some
type of maternity benefits were extended to their
dependents (table 4). The dependents of only
slightly more than 215,000 workers were protected
by medical benefits.
Hospitalization benefits for dependents were the
same as for employees in 3 out of every 4 plans.
The differences occurred not in the service but in
the cash programs; the daily cash benefits were
sometimes $1 or $2 lower for dependents. With
few exceptions, surgical schedules specified the
same amounts for dependents as for employees.
“ In-hospital” benefits only were provided in four
out of every five medical plans covering depend
ents, and, with two exceptions, payments were
made on the same basis as for employees. When
maternity care was provided for dependents under
hospitalization and surgical programs, the benefits
were usually the same as those granted the workers.
— E v a n K e it h R o w e
D ivision of Wages and Industrial Relations
i In W . W. Cross and Co. and United Steelworkers of America, CIO (Case
No. l-C-2676), the NLRB ordered the company “to refrain from taking any
action with respect to its group health and accident insurance program which
affects any of the employees in the unit represented by the union, without
prior consultation with the union and, in addition . . . to bargain collectively
with the union upon request.” For additional Board and court decisions
dealing with employee benefit programs, see: Inland Steel Co., 77 NLRB 1;
170 Fed. 2d 247 (1949); 336 U. S. 960; 174 Fed. 2d 875 (1949); General Motors
Corp., 81 N LRB 126 (1949); Allied M ills, 82 NLRB 99; Tide Water Assoc. Oil
Co. (NLRB Case No. 2c-6907, Sept. 8, 1949).
1 For purposes of this study the automobile industry conforms to Standard
Industrial Classification 371: Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment.
Number of workers covered under a collective-bargaining agreement is not
necessarily the same as number covered by the health and welfare plan of a
particular company, because a plan often includes clerical and salaried em
ployees as well as other workers under contracts not covered by the survey.
Thus, the plans covered approximately 683,000 workers under agreements
included in the survey. The actual number of workers covered by these
plans was probably larger, although an offsetting factor was the inability to
ascertain the number of workers, covered by master agreements, who were
employed in plants not normally classified in the Motor Vehicle and Motor
Vehicle Equipment industry. Programs included in this study were in
effect in late 1950 and early 1951.
» Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Hours and Earnings,
February 1951, Industry Report. [Mimeographed.]
4
An optional feature of the Michigan Blue Shield Plan provides for higher
income ceilings—$3,750 if single, and $5,000 if married. Since February 1951,
several plans in this study have incorporated this more liberal provision.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
283
SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT
Defense Expansion in
Shipyard Employment
Chart 1— Employment in Private and N a v y Shipyards.
M IL LIO N S OF W O RKERS
---------------------------------------- 1------------------------
in American shipyards increased
over 60 percent to a total of 216,000 from the out
break of hostilities in Korea to May 1951. The
postwar low of 132,400 workers in May 1950 was
almost equally divided between Navy yards and
private yards but by May 1951, 57 percent of the
workers were in Navy yards.
The most immediate effect of the outbreak of
hostilities in Korea was a withdrawal of a sub
stantial number of vessels from the reserve fleets,
resulting in an increase in repair and conditioning
employment. Subsequently, both the Navy and
the Maritime Administration expanded their con
struction programs. Employment rose more rap
idly in Navy yards than in private yards, and the
greater part of this increase in employment was
in shipyards located along the Atlantic seaboard.
Pacific and Gulf Coast yards were still almost en
tirely engaged in repair and modification activities
in April 1951.
Only a moderate increase in the workweek ac
companied the rise in employment; and turn-over
rates in shipbuilding continued to be among the
highest in manufacturing. Local shortages have
appeared in some yards in a few key occupations,
but there has been no general shortage of shipyard
workers. However, these local shortages may be
come more serious when the shipbuilding pro
grams of the Navy and Maritime Administration
reach their peak.
I t is estimated that the $2 billion naval con
struction and modernization program authorized
by Congress in 1951, along with expanded private
construction and reconditioning activities, will
raise shipyard employment by some 40,000 workers
by mid-1952. This increased employment is to be
divided between Navy and private yards and the
greater part of it is to be in Atlantic Coast ship
yards. Existing shipyards will probably receive
all of the orders and stand-by yards will not be
reactivated.
E mployment
United States engaged in huge shipbuilding pro
grams. After each war, the shipping tonnage
which had been produced proved greater than
could be utilized in peacetime commerce; excess
ships were placed in reserve anchorages. These
large stand-by fleets had a depressing effect upon
new construction, and shipyard operations were
limited almost entirely to repair activities for sev
eral years in each instance.
Since shipyards often do both construction and
repair work and since ships take an appreciable
time to construct, employment is a better measure
of shipyard activity than tonnage completed.
From an all-time high in December 1943 of
1,723,000 workers, shipyard employment declined
steadily to the May 1950 low of 132,400 workers.
The decline in private yards was more precipi
tous than in Navy yards (chart 1).
Construction of new vessels and the repair and
reconditioning of reserve naval and merchant
ships has been accelerating since Korea. How
ever, because the Maritime Administration and the
Military Sea Transportation Service and other
agencies removed approximately 600 vessels from
2 .0
1.5
!§§§§§§§!
ISiill
1.0
Ilf \
/
/
\
\
/ PRIVATE \
.5
-
V tn .
i
>.
Production and Employment Background
O
Shipbuilding activity is subject to very wide
fluctuations. During both World Wars, the
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'43
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
47
'50 May
1950
Jan.
June
1951
284
the reserve fleets, the increase in employment was
most marked in ship repair and reconditioning.
Nature of the Industry
Mass-production techniques, utilized to some de
gree during World War II, are generally not
adaptable to shipbuilding, especially during
periods of low activity when demand for ships of
similar specifications is limited. Ships are usually
designed for the requirements of a particular cus
tomer and often differ in basic structure. Tank
ers, for example, are quite different from drycargo ships or passenger ships.
The volume of private shipbuilding during
peacetime is small and the industry is highly com
petitive. The nature of its productive processes
does not permit the substitution of machines for
labor to the extent possible in other industries.
As labor costs form a large proportion of ship
building costs, high wages place American ship
builders at a disadvantage in competing with the
lpwer labor costs of foreign shipbuilders. How
ever, the United States Maritime Administration
has provided various subsidies to the maritime in
dustries in an attempt to equalize cost differences
and offset the effects of foreign subsidies.
A further aid to the American shipbuilding in
dustry is the requirement under shipping laws that
coastal, intercoastal, and inland waterways com
merce be carried in American-made vessels. Thus,
a large proportion of peacetime ship construc
tion in private yards consists of tankers, ore ves
sels, barges, and various types of inland waterways
craft used in domestic commerce.
Private shipyards also participate in construc
tion, modification, and repair of U. S. Navy ves
sels. However, these yards are usually heavily
loaded with orders for merchant vessels during
wartime, when peak Navy construction occurs.
Since the Navy needs a smaller fleet in peacetime,
surplus warships remaining after the war are
placed in reserve. This stand-by fleet tends to
limit postwar Navy construction in the same way
that the existence of surplus merchant vessels lim
its commercial construction.
Although their primary function is the repair
and maintenance of the fleet, Navy yards also con
struct and modify vessels. The Vinson-Trammell
Act of 1934 requires that the first and each alter
nate combat vessel must be built in Navy yards.
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S H IP Y A R D E M P L O Y M E N T
The President can lift this restriction in the in
terest of national defense during an emergency.
Currently, Navy construction is divided between
private and its own yards, while modification and
repair is heavily concentrated in Navy yards.
Location of Employment
More workers are employed in Atlantic sea
board shipyards than in all other regions com
bined. Employment on new construction is highly
concentrated in these yards. During World War
II, Atlantic yards employed the greatest number
of workers and accounted for about half the total
shipbuilding employment. Over 80 percent of all
workers engaged in new construction in April
1951 were employed in Atlantic yards compared
with 2 percent on the Pacific Coast. Currently,
almost two-thirds of the workers in Navy yards
and about 60 percent of those in private yards are
employed on the Atlantic Coast.
Conversely, Pacific Coast yards, which ac
counted for 35 percent of the industry’s employ
ment during the height of the wartime shipbuild
ing program in 1943, currently employ less than a
quarter of the industry’s workers. This decline in
relative importance is attributable to the lack of
new construction. Only 17 percent of Pacific
Coast shipyard workers were employed in private
yards during May 1951, and the workers were
engaged almost entirely in ship-repair activities.
In the Great Lakes area, increased demand for
iron ore has stimulated the construction of addi
tional ore vessels. During the summer months of
1950, the normal seasonal decline in Great Lakes
ship repair was partially offset by the doubling
of new ship construction employment. Only 8
T
1.— D i s t r i b u t io n o f p r o d u c tio n w o r k e r s e m p lo y e d i n
p r i v a te s h i p y a r d s b y t y p e o f a c t i v i t y a n d r e g io n , D e c e m b e r
1950
able
Percent of production workers employed
Region
Total
New
construc
tion
Repair
and
Other
modifi activities1
cation
United States________________
100
35
47
18
Atlantic_____________________
Gulf of Mexico__________ ___
Pacific______________________
Great Lakes and Inland_______
100
100
100
100
47
8
2
37
34
82
79
37
19
10
19
26
1 Includes some shipbuilding work not allocable between new construction
and repair.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
Chart 2. Shipbuilding Employment, by Region
North Atlantic
Pacific
South Atlantic
Gulf of Mexico
li
Great Lakes
of the work and the large proportion of skilled
trades required which women normally do not
enter. During World W ar II, female partici
pation was encouraged, and women reached a
peak of 11 percent of all workers in the industry.
Pacific Coast shipyards utilized a much larger pro
portion of women than other areas. More women
were employed in new construction than in ship
repair. In early 1951, about 3 percent of the
industry’s workers were women, and most of these
were office workers.
Hours and Earnings
Novy
Private
percent of all shipyard workers are employed in
Gulf Coast yards, and these are engaged largely
in ship-repair activities.
Many yards engaged in other activities in order
to retain their skilled labor force during the past
few years of low shipyard activity. Approxi
mately 7 percent of the industry’s workers were so
engaged in December 1950. These activities in
cluded the fabrication of steel products, boiler and
machine-shop products, large turbine casings,
heavy industrial machinery, bridge caissons, and
even wind tunnels for aeronautical research.
The Work Force
Shipbuilding and repair requires a large pro
portion of skilled workers. During World War
II, over half of all shipyard employees were clas
sified as skilled workers or supervisory employees.
About 40 percent were classified as semiskilled and
less than 10 percent, unskilled. Welders, shipfitters, machinists, carpenters, shipwrights, pipe
fitters, electricians, chippers and caulkers, and
painters were the largest shipyard occupations.
Currently, production workers comprise almost
90 percent of the industry’s total work force, al
though the ratio is usually lower in periods of
lower activity.
Only a small percentage of shipyard workers
are women because of the physical requirements
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SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT
In May 1951, average hourly earnings of private
shipyard workers were $1.73 compared with $1.59
for all manufacturing industries and $1.66 in dur
able-goods industries. Weekly earnings in ship
yards also averaged higher than in durable goods
as a whole or all manufacturing, except during the
spring of 1951 when they dropped below the dur
able-goods average as a result of a shorter work
week. In May, shipyard weekly earnings were
$68.89 and the durable-goods average was $69.39.
However, average earnings should increase fol
lowing the Wage Stabilization Board’s recent ap
proval of shipyard wage agreements which raised
the pay of 25,000 workers.
Hourly earnings in December 1950 were sub
stantially higher in Pacific shipyards than earn
ings in other areas, as shown below. Workers en
gaged in repair activities averaged slightly
higher earnings than those engaged in new con
struction, although this was not true in all regions.
A verage
h o u r ly e a r n in g s
All regions------------------------------------------ $1. 69
North Atlantic-------------------------------------South Atlantic-------------------------------------G u lf__________________________________
Pacific________________________________
Great Lakes----------------------------------------Inland________________________________
1. 68
1. 65
1. 52
2. 06
1. 63
1- 67
Only a 2-hour increase in the average work
week accompanied the 60-percent increase em
ployment since Korea. In June 1950, the average
workweek was 37.8 hours, and in May 1951 it was
39.8. During World War II, the workweek
ranged from 45 to 49 hours. Despite an average
workweek below 40 hours, an appreciable number
SHIPYARD EMPLOYMENT
286
T a b le 2.— Hours and earnings of production workers i n
private shipbuilding and repair, 1947-51
Average
Average
Average
weekly earn hourly earn weekly
hours
ings
ings
Year and month
1947_________________________
1948________
1949__________
1950_________________________
1951:
J a n u a r y .. ... ... . ...
February
_ _ _ ____
March.."... . ____________
AprilM a y ___ ______ __________
$57. 59
61.22
61.88
63.83
$1.458
1.582
1.637
1. 671
39.5
38.7
37.8
38.2
64.73
69.41
69.33
69.19
68.89
1.677
1.718
1.729
1.734
1.731
38.6
40.4
40.1
39.9
39.8
of shipyard workers were employed on extra-shift
operations or engaged in Saturday or Sunday
work in April 1951. There are marked regional
variations in the average workweek. Pacific Coast
and Gulf Coast yards averaged a workweek in
December 1950 almost 2 hours below the national
average.
Labor Turn-Over
Turn-over rates in shipyard employment con
tinue to be among the highest in manufacturing.
Total accessions and separations in shipbuilding
and repair are still several times the average for
the durable-goods industries as is shown in
table 4. This high turn-over rate is due to the
heavy lay-offs which are characteristic of the in
dustry. Some trades are needed only during cer
tain stages of construction; the majority of
occupational skills and the greatest number of
workers are required at the half-way point. Only
special skills are required after the ship is
T a b le 4. —Labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in
shipbuilding and repair and all durable goods industries,
1947-51
Shipbuilding
Year and
month
Separations
T otal1 Quits
1947________
1948________
1949_________
1950________
1951:
January..
February.
March__
April____
M ay____
Durable goods
Separations
Lay
offs
Acces
sions
T otal1 Quits
Lay
offs
Acces
sions
12.4
13.7
16.5
16.4
5.0
3.1
1.6
2.2
6.3
9.8
14.4
13.2
11.5
11.1
13.7
17.4
5.0
4.8
5.2
3.6
3.4
2.8
1.4
2.0
1.0
1.3
2.7
1.1
5.2
4.5
3.5
4.9
14.3
14.2
17.9
14.6
16.3
3.6
4.1
5.1
4.8
5.6
8.7
8.4
11.0
8.8
9.6
39.3
20.5
14.7
17.6
17.4
4.4
3.9
4.4
4.9
5.2
2.2
2.2
2.7
3.0
3.1
1.1
.7
.7
1.0
1.3
5.7
5.0
5.1
5.1
5.0
1 Includes discharges and miscellaneous separations.
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launched. The construction of vessels of identi
cal specifications, as in World War II, can cause
a drop in the lay-off rate by enabling workers in
specialized trades to move from one ship to the
next. Another cause of high turn-over is the large
variation in the volume of ship construction and
repair.
Employment Outlook
Shipyard employment depends upon the volume
of ship construction, repair, and reconditioning.
The size of the Navy and the Merchant Marine
determines the level of repair and reconditioning
activity and partially determines the volume of
new construction. The majority of ship construc
tion, reconditioning, and repair is for the Navy at
the present time.
Congressional authorization of a $2 billion na
val construction and reconditioning program in
March 1951 provides for 500,000 tons of naval
vessels as follows:
Tons
Warships, including aircraft carriers__________ 100, 000
Landing craft and amphibious warfare vessels__ 175, 000
Mine warfare vessels_________________________ 25, 000
Patrol vessels_______________________________ 15,000
Auxiliary vessels____________________________ 175, 000
9, 000
Service craft________________________________
Experiment types____________________________
1, 000
A large part of this anticipated new construc
tion which still depends upon Congressional ap
propriations will probably be done in private ship
yards, principally on the Atlantic Coast.
Private shipbuilders had under construction or
on order 87 sea-going merchant vessels, as of Au
gust 1, 1951. Thirty-five of these vessels are the
new high-speed “Mariners” ordered by the Mari
time Administration. Most of the remaining
ships are tankers and bulk ore carriers.
The Navy also plans to recondition and modern
ize many older ships. Some of this work will be
contracted to private shipbuilders. The recondi
tioning and repair of additional merchant vessels
from reserve fleets will continue to provide em
ployment to private shipyard workers now en
gaged in repair work. Atlantic shipyards will
probably receive the largest share of this work, as
almost half of the vessels in the USMA reserve
fleet are in Atlantic anchorages.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 18
Repair activity generally increases with the
size and activity of the Navy and Merchant Ma
rine. The Navy and some commercial shippers
use a cycle system of repair whereby ships are
docked for repairs after a specified length of serv
ice. Other shippers repair their vessels only
when necessary. A high volume of ship-repair
activity is anticipated during the next few years
because of the increased size of the Navy and
Merchant Marine and the increased combat activ
ity of naval vessels resulting from the Korean
War. However, the resultant increase in employ
ment will be small and will be divided between
Navy and private yards.
The size of these shipbuilding, repair, and modi
fication programs indicates that existing shipyards
are likely to receive all of the orders, and standby
shipyards will not be reactivated. These pro
grams will require a moderate increase in ship
yard employment. I t is estimated that about
40,000 more workers will be needed by the middle
of 1952. These new workers will be engaged
largely in Navy and Merchant Marine construc
tion.
Although there is no general shortage of ship
yard workers at the present time, local shortages
have appeared in some individual occupations.
The list of critical occupations issued by the
United States Department of Labor includes the
following shipyard occupations : Marine loftsmen,
shipriggers, shipfitters, marine boilermakers, and
marine lay-out men. Shortages in these key oc
cupations may become more serious when the ship
building programs of the Navy and Maritime Ad
ministration reach their peak.
— S tuart
A.
P ettin g ill
Division of Manpower and Employment Statistics
Wage Chronology No. 18:
Bethlehem Atlantic Shipyards,
1941-511
L argest sin g l e - c o m pa n y operation and a major
segment of the East Coast shipbuilding and shiprepair industry are the combined facilities of the
963019— 51-
4.
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Bethlehem Steel Co. Eight of the 11 yards of
the company and its affiliate are located on the
Atlantic Coast.2 Two of the Eastern Seaboard
yards are located in the Boston harbor area
(Quincy and Boston3) ; four are situated in the
New York harbor area (Brooklyn-27th Street,
Brooklyn-56th Street, Hoboken, and Staten Is
land), while the Baltimore and Sparrows Point
yards are in the vicinity of Baltimore.4 This
chronology traces the major changes in wage rates
and related wage practices put into effect by Beth
lehem at these yards starting June 23, 1941, the
effective date of the Atlantic Coast Zone Ship
building Stabilization Agreement.
Production employees at these eight yards (ex
cept for patternmakers at six of the yards) are
represented by the Industrial Union of Marine
and Shipbuilding Workers of America (CIO).
Organizational activities started in the middle
1930’s and culminated in certification by the Na
tional Labor Relations Board of the union as col
lective-bargaining agent at the Boston yard in
1937, at the Brooklyn and Hoboken yards in 1939,
and at the Fairfield,5 Baltimore, Sparrows Point,
and Staten Island yards in 1941. I t was not until
1945 that the union won an election entitling it to
act as collective-bargaining agent for Quincy pro
duction employees. On September 18, 1942, the
first master agreement was signed by the parties.
Wages and related conditions of employment
in the industry on a Nation-wide basis were stabil
ized before our active participation in World War
I I —long before this action was taken in other in
dustries. In 1941, Zone Stabilization Conferences
were convened by the Shipbuilding Stabilization
Committee of the War Production Board; the
Conference established a Nation-wide wage ra te 6
for standard first-class mechanics and provided
uniform coastwide provisions regulating certain
other working practices. The conferences were
attended, and the resulting zone standards were
agreed to, by representatives of Federal procure
ment agencies, labor, and management.
Separate Zone Standards were established for
the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacific Coasts, and for the
Great Lakes area. The Atlantic Coast Zone Stand
ards became effective June 23, 1941. Later, in
July 1942, the basic wage rate was increased, ef
fective June 29, 1942, and certain working prac
tices were revised at a Chicago National Ship
building Conference. The Zone Standards were
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 18
288
further amended in 1945. Provisions of the Zone
Standards and the initial master agreement do not
necessarily indicate changes in prior conditions of
work since some of the company’s working prac
tices were continued.
A large proportion of the workers in Bethle
hem’s 8 Atlantic Coast yards were paid under
piecework or group incentive plans. The changes
reported in this chronology relate to these em
ployees as well as those paid on a straight hourly
basis. Special provisions concerning the applica
tion of the general wage changes to incentive
workers are omitted as are provisions of the con
tracts dealing with other procedural aspects of
the day-to-day administration of the bonus plans.
The company’s employment on the Atlantic
Coast as in other shipyards, and hence the coverage
of the master agreement, has fluctuated widely
during the period covered by this report. W ar
time employment of production workers reached
a peak of 139,000; in 1950, an average of 15,000
production workers were employed at the yards.
The existing agreement was originally effective
on November 10,1947, and was to continue in effect
MONTHLY LABOR
until June 23, 1949. By agreement of July 23,
1948, the agreement was extended to June 23,1950,
with provision for wage and insurance reopening
in June 1949. On January 31, 1950, this reopen
ing resulted in amending the company’s pension
plan, agreement on insurance benefits, and exten
sion of the agreement to December 31,1951. Pro
vision was made in this extension for a wage re
opening in December 1950 and for continuation of
the insurance and pension plans to October 31,
1954, if the company does not change the pension
plan prior to that date.
1 F o r purpose an d scope of th e w age chronology series, see
M onthly L abor Review, December 1948. R ep rin ts of th is
chronology are available on request.
2 The B ethlehem Steel Com pany (S hipbuilding D ivision) oper
a te s a ll of th e B ethlehem A tla n tic co ast y ard s except th e S p ar
row s P o in t yard, w hich is operated by th e B ethlehem -S parrow s
P o in t S hipyard, Inc.
*T he Quincy y a rd is also know n as th e F o re R iver yard.
* T he B altim ore y ard is also know n as th e Key H ighw ay yard.
5 N ot now in operation.
• The ra te established w as $1.12 a n hour on th e A tla n tic an d
Pacific C oasts an d on th e G reat Lakes. M echanics in G ulf C oast
y ard s w ere paid $1.07; b u t in 1942, w hen ra te s were changed
to $1.20, th e G ulf ra te s w ere also increased to th a t level. R ates
below th e first-class ra te w ere n o t established by th e conference.
P rovision, however, w as m ade in 1941 to increase th e low er ra te s
in th e sam e pro p o rtio n as first-class r a te s an d in 1942 to increase
th e low er ra te s by th e sam e am ount as th e first-class rates.
A—General Wage Changes1
Effective date
Provisions
June 23, 1941 (by Atlantic Coast
Zone Stabilization Agreement).
Increases averaging approxi
mately 10 cents an hour.
June 23, 1942 (by Atlantic Côast
Zone Stabilization Agreement).
Mar. 3, 1943 (by Directive Order of
National War Labor Board, July
6, 1943).
June 23, 1943 (by Directive Order of
National War Labor Board, Apr.
13, 1944).
8 cent an hour increase.
Dec. 4, 1945 (by agreement of N a
tional Shipbuilding Conference,
approved by National Wage Sta
bilization Board, Feb. 27, 1946).
Nov. 10, 1947 (by agreement of
Nov. 10, 1947).
July 24, 1948 (by agreement of July
23, 1948).
Jan. 1, 1951 (by agreement of Feb.
18, 1951).
18 cent an hour increase.
Increases averaging approxi
mately 2 cents an hour.
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Agreement established rate of $1.12 an hour for
standard first-class mechanics and provided for
corresponding increases to employees in other
grades and classes.
10 occupations increased to standard first-class
rate of $1.20 an hour. Intermediate classifi
cations increased accordingly.
Result of zone-wide review by Shipbuilding
Commission of the NWLB, which established
approvable job rates in order to eliminate
gross intraplant inequities and to adjust spe
cific wage rates to the minimum of the going
wage rate bracket.
12 cent an hour increase_____
7 cent an hour increase______
18% to 31 cent increase, aver
aging 22% cents an hour.
Approved by Wage Stabilization Board, June
7, 1951.
1 General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustments affecting an entire establishment, bargaining unit or plant at one time. They
do not include adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit increases, etc.) and minor adjustments in wage structure (such as changes in individual job
rates or incentive rates) that do not have an immediate or noticeable effect on the average wage level.
The wage changes listed above were the major adjustments in the general wage level made during the period covered. Because of fluctuations in incentive
earnings, changes in types of vessels constructed, the omission of nongeneral changes in rates and other factors, the sum of the general changes listed will not
necessarily coincide with the amount of change in average hourly earnings over the same period.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
289
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 18
B.—Basic Wage Rates by Grade and Class at Bethlehem East Coast Shipyards 1
Effective date and area
Grade and class 2
June 23, 1941
New
Boston 3 York
June 23, 1942
Balti
New
more 4 Boston3 York
Dec. 4, 1945
June 23, 1943
Balti
New
more 4 Boston 3 York
Standard skilled m echanic:5
Class la _________________ $1. 12 $1. 12 $1. 12 $1. 20 $1. 20 $1. 20
Class lb
1. 02
1. 10
Class 2a__
. 93 1. 01 1. 05 1. 01 1. 09 1. 13
Class 2b
Class 3_
. 87
. 88 1. 00
. 96 1. 08
. 95
Handyman:
Class 1_ _
. 80
. 84
. 85
. 88
. 92
. 93
Class 2
. 80
. 88
Helper:
Class 1
. 75
. 78
. 75
. 83
. 86
. 83
Class 2
. 725 . 74
. 725 . 805 . 82
. 805
Laborer:
Class 1
. 75
. 725 . 725 . 83
. 805 . 805
Class 2 _ _
_ _
. 725
. 805
Class 3 _
Balti
more
Balti
more
New
Boston3 York
$1. 20 $1. 20 $1. 20
1. 12
1. 12
1. 04
1. 04
}$1. 38 $1. 38 $1. 38
1. 14 } l. 30 1. 30 1. 30
1. 09
1. 04 1. 22 1. 22 1. 22
. 98
. 92
. 98
. 92
. 98 1. 16 1. 16 1. 16
. 93 61. 10 61. 10 61. 10
. 88
. 84
. 88
. 84
. 84 1 06 1. 06
. 805 71 02 71. 02
. 83
. 805
8. 78
. 805
. 805 1. 01
8. 78
. 985
8. 96
1. 02
7. 985
. 985
. 985
8. 96
Effective date and area
Grade and class 2
Standard skilled mechanic: 5
__ __
__
Class la
Class lb
_ _
Class 2a
Class 2b
Class 3
Handyman:
Class 1_ __
_
Class 2___
Helper:
Class 1
Class 2
_
Laborer:
Class 1
Class 2
_
Class 3_ ___
Nov. 10,1947
July 24, 1948
Jan. 1,1951
Boston
New York
Baltimore
Boston
New York
Baltimore
Boston
New York
$1. 50
$1. 50
$1. 50
$1. 57
$1. 57
$1. 57
$1. 80
$1. 80
$1. 80
1. 42
1. 42
1. 42
1. 49
1. 49
1. 49
1. 72
1. 72
1. 72
1. 34
1. 34
1. 34
1. 41
1. 41
1. 41
1. 64
1. 64
1. 64
1. 28
6 1. 22
1. 28
6 1. 22
1. 28
6 1. 22
1. 35
6 1. 29
1. 35
6 1. 29
1. 35
6 1. 29
1. 56
6 1. 48
1. 56
6 1. 48
1. 56
8 1. 48
1. 18
7 1. 14
1. 18
7 1. 14
1. 14
7 1. 105
1. 25
7 1. 21
1. 25
7 1. 21
1. 21
71. 175
1. 44
7 1. 395
1. 44
7 1. 395
1. 395
7 1. 36
1. 105
8 1. 08
1. 20
1. 175
8 1. 15
1. 175
8 1. 15
1. 385
1. 36
8 1. 31
1. 36
8 1. 31
1. 36
8 1. 31
1. 13
1. 105
8 1. 08
1. 105
1. 175
Baltimore
1 Employees paid on a group incentive or piecework basis, under tbe existing plans, generally earn more than the basic hourly rate. The basic hourly rate,
however, serves as a guaranteed minimum to these workers.
2 Generally the occupational structure at these shipyards is composed of four major grades. W ithin the standard skilled mechanic grade are three classes
which, in effect, are differentiated by degree of skill. In the other grades the lowest class generally is a starting rate from which satisfactory employees progress
upward after a specified period of time. In addition to the grades shown, various individuals or occupations are rated as specialists and are paid rates higher
than those of standard skilled mechanics. Occupations that, at their highest level, do not require the same degree of skill as mechanics, but are more skilled
than the handyman level, are paid slightly below the skilled rate. Certain workers, such as laborers, are paid premium rates while engaged in sealing or wire
brushing, as are employees working on ground blown glass or other hazardous types of insulation.
3 During the period 1941 through 1945 the Quincy yard was not covered by the East Coast Master Agreement.
4 Rates shown are for the Baltimore yard only. At the Sparrows Point and Fairfield yards the rates for standard skilled mechanics ranged from 90 cents
to $1.12 in 1941 and from 98 cents to $1.20 in 1942.
3
The occupations included in the standard skilled mechanic grade vary between yards. The following occupations receive the mechanic’s rate at all eight
yards: auto mechanic, blacksmith, boilermaker, burner, carpenter, chipper and caulker, compressor man, driller, electrician, joiner, layout man, machinist,
mason, outside machinist, painter, pipe coverer, pressman and rollman, rigger, riveter, sheetmetal worker, and welder.
6 First 90 days.
7 First 60 days.
8 First 30 days.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 18
290
MONTHLY LABOR
B—Related Wage Practices1
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provisions
Effective date
Shift Premium Pay
June 23, 1941. _____
7 percent of established base rate for work on
2d or 3d shift.
Dec 15 1943
In accordance with Atlantic Coast Zone Stand
ards. Applicable to piecework or incentive
payments but not to overtime.
Night premium in addition to overtime paid day
shift employees who worked beyond regular
shift on premium days or holidays.
Overtime Pay
June 23, 1941 _ _
Time and one-half for work in excess of 8
hours a day or 40 hours a week.
Sept 18 1942
Dec 15 1943
In accordance with company practice and Atlan
tic Coast Zone Standards.
Premium rate also paid for work performed dur
ing hours outside employee’s regular shift,
provided employee is not transferred from one
regular shift to another.
Time and one-half for 8 hours paid employees
transferred from 1 shift to another during
regular workweek unless 48 hours’ notice is
given.
Premium rate paid for work during regularly
scheduled lunch hour.
Premium Pay for Weekend Work
June 23, 1941___ __
July 19, 1942 2_____
Oct. 6, 1945__ _____
Time and one-half for work on Saturday as
such, double time on Sunday.
Changed in new construction yards to: time
and one-half for work on 6th consecutive
day, double time on 7th consecutive day.
Changed back to: time and one-half for work
on Saturday as such, double time on Sun
day.
In accordance with company practice and Atlan
tic Coast Zone Standards.
In accordance with 1942 Chicago amendments to
Zone Standards.
In accordance with amendments to 1942 Chicago
agreement.
Holiday Pay
June 23, 1941______
Double time for work on specified holidays.
No pay for holidays not worked.
July 19, 1942 2_____
Changed to: time and one-half for work on
specified holidays.
Changed back to: double time for work on
specified holidays. No pay for holidays not
worked.
Oct. 6, 1945________
In accordance with company practice and At
lantic Coast Zone Standards, which did not
specify the holidays for which the premium
would be paid. Holidays previously recog
nized by company practice continued to be
those for which premium was paid. The holi
days differ from yard to yard.
In accordance with 1942 Chicago amendments to
Zone Standards.
In accordance with amendments to 1942 Chi
cago agreement.
Travel Pay
June 23, 1941__ ____
Allowance to cover travel time and expenses
paid employee required to travel between
yard or home and an outside job before or
after regular working hours.
Sept. 18, 1942______
See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In accordance with company practice. Provision
generally applicable to company’s repair yards.
Travel pay to be at overtime rate if travel occurs
during periods employee is entitled to premium
rates.
REVIEW , SEPTEMBER 1951
WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 18
291
B—Related Wage Practices 1—Continued
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provisions
P a i d V a c a tio n s
June 23, 1 9 4 1 _ __ __
1 week vacation after 3 years service, 2 weeks
after 15 years.
May 1, 1943_______
Changed to: 1 week vacation after 1 year of
service, 2 weeks after 5 years.
Jan. 1, 1948____
Added: 3 weeks vacation after 25 years serv
ice.
In accordance with company practice. Rate of
pay to equal average of earnings and hours
during 10 weeks immediately preceding vaca
tion period with minimum allowance of 40
hours and maximum of 48 hours.
In accordance with Directive Order of National
War Labor Board dated Sept. 14, 1943, which
provided the 1-week provision was to become
effective in 1943 and the 2-week provision
in 1944.
Pay for each vacation week to equal 2 percent
of earnings during 12 consecutive months pre
ceding Jan. 1. Proportionate pay given em
ployee laid off.
C a ll- in P a y
June 23, 1941____ __ Employee notified to
work guaranteed 2
rate.
Sept. 18, 1942______ Added: employee put
hours pay at regular
Dec. 15, 1943______
May 6, 1946_______
report but not put to In accordance with company practice at some
hours pay at regular
yards.
to work guaranteed 4
rate.
Added: 2-hour guarantee extended to employ
ees reporting to work without contrary no
tification by company and not put to work.
Not applicable if employee quits before the end
of the 4-hour period or is laid off because of
bad weather, machinery breakdowns or other
causes beyond the control of the company.
Employee laid off because of weather, etc., guar
anteed 2 hours pay.
P r e m iu m P a y fo r D ir ty W o rk
June 23, 1941___ _
Time and one-half the regular rate paid em
ployees required to perform unusually dirty
work.
Dec. 15, 1943______
In accordance with company practice at repair
yards. Dirty work defined as work in un
cleaned oil tanks and Diesel crank pits and
similar work.
Dirty work redefined as (1) working in oil in oil
tanks, Diesel crank pits, tank tops under engine
and boiler room floors, bilges, fore and aft wells,
forepeak and afterpeak tanks, and double
bottoms, (2) arranging chain in chain lockers
when chain or locker has been coated with oil
or similar substances, and (3) work in applying
hot Bitumastic Enamel manually within con
fined tanks where adequate ventilation is not
provided.
C a ll- B a c k P a y
June 23, 1941______
May 6, 1946_______
Employee returning to work less than 6 hours
after quitting time to be paid time and onehalf for all hours worked until a 6-hour
break occurs.
Period increased to 8 hours.
See fo o tn o tes a t end of table.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In accordance with company practice.
292
WAGE
MONTHLY LABOR
C H R O N O L O G Y N O . 18
B—Related Wage Practices l-—Continued
Effective date
Applications, exceptions, and other related
matters
Provisions
D e a th a n d S ic k n e s s B e n e fits
Employees with 90 days continuous service
could participate in plan providing:
L if e I n s u r a n c e .—$500 to $1,500, depending on
hourly rate.
S ic k n e s s b e n e fits — $10 to $12 a week for 13 to
208 weeks, depending on length of service.
Cost to employee ranged from $1 to $2 a
month, depending on earnings. Administra
tive costs borne by company.
Feb. 1, 1950________ New plan established providing participating
employees with:
L if e I n s u r a n c e — $1,750 to $4,500, depending
on hourly rate.
S ic k n e s s b e n e fits — $24 and $26 a week for 26
weeks. Sickness benefits start on 8th day;
accident benefits on first day.
H o s p i t a l i z a t i o n —Blue Cross plan providing
hospital care for 70 days and related bene
fits. Available to employees’ dependents.
Employee contributions range from $2.70 to
$4.40 monthly for single employees and from
$3.95 to $5.65 for married employees. Com
pany pays 2 Yi cents a man-hour toward ben
efits, including administrative costs.
June 23, 1941_____
In accordance with company practice. The plan,
which was inaugurated in 1926, became avail
able to shipyard employees at time of inaugura
tion or as the yards were acquired or estab
lished by the company. Death benefits were
limited to $200 if participant had subscribed
to the plan less than 90 days prior to death.
Not included in union agreement.
Effective date and provisions modified by pro
vision of New York and New Jersey State dis
ability laws for employees working in those
jurisdictions.
P e n s io n P la n
Noncontributory pension providing annuities
to employees at 65 after 25 years continuous
service. Disability benefits provided em
ployee wholly incapacitated for work
through any unavoidable cause at any age
after 15 years continuous service. Annuity
or disability benefits to equal 1 percent of
average monthly earnings during 120
months preceding retirement multiplied by
years of service, but not less than $180 a
year including public benefits. Entire cost
borne by company.
Minimum annual pension increased to $600.
May 1, 1947 _
Mar. 1, 1950-_- - __ Amendments to pension plan negotiated to
provide pensions to employees at 65 or
older after 15 years of continuous service.
Minimum pension—$100 a month, including
Federal Old Age Benefits and other public
pensions, to employees retiring at age 65 or
older with 25 or more years of service. Em
ployees with 15 or more years continuous
service to receive proportionately reduced
payments.
Disability benefits provided employees wholly
incapacitated for work through any un
avoidable cause at any age after 15 years
continuous service. Minimum benefits
$600 a year. Entire cost borne by company.
June 23, 1941 (estab
lished 1923).
Not included in union agreements; established by
company.
Annuity formula of previous plan retained for
computing pensions above minimum and dis
ability benefits. Included in union agreement.
1 The last entry under each item represents the most recent change.
2 Since the Zone Standards were substantially identical to the provisions of Executive Order 9240 the industry was exempt from the terms of the order.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
— A lber t A. B elm an
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
E A R N IN G S IN
C O M M U N IC A T IO N S I N D U S T R I E S
293
Communications Industries:
Class A Interstate Telephone Carriers
Earnings in 1949 and 19501
Interstate telephone carriers (class A) currently
employ over a half-million employees. In October
1950, straight-time pay for these employees2
averaged $1.43 an hour—an increase of 9 cents
over the October 1949 average. Most of the com
panies gave no general wage increases during the
year. They did shorten the progression period
required to reach the maximum occupational rate
from 8 to 6.5 years, thereby considerably raising
average earnings for some occupations, especially
operators. Pay scales for some companies are
based on size of communities and during 1950
many communities were reclassified to a higher
C ommunications w orkers ’ increases in average
hourly earnings between October 1949 and Oc
tober 1950 averaged 7 cents in Western Union and
9 cents in the interstate telephone, radiotelegraph,
and ocean cable carriers. Most of the increases
were due to general wage changes or interplant
wage adjustments, although some branches of the
industry were affected to a minor extent by the
new 75-cent minimum under the Fair Labor Stand
ards Act, effective in January 1950.
T a ble 1.— C la s s A in te r s ta te te le p h o n e c a r r ie r s : P e r c e n ta g e d i s t r i b u ti o n o f e m p lo y e e s b y h o u r ly e a r n in g s a n d s e le c te d o c c u p a
tio n s , O c to b e r 1 9 5 0 a n d 19J.9
All employees 1
Cable splicers
Cable splicers’
helpers
Central office
repairmen
1950
1950
1949
1950
1950
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
Hourly earnings
Less than 60 cents........ -..........
60-64 c en ts.._____ _________
65-69 cents................................
70-74 cents______________
75-79 cen ts......... ..................„
80-89 cents_________ ______
90-99 cents______________
100-119 cents______________
120-139 cents_____________
140-159 cents................. ..........
160-179 cents___________ .
180-199 cents______________
200-224 cents_____________
225-249 c e n ts ______________
250 cents and over____ . . . .
1949
.1
.1
1.6
6.1
9.3
21.8
19.1
12.9
9.1
6.5
6.7
3.1
3.5
0.2
.1
.3
.7
1.5
6.8
11.9
27.7
19.8
9.3
5.5
5.4
6.1
1.9
2.8
T otal_______________
100.0
Number of workers. _______
Average hourly earnings____
503,142
$1.43
Hourly earnings
0.1
Less than 60 cents.......... ........
60-64 cen ts..___ ___________
65-69 cen ts......... ........ .............
70-74 cents________________
75-79 cents____ ___________
80-89 cents________________
90-99 c e n ts _______________
100-119 cents______________
120-139 cents______ ________
140-159 cents______ ________
160-179 cents.____ _________
180-199 cents______________
200-224 cents______________
225-249 cents ______________
250 cents and over____ _____
T otal______________
Number of w orkers............. .
Average hourly earnings.........
(2)
1949
1950
1949
0.1
.2
2.4
11.4
13.6
14.1
26.2
28.5
3.5
.1
2.5
8.4
20.2
31.4
26.6
9.2
1.1
.3
.1
.1
1.3
5.4
35.4
39.3
15.1
2.7
.3
.3
(2)
0.6
1.6
4.7
9.0
13.7
13.5
16.8
24.3
13.0
2.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
498,800
$1.34
9,197
$1.89
9,313
$1.79
7,403
$1.30
7,895
$1.23
25,152
$1.83
24,846
$1.74
550
$1. 79
572
$1.71
10, 458
$1.91
10,101
$1.83
1949
0.4
.2
.3
.7
1.6
8.8
19.5
46.1
21.3
1.0
.1
(2)
(2)
Laborers
1950
1.2
11.8
8.4
8.0
31.6
28.2
7.7
3.1
(2)
1949
5.2
1.9
1.9
1.9
18.1
7.1
14.5
34.2
9.9
3.1
2.2
1950
1949
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.4
2.9
7.9
12.2
18.4
21.5
17.0
11.3
8.3
( 2)
0
(2)
.1
0
Mechanics, build
ing and motor
vehicle service
Linemen
0.1
.1
.1
.3
1.8
4.4
19.6
27.6
19.3
12.9
9.8
3.9
.1
1950
0.2
.9
2.7
6.9
20.4
13.1
11.1
7.6
15.1
7.8
14.2
0.2
.2
.9
1.6
14.1
21.1
11.0
11.2
8.2
13.3
7.9
10.3
PB X and station
installers
1949
1950
(2)
(2)
(2)
1949
0.1
(2)
0.4
.8
3.2
6.0
8.9
24.6
24.4
27.1
4.2
.4
0.3
.2
1.1
5.2
7.4
16.6
24.5
29.6
12.5
2.6
0
0
0
0
0.3
.2
1.6
4.7
7.1
15.3
25.8
33.5
10.7
.8
1950
0.1
0
0
.1
.1
.5
1.7
6.3
13.7
17.4
17.0
14.0
19.1
10.1
.1
.4
1.6
12.8
21.4
15.7
10.3
12.2
25.0
.3
0
Test-board men
and repeatermen
0.1
0
0.2
.3
.5
3.0
7.7
12.0
12.0
26.6
36.5
1.2
0
.1
.1
0
.1
1.1
2.6
5.0
8.6
28.2
36.9
15.2
2.0
1949
0
0
0
0.1
0
.1
.4
2.4
4.5
6.5
8.6
29.5
37.0
10.9
(2)
( 2)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
174, 650
$1.19
182, 501
$1.07
323
$1.10
324
$0. 93
17, 754
$1.46
17,315
$1.40
2, 291
$1.82
2,307
$1.71
19,692
$1. 71
19,091
$1.61
9, 219
$1. 99
8, 994
$1.92
1Excludes officials and managerial assistants, professional and semiprofessional employees, and nonclerical business office and sales employees.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.1
1950
0.1
.1
1.2
5.7
11.7
15.6
21.8
29.6
13.8
.4
Experienced
switchboard
operators
0.3
.1
.1
.1
1.1
5.6
12.5
36.8
24.9
10.4
5.8
2.2
.1
0
0.1
1949
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0.1
.2
1.3
8.5
15.5
13.9
9.9
16.2
23.9
9.9
.6
0
1950
1949
Exchange
repairmen
Draftsmen
2
(2)
Less than 0 05 of 1 percent,
0
MONTHLY LABOR
EARNINGS IN COMMUNIC A TIONS INDUSTRIES
294
pay scale. These actions also served to increase
the over-all average to some extent.
Experienced switchboard operators averaged
$1.19 an hour in October 1950, 12 cents above
their October 1949 level. Hourly increases be
tween the two periods, in the occupations studied,
ranged from 6 cents for linemen to 17 cents for
laborers. The labor group average was affected to
some extent by the 75-cent minimum under the
Fair Labor Standards Act. In October 1949, prior
to the effective date of this minimum rate, almost
11 percent of the laborers were reported to be
earning under 75 cents an hour.
Among the skilled occupations studied in 1950,
test-board men and repeatermen had the highest
hourly average, $1.99. Linemen averaged $1.46
and PBX and station installers averaged $1.71.
Western Union
Employees of the Western Union Telegraph Co.2
(excluding messengers) averaged $1.35 an hour in
October 1950, an average increase of 7 cents over
the year. This increase was largely the result of
adjustments negotiated during the year. In
April 1950, all employees having 2 or more years’
seniority in their respective classes of work and
earning less than the maximum for the classifica
tion received an hourly increase of 4 cents. In
July 1950, additional adjustments were made on
T able 2.— W e s te r n U n io n T e le g r a p h C o .: P e r c e n ta g e d is tr ib u tio n o f w ir e - te le g r a p h e m p lo y e e s , b y h p u r ly e a r n in g s a n d s e le c te d
o c c u p a tio n s , O c to b e r 1 9 5 0 a n d 1 9 4 9
Experienced telegraph operators (except
Morse)
All employees 1
All employees1(ex
cept messengers)
Hourly earnings
1950
DO D o C e l l ---- -------------------70 74 cents------------------------75 79 cents___—-----------------80-89 cents ______________
90-99 cents ______________
_________
i00-119 cents
120-139 cents
__________
140-159 cents
_ _________
160-179 cents. ____________
180-199 cents ____________
200-224 c e n ts ______________
225-249 cents
_________
250 cents and over---------------
Total_______________
Nnmhftr of workers________
Average hourly earnings _
1949
1950
1950
1949
1949
Traffic department
1950
1949
24.6
5.3
7.2
15.5
21.8
12.2
6.1
4.4
1.8
.5
.6
20.4
3.6
.6
3.9
8.3
17.3
23.7
10.0
7.0
2.8
1.3
.5
.6
0.3
6.3
8.3
20.3
29.8
16.7
8.3
6.0
2.5
.7
.8
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
25,658
$1.35
26,253
$1.28
3,358
$1.06
3,308
$1.04
3,291
$1.27
3,601
$1.19
35,070
$1.23
35,936
$1.17
Mechanics, build
ing service
1949
14.4
26.6
42.7
15.7
.5
.1
4.6
9.5
23.0
32.6
13.7
9.5
3.8
1.8
.7
.8
Messengers, foot
and bicycle
1950
fifv -fjQ Q Q 'p tS
70—
74 cents
80
ts
RQ ppti
QQ QQ p p -p t.S
] 00 11 Qop.nts
120 189 con ts
140 159 cents
100-179 cents
180 1QQcents
200—
224 cents
225 24Q ppnt.s
250 cents an cl oyer
Total_______________
N't!m her of workers_________
Average hourly earnings____
99.8
.2
8.6
35.0
44.2
11.6
.4
.2
0.4
.9
15.7
81.0
2.0
0.1
1.0
23.1
75.3
.5
1949
1950
1949
Messengers, motor
Morse operators
1949
83.9
14.7
1.4
1950
8.3
23.9
43.6
23.3
.9
1.0
3.0
12.9
42.3
35.3
4.0
1.5
0.5
1.5
18.1
47.3
26.6
4.5
1.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
201
$1.57
199
$1.48
8,438
$0. 75
8,718
$0. 67
974
$0. 95
1949
8.9
18.7
52.5
19.0
.9
1950
1949
0.1
3.0
28.2
68.5
.2
0.1
6.2
74.5
18.8
.4
100.0
100.0
965
$0. 94
1,218
$1.41
0.4
.5
0.2
.1
.8
10.1
64.3
24.3
.2
2.8
16.5
65.8
14.2
.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
208
$1. 29
220
$1.25
1,102
$1.54
1,265
$1.44
1.0
3.4
12.5
69.6
13.5
(2)
1 Excludes officials and managerial assistants, professional and semiprofessional employees, telegraph office superintendents and managers, and
sales employees.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1950
(2)
Hourly earnings
1950
Linemen and cablemem
Laborers
C om m ercial d e
partment
0.5
4.1
18.6
66.8
9.5
Subscribers’ equip
m e n t m a in te Telephone operators
nance
1950
1949
1950
6.9
9.7
35.7
47.5
.2
1949
2.6
10.7
42.0
44.7
0.1
8.1
23.6
66.5
1.7
13.1
24.5
60.8
1.6
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
1,348
$1.30
707
$1.65
686
$1. 55
2,532
$1.16
2,421
$1.12
2 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent,
(2)
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
E A R N IN G S IN
295
C O M M U N IC A T IO N S IN D U S T R I E S
T able 3.— P r i n c i p a l r a d io te le g r a p h c a r r ie r s : P e r c e n ta g e d i s tr ib u tio n o f e m p lo y e e s 1 b y h o u r ly e a r n in g s a n d s e le c te d o c c u p a
tio n s , O c to b er 1 9 5 0 a n d 1 9 4 9
All employees 2
Hourly earnings
1950
70-74 cents______________________
75-79 cents___________ . ________
80-89 cents______________________
90-99 cents_______ ______________
100-119 cents____________________
120-139 cents_______ . . _ ______
140-159 cents____ ________________
160-179 cents____ . . .
_ ______
180-199 cents_____ - __ __________
200-224 cents____ ________________
225-249 cents____________________
250 cents and over_______________
7.5
8.1
1. 5
6.8
14.6
17. 4
16.6
10.0
10.7
4.9
1.9
Total.............. ............ ..............
1949
Marine coastal
station
operators
1950
1949
0.2
13.7
.4
.5
11.9
17.1
20.4
11.4
8.4
10.3
3.4
2.3
1.9
9.3
25.8
13.9
35.2
11.1
2.8
2.5
16. 7
25.0
7.5
36.6
9.2
2.5
100.0
100.0
100.0
Number of w orkers........... ........ ........ 3 3, 691
Average hourly earnings_____ _____ 3 $1. 57
3, 830
$1.48
108
$1.94
Mechanicians
and
maintenance
technicians
Messengers,
foot and
bicycle
1950
1950
1949
1949
0.4
11.0
20.0
32.8
11. 0
15.9
8.5
.4
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
120
$1.81
335
$1. 54
283
$1.53
531
$0. 79
1950
1949
Teletypemultiplex
operators
Radio
operators
1950
1949
1950
1949
0.2
98.6
49.0
49.3
.4
1.1
.2
5.1
10.1
9.0
11. 0
11. 9
24.8
8. 7
15.2
4.2
Radio
operating
technicians
.2
.8
07
2 4
0 fi
Q9
15 8
27 7
28.1
21.9
3.4
17 7
43. 2
5. 0
3. 4
100.0
100.0
100.0
523
$0. 75
292
$2.12
322
$1.96
20 2
17
22
27 4
26! 3
5.3
65 4
8 5
7
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
360
$1.94
380
$1.82
417
$1.53
413
$1.44
03
11
34 3
12 5
41. fi
9.7
0.3
24 2
21 S
1Includes only those employees regularly employed within the continental
United States and covered by the terms of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
2 Excludes officers and assistants, professional and semiprofessional em
ployees, office or station superintendents and assistants, and sales employees.
3
Includes 91 workers not covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act and not
included in the distribution above.
the basis of length of service and other factors,
most employees receiving from 1 to 4 cents an
hour increase. Part of the over-all increase was
due to regular length of service and merit increases.
Average hourly increases in selected occupations
ranged from 1 cent for motorized messengers to
11 cents for Morse operators. In October 1950,
Morse operators averaged $1.41 an hour; other
experienced telegraph operators averaged $1.27
in the traffic department and $1.06 in the com
mercial department. The two latter groups were
predominantly women; over three-fourths of the
Morse operators were men. Foot and bicycle
messengers, the largest occupational group, were
paid 75 cents an hour in October 1950—an in
crease of 8 cents, on the average, during the year.
Motorized messengers averaged 95 cents an hour.
averaged 79 cents in October 1950, 5 percent more
than in the 1949 period. (See table 3.)
Radiotelegraph Carriers
The average earnings of radiotelegraph em
ployees 2increased 9 cents an hour during the year
to $1.57. Individual occupations studied, how
ever, had increases of from 1 cent to 16 cents.
The higher paying occupations reflected the great
est increases, indicating that at least some of the
firms gave percentage wage increases instead of
flat cents-per-hour raises. Among the occupa
tions studied, radio operating technicians had the
highest average, $2.12 in October 1950, an 8-per
cent increase over October 1949. Messengers
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Ocean Cable Carriers
Average hourly earnings for ocean cable carrier
employees 2 working in the United States also
increased 9 cents during the year to $1.68. Mes
sengers’ earnings rose 17 cents an hour on the
average. General wage increases of 9 cents an
T able 4.— P r i n c i p a l o c e a n ca b le c a r r ie r s : P e r c e n ta g e d i s
tr ib u tio n o f e m p lo y e e s 1 b y h o u r ly e a r n in g s a n d se le c te d
o c c u p a tio n s , O cto b er 1 9 5 0 a n d 1 9 4 9
Hourly earnings
70-74 cents................
75 -79 cents________
80-89 cents...............
90-99 cents________
100-119 cents.......... .
120-139 cents.........
140-159 cents______
160-179 cents.............
180-199 cents______
200-224 cents______
225-249 cents______
250 cents and over...
Total_______
All em
ployees 2
TeletypeCable opera Messengers,
foot and
multiplex
tors
bicycle
operators
1950
1949
17.4
1.4
5. 5
9.3
12. 0
22.3
9.6
17. 2
3.9
1.4
0.1
14. 4
1.2
1.4
6. 6
12. 7 1.4
13.6
2.1
17. 2 2.1
18. 4 10. 9
7.5 83.5
5.1
1.8
100.0
Number of workers.. 31,158
A v e ra g e h o u r ly
earnings___ ____ _ 3$1.68
1950
1949
1950
1950
1949
1.1
9. 5
38. 9
44. 2
6. 3
5. 0
40.0
26.0
26.0
3.0
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0
100.0
1,127
146
98.4
.5
1.1
1949
100.0
0. 7
10. 7
80. 6
7.3
,7
150
183
162
211
100
$1.59 $2. 05 $1. 95 $0. 93 $0.76 $1. 57
$1.47
1 Includes only those employees regularly employed within the continental
United States and covered by the terms of the Fair Labor Standards Act.
2 Excludes officers and assistants, professional and semiprofessional em
ployees, office or station superintendents and assistants, and sales employees.
8 Includes 71 workers not covered by the Fair Labor Standards Act and
not included in the distribution above.
MIDYEAR 1951 ECONOMIC REPORTS
296
hour granted by some of the companies became
effective on October 1, 1950, the month of the
survey. About three-fourths of the employees in
these companies are employed outside the con
tinental United States and they were excluded
from the wage data.
— J a m e s F. W a l k e r
Division of Wages and Industrial Relations
1 Data for this study were collected by the Federal Communications
Commission as a part of its annual report. Under a cooperative arrange
ment, the Bureau of Labor Statistics has assumed the task of tabulating
and publishing these materials. More detailed reports for the year 1950,
similar to those published in previous years, are available upon request.
The earnings shown in these reports were computed by dividing weekly
scheduled compensation by weekly scheduled hours. Thus, the figures
shown would include premium rates for regularly scheduled overtime, if any.
2 The employees covered by this article exclude officials and managerial
assistants, professional and semiprofessional employees, sales employees, and
nonclerical business office employees. Employees outside the continental
United States were also excluded.
Midyear 1951 Economic Reports of
the President, CEA, and O DM 1
B uilding our defenses , strengthening other
“free” nations, and the expanding and stabilizing
of the economy were stressed in the President’s
midyear economic report, recently submitted to
Congress, and the Council of Economic Advis
ers’ midyear report to the President. These re
ports followed a review of progress in defense
mobilization outlined to the President by the
Director of the Office of Defense Mobilization.
Report of the President
The current defense program and its proposed
build-up, together with an analysis of measures
necessary to strengthen and stabilize the economy
in support of the program was discussed in the
President’s report, transmitted to Congress on
July 23, 1951.
Emphasizing that “we are engaged in a long
term effort,” the President asked for continuation
of military strength and increased effort even if
the fighting in Korea ceases. “At present,” the
President reported, “our principal concern is not
with maintaining military strength. Our prin
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
cipal concern is to build up military strength in
the first place.” The goal of 3.5 million for the
armed services has almost been reached, according
to the President, but he warned that this goal may
be raised “in the light of world events.”
Civilian manpower needs for defense a year
hence, the President reported, are expected to re
quire about 11 million men and women directly or
indirectly engaged in defense, contrasted with
about 25 million at the peak of World War II.
Defense outlays currently amounting to an annual
rate of over $35 billion or 11 percent of the Na
tion’s total output, will rise rapidly. They are
expected to increase to 15 percent by the end of
1951 and should approach 20 percent by mid-1952
when an annual rate of nearly $65 billion is pre
dicted. Procurement of aircraft, weapons, tanks,
and other items will take the major share of in
creased defense expenditures, the report stated.
In addition, hard goods deliveries are scheduled
to rise within the next year from a monthly rate
of about $1 billion to about $3 billion.
In calling attention to the importance of
strengthening other free nations, the President
said “the defenses of the free nations are insep
arable.” For example, areas outside the United
States, the report continued, produce about TO to
80 percent of the free world’s lead, zinc, tungsten,
and rubber supply, and virtually all of its cobalt,
manganese, nickel, tin, and wool. The moral as
well as the economic aspects of military and eco
nomic aid to free nations were pointed out by the
President in emphasizing the urgency of his re
quest to Congress for $8.5 billion for the foreign
military and economic aid program.
On the economic front, he called for expansion
of output; continuation of authority to aid pro
duction; enactment of measures necessary for
curbing inflation; and direct price and wage con
trols.
Setting a goal of a 5-percent increase in total
output within a year, the President stated that
expansion programs in steel and aluminum were
going forward. He anticipated an expansion of
the total labor force by 1% to 2 million persons
within a year; in this connection he stated that
“Manpower is our prime productive resource.”
Production aids, such as allocation of scarce
materials, extension of special aids through direct
loans, government guarantee of private loans,
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
MIDYEAR 1951 ECONOMIC REPORTS
purchase commitments, and rapid amortization of
facilities for tax purposes were cited as being very
effective in building our defense. The President
urged renewal of authority for these programs.
The belief that the inflationary trend is ended,
the President warned, “is a dangerous assumption.
We cannot accept it as a guide to national policy.”
To meet our production goals, and at the same
time to reduce the inflationary pressure, the Presi
dent advocated a tax increase of at least $10 billion
for 1951; a minimum program of essential public
expenditures; selective credit control measures;
development of a voluntary savings plan; effective
rent control; and direct price and wage controls.
CEA Report
In its report to the President, The Economic
Situation at Midyear 1951, the CEA also primarily
concerned itself with the shaping of our defense
economy and with economic policies necessary for
defense.
The main objectives, according to the report, are
the build-up and equipment of our armed forces
and the enactment of measures designed to keep
our economy strong. For this purpose, the Coun
cil advocated: (1) a 5-percent increase in total
output for the next year; (2) a 4-percent increase
in total man-hours of work; (3) expansion of pro
ductive capacity in iron and steel, aluminum,
chemicals, fuels, energy, and transportation; (4)
effective development and utilization of foreign
and domestic raw materials; and (5) restrictions
on many types of consumption, business invest
ment, and Government spending.
Total output in the next 2 years should increase
at least twice as fast as during the period 1946
through the first half of 1950. But this expan
sion, the report states, “will require that as a Na
tion we work harder and longer, and devote con
siderable resources to economic expansion, neces
sarily at the expense of current consumption.”
At the present time, the Council believes that the
output of consumer goods will be adequate to
maintain high consumption levels but “at the cost
of a greater labor effort, and some sacrifice of
leisure time.” Production of some goods, how
ever, will be insufficient to meet demand and some
degree of quality deterioration may take place.
In order to expand the needed total output, sub
stantially increased manpower requirements must
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
297
be met. Accordingly, the Council advocates fur
ther expansion in the work force, increased labor
productivity, and perhaps a lengthened workweek
in some industries.
In the field of manpower, the Council recom
mends a program involving four measures: (1)
improvement of the present program designed to
prevent area labor shortages; (2) further conser
vation and development of essential professions
and skills; (3) development of more definite and
detailed statistics relating to manpower require
ments; and (4) development of manpower data
for the total free world effort, and of programs
to improve manpower use by cooperating
countries.
Mobilization Director’s Report
Meeting Defense Goals, the second quarterly re
port of the Director of Defense Mobilization to
the President, points out that the United States
has “laid the foundation for a rapid and steady
growth of economic might.” A year after the
fighting had started in Korea, total national pro
duction was “about equal to the peak rate of output
of World War II,” although military production
was still in the “tooling up” stage. Nevertheless,
the report states, there are many things that “we
have not done well enough nor quickly enough,”
and we must “increase the tempo of work on every
phase of the program that is lagging.” The
Mobilization Director favors “a standard of living
at the highest level that can be maintained while
yet meeting our defense production targets.”
Citing a rise of over 12-percent in industrial pro
duction, the Director hopes to achieve further in
creases of from 12 to 15 percent in the next 2 years.
Duration of unemployment for most job seekers
in the second quarter of 1951 was a month or less.
Lay-offs in manufacturing industries, which in
creased in April and May, were not all caused by
restrictions in the use of scarce materials, but
were due partly to a slackening of demand for
some consumer goods.
No general manpower shortage developed, the
report states. Local and occupational shortages
among skilled workers did appear, and increased.
A shortage of engineers, designers, and draftsmen
to equip and tool plants for quantity production
was causing a bottleneck in the tooling-up process,
298
O D M M A N P O W E R P O L IC Y S T A T E M E N T S
according to the report. A shortage of machine
tools caused a second bottleneck, for despite diver
sion of such tools from peacetime to military pro
duction, some were highly specialized for
peacetime products and only a few were suited for
production of the new types of weapons. There
fore, as in World War II, a Government revolving
fund was established to enable manufacturers to
produce machine tools in advance of specific orders
by contractors.
To combat manpower shortages, combined ef
forts are required, according to the Director. The
Federal Government is expected to aid, by “guid
ing the location of plants and the placement of
orders” in sections where the labor supply is ade
quate ; also through organization of national pro
grams to solve manpower programs. Employers
can help by taking on defense work and doing
their best with available manpower resources.
Workers and unions can help by urging additional
workers to enter the work force and by encourag
ing employees to shift to, or remain in, defense
work. States and communities can better the
situation by mobilizing their manpower resources,
training workers, providing necessary housing and
community services, and taking other action to
help in the voluntary solving of manpower prob
lems. The Department of Labor is prepared to
assist plant managers in setting up skill-improve
ment programs and apprenticeship training, ac
cording to the report. Greater utilization of
workers, upgrading, job simplification, safety pro
grams, and improvement of working conditions
and worker morale are mentioned as essential.
Even though the spiral of inflation has been
brought under control, the Director states, efforts
must not be relaxed. Four methods are listed for
dealing with the “inflationary gap,” as follows:
(1) assure a steady increase in production and
in the total national output; (2) mop up purchas
ing power or prevent its increase by higher taxes,
inducements to save, and restrictions on credit;
(3) cut down nondefense public expenditures and
private capital expenditures that are not required
to achieve the increase in output that we need; and
(4) hold the line by price and wage controls.
Decently initiated price control regulations have
been subjected to a certain amount of adjustment,
the Director said, but price-control policy must
be both firm and flexible, making adjustments
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MONTHLY LABOR
promptly when the need for them is clear. How
ever, it was his opinion that “an aimless upward
drift of prices would serve no useful purpose what
ever.” Rent control was necessary, the Director
added; “with so little vacant rental housing avail
able, the stage is set for a sharp rise in rents in
critical areas unless controls are continued and
strengthened.”
Like the President, the Director held that, in
the face of danger of new aggressions, “we dare
not slacken the pace of defense mobilization until
the strength of the free world is sufficient to meet
any attack.”
1 Sources: The Midyear Economic Report of the President,
transmitted to the Congress, July 23, 1951; the Economic Situa
tion at Midyear 1951 by the Council of Economic Advisers, trans
mitted to the President, July 20, 1951; and the 2d Quarterly
Report to the President, Meeting Defense Goals, transmitted by
the Director of Defense Mobilization, July 1, 1951.
ODM Manpower Policy
Statements of August 19511
policy statements were is
sued by the Director of Defense Mobilization in
early August 1951. The President’s National
Manpower Mobilization Policy (see Monthly
Labor Review, March 1951, p. 281), with respect
to procurement and production scheduling, is im
plemented by one of these statements ; another out
lines a manpower program for the machine-tool
industry. Both are numbered and took effect on
August 2.
In addition, continuation of premium pay for
time in excess of 40 hours a week and the main
tenance of the 40-hour week, in general, were ad
vocated in two (unnumbered) policy statements
issued on August 5.
Defense Manpower Policy Statement No. 1 is in
tended to insure consideration of industrial and
agricultural manpower resources in defense pro
gram planning. I t directs that the manpower
factor be considered by all defense agencies en
gaged in or responsible for : Placement of defense
contracts ; operation of Government facilities and
F our major manpower
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
D E F E N S E P R O D U C T IO N A C T A M E N D M E N T S
installations; aiding industrial and economic ex
pansion; priority and allocations functions; and
the central programming of production for defense
needs.
In the classification of labor shortage areas, no
area will be designated as such “until there is, or
is expected to be, a substantial participation of its
labor force in defense or defense-supporting ac
tivities.” To implement further the manpower
policy, the Department of Labor’s Defense Man
power Administration is instructed to provide in
formation to agencies concerned as to existing and
future area labor market conditions. It was also
given the authority to consult with and advise
defense agencies to insure that manpower factors
are taken into consideration in any program ac
tions. Similarly, to insure that unemployment re
sulting from material shortages and defense con
version is held to a minimum, the DMA was in
structed to project employment and unemployment
data so that corrective action could be taken.
Under these provisions of the policy, production
and procurement agencies are to be informed on
national manpower requirements as well as esti
mated requirements for major industrial segments.
These agencies, in turn, were ordered, in assigning
material allocations and procurement contracts, to
take “special notice of conditions of high levels of
current or expected unemployment in given areas”
as reported by DMA.
Defense Manpower Policy statement No. 2, spe
cifically directed toward increasing production in
the machine-tool industry, instructs the U. S. De
partment of Labor’s Defense Manpower Adminis
tration to (1) determine measures necessary to
meet the manpower requirements of the industry
by further job breakdown, up-grading of trained
men, job standardization, on-the-job training, and
programs to reduce absenteeism and turn-over;
(2) conduct recruitment programs ; (3) determine
training requirements in the skills needed ; and (4)
act to identify and solve community problems af
fecting the industry’s manpower supply, such as
housing, transportation, and voluntary transfers
of workers.
Development of policies relative to deferments,
training of workers, and wage adjustments were
assigned to various Government agencies. DMA,
the Selective Service System, and the Department
of Defense were ordered to establish deferment
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
299
policy for apprentices. The Selective Service was
instructed to allow local draft boards to defer
skilled machine operators where necessary. In the
recall of reservists, the Defense Department was
directed to give special consideration to the skilled
manpower needs of the industry. The Federal
Security Agency’s responsibility is extended to the
developing of a training program designed to meet
requirements certified by the DMA, and the Wage
Stabilization Board is required to consider the
possibility of wage adjustments in the industry.
Continuation of the policy of premium pay for
overtime, as provided for in the Fair Labor Stand
ards and Public Contracts Acts, was recommended
by the ODM Director on August 5. He said that
worker morale would be hurt by suspension of
overtime pay, with adverse effect upon productiv
ity. The policy statement further indicates that,
additional costs incurred as a result of overtime
pay may be offset by the economies in maximum
machine operation and reduction of overhead
costs, and by the utilization of experienced em
ployees instead of new workers.
A second policy statement, issued as a guide to
all establishments working on defense production,
advocated a maximum 8-hour day and a 40-hour
week, in general, as the best for efficient produc
tion. While an extension of hours will increase
output to some extent, 48 hours was regarded as
the maximum for maintaining efficiency.
1 Source : Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 149, Aug. 2, 1951, pp.
7567 and 7577 ; and ODM release No. 50, Aug. 5, 1951.
Defense Production Act
Amendments of 1951
on the Government’s
power to control prices and consumer credit con
stituted the most significant change in the Defense
Production Act Amendments of 1951 (Public Law
96), which became effective on August 1 and is to
continue through June 30, 1952.1 These limita
tions led the President to sign the bill “reluc
tantly” and only because other “powers necessary
for carrying out the defense program would have
expired.”
S ubstantial limitations
300
D E F E N S E P R O D U C T IO N A C T A M E N D M E N T S
The new act extended most of the defense mobi
lization and anti-inflation controls which had been
previously authorized. While restricting some of
these controls, it strengthened others, especially
those which aid small business. Under the new
act, rents will be permitted to rise in areas now
under Federal control. No new powers were
added, although the President had requested
several.
Except for the controls removed from compen
sation paid to persons employed in specified ca
pacities in the medical and legal professions and
to barbers and beauticians, no significant changes
were made affecting wage stabilization.
In his statement issued upon signing the act,
the President stated that the production and rent
controls were “relatively adequate” but character
ized the provisions on inflation control as “gravely
deficient.” He promised that he would soon “urge
the Congress to revise and strengthen this law,
point by point, to give us the tools we need to fight
inflation.” The President also stated that “to the
extent that this act permits prices and the cost of
living to rise, it will be necessary to allow reason
able adjustments in wages.”
When the President originally requested exten
sion of the act, on April 26, he asked that it be
strengthened by a number of new and wider control
powers. Among the requests which the Congress
refused to grant were the power to build and oper
ate defense plants, where necessary, for producing
essential materials and equipment; the power to
control business rents; the regulation of specula
tive trading on commodity exchanges; and a sim
plified method of computing parity on agricul
tural commodities.
Probably the outstanding change in the law was
adoption of the so-called Capehart amendment
which limits price rollbacks and liberalizes the
manner of calculating ceiling prices. Previously,
in establishing ceiling prices, the Office of Price
Stabilization had generally considered increases
beyond the pre-Korean base period for only direct
and ascertainable material and labor costs, but not
for indirect costs. The amendment now broadens
the concept of cost to include “material, indirect
and direct labor, factory, selling, advertising, of
fice, and all other production, distribution, trans
portation, and administration costs, except such
as the President may determine to be unreasonable
and excessive.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Rollbacks on nonagricultural commodities or
services cannot fall below the lower of the price
prevailing on the date of issuance or in the period
January 25 to February 24, 1951. Further, they
must either be based upon the highest price re
ceived between January 1 and June 24, 1950, plus
all subsequent cost changes through July 26,1951,
or else be established under regulations issued
prior to passage of the amendment.
In any event, every manufacturer, processor, or
service seller subject to a ceiling price must on ap
plication be granted an increase in his ceiling price
for any increases in costs from the time he received
his highest price during the period January 25,
1950, to July 26, 1951.
Ceilings on agricultural products, including
livestock, cannot be below 90 percent of the price
received by producers on May 19, 1951, under the
new regulation. Thus, the first 10-percent roll
back in beef prices was permitted to stand, but
the further reductions which the Office of Price
Stabilization had announced for later months were
prohibited. The use of livestock slaughtering
quotas, an administrative device to prevent black
markets, was forbidden, even though the require
ment that slaughterers must be registered with the
Office of Price Stabilization remains in effect.
Another restriction on the power to control
prices, the so-called Herlong amendment, requires
that wholesalers and retailers must be allowed in
the future the same customary percentage margins
as they received in the May 24-June 24, 1950,
period. In several cases in the past, the OPS had
required that increases granted to manufacturers
be “passed-through” by the wholesaler and retailer
to the ultimate consumer, without the usual pyra
miding of costs based on maintenance of percent
age mark-up.
Further relaxing of the inflation-control ma
chinery was a limiting of the powers over con
sumer credit which are exercised by the Board of
Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Regu
lation “W” was continued, but down-payment re
quirements were liberalized and the allowable term
of credit was lengthened. The minimum down
payment on appliances, which had been set by the
board at 25 percent, was reduced to 15 percent.
Other down payments—33V& percent on automo
biles, 15 percent on furniture, and 10 percent on
home improvement—were left unchanged. In
addition, trade-in allowances on automobiles,
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
FEDERAL LAW ON MIGRATORY LABOR
household furniture, and appliances are consid
ered as part of the down payment, whereas previ
ously this practice had been permitted only for
automobiles. The maximum maturities on these
consumer hard goods was increased to 18 months,
as against 15 months previously; the time limit
on home improvement loans was raised 6 months
to a total of 36 months.
Rent control was continued, with authority
widened to include more areas. However, a new
formula was adopted which authorized an increase
of 20 percent over June 30, 1947, levels (plus any
increases which may be allowed on the basis of
additional services or improvements) in those
areas which were under Federal control as of the
date of the act. A large part of this increase has
already taken place as a result of various local
adjustments.
Under the amended law, all housing accommo
dations in places certified by the Secretary of De
fense and the Director of Defense Mobilization
as “critical defense housing areas” are made sub
ject to Federal rent controls with the rents pre
vailing in the period between May 24 to June 24,
1950, to be given “due consideration.” This pro
vision of the act will permit rollbacks in a num
ber of instances. The new legislation also requires
that credit restrictions on housing in these areas
be relaxed so as to encourage new building; this
was already being done by administrative regu
lation.
Also subject to Federal rent controls are States
and local areas which declare that the housing
shortage justifies such action, as well as the 240
“defense rental areas,” with some 6.7 million rental
units, still under control under the old act.
A Small Defense Plants Administration as an
independent agency under the direction and super
vision of the President is established by the act.
This Administration is authorized to recommend
to the Reconstruction Finance Corporation loans
enabling small businesses to get defense contracts;
to subcontract with small concerns for supplying
the Government with materials; and to furnish
such firms with technical and other assistance. To
assist in expanding output, differential subsidies
are permitted on domestically produced raw ma
terials other than agricultural commodities.
1For a discussion of the Defense Production Act of 1950, see
the M onthly Labor Review for October 1950 (p. 453).
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301
Federal Law on
Migratory Labor, 1951
R ecruitment of agricultural workers from Mex
ico to supplement domestic labor resources and
establishment of a systematic procedure to protect
and implement such labor are the purposes of the
amendment to the Agricultural Act of 1949, ap
proved by the President on July 12, 1951 (82d
Cong., 1st sess., Public Law 78). Following ap
proval of the act, a new agreement between the
United States and Mexico to begin recruiting
farm workers was consummated and became effec
tive August 11,1951.
Designed to improve the migratory labor situa
tion in this country, this law authorizes the Gov
ernment to determine which areas require addi
tional labor for the growing and harvesting of
consumption crops. Definite conditions, guaran
teeing that the wages and working conditions of
domestic labor are not violated, are imposed as
a basis for certification from such areas.
The prevailing problem, created by migratory
workers, has received attention from various inter
ests in recent times. The President’s Commission
on Migratory Labor investigated the situation and
its findings,1 issued earlier this year, further stim
ulated concern for the problem.
In his message to congress approving the law,
the President stated that “if promptly followed by
the needed measures, this act can be the first step
toward a comprehensive program to bring badly
needed improvement in the living and working
conditions of migratory farm workers, both for
eign and domestic.” He proposed greater sanc
tions than the present law provides and more ad
ministrative machinery whereby harboring an il
legal entrant would be a punishable offense and
inspecting employment areas without warrants
would be permissible. Further, the President
said that the law scarcely considers “the steady
stream of illegal immigrants from Mexico, the
so-called ‘wetbacks’ ” whose presence “has a seri
ous depressing effect on wages and working con
ditions in farm areas throughout the Southwest.”
Organized labor, meanwhile, urged the Presi
dent to veto the bill on the grounds that “wetback”
labor would contribute toward the continuation
of substandard working conditions.
The amendment is aimed at correcting many
302
w a g e an d p r ic e r eg u la tio n s
MONTHLY LABOR
of the conditions under which Mexican farmers
were employed in this country. Under its pro
visions protective and financial services are af
forded aliens by assuring transportation from re
cruitment areas outside of the United States to
adequate reception centers where they are housed,
supplied emergency medical care, and assisted in
negotiating contracts with American employers.
The worker is free to refuse employment and se
lect the type of work he desires. Moreover, he is
exempt from social security and income taxes and
from the head tax levied under the Immigration
Act of 1917.
In addition, the Government, in order to main
tain satisfactory agreements with Mexico for the
recruitment of farm workers, is authorized to
guarantee the employer’s performance of contract
provisions. For this reason, the amendment re
quires employers, by agreement, to reimburse the
Government for subsistence and transportation
expenses incurred, before farm workers will be
made available to them.
What constitutes workers’ eligibility for em
ployment is clearly defined in the new law. If
they are recruited and are not citizens of the
United States, their admittance will be subject to
immigration laws. Illegal entrants are permitted
to remain and become available for employment if
they have resided in the United States for the
preceding 5 years and if the Mexican Government
grants approval.
Recruitment of migratory labor under this act
will be terminated December 31,1953.
General Wage Regulations 13-15;
Ceiling Price Regulations, 55-661
ative to days and hours of work; shift differen
tials ; and call-in pay. These benefits will not be
offset against the 10-percent increase permissible
under GWR 6. Petitions covering any of the
above fringe benefits must be approved by the
Board.
Payments which are customarily made only once
or twice a year, such as a profit-sharing bonus or
a Christmas bonus, were approved by the Board
when it unanimously adopted GWR 14 on July 24.
The regulation does not apply to overtime or pro
ductivity bonuses or those paid more frequently
than every 3 months. In order to be approved, the
plan must have been in operation since January
25, 1949, or contained in a written collective-bar
gaining agreement executed on or before January
25,1951, or communicated in writing to employees
on or before January 25, 1951. On August 7, the
Board amended the regulation to permit an em
ployer without a definite bonus plan to pay annual
bonuses to new employees.
WSB adoption, on July 27, of GWR 15 revises
the previously enacted GWR 5 which covers merit
and length-of-service increases, promotions and
transfers, changes in rates of pay for apprentices,
hiring rates, rates for new and changed jobs, and
other auxiliary pay practices. The new regulation
incorporates that part of GWR 5 applicable to in-
T hree new regulations regarding fringe bene
fits, bonus payments, and incentive and piece rates,
together with amendments to existing regulations
comprised action during July 1951 by the Wage
Stabilization Board. In the field of price stabili
zation little activity occurred until July 25, when
the Office of Price Stabilization issued its first
regulation since June 29. On July 30, however, a
day prior to the expiration of the extension pro
visions of the Defense Production Act of 1950, the
OPS adopted 11 new regulations covering numer
ous commodities at various levels of distribution.
On the same day, several amendments to regula
tions previously in effect, providing for price roll
backs or price increases, were also approved.
Wage Regulations
Certain fringe benefits which do not exceed the
prevailing industry or area practice, as to either
amount or type, were approved by the Wage Sta
bilization Board on July 19,1951. The regulation,
GWR 13, was adopted in a 9 to 3 vote (with 3 of
the 4 industry members dissenting). I t covers
paid vacations; paid holidays; premium pay rel
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 For summary of the Commission’s findings, see Migratory
Labor in American Agriculture, Monthly Labor Review, June
1951 (p. 691).
REVIEW. SEPTEMBER 1951
W A G E A N D P R IC E R E G U L A T IO N S
centives and piece rates. I t broadens the scope of
the original order to include the day-to-day ad
ministration of piece and incentive rates.
Pending adoption of further policy on escalator
clauses, the Board amended GWR 8 on July 31,
to provide for extension beyond its scheduled ex
piration date of July 31.
Price Regulations
A special method enabling processor-wholesalers
and processor-retailers to determine ceiling prices
for canned green peas of the 1951 pack was es
tablished by CPR 55, dated July 25 and effective
August 5 (extended to August 20 by Amendment
1}.
On July 30, the OPS issued 11 regulations, some
designed to roll back prices while others provide
for price increases. These follow in numerical
order.
CPR 56, effective July 31 (amended to August
10), established a method for calculating ceiling
prices for all canned and processed fruits and
berries. Initially it applies to light and dark
sweet cherries, red sour pitted cherries, and apri
cots of the 1951 pack. The regulation is designed
to take into consideration cost increases incurred
since 1949,
Dollars-and-cents ceilings based on prices in ef
fect during January 1951 on three standard types
of antifreeze, and applicable to retail sales and sales
to retail dealers, were outlined in CPR 57 effective
August 6. For all other sales, ceiling prices are
to be determined by applying to the ceilings the
same percentage discounts or price differentials in
effect from April 1 to December 1, 1950.
Fourteen major grades of reclaimed rubber were
placed under dollars-and-cents ceilings by CPR
58, effective August 6. I t also provides means for
pricing other grades of reclaimed rubber and
grades custom reclaiming, master batching, and
custom master batching.
Scrap tires, tire parts, and scrap tubes were
placed under dollars-and-cents ceiling by CPR 59,
effective August 6. I t applies to sales to (1)
wholesale scrap rubber dealers, (2) consumers, and
(3) exporters and importers. In addition, all
other kinds of scrap rubber sold to consumers or
to exporters and importers were set under ceilings
based on prices in effect between November 15 and
December 81, 1950. The new ceilings represent a
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
303
rollback below ceiling prices existing under the
General Ceiling Price Regulation.
Sales by producers of metal castings were placed
under ceilings by CPR 60, effective September 1,
1951, or any earlier date between August 1 and
September 1, 1951, that the seller may select. In
general, ceilings are determined on the basis of
selling price of castings on January 25, 1951, with
adjustments reflecting changes in costs of metals
between that date and July 31, 1951. Castings
covered in the regulation include die, gray iron,
high alloy steel, malleable iron, manganese steel,
nonferrous, railroad specialty, and carbon or low
alloy steel castings.
An export price control regulation, CPR 61,
effective on any date after filing requirements have
been met, up to August 6, 1951 (extended to
August 26), limits export sales to the domestic
ceiling price plus exportation costs and plus the
same percentage mark-up in effect between Jan
uary 1, 1949, and June 30, 1950.
Sales by manufacturers of private brand tires
and tubes were placed under ceilings by CPR 62,
effective August 1,1951. Ceilings are to be based
on cost plus the fixed mark-up in effect between
the period January 1 and June 30, 1950.
Wholesale sales of stock lubricating oils, indus
trial lubricating oils, waxes, petrolatums, and
other petroleum products were placed under
ceiling regulations by CPR 63, effective August 6.
It permits sellers whose purchase costs of com
ponents and containers rose more than 5 percent
between June 1, 1950, and March 15, 1951, to ad
just ceilings to reflect these increases.
Prices for rental of tires and tubes from sup
pliers, at base rates charged between December 19,
1950, and January 25, 1951, with adjustments to
reflect changes in cost of raw materials (rubber,
rayon, and cotton), were frozen by CPR 64, ef
fective August 6.
Specific dollars-and-cents ceiling prices for sales
of canned salmon by canners were outlined in CPR
65, effective August 8. The new regulation estab
lishes prices at which the bulk of 1949 pack was
sold, plus increased unit costs which are reason
ably common to all producers, such as canning,
labor, raw fish, packing materials, and freight
and warehousing.
Petroleum asphalt and asphalt products were
placed under a formula-type ceiling, effective
August 6, by CPR 66, which provides for the utili-
304
BUDGET FOR ELDERLY COUPLE
zation of a base period extending from August
1,1950, to January 25,1951, in determining ceiling
prices. It covers all sales and deliveries of the
products at various levels of distribution.
Amendments to CPU’s
In addition to the new regulations outlined
above, the OPS issued on July 30 and July 31
several amendments to existing regulations that
will result in some rollbacks and some price
increases.
Among these was the revocation of General
Overriding Regulation 13 which froze price ceil
ings as of June 30 during the extension of the
Defense Production Act of 1950 and covered six
manufacturers’ ceiling regulations (see Monthly
Labor Review, August 1951, p. 164). The amend
ment set August 13 as the deadline (clothing ex
cepted; effective August 15) when manufacturers
of shoes, machinery, cotton textiles, wool yarns and
fabrics, and miscellaneous manufactured goods,
must start pricing under the pre-Korean priceplus-cost formula. Provisions covering any ad
justments in these manufacturing regulations, as
required by the amendments to the Defense Pro
duction Act signed by the President on July 31,
will be issued in the near future, according to the
OPS.
Budget for an Elderly Couple ;
Estimated Cost, October 19501
A modest budget for elderly couples, approxi
mately 65 years of age and living in large cities,
is estimated to cost from $1,602 in New Orleans
(La.) to $1,908 in Milwaukee (Wis.) at October
1950 price levels.2 Costs in nearly half of the 34
cities for which budget estimates were prepared
were between $1,700 and $1,800. Intercity dif
ferences in the cost of this budget were due mainly
to the variation in cost of comparable housing
which was lowest ($436) in New Orleans and
highest ($705) in Milwaukee.
Excluding housing, costs of goods and services
varied less than $150 between cities and ranged
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
On August 7, OPS postponed indefinitely the
effective date of the 6 manufacturing regulations
pending further study of the new controls law.
In Amendment 4 to CPR 24, the OPS in con
formity with the Defense Production Act Amend
ments of 1951 relative to rollbacks on agricultural
commodities, canceled the 4!/2-percent rollback of
wholesale beef prices scheduled August 1. The
OPS canceled the livestock slaughter quota, also
scheduled to go into effect on August 1, in order
to conform to the new control act which pro
hibits the imposition of quotas on livestock
slaughter.
Increases in retail prices of roasts and chops
derived from pork loins weighing 16 pounds or
less w^ere authorized by OPS in a supplementary
regulation (No. 47) to the General Ceiling Price
Regulation. This new regulation establishes uni
form dollars-and-cents ceiling on this product, and
was issued, according to OPS, because prices of
light-weight hogs had increased substantially
while pork loin prices have been frozen at Jan
uary levels.
1 Sources : Federal Registers, Vol. 16, No. 144, July 26, 1951 (pp.
7318 and 7328) ; vol. 16, No. 149, Aug. 2, 1951 (pp. 7546, 7553,
7557, and 7560) ; vol. 16, No. 150, Aug. 3, 1951 (pp. 7592, 7597,
7601, and 7604) ; and vol. 16, No. 151, Aug. 4, 1951 (pp. 7666,
7668, and 7670) ; OPS release 274, July 30, 1951 ; and OPS
release 288, July 31, 1951.
from $1,126 in Savannah (Ga.) to $1,269 in Seattle
(Wash.). This combined group includes repre
sentative items of food, clothing, housefurnishings, household operation (other than fuel, light,
refrigeration, and water), transportation, medical
care, personal care, reading, recreation, tobacco,
and gifts and contributions.
Level of Living—Elderly Couple’s Budget
The “budget family” consists of a husband and
wife approximately 65 years old, who maintain
their own two- or three-room rented dwelling and
who are able to get about and take care of them
selves. The husband is retired or has only oc
casional employment. The family does not own
an automobile. Such a family is typical of many
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
BU D G ET FOR E L D E R L Y COUPLE
of those now receiving old-age retirement benefits
and many potentially eligible for or actually re
ceiving old-age assistance.
The elderly couple’s budget was designed to
represent a level of living which provides the
goods and services necessary to maintain health
and allow normal participation in community life,
in accordance with current American standards.
Social and conventional as well as physiological
needs are taken into account. The level of living
described is not luxurious but is sufficiently ade
quate to provide for more than the basic essen
tials of consumption. The budget is not sug
gested as a spending plan for an individual fam
ily. I t provides for the exercise of individual
choice both within and between major categories;
but increased expenditures in one category can
only be compensated by sacrificing other items.
Omission of certain items or groups of items will,
of course, result in a lower level of living than
that represented by the budget.
October 1950 Costs, 34 Cities
Estimated annual dollar costs and relative costs
of the total budget, housing, and other goods and
services for October 1950 are shown for 34 cities
in table 1.
Among the 34 cities for which October 1950 esti
mates of the cost of goods and services were pre
pared for budgets for both an elderly couple and a
four-person urban family, the elderly couple’s
budget cost from 48.3 to 55.8 percent of that for
the larger family.3 Previous analysis of the
income and expenditures of families of varying
sizes showed that, to obtain an equivalent level
of living, two-person families, on the average,
required about 65 percent of the amount spent by
four-person families.4 This estimate is based on
all types of two-person families—young couples,
middle-aged childless couples, and broken families
as well as elderly couples.
Relative requirements, of course, will vary for
each of these family types. Elderly couples usu
ally have a larger inventory of furniture, house
hold appliances, and equipment, than younger
couples, hence their current needs are relatively
smaller. This comparison of the average require
ments for all two-person families combined and of
elderly couples indicates that elderly couples gen
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
305
erally require less income to achieve comparable
levels of living.
T a b l e 1.— D o l l a r a n d r e l a t i v e c o s ts o f e l d e r l y c o u p l e ’s t o t a l
b u d g e t , h o u s i n g , a n d o th e r g o o d s a n d s e r v i c e s , SA c i t i e s .
O c to b e r I 9 6 0
Dollar costs
City and State
Total Hous
budget ing i
Relative differences
(W ashington, D . C. = 100)
Other
goods Total
and
budget
services
Hous
ing i
Other
goods
and
services
Atlanta, Ga_. _______ $1, 748
Baltimore, M d_______ 1,779
Birmingham, Ala_____ 1,772
Boston, Mass_______
1,880
Buffalo, N. Y ________ 1,698
$582
603
607
640
534
$1,166
1,176
1,165
1,240
1,164
94
95
95
101
91
87
90
90
95
80
98
99
98
104
98
Chicago, 111__________ 1,818
Cincinnati, Ohio . _ _ 1,650
Cleveland, Ohio
___ 1,805
Denver, C o lo .___ _ 1,746
Detroit, Mich________ 1,818
578
485
590
577
573
1,240
1,165
1,215
1,169
1,245
98
89
97
94
98
86
72
88
86
85
104
98
102
98
104
Houston, Tex. _____
Indianapolis, Ind_____
Jacksonville, Fla______
Kansas City, Mo_____
Los Angeles, Calif____
1,855
1,746
1,795
1,687
1,866
670
569
621
507
605
1,185
1,177
1,174
1,180
1, 261
100
94
96
91
100
100
85
93
76
90
99
99
98
99
106
Manchester, N. H __ _
Memphis, T e n n _____
Milwaukee, Wis______
Minneapolis, M inn___
Mobile, Ala_________
1,737
1,726
1,908
1,765
1,620
550
563
705
577
475
1,187
1,163
1,203
1,188
1,145
93
93
102
95
87
82
84
105
86
71
100
98
101
100
96
New Orleans, L a.........
New York, N. Y _____
Norfolk, V a________ .
Philadelphia, P a. ___
Pittsburgh, P a _______
1.602
1,782
1,774
1,783
1, 767
436
543
612
587
554
1,166
1,239
1,162
1,196
1,213
86
96
95
96
95
65
81
91
87
83
98
104
97
100
102
Portland, Maine. ___
Portland, Oreg___ ____
Richmond, Va_______
St. Louis, Mo________
San Francisco, Calif___
1,733
1,866
1,712
1,711
1,833
548
630
581
527
567
1,185
1,236
1,131
1,184
1,266
93
100
92
92
98
82
94
87
79
85
99
104
95
99
106
Savannah, Qa________
Scranton, P a_____ . . .
Seattle, Wash. _____
Washington, D. C_. . .
1,658
1, 614
1,852
1,863
532
463
583
671
1,126
1,151
1,269
1,192
89
87
99
100
79
69
87
100
94
97
106
100
1 Average rent paid in each city for tenant-occupied two- and three-room
dwellings, built or converted before 1947, that conform to the housing stand
ards specified for the budget, plus the cost of required amounts of heating
fuel, gas, electricity and water.
Changes in Budget Costs, 13 Cities 1947-50
In the 13 selected cities for which June 1947
costs were also calculated, the elderly couple’s
budget advanced in cost from 4 percent in Wash
ington, D. C., to 34 percent in Houston (Tex.)
between June 1947 and October 1950 (table 2).
This large variation in the increases in cost of
the budget was due chiefly to differences between
cities in changes in housing costs. Excluding
housing, the increase in cost of other goods and
services from 1947 to 1950 ranged from 8 to 15
percent.
Housing costs, which are determined by local
conditions more than are other goods and services,
306
ILO
vary considerably between cities at any one
period of time. Moreover, during the postwar
period the rate of change in housing costs has
varied more between cities than the rate for most
other budget categories. In Houston, for exT a ble 2. — C o s t o f e l d e r l y c o u p l e ' s t o t a l b u d g e t , h o u s i n g , a n d
o th e r g o o d s
J u n e 1947
and
services,
IS
cities,
O ctober
1950
and
ample, housing costs in the elderly couple’s budget
almost doubled between June 1947 and October
1950, reflecting the removal of rent control in Oc
tober 1949. In New York and Washington, D. C.,
on the other hand, where rents were still con
trolled in 1950, budget housing costs remained
almost stable during this 314-year period.
— E u n ic e
Total budget
Housing
1
MONTHLY LABOR
C O A L M IN E S CO M M ITTEE
Other goods and
services
M. K n a p p and M ar y T. C ooperman
D ivision of Prices and Cost of Living
City and State
October June October June
1950
1947
1947 2
1950
Boston, Mass________ $1,880 $1, 657
1,629
Chicago, 111______ - - 1,818
1,540
1,746
Denver, Colo________
1,656
1,818
Detroit, M ich_______
1,384
1,855
Houston, Tex - - - - 1,573
Indianapolis, Ind-------- 1,746
1,498
Minneapolis, M inn----- 1,765
1,465
Mobile, Ala____ ___ 1,620
1,703
1,782
New York City, N. Y_
1,558
Portland, Oreg----------- 1,866
1,553
St. Louis, Mo----- ---- 1,711
1,615
1,833
San Francisco, Calif--1, 787
Washington, D. C____ 1,863
$640
578
577
573
670
569
577
475
543
630
527
567
671
$578
515
476
508
355
529
440
455
561
467
493
488
686
October June
1950
$1,240
1,240
1,169
1,245
1,185
1,177
1,188
1,145
1,239
1,236
1,184
1,266
1,192
1947 2
$1,079
1,114
1,064
1,148
1,029
1,044
1,058
1,010
1,142
1,091
1,060
1,127
1,101
1 See footnote to table 1.
2 These cost figures are about $20 higher than the costs published earlier in
for an Elderly Couple, February 1948 Social Security Bulletin,
Social Security Administration of the Federal Security Agency. June 1947
costs were recalculated to take account of a change in methodology.
A Budget
Fourth Session of the
ILO Coal Mines Committee
E x t e n s i v e i n t e r e s t in productivity, as evidenced
by the discussions and actions taken, marked the
Fourth Session of the ILO Coal Mines Committee
meeting at Geneva, Switzerland, May 7 to 19,1951.
At the meeting attended by voting delegations
from nine Member States and by observers from
Japan, the German Federal Republic, and the
Saar, resolutions relating to the following were
adopted : Productivity ; hours of work ; age of ad
mission to underground work ; safety ; miners’ pen
sions; the coordination of social security provi
sions affecting miners; and the request of the
Miners’ International Federation for a tripartite
conference on international regulation of the coal
industry.1
All nine countries participating—the United
States, Belgium, Canada, France, India, the
Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Turkey, and
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1For methods used in estimating an elderly couple’s budget,
see p. 309 of this issue.
2The Social Security Administration prepared and published
estimated costs of the elderly couple’s budget in 13 selected large
cities for March 1946, June 1947, and March 1949. This budget
was developed concurrently with the Bureau of Labor Statistics
City Worker’s Family Budget for four persons. Both are de
signed to represent a comparable level of living, although relating
to different types of families. The Bureau’s October 1950 cost
estimates are the first to include information for all of the 34
cities.
*See Family Budget of City Worker, October 1950, in Monthly
Labor Review, February 1951 (p. 152).
* See Budget Levels for Families of Different Sizes, in Monthly
Labor Review, February 1948 (p. 179). (Reprinted in BLS
Bulletin No. 927—Workers’ Budget in the United States.)
the Union of South Africa—had tripartite dele
gations.2 Notably absent were representation
from Poland and Czechoslovakia. Australia also
did not send a delegation.
The World Federation of Trade Unions was
represented by Henri Martel as an observer; he
also served as one of the French workers’ dele
gates. An observer was present for each of the
following groups: the International Confederation
of Free Trade Unions; the Miners’ International
Federation; the International Federation of
Christian Trade Unions of Miners; and the In
ternational Federation of Commercial, Clerical,
and Technical Employees. The United Nations
sent to the meetings a representative of the Coal
Division of the Economic Commission for Europe.
Productivity Resolution
A general abandonment of opposition to tech
nological improvement and the “saving of labor”
was indicated by the productivity resolution. At
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
ILO
COAL M IN E S CO M M ITT E E
the same time, the resolution marked the growth
of an attitude of group collaboration for maintain
ing adequate total production of coal and for im
proving standards of living. After setting forth
the various considerations which led to its adop
tion, it contained eight major items which may be
summarized as follows :
(1) Each country should, in accord with its
own practice, assure to employees a just share of
the benefits of productivity.
(2) The use of methods for increasing pro
ductivity should be accompanied by appropriate
measures for increasing safety and improving
health conditions. In that connection, the Gov
erning Body was requested to arrange specifically
for a tripartite conference on prevention of dust
diseases.
( 3) Joint employer-worker consultation was de
scribed as important in developing cooperation to
increase productivity, and the Governing Body
was invited to instruct the International Labor
Office to carry out a study of different systems of
joint consultation and of works committees.
(4) The Governing Body was invited to in
struct the Office to follow the progress achieved in
respect to average output, safety, etc., following
the introduction of new methods, and to facilitate
exchanges of views and international collabora
tion in the sphere of productivity.
(5) The Governing Body was invited to in
struct the Office to study methods of technical and
practical training of workers in the industry.
(6) The Committee approved certain proposals
made by the Office regarding the need to seek
greater comparability of basic data, both as to
substance and as to form of presentation.
(7) A suggestion was made that the Office be
instructed (a) to facilitate visits by tripartite
national missions to study productivity in other
countries, and (6) to organize an international
tripartite mission to North America to study pro
ductivity with particular reference to the relation
ship between productivity and standards of living.
(8) Finally, certain points relating to produc
tivity were suggested as suitable for inclusion on
the agenda of the next session of the Coal Mines
Committee. These included items 3 to 6 above,
and tentatively, items 2 and 7 (&).
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307
Working Conditions and Pensions
The long-standing dispute over the nonoperative
1935 Convention on Hours of Work was ended
by Committee support of a recommendation em
bodying the principles of hours-of-work regula
tion in the United States, in industry at large as
well as in coal mining. These principles include
the basic straight-time 40-hour week and flexible
working time with premium pay for overtime.
Action in respect to age of admission to under
ground work imposed no prohibition above 16
years of age, but called for employment between
16 and 18 years only under public authorization
as to the kinds and conditions of work and as to
supervision and training. These resolutions are
important steps in the direction of standards and
practices prevailing in the United States.
Actions relating to miners’ pensions and the co
ordination of social security arrangements were
adopted virtually without opposition. These
fields of social policy are now viewed increasingly
as areas not so much of controversy as of need for
technical and administrative competence.
A pension resolution invited the Governing
Body to instruct the Office to examine the steps
taken in coal-producing countries to provide ade
quate pensions, in the light of (1) the study which
the Office submitted to the Third Session of the
Committee and (2) later developments. The
resolution also requested that the Office be directed
to submit proposals on the subject to the Coal
Mines Committee at its next session. The resolu
tion was adopted unanimously with no abstentions.
A tripartite conference was proposed in a reso
lution on the coordination of social security pro
visions applying to European miners. The Min
ers’ International Federation had submitted the
question to the ILO; and the Governing Body’s
Committee on Industrial Committees, at its sit
ting in November 1950, recommended consulta
tions with a view to holding such a conference.
The Coal Mines Committee resolution stated that
agreements for coordinating existing provisions
are urgently needed ; therefore, the Governing
Body was invited to expedite consultations with a
view to adoption of agreements. These interna
tional agreements, the resolution stated, should
guarantee to miners the old-age insurance benefits
308
ILO
C O A L M IN E S C O M M ITTEE
acquired by them, based on the number of years
worked in each country, without regard to their
nationality and the country in which they had
worked.
The Coal Mines Committee, the oldest of the
ILO ’s industry committees, has had an important
part in shaping the activities of these committees.
In its own distinctive field of work, it has aided the
basic and vital coal industry in surmounting its
many postwar obstacles, in a manner consistent
with the improvement of labor standards. I t has
served in part as a preliminary technical confer
ence to deal with proposals for formal action, as
in the hours of work convention and in the formu
lation of safety codes. It has facilitated interna
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
tional understanding and action in one of the most
important of all industries simply by serving as
an advisory group of industry specialists. Its
recommendations, reached by agreement and
brought quickly to the attention of the Govern
ments, the employers, and the unions of the Mem
ber States, have found wide acceptance.
1 T he Coal M ines Com m ittee, th e first of th e ILO in d u s try
com m ittees to be organized, m et in its first session in London,
December 5—11, 1945.
2 U nited S ta te s G overnm ent delegates w ere W illiam R. McComb,
U. S. D ep artm en t of L abor, and L ouis C. McCabe, U. S. D e p a rt
m ent of th e In te rio r. T h eir advisers w ere R obert N. B a rn e tt,
D ep artm en t of S tate, and W itt Bowden, D ep artm en t of L abor.
E m ployers w ere represented by H. J. Connolly, P en n sy lv a n ia
Coal Co., and Jam es W. H aley, Jew el Ridge Coal Corp. T hom as
K ennedy a n d Sam uel Caddy of th e U nited Mine W orkers of
A m erica (In d .) represented labor.
“We think the journeymen made a mistake in proceeding of
themselves to fix a new and advanced scale of prices and then
asking the employers to accede to it. They ought to have asked
the employers to unite with them in revising the scale and adapting
it to the existing state of things, and should have been prepared
with statistics to show that the money value of labor has so changed
as to render such revision just and proper.”
—Horace Greeley, in The New York Tribune, 1853, quoted by N. W.
Chamberlain in C o l l e c t i v e B a r g a i n i n g , 1951.
Technical Note
Estimating a Budget
for an Elderly Couple
of about 70 items were used to obtain the
October 1950 cost estimates of an elderly couple’s
budget, described in the article on page 304. The
March 1946 and June 1947 cost estimates of the
elderly couple’s budget in 13 large cities were
based on prices of approximately 170 items and
rental data for 2- and 3-room units meeting speci
fied standards.
Essentially the same items were priced in the
October 1950 budget as in the earlier budgets, for
all categories except food and clothing. A few
minor changes were made, however, substituting
related items for items no longer priced by the
Bureau. In such cases, quantity weights were
adjusted according to the relationship between
prices of the old and the new item during the most
recent period when both items were priced; that
is, in substituting a more expensive higher-quality
item for a lower-quality item, the item quantity
weight was decreased accordingly.
Food costs were estimated by using 49.5 percent
of the cost of food in the city worker’s family
budget for four persons, and clothing costs were
estimated at 23.2 percent. These percentages were
based on the relationship between the two budgets
in earlier years, which was found to be compara
tively stable. In the 13 individual cities in June
1947, food costs for elderly couples ranged from
48.8 to 49.6 percent of the cost of food for the
four-person family, and clothing costs ranged
from 22.4 to 24.2 percent. A special analysis
in 10 cities for October 1949 revealed ratios for
food ranging from 49.1 to 49.9 percent. Accordingly, the average ratios mentioned above were
used to estimate October 1950 costs of these two
groups of items in the elderly couple’s budget.
Although cost ratios for individual cities devi
P rices
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
ate only slightly from the average ratio for all
cities combined, use of the average does cause some
distortion in intercity comparisons of the esti
mated costs of these subgroups. In addition, since
the estimates for food and clothing in the elderly
couple’s budget are based on costs for the fourperson family, they are subject to the same types
of error inherent in the latter method of estima
tion. The October 1950 estimates of the city
worker’s family budget were based on a short
cut procedure designed to yield reliable estimates
of the total cost of the budget rather than of the
separate categories of items.1 Notwithstanding
that only 58 items were priced, tests have indicated
there was no consistent upward or downward bias
in the cost estimates. However, the method of
estimation used does not yield reliable enough to
tals for each separate category of items to warrant
publication of these subtotals.
Housing costs, on the other hand, were com
puted by the same method used in the earlier esti
mates. They were based on rental data obtained
by the Bureau of Labor Statistics during the last
quarter of 1949 and the first quarter of 1950 in
comprehensive dwelling unit surveys conducted
in each of the 34 cities. The level of housing
costs at the time of the dwelling unit survey was
adjusted to October 1950 levels by applying the
appropriate percentage change in the rent com
ponent of the Consumers’ Price Index for each city.
The housing costs of the elderly couple’s budget
are based on 2- and 3-room unfurnished dwelling
units built or converted into dwellings before 1947
and meeting the same standards included in the
city worker’s family budget for four persons. The
dwelling unit must include kitchen with sink and
installed stove; hot and cold running water; com
plete private bath including wash bowl, flush
toilet, and tub or shower; electricity for lighting ;
and installed heating, either central or other type,
such as base burner, pipeless furnace, or stoves,
309
ESTIMATING ELDERLY COUPLE BUDGET
310
depending upon the climate of the specific city.
(Central heating was generally required in cities
where the normal January temperature is 40°
F. or colder, and central or other installed heat
ing for cities with warmer climates.) Dwellings
were excluded (1) if deficiencies in physical con
struction rendered them inadequate or unsafe as
shelter; (2) if located more than 10 blocks from
public transportation, or adjacent to a refuse
dump, or to more than one of the following : rail
road or elevated tracks, noisy or smoky industrial
installations, main traffic arteries, intercity truck
routes; and (3) if above the standard because of
luxury features.
The extent to which all or some utilities are in
cluded in contract rent varies considerably between
dwellings, both within a city and between cities.
Therefore the average contract rent for budget
units was adjusted to include the cost of utilities
when these items of expense were paid for sep
arately by the tenant.
— E u n ic e
M. K n a p p and
M ary T. C ooperman
Division of Prices and Cost of Living
1 See Measuring Intercity Differences in Living Costs, in
Monthly Labor Review, March 1949 (reprinted as BLS Serial No.
R. 1952), a discussion of the Intercity Index Formula which,
with some modifications, was used in calculating the 1949 and
1950 estimates of City Workers’ Family Budget costs.
Some 3,461,000 persons 65 years of age and over in the United States had
no money income during 1949, according to Census estimates. A third of
the 7,807,000 with some money income received less than $500. Of the
3,461,000 with no income, 639,000 were men and 2,822,000 were women. Three
fifths of the men and over four-fifths of the women having money income
received less than $1,000 during the year. Nearly 30 percent of the men but
only around 5 percent of the women had incomes of $2,000 or more. Approx
imately 16 percent of the men and nearly 2 percent of the women received
$3,000 or more during the year. Median incomes in 1949 for persons aged
65 or over amounted to $516 for women and $1,016 for men.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
—U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports—
Consumer Income, Series P-60, No. 7: Income of Families and Persons in the
United States, 1949. Washington, 1951.
Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor
Wages and Hours2
P ic k in g
S h rim p
and
S h u ck in g
O ysters
Exem pt
Under
An action was brought by two canning com
panies, under the Declaratory Judgments Act,’ to find
out whether their employees who were engaged in pick
ing shrimp and shucking oysters came within section
13 (a) (5) of the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938,
as amended. A United States court of appeals held 4 that
they came within that section and were thereby exempted
from the minimum-wage and overtime requirements of
the act. The court said it had “no doubt” that a justi
fiable controversy existed and that “delay in adjudicat
ing this controversy might be financially disastrous to
many small operators in the shrimp and oyster industry.”
Section 13 (a) (5), as amended, exempts from the
minimum-wage and maximum-hour provisions of the
FLSA, the court stated, any employee engaged in “the
catching . . . [or] cultivating . . . of any kind of fish,
shellfish, . . . or other aquatic forms of animal and vege
table life, including . . . packing of such products for
shipment, . . . processing (other than canning), market
ing, freezing, curing, storing, or distributing the above
products or byproducts thereof.” The court pointed out
that under the record before it, the employees were not
engaged in canning and did not work in the canning
room, and that their work was often done with no in
tention on the part of the company to can the oysters
or shrimp, hence, it held them exempt from the wageand-hour provisions of the act.
A dissenting opinion by Circuit Judge Rives stated his
belief that the definition of “canning” should also include
the necessary preparation of the food, and that the court’s
decision narrowed the definition to a very limited mean
ing. Judge Rives also thought there was no real con
troversy and that the court should not have accepted
the case, since it was a “friendly suit with no antagonis
tic assertion of rights.” The fact that these employees
are exempt, he said, is “relatively unimportant compared
to the danger of the precedent set when we take juris
diction of a case that involves no actual controversy.”
FLSA.
Labor Relations
U n ion 's C o n c e rte d A c ti v i t y R e s tr ic te d .
Again the Na
tional Labor Relations Board has narrowed the scope of
concerted activity that a union may engage in “for the
purpose of collective bargaining or other mutual aid or
protection,” as provided in section 7 of the National
Labor Relations Act, as amended by the Labor Manage
ment Relations (Taft-Hartley) Act. With Member
Murdock dissenting, the Board ruled 6 that a union’s dis
tribution of a handbill which disparaged the employer’s
product, without disclosing that it was the sponsor or
that a labor dispute was in progress, left the responsible
participants subject to lawful discharge under the LMRA.
This limitation on “concerted activity,” Member Murdock
found “startling,” and further, “one of the most important
decisions dealing with that subject which the Board has
ever issued.”
On or before January 1949, the union of technical em
ployees at the Jefferson Standard Broadcasting Co. in
Charlotte, N. C., began negotiating for a new contract.
By July of that year, an impasse had been reached.
Picketing produced little effect for the union, so it decided
to “get tough,” and published a handbill criticizing the
television programs presented by the company. The hand
bill read as follow s:
Is Charlotte a Second-Class City?
You might think so from the kind of television pro
grams being presented by the Jefferson Standard
Broadcasting Co. over WBTV . . . Did you know that
all the programs presented over WBTV are on film
and may be from 1 day to 5 years old. There are no
local programs presented by WBTV . . . Why doesn’t
the Jefferson Standard Broadcasting Co. purchase the
needed equipment to bring you the same type of pro
grams enjoyed by other leading American cities?
Could it be that they consider Charlotte a second-class
community and only entitled to the pictures now being
presented to them. WBT Technicians.
This handbill was widely distributed, not only on the
picket line, but elsewhere throughout the city. Its effect
was widespread dissatisfaction with the TV programs on
the part of the public and a loss of advertising revenue
for the company. The employees undertook to alienate
their employer’s customers by impugning the technical
quality of his product, according to the NLRB.
In finding these activities unprotected by the LMRA,
the Board stated that such tactics “were hardly less in
defensible than acts of physical sabotage.” It found that
the ultimate purpose of the handbill—to extract a con
cession from the employer—although lawful, was undis
closed, since the employees, speaking as experts, did not
indicate to the public that they were in reality speaking
for their own benefit in a labor dispute with their em
ployer.
For these reasons, the Board stated, “without attempting
to formulate a test which will decide every imaginable
case involving similar questions as to the scope of section
7, we hold that the employees in this case went beyond
the pale when they published the ‘second-class’ handbill.”
A footnote to the ruling pointed out that the Board did
not attempt to decide the question of whether the union
tactics involved would have been condemned had they been
offered in a “conventional appeal for support of the union
in a labor dispute.”
Member Murdock, in his dissent, made the following
arguments: (1) the statements in the handbill were sub311
963019—51-----5
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
312
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
stantially accurate; (2) the “means” used in the dispute
were not unlawful; (3) the “object” was not unlawful
and in fact would stimulate public demand for better
programs; (4) according to the Board’s decision in the
Hoover Co. case,6 it is “not free . . . to measure concerted
activity in terms of whether the conduct is wise or fair,
or satisfies standards which we [the Board] think de
sirable”—but the majority of the Board in the present
case imposed its standards of fairness and therefore did
not follow its own past decisions; (5) the present decision
might be an unfortunate precedent, since, under such a
ruling, if employees of a defense plant disclose that their
employer’s product is defective, the employer can dis
charge them for disparaging his product, and, “consistent
with today’s decision, this Board would have to find that
the concerted activity was not protected because the em
ployees impugned the technical quality of the employer’s
product.”
Contract Signed Before Eon-Communist Affidavit a Bar
to Election. In an unusual procedure, the NLRB granted
a reargument and reversed its former opinion on the 1949
agreement between the United Automobile Workers (CIO)
and the Ford Motor Co. On July 11, 1951, the Board had
h eld 7 that the contract did not bar a petition for a repre
sentation election, basing its decision on the Highland
Park case decided by the United States Supreme Court.
The Board ruled8 on August 3, 1951, however, that the
1949 contract would continue to act as a bar to such a
petition.
On June 20, 1951, after the Supreme Court had handed
down its Highland Park decision, the International Black
smiths, Forgers, and Helpers (AFL) filed a petition with
the Board, seeking a representation election at the Ford
plant in Canton, Ohio. The company and the CIO local
argued that their contract of September 28, 1949, was a
bar to such an election. The AFL union contended that
the parent federation (CIO), at the time of the unionauthorization election, had not complied with the filing
requirements of LMRA; therefore, the contract could not
act as a bar to a rival union’s petition, because the unionsecurity clause had not been properly authorized by the
Board.
In the Highland Park case, the Supreme Court over
ruled the Board’s decision that the CIO was a federation
and h eld " that it came within the term “national or in
ternational labor organization.” Therefore, the court
held, the Board lacked authority to act in cases during
the period in which national CIO officers had failed to
sign the non-Communist affidavits. The Board had, of
course, required that officers of the locals seeking the
Board’s jurisdiction comply with the act. It had author
ized under its own interpretation of the act over 4,000
union-shop elections, before the officers of the CIO had
filed non-Communist affidavits.
The Board first thought that since all these union-shop
agreements were unauthorized, they could not, under the
Board’s own rules, bar elections sought by other unions.
On a rehearing, however, the Board changed its mind.
“We are now convinced,” it stated, “that our earlier de
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cision did not give enough weight to fundamental equita
ble principles established by the courts in comparable
situations, which show a clear disposition to protect and
save affirmative action taken in reliance upon erroneous
administrative assurance or upon interpretation of a
statute later judicially declared to have been incorrect.”
Before the Highland Park decision, it was clear, said
the Board, that the contract would be a bar. “We now
know, however,” the Board added, “. . . that the Highland
Park decision means that the Board’s action in entertain
ing the 9 (e) proceeding [union-shop agreement] and is
suing the certificate of November 3, 1949, was unauthor
ized.” The question for reconsideration, the Board stated,
was the effect of the Highland Park decision on the ques
tion whether in the instant case the contract was a bar
to the representation proceeding.
First of all, the Board pointed out, the contract-bar
rule was “not compelled by the act or by judicial decision
thereunder.” Rather it was an administrative device
used in the Board’s discretion for maintaining “stability
of collective-bargaining relationships.” Secondly, the
Board stated, it had, in its discretion, provided an excep
tion to this contract-bar rule [in 1948] in the Hager Hinge
case,10 by refusing to permit a contract containing an
illegal union-security clause to operate as a bar. The ex
ception had been applied to two types of cases, the Board
noted: “ (1) Where the clause failed to incorporate the
essential provisions of the act or went beyond the kind of
union security permitted by the act; and (2) where the
statutory procedures had not been followed and the proper
authorization [had not been] secured under section
9 (e ).”
But, in the instant (Ford Motor) case the Hager Hinge
exception could not be applied, as the company and the
CIO local had followed the procedures of the act, and had
“incorporated the essential provisions of the act” in their
contract. They had relied on the Board, the sole agency
authorized to make initial determinations; and to hold
their contract no bar would not only be “harsh and in
equitable,” but would also disturb collective-bargaining
stability. Therefore, the Board concluded, since the
Highland Park case did not require them to rule other
wise, the 1949 contract would bar the rival union’s request
for an election.
Board Members Murdock, Houston, and Styles made
up the majority, but Member Reynolds dissented. (Chair
man Herzog was absent.) Member Reynolds stressed the
fact that a principal reason for the Hager Hinge excep
tion to the contract-bar doctrine was “the justifiable be
lief that contracts with unlawful union-security clauses
exercise an unlawful coercive effect on those employees
who do not choose to support the union.” This seemed
to the dissenting member, the “decisive factor.” He did
not consider the contract entered into when the Board
had no authority to act as having “any validity,” because
under that contract a minority might have to support a
union even against its wishes.
Threat of Force Banned on Picket Line. A United States
Court of Appeals refused to enforce an NLRB order (1)
to cease and desist from discouraging membership in or
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
D E C ISIO N S OF IN T E R E S T TO L A B O R
discrimination against a union, (2) to offer immediate
reinstatement and back pay to 45 workers, and (3) to
post notices in the plant for 30 days. The court held 11
that striking employees were not entitled to reinstate
ment and back pay when they had refused to allow non
striking employees to enter the plant and when delivery
of property to the plant had been impeded.
The company involved in the dispute operated a plant
in Freeport, 111., which manufactured medicines, insecti
cides, food products, and poultry preparations. During
October 1947, the union and the company met several
times to negotiate a contract, but failed to reach agree
ment on the check-off provision and a proposed wage in
crease. On October 31, 1947, a strike was called. The
trial examiner and the Board found that the strike in
its inception was economic, but that later it was con
verted into an “unfair labor practice” strike. It was
conceded that the union had not complied with the nonCommunist affidavit provision of the LMRA.
A picket line was established during the strike, which
only those workers with cards signed by union officials
could cross. Nonstriking workers were kept from cross
ing the picket line by the pickets, who marched closely
together in a circle “breast to back.” Workers trying
to enter the plant were “elbowed”, therefore they re
treated before any serious violence occurred. The trial
examiner had found, however, that in the above incident
no real physical attempt had been made to cross the
picket lines, but the court held that the picket line in
front of the gate was, at least partially, a threat of force.
The Board argued that the court should refuse review
and should enforce the NLRB order, because: (1) even
though the union had not complied with the act’s nonCommunist provisions at the time of the strike, it had
complied before the Board issued its order; (2), the
Board thought that the company had condoned the
pickets’ alleged wrongs by offering to reinstate all of
them and its complaints were, therefore, based on dis
criminatory grounds; and (3) although the Board found
some misconduct on the pickets’ part, the strike activi
ties considered as a whole were legitimate.
The court decided that (1) since the case had been
filed by the NLRB in the name of individuals and not
in the name of the union, and (2) since the company
was, at the time of the strike, under no obligation to
bargain collectively with the union because it had not
signed the non-Communist affidavits, the Board’s order
and the posted notices should exclude the union’s name.
The court found no condonation on the company’s part,
and pointed out that neither the trial examiner nor the
Board had in fact found that the company had condoned
the strikers’ activities. The court stated that although the
company had offered to rehire all the strikers, its offer
was good only if they submitted to a personal interview.
Its complaints were not discriminatory, therefore, since
presumably after the interviews (if they had been held)
not all of the strikers would have been reinstated.
Unlike the Board, the court found that the strikers’
activities on the picket lines were not permissible under
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313
the act, and that, therefore, they did not have to be rein
stated. It quoted from other cases to the effect that phys
ical violence would have occurred except for the non
strikers’ restraint. Deliveries to and from the plant, it
pointed out, had been impeded by the picket lin e; also, the
method of picketing was not proper since it was designed
not to publicize the facts of the dispute but rather to
exclude all nonstrikers by force. The court concluded by
quoting from the I n d i a n a D e s k Co. case 12: “To hold that
the striking employees in this case are entitled to be re
instated, some of them with back pay, is to put a premium
on their misconduct and to encourage like conduct on the
part of others.”
With one member dissenting
and one member not participating,1* the Board ruled that
a union violated section 8 (b) (1) (A) and 8 (b) (2) of
the LMRA when it requested the company to lower a union
member’s seniority standing for his failure to pay dues
on time.
The contract between the company and the union pro
vided that seniority would prevail and be broken only by
discharge, “voluntary quit,” or more than a 2-year lay-off.
It also provided that a seniority list would be posted at
the place of employment and that controversies over
standings on the list would be settled by tbe union. No
union-shop clause was included in the contract.
Under the union bylaws, a member who did not pay
dues covering a given month by the second of the following
month forfeited all his seniority rights. Frank Boston
delayed paying his June 1950 dues until July 5, 1950. On
July 15, 1950, the union requested (and the company com
plied) that Boston be reduced in seniority from “No. 18”
to No. 54.
As a result of this action, the employee
lost two assignments he otherwise would have had.
The union argued that the complaint should be dis
missed because of the proviso to section 8 (b) (1) (4) of
the LMRA under which labor organizations have the right
to prescribe their own rules and regulations with respect
to acquisition or retention of members. The Board held
this reasoning to be without merit since it was “not deal
ing in this case with the acquisition or retention of mem
bership.” The employee retained his membership both
before and after he was reduced in seniority, the Board
stated, and further, the proviso was not designed to apply
to a situation in which the union, by enforcing its bylaws,
caused the employer to discriminate against one of his
employees.
In another recent case the Board had noted that loss of
seniority, unless protected by a valid union-security agree
ment, constituted discrimination within the meaning of
section 8 (a) (3 ).14 According to the same section, Boston
had the absolute protected right under the act “to de
termine how he would handle his union affairs without
risking any impairment of his employment rights and
the union had no right at any time, whether Boston was
a member or not a member to make his employment status
to any degree conditioned upon the'phymgnt of dues with
out first obtaining proper authorization unde>section 9 ( e )
of the act.”
D i s c r i m i n a t io n B y U n ion .
314
D E C ISIO N S OF IN T E R E S T
Member Murdock, in his dissent, stressed the fact that
if Boston had resigned from the union, the union bylaws
would not have applied to him ; the union, therefore, was
not forcing the employer to do anything but keep his agree
ment with the union with respect to seniority of its mem
bers. (The majority of the Board said they were un
willing to make the “naive assumption” that if he had
resigned, he would have kept his seniority.) The dis
senting member added that the bylaws could apply only
to union members; if Boston did not like the union rules
he could try to get them changed or he could quit. Mem
ber Murdock concluded: “It seems to me that to find a
violation of the act in the circumstances of this case is to
engage in an unwarranted invasion of the internal affairs
of a labor organization—an invasion which I do not believe
is sanctioned, much less required, by the act.”
L o ck -o u t W h e n
U n ion
S trik es A gain st
One M em ber of
A United States Court of Appeals
sitting in Chicago, in reviewing an NLRB decision, h eld 11
that a strike by a union against one member of an em
ployer association could be viewed as a strike against
all members; consequently the other members although
not struck by the union, could lawfully lock their em
ployees out, or temporarily lay them off. The Board had
decided in the D a v i s F u r n i t u r e C o . ca se16 that a tem
porary lay-off of employees in such a situation was a vio
lation of the act. But, the Court of Appeals in Chicago
refused to follow the Board’s lead in this respect. It
pointed out, however, that a company in such circum
stances could not discharge its employees, since such a
discharge for union activities would be an unfair labor
practice in violation of section 8 (a) (3) of the LMRA.
In January 1949, an association of liquor dealers began
negotiations with a local union. By February of that
year, an impasse was reached over increasing the liquor
salesman’s commission, and by March, the union decided
to strike against “Old Rose,” a member company. By
April 11, 1950, when many salesmen had been locked
out or discharged by their companies, picket lines were
extended to other member companies.
The trial examiner found, and the Board agreed, that
the employees of “Old Rose” had been discharged in vio
lation of the act, and that the other employees had been
locked out or discharged, also in violation of the act. The
Board ordered the companies to cease and desist from dis
couraging union membership by locking out or discharg
ing their employees, and to make restitution to their em
ployees by a back-pay award.
The court, in accordance with the Board, held that if
the union could not agree with the association, it had the
right to try to negotiate with each company separately,
and had the right to strike against “Old Rose.” But, it
said, it then “becomes important to determine what re
taliatory measures were available to” the companies in
the association. The strike against one member, could
be “properly” viewed by the association as a strike against
all, the court thought, therefore: “It follows that they
had a right to counter the strike’s effectiveness by laying
off, suspending, or locking out their salesmen, who were
members of the striking union, and as to whom there was
E m p lo y e r A ssociation .
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TO L A B O R
MONTHLY LABOR
not then, in effect any collective bargaining agreement.”
The Court also stated that the association’s action was a
“corollary of the union’s right to strike.”
Although employers should be allowed to meet economic
pressure with economic pressure, the Court thought, em
ployers could not discharge their employees, since such
action would violate section 8 (a) (3) of the act. There
fore, it sent the case back to the Board to determine the
crucial facts as to whether these companies discharged
or merely laid off their employees.
Veterans’ Reemployment
A district court of the United States
decided 1T in favor of a veteran’s claim to statutory re
employment rights and continuing seniority credit. On
December 2, 1941, the veteran was employed as a ma
chinist and on February 19, 1942, he resigned to enter
military service. On March 14, 1942, he was inducted,
having meantime worked a few days (since February 19)
at a temporary job for a different employer. He made
timely application for reemployment after his honorable
discharge from the Armed Forces, and on February 4,
1946, was reemployed in the position he had left in Feb
ruary 1942.
On resigning that position, the veteran had been within
the first 6 months of his employment. The collectivebargaining agreement then in force provided that for the
first 6 months employees should be “temporary,” and
after 6 months of continuous employment, they acquired
seniority, on a date-of-hire basis. “Seniority” was defined
as “length of service.” When the veteran was reem
ployed the operative agreement differed only in calling
employees “temporary” for the first 30 calendar days of
their employment, which was to be considered a proba
tionary period.
A dispute arose as to the veteran’s seniority and this
action was brought. The employer claimed that the posi
tion left was temporary and that the purpose of leaving
it was not to perform military service. The position
taken by the union was that the veteran’s seniority should
date not from December 2, 1941, bu,t from February 4,
1946, the date of last hiring.
In resolving these issues in favor of the veteran, the
court decided that he met all conditions for statutory
reemployment rights. The position he left was thus held
to be other than “temporary” in the meaning of the stat
ute. He was also adjudicated to have left his position to
enter military service, though his entry was deferred and
he took temporary employment in the interval.
The court held that the veteran’s seniority rating must
date from December 2, 1941. It ordered that he be given
seniority credit for service as a machinist from Feb
ruary 19, 1942, the date he resigned his position, to the
date he was reinstated in it.
S e n io rity C redit.
Unemployment Insurance
C o a l M in e r s In e lig ib le i f T h e y L i m i t A v a il a b i l i t y to S -D a y
W eek.
The Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals held18
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR
ineligible for unemployment benefits coal miners who re
stricted their availability for work to 3 days a week when
the industry’s customary workweek was 5 days. The
restriction was due to a national union directive issued
upon expiration of the collective contract and failure to
reach agreement upon a new one. The mine owners re
fused to operate and shut down the mines. While other
miners were disqualified because of unemployment due
to a labor dispute, it was conceded that the claimants in
volved in this case had been unemployed because of lack
of work prior to the expiration of the contract.
Claimant Ineligible if Availability Limited to Illegal
Work. The Nebraska District Court h eld 1“ that one who
restricted his availability for work to illegal employment
was not eligible for unemployment compensation. The
claimant had earned wage credits in Nevada as a dealer
in a gambling club. Upon moving to California where
gambling is illegal he sought only work as “a dealer.”
Coverage of Seasonal Workers. The West Virginia
Supreme Court of Appeals held20 that the wages of sea
sonal workers who were not eligible for benefits were not
subject to the State unemployment compensation tax.
The eligibility provision did not exclude all seasonal
workers. Apparently it applied only on an individual
basis, as claims were filed, since it excluded from benefits
an individual who worked less than 100 days during his
base period in a seasonal industry, unless he had earned
not less than $100 in wages in some other covered em
ployment. The court relied on the rule that tax statutes
should be given a liberal construction in favor of the
taxpayer, and expressed doubt as to the constitutionality
of the seasonal provision if a different construction were
given on the tax side.
Employer Not Necessary P arty to Benefit Claim. The
New Jersey Supreme Court h eld 21 that it is not necessary
to due process, in assessing an unemployment-compensa
tion tax, that the employer shall have been a party to
the claims proceedings which resulted in benefits being
paid and charged to his account. An employer’s special
interest is in the measurement of the tax, and he cannot
complain of want of due process if he is afforded a full
hearing at some stage of the tax proceedings on the ques
tion of validity of the charges to his account for benefits
paid. The employer had been afforded opportunity for
such hearing when he was furnished a statement of the
benefit charges to his account.
Labor-Dispute Disqualification. The Alabama Court of
Appeals held 22 that employees of a cotton warehouse were
not disqualified for unemployment benefits when custom
ers of the warehouse had withheld their business in antici
pation of a walk-out at termination of the union contract.
Although a labor dispute existed, the claimants’ unem
ployment was not “directly due to” the dispute, since the
customers’ action intervened and became the direct cause
of the unemployment.
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315
Misrepresentation or Nondisclosure of a Material Fact.
The Michigan Circuit Court h eld 28 that a claimant who had
been paid benefits upon his certification that he was avail
able for and was seeking work, was not liable to repay
such benefits when upon appeal it was determined that
he had not been available for work and had not sought
work to the extent required by the statute. The question
to be determined was not whether the claimant satisfied
the availability and seeking-work requirements, but
whether his statement that in his opinion he did so was
a deliberate misrepresentation or nondisclosure of facts.
The legislature could not have intended, the Court held,
that a claimant run the risk that his understanding of
this highly controversial statutory language was not in
accordance with that of the administrative tribunals and
courts that pass on such cases.
1Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the
Solicitor.
The cases covered in this article represent a selection of the
significant decisions believed to be of special interest. No at
tempt has been made to reflect all recent judicial and adminis
trative developments in the field of labor law or to indicate the
effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which contraryresults may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions,
the existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the
courts to the issue presented.
2This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent de
cisions involving the Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portalto-Portal Act. It is not to be construed and may not be relied
upon as interpretation of these acts by the Administrator of the
Wage and Hour Division or any agency of the Department of
Labor.
* 62 Stat. 964 (1948) amended 63 Stat. 105 (1949), 28 U. S. C.
S 2201, 2202 (Supp. 1946). The Declaratory Judgments Act, in
section 2201, provides: “In case of actual controversy within
its jurisdiction, except with respect to Federal taxes, any court
of the United States, upon the filing of an appropriate pleading,
may declare the rights and other legal relations of any interested
party seeking such declaration, whether or not further relief is or
could be sought. Any such declaration shall have the force and
effect of a final judgment or decree and shall be reviewable as
such.”
4D o n n e l y v. M a v a r S h r i m p a n d O y s t e r C o . (C. A. 5, July 17
1951).
5J e f f e r s o n S t a n d a r d B r o a d c a s t i n g C o . (94 NLRB No. 227, June
26, 1951).
«90 NLRB 1614, 26 LRRM 1365.
»95 NLRB No. 27.
*F o r d M o t o r C o . ( C a n t o n F o r g e D i v i s i o n ) (95 NLRB No. 121,
Aug. 3, 1951).
8 N L R B v. H i g h l a n d P a r k M f g . C o ., 71 S. Ct. 758.
10 C . H a g e r a n d S o n s H i n g e M f g . C o ., 80 NLRB 163.
11 R a w l e i g h C o . v. N L R B (C. A. 7, July 9, 1951).
N L R B v. I n d i a n a D e s k C o ., 149 F. 2d 987, 16 LRRM 817.
18T e a m s t e r s , A F L (94 NLRB No. 214, June 26, 1951).
14F i r e s t o n e T i r e a n d R u b b e r C o ., 93 NLRB No. 161; 27 LRRM
1498.
15M o r a n d B r o s . B e v e r a g e C o . (C. A. 7, July 23, 1951).
1894 NLRB No. 52, May 3, 1951; See also Monthly Labor Re
view, July 1951, pp. 68-69.
17 U n i t e d
S ta te s
e x r e l. M il o ts k y v . B r o w n a n d B ig e lo w
C orp.
(D. Minn., June 28, 1951).
18 U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a t i o n C o m m i s s i o n v. T o m k o (Va.
Sup., June 18, 1951). Contra: E a g l e C h e r o k e e C o a l M i n i n g C o .
V. B a i r d (Kans. Dist., June 21, 1951).
18S m i t h v. C o r y (Neb. Dist., June 21, 1951).
20S t a t e v. C . H . M u s s e l m a n C o . (W. Va. Sup., March 28, 1950)..
21H o r s m a n D o l l s , I n c . v. U n e m p l o y m e n t C o m p e n s a t i o n C o m
m i s s i o n (N . J. Sup. Ct., June 25, 1951).
22G u l f A t l a n t i c W a r e h o u s e C o . v. B e n n e t t (Ala. Ct. App., March
20, 1951).
23T u r n e r v. A p p e a l B o a r d , (Mich. Cir., June 19, 1951).
Chronology of
Recent Labor Events
July 17, 1951
T h e Board of Directors of the International Air Line
Pilots Association (AFL) voted to remove David L.
Behncke (president for i20 years) with annual salary of
$15,000 as a pension for life, and elected Clarence R.
Sayen as his successor. (Source: New York Times, July
18,1951.)
1951). (Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 152, Aug.
7, 1951, p. 7701.)
On the same day, the Board issued a revised GWR
5 covering the remaining areas of the old regulation
and amended GWR 8 (see Chron. item for Feb. 15, 1951,
MLR April 1951) covering escalator clauses, to extend
the regulation pending further Board policy. (Source:
Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 152, Aug. 7, 1951, p. 7701.)
On August 8, the Board revised GWR 14 (see Chron.
item above) allowing bonus payments to new employees,
with certain limitations. (Source: Federal Register, vol.
16, No. 157, Aug. 14, 1951, p. 7987; for discussion, see
p. 302 of this issue.)
July 20
T h e WSB announced the appointment of an 8-member
tripartite Tool and Die Industry Study Committee, to
study manpower problems in the industry. ( Source:
WSB release 64, July 20,1951.)
July 23
T h e S ecretary
of L abor , in an address before the Retail
Clerks International Association (AFL) convention in
Washington, D. C., urged the unionization of approxi
mately 13 million white collar workers. (Source: U. S.
Dept, of Labor release, July 17,1951.)
T h e P resident submitted his midyear economic report
to Congress in accordance with the Employment Act of
1946. ( Source: Cong. Record, 82d Cong. vol. 97, No. 134,
July 23, 1951, p. 8817; for discussion, see p. 296 of this
issue.)
July 18
M a n l y F l e is c h m a n n , NPA administrator, was sworn
in as head of the Defense Production Administration
making him responsible for the policy-making duties
as well as the operating functions of defense production.
(Source: New York Times, July 24, 1951.)
T h e A dministrator of the Wage and Hour Division
of the U. S. Department of Labor established a minimum
hourly rate of 65 cents (formerly 40 cents) for the whole
saling, warehousing, and other distribution industries
engaged in commerce in Puerto Rico, effective August
27, 1951, under provisions of the Fair Labor Standards
Act. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 142, July
24, 1951, p. 7202.)
July 19
T h e W age S tabilization B oard adopted General Wage
Regulation 13 permitting approval of certain fringe bene
fits (paid vacations, holidays, call-in-pay, etc), without
regard to the 10 percent increase authorized under GWR 6
(see Chron. item for Feb. 15, 1951, MLR April 1951).
(Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 144, July 26, 1951,
p. 7328.)
On July 24, the Board adopted GWR 14 permitting the
continuation of bonus payments based on established
plans, without Board approval, but subject to certain
limitations. (Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 148,
Aug. 1,1951, p. 7509.)
On July 31, the Board adopted GWR 15 establishing
rules and procedures governing day-to-day administra
tion of piece and incentive rates, formerly covered in
GWR 5 (see Chron. item for Jan. 26, 1951, MLR March
316
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July 24
T h e United Steelworkers of America (CIO) and United
States Steel Corp. and subsidiaries completed plans pro
viding surgical benefits to approximately 715,000 em
ployees and dependents, effective August 1, 1951.
(Source: CIO News, July 30,1951.)
July 25
T h e Office of P rice S tabilization issued Ceiling Price
Regulation 55 establishing a method for calculating ceil
ing prices for sales of canned green peas of the 1951 and
later pack, effective August 20, 1951. ( Source: Federal
Register, vol. 16, No. 144, July 26, 1951, p. 7318.)
On July 30, CPR’s 56 through 66 were issued. CPR 56
establishes methods for calculating ceiling prices for sales
by processors of the 1951 and later packs of certain proc
essed fruits and berries, effective August 10, 1951. CPR
57 establishes ceiling prices for all sales of anti-freeze,
effective August 6,1951. CPR 58 establishes ceiling prices
for 14 major grades of reclaimed rubber, effective August
6, 1951. CPR 59 establishes ceiling prices for scrap tires,
CHRONOLOGY OF LABO R EVEN TS
317
tire parts, and scrap tubes, effective August 6, 1951.
CPR 60 fixes ceilings on the sale of metal castings, effective
September 1, 1951. CPR 61 provides a formula for com
puting ceiling prices for the export sale of specified com
modities, effective August 26, 1951. CPR 62 establishes
manufacturers’ ceiling prices for sales of new rubber
tires and tubes, effective August 1, 1951. CPR 63 out
lines ceilings on wholesale sales of stock lubricating oils,
industrial lubricating oils, waxes, and petrolatums, effec
tive August 6, 1951. OPR 64 establishes ceilings to the
supplying and servicing of tires, effective August 6, 1951.
CPR 65 establishes specific dollars-and-cents ceiling prices
for the sale of all canned salmon by canners, effective
August 8, 1951. CPR 66 covers all sales and deliveries
of asphalt and asphalt products, either by refiners, re
sellers, distributors, roofers or retailers, effective August
6, 1951. (Source: Federal Registers, vol. 16, No. 149,
Aug. 2,1951, pp. 7546, 7553, 7557, and 7560; No. 150, Aug. 3,
1951, pp. 7592, 7597, 7601, and 7604; and No. 151, Aug. 4,
1951, pp. 7666, 7668, and 7670; for discussion, see p. 303
of this issue.)
T h e P resident approved the Defense Production Act
Amendments of 1951, extending the Defense Production
Act of 1950 to June 30, 1952. The new law is designed
to ease credit restrictions, permit rent increases up to
20 percent over the June 1947 level, and to insure the same
percentage profit margins for wholesalers and retailers
as existed during the month prior to the Korean conflict.
(Source: Public Law 96, 82d Cong., approved July 31,
1951; for discussion see p. 299 of this issue.)
July 26
August 1
T h e P resident , in his first referral of a dispute to the
WSB (see Chron. item for Apr. 20, MLR June 1951) re
quested the Board to investigate and make recommenda
tions in the 1-month strike between the American Smelting
and Refining Co. of Garfield, Utah, and the United Steel
workers of America (CIO). (Source: White House re
lease, July 26, 1951, and New York Times, July 26, 1951.)
On July 28, the workers voted to return to work, pend
ing the Board’s report. (Source: WSB release, No. 71,
July 27, 1951, and New York Times, July 30, 1951.)
T h e Construction I ndustry S tabilization Com m ission
of the WSB (see Chron. item for May 15, MLR July 1951)
unanimously adopted Regulation No. 1 covering the pay
ment of wages and salaries, based on area rates, to em
ployees of the building and construction industry.
( Source: Federal Register, vol. 16, No. 149, Aug. 2, 1951,
p. 7565.)
July 30
T h e Connecticut S upreme Court, in the case of N o r w a l k ,
v. B o a r d o f E d u c a t i o n o f N o r w a l k ,
ruled that teachers cannot engage in a strike, since they
are agents of the government and serve the public.
(Source: The U. S. Law Week, vol. 20, No. 6, Aug. 7, 1951,
p. 2051.)
Teachers' A sso cia tio n
July 31
T h e P resident announced the creation of the Defense
Materials Procurement Agency with authority to pro
cure and increase the supply of critical and strategic ma
terials at home and abroad. (Source: White House re
lease, Aug. 1, 1951.)
August 2
T h e NLRB, in the case of F o r d M o t o r C o . ( C a n t o n F o r g e
D iv is io n , C a n to n , O h io ) a n d I n te r n a tio n a l B r o th e r h o o d
o f B l a c k s m i t h s , D r o p F o r g e r s , a n d H e l p e r s { A F L ) (see
Chron. item for July 11, 1951, MLR Aug. 1951),—its first
reversal of a decision—ruled that a contract in effect be
fore national union leaders filed non-Communist affidavits
constitutes a bar to an election sought by another union.
( Source: Labor Relations Reporter, vol. 28, No. 28, Aug.
6, 1951, LRRM p. 1371.)
August 7
July 27
T h e WSB announced an equal-treatment policy in proc
T h e N ational L abor R elations B oard, in the case of I n
t e r n a t i o n a l H a r v e s t e r C o.
and
F all C ities C a rp en ters D is
t r i c t Cou n cil, T h e U n ite d B r o th e r h o o d o f C a r p e n te r s a n d
J o in ers of A m erica
and
U n ited
essing labor dispute cases covering workers in unor
ganized ranks, independent unions, as well as CIO and
AFL affiliates. (Source: WSB release, Aug. 7, 1951.)
{ A F L ) ; I n t e r n a t i o n a l H a r v e s t e r C o.
E lec trica l
R a d io
&
M ach in e
W orkers
of
( I n d . ) , ruled that a union-security clause of a
contract was invalid because it required the payment of
assessments as well as dues and initiation fees as a condi
tion of continued employment. ( Source: Labor Relations
Reporter, vol. 28, No. 28, Aug. 6, 1951, LRRM p. 1337.)
August 11
A m erica
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T h e U nited S tates and Mexico formally agreed to begin
recruiting Mexican workers for temporary farm work
in this country (see Chron. item for July 12, 1951, MLR
Aug. 1951). (Source: New York Times, Aug. 11, 1951.)
Developments in
Industrial Relations
of an amendment to the Defense Pro
duction Act of 1950 which retains basic wage
controls until June 30, 1952, referral of the pro
tracted railroad wage-rules dispute back to the
White House by the National Mediation Board,
and termination of critical defense work stoppages
in the copper smelting and aluminum industries,
occurred in July and early August 1951. Discus
sion of a guaranteed annual wage for meat-pack
ing workers and an unemployment security fund
for electrical workers highlighted bargaining ne
gotiations in these industries.
The Wage Stabilization Board issued several
new general wage regulations, established a Na
tional Enforcement Commission to deal with vio
lators of the wage stabilization program, and
appointed committees to study wage problems in
the Northwest lumber and tool and die industries.
P assage
Significant Negotiations
Railroads. The protracted dispute over wages
and rules changes between the 3 independent
operating railroad Brotherhoods—Locomotive
Engineers, Locomotive Firemen and Enginemen,
and Railway Conductors—and the Nation’s major
railroads entered a new phase. The National
(Railway) Mediation Board, on July 24, an
nounced its decision to refer the controversy back
to the White House—only the trainmen having
reached a settlement.2 Although the railroads are
under Government control, the Firemen’s and
Enginemen’s Union announced on July 11 that it
planned to send strike ballots to its members.
Meat-yacking. A guaranteed $3,000 minimum an
nual wage for common laborers is the principal
demand in negotiations with major meat-packing
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
companies, according to an announcement by the
United Packinghouse Workers (CIO) on July 16.
Common laborers comprise about a third of ap
proximately 150,000 workers claimed by the union;
their annual average earnings, including increases
of 11 cents an hour recently approved by the WSB,
amount to $2,440, the union stated.2 Graduated
annual guarantees above the $3,000 will be re
quested for more skilled employees.
The proposed guarantees would be based on a
maximum 8-hour day, 40-hour week; overtime
pay, night differentials, and other premiums would
be payable in addition to the guarantees.
Currently, most meat-packing agreements pro
vide for weekly work (or pay) guarantees if
workers are called in and report for work at the
beginning of the workweek. These guarantees
range from 30 to 40 hours a week, but there is no
annual guarantee, although the unions have
sought it for the past few years. The George A.
Hormel Co. is the only meat-packing firm known
to provide an annual wage guarantee.
Electrical Products. As part of its bargaining
program for some 70,000 workers in 41 General
Electric plants, the Electrical, Radio and Machine
Workers (CIO), on July 18, requested the com
pany to establish an unemployment security fund
to protect workers against temporary lay-offs
caused by material shortages or retooling for de
fense production. The program also calls for a
5-cent hourly productivity wage increase, an esca
lator clause providing for quarterly wage adjust
ments, company assumption of the full cost of
employees’ pensions, and a union shop. The com
pany has offered to renew the current agreement
for a 5-year term with minor changes while the
union is seeking a 1-year contract extension.
Strikes are barred under the present contract,
which expires September 15.
Agreement on a 5-year contract covering some
16,000 workers was reached between the Electric
Auto-Lite Co. and the United Automobile Work
ers (CIO). I t provides for a 13-cent hourly wage
increase made up of a 9-cent cost-of-living adjust
ment under an escalator clause and 4 cents under
an “annual improvement” productivity clause.
Both clauses are similar to those included in the
agreements reached by the union with the Gen
eral Motors Corp. and other auto firms. Further
DEVELOPM ENTS
IN
productivity increases of 4 cents will be made on
June 1 of each year the contract is in effect. The
contract also includes revisions in present insur
ance, holiday, and vacation benefits.
The United Electrical, Radio and Machine
Workers (Ind.) accepted an offer of a 9-cent
hourly wage raise for some 16,000 Westinghouse
Electric Corp. workers.3 The union had sought a
32-cent hourly increase. This is the same 9-cent
offer of this company which was accepted by other
major electrical workers unions during June.2
Shipping. The National Maritime Union (CIO)
and the Collier Owners Association reached an
agreement on July 11, providing for an 8-percent
wage increase, a one-step transition from the cur
rent 48-hour workweek to a basic 40-hour schedule,
and industrywide vacations. These provisions
match those won by the union under pattern-set
ting agreements concluded in late June and early
July with dry-cargo and oil-tanker ship opera
tors.4
On the West Coast, the Marine Firemen, Oilers,
Watertenders and Wipers Union (Ind.) and the
Pacific Maritime Association concluded a settle
ment on July 3, covering approximately 6,000
workers, and providing for monthly wage in
creases ranging from $18.50 to $30, retroactive to
June 16.3 As in the NMU contracts, the current
settlement also provides for the establishment of
a basic 40-hour workweek.
Steel. Completion of plans providing surgical
benefits and covering approximately 715,000 work
ers and dependents was announced by the United
Steelworkers of America (CIO) and the United
States Steel Corp. and its subsidiaries. The agree
ment is to become effective August 1 and provides
Blue Shield benefits—the first to be set up by the
participating plans on a national basis.
Strikes and Strike Settlements
Copper Smelting. The Wage Stabilization Board
was presented with its first labor dispute on July
26 when the President requested the Board to in
vestigate the issues and recommend a settlement
in the month-old strike by the United Steelwork
ers of America (CIO) at the Garfield, Utah, plant
of the American Smelting & Refining Co. The
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IN D U ST R IA L
R E LA TIO N S
319
President stated that the strike “substantially
threatens the progress of national defense.” On
July 28, union members voted to return to work
in compliance with a request of the WSB, pend
ing review of the dispute by a special Board panel.
The Garfield plant, which smelts about a third
of the Nation’s copper, was shut down July 2 by
a strike of some 1,300 workers after a deadlock in
contract negotiations followed expiration of their
contract on June 30.
Union demands originally included a general
wage increase of 25 cents an hour, a job evaluation
program, a noncontributory pension plan with a
guaranteed $125 monthly minimum, a union
shop, and improved social services. In recent ne
gotiations, the union proposed a 28%-cent “pack
age” in contrast to the company’s 11 cent offer.
Farm Equipment. A walk-out of approximately
22,000 production employees at the Caterpillar
Tractor Co., in Peoria, 111., began on July 30, in
a dispute over wages. The United Automobile
Workers of America (CIO), representing the
workers, is seeking a wage increase of 28 cents an
hour whereas increases ranging from 7 to 10 cents
an hour were offered by the company.
Aluminum. Members of the United Automobile
Workers (CIO) on July 30 ratified an agreement
ending the 7-week strike at the Cleveland, Ohio,
plant of the Aluminum Co. of America. The
strike began on June 11 with a walk-out of 2,400
workers and was described by defense officials as
the most critical dispute in the defense mobiliza
tion program. I t severely curtailed production
of aircraft and tank engines for the armed
services.
Negotiations began in December 1950 when the
contract was reopened for wage negotiations.
During subsequent discussions the issues in dis
pute were narrowed to differences over the effec
tive date of a 3-cent hourly wage increase.
Automobiles. Labor unrest in the automobile in
dustry, aggravated in recent months by mass lay
offs due to production cutbacks, was reflected in a
series of short, sporadic work stoppages involving
substantial numbers of workers at the Hudson,
Chrysler, and Ford motor companies.
Approximately 10,000 employees of the Hudson
Motor Car Co. have been idled for partial days
320
DEVELOPM ENTS
IN
IN D U ST R IA L
since mid-June in a dispute over production-line
standards. This “strike-lock-out” dispute took a
new turn on July 25 when most of the day force
remained away from work for a full shift. The
membership of Local 154, United Automobile
Workers (CIO), had voted on July 24 to stay
away from work alleging that a lock-out existed.
At the end of July the workers were still idle.
At Chrysler, thousands of employees were made
idle on several different occasions in a series of
brief, unauthorized work stoppages, also over al
leged “speed-up” of production.
A brief “wildcat” strike at a vital Ford parts
plant in Monroe, Mich., temporarily threatened
the company’s entire national operations. Some
2,000 employees were involved in the dispute over
a worker’s disciplinary lay-off.
Steel. The Aliquippa works of the Jones &
Laughlin Steel Corp. at Pittsburgh, Pa., were shut
down July 19-23, by an unauthorized strike in
volving some 12,000 workers. The strike followed
the dismissal of a worker for alleged sleeping on
the job, and terminated when the strikers, mem
bers of the United Steelworkers of America
(CIO), agreed to process the dispute through es
tablished contract grievance procedures.
Furriers. A 19-day strike of approximately 8,000
fur workers in New York ended July 13 when the
Furriers’ Joint Council, an affiliate of the inde
pendent Fur and Leather Workers’ Union,
reached a 4-year agreement with the Associated
Fur Manufacturers. It provides for increases in
wages and vacation benefits, and a reduction in the
workweek for some employees.8
C'ommunications. A strike involving some 9,000
telephone workers employed at Northern Cali
fornia and Nevada facilities of the Pacific Tele
phone & Telegraph Co., began on July 20. It
spread, several days later, to approximately 5,000
additional employees of the company’s Oregon
facilities. The Communications Workers of
America (CIO) proposed new contract provisions
which included a 10-percent wage increase, a re
duction in the wage progression schedule from a
maximum of 7y2 to 5 years, elimination of area
differentials, and other benefits. Agreements
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
R E LA TIO N S
MONTHLY LABOR
ending the stoppage were reached on July 29, but
details of the settlement were not immediately
available.
Controls and WSB Actions
Defense Production Act. Basic wage controls
were retained virtually intact in the 1951 amend
ments to the Defense Production Act of 1950
signed by the President on July 31. The law will
permit some price increases. The United Labor
Policy Committee backed the President in imme
diately condemning the new act. (For further
discussion, see p. 299 of this issue.)
Wage Stabilization Board Actions. The Board
issued several new regulations during the month.
They affect certain “fringe” benefits, bonuses, and
merit increases. Additional regulatory action
was taken.
On July 19, it adopted General Wage Regula
tion No. 13 which permits employers to grant
increases in specified “fringe” benefits, such as paid
vacations and holidays, premium pay for certain
days and hours of work, shift differentials, call-in
pay, up to the limits of prevailing area or industry
practices.
Automatic approval to customary nonproduc
tion bonus practices, subject to defined limitations,
was granted in GWR No. 14, adopted on July 24.
Board regulations relating to individual wage
adjustments, such as merit and length of service
increases, and to changes in incentive and piece
rates were revised on July 31. The Board’s action
was to revise GWR No. 5 (issued February 12,
1951) and to issue a new regulation, GWR No. 15.
A resolution adopted by the Board on July 19
provides that it will defer action on any applica
tion for adjustment in wages, salaries, or other
compensation when the National Labor Relations
Board or a similar State agency has ordered or
scheduled a representation election.
A regulation covering the compensation of some
2y2 million building and construction workers,
based on area rates, was issued on July 26 by the
Construction Industry Stabilization Commission.
Construction Regulation No. 1 permits a contrac
tor, without further approval, to pay the area rates
to be established by the Commission for the appro
priate job classifications. Pending the official
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
DEVELOPM ENTS
IN
publication of the area rates, employers are au
thorized to determine applicable job rate sched
ules in accordance with one of three methods.
The regulation also prohibits any increase in
wages above the rates in effect in an area on July
26, unless specifically authorized by the Commis
sion. Most of these orders are discussed in greater
detail on page 302 of this issue.
Board approval was given on July 10 to a 10-per
cent wage increase recently negotiated by the
Communications Workers of America (CIO) for
some 150,000 workers employed in eight companies
of the Bell Telephone System. Since the em
ployees had already received a 2-percent adjust
ment in June 1950, making a combined total of 12
percent, the Board’s approval was necessary for
the amount in excess of the 10 percent “catch-up”
formula.
The Salary Stabilization Board incorporated
all provisions of General Wage Regulations apapplicable to salaried employees. In addition, a
special SSB “stock option” panel is to study the
question of stock option purchases by company
officers and employees.
Administrative Actions. The WSB, on July 3,
appointed a tripartite committee composed of six
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
IN D U ST R IA L
R E LA TIO N S
321
of its members, to study the application of wagestabilization policies to any special problems ex
isting in the Northwest lumber industry. The
committee will consider, also, the advisability of
establishing a special lumber commission.
A Tool and Die Industry Study Committee was
appointed on July 20, with instructions to inves
tigate the special manpower problems in the
industry.
Establishment of a National Enforcement Com
mission to deal with reported violations of WSB
regulations was announced on July 23. Employ
ers found to have willfully violated wage-stabili
zation regulations will be subject to a wide range
of civil or criminal penalties, or both. Investiga
tions of reported violations are currently in prog
ress in the tool and die, shipbuilding, construction,
and other industries.5
1Prepared in the Division of Industrial Relations.
2See Monthly Labor Review, July 1951 ( pp. 74-5).
3Subject to approval by the WSB.
4See Monthly Labor Review, August 1951 (p. 192).
6 Personnel appointments: Benjamin Aaron, formerly execu
tive director of the National War Labor Board in World War II,
was named by President Truman as a public member of the
Board to succeed Vice Chairman Clark Kerr, who resigned re
cently. Nathan Feinsinger, a public member of the Board, was
named the new vice chairman.
Publications
of Labor Interest
E ditor ' s N ote .—Correspondence regarding publications to
which reference is made in this list should be addressed to
the respective publishing agencies mentioned. Data on
prices, if readily available, are shown with the title entries.
Special Reviews
T he L a b o r P ro b lem
in th e P u b lic S e rv ic e : A
S tu d y in
Political Pluralism. By Morton Robert Godine.
Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1951.
305 pp., bibliography. (Harvard Political Studies.)
$5.
In this thoughtful book, Mr. Godine examines the new
problems which have arisen as a result of the large in
crease in the proportion of the Nation’s working force
employed by the Government. He poses the problem by a
quotation from Blackstone’s Commentaries (Philadelphia,
1771, I, p. 160) : “Does an acceptance of the notion that
an ‘absolute despotic power . . . must in all governments
reside somewhere,’ inherently preclude the possibility of
responsible collective negotiation between the state and
its employees?”
Most of the legislation which has been passed to pro
tect rights of employees has specifically excluded Govern
ment employees. The National Labor Relations Act, for
instance, delineates certain employee rights and creates
the means for protecting these rights for a large portion
of our work force. But specifically exempted from cov
erage as employers are
. . the United States, or any
wholly owned Government corporation, or any Federal
,Reserve Bank, or any State or political subdivision
thereof.” In some cases, however, although Government
workers are not specifically protected, certain govern
mental agencies have arranged for staff representation
in the determination of personnel programs. The Tennes
see Valley Authority exemplifies this practice.
Under most of the relevant legislation, Government
workers of all types are specifically prohibited from strik
ing. Legal or not, however, there have been many cases
in which such prohibitions have been ignored, especially
at local levels.
In the author’s view, Government workers want not
only good wages and conditions of work, but a voice in
their determination. Even where their wages and work
ing conditions are as good or better than those of com
parable workers in private industry, they desire a sense
of participation in the determination of issues which af
fect them so seriously.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
The thesis is frequently voiced that the Government,
as a model employer, raises the standards of wages and
working conditions for private employees. Mr. Godine
finds that this generalization does not bear factual scru
tiny. Nor is it found that Government employees have
the measure of tenure which is generally supposed. For
instance, in the Federal employment alone there were
more than 100,000 discharges for cause in 1946.
The book contains an excellent discussion of the ad
vantages and disadvantages to public-service unions of
affiliation with central federations. The author finds
that no valid question of divided loyalty arises out of
such affiliation: “. . . the plurality of allegiance exists
irrespective of affiliation, for the civil servant is both
a citizen and an employee as well as a member of vari
ous other social groups.”
The political activities of Government employees’
unions are reviewed, with special reference to those of
the United Federal Workers of America, later to become
the United Public Workers of America. Attention is
called to some interesting changes in political line by
that union, which was subsequently to be purged from the
CIO because of Communist domination.
The author does not find that the introduction of col
lective bargaining in such agencies as the TVA has com
promised the proper discharge by administration officials
of their respective responsibilities. This would seem to
lend support to his thesis that such bargaining may
properly be encouraged.
Mr. Godine concludes his study with a program for
“collective negotiation” which he believes will meet the
needs of public employees while retaining governmental
authority in its proper place. This negotiation would
require that the unions be given some measure of status.
He suggests experimentation within a wide range of prac
tical schemes in order to find a solution to the question of
representation, somewhere between simple majority rep
resentation for one union and “the present practice of
according equal recognition to all groups of organized as
well as unorganized employees.” With respect to com
pensation, he calls for some measure of administrative
discretion in establishing pay rates. Terms of employ
ment other than those concerning wages and grievance
procedures, he suggests, should conform to the procedures
recommended by most modern personnel practitioners.
—Morkis Weisz.
By Bruce D. Mudgett. New York, John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1951. 135 pp., bibliography.
(Wiley Publications in Statistics.) $3.
An objective appraisal of the methods used by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics in construction of its Whole
sale and Consumers’ Price Indexes is welcomed by the
Bureau of Labor Statistics at any time. This is par
ticularly true currently, when wages of millions of work
ers are directly tied to the Consumers’ Price Index through
collective-bargaining agreements; when wages of many
millions of other workers are indirectly dependent upon
In d ex N um bers.
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
it through the wage stabilization program; and when
many millions of dollars worth of defense contracts are
settled on the basis of the BLS Wholesale Price Index.
This book by Professor Mudgett of the University of Min
nesota should, therefore, prove helpful not only to the
Bureau’s staff but also to the various consumers of its
data.
As the author indicates, the book does not cover all as
pects of index-number construction. It deals primarily
with “the problem of accuracy only as it concerns methods
of combining given data into an index number—it takes
quality of this given data for granted.” It is concerned
only with the question of weighting and does not deal with
the method of collecting price or quantity data needed in
the construction of an index. With this limited objective
in mind, it is clearly written. The treatment is nonmathematical. The ideas are well formulated and pre
sented.
The author’s principal thesis is that weighting must be
so introduced that each price is weighted by quantity
which is a reflection of the actual market situation.
Simply stated, he argues for maintaining the weights on
a current basis. Although it is not explicitly said, it can
be inferred from the author’s arguments that he would
recommend annual revision of weights. The actual argu
ment presented, however, would lead one to believe that
more accurate indexes would be obtained if the weights
were changed monthly, and, pursuing this argument to its
logical conclusion, the most accurate weights would reflect
the market situation at each instant of time. With an
nual revision of weights as recommended by Professor
Mudgett, the resulting index for a number of years would,
of course, be of a chain type. It is obvious to the
reviewer, as to the author, that weights which are 15 and
20 years old may lead to some inaccuracies. However, it
is not clear to the reviewer that, with the limited resources
usually available for collection of price and quantity data,
annual weight revisions would produce optimum results.
Faulty methods in pricing and specification may lead to
more serious errors than those of weighting. One has to
achieve a balance, therefore, between more frequent re
vision in weights and improved methods of specification
and pricing of items used in the construction of price
indexes. The frequency of weight revisions should be de
pendent on major changes in consumption habits of the
country.
The last three chapters will be particularly helpful to
those interested in the BLS Wholesale and Consumers’
Price Indexes. These chapters contain a brief history of
the two indexes and their evaluation and limitation from
the point of view of weighting only.
— S a m uel W e is s .
Benefit Plans
Nineteen Employee-Benefit Plans in the Airframe Indus
try. By Abe Friedson and Joseph Zisman. Washing
ton, Federal Security Agency, Social Security Admin
istration, 1951. 63 pp.; processed. (Bureau Memo
randum No. 71.)
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323
A Review of Welfare Funds in the New York City Build
ing Trades as of January 1, 1950. New York, Build
ing Trades Employers’ Association, 1951. 151 pp.
Chronology of the UMWA Welfare and Retirement Fund,
Covering the Period Between 191f5 and April 26, 1951.
Washington, United Mine Workers of America, Wel
fare and Retirement Fund, 1951. 31 pp. Free.
Presents 160 chronological entries showing details of
negotiations by the United Mine Workers for establish
ment of their welfare program. Many of the entries per
tain to union relations with management, bargaining,
work stoppages, court actions, and other subjects which
set the Welfare and Retirement Fund in a larger per
spective than the title indicates.
Cooperative Movement
Credit for the Millions: The Story of Credit Unions. By
Richard Y. Giles. New York, Harper & Brothers,
1951. 208 pp., bibliography, illus. $2.50.
Tells how credit unions work, how they have developed
(with specific examples), and describes the Credit Union
National Association (educational body) and CUNA Mu
tual Insurance Society.
The Poor Man’s Prayer: The Story of Credit Union Be
ginnings. By George Boyle. New York, Harper &
Brothers, 1951. 207 pp. $2.50.
The story of Alphonse Desjardins, the French Canadian
who helped to found the first cooperative credit organiza
tion in Quebec, and was the father of credit unions in the
new world.
Cooperative Credit in Saskatchewan. By Jean Larmour
and G. P. Boucher. [Regina], Saskatchewan Depart
ment of Cooperation and Cooperative Development,
1951. 105 pp., charts; processed.
Part I gives data on farm income, indebtedness, and
credit agencies, and an appraisal of credit needs and
facilities by residents of the Province. Part II sum
marizes the development of cooperative credit in Sas
katchewan, gives statistics for a selected group of credit
unions, discusses their finance, management, and educa
tional policies, and sketches the history and operations
of the central cooperative credit organization of the
Province. Part III covers, in brief form, cooperative
credit experience elsewhere.
Frozen Food Locker Cooperatives in Illinois, 19^9. By
L. B. Mann and Paul C. Wilkins. Washington, U. S.
Department of Agriculture, Farm Credit Administra
tion, Cooperative Research and Service Division, 1951.
29 pp., charts; processed. (Department of Agricul
ture Miscellaneous Report No. 148.)
Analyzes operating results (income, expenses, earnings,
and losses) and labor and management efliciency, and
points out the major factors affecting savings.
324
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Education and Guidance
Helping Youth Choose Careers. By J. Anthony Hum
phreys. Chicago, Science Research Associates, 1951.
49 pp., chart, illus. 40 cents.
Methods of Vocational Guidance. By Gertrude Forrester.
Boston, D. C. Heath and Co., 1951. 463 pp., bibli
ographies. $4.25.
Presents specific methods of helping youth make con
structive and realistic vocational plans by establishing
the habit of thinking about and investigating occupations
and by applying their acquired knowledge to solution of
their occupational problems. Detailed descriptions of
methods, outlines of projects, concrete suggestions for
adapting methods, and abundant citation of source ma
terials provide guides for establishing, as well as ex
panding, effective guidance programs.
1951 Directory of Vocational Counseling Services. St.
Louis, National Vocational Guidance Association,
Ethical Practices Committee (Box 64, Washington
University, St. Louis 5), 1951. 125 pp. $1.
A Guide to Audio-Visual Materials in Manpower and
Industrial and Labor Relations. By J. J. Jehring.
Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell University, New York State
School of Industrial and Labor Relations, April 1951.
47 pp.; processed.
List of films, film-strips, and recordings used by manage
ment, unions, and educators.
Employment and Unemployment
California Employment and Payrolls in 1947 and 1948.
Sacramento, Department of Employment, [1951].
126 pp. (Report 127, Nos. 10 and 11.)
Report on workers and wages covered by California
unemployment insurance act, classified by industry and
by county.
Measures
oped
ment
A brief
for the Economic Development of Under-Devel
Countries. New York, United Nations, Depart
of Economic Affairs, 1951. 108 pp.
discussion of unemployment is included.
Housing
Housing Research: Capsule Descriptions of Projects
Started Under Contract in 1950. Washington, U. S.
Housing and Home Finance Agency, Office of the Ad
ministrator, Division of Housing Research, 1951.
66 pp.
Describes HHFA research program to assist in provid
ing better, less expensive homes for the American people.
Housing Today: K ey to Chicago’s Tomorroio. Chicago,
Chicago Housing Authority, 1951. 41 pp., appendix
tables, map, charts.
Annual report of Chicago Housing Authority, 1949-50.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
Rebuilding a City: A Study of Redevelopment Problems
in Los Angeles. By Robert E. Alexander and Dray
ton S. Bryant. Los Angeles, Haynes Foundation,
1951. 67 pp., bibliography, maps, plan, illus. $1.
A Plan to Improve Neighborhoods. St. Louis, Mo.
(Municipal Courts Building), Housing Survey Project
of the City of St. Louis, [1951]. 6 pp.
Covers the purpose, procedure, and aims of the St.
Louis program.
Negro Housing in the Miami Area: Effects of the Postwar
Building Boom. By Reinhold P. Wolff and David K.
Gillogly. Miami, Fla., University of Miami, Bureau
of Business and Economic Research, 1951. 22 pp.,
map, chart, illus. (Area Development Series, No. 1.)
Workers’ Housing Programs in Asian Countries. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, April 1951, pp.
390-401. 50 cents. Distributed in United States by
Washington Branch of ILO.)
Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention
Annual Industrial Accident Cost in Illinois—An Estimate.
Chicago, Illinois Department of Labor, Division of
Statistics and Research, 1951. 20 pp.; processed.
Based chiefly on 1949 data.
Why Men Were Killed at Pennsylvania Anthracite Mines
in 1950. By J. J. Forbes and H. F. Weaver. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Mines, 1951. 13 pp.; processed. (Information Cir
cular No. 7609.)
Analysis of Haulage Fatalities in Bituminous-Coal Mines
in 1950. By M. J. Ankeny and D. S. Kingery. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of
Mines, 1951. 28 pp.; processed. (Information Cir
cular No. 7604.)
Disabling Work Injuries Resulting From Motor Vehicle
Accidents, California, 1950. San Francisco, Depart
ment of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor Sta
tistics and Research, 1951. 6 pp., charts; processed.
Looking Over a Mechanized Foundry. By F. B. Skeates.
(In National Safety News, National Safety Council,
Chicago, June 1951, pp. 20-23, illus. 55 cents.)
Consists mainly of a series of illustrations, with cap
tions, showing modernized equipment which promotes
safety and lightens heavy operations.
Use Hammers the Safe Way. Washington, U. S. Depart
ment of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, 1951.
13 pp., illus. (Bull. No. 127.) 5 cents, Superintendent
of Documents, Washington.
Unions, Management, and Industrial Safety. By Jack
Strickland. Urbana, University of Illinois, Institute
of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1951. 25 pp.,
bibliography, charts. (Bull. Series, Vol. 5, No. 2.)
Single copies free to residents of Illinois, 10 cents to
others.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Eyes in Industry: A Comprehensive Booh on Eyesight
W ritten for Industrial Workers. By Dorothy Adams
Campbell, W. J. B. Riddell, Sir Arthur Salusbury
MacNalty. New York, Longmans, Green and Co.,
1951. 234 pp., illus. $6.50.
Concerns English experience with eye hazards in in
dustry and agriculture and their prevention, occupa
tional eye injuries and diseases, and first-aid treatment.
Programs for better vision in industry, including methods
of protection, are presented.
Industrial Health
Industrial Health and Medical Programs. By Margaret
C. Klem, Margaret F. McKiever, Walter J. Lear, M.D.
Washington, Federal Security Agency, Public Health
Service, Division of Industrial Hygiene, 1950. 397
pp., bibliography, map, charts, plans. (Public Health
Service Publication No. 15.) $1, Superintendent of
Documents, Washington.
Comprehensive source book of basic material which in
cludes data on morbidity and mortality, industrial hazards
and their control, absenteeism, prepaid medical-care pro
grams, and over-all government programs (including sick
ness insurance).
New Developments in Industrial Health. By Allan D.
Brandt and Lester M. Petrie, M.D. {In American
Industrial Hygiene Association Quarterly, Chicago,
June 1951, pp. 64^70. 75 cents.)
Sources of Morbidity and M ortality Material in Industrial
Health. By Victoria M. Trasko. {In Public Health
Reports, Federal Security Agency, Public Health
Service, Washington, June 8, 1951, pp. 732-739, bibli
ography. 15 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.)
Effects of Employment on the Course of Heart Disease.
{In A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Oc
cupational Medicine, Chicago, April 1951, pp. 367-374.
$ 1.)
Symposium on the Treatment of Chronic Beryllium
Poisoning with ACTH and Cortisone. By Joseph M.
De Nardi, M.D., and others. {In A.M.A. Archives
of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine,
Chicago, 111., June 1951, pp. 543-630, charts, illus.
$ 1.)
Assembles medical experience in search of effective
treatment of this toxic industrial disease. Includes re
ports on individual workers who had been exposed to
beryllium hazards in fluorescent lamp manufacturing or
other specified industries or processes.
Secondary Radiation Lim its in Photofluorography. By
Willard W. Van Allen. {In Public Health Reports,
Federal Security Agency, Public Health Service,
Washington, June 1, 1951, pp. 712-716, diagrams.
15 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Recommends reduction of radiation to the lowest prac
ticable tolerance dosages for maximum protection of per
sonnel engaged in X-ray surveys.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
325
Report on Industrial Hygiene in the Western Zone of
Germany. By Irving R. Tabershaw, M.D. {In
A.M.A. Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupa
tional Medicine, Chicago, March 1951, pp. 298-315.
$1 ).
The Social Consequences of Pneumoconiosis Among Coal
Miners in South Wales. By P. Hugh-Jones and C. M.
Fletcher. London, Medical Research Council, 1951.
54 pp., bibliography, map, charts. (Memorandum
No. 25.) Is. 9d. net, H. M. Stationery Office, London.
Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning in Shale Oil Industry,
[Sweden]. By Gunnar Ahlborg, M.D. {In A.M.A.
Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Occupational
Medicine, Chicago, March 1951, pp. 247-266, charts.
$
1. )
Industrial Relations
A Comparison of Management-Labor A ttitudes Toward
Grievance Procedures. By C. H. Lawshe and R. M.
Guion. {In Personnel Psychology, Washington,
Spring 1951, pp. 3-17. $2.)
Plant Labor-Management Committees. Washington, Bu
reau of National Affairs, Inc., 1951. 13 pp. (Per
sonnel Policies Forum, Survey No. 4.) $1.
The Supreme Court as Protector of Civil Rights: Freedom
of Expression. By David Fellman. {In The Annals,
American Academy of Political and Social Science,
Philadelphia, Vol. 275, May 1951, pp. 61-74. $2 to
nonmembers, $1 to members, of Academy.)
Leading cases interpreting the application of the First
Amendment to the Constitution are discussed. The cases
include several labor-management issues, such as appli
cability of the National Labor Relations, Sherman,
and Fair Labor Standards Acts to publishers and press
associations and right of union officials to organize work
ers into unions without a license.
Civil Rights in Labor-Management Relations: A Manage
ment Viewpoint, by Philip B. Willauer; A Labor
Viewpoint, by Arthur J. Goldberg. {In The Annals,
American Academy of Political and Social Science,
Philadelphia, Vol. 275, May 1951, pp. 140-147; 148154. $2 to nonmembers, $1 to members, of Academy.)
Mr. Willauer stresses the evolution of rights of the in
dividual—both employee and employer—in labor-manage
ment relations and makes some proposals for establishing
conditions for the success of collective bargaining. He
shows the evolutionary position of the rights of manage
ment, and calls for administrative maturity in dealing
with mature management and mature unions as a requi
site for successful relationships.
Mr. Goldberg bases his case on the ideas that “the ex
pansion of governmental action within the economic field
is an expression of a broadening rather than a narrow
ing conception of civil rights,” and that it is “a basic
truth that the liberty of the individual is best secured
by the practice of collective action.” He examines pro-
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
326
visions of the Taft-Hartley Act from this point of view,
and concludes that organized labor’s opposition to the
Labor Management Relations Act is justified.
Industrial Democracy at Work: A Factual Survey. By
W. Robson Brown and N. A. Howell-Everson. Lon
don, Sir Isaac Pittman & Sons, Ltd., 1950. 104 pp.
Based on 600 replies to 1,500 questionnaires and on
investigators’ visits to 130 of the establishments that
replied, this survey reports the findings of a “completely
impartial and objective investigation” of British man
agement-labor relations in mid-1949. A section dealing
with joint consultation quotes opinions from management,
workers, and a few local union officials. The consensus
favors an entirely voluntary and spontaneous process,
without centralized direction or guidance. A copy of
the questionnaire, with definitions of labor-management
practices and instructions for completing the questions,
is given in an appendix.
Works Councils in Germany. By Paul Fisher. Frank
furt, Office of the United States High Commissioner
for Germany, Office of Labor Affairs, 1951. 43 pp. ;
processed. (Visiting Expert Series, No. 18.)
Foundation of Labor—The Netherlands Builds a New
Road to Industrial Peace Through Voluntary Co
operation. The Hague, [Foundation of Labor, 1950?].
32 pp., chart, illus.
Industrial Relations in Sweden—Some Comparisons with
American Experience. By Charles A. Myers. Cam
bridge, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1951.
112 pp. $2.
This book, by a professor of industrial relations at
MIT, is a byproduct of the Exchange of Persons Pro
gram financed under the Smith-Mundt Act, and is avail
able in both English and Swedish. According to Pro
fessor Myers, American employers and unions have much
to learn about collective bargaining from the Swedes,
who have been practicing it in a more mature or re
strained fashion, for a longer time, than have most
American industries. In his research he discovered that
the Swedish enterprise councils have not yet gone as far
in discussing production problems as have a few unionmanagement cooperation bodies in the United States;
that the personnel function is relatively new in Swedish
management, which has drawn on American experience in
developing it ; that company housing and welfare plans in
Sweden are more elaborate than those in America. The
detailed comparisons on these and other points should
stimulate lively discussions, both here and abroad.
Labor Legislation
The Impact of the Taft-H artley Act on the Building and
Construction Industry. (In Yale Law Journal, New
Haven, Conn., April 1951, pp. 673-695.)
Judicial Review: “Substantial Evidence on the Whole
Record.” By Louis L. Jaffe. (In Harvard Law Re
view, Cambridge, Mass., June 1951, pp. 1233-1261.
$1.)
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
A consideration of judicial control over administrative
determinations, as affected by the National Labor Rela
tions Act, the Administrative Procedure Act, and the
Labor Management Relations Act.
Labor Law and Agency: The L iability of a Union for
“ W ildcat ” Strikes. By Lorene Joergensen. (In
Cornell Law Quarterly, Ithaca, N. Y., Summer 1951,
pp. 752-761.)
Fair Employment Practices Legislation. By Morroe Ber
ger. (In The Annals, American Academy of Political
and Social Science, Philadelphia, Vol. 275, May 1951,
pp. 34-40. $2.)
One-quarter of the Nation’s people, one-tenth of the non
white population, and more than two-thirds of the Jews
live in States or cities of the United States which have
enacted fair employment practices laws. In this article,
jurisdictions which have enacted such legislation are
listed, administrative techniques are analyzed, and, as
far as possible, results are evaluated. The author holds
that “these laws have undoubtedly reduced discrimina
tory practices” in employment.
Recent Trends in Occupational Disease Legislation. By
Louise K. Steiner. Urbana, University of Illinois,
Institute of Labor and Industrial Relations, 1951.
30 pp., map, charts. (Bull. Series, Vol. 5, No. 1.)
Single copies free to residents of Illinois, 10 cents to
others.
Medical Care and Sickness Insurance
Health Insurance Plans in the United States. Washing
ton, 1951. In 3 parts, 114,197,44 pp., charts. ( Senate
Report No. 359, 82d Cong., 1st sess.)
Part 3 is devoted to government activities in the field
of health services.
New Patterns in Industrial Health and Medical Care Pro
grams in California. By E. Richard Weinerman,,
M.D., and Herbert K. Abrams, M.D. (In American
Journal of Public Health and the Nation’s Health,
New York, June 1951, pp. 703-711. 70 cents.)
Includes recent trade-union experience in bargaining
for health provisions in agreements, with examples of
plans.
Small Plant Health Programs—A Bibliography. Com
piled by Walter J. Lear, M.D. Washington, Federal
Security Agency, Public Health Service, January
1951. 26 pp.; processed. (Public Health Bibliog
raphy Series, No. 3; Service Publication No. 80.)
Report of a Committee of Inquiry on Industrial Health
Services, [Great Britain]. London, 1951. 35 pp.
(Cmd. No. 8170.) Is. 3d. net, H. M. Stationery Of
fice, London.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
PUBLICATIONS f OF LABOR INTEREST
Insurance Against Temporary D isability: A Blueprint for
S tate Action. (In Yale Law Journal, New Haven,
Conn., April 1951, pp. 647-672.)
Insurance and Sickness Benefit Plans in Collective Bar
gaining. Princeton, N. J., Princeton University, In
dustrial Relations Section, July 1951. 4 pp. (Se
lected References, No. 40.) 20 cents.
The Operation of Sickness Benefit Plans in Collective
Bargaining. By Fred Slavick. Princeton, N. J.,
Princeton University, Industrial Relations Section,
1951. 109 pp. (Research Report Series, No. 84.)
$2.50.
Frequency of Sickness Among Railroad Employees, 194950. (In Monthly Review, U. S. Railroad Retirement
Board, Chicago, March 1951, pp. 47-51, chart.)
The employees covered were those insured for temporary
disability under the Federal unemployment insurance act.
327
The Transportation Industries, 1889-1946: A Study of
Output, Employment and Productivity. By Harold
Barger. New York, National Bureau of Economic
Research, Inc., 1951. xvi, 288 pp., charts. $4.
Presents indexes of over-all output, employment, and
output per worker for transportation as a whole as well
as for individual industries. Greater availability of data
on steam railroads and waterways permitted especially
extensive consideration. Technological developments
have been discussed wherever they appeared to have in
fluenced changes in productivity. The appendixes include
a discussion of various alternative measures of output
and a description of certain points of methodology.
Productivity in House-Building—A Pilot Sample Survey
in the South, East and West of England and in South
Wales, August 19If1-October 1948. Loudon, Ministry
of Works, 1950. 28 pp., charts. (National Building
Studies; Special Report No. 18.) Is. net, H. M. Sta
tionery Office, London.
Older Workers and the Aged
Geriatrics: Problems With the Aged in Industry. By Carl
T. Olson, M.D. (In Industrial Medicine and Surgery,
Chicago, May 1951, pp. 205-211. 75 cents.)
Living the Later Tears—A Conference on Old Age. [Hun
tington, W. Va., Marshall College, 1950?] 162 pp.;
processed.
Proceedings of a conference, June 20 and 21, 1950,
sponsored by Marshall College and civic organizations of
Huntington.
The Age Problem in Research Workers. By N. W. Shock
and others. (In Scientific Monthly, Washington,
June 1951, pp. 353-367. 75 cents.)
The writers of the four articles in this symposium dis
cuss, respectively, the physiological, psychological, socio
logical, and research administrator’s viewpoints.
Pensions Are Not Enough: The Individual Company and
its Older Workers. By Edwin Shields Hewitt and
Associates. (In Journal of Business of the Univer
sity of Chicago, April 1951, pp. 127-140; also re
printed.)
Productivity
Gains in Productivity of Farm Labor. By Reuben W.
Hecht and Glen T. Barton. Washington, U. S. De
partment of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural
Economics, 1950. 121 pp., charts. (Technical Bull.
No. 1020.)
Gains in farm production per man-hour, 1910-48, are
measured and analyzed. The man-hour concept em
ployed—man-equivalent hours, the farm time used by
average adult male workers—is different from the usual
man-hour measure, which refers to actual man-hours used
in production. Total United States and regional trends
of man-hour output are shown for the various crops and
for livestock. Area differences in productivity are also
examined.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Profit Sharing
Profit Sharing for Wage Earners and Executives. By
Bryce M. Stewart and Walter J. Couper. New York,
Industrial Relations Counselors, Inc., 1951. 124 pp.,
bibliography. (Industrial Relations Monograph
No. 15.) $2.
In two parts. Part I reproduces findings from a 1945
study on Profit Sharing and Stock Ownership for Wage
Earners and Executives. Part II gives a review of ex
perience under the 126 profit-sharing plans still in opera
tion in 1945; a summary of legal developments; and a
reappraisal of the movement in the light of present trends.
Proceedings, Third Annual Conference, Council of Profit
Sharing Industries, Cincinnati, Ohio, November 80
and December 1, 1950. Akron, Ohio, Council of Profit
Sharing Industries, 1951. 117 pp.
Profit-Sharing: A Review. By P. S. Narasimhan. (In
International Labor Review, Geneva, December 1950,
pp. 469-499. 50 cents. Distributed in United States
by Washington Branch of ILO.)
Describes voluntary profit-sharing schemes, with special
reference to experience in the United States and Great
Britain, and reviews compulsory plans established by law
or awards of industrial tribunals in a number of countries.
Op Weg Naar Samenwerking in Vrijheid, een SociaalEconomische Studie over Winstdeling met Arbeiders
op Nieuwe Grondslag. By Herman Meyer. The
Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1950. 284 pp.
A social-economic study of profit-sharing with workers
in the Netherlands.
Social Security (General)
Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust Fund . . .
Eleventh Annual Report of the Board of Trustees of
the Federal Old-Age and Survivors Insurance Trust
328
PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST
Fund. Washington, 1951. 37 pp., chart. (Senate
Doc. No. 44, 82d Cong., 1st Sess.)
Describes the fund’s operations during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1950, and estimates receipts and disburse
ments during the 5 fiscal years following, as well as longrange actuarial status. Also discusses far-reaching ef
fects, on future fund operations, of the 1950 amendments
to the Social Security Act.
Social Insurance lor Industrial Workers in India. By
S. D. Punekar. London, Oxford University Press,
1950. 228 pp. (University of Bombay Publications,
Economics Series, No. 4.) 17s. 6d.
50 Jaren Sociale Verzekering. Amsterdam, Rijksverzekeringsbank, 1951. 74 pp., charts, illus.
A summary of 50 years of social insurance in the
Netherlands, 1901 to 1951.
Législation Sociale de la Suisse, 1950. Zurich, Office
Fédéral de l’Industrie, des Arts et Métiers et du
Travail, 1951. 210 pp.
Printed in both German and French.
Wages, Salaries, and Hours of Labor
Union Wages and Hours: The Baking Industry, July 1,
1950. Washington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bu
reau of Labor Statistics, 1951. 33 pp., chart. (Bull.
No. 1014.) 25 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
Wage Structure—Motor Vehicles and Parts, 1950: Hourly
Earnings and Supplementary Wage Practices. Wash
ington, U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor
Statistics, 1951. 26 pp. (Bull. No. 1015.) 20 cents,
Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
1950 National Survey of Professional Scientific Salaries.
Los Alamos, N. Mex., University of California, Los
Alamos Scientific Laboratory, [1951?]. 30 pp.,
charts.
Covers 27,273 employees in 232 research and develop
ment laboratories operated by 182 agencies, including both
governmental and private concerns.
Survey of Retail Trade Establishments in Honolulu.
Honolulu, Hawaii Employers Council, Research De
partment, 1950. 9 pp. ; processed. ( Special Publica
tion No. 18.)
Includes data on salaries of sales and nonsales per
sonnel, length of workday and workweek, and related wage
practices.
Truck Drivers' Wage Rates in Hawaii. Honolulu, Hawaii
Employers Council, Research Department, 1951. 13
pp., charts; processed. (Special Publication No. 19.)
Horas y Salarios de los Trabajadores de Producción, en
los Grupos Principales de Industrias Manufactureras
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
de Puerto Rico, Años Naturales 1949 y 1950. San
Juan, Departamento del Trabajo de Puerto Rico,
Negociado de Estadísticas del Trabajo, 1951. 22 pp.;
processed.
Miscellaneous
Meeting Defense Goals—a Must for Everyone: Second
Quarterly Report to the President by the Director of
Defense Mobilization, July 1,1951. Washington, U. S.
Office of Defense Mobilization, 1951. 48 pp., charts.
30 cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.
One chapter is devoted to manpower.
The Midyear Economic Report of the President to the
Congress, July 23, 1951, Together W ith a Report, The
Economic Situation at Midyear 1951, by the Council
of Economic Advisers. Washington, 1951. 278 pp.,
charts. 65 cents, Superintendent of Documents,
Washington.
See discussion on page 296 of this issue of the Monthly
Labor Review.
Problems of Labor. By Glenn W. Miller.
Macmillan Co., 1951. 560 pp. $5.
New York,
100 Things You Should Know About Communism in the
U. S. A. Washington, U. S. Congress, House of Repre
sentatives, Committee on Un-American Activities,
1951. 126 pp. (House Document No. 136.)
The first of a series on the Communist conspiracy and
its influence in this country as a whole, on religion, on
education, on labor, and on the Government.
The National Employment Service of Ireland. By Depart
ment of Social Welfare, Dublin, Ireland. (In Employ
ment Service Review, U. S. Department of Labor,
Bureau of Employment Security, U. S. Employment
Service, Washington, June 1951, pp. 15-17, illus. 15
cents, Superintendent of Documents, Washington.)
Arbeidsrecht, Arbeidsconventies en de Samengestelde
Staatsvorm : De Ontwilckeling van Nederlands-Indie
tot de Verenigde Staten van Indonesié en de Betrekkingen met de Internationale Arbeidsorganisatie. By
E. C. Sohns. The Hague, Martinus Nijhoff, 1950. 177
pp.
Discussion of the development of the United States of
Indonesia from the Netherlands East Indies, and its re
lations with the ILO. A summary in English is included.
The Soviet Slave Empire. By Albert Konrad Herling.
New York, Wilfred Funk, Inc., 1951. 230 pp. $3.75.
Discusses the beginning, growth, and wide expansion of
the use of forced labor by the Communist authorities in
the Soviet Union and its satellites. Demonstrates with
convincing documentation the slave nature of this forced
labor.
Current Labor Statistics
A.—Employment and Payrolls
331
Table A -l:
332 Table A-2:
336 Table A-3:
338 Table A-4:
339 Table A-5:
Table A-6:
340 Table A-7:
Table A-8:
341 Table A-9:
342 Table A-10:
343 Table A -ll:
Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
Employees in nonagricultural establishments, by industry division
and group
Production workers in mining and manufacturing industries
Indexes of production-worker employment and weekly payrolls in
manufacturing industries
Federal civilian employment and payrolls, by branch and agency group
Federal civilian payrolls by branch and agency group 1
Civilian Government employment and payrolls in Washington, D. C.,
by branch and agency group
Personnel and pay of the military branch of the Federal Government3
Employees in nonagricultural establishments for selected States 3
Employees in manufacturing industries, by States 3
Insured unemployment under State unemployment insurance pro
grams, by geographic division and State
B.—Labor Turn-Over
344 Table B -l : Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
345 Table B-2: Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected groups
and industries
C.—Earnings and Hours
347 Table O -l:
362 Table C-2:
363 Table C-3:
363 Table C-4:
364 Table C-5:
Hours and gross earnings of production workers or nonsupervisory
employees
Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected
industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of produc
tion workers in manufacturing industries
Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing
industries for selected States and areas 3
1 Beginning with the January 1951 issue payroll data in table A-6 have been combined with table A-5.
2 Beginning with September 1950 issue, omitted for security reasons.
* This table is included quarterly in the March, June, September, and December issues of the Review.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
329
CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS
330
MONTHLY LABOR
D.—Prices and Cost of Living
369 Table D -l : Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, bygroup of commodities
370 Table D-2 : Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
371 Table D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
372 Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
373 Table D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
374 Table D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
375 Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
376 Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities
E.—Work Stoppages
377 Table E - l : Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes
F.—Building and Construction
378 Table F -l : Expenditures for new construction
379 Table F-2: Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
380 Table F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
381 Table F-4: New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
382 Table F-5 : Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling
units started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
A:
EMPLOYMENT
AND
331
PAYROLLS
A: Employment and Payrolls
T able A -l: Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
Labor force
1951
July
June
May
Apr.
1950
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.*
Oct.
Sept.*
65,453
65, 438
65,020
6 6 , 204
65, 742
62.803 61,789 62,325 61,313 61. 514 62, 538 63, 512 63, 704
1, 609
1,744
2,147
2, 407
2, 503 2,229
2, 240
1,940
862
825
966
1,039
1,184
1,153
1,240
955
342
502
366
640
677
475
420
498
91
173
215
276
208
167
147
128
163
237
298
241
251
175
217
183
153
145
167
213
183
194
204
257
61.193 60,044 60, 179 58,905 59,010 60,308 61, 271 61, 764
53, 753 53, 400 53, 785 52. 976 52. 993 54,075 53,721 53, 273
45,055 43, 996 44, 053 42, 911 43, 505 44,177 43, 546 42, 720
4. 931
5, 651
5,476
5, 806
5,561
6 ,0 0 2
6,417
7,023
2,071
2,185
2,311
2, 236
2, 251
2,319
2,331
1,999
1,697
1,567
2 ,0 2 2
1,945
1,676
1,577
1,427
1,531
7,440
6,645
6,393
5, 930
6,018
6,234
8,491
7, 551
5, 799 4,809
4,412
3, 895 3,983
3,790
5, 487
6 , 547
1,335
1,351
1,418
1,415
1,467
1,505
1, 594
1,611
215
239
208
370
308
348
306
245
91
246
297
353
348
399
163
88
63, 567
2,341
1,107
464
64,867
2,500
1,051
679
64, 427
3, 213
1,514
' 754
249
334
361
61,214
52, 774
25,072
19,201
1,650
6 . 852
8,440
6,348
1, 695
238
158
Aug.
July *
Total, both sexes
Total labor force 1__________ ____
Civilian labor force.......................
Unemployment_____ _____
Unemployed 4 weeks or less_______
Unemployed 5-10 weeks___________
Unemployed 11-14 weeks__________
Unemployed 15-26 weeks_______
Unemployed over 26 weeks________
Employment___________
Nonagrieultural__________
Worked 35 hours or more_______
Worked 15-34 hours__________
Worked 1-14 hours 1___________
With a job but not at work 8 ___
Agricultural______________ _____
Worked 35 hours or more______
Worked 15-34 hours....... ...............
Worked 1-14 hours 8____
With a job but not at work 8 .......
(«)
(4)
64,382
1,856
63. 783
1,980
1,216
358
141
150
116
61, 803
53, 768
44,088
5.061
2,082
2, 537
8 , 035
5,960
1, 699
280
97
1 ,1 2 2
408
92
100
134
62, 526
54,618
42,312
4,898
1.570
5,838
7,908
6 ,1 1 0
1,468
206
124
(4)
(4)
(9
(9
(9
64, 674
201
221
272
299
61, 226
53, 415
28,042
20,827
1,984
2, 561
7, 811
5, 259
2,028
356
170
266
285
62, 367
54, 207
43, 835
4,583
1,545
4,246
8,160
6,170
1,475
295
223
Males
Total labor force »_...........................
Civilian labor force..... ...................
Unemployment......... ...........
Employment............... ............
"Nonagricultural_____________ ___
Worked 35 hours or m ore... ___
Worked 15-34 hours_____ . . . .
Worked 1-14 hours •.......
With a job but not at work 8 ___
Agricultural______________ _____
Worked 35 hours or m ore... ___
Worked 15-34 hours_______ ____
WTorked 1-14 hours 8_____
With a job but not at work 8 .......
(*)
(4)
(4)
(9
(9
(9
(9
45, 644
45, 934
45, 978
46,155
47,132
47,000
44, 602
1,098
43, 504
37, 234
30, 492
2, 614
608
3,520
6 . 270
5,346
680
44, 316
1,167
43,149
36,862
32,021
2, 578
815
1,448
6 , 287
5,301
724
175
87
43, 508
950
42, 558
36. 596
32,184
2, 457
893
1,062
5,962
5,107
619
156
80
43, 182
1,028
42,154
36,349
31,420
3,029
897
1,003
5, 805
4, 583
859
165
198
43,379
1,277
42,102
36,463
31,346
2,877
975
1,265
5,639
4,226
939
42, 894
1, 594
41,300
35, 980
30, 284
3,355
984
1,357
5,320
3, 644
1,077
300
298
43,093
1,659
41,433
36.072
31,054
2,947
961
43, 535
1, 459
42,076
36, 585
31,308
3, 217
998
1,062
5, 491
3, 751
1, 134
268
338
44,019
1,309
42, 710
36, 554
31,175
3, 447
980
952
6,156
4,982
842
44, 268
1,172
43,096
36,507
30,826
3,823
800
1,058
6 , 589
5,605
756
146
82
44, 726
1,482
43, 244
36, 877
21,103
13, 273
817
1,683
6,367
4,875
1,131
219
143
45, 818
1,664
44,154
37, 455
31,800
2,508
654
2, 494
6,699
5, 573
764
181
183
45, 708
2,126
43, 582
36,605
18, 905
12, 762
732
4,207
6 , 977
5, 789
899
162
126
1 22
1 22
2 20
255
1 ,1 1 0
5,362
3,724
1,066
253
319
2 00
133
Females
Total labor force *....... .......................
Civilian labor force________
Unemployment___ ____ _
Employm ent.................... .........
N onagricultural____________ _____
Worked 35 hours or more______
W'orked 15-34 hours___________
Worked 1-14 hours 8_...................
With a job but not at work 8. ...
Agricultural___ ___________ .
W'orked 35 hours or more______
Wrorked 15-34 hours.....................
Worked 1-14 hours 8___ _ _____
With a job but not at work 8___
(4)
(4)
(4)
(9
(9
(9
(9
19,030
19, 519
19,460
18, 865
19,072
18,742
19, 780
758
19.022
17,384
11,820
2,284
962
2,318
1,638
764
788
84
19,467
813
18, 654
16.906
12,067
2, 483
1, 267
1,089
1, 748
659
975
105
19, 294
659
18, 635
17.157
12.871
2,474
1,178
635
1,478
692
716
59
18, 607
716
17, 890
17, 051
12,576
2,622
1,288
564
840
226
492
74
48
18, 946
870
18,077
17,322
12, 707
2,599
1,336
680
754
186
479
48
42
18, 419
813
17, 605
16, 996
12,627
2,451
1, 252
665
610
146
338
70
55
18, 421
844
17, 577
16, 921
12, 451
2,614
1,290
566
656
171
401
55
29
19,003
770
18, 232
17, 490
12, 869
2, 785
1,321
515
743
232
371
80
61
19, 493
931
18, 561
17,167
12,371
2,970
1,351
475
1,395
505
752
106
30
19, 436
768
18, 668
16, 766
11, 894
3,200
1,199
473
1,902
942
855
99
18,841
859
17, 982
16, 538
6,939
7, 554
1,167
878
1, 444
384
897
137
27
19,049
836
18, 213
16, 752
12,035
2,075
891
1, 752
1,461
597
711
114
40
18, 719
1.087
17,632
16,169
6,167
6 , 439
918
2,645
1,463
559
796
76
32
2
10
11
1 Estimates are subject to sampling variation which may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add
to group totals.
2 Census survey week contains legal holiday.
* Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the Armed Forces.
4
Beginning with January 1951, data on net strength of the Armed Forces
and total labor force are not available.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6
4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
8 Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
332
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
MONTHLY LABOR
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and Industry
July
Total employees........................................... .
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1950
1949
46,389 46,563 46, 232 45,998 45,850 45,390 45, 246 46, 595 45,873 45,898 45,684 45,080 44,096 44,124 43,006
Mining______________________________
M etal_____________________________
Iron...................................... , ________
Copper................................... ................
Lead and zinc____________________ _
896 ~~ 923
106.0 105. 4
38.6
28.9
20.4
913
103.5
37.7
28.5
19.9
911
103.8
36.9
28.9
924
105.3
36.4
29.2
930
105. 8
36.5
29.3
20.2
21.6
Anthracite...................................................
70.2
70.4
67.6
72.2
378.6
377.3
381.9
Bituminous-coal____________________
Jan.
356.0
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction.....................................................
939
101.5
36.6
28.1
19.9
946
103.0
37.2
28.1
20.5
950
102. 5
37.0
28.2
2 1 .0
938
102.5
36.1
28.4
20.3
2 0 .0
922
103 3
36.6
28.4
20.5
73.0
74.3
74.4
75.0
75.3
73.6
75.1
77.3
402.8
404.8
404.3
405.8
407.0
407.8
382.1
375.6
399.0
253.3
256.7
254.8
255.5
258.6
261.2
261.9
255.3
259.0
1 0 2 .1
102.7
103.4
101.3
97.4
21.6
932
105.2
36.2
29.3
21.4
937
104.4
35.9
29.0
72.8
72.7
396.3
402.3
904
1 0 1 .0
35.5
28.1
19.7
932
1 0 0 .1
33.7
27.3
2 0 .6
260.6
255.9
254.6
250.2
251.5
108.0
107.9
105.8
103.1
99.6
97.1
98.0
98.3
101.9
2,726
2,683
2,592
2,471
2, 326
2,228
2 , 281
2, 403
2,571
2 , 631
2,
626
2,629
2,532
2,
318
2,158
Non building construction.......................................
Highway and street__ ____ ________ ______ _
Other nonbuilding construction.........................
538
230.3
307.7
508
213.8
294.6
460
181.3
278.6
394
149.5
244.0
371
134.8
235.8
383
141.1
242.1
428
164.0
263.8
505
208.6
296.3
534
228.5
305.8
540
234.3
305.8
548
240.0
307.5
519
228.8
290.4
447
183.0
264.1
428
178.1
250.3
Nonmetallic mining and quarrying.
Contract construction___ __________
Building construction
General contractors.
2,145
2,084
2, 011
1,932
1,857
1,898
1,975
2,066
2,097
2,086
2,081
2,013
1,871
926
891
848
807
763
798
839
892
905
906
905
870
797
Special-trade contractors_______________ _____ 1,219 1,193 1.163 1,125 1,094 1 ,1 0 0 1,136 1,174 1,192 1,180 1,176 1.143 1,074
Plumbing and beating_________ _____ _____ 300.2 291. 5 289.3 284.7 282.6 287.4 290.4 294.0 296.6 293.7 285.7 278. 7 270.6
Painting and decorating___________ ______ _ 173.8 167. 5 155.9 146.7 130. 2 123.0 132.8 147.4 158.1 157.2 158.3 149.8 132. 5
Electrical work........... ........................................ 146. 2 142.1 139.1 138.3 139.0 138.7 140.0 138.7 137.6 135.8 133.7 131.0 128.6
Other special-trade contractors______ _______ 598.8 592.2 578.4 555.5 541. 7 550.4 572.4 593.9 600.1 593.0 597.9 583.5 541.7
Manufacturing.
Durable goods *___
Nondurable goods *.
Ordnance and accessories.
Food and kindred products................
Meat products___ _____________
Dairy products......... ............—........
Canning and preserving_________
Grain-mill products..........................
Bakery products........................ .......
Sugar........................ ....................—
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages......................... - .............
Miscellaneous food products........... .
Tobacco manufactures...................
Cigarettes__________ ________ _
Cigars_____________ ________ _
Tobacco and snuff_______ ____ _
Tobacco stemming and redrying.
Textile-mill products__
Yarn and thread mills
Broad-woven fabric mills________
Knitting mills................ .................
Dyeing and finishing textiles..........
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings.
Other textile-mill products..............
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,727
753
974
245.8
124.4
125.1
479.0
15,830 15,964 15,873 15,955 16, 022 15, 978 15, 784 15, 789 15,765 15, 827 15, 685 15,450 14,777 14, 884 14,148
9,006 8,987 9,003 8,969 8 , 877 8 , 742 8 , 717 8,664 8 , 618 8 , 423 8 , 294 7, 978 8 , 008 7,465
6,958 6,886 6,952 7,053 7,101 7,042 7,072 7,101 7,209 7,262 7,156 6 ,799 6,876 6,681
8,858
6,972
44.5
1,615
82
1,256
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts................................ ............ ......... 1,111
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats_____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing................................................
Women’s outerwear......................... ......
Women’s, children’s undergarments...
Millinery ...............................................
Children’s outerwear............................
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel...
Other fabricated textile products_____
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)................................... ..............
Logging camps and contractors______
Sawmills and planing mills......... ........
Mill work, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products_________
Wooden containers ________ ________
Miscellaneous wood products................
See footnotes at end of table.
96.4
819
41.9
39.9
37.7
35.5
33.3
30.8
29.7
29.0
27.7
26.6
25.0
23.7
24.7
24.8
1,538 1,483 1, 466 1,476 1,478 1,499 1,534 1,576 1,643 1,739 1,718 1,617 1.542 1,523
296.5 291.7 291.6 295.3 299.4 312.8 315.2 305. 7 300.8 295.7 296.6 295.8 295.6 288.6
157.9 150.3 143.7 139.1 135.2 134.4 137.1 139.6 142.8 149.6 156.4 158.7 144.5 146.2
179.5 162.6 153.3 150.0 152. 5 157.0 168. 5 197.4 253.2 353.1 329. 1 250.4 202.9 207.1
128.4 123.1 126.1 126.4 127.4 127.5 124.6 125.2 128.4 129.4 128.6 125. 9 123.9 1 2 0 .6
289.5 286.5 286.2 287.5 285. 7 286.3 288.1 290.9 292.2 290.4 287.7 289.3 285. 9 281.7
29.3
29.8
28.6
29. 1 31.8
28.8
51.8
50.7
34.5
44.8
33.5
30.6
34.5
32.7
90.4
92.1
97.2
90.6
99.4 1 0 0 .6 106.1 1 1 0 .2 114.2 110.5 1 0 2 .1
90.0
99.5
96.9
226.0 213.8 210.0 213.4 211.7 2 1 2 .2 2 1 2 .1 215.4 217.7 230.0 240.1 234.2 216.3 211.4
139.7 135.0 134.5 138.1 137.6 136.1 137.7 139.8 142.7 145.4 144.3 141.8 138.5 137.6
82
81
83
85
87
91
96
96
89
82
88
90
88
94
25.7
25.4
26.2
25.6
25.7
26.3
25.8
26.1
27.1
25.6
25.9
26.1
25.9
26.6
40.5
39.5
42.0
43.0
40.8
42.3
43.3
41.2
42.3
41.7
40.7
38.9
41.2
44.5
12.1
12.2
12.1
1 2 .1
11.9
12.1
12.4
12.5
1 2 .1
1 2 .0
1 2 .0
1 1 .8
12.3
13.0
4.3
4.4
4.9
4.8
6.7
9.3
14.0
15.2
8.5
9.4
11.4
5.4
8 .8
1 0 .1
1,295 1,301 1,309 1,319 1,365 1,352 1,352 1,355 1,357 1,347 1,316 1,250 1,297 1,224
168.4 170.8 171.2 172.5 174 3 172.0 170. 7 171.5 171.3 169.5 164.4 156.7 162.0 149.3
613.8 603.6 599.1 596.6 636. 1 633.0 633. 9 637.5 638.7 637.4 625.9 601.5 616.1 581.9
235.2 241.2 250.1 256.1 256.2 252.0 254. 0 253.9 256.0 253.0 246.9 228.4 242.8 231.4
89.6
94.0
90.8
87.6
94.6
93.3
93.6
92.6
89.2
93.3
84.9
93.5
86.4
89.7
55.0
58.5
62.2
62.4
62.4
61.0
61.7
62.4
61.3
60.5
62.2
58.1
58.9
60.6
132.7 135.6 140.3 137.8 141.7 138.9 137.3 136.7 135.5 133.2 129.2 120.3 125.7 116.0
1,119
146.4
1,120
148.6
1,168 1,229 1,237 1,190 1,184 1,175
152.0 155.3 155.4 152.7 151.9 151.2
265.6
290.7
96.9
17.0
65.5
98.0
139.3
271.7
285.6
99.6
17.1
62.0
94.4
141.0
280.2
301.5
105.7
843
83.4
492.3
835
80.5
486.3
122.9
81.7
62.9
122.7
82.3
63.4
281.9
339.8
107.8
25.4
1 ,2 2 1
152.4
269.6
338.1
103.6
24.3
67.3
88.7
146.0
269.5
329.9
106.6
21.4
65.6
92.2
146.5
271.8
308.4
110.9
18.4
65.2
97.4
151.7
273.3
331.9
113.2
95.9
154.3
277.7
352.7
107.4
26.3
70.0
94.4
152.9
815
70.3
473.7
785
56.1
457.1
800
69.8
459.0
804
69 5
460.8
817
72.4
471.1
123.4
82.5
64.8
123.0
83.5
65.0
122.8
126.2
82.8
64.2
128.0
81.5
63.9
20.0
65.4
94.9
148.1
68.1
83 2
64.8
1,218 1,208 1,097 1,159 1,136
151.4 152.4 140.6 148.3 141.5
249.3
299.1
95.8
263.2
320.3
105.4
2 0 .2
2 2 .0
157.2
99.0
152.5
270.4
340.3
105.9
23.7
68.5
96.2
150.1
137.9
66.5
89.6
143.5
838
77.5
484.3
849
78.4
492.5
853
78.1
498.7
845
78.8
494.5
812
76.2
474.6
792
67.9
461.6
736
61.4
431.7
129.9
82.3
63.8
131.0
82.7
64.0
130.4
81.8
63,9
129.5
79.7
62.0
124.9
77.5
59.2
124.3
77.7
60.8
110.5
73.3
59.0
2 2 .8
68.9
1 0 1 .2
272.3
340.0
111. 1
23.4
6 8 .6
67.2
8 6 .6
257.8
328.6
98.9
22.3
63.4
8 8 .2
135.8
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAYROLLS
333
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagrienltural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
1951
A nnual
average
1950
I n d u s tr y gro u p a n d In d u s try
July
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures______ _______
330
May
June
Mar.
A p r.
Feb.
Jan.
D ec.
N ov.
O ct.
S ep t.
A ug.
J u ly
1950
1949
Household furniture.......................................
Other furniture and fixtures.................
335
227.1
107.
349
240. ‘
108.
366
256.1
109.
374
265.
109.1
373
265.1
107.0
370
262.9
106.8
374
266.
107.
376
270.
105.8
378
270. £
107.1
376
367
269. C 262.1
107.1 104.9
357
350
249. £ 255.5
100. C 101.5
Paper and allied products........................ 496
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills....................
Paperboard containers and boxes..................... .
Other paper and allied products...........
502
250. ;
136. £
114. (
498
246.2
137.2
114.4
500
245.
139. :
115.7
498
242.2
139.3
116.0
496
242.2
139.4
114.7
496
242.4
139.5
114.3
499
244. £
140. S
113.8
500
242. i
141. £
114.9
491
241.7
140. (
109.5
488
241.5
137.4
109.2
479
238.6
131.7
109.1
465
234.8
123.4
106.4
Printing, publishing, and allied industries.
Newspapers.............................................
Periodicals..._____ ________ _______
Books.......... ........................
Commercial printing..............................
Lithographing....... .................................
Other printing and publishing..............
759
761
299. 5
52.5
49.4
206.5
41. 1
112.7
760
757
299.9 297.1
52. 5 52. i
49. (
49.1
204.9 204.8
41. 1 41.3
1 1 2 .2
765
298. £
53.1
48.6
207.4
42. (
114.5
759
754
295. 9 292. £
53. £
52.8
48.4
48.4
205.3 204.8
42.4
42.1
113.7 113.1
746
295.1
51. 5
48.4
1 1 2 .1
758
758
760
297. ] 296. 7 295.5
52.8
52.8
53. C
49.?
48.8
48.1
206. £ 206. 2 207.3
41. 1 40.9
40.8
1 1 2 .8
1 1 2 .8
113.2
1 1 0 .0
741
292.7
51.8
47.8
198.8
40.5
108.9
739
743
295.1 293.3
51. 7 52. 1
46.2
46.7
198.1 2 0 0 .8
40.0
40 7
108.2 108.9
Chemicals and allied products..
Industrial inorganic chemicals
Industrial organic chemicals______
Drugs and medicines.. ....................
Paints, pigments, and fillers.............
Fertilizers_____ ____________ ____
Vegetable and animal oils and fats..
Other chemicals and allied products.
742
742
83.6
228.7
107.1
76.8
31.3
47.8
167.2
742
81.7
225. 3
106. C
76.6
36.4
49.1
167.1
749
81. C
224.2
105.3
76.3
40.1
51.7
170.6
748
80. 1
221. 7
104.8
76.0
42.4
53. 4
169.3
738
729
79.4
78. 5
216.9 214. 5
103.7 1 0 1 .1
75.5
73. 1
39.9
37.5
55. 1 57.6
167.5 166.3
724
77.6
213.9
101.3
73.8
32.9
59.2
164.8
720
77.1
211.3
720
76.6
208 8
99.5
74.0
32.9
61.9
166.4
701
69.3
206.4
98.4
74.2
32. 7
54.3
165.4
684
68.3
203. 6
96.7
73. 5
29.6
48.7
164.0
669
70.3
199.8
95.9
72.7
28.3
46.8
155.6
71 4
34.0
54 5
158.3
Products of petroleum and coal_____
Petroleum refining.............................
Coke and byproducts........................
Other petroleum and coal products..
266
264
210.9
260
208.2
2 1 .6
258
205.7
21.5
30.7
257
204.7
21.4
30.5
256
204.1
21.3
30.1
254
202.3
21.3
30.1
2 0 1 .6
2 1 .2
254
200. 5
21.4
32.5
245
194. 6
30.8
251
198.1
21.5
31.2
2 1 .1
31.2
252
199.3
21.4
31.3
241
189.0
2 2 .0
30.5
2 0 .8
29.5
245
198.7
19.5
27.1
Rubber products...................................
Tires and inner tubes........................
Rubber footwear................................
Other rubber products................... .
268
271
112.5
30.6
128.3
273
114.6
30.8
128.0
273
115. 1
30. 1
127.5
272
116.1
29.1
127.0
272
117.2
28.5
126.6
269
115.7
28.0
125.3
265
115.2
26.9
122.5
258
249
111.3
24.1
113.6
252
110.9
25.6
114.9
234
106.6
26.4
100.5
388
49.7
251.0
87.2
31.1
30.5
273
113.8
31.2
128.4
30.8
128.0
270
111.7
30.3
128.4
271
1 1 2 .2
254
1 0 0 .2
73.7
32.1
60.9
164.6
254
201.5
2 1 .2
2 0 0 .1
41.1
1 1 2 .8
25.7
119.1
686
71 5
200 1
QS 8
3 77
382
47.0
244.0
90.8
370
47.6
232.7
89.2
392
49.1
247.4
95.9
410
50.6
259.6
99.3
413
51.8
261.7
99.2
403
51.8
256.8
94.5
398
51.9
251.7
94.0
399
51.8
248.4
98.6
406
51. 4
253.4
101.5
411
51.9
259.5
99.6
409
51.1
260.4
97.5
390
49.5
252.8
8 8 .1
394
50. 5
252.3
91.1
Stone, clay, and glass products...... ..........
Glass and glass products........................
553
562
147.0
43. 5
93.3
59.8
102.3
116.2
560
148.1
42.6
91.0
60.5
559
148.8
42.4
89.7
61.0
100. 5
116.1
554
146.9
42.3
88. 5
61.1
99.3
116.0
547
143.9
41.9
87.5
60.9
97.4
115.6
548
143.8
42. 0
88. 2
60. 4
97.8
115.3
548
144.6
42.4
87.2
60.8
98.2
114.3
550
145.6
42.7
544
144.1
43.1
87.9
58.1
98.5
112.5
532
133.8
42.4
532
137.9
43.3
87.2
57.4
98.3
107.4
512
130.8
41. 7
85.2
65.3
95. 5
103.5
512
133.5
42.1
82.4
57.9
92.2
103.5
Structural clay products........................
Pottery and related products................
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products. ” ” ”
Other stone, clay, and glass products...
Primary metal industries.......................... 1,349
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
m ills........................ ......... ..............
Iron and steel foundries.........................
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals...........................
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals. ..........................................
Nonferrous foundries................................
Other primary metal industries............
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion e q u ip m e n t)...................................
985
Tin cans and other tinware............ ................
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies...... ..............
Fabricated structural metal products. ” ” ”
Metal stamping, coating, and engraving
Other fabricated metal products............
Machinery (except electrical)..................... 1,602
Engines and turbines............................................
Agricultural machinery and tractors......... I ’ ”
Construction and mining machinery___
Metalworking machinery.................................."I
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery).................................
General industrial m achinery..____________
Office and store machines and devices..
Service-industry and household ma
chines................................................
Miscellaneous machinery parts..........................
See
footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,354
1 0 1 .2
116.4
1,345
653. 5 647.4
284.7 283.6
1,344
644.8
282.6
1, 341
643.4
279.9
1,331
640.1
274.8
1, 327
640.3
270.8
1,318
638.1
267.5
8 8 .6
60.9
98.3
113.7
1,301
635.6
262.5
1,289
8 8 .0
58.8
98.1
110.5
1,276
633. 7 632.5
255.4 250.2
1,256
630.5
241.2
1 ,2 2 2
621.4
229.7
94.6
472
235.8
128. 5
107.7
Leather and leather products...................
Leather..... ................ .............................
Footwear (except rubber)......................
Other leather products...........................
C em en t, h y d r a u l i c ...... ............................. .
315
2 2 0 .0
1 , 220
614.1
231.8
K. -À
447
226.9
117.1
103.1
'À
727
282.5
53.4
44.6
197. I
41.1
108.0
664
68.4
192.1
92.3
’ 67.3
34.3
56.1
153.0
484
1 2 2 .6
41.8
79.8
57.5
84.6
97.1
1,101
550.4
217.0
57.2
55.6
56.4
56.6
56.8
56.9
56.6
54.8
65.5
54.8
55.1
54.3
54.6
52.3
100.7
109.4
148.4
99.7
110.9
147.6
103.1
110.9
146. 5
104.0
110. 7
146.0
104.3
110. 7
144.4
104.3
110 . 1
144.1
104.1
109.6
141.8
102.9
106.6
138.9
102.3
104.8
137.6
101.9
100. 7
136.2
99.5
96.0
133.9
96.0
92.1
128.7
96.9
93.0
129.8
87.0
75.8
118.4
996
972
65.8
156.7
929
51.3
153.0
933
48. 4
156.9
859
45.8
142.3
158.8
210.3
179.3
211.5
147.2
201.3
172.7
203.1
150.6
201.4
169.8
206.1
132.0
198.5
147.9
192.4
1,019 1,026 1,033 1,031
49.7
49.1
49.4
48.9
162.3 163.9 165.0 167.1
157.8
227.6
185.8
236.1
159.3
229.9
188.5
235.4
161.6
228.1
192.6
236.4
162.7
225.9
192.3
234.5
1 ,0 2 2
48.2
168.3
1,016 1,018 1,017 1,013
50.7
50.2
51.4
51.9
168.4 168.8 168.0 166.1
160.4 158.6
222. 7 220. 4
190.8 187.4
232.0 230.0
161.2
219.8
186.6
230.3
163.4
219.3
185.6
230.7
164.4
216. 7
184.8
229.1
55.5
163.1
164.1
209.9
182.9
2 2 0 .6
1.620 1,604 1,592 1, 579 1,557 1, 528 L, 492 1, 459 1,426 1,368 1,374 1,343 1,352 L, 311
91.5
89.9
88.8 85.7 83. 8 83.2 81.3 78.8 72.9 70.2 74.8 72.8 72.6 72.5
196.1 193.2 193.1 192. 1 189. 7 186.8 175.4 164.4 163.5 140.5 179. 5 180.1 172.4 181.3
1 2 1 .0
118. 5 117.0 117.0 115. 5 114.0 112.4 110.9 108.9 105.6 1 0 1 .6
99.1 100.7 101.3
296.5 290.4 287.0 282.6 277.2 268.1 259.4 251.5 242.9 233 5 2 2 2 .1 2 1 2 .0 2 2 0 .2 208.7
198.4 197.6 197.1 194.8 192.8 188.5 183.4 180.6 178.2 174.6 168.6 165.3 167.6 171.8
230. 2 228.2 226.8 224.1 219.0 216.4 2 1 2 .2 207.1 203. 0 197.6 191.7 185.0 188.5 186.4
105.6 104.7 103.3 102.3 101.4 1 0 0 .0
99.2
97.9
95.9
94.4
90.8
89.5
90.9
90.6
176.5 179. 9 179.7 184.1 184.8 181.7 182.6 185.5 182.0 180.1 178.6 178.8 176.2 145.4
204.4 2 0 1 .2 199.2 195.9 193.0 188.9 186.1 182.4 178.2 171.4 166.3 160.5 162.7 153.2
334
A : EM PLOYM ENT
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
PAYROLLS
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group 1—Con.
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1950
1951
Industry group and industry
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery................................
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus......................................................
Electrical equipment for vehicles........ .
Communication equipment.................
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis
cellaneous products_______________
July
June
May
Apr.
M ar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1950
1949
903
934
932
941
944
931
924
936
929
915
872
853
817
836
759
377.0
82.4
325.0
370.1
82.0
329.3
365.0
80.8
343.6
359.0
79.4
353.4
352.8
78.7
347.3
349.0
77.9
345.1
349.5
77.4
355.9
344.7
75.9
354.6
341.5
75.0
345.5
323.5
73.3
326.5
323.9
70.9
318.1
313.8
70.0
297.0
317.3
70.1
309.2
295.2
64.5
271.1
149.6
150.7
151.9
152.3
152.6
151.8
153.3
154.1
152.8
149.0
139.6
136.2
139.8
1,521
Transportation equipment.
Automobiles....... .............
Aircraft and parts______
Aircraft..... ..................
Aircraft engines and parts.
Aircraft propellers and parts ............
Other aircraft parts and equipment..
Ship and boat building and repairing..
Ship building and repairing «........... .
Boat building and repairing............. .
Railroad equipment--- ------ ------------Other transportation equipm ent......... .
,273
1,519 1,512 1, 520 1,527 1,493 1,425 1,404 1,380 1,394 1,365 1,347 1, 297
875.7 892.7 913.9 935.6 925 8 897.6 895.7 887.7 922.7 913.3 907.9 883.7 839.4
323.4
275.4
259.3
305.
1
286.0
272.8
447.6 427.4 415.9 400.0 382.7 354. 2 339. 1
302.9 288.2 281.7 271.4 258.2 236.7 228.2 217.5 m o 195.8 183.7 172.8 184.2
52.5
54.
1
63
4
52.8
54.5
60.1
74.6
77.2
70.4
66.6
84.2
87.0
81.1
8.2
7.7
7.5
8.1
8.5
8.9
9.4
9.1
9.5
9.3
10.2
10.4
10.2
29.5
27.5
26.0
31.5
33.6
28.7
40 5 37.8
41.9
44.6
35.2
47.5
42.9
89.1
91 7 81.2
88.9
84.4
88.6
96. 5 91.9
112.0 109.0 108.6 109.5 108 9
75.5
67.4
78.4
71.4
94 4 82.4
75.8
75.3
95.0
77.8
97.3
94.2
93.8
14.5
13.3
13.3
13.3
13.8
13.0
14.5
14. 1 14. 1 13.4
14.7
14.8
14.8
62.2
61.3
63.0
64.3
61.8
65.9
62.2
68
.
66.3
66.1
73.1
70.1
72.0
11.6
11.4
13.2
13.4
12.9
13.7
13.6
13.2
13.1
12.3
11.2
10.9
11.9
128.3
,212
769.0
255.6
169.7
51.8
7.9
26.2
100.3
88.2
12.1
76.1
10.9
Instruments and related products___
Ophthalmic goods_______________
Photographic apparatus....................
Watches and clocks............................
Professional and scientific instruments.
293
299
28.0
60.5
34.2
176.5
297
28.1
59.0
33.9
175.7
295
28.0
58.6
34.5
173.4
290
27.8
57.8
34.2
170.0
286
27.5
57.0
34.0
167.4
280
27.2
55.6
33.3
164.1
280
26.9
55. 5
33.9
164.0
272
277
26 7 26.2
55. 1 54.5
32.8
33.7
161.1 158.1
265
25.6
53.9
31.5
153.5
252
25.1
52.8
28.0
146.0
242
24.8
51.0
27.8
138.1
250
25.4
51.3
30.1
143.4
238
26.8
52.6
31.4
127.1
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Toys and sporting goods........................
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions___
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries-...........................................
458
479
50.6
74.9
53.3
487
52.4
77.3
55.8
600
54.9
78.9
60.8
508
56.8
78.0
64.5
504
58.2
76.1
65.1
489
57.3
71.5
62.0
500
57.5
75.8
61.5
508
58.2
82.0
64.3
510
58.2
84.5
65.7
493
57.2
81.3
63.7
471
55.4
78.9
61.1
430
51.1
71.5
52.1
459
54.8
73.3
58.2
426
65.4
68.7
57.7
Transportation and public utilities.............. .
Transportation......................................... .
Interstate railroads.____ ___________
Class I railroads ________________
Local railways and bus lines________
Trucking and warehousing.......... .......
Other transportation and servicee....... .
Air transportation (common carrier).
Communication__________________
Telephone........................................... .
Telegraph............................................ .
Other public utilities................................
Gas and electric utilities........................
Electric light and power utilities___
Gas utilities........ ............................... .
Electric light and gas utilities com
bined ....... ......................................
Local utilities.........................................
Trade..........................................................
Wholesale trade.....................................
Retail trade..........................................
General merchandise stores..............
Food and liquor stores..................... .
Automotive and accessories dealers.
Apparel and accessories stores.........
Other retail trade .............................
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
304.5 298.3 305.2 303.1 301.7 290.8 276.0 254.8 272.3 243.8
4,082 4.072 4, 125 4,123 4,132 4,139 4,120 4,082 4. 010 3,979
4,112
4,166 4,161 4,138 4,132
Î, 756
2,912 2,922 2,912 2,909 2,893 2,866 2,858 2,908 2,911 2,912 2.913 2.891 2,839 2,801
, 367
1,429
1,451
1,428 1,460 1, 465 1, 462 1, 458 1,441 1.414 1,390
1,470 1,465 1,463
, 191
1,220
1,295 1, 291 1,287 1,274 1,253 1,253 1,277 1,292 1. 291 1,283 1,272 1,246
158
144
148
144
146
146
148
145
145
145
145
142
144
144
548
584
624
626
614
589
621
621
617
622
616
617
624
619
684
679
669
672
690
689
684
684
688
669
681
684
693
678
76.7
76.1
76.9
74.4
75.7
74.4
74.7
74.5
74.2
75. 1 74.6
79.4
78.5
82.6
686
663
671
675
667
671
670
671
664
668
670
680
690
686
678
637.2 630.3 629.0 625.9 622.6 618.4 620.3 614 8 620 9 621.6 622.9 619.5 614.8 632.2
52.5
47.9
47.8
47.2
47.2
46.7
48.0
47.9
48.3
48.0
48.6
48.4
48.3
48.8
537
546
545
544
558
556
555
550
548
547
546
545
564
553
546
512.0
519.9
519.1
530.4
520.6
529.5
531
525.1
523
521.0
521,
519.8
522.2
527.1
235.0 232.5 231.9 231.5 232.3 232.0 232.5 233.2 234.0 236.6 238.6 238.4 234.0 233.5
117.9 116.0 115.6 115.6 115.8 116.4 117.2 117.6 118. 1 118.6 118.0 117.6 114.9
300.4
301.1
305.6
308.1
174.2
25.5
172.6
24.9
172.3
25.4
172.0
24.6
9,656 9,728 9,676 9,627
2,584 2,580 2, 567 2, 579
7,072 7,148 7,109 7,048
1,397 1,457 1,472 1,453
1,276 1,269 1,269 1,264
753
739
742
748
519
542
549
548
3,127 3,126 3,077 3,050
171.8
24.7
172.6
24.8
9,713 9, 554 9,592
2,590 2, 593 2.587
7,123 6,961 7,005
1,512 1.431 1,459
1,264 1,257 1, 244
736
735
743
515
574
523
3,037 3,023 3,036
172.5
24.6
172.7
24.7
173.0
24.8
10, 443 9, 896 9,752
2, 616 2, 618 2.625
7, 827 7, 278 7,127
2,052 1,654 1,539
1,264 1,242 1,219
741
746
753
555
565
642
3,116 3,071 3,073
174.3
25.4
175.1
25.9
174.4
25.7
171.6
25.2
24.6
9, 841 9,474 9. 390 9. 524 9,438
2, 605 2.582 2, 528 2,544 2, 522
7,036 6.892 6, 862 6,980 6,916
1,474 1,387 1,372 1,493 1, 480
1, 210 1,200 1,203 1,209 1,198
728
676
749
746
743
536
554
491
501
540
3,069 3,065 3,040 3,014 3,008
R E V IE W , SE P T E M B E R 1951
A: EM PLOYM ENT
AND
335
PAYROLLS
T able A-2: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division and Group l— Con.
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
1950
average
Industry group and industry
July
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1950
1949
Finance............. .................. ......
Banks and trust companies........... .......
Security dealers and exchanges.............
Insurance carriers and agents................
Other finance agencies and real estate.
1,907
1,893
460
63.8
671
698
1,875
452
63.8
664
695
1,865
451
63.9
662
688
1,854
449
63.9
662
679
1,839
446
63.4
657
673
1. 831
441
62.0
653
675
1, 828
439
61.3
655
673
1,820
436
61.1
651
672
1,821
433
60.8
651
676
1,827
433
60.9
654
679
1,837
435
61.4
658
683
1, 881
432
61.3
652
686
1. 812
427
59.6
646
680
1,763
416
55. 5
619
672
Service_______ ____________
Hotels and lodging places___ _______
Laundries............................................
Cleaning and dyeing plants................
Motion pictures............................._.......
4,852
4,834
479
365.0
161.0
248
4,788 4,745
451
445
359.6 354.4
158. 5 153.0
249
249
4, 682
435
351.3
150.4
243
4, 657
432
350.9
145.1
240
4, 666
429
353.6
145.8
242
4, 694
430
353.3
146.8
242
4,723
433
353.1
149.2
243
4, 757
441
355.5
151.1
244
4, 816
475
357.5
150.0
246
4,837
512
358.6
147.1
244
4,841
515
363.4
151.6
245
4, 761
456
353.5
147.5
241
4, 782
464
352.2
146.9
237
Government________ __ _____
Federal 8____ ____________ _______
State and local 8.......................................
1
6,356 6,377 6,377 6,292 6,217 6. 122 6, 088 6, 376 8,037 6.039 8,004 5, 793 5,741 5,910 5,811
2,313 2, 271 2, 244 2,201 2,146 2,085 2,027 2, 333 1,980 1,948 1,916 1,841 1,820 1, 910 1,900
4, 043 4,106 4,133 4,091 4,071 4,037 4,061 4,043 4,057 4,091 4,088 3,952 3,921 4,000 3; 911
The Bureau of Labor Statistics’ series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish
ments and, therefore, differ from employment information obtained by
household interviews, such as the Monthly Report on the Labor Force
(table A -l), in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics’
data cover all full- and part-time employees in private nonagricultural estab
lishments who worked during, or received pay for, the pay period ending
nearest the 15th of the month; in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month; and in State and local govern
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month,
while the M onthly Report on the Labor Force data relate to the calendar
week which contains the 8th day of the month. Proprietors, self-employed
persons, domestic servants, and personnel of the Armed Forces are excluded
from the BLS but not the M RLF series. These employment series have
been adjusted to bench-mark levels indicated by social insurance agency
data through 1947. Revised data in all except the first f o u r columns will be
identified by asterisks the first month they are published.
J Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures; stone, clay, and glass products; primary
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
metal industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery
and transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical
machinery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products'
and miscellaneous manufacturing industries.
Includes- food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied
products; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied
products; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; and leather and
leather products.
Data by region, from January 1940, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Fourth class postmasters (who are considered to be nominal employees)
are excluded here but are included in Table A-6.
Excludes as nominal employees paid volunteer firemen, employees hired
to conduct elections, and eloeted officials of small local governments
All series may be obtained upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statis
tics. Requests should specify which industry series are desired
8
4
8
8
336
A : EM PLOYM ENT
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
PAYROLLS
T able A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
Annual
average
1950
1951
Industry group and Industry
July
Mining:
Metal
_____________________
Iron
.
_ ______________________
Copper
_ ____________________
Lead and zinc ____________________
Anthracite
June
92.8
34.4
25.2
17.8
Apr.
M ay
91.2
33.8
24.8
17.3
91.7
33.1
25.3
17.6
66.0 66.1
_____________________
90.9
32.6
24.9
17.7
92.7
32.4
25.6
18.4
93.2
32.6
25.7
18.7
Oct.
Sept.
89.7
32.8
24.6
17.4
Aug.
91.1
33.4
24.8
17.9
68.4
68.5
69.8
69.9
70.5
70.8
69.2
70.6
72.8
380.6
379.6
381.5
381.8
383.0
357.6
351.0
373.4
124.0
123.2
84.7
122.7
85.2
124.7
124.1
89.4
126.0
89.6
128.3
90. 2
130.3
90.6
129.7
125.7
85.2
127.1
83.7
125.6
93.0
124.9
90.2
86.8
86.0
36.0
74
33.8
7, 445
5,663
32.1
30.3
7, 428
5,761
7,371
5,815
28.7
27.0
1,144 1,097 1,085 1,096 1,099
232.7 229.3 229.2 233.3 237.7
99.0
95.2
115.1 109.0 103.1
153. 7 136.4 128.0 124.6 127.2
95.2
95.4
93.8
90.3
95.8
191.9 189.4 189.7 190.0 188.3
23.8
24.3
24.1
23.5
24.6
80.3
82.6
75.3
73.5
73.7
155.2 145.8 143.4 146.6 145.4
102.4
99.2
99.1
101.7
102.8
76
23.3
38.3
10.3
3.6
74
22.9
37.2
10.5
3.6
76
23.1
38.6
10.5
4.0
78
23.3
39.9
10.7
4.2
80
23.3
40. 1
10.5
5.9
7, 256
5, 762
7, 254
5,802
23.6
25.0
1,120
250.8
94.6
131.6
95.4
187.8
27.0
83.8
146.8
101.7
80
23.3
39.0
23.3
7,186
5, 957
7,013
6,003
22.3
6,900
5,902
12,151 12, 264 11,597
6,597
5, 554
21.6 20.1
6. 622
19.0
5, 642
6,096
5,501
20.2
19.8
1,155 1,196 1,260 1,350 1,331 1,231 1,168 1,172
253.7 244.3 240.0 235 7 235.8 234. 8 235. 9 231.3
96.9 100.4 101.9 107.4 113.7 116. 1 104.4 107.9
142.7 171.4 226.3 324.2 302.1
176.9 180.8
98.1
97.7
93.2
96.8
95.9
93.1
94.2
95.3
190.4 193.4 196.3 194.3 192.2 193.9 191. 5 191.2
29.5
45.8
28.8
26.0
46.5
29.9
39.9
28.5
93.2
97.2
85. 4
93. 5
73.6
89.4
83. 1
83.0
146.1 148.8 149.4 159.4 169.3 163.5 149.1 150. 6
104.4 106.6 108.5 106.1 104.1
103.8
10.6
7.4
7, 210
5,834
88.8
12, 802
12,895 13,058 13,004 13,108 13,189 13, 186 13, 018 13, 058 13,044 13,133 13,016
Food and kindred products___________ _ 1,218
Meat produ cts_____________________
Dairy products
_________________
Canning and preserving. . __________
Grain-mill products........................... .
Bakery products___________________
Sugar
_ _________________
Confectionery and related products.
Beverages
__________________
Miscellaneous food products _______
89.0
30.4
24.3
18.1
377.4
129.7
94.8
7,417
5,587
89.4
31.9
24.8
17.2
68.4
352.8
7,412
5,646
91.4
32.9
24.9
18.0
90.8
33.4
24.8
17.5
1949
1950
377.0
353.7
Durable goods *............. ................ . 7, 246
Nondurable goods *------ ------ -------- 5,649
July
67.9
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro
duction:
Petroleum and natural gas production
(except contract services).__..............Nonmetallic mining and quarrying--------
Tobacco manufactures..............................
Cigarettes.................. ...................................
Cigars
_________________
Tobacco and snuff
________________
Tobacco stemming and redrying.......... .
N ov.
Dec.
372.2
Bituminous-coal______________________
Ordnance and accessories...........................
93.6
32.7
25.7
19.0
93.2
32.6
25.6
19.0
Jan.
63.6
357.4
Manufacturing_____________ __________
Feb.
Mar.
222.8
102.6
83
23.5
40.2
10. 5
8.3
102.6
84
23.7
41.2
10.5
8.3
89
23.7
41.0
89
24.5
39.5
13.0
14.2
11.0 11.1
82
23.1
38.6
10.7
10.4
75
23.4
36.8
10.4
4.5
81
23.3
39.1
87
24.1
42.4
11.5
9.0
10.8
7.8
Textile-mill products................................... 1,161
Yarn and thread mills ______________
Broad-woven fabric mills____________
Knitting mills
________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles. _______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings___
Other textile-mill products-----------------
1,199 1,206 1,214 1,223 1, 269 1,257 1,258 1,262 1,264 1, 255 1,224 1,160 1,206 1,136
157.3 159.9 160.2 161.8 163.6 161. 5 159.9 160.9 160.7 159.2 154. 4 146.5 151.8 140.3
583.1 572.8 567.3 564.4 604.3 602.0 603.5 606.3 607.4 606.2 594.6 570.8 585. 6 551.4
230.3 236.4 235.9 232.1 233.9 233.9 236.3 233.3 227. 1 209.4 223. 6 213.4
215.2
83.4
83.7
82.8
79.6
75.4
83.9
84.4
80.1
76.9
77.6
83.3
83.3
79.1
80.3
55.0
54.5
54.1
53.3
51.0
54.3
53.2
54.6
54.5
54.9
53.3
47.1
51.2
50.6
126.5 123.7 122.7 122.3 121.3 119.3 115.4 106.6 111.9
117.5 120.3 125.0
Apparel and other finished textile products_____________ ____ ___________
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats______
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
_____________________
clothing
Women's outerwear
____________
W omen’s, children’s undergarments__
Millinerv _________________________
Children's outerwear _______________
Fur goods and miscellaneous apparel
Other fabricated textile products_____
1,000 1,001
Lumber and wood products (except furnitnre)________ __________________Logging camps and contractors_______
Sawmills and planing mills _________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products ________
Wooden containers
______________
Miscellaneous wood products________
Furniture and fixtures.................................
Household furniture____ ____________
Other furniture and fixtures__________
8ee footnotes at end of table..
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
992
755
282
221.6
122.6
1,047 1,106 1,115 1,070 1,064 1,056
138.2 141.0 141.1 138.4 137.4 137.0
132.5
134.6
247.5
256.4
86.3
14.5
59.7
85.7
117.6
252.9
251.3
89.1
14.6
56.3
82.7
119.0
261.1
267.4
94.9
17.5
59.5
83.1
125.4
262.7
305.1
97.2
778
770
76.5
452.2
752
66.5
442.5
722
459.4
107.5
75.9
56.6
107.5
76.3
57.3
288
199.1
302
79. (
8 8 .8
2 1 2 .0
89.8
102.8
20.1
63.1
89.0
135.5
245. 3
286.8
95.2
19.4
60.7
78.4
121.7
239.8
294.3
89.4
19. 5
58.0
76.5
115.8
754
67. ?
440.0
773
785
73. C 73. ?
452.3 461.5
790
73.6
467.8
783
74.4
464.6
750
71.4
443.9
730
63.5
431.1
676
57.6
401.3
110.3
76.9
57.9
112.4
75.8
57.4
113.8
76.5
57.4
114.8
57.7
114.4
76.1
57.6
113.7
74.1
55.8
109.1
72.1
53.1
108.5
72.2
54.8
95.7
67.9
53.1
321
233.7
87.6
326
238. ‘
87.1
327
241.5
85.7
329
241.
.t
327
240.
.
319
234.2
85.2
303
311
227.9
82.
272
194.8
77.6
253.3
274.8
100.5
15.9
59.6
85.3
130.0
52.1
426.0
736
65. ‘
427.8
739
64. {
429.4
107.7
76.3
58.5
107.4
77.4
58.7
107.1
77.3
58.4
317
226. f
90.5
326
236.]
324
235. ‘
90.0
88.5
1
981 1,042
, 022
126.9 134.3 128.1
231.9
265. 6
85.8
17.6
61.3
75.9
116.0
251.2
296.2
96.1
fl8 .9
'59.9
180.3
124.4
254. 2
297.0
102.5
1,099 1,089
137.4 138.2
252.0
306.6
95.9
20.9
62.6
85.1
128.1
251.0
303.3
93. 1
21.7
61.8
76.9
124.0
62.1
84.2
131.3
138.2
253.8
305.3
100.4
20.7
62.5
87.5
131.1
258.8
317.4
97.0
23.7
64.2
82.6
130.4
2 2 .8
1,100
77.]
86
86
221.
80.7
REVIEW , SEPTEMRER 1951
A : EM PLOYM ENT
AND
337
PAYROLLS
Table A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
[In thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and Industry
July
Manufacturing—Continued
Paper and allied products..........................
Pulp, paper, and paperboard wills___
Paperboard containers and boxes..........
Other paper and allied products............
Printing, publishing, andallied industries.
Newspapers.............................................
Periodicals................................................
Books............... .................... .................. .
Commercial printing...............................
Lithographing..........................................
Other printing and publishing..............
Chemicals and allied products..................
Industrie! inorganic chem icals.............
Industrial organic chemicals..................
Drugs and medicines..............................
Paints, pigments, and fillers................
Fertilizers........... ...................... ...............
Vegetable and animal oil and fats.........
Other chemicals and allied products__
419
507
___
526
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb,
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1950
1949
424
424
423
427
428
427
423
427
404
421
418
410
396
382
216.3 213.0 212.4 209.1 209.3 209.2 212.3 210.7 210.3 209.9 207.4 204. 1 205.1 197 6
116.6 117.0 118.7 119.0 119. 1 119. 6 121.3 122.0 120.4 118.2 113. 1 104.6 109.8 99. 6
94.1 94.3 95.4 95.6 94.5 94.5 94.5 94.3 90.5 90.2 89.9 87.5 88.8 85.2
512
510
510
510
518
511
510
515
514
510
504
503
499
495
152.5 152.0 150.6 150.0 149.6 148.9 152.4 150.3 149 7 151. 1 149.6 149.6 148.6 141.2
33.7 34.5 35.4 35.6 35.2 34. 6 35.0 35.0 35. 1 35. 2 34. 5 34. 1 34.7 36 0
35.9 35.8 36.0 36.3 36.1 35.8 36.7 36.6 36.6 37.2 36.4 34.6 35. 7 36. 4
168.7 167.8 167.9 169.7 169.5 170.0 171.1 170 2 170.2 166 5 165.0 164.4 166.6 164.4
32.1 32.1 32.2 32.2 31.8 31.7 32.9 33.3 33.0 32.5 31.8 31.2 31.7 31.9
88.1 87.3 87.5 87.7 88.0 88.6 89.9 89.6 89.2 87.0 86.2 85.4 85.8 85.3
539
532
524
531
526
528
538
521
523
506
491
496
479
485
60.7 59.5 59.2 58.6 58.1 57.3 57.1 56.6 55.9 49.7 48.9 51. 2 52.9 52.3
171.5 169.6 168.4 166.7 163.3 162.8 161.9 160.2 159. 1 157.7 154. 8 151.5 151.8 145.8
70.7 70.1 69.7 69.3 68.6 66.9 67.4 66.4 65.8 64.9 63.4 62.5 62.7 60.8
50.1 49.9 49.8 49.6 49.5 47. 5 48.3 48. 2 48.7 48.7 48.6 47.7 46.8 43.3
24.6 29.6 33. 4 35.6 33.2 30.9 26.5 25 7 26.6 26.4 23.3 22. 1 27.8 28.6
42.1 43.9 45. 5 47.6 49.6 50.8 43.5 38.2 36.2 43.8 46. 1
36.2 37.5 4 0 . a
114.6 115.2 117.0 116.8 115.4 115.1 114.7 114. 6 115.8 115.0 113.8 108.1 110.3 108.4
192
191
191
194
190
197
194
191
190
189
193
185
182
188
153.3 150.7 150.2 149.0 148.2 147. 1 147.3 147. 5 146. 5 144. 6 147.4 138. 5 142.8 148.8
19.1 18.7 18.6 18.5 18.4 18. 5 18.4 18.4 18.6 18.7 18.7 18. 5 18.1
16.9
24.8 24.4 24.8 24.5 24.3 24.3 25.0 24.6 25.1 25.3 26.4 24.9 23.9 22.0
Products of petroleum and coal................ 198
Petroleum refining.................................
Coke and byproducts.............................
Other petroleum and coal products....... .......
Rubber products....................................... . 215
Tires and inner tubes............................ .
Rubber footwear.................... ................
Other rubber products...........................
222
219
220
222
222
222
221
219
219
215
208
200
203
186
89.7 88.2 87.4 88.3 90.6 91.3 92.1 93.4 92.0 91.7 89.6 88.3 87.8 83.6
25.7 25.4 24.8 25.0 25.3 24.9 23.9 23.2 22.8 21.8 20.7 19.2 20.6 21.6
105.3 105.8 106.3 106.3 106.3 105.8 105.7 105.0 104. 1 101.0 98.0 92.8 94.3 80.9
Leather and leather products__________
L eather.............. ......................................
Footwear (except rubber)....... ..............
Other leather products............................
339
371
374
364
359
331
360
343
353
367
372
370
351
355
347
42.3 42.7 44.4 45.9 47.0 47.3 47.3 47. 2 46. 7 47.2 46.6 44.9 45.9 45.1
221.0 210.3 224.9 237.0 238.9 234.2 229.1 225.8 230.3 236. 7 237.3 229.8 229.4 226.2
79.8 77.6 84.1 87.6 87.6 82.8 82.9 86.9 89.7 87.9 85.8 76.6 79.7 75.8
Stone, clay, and glass products.................
Glass and glass products.........................
Cement, hydraulic..................................
Structural clay products........................
Pottery and related products___ _____
Concrete, gypsum, and plaster products.
Other stone, clay, and glass products__
475
479
473
473
474
477
484
485
471
483
458
459
441
440
416
129.5 131.1 132.0 130.1 127.5 127 5 127.7 128. 9 127.0 117.0 121.7 114.4 117.3 106.8
3
6
.2
3
5
.9
3
5
.9
3
6
.3
36.7 37.0 36.5 37. 1 35.6 36.0 36.0
37.3 36.5 36.3
84.8 83.0 81.7 80.3 79.5 79.8 79.4 80.5 79.8 79.8 78.9 77.0 74.8 72.5
54.0 54.7 55.2 55.3 55.1 54. 7 55.1 55.1 52.2 53.0 51. 8 49. 8 52.3 52. 2
86.8 85.7 85.4 84.3 82.8 83. 0 83.5 84.4 84. 5 84.1 84.3 81. 5 78.7 72.4
92.6 92.9 92.8 92.9 92.2 91.8 91.6 91. 1 90.0 88.0 84.9 81.7 81.8 75.6
Prim ary metal industries...... .................. 1,163 1,169 1,161 1,161 1,159 1,153 1,149 1,142 1,126 1,117 1,105 1,086 1,054 1,053
940
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills............ ..........................................
570.5 564.5 561. 6 561.1 558.8 559.0 556.4 553.6 552.6 552.2 550.4 542.5 535.6 476.7
Iron and steel foundries..........................
253.5 252.3 251.5 249.4 244.9 240.7 238.0 232.8 226.8 221.9 213.3 202.1 204.0 188.9
Prim ary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals......................................
47.8 46.4 47.2 47.4 47.3 47.2 47.0 45.4 46.3 45.8 45.8 45.1 45.4 43.3
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals ..................................
82.5 81.3 84.9 85.9 86.8 87. 1 87.2 85.9 85.8 85.3 83.1 79.5 80.7 70.6
Nonferrous foundries...................... ........
91.1 93.0 93.3 93.4 94.2 94. 5 93.9 91.3 89. 7 85.7 81. 7 78.0 78.8 63.3
Other primary metal industries.............
123.6 123.0 122.5 122.0 120.8 120.5 119.3 116.9 115.7 114.4 111.7 106.8 108.4 97.1
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transporta
tion equipm ent)...................................
Tin cans and other tinware....................
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware___
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ su p p lies.....................
Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stampine, coating, and engraving
Other fabricated metal products..........
811
858
852
850
847
852
850
837
814
843
850
859
773
701
776
43.6 42.9 43.1 42.7 42.1 44.2 45.4 44. 2 45.9 49.8 50.2 45. 5 42.8 39.9
1
4
1
.7
137.2 138.3 140.3
143.7 144.0 143.7 142.9 141.4 138.3 132.4 129.1 132.7 118.4
128.6
177.2
158. 9
197.6
130.1
178.8
161.9
197.7
132.8
177.7
166.4
198.3
133.9
176.4
166. 1
197.0
132.0
174.6
164.5
195.4
129.9
173.2
161. 5
193.7
133.2
173.2
161.6
194.6
135.3
171.7
160.9
195.2
137.1
170.9
160.7
194.3
137.1
165.6
159. 1
187.5
131.9
165. 1
155.8
178.1
120.4
158.0
149.9
170.0
123. 9
156.5
146.9
173.0
106.0
152.3
125.8
159.0
Machinery (except electrical)................... 1,236 1,256 1,246 1,239 1,231 1,215 1,192 1,163 1,133 1,104 1,050 1,060 1,032 1,040 1,001
Engines and turbines..............................
68.8 67.9 67.0 65.7 64.0 63. 7 61.9 60.3 55.0 52. 1 56 6 54.7 54.5 53.9
Agricultural machinery and tractors__
152.9 151.7 151.8 151.0 149.7 146. 5 135.4 124.8 124.3 102.3 140.0 140.5 133.5 142.4
Construction and mining m achinery...
90.9 88.9 87.8 87.3 86.3 84. 7 83.8 82.3 80.6 77.8 73.7 71.6 73.0 72.4
Metalworking machinery.......................
233.6 228.8 226.7 222.9 218.4 211.3 204.4 197.2 189.7 180.9 170.6 161.5 169.0 157.9
Special-industry machinery (except
metalworking machinery)...................
150. 7 149.7 150.0 149.0 147.3 143.9 140.5 137.6 135.8 132.2 127.4 124.3 126.6 131.1
General industrial m achinery...............
166.9 165.7 164.7 162.7 158.8 157.7 154.5 150. 1 146.7 141.9 136.9 131.3 134.3 132.3
Office and store machines and devices . ........
88.7 88.2 86.9 86.0 85.4 84.2 83.2 81.9 80.3 79.0 75.6 74.3 75.6 75.4
Service-industry and household ma
chines.....................................................
139.9 143.6 144.1 148.4 148.7 146.8 147.9 151.2 147.6 146.1 145.3 145.5 143.2 115.4
1 163.5 161.4 160.1 157.7 156.1 153.0 151.1 148.0 144.1 137.9 133.4 128.1 130.0 120.4
Miscellaneous machinery parts.............,
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
338
A : EM PLOYM ENT
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
PAYROLLS
Table A-3: Production Workers in Mining and Manufacturing Industries 1—Continued
fin thousands]
1951
Annual
average
1950
Industry group and industry
July
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery_________ ___
Electrical generating, transmission, dis
tribution, and industrial apparatus...
Electrical equipment for vehicles___
Communication equipment______
Electrical appliances, lamps, and mis
cellaneous products................... .
674
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
1950
1949
705
709
718
724
716
711
724
721
710
673
655
620
636
552
275.9 270.6 266.4 262.1 258.3 255.8 257.2 254.4 251.7 237.1 236. 5 226.6 229.7 210.7
67. 5 67. 2 66.1 64.6 63.9 63. 4 63.0 61.8 60.9 59.5 57.2 56.0 56.0 49.0
240. 5 248.6 261.5 273.2 269.5 267.8 278.3 278.4 272.2 254.6 247.8 227.5 237.0 191.8
120.9 122.2 123.6 123.9 124.4 124.0 125.4 126.2 125.0 121.6 113.1 109.8
113.3 100.8
Transportation equipment................. 1,218 1,232 1,231 1,243 1, 253 1,233 1,175 1,160 1,139 1,157 1,134 1,118 1,070 1004
Automobiles............................ .
737.3 752.6 774.1 793. 4 790.6 767.3 767.3 760.4 794.8 787.8 780.9 756.7 713.5
Aircraft and parts.......................
330.4 317. 4 309.3 298. 9 287.6 264.2 251.9 239.3 224. 5 209.4 199.0 188.1 201.8
Aircraft...T______ _________
224.4 215. 6 211.3 204.1 195.4 177.3 170.0 161.4 151.5 144.5 134.8 126.3 135.7
Aircraft engine? and parts______
61.2 59.3 57.1 55.1 53.9 51.3 48.5 46.3 43.6 37.3 38.9 37.4 39 i
6.2
5.1
5.4
5.9
5.5
4.9
Aircraft propellers and parts_____
6.7
6.5
6.1
5.7
7.4
7.4
7.3
Other aircraft parts and equipment..
37.5 35.1 33.5 33.0 31.8 29.4 27.3 25.7 23.7 22.1 20.4 19.3 21.6
Ship and boat building and repairing..
97.6 94.6 94.3 95.6 94.9 82.7 78.7 76.1 75.8 76.3 79.0 67.9 71.4
Shipbuilding and repairing_____
84.3 81.4 81.1 82.7 82.1 70.3 66.3 64.4 64.3 64.8 67.5 56.1 60.2
Boat building and repairing____
13. 3 13. 2 13. 2 12.9 12.8 12. 4 12.4 11.7 11.5 11. 5 11.5 11.8 11.2
Railroad equipment... _________
57.8 57. 0 55. 5 54. 1 48.5 52. 1 61.9 51.7 50.4 49.3 48. 2 47.7 47.9
9.7
Other transportation equipment____
9.8
9.1
9. 3 10.0 11.3 11.4 10.4 11.2 11.8 11.9 11.6 11.0
987
643.5
188.5
126.6
37.4
5.3
19.2
85.0
75.0
10.0
61.0
9.2
Instruments and related products____
Ophthalmic goods______ _____ _
Photographic apparatus________
Watches and clocks____ _______
Professional and scientific instruments.
217
211
209
205
215
211
199
187
178
218
223
222
221
22. 8 23. 0 23.1 22.9 22.5 22.2 22.0 21.8 21.3 20.8 20.2 19.9
43.9 42.9 42.8 42. 5 42.0 40.9 40.9 40.7 40.2 39. 5 38. 5 37.0
28.8 28.4 29. 2 28.9 28.8 28.3 28.9 28.8 28.0 27.0 23.4 23.4
127.4 127.5 125.7 123.4 121.9 119.6 119.2 117.8 115.3 111.6 105.3 98.1
186
177
20.6 21.9
37.3 38.4
25. 5 26.6
103.0 90.1
Miscellaneous manufacturingindustries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware...
Toys and sporting goods________
Costume jewelry, buttons, notions__
Other miscellaneous manufacturing
industries..... ..................... .....
379
424
436
418
399
385
354
429
427
413
432
358
399
410
422
41.4 43.1 45.3 47.2 48.2 46.9 47.2 47.8 48.1 47.2 45.5 41.4 44.5 45.0
65. 5 67. 6 69. 4 68.9 67.0 62.3 66.7 73.0 75.3 72.2 69.8 62.5 64.2 59.8
44.7 47.1 51.9 55.1 55.9 52.8 52.1 54.9 56.2 54.4 52.0 43.9 49.2 48.3
247.8 251.7 255.7 258.0 255.5 250.6 257.6 256.4 256.1 244.3 232.0 210.2 227.2 200.5
1 See footnote 1, table A-2. Production workers refer to all full-and parttime employees engaged In production and related processes, such as fabrieating, processing, assembling, inspecting, storing, packing, shipping, main
tenance and repan-, and other activities closely associated with production
operations.
s See footnote 2, table A-2.
footnote 3, table A-2.
3 See
T able A-4: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment and Weekly Payrolls in Manufacturing
Industries1
[1939 average=100]
Period
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944.
1945:
1946:
Average...........................
Average.................. .........
Average...........................
Average....... ...................
Average....... ...................
Average........................
Average....... ...................
Average___ _________
Em ploy
ment
Period
1 0 0 .0
1 0 0 .0
1947: A v e ra g e
107.5
132.8
156.9
183.3
178.3
157.0
147.8
113.6
164.9
241.5
331.1
343.7
293.5
271.7
1948:
1949:
1950:
1950:
'See footnote 1, tables A- 2 and A-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Weekly
payroll
Average_____ _____ _
Average...........................
A verage..........................
July..................................
August.............................
September.......................
October . _
_ ___
Employ
ment
156.2
155.2
141 6
149.7
148.3
156.3
158.9
160.3
Weekly
payroll
326.9
351.4
325.3
371.7
367.5
394.4
403.2
415.8
Period
1950: November........ ..............
December.......................
1951: January...........................
February.........................
March______________
A pril................................
M a y .................................
J u n e ______ ____ ____
July.................................
Employ
ment
159.2
159.4
158.9
161.0
161.0
160.0
158.7
159.4
157.4
Weekly
payroll
414.6
426.0
424.0
430.0
435.0
433.2
428.8
435.7
R E V IE W , SE P T E M B E R 1951
A : EM PLOYM ENT
AND
339
PAYROLLS
T able A-5: Federal Civilian Employment and Payrolls, by Branch and Agency Group
[In thousands]
Executive
Year and month
1
All branches
Total
Defense
agencies 1
Post Office
D epartm ent 8
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Employment—Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1949: A verage...
1960: Average__
2,100.5
2,080.5
2,089. 2
2,068.6
899.2
837.5
511.1
521.4
678.9
709.7
8 .1
3.6
3.8
1950: July...........
August___
September.
O ctober...
November.
December.
1,986. 7
2,005. 4
2,083. 2
2,117.4
2,152.0
2, 508. 9
1,974.9
1, 993. 4
2,071.4
2,105.3
2,139.9
2,496. 9
778.8
806 0
887.3
932.3
970.0
995.9
491.8
487.1
485.0
483.8
482.2
811.8
704.3
700.3
699.1
689.2
687.7
689.2
8 .0
8 .2
8 .0
8 .2
8 .2
8 .1
38
3. 8
3.8
3. S
3.9
3.9
1951: Ja n u ary ...
February..
March.......
April.........
M ay ......... .
June..........
J u ly ..........
2,204.3
2,265. 5
2,332. 3
2,385. 5
2,432.6
2,462. 3
2, 506.4
2,192.3
2,253.5
2, 320. 2
2,373. 5
2,420. 5
2,450.1
2,494.0
1,017.3
1,076. 8
1,133.4
1,180. 0
1, 2 12. 1
1,237.5
1,265. 3
486.5
487.1
489.0
488.4
492.1
491.2
492.4
688.5
689.6
697.8
705. 1
716.3
721.4
736.3
8 .1
8 .1
8 .2
8 .1
8. 2
8.3
8.5
3. 9
3.9
39
39
39
3. 9
3.9
$2,870
3,215
$1,430
L 569
8,206
7.7
Payrolls -T o ta l (including areas outside continental United States)
1949: Average___
1950: Average___
$558,273
685, 676
$553,973
580,792
$231,856
235,157
$129,895
135,300
$192,222
210,335
1950: July....... .....
August........
September..
October___
November..
December..
551,510
618,049
601,454
613,359
621,401
672,724
546,806
613,138
596, 537
608,511
616,609
667,988
212,778
259,451
261,527
267,622
273, 633
275,681
129, 803
130,361
128, 764
129,665
129, 869
185, 732
204,225
223,326
206,246
211.224
213,107
206,575
3,200
3,2.50
3,292
3| 207
1, 498
1,634
1,717
lj 598
1, 590
1, 529
1951: January___
F ebruary...
March____
April...........
M ay_____
June______
Ju ly ............
680,926
638, 193
706,184
687, 876
742,529
721, 693
755,087
676,007
633, 514
701, 569
683, 273
737,428
716,681
750,264
319,738
303,042
345,685
337.876
370. 700
360,686
379,638
132,037
129, 603
133, 342
129, 796
131,353
131,156
132,621
224,232
200. 869
222, 542
215, 601
235,375
224,839
238,005
3,249
3, 182
3,261
3,197
8 ,338
3,379
3,195
1,670
1,497
1,354
l ’406
1, 763
1, 633
1,628
7.7
3 ,277
Employment—Continental United States
1949: A verage...
1950: A verage...
1,921.9
1,930. 5
1,910.7
1, 918. 7
761.4
732.3
509.1
619.4
640. 2
667.0
8 .1
3. 5
3.7
1950: July...........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
1,839.4
1,861.0
1,935.9
1,968. 3
2,000. 3
2,352.8
1, 827.7
1,849.1
1, 924.1
1,956.3
1, 088. 3
2,340. 9
677.2
707.1
785.3
828.3
862.9
885.6
489.9
485.2
483.1
482.0
480.4
808.9
660 6
656.8
655. 7
646 0
645.0
646.4
8 .0
8 .2
8 .0
8 .2
8 .2
8 .1
3. 7
3. 7
3. 8
38
3. 8
3.8
1951: Ja n u a ry ...
February..
March___
April____
M a y _____
June_____
Ju ly ..........
2,047.4
2,105.0
2,169. 3
2, 219. 9
2,263. 9
2, 290. 5
2,332.8
2,035. 5
2,093.1
2,157.3
2 , 208. 0
2,251.9
2, 278. 4
2, 320. 5
905.1
961.0
1,015.5
1,059 7
1,089. 8
1,113.3
1,141.2
484.7
485.3
487.1
486.6
490.3
489.3
490.5
645.7
646.8
654.7
661.7
671.8
675.8
8 .1
8 .1
8. 2
8 .1
8 .2
8.3
8.5
3.8
3.8
38
38
38
38
3.8
6 8 8 .8
Payrolls—Continental United States
1949: Average__
1950: Average__
$519,529
549,328
$515,269
544,587
$203, 548
211,508
$129,416
134, 792
$182, 305
198, 287
$2, 870
3,215
$1,390
l , 526
1950: Ju ly ..........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
516, 924
580,732
563, eoo
576,155
583,978
634, 578
512,261
575,867
559,029
571,357
579,140
629, 886
191,109
235,435
237,332
243,233
218,667
250,324
129, 316
129, 870
128,278
129,178
129,413
185,044
191, 836
210,562
193,419
198,946
201,060
194,518
3,206
3,277
3,200
3,250
3,292
3,207
1,457
1, 588
1,671
lj 548
1, 546
lj 485
1951: Ja n u a ry ...
February..
March___
A pril.........
M ay....... .
June..........
Ju ly ..........
641,330
601,374
664,389
648,017
698,694
677,493
708,613
636,455
596, 736
659,812
643, 454
693, 638
672,525
703,834
292,875
277, 870
317,140
310,605
340,465
330,332
350, 633
131, 549
129, 123
132,847
129.310
130. 850
130,613
132, 038
212,031
189 743
209, 825
203,539
222, 323
211,580
221,163
3,249
3,182
3,261
3,197
3. 338
3,379
3,195
1
See footnote 2, table A-7,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
’See footnote 3, table A-7.
8 Includes
fourth class postmasters, excluded from table A- 2 .
1,626
1 , 456
1,316
1, 386
1, 718
1, 589
1,584
340
A : EM PLOYM ENT
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
PAYROLLS
Table A-7: Government Civilian Employment and Payrolls in Washington, D. C.,1 by Branch and
Agency Group
[In thousands]
Federal
Year and month
District of
Total
Columbia
government government
Executive *
Total
All agencies
Defense
agencies!
Post Office
Department
All other
agencies
Legislative
Judicial
Employment
1949: Average....... ........... ............ .
1950: Average..._____ __________
241.8
242.3
1950: J u l y ........................................
A u gust...................................
Sep* ember...............................
October...................... ............
November_____ ______ ___
December....... ............ ...........
239.1
240.7
243.7
244.8
247.9
256.2
1951: January............... ....................
February________________
M arch.... .................................
A pril_____________ ______
M ay_________ ___________
June..........................................
Ju ly .........................................
253. 8
258. 8
264.6
268.5
271 4
272.9
280.2
214.0
213.4
70.4
67.5
8 .2
8 .1
135.4
137.8
7.7
8 .1
.7
219.3
220.9
223.7
224.7
227.5
235.9
2 1 0 .6
2 1 2 .0
65.2
6 6 .1
215. 0
215.8
218.7
227.1
69.3
70.8
72.4
74.1
7.7
7.7
7.6
7.5
7.6
12.7
137.7
138.2
138.1
137.5
138.7
140.3
8 .0
8 .2
8 .0
8 .2
8 .1
8 .1
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
233.2
238.4
244.3
248.2
251.3
252. 4
260.4
224.4
229.6
235.4
239.4
242 4
243.4
251.2
74.8
77.4
80.2
82.2
83.6
83.9
87.7
7.8
7.7
7.7
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.9
141.8
144.5
147.5
149. 4
151.0
151.8
155.6
8 .1
8 .1
8 .2
8 .1
8 .2
8.3
8.5
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
.7
19.5
222.3
2 0 .1
2 2 2 .2
19.8
19.8
2 0 .0
2 0 .1
20.4
20.3
2 0 .6
20.4
20.3
20.3
2 0 .1
20.5
19.8
0 .6
Payrolls
1949: Average........................... ........
1950: Average ..................................
$75, 570
81, 602
$5, 050
5, 321
$70, 520
76, 281
$67, 410
72, 780
$21,119
2 2 , 8 88
$2, 791
2,937
$43, 500
46, 955
$2, 870
3,215
$240
286
1950: July. ................... ...... .............
A u g u s t._____ ___________
September______________
October....................................
N ovem ber.........................
December..............................
77, 713
85, 472
82, 280
84, 657
85, 380
85, 285
4,192
4, 514
5, 347
5, 680
5, 796
5. 558
73, 521
80, 958
76, 933
78, 977
79, 584
79. 727
70, 043
77, 372
73, 415
75, 424
75, 991
76, 228
21, 399
24, 459
24, 951
24, 495
24, 545
24, 786
2,755
2,918
2,856
2, 892
3,835
45, 889
49, 995
45, 608
48, 037
48, 558
47, 607
3,206
3, 277
3, 200
3. 250
3,292
3, 207
272
309
318
303
301
292
1951: January...................................
February.................................
M arch......................................
April____________________
M ay............... .........................
June.................................. ......
Ju ly ..........................................
91.052
84,018
93, 837
91,887
104, 400
94, 102
97, 299
5.923
5,431
5,578
5,618
5,883
5,623
4,485
85, 129
78, 587
8 8 , 259
8 6 , 269
98,517
8 8 , 479
92,814
81, 564
75,120
84, 709
82, 781
94. 863
84. 798
89, 318
26, 543
25,725
29. 403
28. 739
31, 082
29, 480
31,350
2, 944
2,828
2,949
2,855
2,946
2. 839
2,865
52. 077
46,567
52,357
51.187
60, 835
52, 479
55,103
3,249
3, 182
3, 261
3,197
3, 338
3, 379
3,195
316
285
289
291
316
302
301
1 Data for the executive branch of the Federal Government also include
areas in Maryland and Virginia which are within the metropolitan area, as
defined by the Bureau of the Census.
J Includes Government corporations (including Federal Reserve Banks
and mixed-ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration) and other
activities performed by Governmental personnel in establishments such as
navy yards, arsenals, hospitals, and force-account construction. Data which
are based mainly on reports to the Civil Service Commission are adjusted to
maintain continuity of coverage and definition.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 ,8 8 8
5 Covers civilian employees of the Department of Defense (Secretary of
Defense, Army, Air Force, and Navy), National Advisory Committee for
Aeronautics, the Panama Canal, Selective Service System, National Secu
rity Resources Board, National Security Council, War Claims Commission.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
A : EM PLOYM ENT
AND
341
PAYROLLS
T able A-9: Employees in Nonagricultural Establishments for Selected States 1
[In thousands]
1951
1950
State
June
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dee.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
Alabam a.......................... ............
634.3
625.5
622.2 *627. 2 621.1
616.2
629.2
619.8
622.1
622.2
611.4
Arizona ............................................
177.2
176.9
179.0
179.1
173.2
176.7
174.2
169. 3
167.2
164.5
161.1
Arkansas.......................................
309.4
307.6
306.5
304.9
297.7
298.4
307.4
304.0
304.5
302.2
297.9
California______________________ 3,4170 3,392. 4 3, 367. 3 *3,337. 3 3, 308. 9 3, 289. 2 3, 390. 2 3,350. 2 3, 369. 5 3, 360. 2 3, 318.1
Colorado......... ....................................
378.8
372.8
367.7
363.1
358.2
357.6
367.2
360.4
363.9
363.0
355.6
Connecticut 2 ....... ........................
820.6
818.2
814.8
806.9
802.7
799.1
819.4
805. 6
797.6
790.8
776.6
District of C o lu m b ia........................
519.4
517.2
515.2 *511.8
499.6
495.4 *506.1 *493. 4 *488.4 *485. 2 *481.9
Florida....... .....................................
681.2
693.8
703. 1 727.3
727.4
724.0
725. 0 690.6
667.3
643.2
655.7
Georgia..................................... ...........
827.9
829.5
826.4 *822. 6
813. 8
809.7
826 2
817.2
824.8
814.2
802.7
Idaho____________________ .
139.6
136.3
132.9
128.6
128.3
130.1
135.9
137.0
142.2
137.8
138.5
Illinois 2. . ....... ................. .............
3,231.6 3, 208. 6 3,196. 4 3,184. 3 3,154. 8 3,156. 0 3, 222. 5 3,174.3 3,179. 0 3,157. 8 3,150. 3
Indiana............... .......................
1, 298. 6 1, 290. 0 1,281 2 *1, 282. 8 1, 268. 7 1, 264. 7 1, 294. 9 *1, 280. 5 1, 255. 6 1, 273. 3 *1 , 260. 2
Iowa...................................
620.4
612 1
606.3
596.4
594.8
595.3
605.3
599.4
601.0
599.5
598. 1
Kansas.............. ............. ...
497.7
490.8
486.8
468.9
478.7
469.2
482.5
474.9
476.1
474.3
467.5
Maine.............................
270.1
260.4
254.1
252.4
254.9
253.1
261.4
258.2
265.3
270.5
273.1
M aryland...........................................
743.3
732.4
725. 9 *724. 2 712.3
726.2
719.2
703.6
720.8
721.3
716.3
Massachusetts....... .....................
1,804. 8 1,801.0 1, 794. 6 *1, 785.1 1, 778. 2 1, 769. 6 1, 826. 7 1, 792. 8 1, 793. 9 1, 777. 2 1, 764. 2
M innesota___________________
823.9
815.9
801.8
801. 2
799.5
802.3
820.9
816.3
819.7
825.1
810.9
Missouri 2 ......... ..........................
1, 210. 9 1, 201. 7 1,188. 2 1,185. 7 1,176.9 1,177.0 1,217. 3 1,195. 5 1,198. 7 1,194.3 1,176. 7
M ontana......... ........... ................
153.9
151.3
148.5 *143. 0
143.0
144.7
149.9
152.6
154.5
156.8
155.9
Nebraska 2 _______________
327.7
323.8
319.3
315.2
313.7
314.3
327.0
323.1
323.5
321.8
317. 5
Nevada ........................ ...
57.8
£6.3
55.9
53.5
54.6
53.8
55.1
55.4
56. 0
57.5
57.1
New H am pshire................. ..............
171.2
166.9
168.5
166.9
167.7
166.1
168.8
169.3
171.1
173.4
172.8
New Je rs e y ...................................
1, 687. 5 1, 679. 8 1 , 682.1 *1, 6 6 6 . 5 1, 664. 0 1, 653. 2 1, 689. 9 1,671.0 1 , 6 6 8 . 6 1, 6 6 6 . 9 1,641. 1
New Mexico........................
156.3
154.9
155.1
154.1
151.1
150.0
151.7
150.3
150.9
153.0
150.8
New York 2 .................... ................... 5, 721. 3 5, 689. 0 5, 689.1 5, 708. 8 5, 664. 0 5, 645. 5 5,831. 3 5, 727. 0 5, 745. 1 5, 701. 7 5, 632. 9
North Carolina........................ ...........
924.6
917.4
911.3 *931.6
918.2
919.6
937.9
930.5
928.9
903 4
927.7
North Dakota.................................
116.1
114.6
110.9 *108.0
108.3
1 1 0 .6
115.4
116.7
116.9
117.1
116.8
O klahom a...............................
498.0
493.0
491.8 *486. 0 475.3
480.4
492.3
483.4
484.6
483.6
477.9
Oregon................... .....................
467.1
452.5
445.0 *427. 7 *425. 5 424.1
451.2
454.3
477.2
464.9
478.1
Pennsylvania..............................
3, 738. 6 3, 723. 8 3, 710.6 *3, 702. 8 3, 656. 3 3, 647. 7 3, 737.1 3, 6 8 8 . 2 3, 678. 5 3, 674. 4 3, 614.5
Rhode Island..............................
299.2
301.1
305. 3 301.7
306.7
304.6
310.8
308.4
307.5
303.9
294.7
South Carolina......... ......................
474.2
470.4
465.8 *469. 5 462.5
461.0
469. 7 462.2
461.6
458.7
450. 7
South Dakota....... ........................
118.0
116.2
113.9 *112.7
113.3
114.4
119.6
119.6
1 2 0 .8
121.7
121.3
Tennessee..........................................
750.5
752.5
751.1
742.1
750.0
739.1
756.4
748.1
745.1
747.2
740.5
Texas............................ . . .
2 , 015.4 1, 994. 2 1,984. 2 *1, 972.4 1, 944. 7 1,941.6 1,989. 5 1, 949. 0 1, 944. 5 1, 938. 0 1, 920. 9
U tah..............................................
209.8
204.5
2 0 0 .6
*197.3 *194. 5 *192.5
2 0 2 .2
*199. 7 *2 0 0 . 0
203. 7 195.3
Vermont . ______ ____________
101. 4
100. 0
99. 4
*97.0
97.9
97.8
99.7
97.8
98.2
99.9
99.3
Virginia...............................................
837.1
829.5
819.3 *822.8
814.2
808.2
827.3
813.3
813.3
803.8
789.9
Washington................ ................... .
726.5
717.9
703.0
689.0
684.9
683.2
713.1
716.0
732.6
727.6
713.6
West Virginia______________ _____
537.6
534 6
526.6 *529. 9
522.4
525.4
539.3
534.3
533.3
531.9
529.5
Wisconsin.................... ...................... 1, 054. 3 1, 043. 6 1, 038. 6 *1, 032. 6 1 , 0 2 1 .8 1, 024.8 1, 050. 2 1, 040.1 1, 040. 4 1, 048.1 1, 030. 8
Wyoming.... .........................................
85. 4
82.0
79.1
*77.8
76.4
77.9
81.3
82.0
82.7
86.4
87.9
1 Revised data in all except the first three columns will be identified by an
asterisk (*) for the first month’s publication of such data. Data for earlier
years are available on request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics or the coop
erating State agency. State agencies also publish more detailed industry
data. See table A-10 for addresses of cooperating State agencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
July
June
Annual
average
1947
598.2
596. 5
159.6
158. 7 147. 9
292.6
295.0
283 0
3, 208. 5 3,165.7 3, 077. 0
343.9
339.3 ' 330. 5
759. 0
*479. 4
633.0
782.1
134.8
759. 3
*481.4
643.4
770. 8
132.4
773.7
631. 8
740.0
121.7
3,103. 5 3,106.5 3,148.1
1, 227. 7 *1, 230. 7 1,196. 4
591. 6
594.1
570. 9
463. 1 462. 2 423. 2
264.7
261.1
262.0
697. 6 2 696. 5 670.8
1, 721. 7 1, 733. 5 1, 701. 5
794.1
783.3
770. 6
1,160. 9 1,117 1 l, 116. 4
154.4
153.6
136.4
315.2
313. 9 295. 5
57 0
55.4
53. 4
169.5 *167. 2 166. 7
1, 600. 3 1,600. 4 1, 613. 5
148.0
147.2
1 2 2 .0
5, 523. 8 5, 505.8 5, 557. 7
870.0
873. 6 ' 863. 6
115.1
114.4
99.1
474.5
472. 7 433. 6
459.0
451.3
417.4
3, 520. 5 *3, 541.7 3, 628. 3
285. 3 285.9
292. 9
440.9
440.2
426.1
121.5
120. 6
110. 2
726.9
723.4
700.5
1, 884. 7 1,884. 5
192. 9 187 2
96. 2
97.3
776. 2 775 3
688.3
673.0
659.9
519.8
1 , 026.1
87.1
984.5
72.7
521.3
997.6
85.4
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published,
* Not comparable with preceding data shown,
179. 7
98.6
342
A : EM PLOYM ENT
T able A-10:
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
PAYROLLS
Employees in Manufacturing Industries, by State 1
[In thousands]
1950
1951
State
June
Alabama_______________________
Arizona 8 ______ - - ________ A rk an sas...--------- - ---------------California_______
_____ - - - Colorado........................ .....................
Connecticut 2----------------------Delaware___ ______ _________ District of Columbia. ----------------Florida_________________________
Georgia ________ ____ _________
I d a h o ___ __________ ________ Illinois 8 _________
_______ -Indiana___________ - __________
Iowa _________________________
K an sas..------------------ ---------------K entucky 2 _______ _____ ______
Louisiana____________ _______ .
M aine... ___________________ —
M aryland.. ____________________
Massachusetts. .
.
Michigan________ ______ ______
Minnesota______________________
Mississippi_____________________
Missouri________ ______________
M ontana------------ ---------------- --Nebraska_____________ ________
Nevada _______________________
New Hampshire___ . . . ------------New Jersey_____________________
New Mexico_________ __________
New Y ork... ___________________
North Carolina____________ ____
North Dakota___________________
Ohio ________________________
Oklahoma_________ - ------------Oregon . . . _________________ ..
Pennsylvania--------- . ----------- ..
Rhode Island------ ---------------------South Carolina___________ ______
South Dakota----------------------------Tennessee------------ -----------------Texas__________ . .. -------------U tah__________________________
Vermont ____________ _________
Virginia_________ . . --------------Washington____________________
West Virginia________________ . . .
Wisconsin______________________
Wyoming ............. . .. -------------
May
Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Dec.
220.9
2 2 2 .0
224.0
217.4
224.7
224.0
216.1
16.0
16.9
16.3
17.4
17.7
18.7
18.3
76.6
76.7
76.7
78.1
76.5
77.7
78.6
804.4
810.7
832.9
823.5
842.1
840.8
850.8
63.3
59.9
59.8
60.7
60.6
62.4
61.1
410.3
415.9
409.2
415.7
418.0
418.7
417.3
48.9
48.3
*49.4
48.7
50.1
49.3
50.6
16.2
*17.4
16.5
*16.8
17.0
16.8
17.1
102.5
105. 7
105.7
103.9
102.7
1 0 0 .8
99.5
289.9
290.9 *291.6
291.5
290.6
290.1
288.5
2 2 .2
2 0 .2
19.8
2 1 .1
23.0
2 1 .2
25.3
1, 216. 7 1,210.3 1, 219.0 1 , 228.9 1.223.8 1 , 2 1 1 .6 1, 210. 7
596.7
598.4
600.2 *606.2
603.7
597.0
597.9
152.0
159. 7
158 2
160.0
158.7
159.4
162.1
106.6
103.4
1 0 1 .8
109.0
1 1 0 .0
108.6
113.6
154.4
153.1
146.1
147.5
154.7
144.7
145.9
136.7
140.8
137.7
136.5
140.1
138.9
138. 5
108.5
107.4
109.4
111.5
109.2
109.5
115.6
243.5
237.1
233.5
248.7
245.6 *245.8
254. 8
753.2
742.5
741.6
744.3
735.4
736.6
747.8
1,128.6 1,133. 7 1,157.4 *1,167.1 *1,162.1 *1,137.8 *1,137.4
2 0 1 .6
203.3
203.3
203.7
199.7
202.5
206.1
*87.9
8 6 .8
89.5
89.7
87.6
90.5
88.7
364.9
369.0
367.5
367.4
367.2
363.8
373.2
18.4
*16.8
17.3
17.8
17.2
16.9
16.7
53.0
52.3
52.5
55.2
53.1
52.6
*52.6
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.3
3.5
80.3
79.0
82.4
83.1
81.1
82.3
80.1
767.9
779.2
768.2
766.0
766.1
744.5 *770.5
12.3
12.7
12.4
13.3
13.1
1 2 .8
13.3
1,885. 8 1, 870.0 1,905.1 *1,949.5 1,944.3 1,917.1 1, 923. 9
432.2
431.1
431.1
410.1 *431.1
417.0
412.8
6 .0
6.3
6.5
6 .2
5.9
5.8
*5.8
1 , 286.3 1, 284. 5 1, 287. 8 *1,289.0 1, 284. 5 1,274.3 1,270. 7
6
8 .6
68.3
68.7
72.2
71.7
70.3
73.5
139.8
140.9 *130.1 *132.3
129.5
152.2
144.7
1, 498.0 1, 502.9 1, 518.9 *1, 516. 6 1, 506.4 1, 493. 4 1, 495.1
155.2
151.2
160.2
156.9
149.9
154.5
147.6
216.1
216.4
218.5
217.3
216.8
214.5
213.6
1 1 .2
1 1 .1
1 1 .0
10.9
1 1 .0
1 1 .2
1 1 .1
260.1
257.2
256.1
259.4
259.6
261.3
256.1
377.9
374.6
383.9
386.1 *384. 7 381.6
390.7
28.2
*30.5
*28.4
30.5
29.1
*28.8
28.8
39.2
38.1
37.3
39.2
40.0
38.0
39.3
237.5
238.8
237.6
236.7
234.7
231.8
240.8
179.4
180.5
178.3
180.0
182.2
190.4
195.3
137.6
140.2 *139.3
137.8
138.6
142.8
141.6
448.3
447.0
449.8
453.9
453.7
457.2
452.7
6 .0
6 .1
5.9
6 .0
6 .8
6 .1
5.9
1 Revised data in all except the first three columns w ill be identified by an
asterisk (*) for the first month’s publication of such data. Data for earlier
years are available on request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics or the cooper
ating State agency. State agencies also publish more detailed industry data.
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
> N ot comparable with preceding data shown.
Cooperating State Agencies:
Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 5.
Arizona—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employm ent Secu
rity Commission, Phoenix.
Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Little
Rock.
California—Division of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 1.
Colorado—Department of Employment Security, Denver 2.
Connecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor,
Hartford 5.
Delaware—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1, Pa.
District of Columbia—U . S. Employm ent Service for D . C., Wash
ington 25.
Florida—Unemployment Compensation Division, Industrial Com
mission, Tallahassee.
Georgia—Em ploym ent Security Agency, Department of Labor, A t
lanta 3.
Idaho—Employment Security Agency, Boise.
Illinois—Division of Placem ent and Unemployment Compensation
Department of Labor, Chicago 54.
Indiana—Employm ent Security Division, Indianapolis 9.
Iowa—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 8.
Kansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor, Topeka.
K entucky—Bureau of Employment Security, Department of Economic
Security, Frankfort.
Louisiana—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge 4.
Maine—Employm ent Security Commission, Augusta.
Maryland—Department of Employm ent Security, Baltimore 1.
Massachusetts—D ivision ofStatistics, Department of Labor and Indus
tries, Boston 10.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Jan.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
218.9
222.3
223.3
212.7
221.3
15.2
16.2
16.0
15.4
15.3
74.5
79.1
78.7
76.7
77.7
763.9
843.3
843.4
838.3
823.1
56.9
62.1
59.5
63.8
64.7
401.2
393.8
381.3
364.8
407.6
50.9
50.4
46.9
48.2
46.8
*16.2
*16.2
*16.1
*16.1
*16.4
90.4
86.9
94.1
97.6
91.7
297.0
292.2
277.9
299.5
291.7
26.4
27.7
25.7
24.7
25.6
1,200.9 1 , 2 0 0 .8 1,178. 6 1,186.2 1,151.6
589.7
575.3
593.7
565.7
596.0
152.9
150.7
149.4
147.7
149.7
94.4
98.2
96.4
92.3
99.3
138.6
145.4
143.3
147.3
141.5
132.2
141.4
139.0
143.6
142.3
1 2 0 .1
113.3
118. 2
108.9
114.6
240.2
222.9
233.8
238.5
241.5
742.4
742.9
718.3
718.0
683.0
1,144. 2 1,178.3 1,152. 2 1,129.6 1,117.4
213.2
206.9
198.3
203.9
204.7
85.2
92.2
90.8
89.4
90.6
350.1
363.8
362.4
358.9
359. 6
20.5
19.5
19.6
19.8
19.7
53.0
51.7
50.6
51.6
52.6
3.4
3.3
3.3
3.4
3.5
80.2
79.9
79.7
78.8
76.1
705.3
764.6
741.8
765. 4
761.1
1 2 .2
1 2 .0
11.9
1 2 .1
1 2 .2
1, 923.9 1,944. 8 1,912.2 1,870.4 1, 764.1
440.1
395.5
436. 4 440.1
424.1
6.5
6 .2
6.3
6.3
6.3
1, 259. 2 1,253. 4 1,239.3 1, 213. 8 1,178. 2
67.2
68.4
67.8
67.8
6 8 .6
160.0
149.8
145.0
151.6
156.1
1,494.3 1,483.0 1, 470.1 1, 429. 8 1,364.9
139.9
157.8
154.0
148.1
157.1
204.9
216.0
2 1 1 .2
215.5
215.6
11.4
1 1 .6
11.5
11.4
1 1 .6
255.6
255.1
245.7
255.1
257.1
345.4
371.2
364.2
363.1
367.5
*32.0
33.4
29.7
30.7
31.3
37.2
37.4
36.6
34.8
37.1
241.2
238.4
231.9
220.7
238.2
197.2
192.7
182.6
185.2
198.1
135.2
131.7
139.2
139.1
136.1
449.2
446.1
446.4
453.3
446.7
6.4
7.0
7.1
6.5
6.5
June
Annual
average
1947
209.1
224.1
14.2
15.2
75.2
75.1
731.0
718.8
57.5
54.7
366.8
415.7
45.9
45.9
16.4
16.8
90.1
92.8
274.2
273.7
20.5
23.3
1,155. 9 1, 240.4
562.4
569.6
149.6
150.2
81.5
91.6
136.2
136.3
151.0
133.7
114.5
111.5
230.3
2 223.6
684.9
721.9
1,108. 7 1,041.7
190.5
199.5
84.0
91.9
342.6
348.8
19.0
18.4
50.0
49.3
3.3
3.3
75.7
82.8
711.6
775.3
11.7
9.1
1, 750.5 1,903.7
411.8
399.3
6 .1
6 .1
1,173.1 1,245.1
6 6 .6
62.4
147.0
132.8
1,375.3 1, 524. 5
139.7
152.5
204.2
2 0 2 .1
11.4
11.3
240.6
253.6
344.0
323.6
27.2
26.5
34.9
39.8
218.2
234.5
175.3
173.5
131.4
137.0
418.4
433.1
6.3
6 .1
Michigan—Employm ent Security Commission, Detroit 2.
Minnesota—Division of Employment and Security, St. Paul 1.
Mississippi—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
Missouri—D ivision of Employment Security, Department of Labor and
Industrial Relations, Jefferson City.
Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
Nebraska—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
N ew Hampshire—Division of Employment Security, Department of
Labor, Concord.
N ew Jersey—Department of Labor and Industry, Trenton 8.
N ew Mexico—Employm ent Security Commission, Albuquerque.
N ew York—Bureau of Research and Statistics, Division of Placement
and Unemployment Insurance, N ew York Department of Labor, N ew
York 18.
North Carolina—Department of Labor, Raleigh.
North Dakota—Unemployment Compensation Division, Bismarck.
Ohio—Bureau of Unemployment Compensation, Columbus 16.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Oregon—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Salem.
Pennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1,
(mfg.); Bureau of Research and Information, Department of Labor
and Industry, Harrisburg (nonmfg.)
Rhode Island—Department of Labor, Providence 2.
South Carolina—Employment Security Commission, Columbia 1.
South Dakota—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas—Employment Commission, Austin 19.
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake City 13.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—Division of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 19.
Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
West Virginia—Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
Wisconsin—Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
A : EM PLOYM ENT
AND
343
PAYROLLS
Table A -ll: Insured Unemployment Under State Unemployment Insurance Programs,1by Geographic
Division and State
[In thousands]
1
1951
Geographic division and
State
1950
June
May r
April
Mar.
Continental United States...................
934.7
949.9
932.1
904.2 1,025.1 1,144. 6 1,045.0
N ew England_______ ____ ___ __
M aine___________________
New Hampshire..................
V erm ont,................ ...............
M assachusetts............... .................
Rhode Island................. .................
1 1 2 .6
1 2 2 .2
9.2
7.6
1.4
59.4
99.8
64.0
12.5
9.9
1.5
65.5
1 1 .2
6 .2
7.6
4.2
55.1
33.5
22.1
1.2
12.9
Middle Atlantic____ ____
New York________ .
New Jersey___________
Pennsylvania________________
327.2
204.7
46.7
75.8
311.7
190.4
48.8
72.5
299.7
183.9
43.1
72.7
268.1
163.2
36.1
East North Central____ __________
Ohio____ ___________ . _____
Indiana_____________________
Illinois,........................ ................
Michigan................... ....................
Wisconsin....................... ............
158.6
28.4
17.6
74.3
32.5
5.8
158.8
27.0
17.0
78.3
30.6
5.9
150.9
27.7
14.9
72.9
27.8
7.6
West North Central_______ . . . .
Minnesota____________
Iowa____________________ _
Missouri___ _____ ___________
North Dakota_______________
South Dakota____________
Nebraska_______ _______
Kansas....................... ....................
31.9
7.0
3.1
18.2
52.2
18.4
4.8
20.3
1.9
2.4
South Atlantic____ ________ .
Delaware_____ ______________
M aryland________ _________
District of Colum bia.................
Virginia_____________________
West Virginia..______________
North Carolina______________
South Carolina........... ........... . . .
Georgia__________ __________
Florida____ ________________
98.0
90.9
1 .2
1 1 .0
1 .1
1 2 .1
.2
.3
.7
2.4
39.0
11. 2 *
3.5
19.9
.5
.4
1 .1
9.6
9.5
49.8
10.3
58.6
23.3
8.3
61.0
65.6
19.3
7.0
24.3
2.4
48.5
34.7
3.6
3.8
4.9
70.3
21.4
7.4
24.2
3.1
2.4
4.8
7.0
78.0
72.6
83.5
1 .0
1 1 .6
2 .1
1 .1
8.3
2.7
1 .6
1 1 .2
94.3
1.9
13.2
3.3
8.7
14.2
18.0
9.4
14.1
11.5
1 .1
2 .1
5.4
1 1 .0
2 0 .1
7.1
7.5
42.7
7.1
17.6
7.5
10.5
47.1
M ountain________________ _____
M ontana___________________
Idaho_______________________
Wyoming___________________
Colorado____________________
New Mexico________ . ____
Arizona_____________________
U t a h .___ __________ _______
Nevada_______________ ______
8.9
11.3
1 .1
.8
2 .0
16.6
3.9
1.9
Pacific......................... ........ ...............
Washington.................................
Oregon__ ___ _______________
California___________________
1 0 1 .1
6.7
3.9
90.5
113.5
8.7
5.0
99.8
2 0 .6
6 .2
2 0 .2
3.2
2 .1
8 .6
18.4
8.9
1 1 .2
.8
2 .1
1 .6
2.3
2 .8
1 .2
127.2
14.2
8 .2
104.8
6 .6
1 1 .2
17.5
7.2
10.5
7.5
6 8 .1
39.9
14.1
3.8
8 .0
13.7
17.7
8 .2
11.5
7.8
6 6 .0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 .1
4.1
6.4
65.0
14.3
25.8
15.1
9.8
13.9
15.9
25.0
14.3
8 .2
1 0 .8
52.3
9.5
19.6
10.7
12.5
61.7
12.7
22.4
12.7
13.9
54.0
25.3
6.9
4.4
1.5
2.3
30.3
7.3
5.9
1.9
3.1
2.3
3.1
4.7
28.6
2 1 .8
2 .1
2 .6
3.8
1.7
167.3
25.4
18.3
123.6
2 .0
179.6
28.8
19.9
130.9
1 U i0I t 0 A“F SÍ 1950, monthly data represent averages of weeks ended in
specified months; for subsequent months, the averages are based on weekly
data adjusted for split weeks in the month and are not strictly comparable
with earlier data. For a technical description of this series, see the April
1950 Monthly Labor Review (p. 382).
r Revised.
963019—51
6.9
1.1
113.1
28.5
9.4
57.5
38.0
5.5
15.6
7.2
9.7
1 .0
35.6
129.0
30.2
West South Central_____ ________
Arkansas_______ ____________
Louisiana___________ _______
Oklahoma____ ______________
Texas.______________________
.7
1.3
41.9
6 .8
178.0
36.4
13.3
2 2 .6
1.9
5.8
200.7
40.9
14.7
76.5
54.8
13.8
2 2 .0
1 .8
1 .2
2 .1
6 .8
176.4
39.9
14.4
59.7
15.8
1 .1
1 .8
1 .6
845.7 1,063.2 1, 388. 4 1,521.1
65.9
133.7
30.0
11.4
52.6
29.8
9.9
6 8 .8
60.7
17.7
22.4
13.4
7.2
.3
1. 5
782.8
77.4
10.3
319.0
226.2
35.4
57.4
60.0
17.9
.9
.4
9.3
11.3
895.3
1 0 .2
58.5
16.4
6 .6
10.5
13.6
Sept.
354.1
257.8
38.7
57.6
East South Central______________
Kentucky_____ _____. ______
Tennessee___ _______________
Alabama___ ________ ________
Mississippi................ ....................
12.9
5.8
1. 7
49.8
Oct.
355.1
238.4
41.1
75.6
1 2 .2
13.4
6.7
1 0 .2
89.0
11.4
6.3
1.7
49.0
N ov.
351.4
217.5
51.3
82.6
14.2
9.3
8 .0
91.6
Dec.
281.1
171.8
40.0
69.3
1 1 .6
24.8
1.7
9.1
9.2
11.7
Jan.
6.3
10.3
1.5
12.5
10.3
25.5
9.1
15.5
11.4
1 0 .6
75.8
7.9
4.6
1.3
41.1
1.0
19.9
12.9
Connecticut_____ ___________
13.1
Feb.
1 1 .1
18.1
1 1 .1
13.7
6 .2
6 .2
1 .6
3.1
2 .0
3.2
4.4
1.9
193.2
31.2
22.4
139.6
6 8 .2
8 .6
1 2 .0
6 .8
4.3
22.9
1.3
2 0 .0
1 .1
2 .1
2.9
.3
.5
4.9
28.4
5.5
2 .6
16.2
.2
.3
4.8
3.2
85.5
1.4
70.4
69.8
7.7
13.0
16.8
8.7
12.9
1 1 .0
57.5
13.6
2 2 .2
13.8
7.9
1 .0
1 2 .8
.8
2 .8
1 1 .2
2 .8
1949
.8
8.5
2.7
5.6
9.4
14.5
8.3
9.7
10.9
46.6
1 2 .0
16.9
12.3
5.4
43.8
8.4
13.9
9.2
12.3
36.0
19.8
3.7
4.3
.9
2.5
1.7
13.4
1.9
6 .2
11.7
7.6
10.5
2 .0
.4
2 .8
2 .1
1 .2
2 .6
2.4
1.5
1.9
1.3
167.9
26.2
17.9
123.8
133.8
19.0
13.7
1 0 1 .1
1 .0
7.7
2 .6
5.3
10.4
1 2 .6
8 .8
7.6
13.8
42.9
11.5
14.5
1 2 .1
4.8
34.8
5.2
12.4
7.0
74.5
5.2
6.5
1.4
42.1
8.4
10.9
318.4
2 2 1 .6
34.3
62.5
133.6
32.3
7.9
71.3
16.1
6 .0
29.2
6.3
3.5
15.2
1 0 .1
1 0 .8
55.8
3.1
85.3
2.1
13.7
17.2
2 0 .1
25.9
2 .1
1 .2
1.5
2.9
1.7
1 .0
1 .0
103.2
1 1 .1
6.4
85.7
5 .2
1^5 8
4,8 4
58.8,
154.9
218.4
57.5
13.1
117.5
242. 4
65. 0
14. 5
128. 6
24. 6
9.7
393 1
38.8
8.3
4.5
49.0
2 2 .0
8.3
1 0 .8
62.1
15.3
.3
16 2
178.4
41.0
8.9
103.6
18.2
6.7
48.9
12.4
16.5
14.2
5.8
1 1 .2
1 .0
1 .0
303 4
19 ! 0
119.9
157.8
8 .0
26. 6
23.5
2,062.1
495. 4
307. 4
113.0
41.5
6.9
14.3
186.5
13.0
12.9
3.4
107.1
June
478.4
311.0
60. 7
106.7
85.3
.9
10.3
3.0
7.2
13.4
15.1
9.6
8.9
16.9
2 .8
June
369.1
242.2
44.6
82.3
1.3
4.0
1 0 .2
1 .2
98.8
11.7
7.6
79.5
155.3
8 .8
2 0 .0
2
.3
.9
12.3
1 .0
2 .6
105.0
7.4
July
4. 8
25.5
^4
4
1. 9
5.2
1 0 .2
.9
.3
1.7
Aug.
A
1 .2
16.1
3.4
13. 7
16. 7
19.0
11.4
12.4
19.1
2 2 .2
16.9
7.7
1 .8
2 2 .1
40
22 1
21 8
30.8
15.8
18.9
20.5
78.8
19.4
27.3
2 2 .1
1 0 .0
68 1
57. 4
13.1
5.1
29.7
6 .0
165.5
1.9
25.3
41
24 1
24 1
33.7
15 4
2 1 .1
1 8
5 .4
206.4
2.3
36.3
42
29 3
22 7
41.0
90 5
28 9
2 1 .9
114 4
28 0
45 0
30 3
1 0 .6
1 1 .1
69. 9
10. 4
22. 5
67 0
10 5
1 2 .6
12. 9
23.0
18.6
1.9
1. 7
7
42
2.0
3.6
3.1
1.4
20. 5
2.5
1.5
_9
47
169.4
15. 6
9. 6
144. 2
196.1
16.5
8 3
171.3
129.9
13.2
7. 5
109.2
17 3
3 5 .5
15.8
14.6
1.4
1. 4
.4
3.2
2 .1
1 .1
2 1 .6
68 2
87.4
22.3
32. 6
21. 9
62.8
9. 4
21.3
11.4
20.7
1 .6
93 4
37 9
159 4
80 8
.3
2.3
52.1
7.7
18.1
9.8
16.5
3.4
614 1
361 0
24.4
20 6
19 7
2 2
1 3
7
4
2 _2
8
1 8
3. 6
35
49
25
1 .6
1 .5
275. 3
22.4
10 2
242.7
Figures may not add to exact column totals because of rounding
Source: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Employment Security,
344
B : LABOR
MONTHLY LABOR
T U R N -O V E R
B: Labor Turn-Over
T able B - l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries, by
Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year
Total separation:
1950 ............ -.....................
1949................ ..... .... ........
1948....................................
1947 ....... ..... .....................
1946............................ -.....
1939....................................
Quit:
1950 ............ -..... ..... ..... —
1949...................... ................- ..............
1948 _________ ___________ ____ 1947-....................................................
1946 ........ - .........-.........- ................ 1939 3................. - ....................- ...........
Discharge:
Q5i1
______
1950________ ___________ ______ 1949-........- ------ -------------------------1948........................ ...............................
1947..........- .................................... —
1946— - __________________ ____ 1939.....................- ------------------------
1
Lay-off:
1950-.................... ........................... —1949-...................................................1948_________ _______ - .........- .........
1947............................ ...........................
1946........... ...........................................
1939..................................... - .............. Miscellaneous, including military:
1950.------- ----------------- --------------1949.......................................- - - .........1948-......................................................
1947-............... ......................................
1946-................... - .................. - ...........
Total accession:
1950.................- ______ ___________
1949___________________________
1948_______ ___________________
1947-__________________________
1946-_________________________
1939-___________________ _____ -
Jan.
Feb.
Mar.
Apr.
June
41
3.1
4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2
38
3.0
4.1
4.2
4.5
6.3
2.6
41
2.9
4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1
2.8
4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5
4. 8
3.1
5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5
3.0
4.3
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3
2.1
1.1
2.1
2.5
2.7
2.8
32.4
1.7
1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
3.5
4.2
1.3
1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
3.5
4.2
.7
1.7
1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.3
3 .3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.5
.3
.4
.4
.5
.3
.4
.4
.4
.2
.2
.1
.3
.4
.4
.1
.4
.4
.3
.8
2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
1.0
1.2
2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6
1.2
1.1
3.3
1.1
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.4
.i
.i
,i
,i
4 6
3.6
3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
4. 5
3.5
2.9
4.0
5.1
6.7
2.9
4. 5
4.4
3.5
4.1
4.8
2.6
3.5
4.3
.9
.2
.1
1.0
1.7
2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2
.7
.i
.i
,i
,i
1.0
.6
.2
.1
.8
1.7
2.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.9
.6
,i
.i
,i
.i
.2
.2
5.2
3.6
3.2
4.6
4 5
3.2
2.9
3.9
5.0
8.5
4.1
3.1
6.0
6.8
1.2
1.6
2.8
.8
.2
.1
1.4
%. 2
3.3
i Month-to-month changes in total employment in manufacturing indus
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not comparable with the
changes shown by the Bureau’s employment and payroll reports, for the
following reasons:
(1) Accessions and separations are computed for the entire calendar month;
the employment and payroll reports, for the most part, refer to a 1 -week pay
period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
(2) The turn-over sample is not so large as that of the employment
and payroll sample and includes proportionately fewer small plants; certain
industries are not covered. The major industries excluded are: printing,
publishing, and allied industries; canning and preserving fruits, vegetables,
and sea foods; women’s, misses’, and children’s outerwear; and fertilizers.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
May
.8
.4
.4
.4
1.6
1.6
2.8
.2
1.4
1.5
2.7
.2
6.1
3.3
July
.1
31.0
Oct.
Nov.
Dec.
4.2
4.0
5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0
4.9
4.2
5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8
4.3
4.1
4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9
3.8
4.0
4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0
3.6
3.2
4.3
3.7
4. 5
3.5
1.8
2.9
1.8
3.4
2.1
2.7
1.5
3.4
4.0
5.3
2.8
1.1
3.6
4.7
.9
2.1
1.2
2.2
.8
3.9
4.5
5.3
1.7
.9
1.7
2.3
3.0
.7
.4
.3
.4
.4
.4
.4
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.3
.2
.
Sept.
2.9
3.8
4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3
1.4
2.9
3.1
4.6
.7
.2
Aug.
.4
-4
.4
.1
.1
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.8
2.3
1.2
.9
1.0
1.8
2.7
3.7
.8
.3
.4
.4
.4
1.1
.3
.2
.3
.4
.4
.i
.6
2.1
1.0
1.0
.6
.6
1.8
1.2
.8
.7
2.1
1.8
1.0
.9
1.0
1.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.4
.4
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.3
.2
.1
.1
.1
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
»4.8
4.8
4.4
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9
4.7
3.5
4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2
4.4
5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1
5.7
4.1
5.1
5.9
7.1
5.2
3.7
4.5
5.5
4.0
3.3
3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1
3.0
3.2
2.7
3.6
4.3
.9
2.5
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5
3 .4
2.5
6.6
.7
6.2
6.8
5.9
2.5
1.4
.8
.7
2.0
1.3
2.0
2.2
.9
1.0
2.7
.3
2.8
(3)
Plants are not included in the turn-over computations in months when
work stoppages are in progress; the influence of such stoppage is reflected,
however, in the employment and payroll figures. Prior to 1943, rates relate
to production workers only.
3 Preliminary figures.
8 Prior to 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with quits.
N ote: Information on concepts, methodology, and special studies, etc., is
given in a “Technical Note on Labor Turn-Over.” October 1949, which is
available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
B : LABOR
345
T U R N -O V E R
Table B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries1
Separation
Total
Industry group and industry
June
1951
Quit
M ay
1951
June
1951
Discharge
May
1951
June
1951
M ay
1951
June
1951
Total accession
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-off
M ay
June
M ay
1951
1951
1951
June
1951
M ay
1951
M anufacturing
Durable goods 3___
Nondurable goods ».
Ordnance and accessories...
Food and kindred products.
Meat products...............
Grain-mill products___
Bakery products______
Beverages:
M alt liquors______
Tobacco manufactures____
Cigarettes........................
Cigars..............................
Tobacco and snufl____
Textile-mill products_________________
Yarn and thread mills____________
Broad-woven fabric mills__________
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber____
Woolen and worsted__________
Knitting mills................ ......................
Full-fashioned hosiery........ ..........
Seamless hosiery______________
Knit underwear............ ............ .
Dyeing and finishing textiles_______
Carpets, rugs, other floor coverings....
Apparel and other finished textile prod
ucts.......... ..................................... ......... .
M en’s and boys’ suits and coats____
M en’s and boys’ furnishings and work
clothing...............................................
Lumber and wood products (except fur
niture)................. ................... ......... .......
Logging camps and contractors...........
Sawmills and planing mills_________
Millwork, plywood, and prefabricated
structural wood products................
Furniture and fixtures________________
Household fu rn itu re................ ...........
Other furniture and fixtures________
Paper and allied products_____________
Pulp, paper, and paperboard mills__
Paperboard containers and boxes____
Chemicals and allied products_________
Industrial inorganic chemicals______
Industrial organic chemicals________
Synthetic fibers.___ __________
Drugs and medicines___ __________
Paints, pigments, and fillers________
Products of petroleum and coal________
Petroleum refining________________
Rubber products______ ______________
Tires and inner tubes_____________
Rubber footwear.___ _____________
Other rubber products_____________
Leather and leather products....................
Leather.___ ____________________
Footwear (except rubber)__________
Stone, clay, and glass products_________
Glass and glass products___________
Cement, hydraulic________________
Structural clay products___________
Pottery and related products_______
Primary metal industries..........................
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills............................................. ......
Iron and steel foundries__________ ..
Gray-iron foundries____________
Malleable-iron foundries________
Steel foundries________________
Primary smelting and refining of nonferrous metals:
Primary smelting and refining of
copper, lead, and zinc....... .........
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of nonferrous metals:
Rolling, drawing, and alloying of
copper..........................................
Nonferrous foundries.............................
Other primary metal industries:
Iron and steel forgings_________
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
4.4
3.5
4.9
4.5
2 .1
4.4
5.1
4.6
4.9
5.3
6 .2
4.0
5.8
3.3
5.4
3.1
7.7
2.7
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.7
2 .6
2 .0
3.0
2.4
1.3
2.5
2.4
3.3
3.8
1.5
1.7
1.5
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.9
4.3
4.0
3.8
4.7
4.1
3.2
4.0
4.2
1.7
2.4
5.4
3.8
7.0
5.3
5.9
5.0
3.9
2.9
5.0
5.5
2.6
1.8
4.4
5.3
5.5
8.7
5.1
16.3
4.6
6.4
7.1
4.8
3.1
5.4
7.5
8.4
5.8
3.3
6 .8
6 .6
6 .6
2 .2
2 .6
3.7
4.5
2.4
3.0
1.9
2.1
1 .6
1 .0
1 .6
2.1
1.2
.7
3.5
2.0
5.4
4.7
3.7
3.0
3.7
3.2
3.0
2.6
3.8
3.4
3.3
2.4
5.6
5.6
5.8
5.0
1 .8
1 .6
1 .8
2 .1
1.1
.8
4.3
1.8
4.9
6 .1
5.4
4.1
5.5
3.8
4.8
2.8
4.1
3.5
3.6
2.5
6.1
6.2
7.3
5.6
2.3
1.1
2 .0
1.7
1.7
1.4
1.9
1.9
1 .2
2 .1
1 .8
2.1
2.4
.8
1.0
.2
0.4
.3
1 .0
0.4
.4
5.1
4.1
5.0
3.7
5.5
6 .2
.5
.3
.5
.3
2 .0
.2
6.4
3.8
5.8
6.9
4.4
4.8
.3
10.1
.7
1.3
.5
.4
.5
2.9
4.1
2.3
1 .1
1.4
.1
1.3
2 .8
3.1
2.9
3.1
0.4
.4
.1
1.7
2 .0
1 .8
1 .0
1 .8
1 .2
2 .2
.6
2 .6
.6
.6
.4
4.8
.3
1.4
.8
1.5
2 .2
2 .1
2 .0
1 .2
2.5
2.7
1.0
2.5
1.7
1.1
2.3
1.2
1 .6
2.9
1 .6
1 .6
2 .8
1 .2
2 .1
2.1
.7
1.3
.1
.5
.5
.7
1.4
.6
.6
.7
.1
.1
1 .0
4.5
2.7
1.9
3.8
2.1
(9
.2
.6
.6
.6
.7
6.9
6 .2
2 .6
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.3
4.8
3.0
7.4
2.5
2 .2
2.7
2.3
3.1
3.3
3.5
3.5
2.9
2.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
4.3
3.3
.6
2 .6
.3
3.2
2.4
1.4
.2
3.4
4.0
3.7
3.6
1 .8
1 .6
2 .8
2 .6
1.0
3.7
3.0
3.2
2.5
.9
.7
1.3
2.5
2.9
3.4
1.3
1.5
3.5
3.6
4.0
6.7
3.9
2.6
3.0
2.7
3.7
2.0
1.4
5.0
15.0
5.0
.9
1.3
.5
.9
.7
.9
5.3
11.6
5.4
17.9
6.7
2 .6
1.7
2.5
3.5
.4
5.1
4.4
2.8
3.5
1.1
1.7
3.8
3.3
4.7
3.8
1.3
2.0
1.0
.7
1.3
1.2
.7
.4
2.8
1.2
3.7
4.0
3.0
1.6
3.1
2.4
2.4
2.1
3.2
2.4
2.5
1.8
4.5
4.2
6.0
4.3
.2
.2
.2
(9
.1
.4
.1
(9
.2
.1
.3
.3
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
.4
.3
.2
.7
.5
.7
.9
1.3
1.3
.3
.1
1.2
2.8
3.0
.1
.6
.4
.1
1.4
1 .0
.6
1.3
1.4
.8
.4
2.5
1.4
3.7
3.3
2.4
1.5
2.7
2 .0
1.5
1.9
2.5
2 .1
2.3
4.5
2.5
4.3
1.3
3.2
3.9
4.0
3.0
2 .1
0.4
1.5
.3
(9
3.1
4.1
3.9
4.5
2.3
3.7
.2
.4
.1
.2
1 .6
.3
.4
.4
.3
.1
.2
.2
.1
.4
.2
.1
.2
.3
.3
.4
.4
.3
.4
.2
.8
.7
.7
.9
.5
.4
.7
.7
1 .2
.3
(9
.6
.8
.1
.7
1.3
(9
.3
.1
.1
.8
.3
.3
.4
.3
1.3
.4
.4
.2
.5
.3
.4
.3
.1
.2
1.4
1.9
2.1
1 .8
.7
1.5
(9
.2
.5
.3
.1
.4
.7
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.3
.1
.1
6 .6
.2
.2
.4
.6
.2
.2
4.3
4.2
4.7
3.6
4.8
3.3
1.5
3.9
3.3
.2
2 .3
.2
.2
.2
.6
.6
.2
.1
.2
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.2
.4
.4
.8
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.6
.3
.3
.3
.4
.4
.5
.6
.5
.3
.5
.4
3.9
.5
.2
.2
.4
.4
.4
.5
.4
1.9
4.9
3.7
6.1
5.6
4.4
2.8
5.1
4.2
4.1
4.2
5.5
2.9
4.8
4.4
6.1
4.3
7.8
7.8
6 .8
3.8
4.0
3.3
5.7
3.9
3.4
4.5
2.3
4.0
2.3
1.4
2.2
2.5
1 .6
1.5
4.7
3.1
6.8
5.7
3.8
3.9
4.1
3.6
3.8
3.5
4.8
3.0
4.2
3.1
6.8
5.9
8.2
7.3
2.1
.5
.6
.2
.5
.4
1.9
7.0
6 .1
.1
.2
.4
.4
5.7
5.1
.7
1.6
346
B:
LABOR
MONTHLY LABOR
T U R N -O V E R
T able B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Indus
tries 1—Continued
Separation
Total accession
Total
Industry group and industry
June
1951
M a n u fa c tu r in g — Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ord
nance, machinery, and transportation
equipment)..............................................
Cutlery, hand tools, and hardware---Cutlery and edge tools-------------Hand tools........................... ...........
Hardware.......................................
Heating apparatus (except electric)
and plumbers’ su p plies.................. .
Sanitary ware and plumbers’
supplies.......................................
Oil burners, nonelectric heating
and cooking apparatus, not
elsewhere classified------ --------Fabricated structural metal products..
Metal stamping, coating, and em
graving_______________________
Machinery (except electrical)...................
Engines and turbines..........................
Agricultural machinery and tractors..
Construction and mining machinery..
Metalworking machinery-------- ------ Machine tools_________ ______ _
Metalworking machinery (except
machine tools)______________
Machine-tool accessories-----------Special-industry machinery metal
working machinery--------------------General industrial machinery---------Office and store machines and devices.
Service-industry and household ma
chines_______ _________ ____ —
Miscellaneous machinery parts-------Electrical machinery.................................. .
Electrical generating, transmission,
distribution, and industrial appa
ratus----- ---------- ----------- -----------Communication equipment................
Radios, phonographs, television
sets, and equipm ent----------....
Telephone and telegraph equip
m ent_________ _____ 7 ------- -■
Electrical appliances, lamps, and
miscellaneous products.....................
Transportation equipment------------------Automobiles-------------------------------Aircraft and parts-------------- ----------Aircraft.............. -..........- ............... .
Aircraft engines and p arts........... .
Aircraft propellers and parts-----Other aircraft parts and equip
m ent— --------- ----------- T- ----Ship and boat building and repairing.
Railroad equipm ent............................
Locomotives and parts..................
Railroad and street cars-----------Other transportation equipment........
Instruments and related products.............
Photographic apparatus......................
Watches and clocks-------T- — - - - - Professional and scientific instru
m ents—
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries..
Jewelry, silverware, and plated ware.
May
1951
4.4
4.5
2 .6
4.5
4.4
May
1951
June
1951
4.9
4.3
3.3
3.5
5.0
2 .6
2.4
1.4
2 .6
2.9
3.0
2.9
2 .1
2.3
3.4
1 .0
.6
.7
1.1
1 .2
.7
.4
.7
4.2
3.6
4.5
3.7
.2
2 .1
2 .2
.1
.4
.4
3.7
4.3
3.2
4.2
.2
.1
.4
5.1
3.0
3.5
.6
.7
.9
.6
.2
.3
3.5
4.5
3.0
3.5
.6
.6
.5
.5
.3
.2
3.3
4.6
5.1
4.0
5.4
4.7
3.0
3.5
3.2
.6
.6
.8
.6
1.3
.8
2 .6
.2
.2
.3
.4
3.7
4.8
4.4
5.0
6.4
3.5
3.8
3.3
3.6
3.6
3.7
6.9
3.8
4.0
3.8
3.8
4.3
4.4
3.3
2.3
3.5
.4
.5
.7
.3
.3
.4
2 .8
2 .6
2 .6
1.9
.4
.3
0)
0 )
.8
2.9
2.9
2.9
3.1
3.3
.4
.5
.5
4.6
4.7
5.2
5.0
5.0
5.4
5.8
3.0
3.8
3.1
4.7
2 .6
2 .6
2.5
3.3
.3
.4
.6
.6
.4
3.9
3.1
2.5
2 .2
.4
.7
1.3
2.5
1.9
.5
2 .0
3.3
3.8
2.9
4.1
4.1
3.6
4.0
4.1
4.5
1.5
2.7
1.8
2 .8
.2
.6
2 .2
2.4
2.9
(s)
2 .8
6 .2
0
1.9
)
3.0
0
(!)
8 .1
0
)
3.2
00
2 .0
0
)
1.5
1.9
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.6
2 .0
1 .8
2.9
3.4
3.2
3.6
3.9
2.5
1.5
3.0
)
2.7
5.6
0
4.5
)
4. 5
2.9
2.4
2 .1
8 .0
4.6
4.8
3.4
2.3
4.2
16.3
3.3
2 .6
2.4
2.5
4.9
3.5
2.7
5.6
5.5
4.8
2.3
5.3
5.0
3.4
5.4
2.3
5.6
2 .2
1.1
2 .8
5.4
7.5
4.6
4.7
2.3
1.4
2.5
6 .6
3.1
Metal mining..............................................
I ro n ......................................................
Copper.................................................
Lead and zinc----------------------- ------
0
2 .2
1.8
2 .8
1 .1
0
0
6 .0
2 .6
1.7
3.4
)
)
2 .1
1.8
.2
.2
.3
.3
.3
.3
.1
.2
.2
.2
4.4
5.3
3.5
.6
.2
.6
.1
.1
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.3
.5
4.5
5.1
3.0
3.6
4.7
4.3
.2
.6
1.9
.3
1.4
.3
.6
3.2
.4
.6
1 .2
.4
.5
6 .0
.3
.5
.5
.5
5.4
4.1
5.2
4.6
.2
.3
.3
.5
)
0
)
5.7
(6)
4.5
5.2
0
)
.5
0
)
0
)
.1
0
)
1.4
.7
1.3
1 .6
2.5
1.4
3.7
1.7
4.8
3.7
1 .1
1.5
(0
0)
.6
.4
.6
.6
.6
.6
.7
.7
.7
.6
.2
1 .6
0
.3
.5
.5
.4
.3
.5
.3
.4
.5
.5
.4
.4
.5
.3
.7
.6
.2
)
1.8
1.5
2.4
1.7
1.4
.9
0
.9
.1
.1
)
0
2 .0
0
)
.5
.9
3.2
0
)
1 .2
)
0
)
.4
1 .0
1.8
2 .2
2 .8
3.4
0
)
)
.1
.2
.1
.4
9.6
.5
.1
)
.3
.1
1 .6
1 .1
2 .2
.2
.2
.2
.2
.7
.3
.1
)
0
)
2.3
)
1.7
3.1
2.4
.3
.3
.3
.4
.1
.2
.1
0
)
0
0
.2
.2
1 .8
2.3
9.3
4.6
.7
.4
.4
.4
.3
.3
.3
.3
.4
.3
.4
.3
8.4
17.4
6.9
4.8
1 .1
3.1
3.4
3.8
3.2
3.4
.2
.5
.4
.3
14.1
(5)
7.4
6.3
9.1
.6
10.0
2 .0
2 .8
4.4
3.6
.9
4.2
3.8
1.5
6 .8
.4
.2
.2
.1
2 .0
.8
1.3
.2
.3
2 .1
1 .6
)
.1
.1
0)
0 )
0
1.3
.3
.4
10.8
3.8
7.0
5.4
7.7
7.7
7.6
3.6
.8
.3
.2
.4
.2
.8
.8
.8
3.7
2 .1
.5
.2
.2
)
.5
5.6
(5)
5.8
3.5
5.2
6.3
1.7
.5
.1
.2
0
.7
1 .0
.8
)
.3
.1
1 .8
.3
0
.6
1.7
1.7
4.4
)
.3
.4
6 .1
«
3.5
7.0
4.4
10.5
.3
.8
.9
.5
.5
.4
.3
1 .2
.6
.6
.1
0
0
1.1
0
.4
.9
2 .8
.3
.1
1.7
1.3
.4
0
)
)
)
.2
.3
)
0
.3
0
0
0
.3
.2
.1
.1
.2
.1
.2
.1
.2
0
2.3
.4
.2
.2
1 .6
5.0
4.9
1.4
1.7
.5
.6
4.2
5.0
5.5
5.2
5.8
5.5
5.8
2 .6
i See footnote 1, table B -l. Data for the current month are subject to
revision without notation; revised figures for earlier months will be indi
cated by footnotes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
0.4
.4
0.3
1 .1
1 .6
May
1951
June
1951
4.8
2 .8
2 .6
.
.2
0.5
.4
.3
.4
.5
May
1951
4.4
N o n m a n u fa c tu r in g
Telephone.................
Telegraph-................
0.4
.3
.4
.4
Juno
1951
May
1951
June
1951
4.7
3.6
6.9
7.7
4.2
4. 5
Anthracite m ining............
Bituminous-coal m ining.
C om m unication:
May
1951
June
1951
Mise., incl.
military
Lay-ofl
Discharge
Quit
)
)
.1
0
0
)
)
.1
.2
.2
)
(.)
0
! See footnote 2, table A-2.
s See footnote 3, table A-2. Printing, publishing,
and allied industries are excluded.
5.1
6.3
6.9
(6)
(6)
.2
.3
2.5
1.9
Less than 0.05.
* Not available,
4
REVIEW , SEPTEMBER 1951
C: E A R N IN G S
AND
347
HOURS
C : Earnings and Hours
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1
Mining
Metal
Year and month
Total: Metal
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Average......... $61.55
1950: Average_____ 65. 58
Coal
Iron
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Copper
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
39.7 $1.484 $63.96
40.9 1.515 72.05
40.9 $1. 505 $58.91
42.2 1.554 61.96
Lead and zinc
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
42.3 $1,512 $64. 79
45.0 1.601 6 6 . 64
Anthracite
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Bituminous
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
41.4 $1. 565 $56. 78
41.6 1.602 63. 24
30.2 $1,880 $63. 28
32.1 1.970 70. 35
32.6
35.0
1950: June...............
Ju ly ...............
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
63.40
63.17
64.48
66.38
69.84
69.92
73. 53
41.6
41.1
41.9
42.2
43.9
43.0
43.9
1.524
1.537
1.539
1.573
1.591
1.626
1.675
60.75
61.51
60.97
62. 80
6 6 . 53
63. 77
70. 51
40.8
40.9
40.7
41.1
43.4
41.6
42.3
1.489
1.504
1.498
1.528
1.533
1.533
1.667
69. 55
67.95
71.53
72.46
75. 68
78.78
79.82
44.3
42.9
44.9
45.2
46.4
46.1
47.2
1.570
1.584
1.593
1.603
1.631
1.709
1.691
63. 38
62.96
64.73
6 8 . 06
71.95
73.01
75. 34
40.5
39.7
41.1
41.2
42.8
42.3
43.2
1.565
1.586
1.575
1.652
1.681
1.726
1.744
64. 94
6 8 . 59
65. 77
6 8 . 45
75.59
60. 85
65.14
32.6
34.8
33.2
34.5
37.2
31.0
32.8
1.992
1.971
1.981
1.984
2. 032
1.963
1.986
69.92
69. 6 8
71.04
71.92
72.99
73. 27
77. 77
34.7
34.6
35.5
35.5
36.1
36.4
38.5
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April.... ...........
M ay________
June________
74.33
73. 46
72.83
74.62
75.13
72.38
43.7
43.7
43.3
44.0
44.3
42.7
1.701
1.681
1.682
1.696
1.696
1.695
70.31
70. 98
69. 22
73.31
75.39
69.41
41.8
42.5
41.3
43.2
44.4
40.9
1.682
1.670
1.676
1.697
1.698
1. 697
82.21
78.49
77. 89
76.82
76.18
74.84
47.3
46.5
46.5
46.0
45.7
45.0
1.738
75.34
74.17
74.30
77. 96
76.01
75.50
43.1
42.8
43.0
43.7
42.8
42.9
1.748
1. 733
1.728
1.784
1.776
1.760
71.33
6 6 . 65
50. 6 8
47.20
6 6 . 67
35.9
30.2
23.1
1.987
2. 207
2.194
2.185
2. 215
2.229
76.63
75. 67
74. 6 6
75.63
73. 95
77.95
37.6
34.1
33.6
33.9
33.4
35.0
1 .688
1.675
1. 670
1.667
1. 663
-
M ining—C ontinued
68.88
2 .0 1 0
2.015
2.014
2.001
2.026
2. 022
2. 013
2 .020
2.038
2. 219
2 .2 2 2
2.231
2. 214
2.227
Nonbuilding construction
Nonmetallic mining
Total: Contract con-
natural gas production
(except contract
services)
Total: Nonbuilding
construction
Highway and street
40.9 $1,723 $65. 65
40.9 1.796 69.17
40.2 $1.778 $56.38
40.6 1.815 59.88
43.3 $1.302 $70.81
44.0 1.361 73.73
37.8 $1.874 $70. 44
37.2 1.982 73.46
71.08
75. 59
71.01
73.47
77. 67
76.21
75.58
40.0
41.6
40.3
40.5
41.4
40.6
40.2
1.777
1.817
1.762
1.814
1.876
1.877
1.880
60. 39
60.92
61.74
62. 51
64.03
63.31
62.12
44.9
44.6
45.2
45.1
45.8
44.9
43.5
1.345
1.366
1.366
1.386
1.398
1.410
1.428
73. 76
74.06
75.96
75.89
77.92
77. 52
77.36
38.0
37.9
38.6
37.7
38.5
38.0
37.3
1.941
1.954
1.968
2.013
2.024
2.040
2. 074
73. 75
73.70
76. 48
75. 8 6
77. 65
75.42
75.58
42.0
41.5
42.7
41.5
42.5
40.9
40.2
1.756
1.776
1.791
1.828
1.827
1.844
1.880
69.86
69.31
73. 88
70.84
73.32
70.91
69.49
1951: January.......... 76.90
February____ 77.15
M a rc h ........... 76.69
April.............. . 80.30
M ay________ 79.03
Ju n e.............. . 78.93
40.6
40.5
40.6
41.2
40.8
40.6
1.894
1.905
1.889
1.949
1.937
1.944
61.96
60. 77
63.74
65.88
67.42
67. 91
43.3 1.431
42.0 1.447
43.6 1.462
45.0 1.464
45.8 1.472
45. 7 1.486
77.61
75.47
76.99
79.36
81.46
82.47
37.1
35.7
36.3
37.4
38.3
38.5
2.092
2.114
74.70
72. 20
74.19
78.26
80. 50
81.31
39.4
37.7
38.5
40.3
41.6
41.4
1.896
1.915
1.927
1.942
1.935
1.964
66.10
2.121
2 .1 2 2
65.83
67.40
71.43
75.34
75.09
1950: June...............
July-----------August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
$1,941
Contract construction
Crude petroleum and
natural gas production
1949: Average......... . $71.48
1950: Average_____ 73.69
21.6
30.1
30.9
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
2.127
2.142
Other nonbuilding
construction
41.5 $1. 583 $73. 6 6
41.1 1.683 76.31
40.5
40.7
$1.820
1.875
42.6
41.5
44.0
41.5
42.8
41.2
39.8
1.640
1.670
1.679
1. 707
1. 713
1.721
1.746
76.84
77.19
78.33
79. 72
80.92
78. 59
79.46
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.5
42.3
40.7
40.5
1.847
1.860
1.883
1.921
1.913
1.931
1.962
38.1
37.3
38.1
40.4
42.4
41.6
1.735
1.765
1.769
1.768
1.777
1.805
79.80
75. 80
78.25
82. 65
84. 21
86.03
40.2
37.9
38.7
40.2
41.0
41.3
1.985
2 .0 0 0
2 . 0 22
2.056
2.054
2.083
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction
Special-trade contractors
Total: Building con
struction
General contractors
38.6 $2.037 $70. 75
38.4 2.128 71.26
37.2 $2.034 $78. 60
36.7 2.119 81.72
2 .1 2 0
36.6
36.6
37.2
36.2
37.0
36.8
35.7
1.867
1.879
1.905
1.954
1.965
1.982
2.008
77.92
78.16
79. 72
79.62
81.95
82.00
82. 24
37.3
37.2
37.8
37.0
37.8
37.7
37.4
2.089
68.77
70.87
70. 73
72. 71
72.94
71.69
2.109
2.152
2.168
2.175
2.199
82.64
80.45
81.56
83.67
84.65
85.08
8 6 . 53
39.0
38.0
38.6
38.4
38.9
39.1
39.1
2.119
2.117
2.113
2.179
2.176
2.176
2. 213
69.15
71.62
73. 33
72.89
76.62
74.93
74. 60
2.135
2.157
2.163
2.167
2.179
2.191
72.56
6 8 . 75
69.93
72. 97
75.39
74. 96
36.1
34.0
34.5
36.0
36.9
36.6
2 .0 10
2 .0 22
82.51
81.49
82.95
84.48
8 6 . 53
88.78
37.1
36.3
36.8
37.3
38.0
38.7
2.224
2.245
2. 254
2. 265
2. 277
2.294
86.60
85. 99
88.93
89.05
92.39
92.42
38.8
38.1
38.9
38.8
39.6
39.8
2.232
2. 257
2.286
2. 295
2. 333
2.322
74. 41
75.44
74.91
77.40
79. 60
80. 25
36.7 $1.935 $67.16
36.3 2.031 6 8 . 56
1950: June_______
July________
August______
September___
October____
November ..
December........
73.82
74.02
75.99
75. 8 6
77.87
78.07
77.80
37.0
36.9
37.6
36.7
37.4
37.3
36.7
1.995
2.006
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
A pril..______
M ay________
June_____ ._
78.35
76.14
77.44
79.75
81.71
82.82
36.7
35.3
35.8
36.8
37.5
37.8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Painting and
decorating
36.2 $1.855 $75. 70
35.8 1.915 77. 77
1949: Average_____ $70.95
1950: Average........ 73. 73
See footnotes at end of table.
Total: Special-trade Plumbing and heating
contractors
2 .0 2 1
2.067
2.082
2.093
6 8 .33
2.027
2.027
2.043
2.048
2 .1 01
Electrical work
35.7 $1.982 $8 6 . 57
35.4 2.013 89.16
39.2
38.4
$2 . 211
2.322
35.3
36.1
36.3
35.8
36.8
36.2
35.9
1.959
1.984
87.55
86.60
89.16
92.38
94.04
95.01
96.44
38.4
37.9
38.7
38.7
39.2
39.1
39.9
2.280
2.285
2.304
2.387
2.399
2.430
2.417
35.2
35.4
35.2
36.1
36.8
37.1
2.114 98. 77
2.131 97.42
2.128 98.74
2.144 98. 72
2.163 101.41
2.163 104.17
39.7
39.0
39.4
39.6
40.1
40.9
2.488
2. 498
2.506
2.493
2. 529
2.547
2.020
2.036
2.082
2.070
2. 078
C: E A R N IN G S
348
T able
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
HOURS
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees '—Con.
Contract construction—Continued
Building construction—Continued
Special-trade contractors—Continued
Year and month
Other special-trade
contractors
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Plastering and lath
ing
Masonry
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
36.1 $1. 979 $68.72
35.8 2.087 70.85
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
33.8 $2. 033 580. 39
33.9 2.090 86.70
Roofing and sheetmetal work
Carpentry
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
34.9 $2.301 $67.14
35.0 2.477 69.86
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
36.6 $1. 837 $62.86
37.0 1.888 64.49
1949: Average---1950: Average-----
$71. 39
74.71
1950: June...........
Ju ly ............
August----September.
October___
November.
Decem ber-
75. 81
76. 75
78. 57
76. 59
79. 06
79. 07
78.23
36.8
36.9
37.7
36.3
37.1
37.0
36.2
2.060
2. 080
2. 084
2.110
2.131
2.137
2.161
74. 27
73.91
76. 50
71.88
77. 36
80.53
72.06
35.1
34.7
36.0
33.2
35.6
37.3
33.3
2.116
2.130
2.125
2.165
2.173
2.159
2.164
90.65
91.73
93.11
92. 89
93.07
87.49
93.14
36.1
36.2
36.4
36.6
36.2
34.9
35.7
2. 511
2.534
2. 558
2. 538
2. 571
2. 507
2.609
67. 40
67.90
70. 50
71.17
71.17
72.80
70.92
37.3
37.7
38.4
38.2
37.4
37.8
35.8
1.807
1.801
1.836
1.863
1.903
1.926
1.981
65.70
65.77
68. 50
65. 99
68.19
67.64
66.36
1951: January---February...
M arch____
April...........
M ay...........
June_____
77. 87
76. 32
78.10
80. 84
82.18
85.69
35.9 2.169
34.8 2.193
35. 5 2. 200
36.4 2.221
37.1 2.215
38.1 2.249
75.19
66. 22
73.01
77. 50
78. 90
75.97
34.3
30.5
33.4
35.1
35.8
34.3
2.192
2.171
2.186
2.208
2.204
2.215
87.89
90. 88
89. 44
92.87
92.66
92.34
34.4
34.9
34.4
35.8
35.9
36.1
2.555
2.604
2.600
2.594
2.581
2.558
71.71
64. 98
64. 52
70.85
71.06
74. 32
36.2
32.8
32.9
35.8
35.3
36.2
1.981
1.981
1.961
1.979
2.013
2.053
66.65
64. 58
65.25
68. 95
70.96
71.36
Excavation and foun
dation work
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
35.7 $1,759 $69. 66
35.3 1.827 74.92
37.8
38.6
$1. 844
1.941
36.6
36.4
37.7
36.2
36.8
36.6
35.6
1.795
1.807
1.817
1.823
1. 853
1.848
1.864
74. 74
73. 57
77. 26
75 01
78. 40
79. 97
80.39
39.4
38.7
40.6
38.0
38.6
38.3
38.5
1.897
1.901
1.903
1.974
2.031
2. 088
2.088
35.3
33.9
34.0
35.8
36.9
36.8
1. 888
1.905
1.919
1.926
1.923
1.939
81.37
81.28
77. 88
78.19
83.09
81.83
38.6
37. 2
36.6
37.9
40.2
39.4
2.108
2.185
2.128
2.063
2.067
2.077
Manufacturing
Total: Manufacturing
$54. 92
59.33
1949: Average1950: Average1950: June.
JulyAugust.......
September.
October___
November.
Dccember..
_
1951: January.—.
F eb ru ary ..
M arch___
April_____
M ay_____
June_____
Durable goods5
39.2 $1. 401 $58. 03
40.5 1.465 63.32
Nondurable goods s
39.5 $1. 469 $51.41
41.2 1.537 54. 71
Food and kindred products
Total: Ordnance and
accessories
Total: Food and kin
Meat products
dred products
38.8 $1.325 $58. 76
39.7 1.378 64. 79
40.0 $1.469 $53. 58
41.8 1.550 56.07
41.5 $1. 291 $57. 44
41.5 1.351 60.07
41.5
41.6
$1,384
1.444
58. 85
59. 21
60.32
60. 64
61. 99
62. 23
63.88
40. 5
40. 5
41.2
41. 0
41.3
41.1
41.4
1.453
1.462
1. 464
1.479
1. 501
1. 514
1.543
62. 86
63. 01
64.33
65.14
66. 39
66. 34
68.32
41.3
41.1
41.8
41.7
42.1
41.8
42.2
1.522
1.533
1. 539
1.562
1. 577
1.587
1.619
53. 92
54. 73
55. 65
55. 30
56. 58
57.19
58.44
39.5
39.8
40.5
40.1
40.3
40.3
40.5
1.365
1.375
1.374
1.379
1.404
1.419
1.443
61.90
64.92
66.12
67. 41
68.64
70.53
68.34
40.7
42.6
42.6
43.1
43.2
43.4
42.5
1.521
1. 524
1. 552
1. 564
1. 589
1.625
1.608
56.01
56.94
56.19
56.36
56. 83
58. 07
59.85
41.8
42.3
41.9
42.0
41.6
41.9
42.3
1.340
1.346
1.341
1.342
1.366
1.386
1.415
58.11
59.31
57.92
62. 59
61.24
65.49
69.92
41.3
41.8
40.7
41.7
40.8
43.4
45.2
1.407
1.419
1.423
1.501
1. 501
1.509
1.547
63.76
63 84
64. 57
64. 70
64. 55
65.32
41.0
40.9
41.1
41.0
40.7
40.8
1.555
1.561
1.571
1.578
1.586
1.601
67.65
68.18
69.30
69. 68
69. 39
70.39
41.5
41.6
41.9
42.0
41.7
41.8
1.630
1.639
1.654
1.659
1. 664
1.684
58. 53
58.32
58.40
58.16
57.97
58.47
40.2
40.0
40.0
39.7
39.3
39.4
1.456 69.55
1.458 70.92
1.460 72.71
1.465 70.97
1.475 72.29
1.484 71.83
42.0
42. 7
43.1
42.7
42.9
42.5
1.656
1. 661
1. 687
1.662
1.685
1.690
60.11
59. 04
59.12
59. 66
60.44
61.59
41.8
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.6
41.9
1.438
1.440
1.442
1.448
1.453
1.470
65.83
60. 25
61.92
62.91
63.79
67. 53
42.8
39.9
40.6
41.2
41.5
42.1
1.538
1.510
1.525
1.527
1.537
1.604
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Meat packing
Sausages and casings
41.5 $1.398 $57. 44
41.6 1.465 60.80
Dairy products
41.9 $1.371 $54.61
42.4 1.434 56.11
Condensed and evap
orated milk
44.8 $1.219 $56.13
44.5 1.261 57.36
Ice cream and ices
45.3 $1.239 $55. 00
45.6 1.258 57.29
44.9 $1. 225 $43. 77
44.1 1.299 46.81
38.8
39.3
$1,128
1.191
1.270
1. 289
1. 301
1.322
1.332
1. 354
1.366
45. 94
47. 73
47. 91
47.18
49.05
48. 06
46.82
38.9
41.4
40.6
41.1
40. 5
38.6
37.4
1.181
1.153
1.180
1.148
1.380
1. 403
1. 395
1.395
1.381
1.378
49. 41
48. 84
48.64
50.39
49.16
49.48
38.3
37.8
37.5
38.7
38.2
38.9
1.290
1. 292
1.297
1.302
1.287
1.272
1949: Average---1950: Average___
$58. 02
60.94
1950: June...........
Ju ly ............
August----September.
October___
November.
Decem ber-
58 65
60 01
58 48
63. 77
69 23
66. 55
71.48
41.1
41.7
40. 5
41. 6
40.7
43.3
45.5
1.427
1.439
1.444
1. 533
1. 529
1.537
1.571
61.39
62. 60
60.69
62.45
60. 78
65. 58
67.23
43.6
43.9
42.8
42.8
41.4
43.2
43.8
1.408
1.426
1.418
1.459
1.468
1.518
1.535
55.85
57. 21
56. 57
56.81
56.74
56. 62
57.68
45.0
45.3
45.0
44.7
44.5
44.1
44.3
1.241
1. 263
1.257
1.271
1.275
1.284
1.302
58. 02
58. 86
58.16
58. 59
57.58
57.91
58.90
46.9
46.2
46.6
46.1
45.7
45.1
45.2
1.237
1.274
1.248
1.271
1.260
1.284
1.303
54.99
57. 49
57. 50
58. 43
58. 74
58. 76
60.79
43.3
44. 6
44. 2
44. 2
44.1
43. 4
44. 5
1951: January—
F eb ru ary ..
M arch___
April........
M ay_____
June-------- -
66.95
61. 21
63. 01
63.91
64. 99
69.05
43.0
39.9
40.6
41.1
41.5
42.0
1.557
1. 534
1.552
1.555
1.566
1.644
65.84
61.04
64. 37
64.17
64.18
66.17
42.7
40.0
42.1
41.4
41.3
41.8
1.542
1.526
1.529
1.550
1.554
1.583
59.09
59. 45
59.98
59. 67
60.93
61.52
44.1
44.1
44.4
44.3
45.3
45.5
1.340
1.348
1. 351
1.347
1.345
1.352
60. 89
61. 56
63. 75
62. 56
63. 20
63.11
45.0
45.1
46.5
45.9
46. 2
45. 9
1.353
1.365
1.371
1.363
1.368
1.375
61.82
62.01
61. 66
61.66
61.18
61.46
44.8
44. 2
44. 2
44. 2
44. 3
44.6
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Canning and preserv
ing
1.211
1. 245
1.252
R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1951
C: E A R N IN G S
AND
349
HOURS
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Year and month
Grain-mill products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Average____
1950: Average....... .
1950: June.............
July...............
August_____
Septem ber...
October____
November__
December___
1951: January____
February___
M arch_____
April_______
M ay...... ........
June_______
$56. 94
59.02
58. 47
60. 60
Flour and other
grain-mill products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Prepared feeds
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Bakery products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Sugar
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Cane-sugar refining
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
43.8 $1.300 $58. 91
43.3 1.363 60.95
44.7 $1,318 $54.98
44,1 1.382 57.21
46.2 $1,190 $51.67
45.3 1.263 53.54
41.7 $1,239 $56.01
41.5 1.290 59.94
42.4 $1,321 $56.62
43.0 1.394 61.83
42.1
43.0
$1,345
1.438
61 34
59. 97
59. 78
63.60
43.9
44.3
45. 4
44.0
43.3
42. 7
44.2
1.332
1.368
1. 402
1.394
1.385
1.400
1.439
58. 51
61.86
67.35
64. 66
60. 85
61.42
6 6 .55
43.5
44.6
46.8
45. 5
43.4
43.5
45.8
1.345
1.387
1.439
1.421
1.402
1.412
1.453
57.63
60. 96
57. 62
59.14
59. 89
59.00
61.10
46.7
47.7
45.3
45.7
46.0
44.7
45.6
1. 234
1.278
1.272
1.294
1.302
1.320
1.340
53. 21
53.88
54.34
53. 85
54.19
54.47
55.04
41.9
41.7
41.8
41.2
41.4
41.3
41.6
1. 270
1.292
1.300
1.307
1.309
1.319
1.323
59.23
6 6 . 36
64. 64
63.54
56.90
61.10
63.43
42.4 1.397 62.12
45 7 1. 452 73.01
45.3 1.427 71.43
43.7 1.454 69.01
41.9 1.358 56.83
45.7 1.337 57.29
45.7 1.388 67.67
43.9
49.4
48. 2
45. 7
39.6
40. 4
45.6
1 415
1 478
1 482
1 510
1 435
1.418
1.484
64.92
63. 58
62. 71
63.16
63. 66
63.80
44.8 1.449
43. 7 1.455
43.1 1.455
43. 5 1.452
43. 9 1. 450
43.7 1.460
68.02
65. 03
62.88
62. 57
62.93
62.86
46.4
45.0
44.0
44.0
44.1
43.9
1.466
1.445
1.429
1.422
1.427
1.432
61.42
59. 98
59. 83
62.10
63. 65
66.03
45.6
44.2
43.8
45.0
45.5
46.8
1.347
1.357
1.366
1.380
1.399
1.411
54. 6 8
55. 49
55.32
56.37
56. 98
57. 50
41.3
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.9
42.0
1.324
1.337
1.333
1. 355
1.360
1.369
60. 36
61.93
58. 82
59.72
64. 95
62.73
40.4
40.8
39.4
40.0
42.7
40.6
42.1
40 8
40. 2
39. 6
46. 9
41.5
1 .517
1 540
1. 519
1 505
1. 568
1.585
6 8 . 65
1.494
1. 518
1.493
1.493
1. 521
1.545
63. 87
63.08
61.06
59. 60
73. 54
65. 78
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Beet sugar
1949:
1950:
Average____
Average____
$56.09
58.69
1950:
June_______
July ..............
August..........
September__
October.........
November__
December___
January_____
February........
M arch______
April_______
M a y ..............
J u n e ...........
1951:
Confectionery and
related products
Confectionery
Beverages
Bottled soft drinks
M alt liquors
42.3 $1,326 $45.12
42.5 1.381 46.72
40.0 $1,128 $42.63
39.9 1.171 44.81
39.8 $1,071 $64.21
39.9 1.123 67.49
41.0 $1. 566 $48. 40
41.0 1.646 49.12
43.8 $1.105 $69. 46
42.9 1.145 72.66
41.1
40.8
$1,690
1.781
54. 29
56. 37
56.01
58.04
57.35
64.07
62.06
39.2
38.9
40. 5
40.9
42.8
47.6
45.1
1.385
1.449
1.383
1.419
1.340
1.346
1.376
46.37
45. 98
47.99
49. 35
49.00
48.15
47. 71
39.6
38.8
40.5
41.3
41.0
40.5
40.4
1.171
1.185
1.185
1.195
1.195
1.189
1.181
44.36
44.16
45. 82
47.13
47. 19
47.10
47.30
39.4
38.6
40.3
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.6
1.126
1.144
1.137
1.144
1.151
1.146
1.137
67.86
68.14
67.81
68.78
42.0
42.3
41.3
41. 2
41.0
40.9
40.6
1.642
1.681
1.656
1.647
1.662
1.658
1.694
51.29
50.34
49. 78
49.53
49. 92
50.30
50.36
44.1
43.1
43.1
42.7
43.0
43.1
42.9
1.163
1.168
1.155
1.160
1.161
1.167
1.174
74.95
77. 8 6
73. 25
72. 71
72. 48
73.02
74.01
42.2
42. 9
40.9
40.8
40. 2
40. 5
39.9
1 776
1. 815
1 791
1. 782
1. 803
1.803
1.855
57. 24
61. 51
55. 71
61. 95
52.42
62.47
38.6
40. 6
36.7
40.7
34. 6
40.2
1.483
1.515
1. 518
1. 522
1. 515
1. 554
49.49
49.31
48.82
49. 00
50. 01
51.72
40.4
39.7
39.5
39.2
39.6
40.6
1.225 48.33
1.242 47.44
1. 236 47.00
1.250 46.84
1.263 48. 03
1.274 49. 29
41.1
39.9
39.7
39.1
39.4
40.4
1.176
1. 189
1.184
1.198
1.219
71.61
71.13
72. 35
71.97
74. 27
75.42
41.2
40.3
40.9
40.5
41.4
41.9
1.738
1.765
1.769
1.777
1.794
1.800
50.25
50. 53
50.74
51.72
53. 61
55.19
42.8
42.5
42.6
42.6
43.8
44.8
1.174
1.189
1.191
1. 214
1.224
1.232
75.93
76. 45
78. 27
76. 99
79. 25
80.62
40.3
39. 9
41.0
40. 5
41. 3
41.9
1. 884
1. 916
1. 909
1. 901
1. 919
1.924
1 .2 2 0
6 8 . 96
71.11
6 8 .39
Manufacturing—Continued
Food and kindred products—Continued
Distilled, rectified,
and blended liquors
1949: Average.
1950: Average.
1950: J u n e ..............
J u l y . ............ .
August............
September___
October....... .
November___
December___
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
A p ril...............
M ay________
J u n e ................
$57.00
61.94
59.35
59. 51
66.00
65.18
64. 95
65. 31
66.46
73. 85
69.83
67.23
68.10
67. 78
69.42
Miscellaneous food
products
Tobacco manufactures
Total: Tobacco
manufactures
uigarertes
Cigars
Tobacco and snuff
39.2 $1. 454 $52.17
40.3 1.537 54.99
41.9 $1. 245 $37.25
42.2 1.303 41.08
37.1 $1.004 $46.33
37.9 1.084 50.19
37.7 $1.229 $32. 41
39.0 1.287 35.76
36.7 $0. 884 $39.10
36.9
.969 42. 79
37.2
37.7
$1,051
1.135
39.7
39.2
41.8
42.0
40.8
41.6
41.8
1.495
1.518
1.679
1.552
1. 592
1.570
1.590
54.82
56.15
56.50
56.16
56.06
56.44
56.85
42.2
42.8
43.0
43.0
42.6
42.5
42.3
1.299
1. 312
1.314
1.306
1.316
1.328
1.344
41.59
42.12
43.37
42.02
41.21
42. 45
43.72
38.3
38.4
39.5
39.2
38.3
37.8
38.9
1.086
1.097
1 098
1.072
1.076
1.123
1.124
51.21
52 50
57. 94
50.36
45.10
50.07
54.11
40.1
40.6
43.6
39.5
35.4
37.9
40.2
1.277
1.293
1.329
1.275
1.274
1.321
1.346
35. 49
35.11
36.11
37. 57
39.35
39.50
38.40
37.2
36.8
37.5
38.1
39.0
38.5
38.1
.954
.954
.963
.986
1.009
1.026
1.008
43.31
44. 54
45. 77
44. 23
44. 24
42. 97
44.77
38.5
38.9
39.7
39.0
38.5
36.6
38.1
1.125
1.145
1.153
1.134
1.149
1.174
1.175
43.8
41.2
39.9
39.5
39.5
40.5
1 .6 8 6
1.695
1.685
1. 724
1.716
1.714
58.54
59. 08
58.14
57. 78
57.53
58.63
42.3
42.2
42.1
41.3
41.3
41.7
1.384
1.400
1.381
1.399
1.393
1.406
44.12
43. 17
42.03
42. 58
42. 42
44. 76
38.7
37.9
36.8
36.8
36.6
38.0
1.140
1.139
1.142
1.157
1.159
1.178
55. 20
52. 76
48. 57
50. 59
51.41
55.37
40.5
39.4
36.3
37.2
37.8
40.3
1.363
1.339
1.338
1.360
1.360
1.374
38.09
38.10
37. 91
37. 72
36. 69
37.39
37.6
37.5
37.2
36.8
35.9
36.3
1.013
1.016
1.019
1.025
45.68
45. 25
44.62
44. 27
43. 56
46.89
38.1
37.8
37.0
36.5
36.0
38.4
1.199
1.197
1.206
1.213
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .0 22
1.030
1 .2 10
1 .221
350
C: E A R N IN G S
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
HOURS
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees ^ C o n .
Manufacturing—Continued
•
Tobacco manufactures—Con.
Year and month
Tobacco stemming
and redrying
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Average_____ $34. 20
1950: Average........... 37. 59
Total: Textile-mill
products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
38.3 $0.893 $44.83
39.4
.954 48. 95
Textile-mill products
Broad-woven fabric
mins
Yam and thread
mills
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
36.4 $1.113 $40. 55
38.9 1.157 45. 09
37.7 $1.189 $40. 51
39.6 1.236 45. 01
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
36.3 $1.117 $44.48
38.8 1.162 49. 28
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber
United States
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
37.5 $1.186 $42.89
40.1 1.229 48. 00
37.2
40.1
$1.153
1.197
1.218
1.228
1.295
1.307
1.313
42.68
43.24
44.96
46.40
49.33
49. 57
49.90
37.8
38.2
39.4
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.6
1.129
1.132
1.141
1.157
1.227
1.230
1.229
42.79
43. 36
45.34
46. 56
49.16
49. 61
49. 90
37.7
38.1
39.6
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.5
1.135
1.138
1.145
1.164
1.229
1.234
1.232
46.92
47. 52
49.29
49.90
53.17
53.68
54. 36
39.2
39.5
40.8
41.1
40.9
41.1
41.4
1.197
1.203
1.208
1.214
1.300
1.306
1.313
45. 24
45.90
47. 8 6
48.62
52.29
52. 62
53. 33
38.9
39.3
40.7
41.1
41.3
41.4
41.7
1.163
1.168
1.176
1.183
1.266
1.271
1.279
40.6 1.320
40.8 1.322
40. 5 1.317
39.9 1.325
38.8 1.327
38.6 1.324
49. 61
50. 02
49.94
49.64
48.48
48. 01
40.5
40.6
40.5
40.1
39.0
38.5
1.225
1. 232
1.233
1.238
1.243
1.247
49.73
49.98
50. 02
49.93
48.80
47.97
40.4
40.5
40.5
40.2
39.1
38.5
1.231
1.234
1.235
1.242
1.248
1.246
54.39
54. 22
53. 72
53.95
52.96
52.14
41.3
41.2
41.2
40.9
40.0
39.5
1.317
1.316
1.304
1.319
1.324
1.320
53.37
53. 54
53.29
52.64
51.78
50. 6 8
41.6
41. 7
41. 5
41.0
40. 2
39. 5
1.283
1.284
1. 284
1.284
1 . 288
1.283
1950: June _______
July ______
A u g u st_____
September___
O ctober____
November . _
December___
40.11
40.16
35.24
39. 26
37.37
34. 53
38. 52
38.6
39.1
38.1
43.1
41.2
35.6
40.0
1.039
1.027
.925
.911
.907
.970
.963
46.75
47. 27
49.33
49.98
52. 58
53.19
53. 57
38.7
39.0
40.5
40.7
40.6
40.7
40.8
1051* .Tannarv_____
February____
M a rc h _____
April___
M ay____- -June________
38. 79
35. 85
37. 81
38.84
42.02
47.39
39.7
34.7
35.3
35.8
38.3
39.1
.977
1.033
1.071
1.085
1.097
53. 59
53. 94
53.34
52.87
51.49
51.11
1 .2 12
*
1.208
1 .212
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Cotton, silk, synthetic fiber —Continued
Knitting mills
38.0 $1 . 2 2 0 $41.92
40.5 1.265 47.08
North
United States
South
North
1Q49* Average_____ $46.36
19^0* Average_____ 51. 23
Full-fashioned hosiery
Woolen and worsted
38.9 $1.316 $41.47
39.8 1.357 44.13
37.0 $1.133 $51.19
40.0 1.177 54.01
36.8 $1.127 $52.09
47.4 1.180 53.63
37.5 $1.389 $53.98
37.9 1.415 54.25
36.9
37.7
$1.463
1.439
1950: June________
July - _____
August_____
September__
October_____
November___
December___
48. 27
49.03
50.80
51.58
55.94
56.16
56.37
39.4
39.8
41.0
41.1
41.5
41.6
41.6
1.225
1.232
1.239
1. 255
1.348
1.350
1.355
44.31
45.08
46.97
47.83
51.25
51.50
52.46
38.7
39.2
40.6
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.8
1.145
1.150
1.157
1.161
1.241
1.247
1.255
53.36
53. 51
54.21
54.81
56. 30
58.08
58. 39
40.3
40.2
40.7
40.9
39.1
40.0
40.1
1.324
1.331
1.332
1.340
1.440
1.452
1.456
41.85
42.77
45.67
45.63
47.67
47.91
47.24
36.2
37.0
39.2
38.9
39.2
38.7
38.1
1.156
1.156
1.165
1.173
1.216
1.238
1.240
50.62
52.06
54.94
54.35
57.87
58.73
57. 41
37.3
38.0
39.7
39.1
39.5
39.1
38.4
1.357
1.370
1.384
1.390
1.465
1.502
1.495
50.42
50.73
55.06
54.12
58. 52
60.29
57.87
37.4
37.3
39.7
39.3
39.3
39.1
37.8
1.348
1.360
1.387
1.377
1.489
1. 542
1. 531
1951- Ja n u a ry ____
February____
M arch______
April __ __
M ay______-
56.61
57.08
56.02
54.96
54.13
41.5
41.6
40.8
40.0
39.6
1.364
1.372
1.373
1.374
1.367
52.25
52. 46
52.33
52.04
51.07
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.4
40.4
1.256
1.258
1.258
1.257
1.264
58.88
57.10
57. 28
58. 69
57.83
58.71
40.3
39.3
40.0
40.2
39.5
40.1
1.461
1.453
1.432
1.460
1.464
1.464
47.94
49. 24
48. 54
46. 76
44. 8 8
45.30
37.9
38.8
38.1
36.7
35.2
35.7
1.265
1.269
1. 274
1.274
1.275
1.269
59. 25
61.11
60. 45
57.16
55.00
54.51
38.3
39.2
38.6
36.5
35.1
35.1
1.547
1.559
1. 566
1.566
1.567
1. 553
61.01
63.05
63.17
59.19
56.60
37.5
38.4
38.1
35.7
34.2
1.627
1.642
1.658
1. 658
1.655
Manufacturing—Continued
Textile-mill products—Continued
Full-fashioned ho
siery—Continued
38.2 $1.317 $31.45
38.2 1.396 34.94
35.5 $0 . 8 8 6 $35.06
35.8
.976 38.12
1950: June________
July - ____
A u g u st.___
September___
O cto b er.___
November__
December___
50.82
53.19
54. 83
54.68
57.18
57.47
57.28
37.2
38.6
39.7
39.0
39.6
39.2
39.1
1.366
1.378
1. 381
1.402
1.444
1.466
1.465
33.13
33.36
37.11
36.98
38.08
38.31
37. 65
34.3
35.0
38.1
37.5
37.7
37.6
36.8
1.019
1.023
1951: January_____
57.65
59. 38
58.12
55. 65
53.81
38.9
39.8
38.9
37.2
35.8
1.482
1.492
1. 494
1.496
1.503
37.73
38. 79
38.17
35.46
33.90
35.49
36.6
37.3
36.6
34.1
32.5
33.7
1.031
1.040
1. 043
1.040
1.043
1.053
F ebruary
M arch
April . ____
M ay______
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
.966
.953
.974
.986
1 .010
Knit outerwear
Knit underwear
South
North
United States
South
1949: Average_____ $50. 31
1950: Average.......... 53.33
Seamless hosiery
37.7 $0. 930 $30.78
38.2
.998 34.37
35.1 $0.877 $40.96
35.4
.971 43. 73
.962
.949
.969
.980
1.005
36.83
35. 8 8
39. 42
39. 62
40. 35
41.59
41.25
37.5
36.8
39.5
39.0
39.1
39.5
39.1
.982
.975
.998
1.016
1.032
1.053
1.055
32.42
32.93
36.63
36.46
37. 59
37. 65
36. 98
33.7
34.7
37.8
37.2
37.4
37.2
36.4
1.016
40. 93
41. 90
41.70
41.37
40.51
38.4
38.8
38.5
38.2
37.3
1.066
1.080
1. 083
1.083
1.086
37. 21
38.15
37.47
34.30
32.54
36.3
37.0
36.2
33.3
31.5
1.025
1. 031
1.035
1.030
1.033
1 .012
38.1 $1.075 $36.34
38.6 1.133 39.60
36.2
37.5
$1.004
1. 056
36. 30
38.31
41.17
42.63
43. 43
43.06
43.11
35.0
36.8
39.4
40.1
39. 7
39.0
38.8
1.037
1.041
1.045
1.063
1.094
1.104
1 .111
43.13
44. 29
44.12
43. 55
41.16
41.76
38.3
39.4
38.8
38.3
36.3
36. 6
1.126
1.124
1.137
1.137
1.134
1.141
43.42
42.14
43.90
42. 75
46.43
46.10
45.42
38.7
37.9
39.3
38.0
40.2
39.4
38.2
47.46
48.30
47.93
48.03
46.45
46.73
38.9
39.4
39.0
38.8
38.2
38.3
1 .122
1 .1 12
1.117
1.125
1.155
1.170
1.189
1 .2 2 0
1.226
1.229
1.238
1.216
1 .2 20
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
C: E A R N IN OS AN D
351
HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other
finished textile
products
Textile-mill products—Continued
Year and month
Dyeing and finishing
textiles
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Average_____ $51. 50
1950: Average_____ 53.87
Carpets, rugs, other
floor coverings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Wool carpets, rugs,
and carpet yarn
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Other textile-mill
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
40.3 $1,278 $56. 80
40.9 1.317 62.33
39.5 $1.438 $56.23
41.5 1.502 62.72
38.7 $1.453 $47. 89
41.1 1.526 52.37
Apparel and
Fin-felt hats and hat Total:
other finished tex
bodies
tile products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
38.9 $1,231 $49.21
40.6 1.290 51.05
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
35.3 $1,394 $41.89
35.9 1.422 43.68
35.8
36.4
$1,170
1.170
1.194
1.225
1.207
1 .2 00
1950: June________
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
51.18
50. 84
56. 03
55 76
56.26
58 19
58. 8 8
39.8
39.5
42.9
42.6
41.4
41.8
42.0
1.286
1.287
1.306
1.309
1.359
1.392
1.402
61.17
59. 8 6
61.44
62.94
6 6 . 46
66.82
67.28
41.5
40.5
41.4
41.6
42.6
42.4
42.1
1.474
1.478
1. 484
1.513
1.560
1.576
1.598
61.99
60. 07
61.46
62.19
66.36
66.63
66.90
41.3
40.1
40.7
40.7
42.0
41.8
41.4
1.501
1.498
1.510
1.528
1.580
1.594
1.616
51.44
51.92
53.16
53.37
54.77
55.88
56.59
40.5
40.5
41.4
40.9
40.9
41.3
41.7
1.270
1.282
1.284
1.306
1.339
1.353
1.357
52. 69
52.19
54.44
50. 87
50. 48
51.98
56.83
37.0
36.7
38.1
35.8
35.5
36.1
38.4
1.424
1.422
1.429
1.421
1.422
1.440
1.480
41.89
43. 22
46.06
43.09
45. 51
44. 50
45.88
35.8
36.2
37.6
35.7
37.3
36.9
36.5
1.206
1.257
1951: J a n u a ry ____
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
59.13
60. 12
58. 19
56.18
54. 52
56.05
41.7
42.4
41.3
39.7
38.5
39.5
1.418
1.418
1.409
1.415
1.416
1.419
65.91
67. 25
6 6 . 49
64.76
60. 82
58.23
41.4
41.9
41.4
40.4
38.3
36.9
1.592 65.65
1.605 6 6 . 30
1.606 65.08
1.603 62.83
1.588 57. 95
1. 578 56.18
40.7
41.0
40.3
39.0
36.4
35.4
1.613
1.617
1.615
1.611
1. 592
1.587
56.83
56.11
56. 62
55. 70
54. 55
54. 61
41.6
40.9
41.3
40.6
39.7
39.8
1.366
1.372
1.371
1.372
1.374
1.372
58.08
59.45
55.43
50.69
47.79
52.11
38.8
39.4
37.1
33.5
32.4
35.4
1.497
1.509
1.494
1.513
1.475
1.472
47.42
48. 38
47. 27
44.97
43.65
44.14
36.9
37.5
37.4
36.5
35.4
35.4
1.285
1.290
1.264
1.232
1.233
1.247
1 .2 20
Manufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
M en’s and boys’
suits and coats
Men’s and boys’ fur
nishings and work
clothing
Shirts, collars, and
nightwear
Separate trousers
Work shirts
Women’s outerwear
1949: Average_____ $46. 67
1950: Average_____ 50.22
34.7 $1,345 $33.30
36.9 1.361 36.43
36.2 $0,920 $33.37
36.8
.990 36.26
36.0 $0.927 $34. 91
36.7
.988 39.43
35.7 $0. 978 $27.44
37.8 1.043 31.34
35.5 $0.773 $49. 69
35.9
.873 49.41
34.7
34.7
$1,432
1.424
1950: June________
July________
A u g u st..........
September___
October..........
November___
December___
48. 99
49. 22
51.08
47. 75
51.77
52. 57
55.57
36.7
36 9
37.7
35.4
37.9
37.9
37.7
1.335
1.334
1.355
1.349
1.366
1.387
1.474
35. 55
35.34
37. 43
37.18
38 38
38.53
38.59
36.2
36.1
38.0
37.4
38.3
37.7
37.0
1.043
34.82
34. 55
36. 71
37.20
38.02
39. 35
39.42
35.6
35.4
37.5
37.5
38.4
38.2
37.4
.978
.976
.979
.992
.990
1.030
1.054
39.34
S8 . 52
40.08
38.45
40. 91
40 32
40.41
37.9
37.4
38.5
36.9
38.7
38.0
36.8
1.038
1.030
1.041
1.042
1.057
1.061
1.098
30.66
31.52
33.00
33.03
32.95
32.18
33.10
35.4
36.1
37.8
37.2
36.9
35.6
35.9
.893
.904
.922
45. 87
49.62
54. 01
46.43
50. 94
48.37
51.84
33.8
34.7
36.2
32.2
34.7
34.6
35.1
1.357
1.430
1.492
1.442
1.468
1.398
1.477
1951: January. . . ..
February........
M arch______
April___ . . .
M ay____ _.
June___ ___
55.23
56.32
57.13
54. 90
53.00
52. 77
37.6
38.0
38.6
37.5
36.3
35.9
1.469
1.482
1.480
1.464
1.460
1.470
39.11
39.68
40.17
38. 96
37.24
37.07
37.0
37.4
37.9
37.0
35.4
35.1
1.057
1.061
1.060
1.053
1.052
1.056
39.09
39.87
40. 05
39.15
36.99
36.64
36.6
37.3
37.5
37.0
34.9
34.6
1.068 41.78
1.069 43.08
1 . 068
43.69
1.058 42.37
1.060 39.01
1.059 39.84
37.4
38.6
38.8
37.9
35.3
35.7
1.117
1.116
1.126
1.118
1.185
1.116
33.38
33.05
34. 91
33.51
33.73
32.81
36.2
36.2
37.7
36.5
36.5
35.7
.922
.913
.926
.918
.924
.919
55.01
56.08
52. 49
48.37
47.37
47.38
36.0
36.7
35.9
35.1
34.3
33.7
1.528
1. 528
1.462
1.378
1.381
1.406
.982
.979
.985
.994
1 .0 02
1 .022
.86 6
.873
.873
.888
M anufacturing—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Women’s dresses
1949: Average_____ $47.20
1950: Average_____ 48.09
Household apparel
and chil
Women’s suits, coats, Women’s
dren's undergar
and skirts
ments
34.4 $1,372 $32.23
34.8 1.382 34. 6 6
36.5 $0. 883 $66.38
36.1
.960 63. 77
U n d erw ear and
nightwear, except
corsets
33.8 $1. 964 $35. 79
33.6 1.898 38.38
36.6 $0.978 $34.08
36.9 1.040 36.55
36.1 $0. 944 $53. 55
36.4 1.004 54.21
35.3
35.2
$1. 517
1.540
1.035
1.044
1.045
49.72
50.62
62.08
53.56
53. 27
47.53
51.82
33.1
33.7
38.8
33.9
35.0
31.6
33.8
1.502
1.502
1.600
1.580
1.522
1.504
1.533
1.062
1.069
1.062
1.072
1.069
1.077
61.60
68.84
62. 07
52.94
45.92
49.36
38.0
41.1
38.6
34.2
30.9
32.6
1.621
1.675
1.608
1.548
1.486
1.514
1950: June................
J u ly ...............
August............
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
45.69
45. 53
50.23
44.37
47.66
47.37
49. 81
34.1
34.7
35.7
31.9
33.8
34.2
35.2
1.340
1.312
1.407
1.391
1.410
1.385
1.415
32.92
32.27
34.64
35. 28
36.43
36.64
35.58
33.7
33.2
36.2
36.6
37.4
37.5
35.9
.977
.972
.957
.964
.974
.977
.991
58.41
66.46
73.26
57.91
66.25
60.12
67.07
33.9
35.5
37.0
30.1
33.8
32.1
34.2
1.723
1.872
1.980
1.924
1.960
1.873
1.961
36.43
37.13
40.04
39. 95
41.76
40. 96
39.28
35.4
36.3
38.5
37.8
39.1
38.1
36.3
1.029
1.023
1.040
1.057
1.068
1.075
1.082
34.25
35.60
38.24
38.35
40.16
39.25
37.10
34.6
36.0
38.2
37.6
38.8
37.6
35.5
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
51.91
52. 56
52. 20
50.65
49. 92
48. 71
35.9
36.3
36.3
35.1
34.5
34.4
1.446
1.448
1.438
1.443
1.447
1.416
36.60
39. 74
39.89
39.13
37. 54
36.97
36.2
38.7
38.8
38.1
36.8
36.1
1.011
72.20
73.39
62.86
53.79
56.06
57.60
35.6
35.8
32.4
30.6
32.5
31.7
2.028
2.050
1.940
1.758
1.725
1.817
40.85
42.81
42.21
40.88
38.70
39.80
36.9
38.5
38.2
36.8
34.9
35.5
1.107
38.34
40.84
40. 25
39. 77
37.42
38. 56
36.1
38.2
37.9
37.1
35.0
35.8
See footnotes at end of table.
963019—51----- 8
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.027
1.028
1.027
1 .020
1.024
1 .1 12
1.105
1.111
1.109
1 .1 2 1
Millinery
.990
.989
1 .0 01
1 .0 20
352
G: E A R N IN G S
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood
products (except
furniture)
Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
jar and month
Children’s outerwear
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avp.ragp,
Average
$37 06
38. 98
36.3
36.5
June
July__
August
September___
October_____
November
December___
38.08
39.13
40 92
38.12
40. 48
39.29
40. 26
36.3
36 6
37 2
35.3
37.0
37.0
36.3
January_____
F eb ru ary .. . .
M arch____ .
April___ . . .
M ay________
June________
42.18
42. 70
40. 77
40.74
40.40
40.87
36.9
37.1
36.5
36.8
36.1
36.3
F ur goods and mis
cellaneous apparel
$1 021
1.068
$42.05
43.45
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
36.0 $1.168 $39. 74
36.7 1.184 42.06
1.080
1.094
1.062
1.109
42. 59
43.86
45 84
44. 59
47.91
46. 05
45.09
35.7
36. 4
38.2
37.1
38.7
37.5
36.9
1.143
1.151
1.117
1.107
1.119
1.126
44.58
44.98
45. 60
44. 8 8
44. 75
46.10
36.1
36.9
37.1
36.7
36.0
36.7
1.049
1 069
1 .1 0 0
Other fabricated
textile products
Curtains and
draperies
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Textile bags
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1 .1 02
1 .1 01
1 . 228
1 .2 22
38.3
38. 7
39.3
38.8
39.0
38.1
38.3
1.105
1.131 $37.33
1.114 39. 82
1.125 38.31
1.137 39.29
36.6 $1 . 0 20 $43. 93
38.4 1.037 44.19
36.8 1.041 43. 30
37.6 1.045 43. 90
1.235
1.219
1. 229
1.223
1.243
1.256
44.23
44.12
44.05
43.15
42. 82
44. 87
38.7
38.6
38.3
37.1
36.6
37.8
1.143
1.143
1.150
1.163
1.170
1.187
37.9
37.6
36.4
36.0
35.6
36.2
1. 238
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
39.83
39.93
38. 44
38.12
37. 84
39.13
1.048
1.062
1. 056
1.059
1.063
1.081
44. 64
44. 73
45.16
43.12
43.11
44.10
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$51. 72
55.31
40.6
41.0
$1. 274
1.349
39.4 $1.115
39.6 1.116
38.9 1.113
39.2 1 . 1 2 0
56.28
56.27
58. 30
57. 84
58. 83
57.03
57. 59
41 6
41.1
42 0
41 2
41.9
41.0
41.4
1. 353
1.369
1.388
1.404
1.404
1.391
1.391
39.4
39.2
39.0
37.4
37.0
37.6
55.73
56.13
55. 58
58. 95
59.20
61.40
40.5
40.5
40.6
41.4
41.2
41.6
1.376
1.386
1.369
1.424
1.437
1.476
38.1 $1. 043
38.2 1 . 1 0 1
42. 21
42. 61
43. 43
43. 8 8
43. 45
42. 8 6
43.55
1.193
1.205
1. 200
1 .2 02
Total: Lumber and
wood products (ex
cept furniture)
1.133
1. 141
1.158
1.153
1.165
1.173
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Logging camps and
contractors
Sawmills and plan
ing mills
Millwork, plywood,
and prefabricated
s t r u c t u r a l wood
products
Sawmills and planing mills, general
South
United States
West
42.1 $0.847 $67.12
42.1
.924 70.43
38.8 $1. 730 $55. 06
38.7 1.820 60.52
41.9
43.2
$1.314
1.401
1.830
1.851
1.857
1.901
1.899
1.895
1.904
61.27
59.85
61.55
62. 06
63. 71
63.12
64.84
43.7
42.9
43. 5
43.4
44.0
43.5
43.9
1.402
1.395
1.415
1.430
1.448
1.451
1.477
1 .8 86
63. 47
63.88
64.71
65.04
65. 32
65.18
42.8
42.9
43.2
43.3
43.2
42.8
1.483
1.489
1.498
1.502
1.512
1.523
1949: Average_____ $61.31
1950: Average_____ 66.25
39.1 $1.568 $52.37
38.9 1.703 54.95
40.6 $1. 290 $53.06
40.7 1.350 55.53
40.6 $1.307 $35. 66
40.5 1.371 38.90
1950. June................
J u ly ...............
August______
September__
October_____
November___
December.......
67.85
6 8 . 04
73.98
70.07
70.31
65. 40
66.87
39.7
39.4
41. 1
38.8
38.8
37.2
38.9
1.709
1.727
1.800
1.806
1.812
1.758
1.719
56.08
55.95
57.95
57.69
58. 56
56. 53
56.83
41.6
40.9
41.9
41.0
41.8
40.7
41.0
1. 348
1.368
1.383
1.407
1.401
1.389
1.386
66.95
56. 67
58. 49
58. 49
59. 34
57.15
57.49
41.6
40.8
41.6
40.9
41.7
40.5
40.8
1.369
1.389
1. 406
1.430
1.423
1.411
1.409
39.19
38.98
40.13
39. 63
41.25
40.34
40.79
42.5
42.1
43.2
42.2
43.6
42.6
42.8
.922
.926
.929
.939
.946
.947
.953
73.93
72. 74
74. 28
74.33
74. 82
72.96
73.68
40.4
39.3
40.0
39.1
39.4
38.5
38.7
1951: January..........
February____
M arch_____
April_______
M ay________
June...............
61.99
64.10
57.93
71.10
67.84
73. 81
37.3
38.2
36.3
39.0
38.2
40.8
1.662
1. 678
1. 596
1.823
1.776
1.809
54.84
55. 30
55. 06
58. 49
58. 94
61. 50
40.0
39.9
40.1
41.1
40.9
41.3
1.371
1.386
1.373
1.423
1.441
1.489
55. 54
56.00
55. 58
59.16
59. 46
62.25
39.9
39.8
39.9
41.0
40.7
41.2
1.392
1.407
1.393
1.443
1.461
1.511
40.11
40.05
40. 34
41.82
41.96
42.0
41.5
41.8
42.8
42.9
.955
.965
.965
.977
.978
70.73
71.71
69.94
75. 61
74.04
37.5
37.9
37.3
39.4
38.4
1.892
1.875
1.919
1.928
Manufacturing—Continued
Lumber and wood products (except furniture)—Continued
Millwork
Wooden containers
Wooden boxes, other
than cigar
1949: Average....... . $54. 23
1950: Average_____ 59.05
42.2 $1.285 $41.90
43.2 1.367 46.03
1950: Ju n e...............
July-----------August______
September___
October_____
November___
December.......
59. 69
58.57
59.39
60.63
61.81
61.52
61.89
43.7
43.1
43.1
43.4
43.9
43.6
43.4
1.366
1.359
1.378
1. 397
1. 408
1. 411
1.426
<16. 48
47. 68
48.10
47. 60
48. 74
48. 50
48.43
40.7
41.0
41.5
40.7
41.8
41.7
41.5
1.142
1.163
1.159
1. 167
1 . 166
1.163
1.167
47.13
48. 40
48. 57
47. 64
49.31
49.16
49.43
41.6
41.8
42.2
41.5
42.8
42.6
42.8
1.133
1.158
1 . 151
1.148
1.152
1.154
1.155
1951: January_____
F ebruary____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June................
60.09
60.15
61. 19
62.13
63. 00
62. 96
42.2
41.8
42.2
42.7
43.0
42.8
1.424
1.439
1.450
1.455
1.465
1.471
48.31
47. 72
48. 51
48.70
49. 27
49. 97
41.4
41.1
41.5
41.8
42.0
42.1
1.167
1 . 161
1. 169
1.165
1.173
1.187
49.37
49. 26
49. 62
49. 64
49. 6 6
49. 32
42.6
42.8
42.7
42.9
42.7
42.3
1.159
1.151
1.162
1.157
1.163
1.166
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
40.6 $1.032 $42. 48
40.7 1.311 46. 56
Furniture and fixtures
Miscellaneous wood
products
Total: Furniture
and fixtures
Household furniture
40.7 $1. 085 $49. 48
41.4 1.137 53.67
40.1 $1.234 $47. 04
41.9 1.281 51.91
39.8
41.9
$1.182
1.239
46.16
46. 8 8
48.35
49. 10
49.80
50. 07
50.16
41.1
41.3
42.3
42.4
42.6
42.5
42.4
1.123
1. 135
1.143
1. 158
1.169
1.178
1.183
52. 50
52.03
54.87
55.42
56. 27
56.87
56.77
41.8
41.0
42.8
42.6
42.6
42.6
42.3
1.256
1. 269
1.282
1.301
1.321
1. 335
1.342
50. 71
49. 53
52. 91
53.84
54 57
55. 30
54.78
41.7
40.6
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.7
42.2
1.216
1.239
1.261
1.278
1.295
1.298
50. 51
50. 23
50. 54
51.49
51. 54
51.84
42.2
42.1
42.4
42.8
42.7
42.6
1.197
1.193
1.192
1.203
1.207
1.217
56. 93
58.15
58. 67
56.96
56.34
56.05
41.8
42. 2
42.3
41.1
40.5
40.5
1.362
1.378
1.387
1.386
1.391
1.384
54.75
55. 78
56.37
54.04
52.84
52.62
41.7
42.0
42.1
40.6
39.7
89.8
1.313
1.328
1.339
1.331
1.331
1.322
41.0 $1. 036 $44.16
41.5 1 . 1 2 2 47.07
1 .2 20
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
C: EA R N IN G S
AND
353
HOURS
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Furniture and fixtures—Continued
Year and month
Wood household
furniture, except
upholstered
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Wood household fur
niture, upholstered
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Mattresses and
bedsprings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Paper and allied products
Other furniture
and fixtures
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
1949: Average_____ $43. 6 8
1950: Average_____ 48.39
40.0 $1,092 $50.18
42.3 1.144 56.35
38.9 $1. 290 $51.69
41.4 1.361 57.27
39.7 $1,302 $55.47
41.2 1.390 58.53
1950: June................
July— ............
August_____
September__
October_____
November__
December___
47.52
46. 44
49.19
49.97
51.39
51.58
50. 87
42.2
41.1
43.0
43.0
43.4
43.2
42.5
1.126
1.130
1.144
1.162
1.184
1.194
1.197
54.54
52.87
56.66
58.61
60.49
60.65
60.43
40.7
39.9
42.0
42.5
42.9
42.5
42.2
1.340
1.325
1.349
1.379
1.410
1.427
1.432
55. 57
54.31
58. 42
59. 59
57.69
61.70
60.74
40.8
39.7
42. 3
42.2
40.8
42.0
41.8
1.362
1.368
1.381
1.412
1.414
1.469
1.453
1951: January_____ 51.06
February____ 52.31
M a rc h ........... 52.11
April_______ 50.84
M ay________ 49. 78
June.............. . 49.73
42.2
42.7
42.4
41.4
40.6
40.5
1 .210
1.225
1.229
1.228
1.226
1.228
57.06
58. 92
59. 6 8
55. 8 8
53.47
54.60
39.9
41.0
41.3
38.7
36.9
37.6
1.430
1.437
1. 445
1.444
1.449
1.452
61.02
59. 70
64. 24
58. 00
57.14
56.68
41.4
40.5
42.6
39.7
38.9
39.8
1 474
1.474
1.508
1.461
1.469
1.424
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Pulp, paper, and
paperboard mills
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly,
ings
ings hours
Avg„
hrly.
earn
ings
40.7 $1,363 $55. 96
41.9 1.397 61.14
41.7 $1,342 $59. 83
43.3 1.412 65.06
42.4
43.9
$1,411
1.482
57.60
58. 8 6
60.24
59.71
61.24
61.25
62.34
42.2
42.1
43.0
42.2
42 5
42.3
42.7
1.365
1.398
1.401
1.415
1.441
1.448
1.460
60.03
61.36
62. 74
63. 10
63.27
64.92
66.44
43.0
43.3
44.0
44.0
44.0
44.1
44.5
1.396
1.417
1.426
1.434
1.438
1.472
1.493
64. 21
65. 74
66.99
66.89
67.20
69.00
70.63
43.8
44.0
44.6
44.3
44.5
44.4
44.9
1.466
1.494
1.502
1.510
1.510
1.554
1.573
63.00
64. 33
64. 63
64. 52
64. 51
63.74
42.2
42.6
42.8
42.5
42.3
42.1
1.493
1.510
1.510
1.518
1.525
1.514
65. 96
65. 36
6 6 . 16
66.38
65.90
65. 58
43.8
43.4
43.7
43.7
43.3
43.0
1.506
1.506
1.514
1.519
1. 522
1.525
70.89
70.49
70. 80
71.37
71.21
71.32
44.7
44. 5
44.7
44.8
44.7
44.6
1.586
1.584
1. 584
1.593
1.593
1.599
Manufacturing—Continued
------------------------------ j ------Paper and allied products--Continued
Pap erboard containe rs and boxes
Total: Paper and
allied products
Other paper and
allied products
Printing, publishing, and allied industries
Total: Printing,
publishing, and
allied industries
Newspapers
Periodicals
Books
1949: Average_____ $52.45
1950: Average_____ 57. 96
41.2 $1. 273 $51.07
43.0 1.348 55.48
40.6 $1.258 $70.28
42.0 1.321 72.98
38.7 $1,816 $78.37
38.8 1.881 80.00
37.3 $2 . 1 0 1 $70. 21
36.9 2.168 74.18
38.9 $1. 805 $61.07
39.5 1.878 64.08
38.6
39.1
$1. 582
1.639
1950: June........... .
Ju ly ................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
56. 62
57. 70
59. 75
60.96
61.18
62.16
63.70
42.6
42.9
44.0
44.3
44.4
44.4
44.7
1.329
1.345
1.358
1.376
1.378
1.400
1.425
54. 59
55.36
56. 79
57.06
57.11
59.07
60.26
41.7
42.0
42.7
42.9
42.4
42.9
43.2
1.309
1.318
1.330
1.330
1.347
1.377
1.395
72. 72
72. 30
73.17
74. 48
74. 22
74. 52
76.42
38.7
38.5
38.9
39.2
39.0
39.2
39.8
1.879
1.878
1.881
1.900
1.903
1.901
1.920
80.76
79.20
78. 84
81.11
81.07
82.29
85.42
37.2
36.6
36.5
36.9
36.8
37.2
38.1
2.242
71.92
72. 83
75. 08
79.98
77.33
76.07
76.81
39.0
39.2
39.6
41.1
40.4
39.7
39.8
1.844
1.858
1.896
1.946
1.914
1.916
1.930
64.11
63.34
67.31
64.70
64.16
64. 52
66.33
39.5
39.0
40.5
39.5
39.1
39.1
39.6
1.623
1.624
1.662
1.638
1.641
1.650
1.675
1951: January...........
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
61.89
61.80
63. 17
62. 74
61.34
59.90
43.1
42.8
43.3
43.0
41.9
41.2
1.436
1.444
1.459
1.459
1.464
1.454
60.07
58.83
59. 91
59.82
59.30
59.40
42.6
41.9
42.1
42.1
41.7
41.6
1.410
1.404
1.423
1.421
1.422
1.428
74.22
74.23
75. 74
75. 78
75.74
76. 01
38.9
38.4
38.9
38.9
38.7
38.8
1.908
1.933
1.947
1.948
1.957
1.959
79.12
79. 96
82.13
82. 98
83.79
83. 54
35.8
36.0
36.6
36.8
36.8
36.9
2 . 221
2.244
2. 255
2. 277
2.264
77.95
79. 23
78. 56
77.34
75. 97
77. 54
40.1
40.2
39.9
39.4
38.9
39.3
1.944
1.971
1.969
1.963
1.953
1.973
6 6 . 60
6 6 . 21
39.5
38.9
39.5
39.7
39.9
40.2
1.702
1.707
1.714
1.707
1. 721
2.171
2.164
2.160
2.198
2.203
2 .2 12
2.210
67. 43
68.05
68.11
69.18
1.6 86
Manufacturing—Continued
Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Commercial printing
Lithographing
Chemicals and allied products
Other printing and
publishing
Total: Chemicals
and allied products
Industrial inorganic
chemicals
Industrial organic
chemicals
1949: Average_____ $69.44
1950: Average_____ 72.34
39.7 $1.749 $69.17
39.9 1.813 73.04
39.3 $1. 760 $62. 66
40.0 1.826 65.18
38.7 $1.619 $58.63
39.1 1.667 62. 67
41.0 $1.430 $63.90
41.5 1.510 67.89
40.6 $1.574 $60.83
40.9 1.660 65.69
39.5
40.6
$1,540
1.618
1950: June________
Ju ly .................
A ugust...........
September___
October_____
November___
December___
71.79
71.95
72. 38
73. 61
73. 78
73. 42
75.60
39.6
39.6
40.1
40.6
39.9
40.1
41.0
1.813
1.817
1.805
1.813
1.849
1.831
1.844
72.23
73.11
76.22
75.67
76.09
74.89
74. 95
39.6
39.8
41.2
40.9
41.4
40.9
41.0
1.824
1.837
1.850
1. 850
1.838
1.831
1.828
64.00
64. 58
65.82
65.90
65. 69
66.59
67.33
38.6
39.0
39.2
38.9
39.5
39.9
40.1
1.658
1.656
1.679
1.694
1.663
1.669
1.679
62.39
62.99
63. 48
64.16
64. 55
65. 52
66.43
41.4
41.2
41.6
41.8
42.0
42.0
42.1
68.24
71.13
71.91
72. 59
39.9
41.2
41.6
40.4
41.4
41.4
41.6
1.637
1.671
1.658
1.689
1.718
1.737
1.745
65.85
67. 52
67.98
69.34
69. 75
40.8
40.7
40.7
40.8
40.9
41.2
41.2
1.597
1.622
1.618
1.655
1.662
1.683
1.693
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April...............
M ay................
Ju n e ...............
74. 58
73. 24
75. 52
74.76
74. 52
75.02
40.6
39.4
40.3
40.0
39.7
39.8
1.837
1.859
1. 874
1.869
1.877
1.885
73. 79
75. 33
74.85
76.52
75.38
76.35
39.8
40.2
40.2
40.4
39.8
40.1
1.854
1.874
1.862
1.894
1.894
1.904
67.31
39.9
38.8
39.2
39.3
39.3
39.2
1.687
1.722
1.739
1.720
1.718
1.720
6 6 .99
67.17
67. 54
67.84
68.14
6 8 . 60
42.0
41.8
41.9
41.8
41.7
41.6
73.13
73.79
73. 65
73.69
74.48
75.06
41.2
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.7
41.7
1.775
1.778
1. 779
1.780
1.786
1.800
70.11
70. 26
71.15
71.82
71.99
72.32
41.0
40.8
41.2
41.3
41.3
41.3
1.710
1.722
1. 727
1.739
1.743
1.751
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 6 . 81
68.17
67.60
67. 52
67.42
1.507
1. 529
1.526
1.535
1.537
1.560
1.578
1.595
1.607
1 . 612
1.623
1.634
1.649
65.32
68.85
6 8 .97
65.16
66.02
354
C : E A R N IN G S
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1 Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Plastics, except syn
thetic rubber
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Synthetic rubber
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
hours
ings
ings
40.4 $1. 494 $6 6 . 74
41.8 1.568 71.93
Synthetic fibers
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
39.8 $1,677 $55. 20
40.8 1.763 58.40
Drugs and medicines
38.6 $1,430 $56.60
39.3 1.486 59. 59
Paints, pigm ents,
and filler«
F ertilizers
Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours
earn
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours ings
ings
40.4 $1,401 $59. 78
40.9 1.457 64.80
1949: Average----1950: Average------
$60.36
65. 54
1950: June______
July.............
August........
Septem ber..
October.......
November. .
December...
65.23
66.41
65. 07
67. 48
67.83
69. 20
70.43
42.0
42. 6
41.5
42.6
42.0
42.4
42.3
1. 553
1. 559
1. 568
1.584
1.615
1. 632
1.665
70. 78
72. 52
71.52
72. 58
72.16
76.63
76.03
40.7
40.4
41.2
40.3
41.0
41.2
41.3
1.739
1. 795
1.736
1.801
1. 760
1 . 860
1.841
57. 76
57.81
58. 99
59. 94
60.45
61. 10
61.26
39.4
38.9
39.3
39.2
39.2
39.6
39.7
1.466
1.486
1.501
1. 529
1.542
1.543
1.543
59. 27
58.47
59. 68
60. 19
61.12
62.00
62. 75
41.1
40.1
40.6
41.2
41.3
41.5
41.5
1.442
1.458
1.470
1.461
1.480
1.494
1.512
64.91
64.86
6 6 . 99
67.35
67. 45
6 6 . 79
66.90
1951: January----February__
M arch_____
April______
M ay______
June......... .
72.08
70. 72
71. 61
72. 21
72.24
72.20
42.7
41. 5
42.0
42.3
42.1
42.0
1 .688
1. 704
1. 705
1.707
1.716
1. 719
75.19
76. 97
77.12
78. 00
79. 61
80.26
40.6
40.9
41.0
41.4
41.7
41.8
1.852
1.882
1.881
1. 884
1. 909
1.920
61. 61
61.39
62. 29
62. 81
63.08
62.69
39.7
39.3
39.5
39.7
39.8
39.6
1.552
1.562
1. 577
1.582
1.585
1.583
63.48
63. 77
64. 52
65.29
64. 31
63.93
41.3
41.3
41.6
41.8
41.2
40.9
1.537
1.544
1.551
1. 562
1.561
1.563
68.61
69.05
69. 07
6 8 . 79
68.63
68.17
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
41.0 $1.458 $44. 72
42.3 1.532 47.00
41.6
41.3
$1.075
1.138
42.9
42. 5
43.5
43.2
42.8
42.3
42.1
1.513
1.526
1.540
1.559
1. 576
1.579
1.589
49. 52
49. 20
47.83
48.18
46. 80
47.31
48. 72
42.0
41.8
41.2
41. 5
40.8
41.0
41. 5
1.179
1.177
1.161
1.161
1.147
1.154
1.174
42.8
42.6
42.4
42.1
42.0
41.9
1.603
1.621
1.629
1.634
1.634
1.627
49.96
48. 42
50. 56
50. 98
53.08
52.84
42.3
41.0
42.7
42.2
42.6
41.8
1.181
1.181
1.184
1.208
1.246
1.264
M anufacturing—Con tinued
Products of petroleum and coal
Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Vegetable and ani
mal oils and fats
Other chemicals and
allied products
47.2 $1.083 $60. 67
45.5 1.175 64. 41
1949: Average___
1950: Average-----
$51.12
53.46
1950: June.........
J u ly ............
August____
Septem ber..
October.......
Novem ber..
December...
53.87
55.46
55.11
55. 03
54.41
55. 58
56.72
43.9
43. 6
44.3
45.9
47.6
46.9
46.8
1 .2 12
1951: January.......
February__
M arch____
April...........
M a y ...........
June.............
56 90
56. 36
56. 28
58. 39
59. 76
60. 51
46.0
44.8
43.9
44.4
44.2
44.3
1.237
1.258
1 . 282
1.315
1.352
1.366
1.227
1. 272
1. 244
1.199
1.143
1.185
Soap and glycerin
40.8 $1. 487 $6 6 . 54
41.5 1.552 71.81
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal
40.9 $1. 627 $72.36
41.7 1.722 75.01
40.4 $1. 791 $75.33
40.9 1.834 77.93
63.38
63.29
64.62
6 6 . 13
66.24
66.89
68.75
41.4
41.1
41.8
42.2
41.9
41.7
42.1
1. 531
1.540
1. 546
1.567
1.581
1.604
1.633
69.96
69. 99
74.08
74. 99
74. 59
75. 85
77.82
41.2
41.0
42.7
43.0
42.5
42.4
42.9
1.698
1.707
1.735
1.744
1. 755
1.789
1.814
74.37
76. 09
73.73
76. 77
77. 71
78.32
78.32
41.0
41.6
40.6
41.7
41.6
41.2
41.2
69.13
70. 05
69. 96
42.0
42.3
42.3
41.8
41.6
41.4
1.646
1. 656
1. 654
1. 643
1.638
1.655
76. 83
79. 36
79. 64
75. 87
74. 27
75.81
42.4
43.2
43.0
41.3
40.9
40.8
1.812
1.837
1.852
1.837
1.816
1.858
79. 58
78.44
78. 93
81.33
81.43
81.32
41.0
40.6
40.6
41.2
40.9
40.7
68.68
68.14
6 8 . 52
Petroleum refining
40.2 $1.874 $61.07
40.4 1.929 62.85
39.3
39.7
$1. 554
1.583
1.911
1.925
1.911
1.935
1.969
2.006
1.991
62.73
63.36
63.12
63.91
63.68
63.60
67.54
39.7
39. 6
39.8
39.6
40.2
40.0
40.2
1.580
1.600
1. 586
1. 614
1. 584
1. 590
1.680
2.038
6 8 . 82
69.63
6 8 . 08
68.96
69.04
70.34
40.2
40.2
39.4
40.0
40.0
40.1
1. 712
1.732
1. 728
1.724
1.726
1.754
1.901
1.901
76. 82
78.93
75. 29
79. 72
80. 93
81.64
81.03
40.2
41.0
39.4
41.2
41. 1
40.7
40.7
1.941
1.932
1.944
1.974
1.991
1.998
82. 95
81.28
81.89
84.87
84.93
84.96
40.7
40.2
40.2
40.9
40.5
40.4
1.814
1.829
1.816
1.841
1 .8 6 8
Coke and byproducts
2.022
2.037
2.075
2.097
2.103
M anufacturing—Continued
Products of petro
leum and coal—Con.
Other petroleum and
coal products
$61.18
66.78
1949^ Average___
1950: Average___
Total: Rubber
products
42.9 $1.426 $57. 79
44.7 1.494 64.42
Tires and inner
tubes
36.4 $1. 738 $48. 94
39.8 1.821 52.21
46.3
46.7
47.5
46.2
45.8
44.9
44.6
1.493
1.507
1.512
1. 510
1. 527
1.540
1.562
65.08
65. 59
66. 25
66. 58
66.29
66. 52
68. 76
41.4
41.2
41.8
41.9
41.9
41.5
41.6
1. 572
1.592
1. 585
1. 589
1.582
1.603
1.653
74.05
75. 22
76. 01
75.46
73.12
73.70
76.21
40.6
40.4
40.8
40.9
40.2
40.1
39.9
68.08
1951: January___
F ebruary... . 67.68
M arch........
68.97
April_____
69.10
69.41
M ay_____
67.41
June...........
43.7
43.3
43.9
43.9
44.1
43.1
1.558
1.563
1. 571
1.574
1.574
1.564
66.78
63.37
65. 88
65.96
68.48
71.66
40.4
38.9
40.0
40.0
41.3
42.4
1.653
1.629
1.647
1.649
1.658
1.690
66. 95
73. 69
38.4
35.5
37.6
37.0
39.2
41.7
.
.
.
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Rubber footwear
38.3 $1. 509 $63.26
40.9 1. 575 72.48
69.13
70.38
71.82
69.76
69.94
69.15
69.67
1950: June...........
J u ly ..........
August.......
September.
October___
November..
December—
Leather and leather
products
Rubber products
71.40
70.15
75.54
82.69
Other rubber
products
38.6 $1. 268 $54.38
40.1 1.302 59. 76
Total: Leather and
leather products
40.1 $1.356 $41.61
42.2 1.416 44.56
36.6
37.6
$1.137
1.185
1.172
1.174
1.186
1.824
1.862
1.863
1. 845
1.819
1.838
1.910
52.07
52.13
53.93
53. 95
56. 00
54. 52
59.34
40.3
39.7
41.9
41.5
42.2
42.0
42.6
1.292
1.313
1.287
1.300
1.327
1. 298
1.393
59.23
59.08
60.13
61.30
62.48
62. 71
64.29
42.4
42.2
42.8
42.9
43.3
42.6
42.8
1.397
1.400
1.405
1.429
1.443
1.472
1.502
43.60
44.73
46.49
45. 72
46.04
45.94
47.26
37.2
38.1
39.2
38.1
37.8
37.5
38.3
1.225
1.234
1.919
57. 53
55. 87
58.17
59.82
61.60
60.24
41.6
40.6
41.4
42.1
42.9
42.3
1.383
1.376
1.405
1.421
1.436
1.424
63.06
61.95
63.13
63. 81
64.26
65.02
41.9
41.3
41.7
41.9
42.7
43.0
1.505
1.500
1.514
1.523
1.505
1.512
48.30
49.43
48.73
46.65
45.64
46.81
38.7
39.2
38.4
36.5
35.6
36.6
1.248
1.261
1.269
1.278
1.282
1.279
1 .886
1.899
1.896
1.927
1.983
1.200
1. 218
REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1951
C: E A R N IN G S
AND
355
HOURS
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing— Continued
Stone, clay, and glass products
Leather and leather products—Continued
Footwear (except
rubber)
Leather
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Other leather
products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
37.5 $1. 096 $54.45
38.5 1.165 59.20
35.9 $1,096 $41.10
36.9 1.138 44.85
Glass and glass
products
Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
39.8 $1.368 $56. 71
41.2 1.437 61.58
1949: Average_____ $54.11
1950: Average........... 57.21
38.9 $1.391 $39.35
39.7 1.441 41.99
1950: June................
July________
August______
Septem ber...
October.. . ..
November___
December___
56. 57
66.73
58. 40
58. 64
59.44
59. 79
61.17
39.7
39.7
40.5
40.3
40.3
40.4
40.7
1.425
1. 429
1.442
1.455
1. 475
1.480
1.503
40.84
42. 53
44.39
43.32
42. 76
42.23
44.02
36.4
37.7
38.8
37.6
36.7
36.0
37.4
1.122
1.128
1.144
1.152
1.165
1.173
1.177
44.39
44.16
45.70
45.00
47.64
47. 96
48.06
38.3
38.2
39.5
38.1
39.5
39.7
39.3
1.159
1.156
1.157
1.181
1.206
1.208
1.223
58.12
58. 57
59. 40
60.88
63.11
63. 66
63.60
41.1
40.9
41.6
41.5
42.5
42.3
42.2
1.414
1.432
1.428
1.467
1.485
1.505
1.507
59.74
60.24
59.10
61.31
65. 66
67.03
65.89
1951: Ja n u a ry .........
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
61.58
62. 52
60. 71
60. 49
59.87
60.45
40.7
40.6
39.6
39.1
38.6
38.8
1. 513 45.88
1.540 46. 99
1. 533 46. 43
1. 547 43.65
1.551 42.10
1.558 43. 74
38.3
38.8
37.9
35.4
34.2
35.5
1.198
1.211
1.225
1.233
1.231
1.232
47.89
48. 82
48. 52
47. 27
47.53
48.16
38.9
39.4
39.0
38.0
37.9
38.5
1. 231
1.239
1.244
1.244
1.254
1.251
63.48
63.15
64. 53
65. 09
64. 80
65. 09
41.6
41.3
41.9
42.1
41.7
41.7
1. 526
1.529
1. 540
1. 546
1.554
1.561
66.10
65. 04
66.17
66.91
65. 69
65.85
Glass containers
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.0 $1,454 $.53. 80
40.3 1.528 56.36
39.3
39.8
$1,369
1.416
40.2
39.5
39.8
39.0
41.4
41.3
41.0
1.486
1.525
1.485
1.572
1.586
1.623
1.607
55.23
55.40
53.31
54 69
61.19
59.94
60.29
40.4
39.6
38.8
37.1
40.9
40.5
40.9
1.367
1.399
1.374
1.474
1.496
1.480
1.474
40.6
40.3
41.0
41.3
40.3
40.3
1. 628
1.614
1. 614
1.620
1.630
1.634
60. 95
58.82
59. 84
61.32
60.38
59. 86
40.5
39.5
40.0
41.1
40.2
39.8
1.505
1.489
1.496
1.492
1.502
1.504
M anufacturin g—C ontinued
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Pressed and blown
glass
Cement, hydraulic
Brick and hollow
tile
Sewer pipe
39.0 $1,275 $49. 57
40.5 1.338 5.375
60.27
61.30
61.13
61.66
61.59
62.10
62.43
42.0
41.7
42.1
41. 8
41.9
42.1
41.9
1.435
1.470
1.452
1.475
1.470
1.475
1.490
54.09
54.40
55. 27
56.00
57.73
57.86
58. 25
40.7
40.9
41.4
41.3
41.8
41.3
41.4
1.329
1.330
1.335
1.356
1.381
1.401
1.407
54.63
54. 89
55. 71
55. 73
57. 77
57. 51
57.16
43.6
43.6
43.9
43.2
44.2
43.7
43.5
1.253
1.259
1.269
1.290
1.307
1.316
1.314
62.45
62.93
64. 08
64.08
65.28
66.04
41.3
41.7
42.1
41.8
41.9
41.8
1. 512
1.509
1. 522
1.533
1.558
1.580
59. 00
57. 65
59.93
60.78
61.72
61.40
41.2
40.4
41.3
41.6
42. 1
41.8
1. 432
1.427
1.451
1.461
1.466
1.469
55.88
54. 24
57.34
58.94
60.06
59.56
42.3
41.5
42.6
43.4
44.0
43.6
1.321
1.307
1.346
1.358
1.365
1.366
38.6 $1.303 $57.49
39.7 1.353 60.13
1950: June................ 50. 27
July............. . . 49.93
August....... .
51.61
September___ 56.70
68.24
October____
November___ 61.15
December....... 58.84
38.4
38.0
39.7
40.5
41.1
41.4
41.0
1.309
1.314
1.300
1.400
1 417
1.477
1.435
1951: January_____
February___
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
39.9
39.9
41.0
40.9
39.3
39.3
1.431
1. 432
1.428
1.417
1.424
1.429
Pottery and related
products
39.2 $1,240 $48. 85
39.7 1.314 52.16
36.4
37.5
$1.342
1.391
64. 85
54. 60
53.85
54.88
55.05
54.14
63.98
41.3
41.3
40.4
40. 5
40.3
39.2
39.2
1.328
1.322
1.333
1.355
1.366
1.381
1.377
48. 71
49.13
52. 59
53.70
55. 91
57.47
56.84
35.3
35.5
38.0
38.3
39.4
39.8
38.8
1.380
1.384
1.384
1.402
1.419
1.444
1.465
56. 60
54.86
56.00
57.31
59.10
57.86
40.3
39.3
39.8
40.3
41.3
40.6
1.402
1.396
1.407
1.422
1.431
1.425
57.05
57. 69
58. 64
58. 65
57.38
57.46
38.6
38.9
39.3
39.1
38.1
38.0
1. 478
1.483
1.492
1.500
1.506
1.512
41.8 $1.186 $48.61
42.9 1.253 52.17
41.6 $1.382 $49. 73
41.7 1.442 54.19
1949: Average_____ $50.30
1950: Average........... 53. 71
57.10
57.14
58. 55
57.96
55. 96
56.16
Structural clay
products
Manufacturing—Continued
Prim ary metal industries
Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Concrete, gypsum,
and piaster products
1949: Average......... $57. 77
1950: Average........... 62.64
Concrete products
Other stone, clay,
and glass products
43.8 $1,319 $59.31
45.0 1.392 61.15
43.8 $1.354 $54. 72
43.9 1.393 60.94
Total- Primary
metal industries
39.2 $1,396 $60.78
41.4 1.472 67.24
Blast furnaces, steel
works, and rolling
mills
38.3 $1. 587 $63.04
40.8 1. 648 67.47
Iron and steel
foundries
38.3 $1,646 $55.09
39.9 1.691 65.32
37.2
41.9
$1.481
1. 559
1950: June................
July............... .
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
62.06
63.06
64. 44
65.35
66. 38
65. 57
66.23
45.2
45.4
45.7
45.7
46.0
45.6
45.8
1.373
1.389
1.410
1.430
1.443
1.438
1.466
61.07
60. 78
62. 62
63.59
64.09
63.64
65.19
45.1
44.2
44.6
44.5
44.6
44.1
44.9
1.354
1.375
1.404
1.429
1.437
1.443
1.452
60.09
60.17
62.20
64.52
65. 79
66. 55
67.03
41.7
41.3
42.4
42. 9
43.2
43.1
43.3
1.441
1.457
1.467
1.504
1.523
1.544
1.548
66.50
66. 95
67.36
69.10
69. 81
70.14
74.36
40.8
40.7
41.1
41.4
41.9
41. 8
42.3
1. 630
1.645
1.639
1.669
1.666
1.678
1.758
66.63
67.83
67.37
69.30
68. 87
69.03
75.21
39.8
39.9
40.1
40.2
40.8
40.8
41.1
1.674
1.700
1.680
1.724
1.688
1.692
1.830
64. 72
64.37
66.07
67. 57
70.04
69.23
72.37
42.0
41.8
42.6
42.9
43.8
43.0
44.1
1.541
1.540
1.551
1.575
1.599
1.610
1.641
1951: January____
February........
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
64.68
65. 37
66.74
67. 80
68.16
68.87
44.3
44.2
45.0
45.5
45.5
45.7
1. 460
1.479
1.483
1.490
1.498
1.507
63. 32
63. 19
65. 61
66.14
67.71
67.62
43.4
42.9
44.3
44.6
45.2
45.2
1.459
1.473
1.481
1.483
1.498
1.496
67. 25
66. 96
67. 76
67.85
67. 65
67. 47
43.0
42.3
42.3
42.3
42.1
41.7
1. 564
1. 583
1.602
1.604
1.607
1.618
74. 42
73.12
75.11
75. 70
74.93
76. 62
41.6
41.1
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.8
1.789
1.779
1. 797
1.798
1.797
1.833
76.41
74.16
77.35
77. 92
76.73
80.14
40.6
40.0
41.3
41.6
41.1
41.5
1.882
1.854
1.873
1.873
1.867
1.931
71. 66
71.48
73.31
72.93
72. 55
72.16
43.3
42.8
43.3
43.1
42.8
42.4
1. 655
1.670
1.693
1.692
1.695
1.702
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
356
G: E A R N IN G S
AND
M O NTHLY LABO R
HOURS
Table C-T: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
Year and month
Gray-iron foundries
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Malleable-iron
foundries
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkiy.
ings hours
ings
Steel foundries
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
1949: Average.......... $54. 38
1950: Average....... ... 65. 06
37.5 $1. 450 $54.30
42.3 1.538 65. 46
35.7 $1. 521 $56. 73
41.3 1. 585 65. 43
1950: June________
J u ly ................
August— .......
September___
October_____
November___
December___
64.08
63.88
6 6 . 36
67. 97
70. 26
69.18
71.97
42.3
42.0
43.2
43.6
44.3
43.4
44.4
1.515
1.521
1. 536
1. 559
1. 586
1. 594
1 . 621
65.87
64.80
6 6 . 32
67. 69
69.18
69. 28
72.03
41.9
41.3
42.0
42.2
42.6
42.5
43.6
1.572
1.569
1.579
1.604
1.624
1.630
1.652
65.65
65.31
65.73
6 6 . 08
69. 38
69.17
72.31
41.5
41.6
41.6
41.3
42.8
42.2
43.3
1.582
1.570
1.580
1.600
1.621
1.639
1. 670
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June________
70. 63
69. 90
72.17
70. 88
70.58
70.38
43.6
42.7
43.4
42.8
42.7
42.5
1.620
1.637
1.663
1.656
1. 653
1.656
71. 52
70.89
73.40
74. 73
73. 27
71.33
42.7
42.5
43.1
43.4
42.6
41.4
1. 675
73.19
74. 48
74.61
75. 65
74. 99
76. 56
42.8
43.2
43.1
43.4
42.8
43.4
1. 710
1.724
1.731
1. 743
1.752
1.764
1 .6 6 8
1.703
1.722
1.720
1.723
P rim a ry sm elting
and refining of
nonferrous metals
P rim a ry sm elting
and refining of
copper, lead, and
zinc
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Primary refining of
aluminum
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
40.4 $1. 494 $58. 99
41.0 1.554 62. 37
40.1 $1. 471 $61. 95
40.9 1. 525 63. 97
41.3
40.9
$1. 500
1.564
62. 54
62. 83
63.15
64. 44
6 6 . 40
67. 73
69.47
40.9
40.3
40.9
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.7
1 .6 6 6
61.44
61.37
61.89
63.18
65. 01
6 6 . 30
67. 97
40.8
39.9
40.8
41.0
41.7
40.9
41.6
1.506
1.538
1.517
1.541
1. 559
1.621
1.634
62. 44
63. 06
62.87
63. 47
67. 23
68.84
70.01
41.0
41.0
40.8
41.0
40.4
41.0
41.7
1.523
1.538
1.541
1. 548
1.664
1.679
1. 679
70. 67
69.18
69.14
70.18
70. 06
70. 47
41.5
41.3
41.3
41.9
41.7
41.6
1.703
1.675
1.674
1.675
1.680
1.694
69.93
6 8 . 06
68.72
70.01
69. 55
69.68
41. 5
41.2
41.5
42.2
41.9
41.7
1.685
1.652
1.656
1.659
1.660
1.671
69. 41
69. 21
69.66
71.19
70. 93
72.46
41.0
41.0
41.1
41.8
41.7
42.4
1.693
37.3 $1. 521 $60. 36
41.1 1. 592 63. 71
1. 529
1.559
1.544
1.564
1.600
1. 652
1 .6 8 8
1.695
1.703
1.701
1.709
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal industries—Continued
R olling, draw ing,
and alloying of
nonferrous metals
R olling, draw ing,
and alloying of
copper
R olling, draw ing,
and alloying of
aluminum
39.0 $1. 562 $63. 34
41.5 1. 630 71. 27
39.1 $1 . 620 $63.18
41.9 1. 701 74. 09
38.2
41.6
$1. 654
1.781
1. 684
1.694
1. 705
1.732
1. 736
1. 750
1. 788
72. 21
73.08
74.63
77.83
80. 29
82. 8 6
81.11
41.5
41.5
41. 6
42.6
43.4
44.1
43.4
1.740
1.761
1.794
1.827
1.850
1.879
1. 869
1.821
1.825
1.848
1.851
1.850
82. 34
81.49
83.87
85. 78
84.31
85.67
43.2
42.6
43.5
43.9
43.3
43.6
1.906
1.913
1.928
1.954
1.947
1.965
38.5 $1. 540 $56. 21
42.7 1.645 59. 99
38.9 $1. 445 $60. 92
40.1 1. 496 67. 65
72. 26
73. 46
73. 67
6 8 . 09
70. 22
71.48
76.08
43.9
44.2
44.3
41.8
42.1
41.8
43.9
1.646
1.662
1.663
1.629
6 6 .0 1
40.4
39.0
39.8
39.4
40.4
40.6
40.9
1.442
1.462
1.470
1.461
1.574
1.587
1.614
6 6 . 52
64. 27
6 6 . 36
70. 61
72. 29
72. 80
75.47
41.6
40.5
41.4
42.9
42.8
42.8
43.6
1.599
1.587
1.603
1.646
1.689
1.701
1.731
70. 39
70. 47
71.95
74.13
75.17
76. 65
77. 60
41.8
41.6
42.2
42.8
43.3
43.8
43.4
68.87
69. 52
70.05
70.14
69.12
72.18
40.8
40.7
40.8
40.9
40.4
41.7
1 .6 8 8
64. 68
64.96
64.08
62. 83
64.15
63. 26
40.1
40.1
39.7
39.0
39.6
39.0
1.613
1.620
1.614
1.611
1.620
1.622
72. 33
72. 70
73.12
73. 52
74. 07
73.28
42.1
42.0
42.0
42.3
42.4
41.8
1. 718
1.731
1.741
1.738
1.747
1.753
77. 94
76.83
78.17
79. 22
78.81
80.05
42.8
42.1
42.3
42.8
42.6
42.9
1949: Average........... $58.05
1950: Average_____ 6 6 . 75
38.7 $1. 500 $59. 29
41.9 1.593 70.24
1950: June________
July.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
67. 75
67. 76
6 8 . 48
65. 21
6 8 . 05
69.18
72. 46
42.8
42.4
42.8
41.4
41.8
41.7
43.0
1.583
1.598
1.600
1.575
1.628
1.659
1. 685
1951: Ja n u a ry ......... 67.98
February____ 6 8 . 30
M arch______ 6 8 .2 1
A p ril_______ 6 8 . 09
M ay________ 67. 79
June________ 69. 29
40.9
40.8
40.7
40.6
40.4
41.0
1.662
1.674
1.676
1.677
1.678
1.690
1 .6 6 8
1.710
1.733
1.708
1.717
1.715
1.711
1.731
58. 26
57. 02
58.51
57. 56
63. 59
64. 43
Iron and steel
forgings
primary metal
Nonferrous foundries Otherindustries
1 .8 6 6
Manufacturing—Continued
Primary metal in
dustries—Con.
Wire drawing
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)
T o ta l: F ab ricated
m e ta l p ro d u c ts
(except ordnance,
m ach in ery , and
tra n s p o rta tio n
equipment)
39.2 $1. 624 $57. 82
42.9 1.720 63. 42
Tin cans and other
tinware
39.6 $1. 460 $56. 24
41.4 1.532 60.90
Cutlery, hand tools,
and hardware
40.4 $1. 392 $54.82
41.6 1. 464 61.01
39.3 $1. 395 $50. 84
41.5 1. 470 55. 54
1949: Average__
1950: Average__
$63. 66
73. 79
1950: June_____
July..........
August---September.
O ctober...
November.
December.
72. 93
72. 89
74. 25
77.86
77.00
78. 80
80.36
42.4
42.6
43.5
44.8
44.2
45.0
44.4
1.720
1.711
1.707
1.738
1.742
1.751
1.810
62. 87
62. 55
64. 79
65. 72
6 6 . 66
66. 20
6 8 . 26
41.5
41.1
42.1
42.1
42.3
41.9
42.4
1.515
1.522
1.539
1.561
1. 576
1.580
1.610
60.94
64.14
67. 46
63. 90
60. 56
58. 85
63. 07
41.8
42.9
44.5
43.0
41.0
40.2
42.1
1.458
1.495
1.516
1.486
1.477
1.464
1.498
60. 61
59. 57
61.03
62. 96
64. 99
64.09
67.12
41.6
40.8
41.6
42.0
42.9
42.0
43.0
1.457
1.460
1.467
1.499
1.515
1. 526
1.561
1951: Ja n u ary ...
February ..
March.
April—
M a y ..
Ju n e ..
81.95
79. 42
79.15
80.46
79. 78
80.75
44.2
43.0
42.6
43.4
43.1
43.0
1.854
1.847
1.858
1.854
1.851
1.878
67.80
68.18
69.55
69. 51
69. 22
69.93
41.8
41.7
42.1
42.0
41.8
42.0
1 . 622
63. 26
63.36
64.07
63. 95
64. 63
64. 62
41.0
40.2
40.4
40.4
40.7
40.9
1. 543
1.576
1.586
1.583
1.588
1.580
65. 44
66.25
6 6 .49
6 6 . 40
6 6 . 37
67.66
42.0
42.2
42.0
42.0
41.9
42.0
1. 558
1.570
1.583
1.581
1.584
1.611
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.635
1.652
1.655
1.656
1.665
Cutlery and edge
tools
Hand tools
40.0 $1. 271 $54. 54
41.7 1.332 61.31
38.6
41.2
$1.413
1.488
54. 41
51.34
56. 08
57.14
60. 71
60. 56
62.57
41.6
39. 4
42.2
42.2
43.9
43.1
43.6
1.308
1. 303
1.329
1.354
1.383
1. 405
1. 435
59.16
59. 38
63 11
64.63
66.13
67. 31
6 8 . 59
40.8
40. 7
42.1
42.3
42.8
42.9
43.3
1.450
1.459
1.490
1.528
1. 545
1.569
1. 584
60. 99
61.72
60. 40
61.21
60. 40
61.07
42.5
42.8
42.0
42.3
41.8
41.6
1. 435
1.442
1.438
1.447
1.445
1.468
68.
42.9
43.1
43.3
43.2
43.0
42.9
1. 597
1.618
1.630
1.630
1.639
1.645
51
69. 74
70.58
70. 42
70. 48
70. 57
REVIEW , SEPTEMBER 1951
357
T able C 1: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
C: E A R N IN G S
AND
HOURS
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Year and month
Heating apparatus
(except electric) and
plumbers’ supplies
Hardware
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Sanitary ware and
plumbers’ supplies
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Oil burners, non
electric heating and
cooking apparatus,
not elsewhere
classified
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Fabricated struc
tural metal products
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
Structural steel and
ornamental
metalwork
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly,
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
1949: Average_____ $56. 28
1950: Average_____ 62.65
39.3 $1,432 $57.04
41.6 1.506 63.91
38.7 $1,474 $59. 79
41.1 1.555 67.64
38.5 $1. 553 $55. 45
41.6 1.626 61.20
38.8 $1,429 $59.90
40.8 1.500 63.29
40.5 $1,479 $60. 91
41.1 1.540 63.23
41.1
41.3
$1. 482
1.531
1950: June________
July..... ............
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December
62. 93
61.88
61.91
64.23
65. 82
63. 97
6 8 . 09
41.9
41.2
41.3
41.9
42.6
41.3
42.8
1.502
1.502
1.499
1.533
1.545
1.549
1.591
6 8 .8 8
40.7
41.2
41.9
42.3
42.4
41.6
42.1
1.526
1.636
1. 564
1.580
1.606
1.617
1.636
65.27
67.43
67. 51
71.18
72. 41
72. 85
74.13
41.1
41.7
41.8
42.8
43.1
42.6
43.1
1.588
1.617
1.615
1.663
1.680
1.710
1.720
59.90
60.20
64.20
64.13
65.20
63.67
65.49
40. 5 1.479
40. 9 1. 472
42.1 1. 525
42.0 1. 527
41. 9 1. 556
41.0 1. 553
41.5 1.578
62. 65
61.39
64.22
65.02
65. 93
66.25
67.87
41.0
40.1
41.7
41.6
42.1
42.2
42.0
1.528
1.531
1.540
1.563
1.566
1.570
1.616
63.40
60. 39
63.63
63.44
64. 85
65. 80
67.55
41.6
39.6
41.7
41.3
42.0
42.1
41.7
1.524
1.525
1.526
1.536
1.544
1.563
1.620
1951: January_____ 65. 41
February____ 66.14
M arch........ .
66.41
April_______ 66.41
M ay________ 66.36
June_______ 67.69
41.4
41.6
41.4
41.4
41.4
41.3
1.580
1.590
1.604
1.604
1.603
1.639
68.85
69. 60
70.89
70.22
69.63
69.84
41.4
41.5
41.9
41.5
41.2
41.3
1.663
1.677
1.692
1.692
1.690
1.691
74. 07
75. 40
76. 75
76.35
75.67
76.68
42.4
42.6
42.9
42.7
42.3
43.2
1.747
1.770
1.789
1.788
1.789
1.775
65.28
66.13
67. 52
66.67
66.06
65.89
40. 7
41.0
41.5
41.0
40.7
40.4
69.17
69.43
70. 51
71.86
71.74
71.78
42.2
42.0
42.4
42.7
42.7
42.7
1. 639
1. 653
1.663
1.683
1.680
1.681
68.64
6 8 . 64
69.47
71.02
71.44
71.95
41.7
41.4
41.7
42.0
42.4
42.7
62.11
63.28
65. 53
66.83
68.09
67.27
1. 604
1. 613
1.627
1.626
1.623
1.631
1. 646
1. 658
1 .6 6 6
1.691
1.685
1.685
Manufacturing—Continued
Fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and transportation equipment)—Continued
Machinery (except
(electrical)
Metal stamping,
coating, and
engraving
Total: Machinery
(except electrical)
Boiler-shop products
1949: Average__
1950: Average__
$59. 78
62.16
1950: June...........
July.........
August___
September.
October__
N ovember.
December..
1951: January__
February...
M a rc h ___
April_____
May........
June______
Sheet-metal work
Stamped and pressed
metal products
Other fabricated
metal products
40.2 $1,487 $57. 60
40.6 1. 531 62.14
39.7 $1,451 $58.54
41.1 1.512 64.22
39.5 $1,482 $60. 30
41.3 1.555 66.15
39.7 $1,519 $58. 38
41.5 1.594 64.76
39.5 $1. 478 $60.44
41.7 1.553 67.21
39. 5 $1. 530
41.8
1.608
61.22
61. 52
62. 35
64.38
65.00
65. 92
68.15
40.6
40.5
41.1
41.4
41.4
42.2
42.2
1.508
1. 519
1. 517
1. 555
1. 570
1.562
1.615
60. 28
61.04
63. 52
63. 90
65. 77
64. 96
66.81
40.4
40. 8
41.9
41. 6
42.6
41.8
42.1
1.492
1.496
1.516
1. 536
1. 544
1. 554
1.587
64.16
63. 58
65. 69
6 6 . 34
67. 05
6 6 . 77
6 8 . 71
41.8
41.1
42.0
41.7
41.8
41.5
42.1
1. 535
1.547
1.564
1.591
1.604
1.609
1.632
6 6 . 31
65.46
67. 86
68.46
6 8 . 60
68.64
70.64
42.1
41.3
42.2
41.9
41.7
41.6
42.2
1. 575
1. 585
608
1.634
1.645
1.650
1.674
64. 82
63. 94
66.17
67.32
67. 85
70.01
42.2
41.6
42.5
42.5
42.7
42.3
42.9
1.536
1.537
1. 557
1. 584
1.608
1.604
1.632
65.69
6 6 . 35
67.98
6 8 . 94
71.00
72.03
74.20
41. 5
41.6
42.3
42.4
42. 9
43.0
43.7
1. 583
1. 595
1.607
1 . 626
1. 655
1.675
1.698
6 8 .0 2
41.6
41. 8
42.3
42.7
42.6
42.5
1.635
1.654
1.659
1.674
1.670
1.670
66.70
6 8 . 83
69. 01
71.30
71. 19
72.24
41.3
42.1
41.9
42.8
42.5
43.0
1. 615
1.635
1.647
67. 93
67. 86
69. 56
68.14
67.27
41.6
41. 2
41.6
40.8
40.5
41.0
1. 633
1. 647
1.672
1.670
1.661
1.675
69. 51
69. 76
71.47
70.23
6 8 .73
70.62
41. 5
41.3
41.6
41.0
40.5
41.2
1. 675
1.689
1.718
1.713
1. 697
1.714
6 8 . 75
6 8 . 84
71.05
71.47
71.10
71.86
42.0
41.9
42.8
43.0
42.5
42.7
1.637
1. 643
1.660
1.662
1.673
1.683
74. 47
75. 08
76.43
76. 78
76.34
76.69
43. 4
43. 5
43.8
43.9
43.6
43.5
1. 716
1. 726
1.745
1.749
1.751
1.763
69. 14
70.18
71.48
71.14
70. 98
1 .6 6 6
1.675
1.680
6 8 .6 8
1.
6 8 .6 6
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Engines and
turbines
1949: Average___
1950: Average___
$63.13
69.43
1950: June...........
J u ly ...........
August____
September.
October___
N ovem ber.
December..
1951: January___
February...
March____
April_____
M ay............
Jun e...........
Agricultural
machinery
and tractors
Agricultural
machinery
(except tractors)
Tractors
Construction and
mining
machinery
Metalworking
machinery
38.9 $1,623 $61.11
40.7 1.706 64.60
39.3 $1,555 $61.86
40.1 1.611 66.09
39.2 $1. 578 $59. 93
40.3 1.640 62. 57
39.3 $1. 525 $58. 74
39.8 1.572 65.97
39.8 $1,476 $61.11
42.4 1.556 71.54
39.5
43.2
$1. 547
1.656
68.70
6 8 . 91
70.83
70. 81
69.48
74. 57
78. 29
40.7
40.3
41.3
41.0
40.0
42.2
43.4
1 .6 8 8
1.710
1.715
1.727
1.737
1. 767
1.804
63.84
63.88
65.29
64.35
64.82
67. 51
70.79
40.2
40.1
40.3
40.5
39.5
40.4
41.4
1.588
1. 593
1.620
1. 589
1.641
1.671
1.710
65 16
65.08
67.39
65. 97
65. 27
69. 50
73.68
40.5
40.3
40.5
40 5
38.9
41.1
42.1
1.609
1.615
1. 664
1.629
1. 678
1.691
1.750
62.16
62.25
62. 36
62.37
64.00
64.69
66.78
39.9
39.8
40.0
40.5
40.2
39.4
40.5
1. 558
1. 564
1. 559
1.540
1.592
1.642
1.649
65.20
65.06
66.60
67.62
69. 96
70. 31
71.70
42.7
42.3
42.8
42.8
43.7
43.4
43.8
77.81
77.81
80.56
80.44
80.06
79.99
42.8
42.8
43.5
43.6
43.3
43.1
1.818
1.818
1.852
1.845
1.849
1.856
71.84
71.28
73.06
73.69
73.37
74.33
41.1
40.8
41.0
41.1
40.9
41.0
1. 748
1. 747
1.782
1.793
1.794
1.813
74.70
73. 50
74.52
75.74
75. 50
75.36
41.8
41. 2
40.9
41.3
41.1
40.8
1.787
1.784
1.822
1.834
1.837
1.847
68.06
6 8 . 47
71.23
71.25
70.47
72.84
40.2
40.3
41.1
40.9
40.5
41.2
1. 693
1.699
1.733
1.742
1.740
1.768
73.06
74. 18
74.13
75.62
75.46
74.48
43.8
44. 1
44.1
44.8
44.6
44.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1.527
1.538
1.556
1.580
1.601
1.620
1.637
69. 81
71 16
73.42
73.24
77. 83
78. 23
80. 58
42.8
43.1
44.2
43. 7
45.2
45.3
46.1
1.631
1.651
1.661
1.676
1. 722
1. 727
1.748
1 .6 6 8
81.31
82.99
83. 69
84.87
85.02
85.35
46.2
46. 7
46.7
47.1
47.0
47.0
1. 760
1. 777
1.792
1.802
1.809
1.816
1.682
1.681
1 .6 8 8
1.692
1.685
358
C: E A R N IN G S
AND
M O N TH LY LABO R
HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees ^ C o n .
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Average---1950: Average----
Metalworking ma
chinery
(except
machine tools)
Machine tools
$59 15
69 72
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
39.3 $1. 505 $61.85
43.2 1.614 70. 54
Machine-tool acces
sories
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
39.8 $1. 554 $64.16
42.7 1.652 74. 69
Special-industry ma
c h in ery (except
metalworking ma
chinery)
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
39.7 $1 . 616 $60. 57
43.5 1.717 65.74
General industrial
machinery
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
40.3 $1. 503 $59. 53
41.9 1.569 6 6 .33
Office and store ma
chines and devices
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
39.5 $1. 507 $62. 53
41.9 1.583 6 6 .95
39.5
41.1
79, 94
December..
7fi 78
77 51
80.86
42. 3
42.3
44. 2
44.1
45. 7
45. 7
46.9
1. 574
1. 581
1.610
1.638
1.680
1.696
1.724
70.10
71.87
73.01
71.64
73.12
73.69
76. 51
42.9
43.4
44.3
42.9
43.6
43.4
44.2
1.634
1.656
1.648
1.670
1.677
1.698
1.731
74.34
76.69
76.16
75.64
82.72
81.26
82. 30
43.6
44.2
44.0
43.9
45.6
45.6
45.9
1.705
1.735
1.731
1.723
1.814
1.782
1.793
63.91
63. 92
65. 75
67. 44
69.49
70.86
73.25
41.5
41.4
42.2
42.6
43.0
43.1
44.1
1.540
1.544
1.558
1.583
1.616
1.644
1.661
64.43
65. 99
66.65
6 8 . 91
71.39
72.23
74.49
41.3 1.560
41.9 1.575
42.4 1.572
42.8 1.610
43.8 1.630
43.8 1.649
44. 5 1.674
64. 52
65. 85
67.63
69. 55
70.89
71.11
73.27
40.5
40.9
41. 8
42. 0
42.3
42.2
42.9
1951: January---February...
M a rc h .....
April....... .
M ay_____
June...........
81. 78
82.65
82.90
84.13
84.16
83.99
47.3
47.5
47.4
47.8
47.6
47.4
1.729
1.740
1.749
1.760
1.768
1.772
76.91
79.83
80.28
82.58
82.22
82.86
43.5
44.6
44.7
45.7
45.6
45.6
1.768
1.790
1.796
1.807
1.803
1.817
82.62
84.17
85.69
8 6 . 76
86.49
87.61
45.8
46.4
46.8
47.1
46.5
46.5
1.804
1.814
1.831
1.842
1.860
1.884
73.80
74.59
75.15
76. 01
74.63
75.15
43.9
43.9
44.1
44.5
43.9
44.0
1.681
1.699
1.704
1.708
1.700
1.708
74.32
75.19
75.71
77.15
77.38
78.31
44.0
44.1
44.2
44.7
44.7
44.9
1.689
1.705
1.713
1.726
1.731
1.744
71.82
72. 46
72.97
73.01
73.29
73. 75
42.1
42.4
42.3
42.2
42.0
42.0
1950: June...........
July............
August----September.
October___
N o v e m b e r.
fifi 58
fifi 8 8
71 lfi
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1. 583
1. 629
1.593
1 . 610
1.618
1.656
1.676
1.685
1.708
1.706
1.709
1.725
1.730
1.745
1.756
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except electrical)—Continued
Computing machines
and cash registers
Service-industry and Eefrigerators and airconditioning units
household machines
Typewriters
39.9 $1. 701 $56.04
40.9 1.753 62.08
39.0 $1.437 $60.66
41.5 1.496 67.26
39.7 $1. 528 $59. 98
41.7 1.613 66.42
Miscellaneous ma
chinery parts
38.6 $1.492 $57. 53
42.0 1. 575 6 8 . 55
38.1
42. 5
$1.510
1.613
70. 46
71.30
73. 78
41.0
41.8
42.8
42.9
43.6
43.5
44.1
1.542
1.560
1.578
1.601
1.616
1.639
1.673
63. 39
65.30
70. 63
71. 36
72.44
74.90
77.29
40.4
41.3
43.6
43.3
43.9
44.4
44.7
1. 569
1. 581
1.620
1.648
1. 650
1. 687
1.729
47. 58
73. 26
74.60
75.07
74.64
74.26
44.0
43.4
43.7
43.9
43.7
43.0
1.695
78.00
73. 23
77.92
77.31
77.26
78.67
44.7
42.7
44.3
44.1
44.1
43.9
1.745
1 . /15
1.759
1. 753
1.752
1.792
39.0 $1.538 $57. 59
41.1 1.616 66.15
1949: Average---1950: Average—
$67. 87
71.70
1950: June-------J u l y - .........
August........
September.
October___
November.
December..
69. 58
71.07
72.19
74. 56
76.00
73. 89
77.42
40.5
40.8
41.3
41.7
42.2
41.3
42.4
1.718
1.742
1.748
1.788
1.801
1.789
1.826
58.33
60.63
63.90
6 6 . 60
67.14
69. 61
69.07
40.2
41.3
42.8
43.5
43.4
44.0
43.8
1.451
1.468
1.493
1.531
1.547
1.582
1.577
67. 55
67.17
66.93
67.90
70. 60
70.26
69.76
42.3
41.9
41.6
41.4
42.3
41.6
41.4
1.597
1.603
1.609
1.640
1.669
1.689
1.685
6 8 .0 2
67.67
6 6 . 22
64. 95
67. 73
6 8 . 45
66.29
42.3
41.8
40.8
39.7
40.8
40.5
39.6
1.608
1.619
1.623
1.636
1.660
1.690
1.674
63. 22
65. 21
67.54
1951: January---February...
M arch____
April..........
M a y .........
June...........
75.90
76.90
77.75
77. 48
77.90
78.19
41. 5
42.0
41.8
41.7
41.5
41.5
1.829
1.831
1.860
1.858
1.877
1.884
67.47
68.23
68.44
68.03
6 8 .34
68.31
42.7
43.1
43.1
43.0
42.9
42.8
1.580
1.583
1.588
1.582
1.593
1.596
6 8 . 45
40.5
41.4
42.2
41.2
40.2
39.9
1.690
1.712
1.753
1.732
1.725
1. 754
65. 69
6 8 . 59
73.82
68.87
67.38
67.38
39.1
40.3
41.8
39.9
39.2
38.5
1.680
1.702
1.766
1.726
1.719
1.750
70.88
73.98
71.36
69.35
69.98
Ball and roller beartags
6 8 .6 8
1 .6 8 8
1.707
1.710
1.708
1.727
Manufacturing—Continued
Machinery (except
electrical)—Con.
Electrical machinery
Machine shops (job Total: Electrical ma
chinery
and repair)
1949: Average1950: Average.
1950: June_____
July............
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..
1951: January---February...
M arch........
April—.......
M ay...........
June...........
$58.70
65.18
39.0 $1. 505 $56. 96
41.7 1.563 60.83
Electrical generat
ing transmission,
distribution, and
industrial appa
ratus
Motors, generators,
transformers, and
industrial controls
39.5 $1.442 $59.61
41.1 1.480 63. 75
39.5 $1. 509 $61.30
41.1 1.551 64.90
Electrical equipment
for vehicles
39.7 $1.544 $59.16
41.1 1.579 6 6 .2 2
Communication
equipment
39.1 $1,513 $53. 56
41.7 1.588 56. 20
39.5
40.9
$1.356
1.374
65. 79
6 8 . 79
69. 54
72.63
41.6
41.7
42.4
41.8
43.1
42.9
44.1
1.535
1. 556
1.558
1. 574
1.596
1.621
1.647
58. 62
59.44
60.15
61.48
64.12
64.33
65.15
40.4
40.6
41.0
41.4
42.1
41.8
41.9
1.451
1.464
1.467
1.485
1. 523
1. 539
1.555
61.95
62. 52
64.25
64.85
67.35
68.48
69.03
40.7
40.6
41.4
41.6
42.2
42.3
42.3
1. 522
1.540
1.552
1. 559
1.596
1.619
1.632
63.05
63.94
65.30
65.45
68.36
69.13
69.68
40.6
40.7
41.3
41.4
42.2
42.1
42.1
1.553
1.571
1.581
1. 581
1.620
1.642
1.655
66.40
65. 78
66.41
67.33
70.44
67.89
69.85
42.0
41.4
41.9
41.9
42.9
41.5
41.9
1.581
1.589
1.585
1.607
1.642
1.636
1.667
54.11
54.43
55.11
56.69
59.02
58.83
59. 76
40.2
40.5
40.7
41.2
41.8
41.2
41.5
1.346
1.344
1.354
1.376
1.412
1.428
1.440
73. 59
74.69
72.83
73.69
74.08
72.76
43.7
44.3
43.3
43.4
43.4
42.6
1. 684
64.42
64. 80
65.34
65. 58
66.52
67.39
41.4
41.3
41.3
41.3
41.5
41.6
1.556
1. 569
1.582
1.588
1.603
1.620
6 8 . 38
6 8 . 72
41.9
41.7
42.1
42.0
42.5
42.5
1.632
1.648
1.667
69. 60
69. 60
71.40
71.23
73.19
73.40
41.8
41.6
42.1
42.0
42.7
42.6
1.665
1.673
1.696
1.696
1.714
1.723
6 6 . 22
40.5
39.9
40.2
40.7
40.3
40.7
1.635
1.638
60. 22
60. 61
60.58
60.60
60.93
61.81
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.0
41.0
41.1
1.458
1.471
1.474
1.478
1.486
1. 504
63.86
64.89
6 6 . 06
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1 .6 8 6
1.682
1.698
1.707
1.708
70.18
70.06
71.70
72.08
1 .6 6 8
1.687
1.696
65.36
66.97
67.97
67.58
69.88
1 .6 6 6
1.670
1.677
1.717
R E V IE W , SE P T E M B E R 1951
T able
G: E A R N I N G S
AND
359
HOURS
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Electrical machinery—Continued
Year and month
R a d io s , p h o n o
graphs, television
sets, and equip
ment
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Telephone and tele
graph equipment
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn ' wkly.
ings
ings hours
Transportation equipment
Electrical appliances,
lamps, and miscel
laneous products
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Total: Transporta
tion equipment
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
1949: Average_____ $50. 68
1950: Average........... 53.85
39.5 $1. 283 $61. 43
40.7 1.323 65.84
1950: June................
July------------August______
September___
October_____
November__
December___
51.93
52. 37
52.89
54. 44
57. 03
56. 32
56.96
40.1
40.5
40.5
40.9
41.6
40.9
41.1
1.295
1.293
1.306
1.331
1.371
1.377
1.386
64. 64
64.03
65.44
67.11
67.61
70.39
71.93
39. S
39.6
40.0
40. 7
40.8
40.9
41.6
1.624
1.617
1.636
1. 649
1.657
1.721
1.729
57. 62
60.30
59.74
62. 43
65. 71
66.18
67.14
39.6
40.5
40.5
41.4
42.2
42.1
42.2
1.455
1.489
1.475
1.508
1.557
1. 572
1.591
2. 53
71.71
72. 87
72.39
73.02
71.78
75.18
42.0
41.5
42.0
40.9
41.0
40.1
41.4
1.727
1.728
1. 735
1. 770
1.781
1. 790
1.816
1951: January_____
February____
M arch......... . .
April________
M a y ...........
June________
57.32
57.31
57.13
56. 74
57. 24
58.22
40.8
40.5
40.4
40.1
40.2
40.4
1.405
1.415
1.414
1.415
1.424
1.441
71.31
72.97
75. 79
77.33
76.80
77.43
41.1
41.6
42.6
43.3
43.1
43.4
1.735
1.754
1.779
1.786
1.782
1.784
64. 80
65. 38
65. 07
65.52
65.61
6 6 .74
41.3
41.3
40.9
41.0
40.8
41.2
1.569
1. 583
1.591
1.598
1.608
1 . 620
72.06
74. 05
75. 73
74.81
74. 81
75.25
39.9
40.8
41.2
40.9
40.9
40.5
1.806
1.815
1.838
1.829
1.829
1.858
39.3 $1. 563 $56. 52
40.1 1.642 61.58
39.5 $1.431 $64. 95
41.0 1.502 71.18
Automobiles
39.2 $1. 657 $65. 97
41.0 1. 736 73. 25
Aircraft and parts
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
38.9 $1. 696 $63.62
41.2 1.778 6 8 .39
40.6
41.6
$1. 567
1.644
75. 76
74. 35
75. 21
73.81
75. 21
72. 76
76.28
42.8
42.1
42.3
40.6
41.1
39.5
40.9
1.770
1.766
1.778
1.818
1.830
1.842
1.865
65.32
66.54
6 8 . 94
71.18
70.18
71.78
75.08
40.7
41.2
42.4
42.7
41.9
42.4
43.3
1.605
1.615
1.626
1.667
1. 675
1.693
1.734
71.48
74. 29
76.13
74.52
74.52
75. 03
38.7
39.9
40.3
39.7
39.7
39.1
1.847
1.862
1.889
1.877
1.877
1.919
76.78
75. 8 6
77. 35
77.13
77.26
77.35
43.7
43.3
43.9
44.0
43.9
43.7
1.757
1. 752
1.762
1.753
1.760
1.770
Manufacturing—Continued
Transportation equipment—Continued
Aircraft engines and
parts
Aircraft
Aircraft propellers
and parts
Other aircraft parts
and equipment
Ship and boat build
ing and repairing
1949: Average....... . $62.69
1950: Average_____ 67.15
40.5 $1. 548 $65.24
41.4 1.622 71.40
40.7 $1.603 $6 6 . 83
42.1 1.696 73. 90
41.0 $1. 630 $65.08
42.4 1.743 70.81
40.4 $1.611 $61. 67
41.7 1. 698 63.28
1950: J u n e ...........
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
64. 48
64. 99
6 8 . 29
70. 50
69.17
6 8 . 72
72.08
40.5
40.8
42.6
42.7
42.1
41.5
42.6
1 . 592
1.593
1.603
1.651
1.643
1.656
1.692
67.85
70. 92
70. 94
74.59
69. 48
80. 82
83.01
41.5
42.7
42.1
43.8
39.7
45.0
44.8
1.635 67. 25
1.661 71.87
1.685 78. 68
1.703 77. 62
1.750 81.17
1. 796 80. 67
1.853 8 8 . 54
40.2
42.2
44.4
43.9
44.6
43.3
45.9
1.673
1. 703
1.772
1.768
1.820
1.863
1.929
67.98
69.04
67. 53
77. 08
75.91
79.57
40.9
41.0
40.8
39.7
43.6
43.6
44.6
1.662
1.684
1.672
1.701
1.768
1.741
1.784
62.39
64. 20
64. 84
62. 89
62. 89
64.47
66.67
1951: January_____
February........
March______
April___ ____
M ay________
June________
74. 52
73. 49
75. 04
74.43
74.91
75. 00
43.2
42.7
43.5
43.5
43.4
43.3
1.725
1.721
1.725
1. 711
1.726
1. 732
82. 94
83. 49
86.19
86.80
87.00
88.19
45.1
45.3
45.7
46.0
46.4
46.1
1.839
1.843
45.3
46.3
46.3
46.9
45.9
48.3
1.923
1.944
1. 953
1.927
1. 912
1.925
80.06
78.10
79. 34
79.25
79.03
77.08
44.8
44.1
44.2
44.1
44.2
43.6
1. 787
1.771
1.795
1.797
1.788
1.768
64. 24
68.80
6 8 . 78
68.31
68.31
70.09
1 .8 8 6
1.887
1.875
1. 913
87.11
90.01
90. 42
90.38
87.76
92.98
6 8 .2 2
Shipbuilding and
repairing
38.0 $1.623 $61.88
38.4 1.648 63.83
37.8
38.2
$1. 637
1.671
38.3
38.1
39.2
38.3
38.3
38.7
39.9
1.629
1.685
1. 654
1.642
1.642
37.9
37.9
39.2
38.1
38.0
38.6
39.8
1.660
1.716
1.674
1.663
1.664
1.671
62. 91
65.04
65. 62
63. 36
63. 23
65.08
67.34
38.7
40.4
40.2
39.9
39.9
40.1
1.660
1.703
1.711
1.712
1. 712
1.748
64. 73
69. 41
69.33
6 8 . 92
69.05
71.10
38.6
40.4
40.1
39.7
39.8
40.1
1.677
1.718
1.729
1.736
1.735
1.773
1 .6 6 6
1 .6 8 6
1.692
Manufacturing—Continued
Instruments and re
lated products
Transportation equipment—Continued
Boat building and
repairing
Railroad equipment
Locomotives and
parts
Railroad and street
cars
Other transportation Total: Instruments
equipment
and related products
1949: Average_____ $54.84
1950: Average... . . . 55. 99
40.5 $1.354 $63. 54
40.6 1.379 6 6 .33
39.2 $1 . 621 $65. 47
39.6 1.675 70.00
39.3 $1 . 666 $61. 70
40.3 1.737 62.47
38.9 $1. 586 $57.60
38.9 1 . 606 64.44
1950: June________
July.......... ......
August______
September___
October_____
November__
December___
56. 62
56.24
55. 70
55.50
57.12
56. 54
58.06
42.6
40.9
39.9
40.1
41.3
40.1
40.8
1.348
1.375
1.396
1.384
1.383
1.410
1.423
64. 56
64. 40
65. 29
6 8 . 72
69. 04
69. 51
72. 52
39.2
39.1
39.5
40.4
40.0
40.2
40.9
1. 647
1. 647
1.653
1.701
1. 726
1.729
1. 773
73. 05
74. 74
73. 53
76.39
39.5
40.4
40.0
40.9
41.0
40.4
40.7
1. 718
1.699
1.717
1.786
1.823
1.820
1.877
61.58
60.14
61.85
64.12
62.86
65. 36
67.98
39.0
37.8
39.0
39.8
38.9
40.1
41.0
1.579
1. 591
1.586
1.611
1.616
1. 630
1. 658
1951: January_____
February........
March______
A pril........... .
M ay......... ......
June________
58. 90
57. 72
59. 49
59. 80
59. 79
58.66
40.4
39.0
39.9
40.6
40.1
39.5
1.458
1.480
1.491
1.473
1.491
1.485
72.41
71.16
75.13
77.36
76. 55
75.42
41.0
40.8
41.1
41.5
41.2
40.2
1.766
1.744
1.828
1.864
1.858
1.876
75. 96
75.35
82. 40
83.27
80.40
79.75
40.6
41.7
42.3
42.1
41.4
40.3
1.871
1.807
1.948
1.978
1.942
1.979
67.90
41.1
39.7
40.2
40.7
41.0
40.0
1. 652
1.687
1.693
1.738
1.775
1.770
See footnotes at end of table,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
67.86
68.64
6 8 .6 8
6 6 . 97
68.06
70. 74
72.78
70.80
39.7 $1.451 $55. 28
41.9 1. 538 60.81
39.6
41.2
$1.396
1.476
61.06
60. 09
60. 30
73.88
69.86
70. 73
71.96
40. 9
40.3
39.8
46.0
43.5
44.4
44.5
1.493
1.491
1. 515
1.606
1.606
1.593
1.617
58.93
58. 98
61.13
63. 58
64. 77
65. 47
6 6 . 75
40.7
40.9
41.7
42.5
42.5
42.4
42.6
1.448
1.442
1.466
1.496
1.524
1. 544
1.567
66.14
67.48
69.08
64. 70
6 6 . 21
68.65
41.7
42.2
43.2
41.0
41.1
42.3
1.586
1. 599
1.599
1.578
1.611
1.623
65. 79
67.06
67. 64
6 8 . 55
68.41
68.25
41.8
42.2
42. 3
42.5
42.2
42.0
1.574
1. 589
1.599
1.613
1.621
1.625
360
C: E A R N IN G S
AND
M O N TH LY LABO R
HOURS
T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees 1—Con.
Manufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manu
facturing industries
Instruments and related products—Continued
Year and month
Ophthalmic goods
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1949: Average_________________________ $47.04
1950: A verage.......... ........ ............................ 50.88
1950: June___________________ _____ _
July------------------------------------------A ugust.___ _____________________
September
Onto her
November______________ ________
December____________ _____ _____
51.21
51.13
52.17
52.17
54.13
54.50
55.70
1951: Jan u ary ............ ................................. . 55. 47
F e b ru a ry ...................... ...................... 55. 66
M a r c h ____________________________ ________ 55. 61
April_________________________ . 56.23
M a y .. _________________________ 55. 49
June______________ ____ _________ 55. 6 6
Photographic
apparatus
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Watches and
clocks
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
39.6 $1.188 $59.91
40.7 1.250 65. 59
39.7 $1. 509 $49. 53
41.2 1.592 53.25
41.2
40.9
41.6
41.6
41. 7
41.6
42.1
Professional and
scientific instruments
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Total: Miscellane
ous manufacturing
industries
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
39.0 $1. 270 $57.01
39.8 1.338 63.01
39.7 $1.436 $50.23
41.7 1.511 54.04
39.9
41.0
$1.259
1.318
1. 243
1.250
1.254
1.254
1.298
1.310
1.323
63. 53
63.32
65. 72
69.15
69. 22
69.60
70.85
40.7
40.8
41.7
42.4
42.0
41.8
42.2
1.561
1.552
1.576
1.631
1.648
1.665
1.679
49.72
51.25
51.98
55.15
58.06
59. 47
59.40
38.1
39.0
39.8
40. 7
41.8
42.0
41.6
1.305
1.314
1.306
1.355
1. 389
1.416
1.428
61.08
60.82
63.11
65. 73
6 6 . 78
67.57
69.18
41.3
41.4
42.1
43.1
43.0
42.9
43.1
1.479
1.469
1.499
1. 525
1. 553
1.575
1.605
52.69
52. 47
54.87
56.04
56 98
57.01
57.50
40.5
40.3
41.6
42.1
42. 3
42.2
41.7
1.301
1.302
1.319
1 331
1 347
1.351
1.379
41.8 1,327
41.6 1. 338
41. 5 1.340
41.5 1.355
40.8 1.360
40.9 1.361
70.56
72. 76
71.99
73.24
73.68
72. 90
41.8
42.3
42.1
41.9
42.1
41.8
1 . 6 88
1.720
1.710
1.748
1.750
1. 744
55. 61
58. 77
60. 40
60.49
60. 65
59.74
38.7
41.1
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.0
1.437
1.430
1.445
1.454
1.458
1.457
6 8 . 43
69.11
70.03
71.12
70. 67
70. 85
42.5
42.5
42.6
43.1
42. 6
42.5
1.610
1.626
1.644
1. 650
1.659
1.667
57. 37
58.41
58.18
58.03
57. 43
57. 77
41.3
41.6
41.5
41.3
40.7
40.8
1.389
1.404
1.402
1.405
1.411
1.416
Manufacturing—Continued
Miscellaneous manufacturing industries—Continued
Jewelry, silverware,
and plated ware
Jewelry and
findings
41.4 $1.330 $51.33
42.8 1.389 54.25
Silverware and
plated ware
40.8 $1.258 $58.30
41.6 1.304 64.08
1949- A verage...
1950: Average...
$55.06
59.45
1950: June_____
J u ly ..........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
56.00
56. 25
59.98
63.48
65.06
65.19
63. 52
41.3
41.3
43.4
44.8
44.9
44.9
43.9
1.356
1.362
1.382
1.417
1.449
1.452
1.447
51.55
50.12
53.68
57.06
59.03
58.37
58.14
40.4
39.4
42.0
43.0
43.5
43.4
43.0
1.276
1.272
1.278
1.327
1.357
1.345
1.352
1951: January__
February..
M arch___
April____
M ay____
June_____
62. 29
64. 08
62. 93
62. 46
61. 77
61.35
43.2
43.5
42.9
42.4
41.4
40.9
1.442
1. 473
1.467
1. 473
1.492
1. 500
58.32
59. 79
58. 73
57. 93
56. 77
56. 53
43.2
43.2
42.9
42. 1
41.2
40.7
1.350
1.384
1. 369
1.376
1. 378
1.389
Manufacturing—Con.
Toys and sporting
goods
42.0 $1.388 $47.00
43.8 1.463 50.98
39.1 $1 . 2 02 $46.06
40.4 1.262 49. 52
39.3
40.0
$1.172
1.238
59. 74
61.10
65. 42
69. 56
70.93
71.56
6 8 . 48
42.1
42.7
44.5
46.5
46.3
46.2
44.7
1.419
1.431
1.470
1.496
1.532
1.549
1.532
49. 56
49.27
51.90
52.11
53.42
53.90
53. 49
39.9
39.7
40.9
41.1
41.7
41.4
40.4
1.242
1.241
1.269
1.268
1.281
1.302
1.324
47.34
48.09
50. 55
51. 42
51.40
52. 6 6
53.41
38.8
39.1
40.7
41.2
40.6
41.3
41.4
1.230
1.242
1. 248
1.266
1.275
1.290
6 6 . 27
6 8 . 20
6 6 . 95
6 6 . 40
43.2
43.8
43.0
42.7
41.6
41.0
1.534
1.557
1. 557
1.555
1.586
1. 591
53.20
54.10
54.06
53. 48
52. 18
52. 65
40.0
39.9
39.9
39.7
39.0
39.2
1.330
1.356
1. 355
1.347
1.338
1.343
53. 58
54. 24
53. 44
53. 13
53. 85
54.49
40.9
41.5
40.7
40.1
40. 1
40.3
1.310
1.307
1.313
1.325
1.343
1.352
65. 98
65.23
Communication
Local railways and
bus lines 5
Other miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries
43.5 $1,419 $64. 61
40.8 1. 549 6 6 . 96
44.9 $1.439 $51. 78
45.0 1.488 54.38
53. 98
53.67
55. 62
56.66
57. 75
57.30
58. 25
40.8
40.6
41.6
42.0
42.4
42.1
41.7
1.323
1.322
1.337
1.349
1.362
1.361
1.397
64.19
61.19
65. 46
63.18
64. 54
64. 63
63.00
41.9
39.4
42.7
40.5
41.8
41.4
40.0
1. 532
1. 553
1.533
1. 560
1.544
1.561
1.575
67. 41
67. 47
66.84
67.42
67. 77
6 8 . 26
69. 96
45.3
45.1
44.8
45.1
45.3
45.6
46.3
1.488
1.496
1.492
1.495
1.496
1.497
1.511
58.37
59. 34
59. 54
59.34
58.83
59.10
41.4
41.7
41.9
41. 7
41.2
41.3
1.410
1.423
1.421
1.423
1.428
1.431
67.86
69.50
71.48
70. 99
71.80
42.2
41.2
42.0
40.8
41.1
1.608
1.687
1.702
1.740
1.747
70.23
70.66
70.42
70. 92
71.81
72.31
45.9
46.0
45.7
45.9
46.3
46.5
1.530
1.536
1. 541
1.545
1.551
1.555
950: June_____
Ju ly -------August___
September.
October__
November.
December.
1951: January__
February..
M arch___
April.........
M ay.........
June_____
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Telephones 8
40.0 $1.280 $61.73
41.1 1.336 63.20
$51. 20
54.91
1 .2 2 0
Transportation and public utilities
Miscellaneous
manufacturing
industries—Con.
1949: A verage...
1950: Average__
Costume jewelry,
buttons, notions
Switchboard operat
ing employees 7
38.5 $1.345
38.9 1,398 $46.65
37.5
$1.244
54.19
54. 96
54. 71
55.80
56.18
54.04
56.30
39.1
39.4
39.3
39.6
39.4
38.0
39.1
1.386
1.395
1.392
1.409
1.426
1,422
1.440
46. 61
47. 73
47.90
48.00
49.00
44.93
47.37
37.8
38.4
38.6
38.4
38.4
36.0
37.3
1.233
1.243
1.241
1.250
1.276
1.248
1.270
56. 41
57. 58
56. 52
56.12
56.44
58.08
38.9
39.2
38.9
38.7
38.9
39.4
1.450
1.469
1.453
1.450
1. 451
1.474
47. 78
49.09
47. 80
47.45
47.39
49.16
37.3
37.7
37.4
37.3
37.4
37.9
1.181
1.302
1.278
1.272
1.267
1.297
R E V IE W , SE P T E M B E R 1951
T able
C: E A R N IN 0 8
C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings
of
AND
361
HOURS
Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees1—Con.
Transportation and public utilities—Continued
Other public utilities
Communication
Year and month
Line construction,
installation, and
maintenance em
ployees 8
Telegraph »
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn earn hours
ings
ings
ings
$73.30
1950: June_____
Ju ly -------August---September.
O ctober...
November.
December.
72.28
72. 96
72.64
76. 02
75. 91
74.37
77.72
42.0
42.1
41.7
42.9
42.5
41.5
42.8
1.721
1.733
1.742
1.772
1.786
1.792
1.816
1951: Jan u ary ...
F eb ru ary ..
March.......
April.........
M ay ..........
June_____
77.13
79.74
78. 47
77. 69
79. 37
81.63
42.4
43.1
42.6
42.2
42.9
43.1
1.819
1.850
1.842
1.841
1. 850
1.894
42.1 $1.741
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
44.7 $1,406 $63. 99
44.7 1.436 66.60
41.5 $1. 542 $64. 91
41.6 1.601 67.81
64.21
64.13
63. 99
64. 49
64.74
64. 25
65.05
44.9
45.0
45.0
44.6
44.8
44.4
44.8
1. 430
1.425
1.422
1.446
1.445
1.447
1.452
65. 99
6 6 . 52
65.65
67.35
67. 93
70.14
41.5
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.8
41.8
42.0
1.590
1.599
1.582
1.619
1.625
1.643
1.670
64. 57
64.86
64. 63
64.40
65. 92
65.44
44.5
44.7
44.6
44.6
45.4
45.1
1.451
1.451
1.449
1.444
1.452
1.451
70. 27
71.36
70. 14
70. 38
70. 97
71.43
41.8
42.0
41.5
41.5
41.6
41.7
1.681
1.699
1.690
1.696
1.706
1.713
$62.85
64.19
1949: A v e ra g e 1950: Average...
Electric light and
power utilities
Gas and electric
utilities
6 8 .6 8
Transportation and
public utilities—
Con.
Wholesale trade
40.7 $1.414 $45. 93
40.7 1.483 47.63
1.609
1.613
1.606
1.632
1.638
1.643
1.675
59.93
61.10
60. 90
60.93
61.68
61.98
63.49
40.6
40.9
40.9
40.7
40.9
40.8
41.2
1.476
1.494
1.489
1.497
1. 508
1.519
1. 541
48.06
48. 99
48. 99
48.48
48.32
47.92
48.31
40.9
41.2
41.1
40.4
40.3
40.0
40.7
1.175
1.189
1.192
41.8 1.690
41.6 1.702
41. 2 1.697
41.7 1.713
41.4 1.720
41.5 1.732
63.44
63. 62
63. 62
63.95
64.18
64.63
40.8
40.6
40.6
40.6
40.8
40.8
1.555
1.567
1. 567
1.575
1.573
1.584
49. 85
49. 56
48. 95
49. 84
49. 87
50.78
40.3
40.1
39.7
39.9
39.8
40.4
41.6
41.7
41.6
41.7
41.8
41.8
42.4
1951: Jan u ary ...
February..
March.......
April_____
M ay-------June_____
70.64
70. 80
69. 92
71.43
71. 21
71.88
41.5
$1.527
65.74
68.13
6 6 .39
6 8 . 60
69.18
69. 97
71.31
41.4
41.8
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.6
41.7
1.588
1. 630
1.603
1.649
1. 655
1.682
1.710
61.62
62. 07
62. 61
63.99
64.86
66. 20
66.73
41.0
41.0
41.3
41.5
41.9
42.3
42.1
1.503
1.514
1.516
1. 542
1. 548
1.565
1.585
71.18
72. 50
71.72
71.51
72. 48
73.03
41.7
42.1
41.7
41.6
41.8
41.9
1.707
1.722
1.720
1.719
1.734
1.743
68.15
70. 04
67.19
66.71
67.36
67.48
42.2
42.5
41.5
41.1
41.4
41.5
1.615
1.648
1.619
1.623
1.627
1 . 626
40.4 $1.137 $34. 87
40.5 1.176 35.95
$57. 55
60.36
6 6 .93
67.26
66.81
6 8 . 05
6 8 .47
6 8 . 68
71.02
41.5 $1. 564
41.6 1.630 $63.37
Retail trade (except General merchandise
eating and drink
stores
ing places)
41.6 $1 . 611
1950: June_____
July_____
August___
September.
O ctober...
November.
December.
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Retail trade
Electric light and gas
utilities combined
$67.02
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Trade
Other public utili
ties—Con.
1949: Average...
1950: Average.. .
Gas utilities
D ep artm en t stores
and general mail
order houses
36.7 $0. 950 $39.31
.977 41.56
36.8
37.8
38.2
$1. 040
1.088
37.2
37.7
37.4
36.4
36.3
36.0
38.2
.984
.990
.991
.992
.992
.979
.969
41.86
42.58
42. 33
42. 03
42. 03
41. 24
45.05
38.3
38.6
38.2
37.8
37.9
37.8
40.7
1.093
1.103
1.108
1.199
1.198
1.187
36. 60
37.32
37. 06
36.11
36.01
35. 24
37.02
1.237
1. 236
1. 233
1.249
1.253
1.257
38. 02
37. 43
36. 44
36. 98
36.71
38. 07
36.7
36.3
35.8
35.9
35.5
36.5
1.036
1.031
1.018
1.030
1.034
1.043
44. 58
43. 70
43. 05
43. 39
43.42
44.65
38.2
37.8
37.6
37.5
37.3
38.0
1.167
1.156
1 145
1.157
1.164
1.175
1 .2 0 0
1 .1 1 2
1.109
1.091
1.107
Trade—Continued
Other retail trade
Retail trade—Continued
Food and liquor
stores
51.82
53.37
53. 04
52.12
51.80
52.40
52.91
40.8
41.5
41.5
40.4
40.0
40.0
40.3
1.270
1.286
1.278
1.290
1.295
1.310
1.313
62.29
63. 71
63. 66
63.52
63.94
63.07
63.53
45.9
45.7
45.6
45.6
45.9
45.8
46.0
1.357
1.394
1.396
1.393
1.393
1.377
1.381
40.92
40. 77
40. 70
40. 98
40. 95
40. 65
42.17
36.8
36.9
37.0
36.2
36.3
36.1
36.7
1 .1 1 2
53.15
52.69
52. 62
53.18
53.63
54.84
39.9
39.5
39.3
39.6
39.7
40.5
1.332
1.334
1.339
1.343
1.351
1.354
64.48
65.16
65. 29
6 6 . 34
6 6 .75
66.85
45.7
45.5
45.4
45.5
45.5
45.6
1.411
1.432
1.438
1.458
1.467
1.466
42.81
41.40
40. 75
41.09
41.36
42.29
36.5
36.0
35.4
35.7
35.5
36.3
1950: June_____
July_____
August---September.
O ctober...
November.
December.
1951: Ja n u ary ...
February.
M arch___
April____
M ay_____
June_____
Furniture and appli
ance stores
36.7 $1.108 $53. 30
36.5 1.115 56.12
45.6 $1. 292 $40. 66
45.7 1.349 40. 70
$49. 93
51.79
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Apparel and acces
sories stores
40.2 $1. 242 $58 92
40.4 1.282 61.65
1949: A verage...
1950: Average...
See footnotes at end of table.
Automotive and ac
cessories dealers
Lumber and hard ware-sup ply stores
43.4 $1,228 $51.84
43.5 1.290 54. 62
43.6
43.8
$1.189
1.247
1.132
1.128
1.126
1.149
55. 67
56.16
57. 03
58. 07
57. 6 8
57. 90
60.18
43.7
43.5
43.5
43.4
43.5
43.5
43.8
1.274
1.291
1.311
1.338
1.326
1.331
1.374
55.06
55. 55
55.91
56.36
56. 93
55. 98
56. 97
44.4
44.3
44.2
44.1
44.1
43.6
44.3
1.240
1.254
1.265
1.278
1.291
1.284
1.286
1.173
1.150
1.151
1.151
1.165
1.165
58.99
58.31
58. 49
59.18
59. 43
59.40
43.5
43.1
43.2
43.1
43.1
43.2
1.356
1. 353
1.354
1.373
1.379
1.375
56. 68
56. 76
56. 72
58.12
58.65
59.13
43.5
43.2
43. 1
43.6
43.8
43.9
1.303
1.314
1.316
1.333
1.339
1.347
1. 105
1 .1 0 0
362
C: E A R N IN G S AN D
M O N TH LY LA B O R
HOURS
Table C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers or Nonsupervisory Employees
Finance
Banks
and
trust
com
panies
Year and month
Con.
Service
10
Security
dealers Insur
ance
and
carriers
ex
changes
Hotels, year-round
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
wkly.
earnings earnings earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Cleaning and dyeing
plants
Laundries
11
Avg.
Avg.
wkly.
hrly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
Avg.
wkly.
hours
Motionpicture
produc
tion
and
distri
bution 1C’
Avg.
wkly,
hours
Avg.
Avg.
hrly.
wkly.
earnings earnings
1949: Average.............-...............1950: A verage_______________
$43. 64
46. 44
$68.32
81.48
$56.47
58.49
$32.84
33.85
44.2
43.9
$0. 743
.771
$34.98
35.47
41.5
41.2
$0.843
.861
$40.71
41.69
41.2
41.2
$0.988
1 .0 1 2
$92.17
92.79‘
1950: June................. ....................
J u ly ..- .............. .................
August-----------------------September_____________
October_________ ______
November_____ _____ _
December_____ ____ ____
45. 42
46.34
46. 36
46. 75
47.78
48.18
48. 6 6
81.31
79. 8 8
79.09
79.29
84.94
85.62
87.24
58.06
59.09
58.81
58.20
58. 91
59. 27
60.60
33.33
33.51
33.92
34.30
34.67
34.74
35.16
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.8
44.0
43.7
43.9
.761
.765
.771
.783
.788
.795
.801
36.33
35.61
34. 83
35.93
35.79
35.86
36.38
42.0
41.5
40.6
41.3
41.0
40.8
41.2
.865
.858
.858
.870
.873
.879
.883
44.03
42.02
40.16
42.56
42.15
42.23
42.29
43.0
41.4
40.0
41.6
41.0
41.2
41.1
1.024
1.015
1.004
1.023
1.028
1.025
1.029
94.73
91.64
90.70
93.44
95.08
95.68
98.39’
1951: January_______________
February______ _____
March_________________
April__________________
M ay__________________June----- --------- -----------
49.28
49. 55
49.70
50.08
49. 97
49. 8 6
89. 87
90. 95
85. 96
84.12
81.85
80.98
61.71
61.26
60. 96
60.83
60. 25
61.06
34. 89
35. 04
34.68
34.90
34.98
34. 8 6
43.4
43.2
43.3
43.3
43.4
43.3
.804
.811
.801
.806
.806
.805
36. 70
36. 25
36.85
37.32
37.83
38. 27
41.0
40.5
40.9
41.1
41.3
41.6
.895
.895
.901
.908
.916
.920
43.35
41.78
44.14
44.90
45.86
45.54
41.4
40.1
42.0
42.4
43.1
42.6
1.047
1.042
1.051
1.059
1.064
1.069
97.01
94. 46
98. 81
99.25
98.04
98.67
i These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments
covering both full- and part-time employees who worked during, or received
pay for, the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. For the mining,
manufacturing, laundries, and cleaning and dyeing plants industries, data
relate to production and related workers only. For the remaining industries,
unless otherwise noted, data relate to nonsupervisory employees and working
supervisors. All series are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor
Statistics. Such requests should specify which industry series are desired.
Data for the three current months are subject to revision without notation;
revised figures for earlier months will be identified by asterisks the first
month they are published.
» Includes: ordnance and accessories; lumber and wood products (except
furniture); furniture and fixtures: stone, clay, and glass products; primary metal
industries; fabricated metal products (except ordnance, machinery, and
transportation equipment); machinery (except electrical); electrical machin
ery; transportation equipment; instruments and related products; miscel
laneous manufacturing industries.
3
Includes: food and kindred products; tobacco manufactures; textile-mill
products; apparel and other finished textile products; paper and allied prod
ucts; printing, publishing, and allied industries; chemicals and allied prod
ucts; products of petroleum and coal; rubber products; leather and leather
products.
« Data relate to hourly rated employees reported by individual railroads
(exclusive of switching and terminal companies) to the Interstate Commerce
Commission. Annual averages include any retroactive payments made,
which are excluded from monthly averages.
3
Data include privately and municipally operated local railways and bus
lines.
9 Through May 1949 the averages relate mainly to the hours and earnings of
employees subject to the Fair Labor Standards Act. Beginning with June
1949 the averages relate to the hours and earnings of nonsupervisory employ
ees. Data for June comparable with the earlier series are $51.47, 38.5 hours,
and $1,337.
7 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as switchboard operators, service assistants, operating room instructors, and
pay-station attendants. During 1950 such employees made up 46 percent
of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in telephone establishments
reporting hours and earnings data.
8 Data relate to employees in such occupations in the telephone industry
as central office craftsmen; installation and exchange repair craftsmen; line,
cable, and conduit craftsmen; and laborers. During 1950 such employees
made up 25 percent of the total number of nonsupervisory employees in tele
phone establishments reporting hours and earnings data.
• Data relate mainly to land-line employees, excluding employees com
pensated on a commission basis, general and divisional headquarters per
sonnel, trainees in school, and messengers.
10 Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail
able.
11 Money payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
T able C-2: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current
and 1939 Dollars 1
Manufacturing
Bituminouscoal mining
Manufacturing
Laundries
Bituminouscoal mining
Laundries
Year and month
Year and month
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
Current 1939 Current 1939 Current 1939
dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars dollars
1939: Average_________ $23. 86
1941: Average____ _____ 29.58
43. 82
1946: Average_________
1948: Average_____ ____ 54.14
54.92
1949: Average_________
59.33
1 9 5 0 : Average_________
$23. 86
27. 95
31.22
31.31
32. 07
34.31
$23. 88
30. 86
58.03
72.12
63.28
70.35
$23. 88
29.16
41.35
41.70
36. 96
40.68
$17. 69
19. 00
30. 30
34. 23
34.98
35. 47
58.85
59. 21
60. 32
60. 64
34. 37
34. 22
34.58
34. 52
69. 92
69.68
71.04
71.92
40.83
40.27
40. 72
40. 94
36.33
35. 61
34.83
35. 93
1950: June________ ____
July------ -----------August_____ _____
September...... ........
$17. 69
17.95
21. 59
19. 79
20. 43
20.51
2 1 .2 2
20. 58
19. 97
20. 45
i These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau's Consumers’ Price Index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1950: October_________ $61.99
November............... 62. 23
63.88
December_______
1951: January................ .
February _______
M arch________ April____________
M ay 2___________
Ju n e 2___________
63. 76
63. 84
64. 57
64. 70
64. 55
65.32
$35.09
35.07
35.51
34.92
34. 52
34. 79
34. 84
34. 61
35.06
$72.99
73. 27
77.77
$41.32
41.29
43.23
$35. 79
35. 86
36.38
76.63
75.67
74. 66
75. 63
73. 95
77. 95
41.97
40.92
40. 22
40. 72
39. 65
41.84
36. 70
36.25
36.85
37. 32
37.83
38.27
$2 0 . 26
2 0 . 21
2 0 .2 2
2 0 .1 0
19. 60
19. 85
2 0 .1 0
2 0 . 28
20.54
the Consumers’ Price Index were not included. See the M onthly Labor
Review, March 1947, p. 498. Data from January 1939 are available upon
request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics,
1 Preliminary.
R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1951
C: E A R N IN G S A N D
363
HOURS
T able C-3: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Manufactur
ing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
Gross average
weekly earnings
Period
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Worker with
3 dependents
Index
Cur
Cur
1939
Amount (1939= rent dollars
rent
dollars
100)
dollars
111.7
199.1
190.5
181.5
$25.41
39.40
37.80
37.30
$25.06
30.76
28.99
27.77
$26.37
45.17
43.57
42. 78
$26. 00
35.27
33.42
31.85
23.86
25.20
29.58
36. 65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43.82
49.97
54.14
54.92
59.33
1 0 0 .0
105.6
124.0
153.6
180.8
193.1
186.0
183.7
209.4
226.9
230.2
248.7
23.58
24.69
28.05
31.77
36.01
38.29
36. 97
37. 72
42.76
47.43
48.09
51.09
23. 58
24. 49
26.51
27.08
28.94
30. 28
28.58
26.88
26.63
27. 43
28.09
29.54
23.62
24.95
29.28
36. 28
41.39
44. 06
42.74
43. 20
48. 24
53.17
53.83
57. 21
23.62
24.75
27. 67
30.93
33.26
34.84
33. 04
30.78
30. 04
30.75
31.44
33.08
Average_________
Average____ ____
Average...................
Average_________
Average.. .
Average________
Average_________
Average.. . _
Average . .
Average................ .
Average...................
Average..................
Period
1 Net spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross average weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which
the specified type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability
depends, of course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker
as well as on the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have
therefore, been computed for 2 types of income-receivers: (1) A worker
with no dependents: (2) A worker with 3 dependents.
The computation of net spendable earnings for both factory worker with
no dependents and the factory worker with 3 dependents are based upon the
Net spendable average weekly
earnings
Worker with
no dependents
Worker with
3 dependents
Index
Cur
Cur
1939
1939
Amount (1939= rent dollars
rent
dollars
100)
dollars dollars
1939
dollars
1941: January......... ...... ... $26.64
1945: January......... .......... 47. 50
45.45
J u ly ....___
1946: June_____ _____ _ 43.31
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Gross average
weekly earnings
1950: June....................... $58.85
July ____ ________ 59,21
August__________
60. 32
September_______ 60. 64
October................... 61.99
November,........ .
62. 23
D ecem ber.............. 63.88
246.6
248.2
252.8
254.1
259.8
260. 8
267.7
$51.03
51.32
52. 24
52. 50
52.16
52. 35
53. 67
1951: Ja n u a ry .................
F eb ru ary ________
M arch. I _________
A pril____________
M a y 2 .............. ......
June 2___________
267.2
267.6
270.6
271. 2
270.5
273.8
53. 49
53.55
54.13
54. 23
54.11
54.72
63.76
63. 84
64.57
64. 70
64. 55
65.32
$29. 80 $ 56.86
29.66
57.16
29. 95
58.11
29. 89
58.38
29.53
59 20
29. 50
59.40
29.84
60. 75
29. 29
28. 96
29.16
29. 20
29.01
29. 37
60. 56
60. 62
61.21
61.31
61.19
61.81
$33. 21
33.03
33.31
33.24
33.51
33.47
33.77
33.17
32. 78
32.98
33.01
32.81
33.17
gross average weekly earnings for all production workers in manufacturing
industries without direct regard to marital status and family composition.
The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring relative changes
in disposable earnings for 2 types of income-receivers. T hat series does not,
therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings for workers of varying
age, occupation, skill, family composition, etc. Comparable data from
January 1939 are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
3 Preliminary.
T able C-4: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production Workers in
Manufacturing Industries 1
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Excluding
overtime
Period
Gross
amount
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Average........
Average........
Average____
Average___
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average____
Average........
$0. 729
.853
.961
1.019
1 . 023
1 . 086
1.237
1.350
1.401
1.465
Gross
110.9 $0 . 808 $0. 770 $0. 640
127.2
.723
.947
.881
.803
141.2 1.059
.976
149.6 1.117 1.029
.861
152.1 1 .1 1 1 21.042
.904
166.0 1.156 1 .1 2 2 1.015
189.3 1.292 1.250 1.171
207.0 1.410 1.366 1.278
216.0 1.469 1. 434 1.325
223.5 1.537 1.480 1.378
$0. 625
.698
.763
.814
>.858
.981
1.133
1.241
1.292
1.337
1950: June.............
July_______
August____
September.,.
October____
November...
December__
$1. 453
1.462
1.464
1.479
1. 501
1.514
1.543
$1. 404
1.413
1.408
1.424
1.442
1. 456
1.479
2 2 1 .8
1951: January___
February .. .
M arch_____
April............
M ay 2 _____
Ju n e 3______
1.555
1.561
1. 571
1.578
1.586
1.601
1.497
1.504
1.511
1.518
1.528
1.541
236.5
237.6
238.7
239.8
241.4
243.4
* Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours per week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi
days. Comparable data from January 1941 are available upon request to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Excluding
overtime
Period
Index
Amount (1939=
1 00 )
$0. 702
.805
.894
.947
2.963
1.051
1.198
1.310
1.367
1.415
Durable
goods
Manufacturing
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Gross
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
amount
Index
Amount (1939 =
100)
223.2
222.4
225. 0
227.8
230.0
233.6
Gross
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
Nondurable
goods
Gross
$1. 522 $1.465 $1.365
1.533 1. 478 1.375
1. 539 1.475 1. 374
1. 562 1. 499 1.379
1. 577 1.508 1.404
1. 587 1.521 1.419
1.619 1.545 1.443
1.630
1.639
1.654
1.659
1.664
1.684
1.565
1.573
1.582
1.587
1.595
1.614
1.456
1.458
1.460
1.465
1.475
1.484
Ex
clud
ing
over
time
$1.326
1.333
1.328
1.334
1.358
1.372
1.393
1.409
1.414
1.415
1.422
1.433
1.440
2
Eleven-month average. August 1945 excluded because of VJ-holiday
period.
s Preliminary.
364
G: E A R N IN G S A N D
M O N TH LY LA BO R
HOURS
T able C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1
Birmingham
State
Arkansas
Arizona
Alabama
Little Bock
State
Phoenix
State
Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
1950: June________
July________
A u g u sts____
September__
October.
November.
December
1951: January_____
February
M arch_____
April
M ay__
June________
39.8
39.4
40.7
40.7
41.6
41.3
41.7
40.6
40.3
*40.6
40.7
39.3
39.4
$46. 57
46.10
47. 21
48.84
49. 92
49. 97
52.13
51.16
50. 78
*51.16
51.69
49. 52
50.04
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
40.5 $1.34 $64. 53
1.34 61. 59
39.2
1.34 62. 21
39.9
40.7
1.37 63.36
1.36 65. 71
41.0
40.7
1.36 64. 07
1.44 6 6 . 00
40.9
40.0
1.48 63.30
40. 1 1.49 64.20
*39.5 *1.49 *64. 80
1.50 65.70
40.3
1.48 6 6 .1 0
40.3
40.7
1. 50 68.80
$1.17 $54. 27
1.17 52.53
1.16 53.47
55. 76
1 .2 0
55. 76
1 .2 0
55.35
1 .2 1
1.25 58. 90
1.26 59.20
1.26 59. 75
1.26 *58.86
1. 27 60. 45
1.26 59.64
1. 27 61.05
44.2
41.9
42.9
43.1
44.4
43.0
44.9
43.0
43.7
*42.9
42.4
42.9
44.1
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
43.4
41.4
41.4
42.2
42.0
41.1
43.9
43.0
43.0
*41.3
41.1
42.3
43.1
$1.46 $61. 63
1.47 59. 62
1.45 60. 03
1.47 62. 46
1.48 61.32
1.49 61. 24
1.47 64.53
1.47 62. 90
1.47 64.00
*1.51 *64.00
1. 55 64. 90
1. 54 64.70
1.56 66.40
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.42 $42.12
1.44 42.23
1.45 44.08
1.48 44.39
1.46 44. 72
1.49 44.73
1.47 45. 58
1.46 45.04
1.49 44. 50
*1.55 *45. 56
1.58 45. 56
1.53 46.76
1.54 45.02
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn earn wkly.
ings hours
ings
42.2
42. 4
42.3
41. 5
43. 2
42.7
42. 8
42. 2
41. 3
*41. 2
41. 7
41. 6
41.9
41.7 $1 .0 1 $44. 73
41.0
1.03 44.94
42.8
1.03 45. 26
1.03 43. 99
41.3
1.04 44.93
43.0
1.06 45. 26
42.2
1.08 45. 80
42.2
1.08 46.00
41.7
1.08 45. 43
41. 2
*41.8
1.09 *44. 08
41.8
1.09 45. 04
1.09 46.18
42.9
41.3
1.09 46. 51
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.06
1.06
1.07
1.06
1.04
1.06
1.07
1. 09
1 .1 0
*1.07
1.08
1 .1 1
1. 1 Î
California
Los Angeles
State
$65.10
1950: June___
J u l y ... ____ 65. 95
6 6 . 77
August September___ 6 6 . 71
O c to b e r.___ 67.38
November __ 67. 38
December___ 6 8 . 66
1951: January ___ 6 8 . 62
February.
69. 49
69. 44
March__
April___
70. 75
M ay_______ 70. 95
June________ 72.84
39.6
39.9
40.8
40.2
40.6
39.9
40.0
39.6
39.9
39.8
40.4
40.1
40.7
$1.64 $64.11
1.65 64.92
1.64 65. 58
1 .6 6
65.53
1 .6 6
6 6 . 72
1. 69 67.06
1.71 68.54
1.73 68.60
1.74 69.10
1.74 *6 8 . 92
1.75 69. 78
1.77 70.50
1.79 71.47
39.6
40.1
40.5
40.2
40.9
40.5
40.6
40.2
40.5
40.3
40.8
40.8
41.0
$1.62 $57. 69
1.62 6 6 . 82
1.62 61.17
1.63 75. 03
1.63 69. 62
1.65 65.11
1.69 63.05
1.71 65. 21
1. 71 6 6 . 56
1.71 66.81
1.71 63.12
1.73 60.79
1.74 65.78
San FranciscoOakland
San Diego
Sacramento
36.5 $1.58 $59. 53
1 .6 6
59. 51
40.3
1.57 65.37
39.0
1.60 62.28
46.8
1.62 64.31
43.0
1.67 65.01
38.9
1 .6 8
6 6 .1 0
37.5
1. 77 70.94
36.9
1.75 6 8 . 40
38.1
1.76 70.38
38.0
1.75 72. 61
36.1
36. 1 1 .6 8 70.28
1 .6 8
71.86
39.0
37.3
37.7
40.9
38.6
40.7
40.4
40.1
41.5
40.9
41.5
43.2
41.5
42.0
$1.60 $66.46
1.58 68.09
1.60 67.62
68.28
1 . 62
1. 58 6 8 . 52
1.61 68.09
1.65 71.26
1.71 70.10
1.67 71.05
1.69 70. 96
1 .6 8
72.01
1.69 72.18
1. 71 73.37
San Jose
39.5
41.1
45.3
44.4
41.1
39. 5
38.1
38. 0
38. 9
40. 2
40. 6
39.4
41.1
39.3 $1.69 $63.04
1.72 60.34
39.5
1.70 66.38
39.8
1. 72 64.73
39.7
1.73 60. 95
39.6
1.75 60. 55
38.9
1.78 61.94
40.0
1.79 63.41
39.1
1.82 ÖÖ. 35
39.0
1.82 69. 69
39.1
39.4 i 1.83 69. 58
1.84 6 8 .1 1
39.2
73.10
39.4
1 .8 6
$1.60
1.47
1.47
1.46
1. 48
1. 53
1 . 62
1. 67
1. 71
1. 73
1. 71
1.73
1. 78
Connecticut
1950: June_______
July________
A u g u st_____
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: January_____
February ___
March
...
April..... ........ .
M ay_______
June________
$57. 74
58. 36
60. 27
62.17
63.65
6fc44
6 ” 96
65.65
65. 8 6
6 6 . 77
67. 09
67.10
67. 34
41.1
41.4
42.2
42.8
43.0
42.9
43.3
43.0
42.8
43.0
43.1
42.9
42.8
$1.40 $58. 75
1.41 59.63
1.43 60. 30
1.45 61.83
1.48 64. 36
1.50 65. 44
1.52 67.44
1.53 67.48
1.54 6 6 . 77
1.55 6 6 . 8 6
1.56 67. 69
1.57 67. 68
1.58 67.90
40.8
41.2
41.5
41.6
42.4
42.7
43.1
42.9
42.4
42.1
42.6
42.3
42.0
Connecticul —con.
Waterbury
1950: June________
July _____
A u g u st_____
September___
October_____
November___
December . . .
1951: Ja n u a ry ____
February
M arch______
A p ril_______
M ay________
June________
$63.04
62.84
6 6 . 67
66.27
65.19
65.13
67. 45
65.60
65. 60
65. 60
67. 20
6 6 . 68
67.62
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
42.6
42.3
44.3
43.9
43.6
43.0
43.5
42.8
42.7
42.4
43.2
42.5
42.9
$1. 48 $52.37
1.49 52.46
1.50 50. 24
1.51 53. 33
1.49 53. 82
1.51 56. 39
1.55 58. 46
1.53 57. 05
1.54 *58. 43
1.55 *58.83
1.56 58.31
1.57 58.44
1.58 57. 67
$1.44 $59.09
1.45 61.81
1.45 62.16
1.49 66.19
1.52 70. 06
1.53 71.03
1.56 72. 74
1.57 73.15
1.57 73.86
1.59 73. 90
1.59 74. 47
1.60 74. 75
1.62 75. 67
41.0
42.5
42.9
43.9
44.6
45.4
45.4
45.4
45.3
44.9
45.3
45.3
45.5
$1.44 $56. 79
1.45 56. 52
1.45 58. 81
1.50 61.04
1.56 63.57
1.59 65. 07
1.60 6 6 . 75
1.61 6 6 . 43
1.62 67.35
1.64 6 8 . 641.64 6 8 . 78
1.65 69. 00
69.26
1 .6 6
41.2
41.0
42.0
42.7
43.7
43.1
44.0
43.7
44.2
44.3
44.2
44.1
44.0
39.5
39.1
38.6
40.0
40.2
40.7
41.2
40.1
*40.2
*40.7
40.4
40.9
40.0
$1.38 $53. 94
1.38 54. 23
1.40 55. 56
1.43 56.87
1.45 57.61
1.51 59. 02
1.52 58.25
1.52 59. 60
1.53 59. 70
1.55 59. 33
1. 55 59. 90
1.56 59. 71
1.57 60. 56
40.6
40.7
41.2
41.4
41.9
42.1
41.3
41.8
41.9
41.2
41.6
40.9
41.2
Stamford
$1.33 $61. 65
1.33 61.77
1.35 66.89
1.37 70.15
1.37 70. 09
1.40 68.37
1.41 70.19
1.42 69. 02
1.42 71.91
1.44 70.29
1.44 69. 23
1.46 69. 08
1.47 68.90
Wilmington
$1.32 $62.48
1.34 62. 06
1.30 61.99
1.34 64. 94
1.34 64. 67
1.39 65. 97
1.42 6 8 . 05
1.42 6 6 . 76
*1.45 *6 8 . 43
*1. 45 *69. 46
1.44 6 8 . 95
1.43 69. 64
1.44 6 8 . 27
41.5
41.1
41.1
42.0
42.4
42.4
42.9
41.8
41.6
42.2
42.3
42.7
41.9
$1.50 $45. 94
1.51 46. 26
1.51 46.85
1.55 46. 42
1.53 47.28
1.56 48. 21
1.59 49 58
1.60 48. 71
*1.64 49.08
*1.64 48.96
1.63 48. 57
1.63 49.59
1.63 49. 83
State
41.9
41.5
42.0
41.7
42.0
42.6
43.3
42.8
42.7
42.5
41.8
42.9
42.9
Tampa-St.Petersburg
$1 .1 0 $43. 92
1 .1 2
42.86
1 .1 2
43. 26
1 .1 1
44. 30
45.84
1 .1 2
1.13 47.11
1.15 47. 20
1.14 46. 36
1.15 44. 74
1.15 46. 94
1.16 46. 95
1.16 47. 80
1.16 47.46
40.4
40.1
42.1
43.3
43. 0
42. 3
43.0
42.1
42.9
42.4
41.8
41.7
41.4
$1.53
1. 54
1. 59
1.62
1. 63
1.61
1.63
1. 64
1 .6 8
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
1 .6 6
Georgia
Florida
Delaware
State
New Haven
New Britain
Hartford
Bridgeport
State
40.7
39.8
40.2
40.6
41.3
40.6
41. 0
40.9
40.0
41.5
41.3
41.8
41.3
$1.08 $42. 66
1.08 42. 98
1.08 43. 76
1.09 44. 39
1 .1 1
45. 51
1.16 46.10
1.15 46. 92
1.13 46. 46
1 .1 2
47. 50
1.13 *48. 02
1.14 47.33
1.14 46. 80
1.15 46. 92
State
39.5
39.8
40.9
41.1
41. 0
40.8
40.8
40. 4
41.3
*41. 4
40.8
40.0
40.1
$1.08
1.08
1.07
1.08
1 .1 1
1.13
1.15
1.15
1.15
1.16
1.16
1.17
1.17
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
T
able
C : E A R N IN G S
AND
365
HOURS
C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1—Continued
Georgia—Continued
Idaho
Indiana
State
State
State
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn earn wkly.
ings
ings hours
$1 .2 2 $51. 29
1 .2 1
53.20
1 .2 0
53.30
1 .2 0
52.58
1 .2 2
51.83
1.25 53.76
1.30 54. 66
1.26 53.02
1.28 54.10
1.29 52.65
1.28 55.18
1.30 53.97
1.31 55.04
$1.23
1.24
1.26
1.24
1.24
1.28
1.28
1.29
1.31
1.30
1.32
1.31
1.32
$1.55 $64. 96
1.60 64.87
1.59 65. 41
1.60 65.43
1.63 66.58
1.61 67. 53
1.63 70. 58
1.67 70.64
1.63 70. 60
1.61 *71.89
1.63 71.68
1.71 72. 26
1.74 73.11
$1.57 $58.19
1.57 58.12
1.57 57.64
1.57 58. 62
1.59 59.42
1.61 60.11
1 .6 6
63. 66
1 .6 8
63. 96
1 .6 8
61.68
*1.70 61.67
1.71 64. 70
1.72 64. 82
1.73 66.15
$1.40 $60. 05
1.41 60.29
1.41 61.96
1.40 61.49
1.41 60.69
1.42 60. 60
1.45 64. 47
1.49 65.61
1.50 62.37
1.51 *64. 55
1.52 67. 49
1.53 66.89
1.56 66.41
Atlanta
Savannah
Iowa
Des Moines
Year and month
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn wkly.
ings hours
1950: J u n e ..............
Ju ly________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April_______
M ay________
June......... ......
$49. 29
49.61
49.20
49. 44
50.39
51.88
54.99
51.03
53.76
*53. 28
51.58
53.04
54.10
40.4
41.0
41.0
41.2
41.3
41.5
42.3
40.5
42.0
*41.3
40.3
40.8
41.3
41.7
42.9
42.3
42.4
41.8
42.0
42.7
41.1
41.3
40.5
41.8
41.2
41.7
$62.31
*6 8 .0 0
*64.40
*67.36
*66.18
*64.88
*67.81
71.14
67. 97
65.85
62.76
67. 89
71.86
40.2
42.5
40.5
42.1
40.6
40.3
41.6
42.6
41.7
40.9
38.5
39.7
41.3
41.4
41.3
41.7
41.8
42.0
41.8
42.5
42.1
42.1
*42.3
42.0
42.1
42.2
Kansas
State
1950: June................
July________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April----- -----M ay________
June________
$58. 05
58. 79
59.04
60.76
60.13
62.34
62.65
64.85
63.93
65. 72
65.34
66.25
6 6 . 77
41.5
41.6
41.5
41.9
41.2
42.2
42.0
41.9
41.2
42.6
42.9
43.0
42.7
Louisiana
Topeka
$1.40 $53.46
1.41 54.05
1.42 56.32
1.45 59.17
1.46 56.36
1.48 54.91
1.49 57.97
1.55 59.35
1.55 59.57
1.54 59.86
1.52 55.13
1.54 61.29
1.56 61.84
42.2
42.0
43.3
43.2
42.6
41.2
41.0
42.3
41.4
41.9
40.1
42.9
43.4
Wichita
$1.27 $60. 00
1.29 59.14
1.30 61.32
1.37 62.38
1.32 63.27
1.33 63.81
1.41 64. 44
1.40 70.16
1.44 68.80
1.43 74. 67
1.37 72.83
1.43 74.24
1.42 75.76
40.9
40.2
41.0
40.8
41.0
41.2
41.2
41.5
41.7
45.1
45.1
44.9
45.0
M aine—C ontinued
1950: June________
J u ly ...............
A u g u s t..___
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April________
M ay________
June________
$49. 77
50.36
51.20
49.93
49.14
51.81
53.12
52.67
53.90
54.10
54. 21
54.84
54.30
41.7
41.7
42.4
40.5
39.9
41.0
41.7
41.3
42.1
41.6
41.5
42.0
41.1
State
$1.19 $54.11
1 .2 1
55.17
1 .2 1
56.96
1.23 56.59
1.23 58.47
1.26 59.90
1.27 60.82
1.27 60.38
1.28 61.26
1.30 61.55
1.31 61.73
1.31 61.65
1.32 61.73
40.2
40.6
41.4
41.1
41.0
41.6
41.8
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.4
41.3
41.0
Michigan
Worcester
State
$70.13
70.88
72.34
72.01
74.60
73.82
42.4
42.1
42.2
41.7
41.6
41.2
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.63
1.63
1.63
1.64
1.65
1.65
$1.47 $50.02
1.47 52.32
1.50 52. 29
1.53 51.25
1.54 52.38
1.55 52. 54
1.56 53.89
1.69 54.25
1.65 54.54
1.65 *56.44
1.62 56.44
1.65 56.30
55.90
1 .6 8
42.0
41.9
42.6
41.2
42.0
41.7
Boston
2
Massachusetts—Con.
$69.11
68.62
68.79
68.39
68.64
67.98
State
$1.47
1.48
1.52
1.48
1.48
1.50
1.55
1.59
1.61
*1.63
1.65
1.64
1.69
Maine
New Orleans
39.7
41.2
41.5
41.0
41.9
41.7
42.1
41.1
40.7
*41.5
41.5
41.4
40.8
41.0
40.7
40.9
41.5
41.1
40.4
41.7
41.4
38.8
39.7
41.0
40.8
40.3
$1.26 $49. 66
1.27 52. 07
1.26 52.42
1.25 49.25
1.25 50.88
1.26 49.00
1.28 51.34
1.32 51.87
1.34 52.14
1.36 54. 00
1.36 53.60
1.36 53. 46
1.37 51.22
39.1
41.0
41.6
39.4
40.7
39.2
39.8
39.9
39.2
40.6
40.3
39.6
39.1
State
$1.27 $47.44
1.27 47. 6 6
1.26 49.68
1.25 49.38
1.25 48.81
1.25 51.56
1.29 53.01
1.30 53.10
1.33 53.97
1.33 52.99
1.33 53. 56
1.35 51.75
1.31 51.60
40.4
41.0
42.5
41.6
39.9
41.1
41.8
41.8
42.3
41.1
40.7
39.9
39.7
$1.17
1.16
1.17
1.19
1 .2 2
1.25
1.27
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.32
1.30
1.30'
Massachusetts
Portland
1950: J u n e ...............
Ju ly.................
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December___
1951: January_____
February____
M arch______
April..... ..........
May _______
June................
41.7
41.3
40.9
42.0
42.3
42.4
43.8
42.8
41.2
40.8
42.5
42.3
42.4
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
$1.35
1.36
1.38
1.38
1.43
1.44
1.46
1.46 $60.64
1.48 60.90
1.48 61.65
1.49 61.76
1.49 62.17
1.50 62.68
40.7
40.6
41.1
40.9
40.9
40.7
Fall Biver
$1.49 $53.04
1.50 53. 71
1.50 51.09
1.51 51.35
1.52 50.96
1.54 50.96
40.8
41.0
39.3
39.5
39.5
39.2
New Bedford
$1.30 $54.12
1.31 54.80
1.30 53.73
1.30 54.40
1.29 51.74
1.30 50.56
41.0
41.2
40.4
40.6
39.2
38.3
Springfield-Holyoke
$1.32 $62.10
1.33 61.20
1.33 63. 23
1.34 64.37
1.32 64.33
1.32 64.90
41.4
40.8
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.6
$1. 50'
1.50
1.52'
1.54
1.55
1. 56
Minnesota
State
$1.67 $58.56
1.69 59. 69
1.70 59.49
1.74 58.81
1.75 61.32
1.77 61.80
62.61
62.69
62. 59
62.85
63.25
63.81
63.98
41.2
42.1
42.1
41.2
41.7
41.7
41.9
41.5
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.3
41.4
Duluth
$1.42 $60.18
1.42 60.13
1.41 60.96
1.43 62.24
1.47 62.05
1.48 61.01
1.49 60.84
1.51 61.31
1.52 64.69
1.53 65.47
1.54 65.14
1.55 65.82
1.55 65.19
40.0
39.5
40.2
40.2
40.6
39.8
39.4
38.8
39.9
40.2
40.1
40.2
39.2
Minneapolis
$1.50 $59. 50
1.52 60. 64
1.52 60.37
1.55 61.37
1. 53 62.19
1.53 62.18
1.54 62.16
1.58 63.24
1.62 64. 50
1.63 64.40
1.62 65.06
1.64 64. 77
1. 66 64.82
41.3
42.1
41.4
41.8
42.1
41.7
41.5
41.5
41.5
41.4
41.9
41.5
41.5
$1.44 $62.05
1.44 63.63
1.46 60.73
1.46 60.68
1.48 62. 47
1.49 63.47
1. 50 63.32
1.52 64.51
1. 56 64.54
1.55 66. 45
1.55 65.91
1.56 65.10
1.56 66.09
St. Paul
41.6
42.0
40.6
40.7
40.9
41.1
40.5
41.0
40.8
41.4
40.9
40.3
40.7
$1.49*
1.51
1.50
1.49
1.53
1.55
1.56
1.57
1.59
1.61
1.61
1.62
1.62-
366
T
C: E A R N IN G S
able
AND
M O NTHLY LABO R
HOURS
C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1—Continued
Missouri
Mississippi
State
State
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Kansas City (ine lu d in g K an sas
City Kansas)
Year and month
1950: June_________ $38.80
July _______ 39. 65
August______ 39.94
September _ _ 40. 93
October______ 41.65
November ._ 41.45
December____ 41.90
1951: January. . .
40. 89
February____ 41. 61
M arch. __
*41.20
April___
42.33
42. 85
M a y .. .
June_________ 42.74
40.0
41.3
41.6
42.2
42.5
42.3
41.9
41.3
41.2
*41.2
41.5
41.6
41.1
$0.97 $56.08
.96 55. 56
.96 56. 47
.97 56.32
.98 55.93
.98 56.05
1.00 57.88
.99 57.99
1.01 58.49
1.00 58.60
1.02 59.04
1.03 59.44
1:04 60.01
40.5
40.1
40.8
40.4
40.2
39.4
40.2
40.1
40.0
39.8
40.2
39.9
40.2
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
41.6
41.0
40.9
41.0
40.3
41.0
42.6
41.0
39.7
40.0
40.4
40.4
40.1
$1.38 $61.22
1.39 60.10
1.39 59.89
1.40 60.69
1.39 59. 90
1.42 61.11
1.44 65. 25
1.45 61.78
1.46 60.45
1.47 60.32
1.47 60.98
1.49 61.46
1.49 61.98
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn hours
ings
State
36.9
38.2
39.4
38.7
38.5
37.2
38.9
40.2
40.2
*40.3
38.0
37.4
38.0
40.6
40.4
41.4
41.6
41.5
41.6
41.9
41.6
41.6
*41.6
41.5
41.0
41.0
$57.52
62.62
60. 21
60.35
60.20
61.70
63.70
64. 50
63.90
67.30
64.95
68.10
65.41
42.2
43.7
43.1
42.5
42.7
41.7
43.6
42.7
41.2
44.0
43.3
45.1
44.2
State
40.9
40.3
40.8
40.2
40.2
39.7
39.8
39.8
40.3
40.2
40.2
39.8
40.1
$1.47 $59.01
1.47 58. 39
1.46 58. 84
1.48 58.64
1.49 58. 29
1.49 57. 85
1.53 59. 03
1.51 59. 61
1.52 61.34
1.51 61.33
1. 51 61.59
1.52 61.35
1.55 62.37
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn earn hours
ings
ings
$1.44 $52. 88
1.45 52.64
1.44 52. 71
1.46 54. 68
1.45 55.07
1.46 56. 70
1.48 60.66
1.50 57.10
1.52 56.50
1.53 57. 36
1.53 56.96
1.54 57. 63
1.55 59.18
$1.24 $47.07
1.24 47.60
1.23 50.09
1.27 50. 39
1.30 51. 28
1.31 51. 43
1.36 52.74
1.36 54.47
1.35 54.44
1.36 *54.65
1.35 53.33
1.38 52. 93
1.39 53.33
42.8
42. 5
42.9
42.9
42.5
43.3
44.7
42.1
42.0
42.1
42.1
41.9
42.7
$1.18 $60. 74
1.18 60.60
1.21 62. 31
1.23 63.32
1.27 64.12
1.28 65.27
1.28 66. 58
1.30 66. 85
1.34 67.06
1.34 *67.39
1.34 67.19
1.35 66. 71
1.34 67.20
41.2
41.1
41.9
41.9
42.2
41.8
42.4
42.1
42.5
42.2
42.1
41.7
41.5
$1.50 $62.49
1.50 62.60
1.51 64.48
1.52 65.53
1.55 66.21
1.57 66.63
1.59 68.48
1.61 68. 71
1.61 69. 53
1.62 *69. 21
1.62 68. 58
1.63 68. 72
1.64 69.10
$1.52 $59. 50
1.52 58.44
1.54 61.59
1.56 63.58
1.57 67.42
1.59 67.18
1.62 68. 36
1.63 68. 56
1.64 68.08
1.64 *67. 55
1.63 68.59
1.65 68.18
1.67 67.20
40.7
40.3
41.7
42.3
42.7
42.6
42.7
42.4
42.1
*41.7
41.9
41.5
41.1
$1.46 $60.45
1.45 62.05
1.48 62. 27
1.50 62.21
1.58 63.64
1.58 64.38
1.60 66.54
1.62 66.25
1.62 66.74
*1.62 66. 50
1.64 66.66
1.64 66.83
1.64 67.69
1950: June_______ $57.73
57.05
July________
August ____ 59.82
September__
60.00
October. ___ 61.72
N ovem ber. . 62.66
December___ 64.82
1951: J a n u a r y .___ 63.82
February . . 63.94
M arch. . . . 64.01
April. . . . . . 64.67
M a y ________ 64.66
■ T u n e __ _____
65.70
40.1
39.4
40.6
39.9
40.8
41.4
42.0
41.0
40.8
40.5
41.0
40.8
41.3
See footnotes at end of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$1.19
1.19
1.21
1.22
1.26
1. 27
1.28
1. 30
1.32
1. 32
1.32
1.33
1.33
$1.50 $61.39
1.52 61.66
1.50 61.44
1.52 60. 71
1. 54 65.23
1. 56 64.62
1. 59 67.20
1.61 *68.06
1.61 64. 84
1.61 66.49
1.62 65.60
1.63 65.00
1.64 65.53
45.0
45.8
45.2
44.3
43.1
44.3
43.1
43.9
44.8
46.6
43.6
47.9
47.4
Albany-SchenectadyTroy
State
$1.25 $58.57
1.28 59.28
1.32 61.03
1.33 59. 69
1.34 61.75
1.33 62.08
1.38 63.65
1.46 64.24
1.48 64.43
1.48 64. 58
1.51 64.23
1.51 64.22
1.47 64.58
N ew York City
$1.44 $57.94
1.45 59.00
1.47 60.90
1.50 57.26
1.51 60.63
1.51 60.01
1.54 61.83
1.56 63.66
1.57 64.08
1.58 63.40
1.58 61.79
1.59 61.69
1.59 62. 25
40.9
41.0
41.1
40.5
42.0
41. 5
42.4
*42.3
40. 7
41.4
41.0
40.6
40. 5
$1.50
1. 50
1. 50
1. 50
1. 55
1. 56
1. 59
*1.61
1. 59
1.61
1. 60
1.60
1.62
N ew York
Albuquerque
$1.36 $56. 20
1.43 58.60
1.40 59.70
1.42 58.90
1.41 57.80
1.48 58.90
1.46 59.50
1.51 64.10
1.55 66.30
1.53 69.00
1.50 65.83
1.51 72.33
1.48 69.70
40.3
40.9
41.4
40.9
41.3
41.4
41.9
41.2
41.4
41.2
41.2
41.1
41.4
39.1
39.2
40.0
39.0
40.0
40.1
40.3
40.0
39.9
40.0
39.9
39.6
39.7
$1.50 $59.76
1.51 61.82
1.52 64.26
1.53 66.31
1.55 66.28
1.55 68.00
1.58 69.38
1.61 68.99
1.61 67.56
1.61 70. 26
1.61 71.63
1.62 70.52
1.62 71.43
39.3
40.0
41.1
42.1
41.8
42.2
42.4
41.9
42.2
42.0
42.3
41.7
41.8
Binghamton
Buffalo
38.2
38.6
39.5
40.2
39.9
40.2
41.2
40.4
40.6
39.8
39.4
38.9
37.6
41.3
41.6
42.0
41.9
41. 6
41.8
42.2
41.6
40.9
*41.9
41.6
41.8
41.9
$1.52 $55.98
1.55 57.15
1.56 59.46
1.57 60.75
1.59 59.87
1.61 60.48
1.64 63.23
1.65 61.11
1.60 61.41
1.67 59.77
1.69 61.17
1.69 60.86
1.71 59.04
$1.47 $66.19
1.48 66.45
1.50 66.98
1.51 68. 21
1.50 68.42
1.51 69.94
1.54 72.23
1.51 71.35
1.51 70.73
1.50 *73. 29
1.55 72.98
1.57 73.43
1.57 74.19
37.7
37.6
38.4
36.2
38.1
38.3
38.4
38.3
38.2
38.3
37.9
37.7
37.7
Syracuse
Rochester
$1.54 $60.51
1.57 60.89
1.59 62.43
1.58 64.22
1.59 65.49
1.57 66.74
1.61 67.41
1.66 67.15
1.68 67.77
1.65 67.40
1.63 69.11
1.63 69.85
1.65 69. 95
40.2
40.5
41.1
41.5
41.7
41.9
41.9
41.5
41.8
41.3
41.4
41.5
41.4
$1.50 $58.22
1.50 61.36
1.52 63.11
1.55 65.47
1.57 66. 84
1.59 65.76
1.61 67.17
1.62 67.92
1.62 66. 37
1.63 68.13
1.67 68.23
1.69 68.87
1.69 69. 58
$1.60
1.60
1.61
1.64
1.65
1.67
1.71
1.71
1.73
*1.75
1.75
1.76
1.77
North Carolina
N ew York—Continued
Elmira
39.6
40.0
41.4
41.3
40.7
40. 5
41. 2
41. 9
42.0
*41.4
40.4
39.8
40.1
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Trenton
Perth Amboy
Paterson
Newark-Jersey City
N ew Mexico
1950: June__ ____
July
_____
A u g u s t ..___
September. . .
October
November . . .
December____
1951: J a n u a ry .___
February__ .
M arch__ . . .
April . . .
M a y__ _____
June____ _
S ta te2
N ew Jersey
Manchester
State
N ew Hampshire
St. Louis
N ew H am p sh ireContinued
1950: June_____ . . . $43. 59
July_________ 45. 21
August _____
47.67
September___ 47.60
October. . . _ 48. 98
N ovem ber.. . 47. 62
December____ 49. 79
1951: January__ . . 52.26
February _ . . 53.87
March_____ _ *54.00
April________ 50.92
M a y ________ 50.49
J u n e..
__ 50. 92
Nebraska
40.6
42.1
43.1
43.4
43.8
42.8
43.3
43.3
42.0
43.0
43.0
42.7
43.3
Utica-Rome
$1.43 $56.94
1.46 57.66
1.46 58. 51
1.51 58.88
1.53 61.02
1.54 61.68
1.55 62.18
1.57 61.85
1.58 62.69
1.59 62.20
1.59 62. 50
1.61 61.72
1.61 63.08
40.0
40.6
41.4
41.3
41.5
41.5
41.5
40.9
41.1
40.5
40.7
40.2
40.9
$1.42 $41.74
1.42 42.02
1.41 44.31
1.42 44.79
1.47 46.48
1.49 46.82
1.50 47.53
1.51 47.45
1.52 47.95
1.53 *47. 72
1.54 46.80
1.53 45.78
1.54 45.60
State
38.6
38.6
40.6
40.9
40.8
40.5
40.9
40.6
40.7
40.4
39.8
38.8
38.6
$1.08
1.09
1.09
1.10
1.14
1.16
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
1.18
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
C : E A R N IN O S A N D
367
HOURS
T able C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1—Continued
North Carolina—
Continued
North Dakota
Charlotte
State
Year and month
Oklahoma
State
Oregon
Oklahoma City
Tulsa
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn hours earn earn wkly.
earn earn wkly.
earn earn wkly.
earn earn hours
hours
hours
hours
ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
ings ings
1950: June______
July---------August____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1951: January____
February___
March_____
April______
May__ ___
June.--___
$45.91 40.3 $1.14 $55.69
45.14 39.6 1.14 57.47
47.08 41.0 1.15 58.43
47.39 40.7 1.16 57.64
49.88 41.4 1. 21 58.49
50.16 41.6 1.21 58.13
50. 80 41.8 1.22 56.53
*50.48 41.3 1.22 56.84
*50.65 41.0 1.24 56. 72
*49. 71 *40.6 1.22 57.14
49.01 40.1 1.22 57. 06
49.91 40.4 1.24 58.08
50.38 40.5 1.24 58.69
45.8 $1.22 $55.04 41.7 $1.32 $51.63
46.7 1.23 56.41 42.1 1.34 54.43
46.9 1. 25 57.65 42.7 1.35 58.30
46.7 1.23 58.22 42.5 1.37 57.86
45.6 1.28 59.63 43.2 1.39 58. 02
45.4 1.28 60.49 42.9 1.41 58.56
44.3 1.28 61.49 43.0 1.43 59.84
44.9 1.27 61.91 42.7 1.45 58.73
44.2 1.28 59.13 40.5 1.46 57. 26
44.0 1.30 *61. 03 *41.8 *1.46 58.37
44.5 1.28 62.90 42.5 1.48 59. 78
44.6 1.30 62.01 41.9 1.48 59. 50
45.5 1.29 61.27 41.4 1.48 60. 21
Oregon—Continued
$64. 84
66.62
66.69
66.35
66. 55
66.50
69.25
69.48
68.16
66. 45
70.33
71. 59
Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings
Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly.
earn hours earn
ings
ings
40.4 $1.37 $70. 79 39.3
40.9 1.38 71.99 39.6
44.2 1.36 72.54 40.8
44.6 1.38 72.65 39.4
44.2 1.43 71.69 39.3
42.5 1.46 70. 28 38.1
42.9 1.48 74.17 39.5
43.9 1.50 72.61 38.9
41.5 1.49 72.09 38.4
43.5 *1.49 *68.64 *37.4
43.7 1. 52 76.54 39.7
41.5 1.53 77. 58 39.7
41.3 1.53 78. 41 40.2
$1.80
1.82
1.78
1.84
1.83
1.84
1.88
1.87
1.88
1.84
1.93
1.95
1.95
Pennsylvania
Portland
1950: June..
July______
August____
September__
October____
November__
December___
1951: January........
February___
March. _____
April_____
May______
June........ .
41.3 $1. 25 $55.35
43.2 1. 26 56.44
44.5 1.31 60.11
43.5 1.33 61.55
43.3 1.34 63.21
43.7 1.34 62.05
44.0 1.36 63.49
43.5 1.35 65.85
42.1 1.36 61.84
42.3 1.38 *64.82
42.7 1.40 66.42
42.5 1.40 63.50
42.7 1.41 63.19
State
AllentownBethlehem
State
38.8 $1.67 $56.39
39.0 1.71 56.64
39.9 1.67 57.47
39.7 1.67 58.26
39.8 1.67 59. 54
38.9 1.71 60. 55
39.7 1.74 61.87
39.7 1.75 62. 77
38.8 1.76 62. 28
38.0 1.75 *63. 52
38.7 1.82 63.40
39.0 1.84 63.36
63.87
Erie
39.6 $1.42 $55.10 *38.3 $1.44 $64.51
39.7 1.43 56.12 38.8 1.45 63.06
40.2 1.43 55.87 39.1 1.43 59.10
40.2 1.45 58.47 40.2 1.46 60.15
40.8 1.46 58.37 40.0 1.46 63.69
40.9 1.48 60.69 40.7 1.49 68.12
40.6 1.53 64. 57 41.0 1. 58 65.46
40.5 1.55 64.08 40.2 1.60 66.02
40.2 1.55 63.17 39.8 1.59 66.81
40.7 1.56 *65.00 *40.6 *1.60 *65.48
40.4 1.57 65.58 40.6 1.62 66. 71
40.1 1. 58 63.90 39.2 1.63 65. 82
40.1 1. 59 65.13 39.7 1.64 66. 72
Harrisburg
43.6 $1.48 $52.04
42.6 1.48 51. 58
39.8 1.48 53.11
40.1 1.50 56.39
41.8 1.53 56.44
43.1 1.58 54.69
41.5 1. 58 56.62
41.3 1.60 59.05
41.5 1.61 58. 78
40.6 1.61 *59.58
41.1 1.62 59.16
40.6 1.62 59. 42
40.9 1.63 58. 93
Johnstown
39.3 $1.33 $55.70 35.9
38.9 1.33 58.54 37.1
40.2 1.32 56.84 36.5
41.5 1.36 61. 28 38.7
41.4 1.36 59.43 37.9
40.0 1.37 63.69 39.4
39.5 1.44 65.97 40.1
40.4 1.47 69.61 40.0
40.4 1.46 68.61 39.5
40.7 *1.47 *68.34 *39.7
40.2 1.47 67.63 39.2
40.0 1.49 61.63 35.5
40.0 1.48 66.19 37.6
$1.551.58
1. 56
1.59
1.57
1.62'
1.65
1.74
1.74
*1.72
1.73
1.74
1.76-
Pennsylvania—Continued
Lancaster
1950; June______
July______
August------September__
October____
November__
December___
1951: January____
February___
March. ___
April______
May______
June______
Philadelphia
$52.70 41.4 $1.27 $58.80 40.0 $1.47 $64.28
53.31 41.6 1.28 58.84 40.0 1.47 65.00
54.75 42.4 1.29 60.97 41.0 1.49 64.28
55.64 42.1 1.32 61.76 40.9 1.51 65.92
56.84 42.5 1.33 62.48 41.0 1.52 67.16
57.83 42.2 1.37 63.84 41.4 1.54 67.82
59.-21 42.8 1.38 64. 75 41.4 1.56 69.88
57.96 41.9 1.38 *64. 74 40.9 1. 58 72.07
59.01 41.9 1.40 *64. 51 40.6 1.59 70.36
*59.68 *42.4 *1.40 *66.04 *41.3 *1.60 72.26
59.44 41.9 1.41 65.60 41.0 1.60 72.80
58.47 41.2 1.42 64.80 40.4 1.60 73.38
60.06 41.5 1.44 65.77 40.7 1.62 73.87
Pennsylvania—Con.
State
$49.14 41.2 $1. 21
47.34 40.3 1.19
49.33 41.4 1.21
48.89 41.0 1.21
51.90 42.6 1.24
52.65 42.7 1.25
52.91 42.3 1.27
53.43 41.7 1.30
54.09 41.8 1.31
*55. 24 *42.0 1.34
55.22 41.7 1.35
56.30 41.9 1.36
55.48 42.0 1.34
See footnotes at en d of table.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$50.05
50.37
50.50
52.07
52.58
54.64
56.54
56.18
56.34
56.78
56. 22
55.24
56.59
Providence
40.0 $1.25 $50.36
40.1 1.26 50. 81
40.2 1.26 50.95
40.9 1.27 52.18
39.3 1.34 53.94
41.0 1.33 55.47
41.6 1.36 56.15
41.3 1.36 56. 50
40.8 1.38 57.18
41.3 1.38 56. 77
40.6 1.39 56.83
39.7 1.39 55. 92
40.2 1.41 56. 70
Reading—Lebanon
39.9 $1.61 $56.15
40.0 1.63 56.71
39.9 1.61 58.35
40.1 1.64 57.80
41.2 1.63 60.01
41.1 1.65 61.64
40.3 1.73 61.63
40.6 1.78 62.39
40.0 1.76 63. 22
40.8 1.77 *63.96
40.9 1.78 63.32
41.2 1.78 61.83
41.2 1.79 59. 58
Rhode Island
York-Adams
1950: June _____
July______
August____
September__
October____
November__
December.....
1951: January____
February___
March_____
April______
May______
June _____
Pittsburgh 2
39.7 $1. 27
40.4 1.26
40.6 1.25
41.1 1.27
40.4 1.33
41.7 1.33
41.7 1.34
41.7 1.35
41.7 1.37
41.9 1.36
41.3 1.38
40.6 1.38
40.7 1.39
Scranton
40.0 $1.40 $45.67
40.5 1.40 45.30
41.3 1.42 46. 35
40.8 1.42 46.89
41.3 1.46 48.63
41.3 1.50 48.88
40.8 1. 51 48.09
40.5 1. 54 49.39
40.6 1.56 50.14
40.6 1.58 *50. 25
40.2 1.58 48.32
39.2 1.58 47.58
39.2 1.53 49.17
Wilkes-Barre-Hazleton
39.0 $1.17 $46.19
38.8 1.17 46. 08
39.1 1.19 48.35
39.4 1.19 48.94
39.9 1. 22 49.19
39.8 1.23 50.45
39.1 1.23 50.12
39.3 1. 26 49.45
39.9 1.26 49.84
39.9 1.26 *50.38
38.6 1.25 49.64
37.7 1.26 50.40
38.7 1.27 50.54
37.8
37.9
39.3
39.4
38.9
39.6
38.6
38.3
38.6
38.9
38.1
37.3
37.3
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
State
State
State
$42.80 39.3 $1.09 $54. 54 43.1 $1.27 $46.28 39.9
43. 35 39.7 1.09 55.17 43.4 1.27 46. 57 39.8
45.15 40.9 1.10 54. 22 43.0 1. 26 47.38 41.2
45.12 40.8 1.11 55.79 43.1 1.30 48.85 41.4
47.09 40.7 1.16 56.23 42.2 1.33 49.20 41.0
48.01 41.0 1.17 60.33 44.6 1.35 50.18 40.8
48.66 41.2 1.18 60. 22 44.0 1.37 50.47 40.7
48.83 41.1 1.19 58.43 43.9 1.33 50.47 40.7
49.09 41.3 1.19 57. 53 43.1 1.33 50.62 40.5
*49.17 *41.3 1.19 *55.82 *42.0 *1.33 *51. 28 *40.7
48.63 41.0 1.19 57. 83 43.3 1.34 50. 90 40.4
48.40 40.2 1.20 59. 52 44.7 1.33 50. 55 39.8
47. 92 40.1 1.20 58.91 43.6 1.35 51.33 40.1
$1. 22’
1.21
1.23
1.24
1.26
1.27
1.30
1. 29
1.29
*1.29
1.30'
1.35
1.35
$1.16.
1.17
1.15
1.18
1.20
1.23
1.24
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.26
1.27
1.28
368
C: E A R N IN G S
T able
AND
M O N TH LY LABO R
HOURS
C-5: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for Selected
States and Areas 1—Continued
Tennessee—Continued
Year and month
Chattanooga
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
weekly weekly
hourly weekly
earn hours earn earn weekly
ings
ings ings hours
1950: June___________
July-----------------August_______
September_______
October________ _
November ______
December________
1951: January_________
February________
March-. ________
April___________
May___________
June______ ___
$47. 60
46. 89
49.80
51.29
51.00
53.38
53. 41
52. 74
53. 56
*54. 36
53.19
52.14
52.93
40.0
39.4
41. 5
41.7
40.8
41.7
41.4
41.2
41.2
*41.5
40.6
39.8
40.1
Nashville
Memphis
$1.19 *$51. 58
1.19 55. 37
1.20 51.06
1.23 55. 44
1.25 53.14
1.28 55. 90
1.29 55.68
1.28 55.18
1.30 54. 65
1.31 57.19
1.31 57.10
1.31 56.01
1.32 58.64
41.6
43.6
42.2
44.0
43.2
43.0
42.5
41.8
41.4
43.0
42.3
41.8
42.8
1950: June_____ ______
July-----------------August___ ____
September_______
October_________
November- . ____
December .. . ____
¡1951: January_________
February________
March__________
April_________ _
May_______ ___
June.- _________
$59. 92
54. 79
60.35
58. 50
60.90
63.49
63. 60
64.90
64. 57
*65. 36
65. 57
66. 57
67. 73
41.9
39.7
42.2
41.2
42.0
42.9
42.4
42.7
42.2
*41.9
41. 5
42.4
42.6
$1.24 $48. 64
1.27 49.13
1.21 49. 85
1.26 49. 78
1. 23 50. 72
1.30 51.05
1.31 52. 74
1.32 51.31
1.32 52. 22
1.33 52.12
1.35 52. 52
1.34 52. 92
1.37 52. 79
40.2
40.6
41.2
40.8
40.9
40.2
41.2
40.4
40.8
40.4
40.4
40.4
40.3
$1. 21 $56.13
1.21 57.35
1. 21 57.35
1.22 60. 03
1.24 59. 49
1.27 58.24
1.28 61.20
1.27 60.63
1.28 59.48
1.29 60. 91
1.30 62.20
1.31 62.01
1.31 61.42
Vermont
Burlington
State
$1.43 $48. 90
1.38 50. 03
1.43 52.12
1.42 53.15
1.45 54.10
1.48 52. 71
1. 50 56. 01
1.52 56.40
1.53 56.94
1. 56 *57.44
1. 58 57. 53
1.57 57.44
1. 59 57. 21
41.3
41.8
42.8
43.0
43.1
41.7
43.7
43.7
43.7
*43.8
43.9
43.4
43.5
Utah
State
State
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. rAvg.
hourly weekly weekly hourly
hourly weekly
hourly weekly weekly
earn
earn earn
earn earn hours earn earn weekly
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings
ings ings
Utah—Continued
Salt Lake City
Texas
$1.19 $48. 00
1.20 45. 71
1.22 48.16
1. 24 48.92
1.26 48.10
1.26 52. 23
1.28 55. 09
1.29 54. 84
1.30 56. 03
1.31 *54.35
1.31 56. 28
1.33 53.63
1.32 55. 20
40.4
38.0
39.7
39.6
38.0
40.5
41.6
41.4
41.4
42.2
41.8
40.1
41.0
$1.19 $46. 40
1. 20 46. 76
1. 21 48. 48
1.24 48.18
1.27 48. 67
1.29 49.37
1.32 50.35
1.33 50. 59
1.35 50. 75
1.29 *51. 53
1.35 51.16
1.34 50.93
1.35 51. 05
42.2
42.8
42.8
43.5
42.8
41.9
43.1
42.7
41.6
42.3
42.6
41.9
41.5
’1950: June..._________
July______
August ... _
September_
October_________
November. _____
December___... ... $72.10
1951: January______ ___ 71.14
February________ 75.19
March__________ *73. 54
April______ ____ 73.82
May___________ 74.67
June___________ 72.97
40.3
39.5
41.0
*40.1
40.1
40.1
39.4
Washington
State
State
40.1
40.0
41.4
41.0
40.9
40.7
40.9
40.8
40.6
*40.9
40.6
40.1
40.2
40.3
40.5
40.5
40.0
41.4
40.3
40.1
$1.16 $68. 22
1.17 68. 87
1.17 69.30
1.18 69. 52
1.19 69. 89
1. 21 69.18
1.23 73.34
1.24 71. 26
1.25 72. 92
1. 26 *71. 46
1.26 72. 79
1.27 73. 27
1.27 74. 02
Tacoma
$1.69 $70.30
1.69 68.27
1.69 66.46
1.69 *67.53
1.71 70. 77
1.71 69.44
1.74 69.05
1950: June___________
July-----------------August— _______
September___ ___
October___ _____
November.
___
December____ ...
1951: January_________
February _______
March__________
April__ _______
May___________
June___________
$58. 61
58.52
57. 86
59.92
68.48
67.18
62.19
61.37
61.76
62.39
64.14
64.51
64.33
Madison
Crosse
40.3
39.2
39.1
39.7
42.5
41.7
40.3
39.5
39.9
39.4
39.5
39.6
39.7
$1.46 $57. 90
1.49 57. 77
1.48 57.73
1.51 61.28
1.61 60. 08
1.61 63.38
1.54 72.51
1.56 70. 45
1.55 63.45
1.58 65.11
1.62 66.63
1.63 67.13
1.62 70.14
39.6
38.9
39.1
39.6
39.7
41.0
44.3
43.4
39.3
40.7
41.0
41.1
41.1
39.9
38.7
37.4
*38.0
38.8
37.8
37.9
$1.76
1.76
1. 78
1.78
1.82
1.84
1.82
$61.04
59.55
61.16
62. 49
64.19
65.18
66.97
67.08
68.20
69.65
69.26
69.09
69. 62
41.9
41.5
42.1
42.2
42.7
42.5
42.8
42.4
42.7
43.1
42.8
42.6
42.7
$1.46 $63. 50
1.43 54. 97
1.45 60.83
1.48 63.82
1.50 63.00
1.53 71.31
1.56 72. 09
1.58 65.47
1.60 78.53
1.62 84.04
1.62 71.85
1.62 72.25
1.63 69. 71
$1.46 $64. 48
1.49 64. 59
1.48 65.00
1.55 68.05
1.52 68. 48
1.55 69.96
1.64 70. 92
1.63 71.38
1.62 72. 66
1.60 74.70
1.63 74.89
1.64 74.56
1.71 75.10
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
41.1
40.7
40.6
41.9
42.0
42.3
42.2
41.9
42.2
42.6
42.5
42.2
42.2
40.4
35.1
38.4
39.9
38.9
42.0
42.1
38.4
44.2
46.0
41.2
41.2
39.2
$1.57
1.57
1.58
1.60
1.62
1.70
1.71
1.70
1.78
1.83
1.74
1.75
1.78
Wyoming
Milwaukee
1 Revised, data in all except the first three columns will be identified by an
¡asterisk (*) for the first m onth’s publication of such data. Data for earlier
:years are available on request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics or the cooper-
$1.71
1.73
1. 75
1.77
1.76
1.78
1.83
1.83
1.85
1.84
1.86
1.87
1.87
Kenosha
State
Wisconsin—Continued
La
39.8
39.9
39.6
39.3
39.8
38.8
40.1
38.9
39.5
*38.9
39.2
39.1
39.5
$1.45
1.33
1.41
1.38
1.43
1.46
1.49
1.54
1. 56
*1. 57
1.59
1.58
1.60
Wisconsin
Spokane
$1.79 $68.11
1.80 68. 44
1.83 68.57
*1.83 *67.56
1.84 70.92
1.86 68.99
1.85 69. 93
41.7
42.4
41.0
40.7
39.3
41.5
41.3
41.6
41.3
*40.9
40.9
41.4
41.6
Virginia
Washington—Continued
Seattle
$1.33 $60.46
1.34 56. 39
1.34 57. 81
1.38 56.17
1.39 56. 20
1.39 60. 59
1.42 61.54
1.42 64. 06
1.43 64. 43
1.44 *64. 21
1.46 65. 03
1.48 65.41
1.48 66. 56
State
Racine
$1.57 $64.41
1.59 64.98
1.60 65. 71
1.62 68. 75
1.63 69. 55
1.66 69.84
1.68 72. 42
1.70 72. 00
1.72 74.83
1.75 75.03
1.76 76.03
1.77 76.32
1.78 77.75
40.7
40.9
42.2
42.1
41.4
41.9
41.7
42.5
42.3
42.2
42.3
42.7
41.4
$1.58
1.59
1.59
1.63
1.65
1.69
1.73
1.73
1.76
1.78
1.80
1.81
1.82
$67. 50
*68.18
*70. 89
*69.08
*66. 73
*67. 70
*71.54
71.50
69.70
*71.10
71.96
73.31
74. 50
39.3
40.9
41.1
39.7
38.7
38.8
38.4
39.1
39.0
*38.8
39.0
39.5
40.4
$1.72
1.67
1.72
1.74
1.72
1.74
1.86
1.83
1.79
*1.83
1.84
1.86
1.84
ating State agency. State agencies also publish more detailed industry
data. See table A-10 for addresses of cooperating State agencies.
2 Revised series; not comparable with data previously published.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
D:
PRICES AND COST
OF
369
LIVING
D : Prices and Cost of Living
T able D -l: Consumers’ Price Index 1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of
Commodities
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration 3
Year and month
All item s3
Food
Apparel
R ent3
Total
1913:
1914:
1915:
1916:
1917:
1918:
1919:
1920:
1921:
1922:
1923:
1924:
1925:
1926:
1927:
1928:
1929:
1930:
1931:
1932:
1933:
1934:
1935:
1936:
1937:
1938:
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
Average............................
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_________ ____ _
Average....................... ......
Average_______________
Average_______________
A verage............................
Average____ __________
Average..............................
Average_______________
Average............... .............
Average________ ______
Average_______________
Average________ _____
Average_______________
Average_______________
A verage............ ..............
Average............................
Average.............................
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_____ _________
Average............................
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average_______________
Average.............................
Average______ ________
Average......... ................ .
Average......... ....................
Average_______________
January 15____________
July 15________________
August 15_____________
September 15__________
October 15_____________
November 15__________
December 15____ ______
1951: January 15____________
70.7
71.8
72.5
77.9
91.6
107.5
123.8
143.3
127.7
119.7
121.9
122.2
125.4
126.4
124.0
122.6
122.5
119.4
108.7
97.6
92.4
95.7
98.1
99.1
102.7
100.8
99.4
100.2
105.2
116.6
123. 7
125.7
128.6
139.5
159.6
171.9
170.2
171. 9
168.2
172.0
173.4
174.6
175.6
176.4
178.8
181.5
79.9
81.8
80.9
90.8
116.9
134.4
149.8
168.8
128.3
119.9
124.0
122.8
132.9
137.4
132.3
130.8
132.5
126.0
103.9
86.5
84.1
93.7
100.4
101.3
105.3
97.8
95.2
96.6
105.5
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
159.6
193.8
210.2
201.9
204.5
196.0
208.2
209.9
210.0
210.6
210.8
216.3
221.9
69.3
69.8
71.4
78.3
94.1
127.5
168.7
201.0
154. 8
125.6
125.9
124.9
122.4
120.6
118.3
116.5
115.3
112. 7
102.6
90.8
87.9
96.1
96.8
97.6
102.8
102.2
100.5
101.7
106.3
124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
160.2
185.8
198.0
190.1
187.7
185.0
184.5
185.7
189.8
193.0
194.3
195.5
198.5
92.2
92.2
92.9
94.0
93.2
94.9
102.7
120.7
138.6
142.7
146.4
151.6
152.2
150.7
148.3
144.8
141.4
137.5
130.3
116.9
100.7
94.4
94.2
96.4
100.9
104.1
104.3
104.6
106.4
108.8
108.7
109.1
109.5
110.1
113.6
121.2
126.4
131.0
129.4
131.3
131.6
131.8
132.0
132.5
132.9
133.2
1 9 9 .7
1 2 6 .0
61.9
62.3
62.5
65.0
72.4
84.2
91.1
106.9
114.0
113.1
115.2
113.7
115.4
117.2
115.4
113.4
112.5
111.4
108.9
103. 4
100.0
101.4
100. 7
100.2
100.2
99.9
99.0
99. 7
102.2
105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
112.4
121.1
133.9
137.5
140.6
140.0
139.4
140.2
141.2
142.0
142.5
142.8
143.3
Gas and
electricity
(')
(8)
(»)
(J)
(8)
(!)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(0)
(»)
(8)
(«)
(')
(5)
(')
(s)
(»)
(')
(!)
(«)
(8)
102.8
100.8
99.1
99.0
98. 9
98.0
97.1
96.7
96.1
95.8
95.0
92.3
92.0
94.3
96.7
96.8
96.7
96.9
96.8
96. 9
96.8
96.8
96.8
97.2
Other
fuels
(«)
(*)
(«)
CO
(8)
(»)
(»)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(“)
(')
(s)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(5)
(8)
(8)
(*)
(5)
(s)
98.4
99.8
101.7
101.0
99.1
101.9
108.3
115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
136.9
156.1
183.4
187.7
194.1
193.1
189.9
192.9
196.1
199.2
200.8
201.7
202.3
Housefurnishings
Miscella
neous *
Ice
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(')
(5)
(8)
(!)
(')
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(«)
(8)
(8)
(8)
(*)
(8)
(8)
(»)
(8)
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.2
100.4
104.1
110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115.9
125.9
135.2
141.7
147.8
145.5
147.6
147.6
148.1
149.9
151.3
151.5
152.0
59.1
60.7
63.6
70.9
82.8
106.4
134.1
164.6
138.5
117.5
126.1
124.0
121.5
118.8
115.9
113.1
111.7
108.9
98.0
85.4
84.2
92.8
94.8
96.3
104. 3
103.3
101.3
100.5
107.3
122.2
125.6
136.4
145.8
159.2
184.4
195.8
189.0
190.2
184.7
186.1
189.1
194.2
198.7
201.1
203.2
207.4
2 0 8 .9
50.9
51.9
53.6
56.3
65.1
77.8
87.6
100.5
104.3
101.2
100.8
101.4
102.2
102.6
103.2
103.8
104.6
105.1
104.1
101.7
98.4
97.9
98.1
98.7
101.0
101.5
100.7
101.1
104.0
110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
1.28.8
139.9
149.9
154.6
156.5
155.1
155.2
156.8
157.8
158.3
159.2
160.6
162.1
J a n u a r y 15 _____________
1 8 1 .6
226.0
202.0
9 7 .2
2 0 1 .8
134.0
1 4 4 -5
1 5 2 .9
183.8
143.9
97.2
204. 5
152.8
209.7
163.2
F e b r u a r y 15 _______
1812
2 2 6 .0
2 0 8 .2
1 2 6 .8
1 4 5 .7
9 7 .2
2 0 4 .7
1 5 8 .5
2 1 1 .4
1 6 4 .8
February 15___________
_____
2 2 1 .6
1 6 3 .7
March 15______________
184.5
226.2
203.1
134. 7
144.2
97.2
205.0
154.4
210.7
M a r c h 1 5 _____________
164.3
1816
2 2 5 .4
204-6
127. S
1 6 5 .8
April 15_______________
225.7
135.1
144.0
205.0
154.4
211.8
164.6
A p r i l 15
_________ . . .
96.9
154 -4
2 1 2 .7
203.6
9 7 .2
2 0 6 .7
184.6
1 4 6 .8
1 8 4 .5
2 2 4 .6
2 0 5 .2
204.0
135.4
146. 2
9 7 .1
2 0 5 .5
212.6
M a y 1 5 _________________
97.3
202.4
2 14-1
143.6
1 54 -4
1 6 6 .1
185.4
227.4
1 2 7 .7
165.0
185. 4
2 2 6 .7
2 0 5 .7
1 2 8 .0
2 0 1 .6
1 5 6 .0
204.0
9 7 .4
2 1 4 .8
226.9
135.7
1 4 4 .9
143.6
97.1
202.8
156.0
212.5
1 6 6 .4
164.8
97.2
203! 7
157.6
6
2 1 2 .4
1 66 8
1 4 4 !0
1 4 5 .7
9 7 .2
2 0 3 .4
1 5 7 .6
2 1 4 .8
166. S
.
M ay 15_______________
.Tune 15
185.2
185 5
July 1 5 ______ ____ ____
J u l y 1 5 ___ . . .
__________
227. 0
2 0 5 .5
227.7
203.3
136.2
2 2 7 .5
2 0 4 .9
1 2 8 .8
i The “ Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities”
formerly known as the “ Cost-of-living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services purchased by wage earners
and lower-salaried workers in large cities. Until January 1950, time-to-time
changes in retail prices were weighted by 1934-36 average expenditures of
urban families. Weights used beginning January 1950 have been adjusted to
current spending patterns.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the Consumers’
Price Index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost of
Living. See also General Note, below.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major groups
of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available since
1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities varies from
city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since World
War I.
N o t e .— The old series of Indexes for 1951 are
for reference.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1ñfí 0
128 3
185.5
1 8 5 .8
156.0
165.0
3 The Consumers’ Price Index has been adjusted to incorporate a correction
of the new unit bias in the rent index beginning with indexes for 1940 and
adjusted population and commodity weights beginning with indexes for
January 1950. These adjustments make a continuous comparable series from
1913 to date.
3 The group index formerly entitled “Fuel, electricity, and ice” is now des»
ignated “Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration.” Indexes are comparable with
those previously published for “Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup
“ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented
for “ Other fuels” and “ lee.”
<The Miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles and
their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including pro
fessional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion
pictures, radio, television, and tobacco products); personal care (barber, and
beauty-shop service and toilet articles); etc.
3 D ata not available.
shown in italics in tables D - l , D -2, and D -5
370
D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING
M O NTHLY LABO R
T able D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
City
July 15, June 15, May 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15, July 15, June 15,
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
1950
Average____ ____________
185.5
Atlanta, Ga_____________
Baltimore, M d
________
Birmingham, Ala_________
Boston, Mass ......................
Buffalo, N. Y ___________ _
Chicago, 111____ _________
Cincinnati, Ohio_________
Cleveland, Ohio........... ........
Denver, Colo____________
Detroit, M ich____________
Houston, Tex____________
G)
Indianapolis, In d _________
Jacksonville, Fla_________
Kansas City, M o_________
Los Angeles, Calif. ______
Manchester, N. H ________
Memphis, T enn__________
Milwaukee, Wis. ________
Minneapolis, M inn_______
Mobile, Ala___ . . . ____
New Orleans, La... ______
New York, N. Y . . ______
Norfolk, Va__ __________
Philadelphia, P a_________
Pittsburgh, P a___________
Portland, Maine_________
Portland, Oreg___________
Richmond, Va_________
St. Louis, Mo____________
San Francisco, Calif______
Savannah, Ga___________
Scranton, P a .___ ________
Seattle, Wash____________
Washington, D. C._ ____
0)
189. 2
176. 9
185. 5
190. 9
185. 6
0)
187. 6
188. 6
192. 6
187. 8
O)
179. 7
186. 7
184. 4
0)
0)
0)
0)
0)
181. 2
0)
185. 4
189. 3
(0
195. 7
181. 3
G)
G)
196. 5
G)
G)
0)
185.2
G)
189.8
189.8
176.5
G)
190.1
185.0
G)
G)
188.3
192.3
G)
190.6
G)
186.1
G)
187.8
G)
183.6
183.5
G)
180.5
G)
185.6
187.8
176.4
G)
G)
185.0
188.4
G)
G)
G)
G)
185.4
192.7
G)
190.1
176.1
G)
189.8
184.8
188.2
G)
187.4
3192. 5
G)
G)
G)
186.3
G)
G)
190.9
G)
G)
188.5
181.4
188.3
186.4
187.8
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
182.4
191.4
180.0
184.6
G)
G)
189.9
175.5
183.3
189.1
184.6
G)
187.0
186.7
192.5
3187. 5
G)
178.5
185.6
182.9
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
180.6
G)
185.9
186.7
184.5
G)
188.6
190.6
175.8
G)
189.1
184.4
G)
G)
187.0
192.4
G)
190.4
G)
185.6
G)
186.5
G)
183.2
181.9
G)
180.4
G)
G)
185.6
186.0
175.7
G)
G)
185.2
188.7
194.1
181.2
195.5
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
183.8
187.5
G)
189.8
175.5
G)
188.5
183.9
186.2
G)
186.2
191.0
G)
G)
G)
184.1
G)
G)
187.5
G)
G)
187.9
180.8
187.1
185.4
185.6
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
180.8
188.3
179.2
1The indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate income families in large cities. They do not
indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
181.5
m
G)
188.2
173.5
180.8
185.4
182.3
G)
184.9
184.2
190.1
184.4
G)
175.6
181.3
180.6
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
177.8
G)
181.0
183. 4
178.8
G)
183.1
183.9
171.2
G)
183.4
178.4
G)
G)
181.3
186.1
'2)
185.6
G)
178.5
G)
182.7
G)
177. 7
177.1
G)
175.4
(2)
G)
178.1
180.2
171.3
G)
G)
178.8
181.5
190.4
179.8
189. 2
G)
G)
G)
IT)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
176.4
3 180.7
G)
180.8
169.7
G)
180.6
176.1
179.6
G)
179.8
183.0
G)
G)
G)
176.2
G)
G)
180.3
G)
G)
180.1
173.2
179.3
174.1
178.7
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
173.1
183.1
173.6
175.6
G)
G)
179.3
169.5
174.1
180.3
176.1
G)
178.1
179.1
182.3
178.9
G)
169.0
174.8
176.6
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
172.4
G)
174.6
G)
180.6
179.7
168.2
G)
179.5
175.9
G)
G)
177.5
182.2
G)
181.7
G)
173.2
G)
179.2
G)
172.8
173.9
G)
171.7
G)
G)
173.1
177.4
168.1
G)
G)
174.0
175.3
173.8
178.8
184.3
173.8
183.6
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
173.4
3 177. 9
G)
176.8
168.1
G)
179.0
173.9
176.5
G)
175.9
180.6
G)
G)
G)
172.1
G)
G)
176.6
G)
G)
179.6
169.7
178.8
171.8
176.0
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
171.2
177.3
170.8
172.0
G)
G)
175.4
167.1
171.5
177.3
172.0
G)
172.6
175.0
177.5
174.4
G)
166 9
170.1
172.1
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
169.8
G)
170.4
172.9
170.2
G)
174.7
171.6
165.5
G)
175.1
170.5
G)
G)
173.5
175.8
1G)84.1
1 8 8 .2 '
1 9 1 .7
1 8 9 .7
178. 8
1 8 5 .2
1 8 6 .3
169.3
G)
172.7
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
169.1
168.2
167.0
G)
G)
168.8
172.4
G)
G)
G)
1 8 9 .9
1 7 8 .3
1 8 5 .3
1 9 2 .3
186. 6
G)
169.1
171.8
164.4
177.7
185. &
G)
G)
G)
176.3
G)
179.3
170.0
J u l y 15,
1951
1 8 1 .3
1 8 5 .3
1 9 0 .2
G)
G)
G)
1 9 6 .5
1 8 0 .2
G)
G)
G)
G)
1 9 5 .8
G)
G)
G)
G)
G)
2Through June 1947, consumers’ price indexes were computed monthly for
21 cities and in March, June, September, and December for 13 additional
cities; beginning July 1947 indexes were computed monthly for 10 cities and
once every 3 months for 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule.
3Corrected.
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951
D : PRICES AND
COST
371
OF LIVING
Table D-3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of
Commodities 1
[1935-39=100]
Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Food
Rent
Apparel
Housefumishings
Total
City
Miscellaneous
Gas and electricity
July 15, June 15, July 15, June 15, July 15, June 15, July 15, June 15, July 15, June 15, July 15, June 15, July 15, June 15,
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
1951
Average........................
227.7
226.9
203.3
204.0
136.2
135.7
144.0
143.6
97.2
97.1
Atlanta, G a .................
Baltimore, M d ______
Birmingham, Ala.......Boston, Mass...............
Buffalo, N. Y ._ ...........
Chicago, 111................ .
Cincinnati, Ohio_____
Cleveland, Ohio_____
Denver, Colo________
Detroit, M ich_______
Houston, Tex...............
229.4
237.0
214.5
216.6
228.1
238.9
216.4
214.9
224.3
233.4
226.9
236.3
232.6
229.4
235.2
0
0
0
0
0
0
(2)
138.8
(2)
,2)
(2)
161.3
140.0
(2) i
(2)
136.8
(2)
127.2'
(2) 1
149.9
125.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2) 1
159.1
148.1
136.5
160.8
153.4
137.8
148.2
148.9
113.8
154.0
98.6
159.3
147.9
135.6
160.0
153.4
137.8
146.7
148.9
113.8
154. 2
98.6
85.7
115.3
79.6
117.4
85.8
115.2
79.6
117.1
143.1
(2)
146.1
(2)
129.4
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
115.8
(2)
154.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
155.7
(2)
145.2
143.2
(2)
(2)
161.0
143.7
132.5
98.7
162.3
141.4
149.9
136.2
130.5
113.2
144.8
161.0
143.7
131.9
98.7
161.9
141.4
149.2
136.2
130.4
113.2
144.1
(2)
(2)
126.5
(2)
152.8
151.2
(2)
(2)
162.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
118.4
(2)
159. 2
149.1
150.5
155.6
134.3
147.2
141.5
92.1
164.5
156.8
132.1
148.6
159.0
148.9
150. 2
155.2
134.3
145.9
141.2
92.1
164.5
156.0
132.1
148.4
Indianapolis, In d ____
Jacksonville, Fla..........
Kansas City, Mo____
Los Angeles, Calif____
Manchester, N . H ___
Memphis, Tenn._.......
Milwaukee, Wis_____
Minneapolis, M inn__
Mobile, Ala...... ...........
New Orleans, L a____
New York, N. Y ____
Norfolk, V a ......... ............
Philadelphia, P a _____
Pittsburgh, P a.............
Portland, Maine_____
Portland, Oreg.........
Richmond, Va.............
St. Louis, M o _______
San Francisco, C alif...
Savannah, Ga..............
Scranton, P a ________
Seattle, Wash...... ........
Washington, D . C___
2 2 2 .1
235.3
229.2
236.7
230.6
229.1
235.2
223.3
233.8
213. 7
232.7
222.4
231.9
2 1 2 .8
230.9
2 2 1 .6
2 2 1 .0
232.3
231.9
219.0
229.5
238.8
226.5
233.0
229.9
219.4
225.7
238.2
224.4
229.1
223.6
232.9
217.0
251.2
216.5
237.9
237.8
241.2
225.5
233.8
221.9
229.2
214.7
186.8
201.7
205.1
203.5
0 )
204.3
196.1
221.5
197.0
0 )
198.7
201.3
192.8
0 )
0
0 )
(0
0
2 0 1 .8
„
0)
m.
2 2 2 .2
2 0 0 .0
230.3
213.9
251.5
216.4
238.2
237.4
239.6
225.7
233.0
224.2
235.7
0 )
2 0 2 .1
2 0 1 .2
0
0
)
205.3
(0
0
(0
199.0
215.4
187.9
0
:i
205.6
204.2
0
(0
196.8
222.4
0 )
199.8
0
2 0 1 .6
(0
217.9
0 )
208.9
207.2
(0
203.2
)
202.4
233.5
209.9
0
(0
(‘)
204.7
201.3 •
0
(0
0
0
0
129.0
133.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1Prices of apparel, housefumishings, and miscellaneous goods and services
are obtained monthly in 10 cities and once every 3 months in 24 additional
cities on a staggered schedule.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
212.4
212.5
165.0
0
0
0
1 1 0 .0
1 1 0 .0
0
0 )
2 0 2 .2
2 0 2 .2
2 1 2 .8
83.5
100.3
105.6
69.7
89.2
82.1
83.5
100.3
105.6
69.7
89.4
82.1
197.9
201.7
(')
243.2
232.4
205.5
84.5
85.8
70.7
93.0
84.5
85.8
70.3
93.0
197.0
1 0 2 .1
77.0
99.2
72.7
84.9
75.1
1 0 2 .0
77.0
99.2
72.7
84.8
75.1
1 0 2 .8
1 0 2 .8
1 0 0 .1
104.2
114.4
105.9
93.9
99.8
104.2
114.0
105.7
93.9
1 0 2 .2
1 0 2 .2
88.4
81.0
116.0
98.3
92.6
105.3
88.4
81.0
116.0
98.3
92.6
105.3
0
197.8
208.0
216.0
(O
0 )
(0
(0
0 )
2 0 2 .8
0
217.9
217.1
(•)
208.2
227.9
0
(>)
217.7
0
0
0
212. 5
200.7
2 0 2 .2
0
198.8
2 0 1 .6
0
0
160.7
158.7
170.2
167.4
164.4
0
164.8
0
164.6
160.8
158.7
0
166.3
164.5
(0
0
)
232.7
205.9
160.0
177.4
169.1
0 )
209.0
173. 5
(O
166.8
160.6
157.7
0
0
0
0
0
204.9
0)
182.3
0
2 0 0 .2
181.3
0
202. 5
0
2 2 0 .6
216.5
200.4
0
0
187.8
182.0
0
0
0
0
(')
0
(‘)
167.1
0
167.4
163.3
0
170.0
153.0
0
(i)
169.9
0
0 )
(0
176.7
168.1
0
171.1
0
160.5
154.7
168.8
156.0
0
166.9
)
168.1
162.4
157.6
0
0
0
156.3
174.3
0
0
0
)
(0
s Rents are surveyed every 3 months in 34 large cities on a staggered
schedule,
372
D : P R IC E S A N D
T able
COST
MONTHLY LABOR
OF L IV IN G
D-4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
[1935-39=100]
Y ear a n d m o n th
C ere
M e a ts,
als
p o u l
All
an d
,
foods b a k e ry try
and
p ro d
T o ta l
fish
u c ts
1923:
1926:
1929:
1932:
1939:
A v erag e_____
A v erag e _____
A v erag e_____
A v erag e_____
A v erag e_____
A u g u s t______
1940: A v erag e_____
124.0
137.4
132. 5
86. 5
95.2
93. 5
96.6
105. 5
115.7
107. 6
82. 6
94. 5
93.4
96.8
101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96.6
95. 7
95.8
1941: A v erag e_____
D e c e m b e r___
1942: A v erag e_____
1943: A v erag e_____
1944: A v erag e_____
1945: A v erag e_____
A u g u s t______
105. 5
113.1
123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9
97.9
102.5
105.1
107. 6
108.4
109.0
109.1
107.5
111. 1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8
106.5
109.7
122. 5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1
1946: A v erag e_____
J u n e _______
N o v e m b e r___
159. 6
145. 6
187.7
125.0
122.1
140.6
1947:
1948:
1949:
1950:
A v erag e_____
A v erag e _____
A v erag e......... .
A v erag e_____
J a n u a r y _____
J u n e _________
J u l y _________
A u g u s t______
S e p te m b e r___
O c to b e r_____
N o v e m b e r___
D e c e m b e r___
193.8
210.2
201.9
204. 5
196.0
203.1
208.2
209. t
210.0
210.6
210.8
216.3
1951: J a n u a r y _____
F e b r u a r y ........
M arch ____
A p ril________
M a y ..................
J u n e .............
J u l y . ......... .
.221.9
226. C
226. 2
225. 7
227. 4
226. £
227.7
F r u its a n d v eg etab les
M e a ts
B eef
and
veal
C h ic k F ish
ens
P o rk
Lam b
T o ta l
F r o F resh
zen *
C an
n e d D rie d
F a ts
B ev e r
and
ages
oils
S u g ar
and
sw eets
129.4 136.1
127.4 141. 7
131.0 143.8
84.9 82.3
95.9 91.0
90. 7
93.1
101.4 93.8
169.5
210.8
169.0
103.5
94. 5
92.4
96. 5
173.6
226.2
173. 5
105.9
95.1
92. 8
97.3
124.8
122.9
124.3
91.1
92.3
91.6
92.4
175.4
152.4
171.0
91.2
93.3
90.3
100.6
131.5 126.2
170. 4 145.0
164. 8 127.2
112. 6 71.1
95. 5 87.7
94.9 84. 5
92. 5 82.2
175.4
120.0
114.3
89. 6
100. 6
95. 6
96.8
112.2
138.1
136. 5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4
103.2
110.5
130. 8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5
104.2
111.0
132. 8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2
97.9
106.3
121.6
130. 6
129. 5
130.2
130.3
106.7
118.3
136.3
158 9
164. 5
168.2
168.6
101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124. 7
124. 7
94.0
108.5
119. 6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0
106.4
114.4
126. 5
127.1
126.5
126. 5
126.6
165.1 168.8
147. 8 147.1
198.5 201.6
182 4
183 5
184.5
190.7
196. 7
182.3
140.8 190.4
127. 5 172. 5
167.7 251.6
139.6 152.1
125.4 126.4
167.8 244.4
143.9
136.2
170.5
99. 5
98.8
99.7
110.8
114. 4
123.6
124. 7
118.7
118.4
118. 5
100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6
106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134. 5
136.0
136.4
102.1
100. 5
122. 6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3
161.3
134.0
203.6
150. 8 150. 5
120. 4 121. 2
197.9 191.0
148.2
114.3
207.1
163.9
139.0
205.4
174.0 236.2
162. 8 219. 7
188.9 265.0
155.4
170. 9
169. 7
172.7
169.0
169.8
171.5
175. 5
176.9
177.2
177. 6
177.7
217.1
246. 5
233. 4
243.6
219. 4
246.5
255.7
260. 7
261.0
2.53.3
250.3
253.4
214.7
243. 9
229.3
242.0
217. 9
246.7
257. 4
259.6
260.2
252. 0
249.6
253.8
213. 6
258. 5
241.3
265. 7
242.3
268.6
277.2
282.2
281.7
279. 6
279.2
286.3
215.9
222. 5
205. 9
203.2
177.3
209.1
225.9
225. 0
228.3
209.3
201.8
201.0
220.1
246. 8
251. 7
257. 8
234.3
268.1
269.0
266. 9
264.2
259. 4
264.1
269.0
183. 2
203. 2
191. 5
183.3
158. 9
185.1
189.8
202. 3
199.2
187. 2
180.1
179.3
271.4
312. 8
314.1
308. 5
301. 9
295. 9
297.3
302. 8
311.4
328. 8
336.6
340.3
186.2
204. 8
186. 7
184.7
184. 2
177.8
180.7
184.3
186.9
191.9
192.8
194.0
200. 8
208.7
201.2
173.6
152.3
148.4
163.3
182.2
192.1
206.2
205.4
249.4
199 4
205 2
208.1
199.2
204 8
209.3
211. 5
193 4
186.0
189 8
195.7
203.9 100.0
201.5
212.4
218. 8
206.1
217.2
224 3
227.7
196.9
183.9
187. 7
195.9
207.3
166.2
158.0
152. 9
146.0
143.3
142.7
142.7
145. 7
147. 6
151. 6
153.2
155.3
263.5
246. 8
227.4
228. 5
223. 9
222.9
222.9
227.6
229.8
236.1
242.2
248.8
186. 8
205.0
220. 7
312. 5
299. 5
296. 5
303.0
321.3
327.3
333.4
325.5
327.5
197.5
195. 5
148. 4
144.3
135. 2
140.1
141.8
153. 9
154.8
152. 9
152,9
158.5
180.0
174.0
176.4
179.9
178. 9
174.3
175.7
185. 6
185.4
184. 8
184.6
184.9
185.4
187.1
187.5
188.3
188.2
188.4
189.0
263.6
270.1
272.2
272.6
272.7
271.6
273.2
265.5
271.2
271.9
272. 5
272. 4
273.1
274.2
300.9
307.0
308.0
309. 5
308. 7
308.8
310.3
210.2
215.2
215.4
213.7
213.4
214.4
215.3
273.6
279.7
280.5
284.2
289.1
292.5
292.2
184.3
193.2
198.9
198. 5
198.9
191.3
195.3
345.3
347.8
351.2
351.7
353.1
356.3
353.3
202.6
204.4
204.6
204. 1
203. 5
203. £
205.1
191.5
179.8
195.2
191.2
198.4
201.2
211.5
214.1
224.3
217. 1
214.8
221.6
219. S
218.5
220.0
233.4
220.7
215.9
226.5
223.5
221.8
160.6
165.1
167.0
168.9
169.6
170.4
170.0
253.4
256. 7
257.4
257.8
256. 7
254.4
250.7
340.6
342. 7
342.6
343.5
345. 3
345.2
344.8
171. 5
176.5
177.3
178.3
176.7
175.2
168.8
185.6
186.0
186.0
185.9
185.4
186.1
188.0
i T h e B u rea u of L a b o r S tatistic s retail food prices are o b ta in e d m o n th ly
d u rin g th e first th re e d a y s of th e w eek co n tain in g th e fifteenth of th e m o n th ,
th ro u g h v o lu n ta ry rep o rts from ch a in a n d in d e p e n d e n t retail food dealers.
A rticles in c lu d ed are selected to re p re se n t food sales to m o derate-in co m e
fam ilies.
T h e indexes, b ased on re ta il prices of 50 foods th ro u g h 1949 a n d 59 foods
from J a n u a ry 1950 to d a te are c o m p u te d b y th e fixed-base-w eighted-aggregate
m e th o d , using w eights rep resen tin g (1) re la tiv e im p o rtan c e of ch a in a n d
In d e p e n d e n t sto re sales, in c o m p u tin g c ity average prices; (2) food p u rch ases
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
E ggs
88.9
88.0
81.1
96.6 101.1
95. 4 99. 6
94. 4 102. 8
93. 8 101.0
94. 6 99. 6
94. 8 110. 6
D a iry
p ro d
u cts
124. 5
138.9
163.0
206. 5
207.6
217.1
217. 8
112.0
120. 5
125. 4
134.6
133. 6
133.9
133.4
100.2
100.8
101.2
100.2
99.6
98.8
98.8
b y fam ilies of w age ea rn e rs a n d m o d e rate-in co m e w o rk ers, in c o m p u tin g
c ity indexes; a n d (3) p o p u la tio n w eig h ts, in c o m b in in g c ity aggregates in
o rd er to d eriv e av erag e prices a n d indexes for all cities co m b in ed .
In d ex es of retail food prices in 56 large cities co m b in ed , b y co m m o d ity
g ro u p s, for th e y ears 1923 th ro u g h 1948 (1935-39=100), m a y be found in B u lle
ti n N o. 965, " R e ta il P rices of F o o d , 1948,’’ B u re a u of L a b o r S tatistic s, U . S.
D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, ta b le 3, p. 7. M im e o g rap h ed ta b les of th e sam e
d a ta , b y m o n th s, J a n u a r y 1935 to d a te , a re av a ilab le u p o n req u est.
s D ecem b er 1950=100
REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1951________
T able
D:
P R IC E S AN D
COST
37 $
OF L IV IN G
D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-39=100]
C ity
J u ly
1951
June
1951
M ay
1951
A pr.
1951
M a r.
1951
Feb.
1951
Jan.
1951
D ec.
1950
N ov.
1950
O ct.
1950
S ep t.
1950
A ug.
1950
J u ly
1950
June
1950
J u ly
1951
U n ite d S ta te s ______ _______
227.7
226.9
227.4
225.7
226.2
226.0
221.9
216.3
210.8
210.6
210.0
209.9
208.2
203.1
m . o
A tla n ta , G a .............. ............ .
B altim o re, M d _____________
B irm in g h a m , A la__________
B o sto n , M a s s _____________
B rid g e p o rt, C o n n ..................
229.4
237.0
214.5
216.6
226.0
228.1
238.9
216.4
214.9
225.9
228.7
239.0
218.1
214.4
225.3
228.5
236.2
218.3
212.8
226.0
224.1
236.8
220.5
213.3
226.9
224.0
237.1
220.8
213.8
224.1
223.4
231.8
219.8
209.1
220.9
217.0
226.4
212.3
204.1
214.6
208.3
220.5
203.0
201.5
209.1
20S. 6
221.2
202.7
201.9
210.8
210.2
221.8
206.4
200.1
206.8
210.1
222.0
201.5
202.9
208.4
202.0
220.4
199.8
202.0
210.0
195. 4
215. 6
192.2
196.1
204.0
231 0
236.1
217 4
217 3
2 2 6 .7
B uffalo, N . Y . ............ .............
B u tte , M o n t................ .............
C e d a r R a p id s, Io w a 1______
C h a rle sto n , S. O ___________
C hicago, 111________________
222.1
227.4
238. 5
218.9
235.3
224.3
225.5
237.2
211.6
233.4
221.9
226.6
236.5
211.6
233.0
218.0
222.9
234.8
212.2
231.1
219.6
223.9
234. 9
214.3
231.6
217.9
222.5
230.6
213.2
232.9
215.5
220.7
229.2
208.9
225.1
207.5
215. 8
225.9
203.2
221.6
205.7
212.2
220.2
195.5
214.8
204.0
212.0
220 6
196.7
215.0
202.6
209.4
219.2
198.9
214.7
203.5
209.1
218.8
199.9
217.0
204.9
204.9
211.9
192.8
214.8
199.0
203 0
208.6
188.0
208.4
2 2 3.7
230 4
21,3.1
217. 9
2 3 7 .2
C in c in n a ti, O h io ....................
C le v ela n d , O h io ___________
C o lu m b u s, O hio ___________
D allas, T e x .................... ...........
D e n v e r, C o lo ...........................
229.2
236.7
207.6
227.0
230.6
226.9
236.3
208.5
227.9
232.6
227.1
235.6
207.3
228.9
232.3
226.0
231.8
206.1
228.7
229.9
225.8
233.3
207.1
229.9
230.5
226.9
232. 7
206.7
228.7
229.0
223.7
227.4
200.7
225.9
227.8
215.9
220.9
197.4
221.1
223.6
210.7
217.8
191.1
213.1
216.0
212.6
219.1
192.5
213.5
215.1
214.2
217.5
193.2
215.6
212.2
213.2
218.3
194.0
214.2
214.8
210.2
216. 6
189.9
207.2
209.6
205.1
211. 2
183.9
201. 5
205.9
229 1
2 3 6 .4
2 0 9 .4
227. 5
2 2 6 .3
D e tro it. M ic h _____________
F a ll R iv e r, M a s s __________
H o u sto n , T e x ______________
In d ia n a p o lis, I n d . . . ..............
Jack so n , M is s.1____________
229.1
222. 2
235.2
223.3
222.6
229.4
221.3
235.2
222.4
221.9
229.1
219.2
237.1
223. 3
223.2
227.3
219.8
238.3
221.6
222.1
228.8
219.2
238.5
222.1
226.3
228.3
220.8
235.6
220.6
226.4
223.7
216.0
236.0
218.6
223.1
217.2
211.4
227.5
214.9
216.0
213.5
206.2
222.1
208.8
211.6
212.5
207.6
222.3
208.6
213.9
209.7
205. 6
223.3
210.3
213.9
208.8
207.7
221.9
208.8
213.2
208.0
207.2
212.8
203.4
206.0
202.9
200.7
208.1
198.1
201.0
226. 8
223. 7
237. 2
224. 9
J ack so n v ille, F la ___________
K an sas C ity , M o _______ _
K n o x v ille, T e n n .1__________
L ittle R ock, A r k . . . ...............
L os A ngeles, C alif...................
233.8
213.7
251.7
223.6
232.7
231.9
212.8
249.8
225.2
230.9
230. 5
213.6
250.3
225.1
230.9
234.3
212.4
250.9
224.9
228.9
234.8
211.6
253.4
226.8
229.8
231.5
210.5
253.1
225.2
226.9
229.0
208.5
248.6
222.7
226.3
223.1
203 2
243.6
217.1
218.0
215.3
198.1
235.0
211 7
212.1
215.2
196.2
235.8
210.9
210.9
219.1
195.8
238.5
211.5
207.8
218.1
194.9
238.5
210.7
208.6
211.4
195.0
227.9
204.2
204.4
205.8
189.2
223.1
200.1
201.6
234.1
218. 8
2 5 1 .7
223.1
2 2 9 .0
L ou isv ille, K y . _____ ____ _
M a n c h e ste r, N . H ________
M e m p h is, T e n n ......................
M ilw au k e e, W is. _____
M in n e a p o lis, M in n .................
216.0
221.6
232.3
231.9
219.0
215.5
221.0
233.0
229.9
219.4
213.7
218.4
234.6
227. 5
220.3
212.5
217.8
232.9
224.8
217.6
214.6
217.6
233.8
226.9
217.7
214.5
218.9
230.8
227.4
217.9
210.0
215.1
227.6
219.6
213.8
203.3
210.1
224.0
216.3
206.8
198.0
207.4
218.3
213.0
202.1
198.0
208 8
220.1
212.3
200.7
199. 4
206.2
221.5
212.3
199.1
197.8
207.3
219.4
213.7
200.7
197.6
206.3
213.6
212. 7
196.8
192.0
200.6
208.3
206. 6
194.1
218.1
222. 3
232. 8
232.1
2 1 8 .7
M o b ile, A la ____________
N e w a rk . N . J _ ......................
N ew H av en , C o n n _________
N ew O rleans, L a ___________
N ew Y o rk , N . Y _________ _
229.5
225.7
221.6
238.8
226.5
225.7
225. 5
220.5
238.2
224.4
224.2
227.1
220.3
239. 5
226.4
225.7
224.2
218.1
240.2
224.9
223.8
223.2
219.3
242. 1
224.7
222.5
225.5
220.0
239.8
227.0
220.4
220.2
214.0
237.8
221.0
213.2
215.3
208.7
228.2
216.1
208.8
209.1
203.6
220.7
211.3
207.4
208.2
205.4
221.5
210.2
210.2
206.3
203.6
225.2
210.6
212.6
206.3
203.8
227.0
207.2
204.7
206.8
204. 5
218.5
209.2
200.1
203.3
199.8
212.9
203.7
2 2 9 .0
2 2 1 .9
2 3 7 .2
2 2 5 .2
N o rfo lk , V a ___________
O m ah a , N e b r ___ . . .
P eo ria , 111_________________
P h ila d e lp h ia , P a _________
P itts b u r g h , Pa_________
229.1
219.1
239. 8
223. 6
232. 9
229.2
219.6
241.2
222.2
230.3
229.4
219.3
240. 6
223.8
230.5
227.9
217.0
237.9
222.3
227.8
233.8
216.8
238. 1
221.4
227.2
231.1
216.4
236.5
222.2
227.4
225.2
213.7
233.4
217. 7
222.4
214.8
209.8
226.9
212.9
218.0
210.8
203. 6
224. 4
206.7
213.8
211.8
202.3
225. 0
207.9
215.9
216.3
203.5
224.2
208.8
214.6
217.6
203.9
224.3
208. 1
213.3
210.3
199.6
221.2
205.9
211.1
205. 9
197.2
216.8
201.4
207.5
2 2 9 .7
2 1 9 .8
2 4 3 .8
2 2 0 .7
2 3 1 .7
P o rtla n d , M a in e ________
P o rtla n d , O re g ____________
P ro v id en c e, R . I _________
R ic h m o n d , V a. . . . _______
R o ch e ster, N . Y ___________
217.0
251. 2
231.8
216.5
221. 5
213.9
251.5
229.6
216.4
222.9
210.0
252.1
229.1
216.7
220.9
209.6
248.6
229.5
215.9
217.8
210.5
250.3
228.6
217.4
218.2
211.0
247.4
230.8
218.3
216.2
207.9
243. 4
225.1
215.6
212.2
202.9
234.9
219.3
210.3
206.1
198.1
230.7
213.7
201.6
202.6
198.9
228.7
214.4
202.0
204.5
197.7
228.5
213 6
202.9
202.0
198.0
227.5
214.4
202.9
201.7
198.9
224.2
213.5
200.7
203.4
193.0
219.1
207.9
195.2
196.4
2 1 8 .0
2 4 9 .8
235.1
2 1 9 .0
2 2 2 .7
S t. L o u is, M o ________ ____
St. P a u l, M i n n . . _ _______
S alt L ake C ity , U ta h ______
San F ran cisco, C alif_______
S a v a n n a h , G a ...........................
237.9
216.5
228.3
237.8
241.2
238. 2
216.2
230.0
237.4
239.6
238.4
215.1
228.3
241.2
237.6
237.6
214.4
226.9
238.4
237.6
239.4
214. 1
227.9
241.7
232.3
240.0
212.9
225.6
235.3
231.5
234.0
210. 5
222.2
238.0
229.8
229.7
202.8
217.2
229.0
223.0
221.2
198.4
212.4
219.3
214.9
220 2
196.9
211.4
217.0
215.9
220.4
195.3
210.9
214.3
217.9
220.8
195.7
210.1
217.3
219.5
220.1
194.4
202.8
215.9
211.6
210.2
192.5
202.2
211.1
206.3
2 3 8 .9
2 1 6 .3
2 2 8 .7
2 4 1 .6
2 4 2 .4
S cran to n , P a . .............. .............
S eattle , W a s h ____________
S pringfield. I l l _____________
W a sh in g to n , D . C _ ............
W ic h ita , K a n s .1____________
W in sto n -S a lem , N . C .1_____
225. 5
233.8
238.6
221.9
238.2
220.3
225.7
233.0
238. 5
224.2
234.9
220.6
225.2
236.6
237.6
224.3
234.0
220.6
221.4
234.4
237.6
222.2
234.1
220.4
222.7
234.3
237. 8
222.4
237. 5
223.7
223.7
231.7
238.2
223.3
235.9
221.3
217.7
230.2
233.7
221.2
231.1
217.6
212.1
226. 7
231.7
216 7
230.0
214.1
207.1
221.8
223.1
208.9
218.4
205.7
207.2
218.0
222.1
208.9
219.0
207.5
208.9
214.1
218.6
207.0
218.9
207.8
209.8
214.6
219.8
207.4
220.4
207.4
209.5
211.4
218.6
205.8
214.0
200.8
204.2
208.6
211.8
201.9
209.4
197.3
2 2 4 .3
2 3 1 .2
24 O. 5
2 2 2 .5
2 3 9 .9
2 2 0 .4
1 J u n e 1940=100.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
2 2 2 .1
2 2 2 .2
374
D : P R IC E S A N D
T able
D-6: Average Retail Prices and Indexes of Selected Foods
Aver
age
C o m m o d ity
price
J u ly
1951
C ereals a n d b a k e ry p ro d u cts:
C ereals:
F lo u r, w h e a t__________ .5 p o u n d s ..
C orn flakes 1__________ .13 o u n c e s..
C o rn m e a l.............. ......... ___ p o u n d ..
R ice 8 - ____________ .......... d o ___
R o lled oats 8. . ................. .20 o u n c e s ..
B a k e ry p ro d u cts:
B rea d , w h ite ____ ____ ___ p o u n d ..
V an illa cookies............... .......... d o ___
L a y e r c a k e 4 ! ------------ _____ d o ___
M e a ts, p o u ltry , a n d fish:
M e a ts:
Beef:
R o u n d s te a k _____ _____ d o ___
R ib ro a s t................ . .......... d o ___
C h u ck ro a s t______ _____ d o ___
Cents
_____ d o ___
H a m b u rg e r
V eal:
C u tle ts ....................... ...........d o ___
P o rk '
C h o p s _____ _______ _____ d o ___
B acon, slic ed ........... _____ d o ___
H a m , w hole---------- _____ d o ___
S a lt p o rk _________ _____ d o ___
Lam b:
L e g ............... ............. _____ d o ___
........._do___
P o u ltry
F ry in g chickens:
F is h :
F ish ffresh. fro z e n )» ... ...........do.__
S alm o n , p in k _______ 16 ounce c a n ,.
D a ir y p ro d u cts:
B u t t e r ............................. ......... ___ p o u n d ..
C heese, A m erican process. ......... . d o ___
M ilk , fresh (delivered) ___ q u a r t ..
M ilk , fresh (grocery) •. _____ d o ___
nint.
M ilk . e v a p o ra te d ..1414 ounce c a n ..
E ggs: E ggs, fre s h ------------------- ____ d o z e n ..
F r u its a n d vegetables:
F ro zen fru its:
Ifi on n ops
fi onnnp.s
F ro zen vegetables:
12 on n ops
F re s h fruits:
A p p le s ........... ......... ......... ___ p o u n d ..
B a n a n a s ........ ................ _____ d o ___
O ranges, size 200........... ........ d o z e n ..
F re s h vegetables:
B eans, g reen __________ ___ p o u n d ..
C a b b a g e ........................— ........._do.__
C a rro ts ................ .............. . . . b u n c h . .
L e ttu c e ____ _________ .......... h e a d ..
O n io n s........... ................ - ___ p o u n d _
P o t a t o e s . . . .................... 15 p o u n d s .
S w e etp o tato es________ ___ p o u n d ..
T o m ato e s 10..................... ...........d o ___
C a n n e d fru its:
P e a c h e s _____________ N o . 214 c a n ..
P in e a p p le .____ ______ .......... d o ___
C a n n e d vegetables:
C orn u ____ ____ ____ N o . 303 c a n ..
T o m a to e s ............. ........... N o. 2 c a n ..
P eas . ___________ N o. 303 can _
D rie d fru its, p r u n e s ---------- ___ p o u n d ..
D rie d vegetables, n a v y b ea n s.........do —
B everages:
C offee____________________ _____ d o ___
F a ts a n d oils:
L a r d _____________________ ___ p o u n d ..
S h o rten in g , h y d ro g e n a te d . ......... _ d o ___
S alad d re ssin g ------------------ ______ p i n t ..
M a rg a rin e
_ _________ ___ p o u n d
do
do
S u g ar a n d sw eets:
S u g a r-------- -------------------- . . 5 p o u n d s ..
„12 ounpRS
Grape jelly 4
.
Indexes 1935-39= 100
J u ly
1951
Ju n e
1951
M ay
1951
A p r.
1951
M a r.
1951
F eb .
1951
Jan .
1951
Dec.
1950
N ov.
1950
O ct.
1950
S ep t.
1950
A ug.
1950
J u ly
1950
Ju n e
1950
52.1
21.3
9.5
18.2
17.8
201.7
199.5
200.8
101.5
161.5
202.3
197.8
200.4
101.3
161.3
202.4
197.4
201.3
101.6
160.2
201.8
196.6
203.7
102.2
159.1
200.9
194.3
203.7
101.9
156.6
199.0
193.9
202.8
101.5
155.2
196.3
192.5
200.5
100.7
154.5
192.5
191.7
197.8
101.0
153.4
191.9
190 9
197.9
98.6
152.5
192.4
187.4
204.0
97.5
150.3
192.9
182.7
205.4
96.8
146.8
192.6
177.2
205.8
95.5
146.1
190.6
177.1
190.9
92.4
145.8
190.5
176.5
181.9
93.1
145.8
15.7
50.3
50.1
183.4
214.9
108.6
183.4
213.5
106.9
182.8
213.2
107.3
182.7
214.9
107.9
182.8
213.7
106.0
183.0
211.6
105.8
182.2
209.8
103.1
172.0
201.8
100.0
171.9
202.8
171.9
201.3
171.5
201.6
171.1
197.0
166.2
193.3
163.9
191.7
109.2
83.8
73.9
323.1
290.0
327.0
320.3
294.6
326.2
100 2
219.7
318.0
292.8
324.1
106. 4
218.8
317.6
294.2
323.2
105 7
217.5
312.3
288.0
315.0
104 4
212.1
297.6
273.3
298.1
100 0
201.0
287.1
265.3
287.4
288.2
270.2
289.7
293.3
271.7
291.3
295.9
272.1
290.1
287.9
264.1
279.2
215.9
320.9
289.0
327.1
100
216.9
286.4
266.0
286.9
66! 1
322.2
289.5
327.2
100 5
215! 8
196.6
196.5
197.4
197.5
189.3
181.8
127.9
319.1
317.2
315.4
311.9
308.6
308.0
300.2
286.7
281.1
281.0
280.1
277.8
275.3
271,2
78.2
67.8
67.3
38.7
236.9
177.8
229.0
183.6
235.3
177.8
228.1
184.9
234. 2
177.6
226.3
184.9
233.4
177.6
228.0
187.9
235.7
178. 2
230.1
188.0
235.6
178.0
229 7
187.5
228.1
175.9
224.9
186.7
216.6
171.9
212.7
184.5
221.8
174.8
204.9
183.6
229 9
183.9
210.7
184.8
261.2
184.3
233.6
183.1
253.5
181.7
236.4
179.6
208.6
171.4
229.7
164.8
243.5
161.9
215.8
160.5
84.1
296.9
297.2
293.8
198.9
288.7
198.5
285.0
198.9
284.1
193.2
277.9
184.3
273.3
179.3
268.4
180.1
263.5
187.2
268.4
199.2
271.2
202.3
273.3
189.8
272.4
185.1
(8)
63.0
288.1
509.2
291.4
511.0
287.1
511.7
286.4
508.1
287.6
502.4
283.7
501.1
283.0
493.7
279.5
484.5
278.5
473.1
277.1
446.9
276.2
381.1
272.8
357.9
270.0
344.8
268.4
344.1
80.8
58.8
23.0
21.6
31.3
14.5
73.8
221.8
260.0
187.2
188.5
105.1
203.3
211.5
223.8
261.3
185.1
186.4
104.9
203.3
201.2
223.3
260.3
184.9
185.9
104.7
202.8
198.4
219.7
265.7
185.6
186.9
105. 2
203.2
191.2
224.0
265.7
185.4
187.3
104.9
202.4
195.2
226.1
264.3
184.8
186.7
105. 4
201.0
179.8
228.0
254.9
183.5
185.7
104.2
194.1
191.5
209.7
232.4
179.0
180.6
100.0
183.7
249.4
205.0
230.3
178.3
181.1
204.1
228.5
177.4
180.3
198.9
229.0
170.6
174.2
197.9
228.2
167.5
170.0
195.6
226.3
164.2
165.7
195.4
226.2
160.4
162.0
183.0
205.4
182.8
206.2
181.1
192.1
177.8
182.2
173.9
163.3
174.2
148.4
57, l
24.2
97. 4
103. 2
97.0
104.8
98 7
105. 0
100. 5
105.1
101.3
104.2
101.3
102.4
100.8
102.0
100.0
100.0
24.6
98. 2
98.0
98 3
98.3
100.1
99.9
99.1
100.0
12.8
16.2
46.0
240.2
268.9
161.5
232.9
271.7
167.5
213.6
274.2
163.7
205.1
273.9
158.0
206.0
276.2
166.1
206.4
274.0
173.4
204.4
266.5
153.3
195.3
271.0
166.5
187.0
266.4
176.3
190.3
261 4
191.0
229.5
247.1
175.4
237.5
263.8
174.0
340.6
268.6
182.9
301.1
271.9
172.8
16.0
5.7
12.5
15.9
8.5
86.1
13.1
25.9
149.1
151.0
229.2
192.6
205. 7
236.1
251.8
170.2
187.3
172.9
202.6
162.8
246.1
230. 2
231.4
179.4
212.7
191.0
196.5
229.8
235.1
202.5
201.5
196.6
205.7
225.6
192.9
212.1
186.7
185.0
192.4
193.1
193.3
386.5
220.4
149.2
176.8
179.1
190.3
216.1
244.8
425.2
258.7
189.3
173.2
177.6
189.7
218.7
303.5
239.6
206.0
164.3
144.0
172.3
182.5
254.7
310.6
158.5
203.8
167.6
133.1
163.8
177.5
193.6
228.4
125.6
203.1
173.3
128.9
154.0
161.2
167.9
154.5
126.5
177.0
159. 2
133.8
163.5
159.3
131.6
160.1
134.3
180.2
155.8
148.7
178.8
184.8
86.1
143.7
142.5
181 2
150.7
174.0
202.0
216.0
117.5
165.6
158. 7
195.1
138.9
197.4
216 3
198.5
215.4
151.0
174.3
181.7
167.3
187.1
219.3
209.4
208.3
33.6
38.6
174.8
177.6
174.9
178.1
174.6
178.8
174.3
179.7
173.8
178.3
172.8
178.6
172.1
177.5
168.2
176.1
166.7
176.0
164.6
175.7
158.3
175.0
151.5
174.8
142.4
172.7
140.1
172.0
17.9
20.4
21.8
164. 2
230.4
118.8
161.8
209.1
119.7
100 8
271.4
234.9
159.5
191.2
119. 5
100 2
268.0
231.8
154.3
176.3
117.8
100.0
264.6
226.7
147.8
169. 1
117.3
141.4
164 4
116.0
139.5
163.9
114.8
137.5
161.5
112.9
138.4
161.6
114.3
273.3
235.5
162.8
215.9
119.6
101. 4
272.1
235.4
150.5
172.0
117.2
272.8
230.7
164.4
226.4
118.8
101 9
273. 1
233.8
163.6
223.6
119.3
27.8
16.6
164.9
228.0
119.2
101 7
274.5
224.4
261.4
218.8
253.4
214.0
242.0
210.7
238.2
209.4
235.7
203.9
237.8
202.7
87.1
28.3
346.2
108 0
346.7
108.0
346.5
108 2
344.1
108.5
342.9
108.3
343.5
107.9
340.7
107. 8
331.4
100.0
332.5
343.2
336.1
328.1
303.6
294.9
23.8
39.3
39.4
159.9
190.4
163.5
184.2
166.2
198.4
166.1
194.3
167.8
201. 1
164.8
197.8
173.7
201.1
165.8
199. 9
174.4
198.4
165.5
199.1
173.3
197.4
164.2
199.5
166.3
191.2
161.4
193.9
149.5
175.1
152.9
179.9
142.0
169 4
148.9
173.0
142.6
169.0
148.4
173.8
156.1
168.2
148.1
174.5
157.9
166.1
146.9
173.7
118.7
157.2
142.4
164.2
116.0
155.6
142.1
161.1
190.8
100.0
187.4
101 0
186.4
101.0
186.7
101.5
187.4
100.8
187.6
100. 5
187.3 186.5
100.3 ' 100. 0
186.8
187.3
188.5
188.7
177.0
175.3
....... ...... .......
....
Ft
49. 3
62. 7
9 9
102 1
36. 8
34.4
51.2
23.8
1Specification changed to 13 ounces in December.
8July 1947=100.
6 Priced in 28 cities.
8February 1943 = 100.
» 1938-39=100.
* December 1950=100.
8 Average price not computed.
8Priced in 46 cities.
* Specification revised in November 1950.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY LABOR
COST OF L IV IN G
October 1949=100.
...
11No. 303 can of corn introduced in May 1951 in place of No. 2 can.
12 Priced in l3 cities beginning July 1951,16 cities April through June 1951,
18 cities January through March 1951, and 19 cities August through Decem
ber 1950. Priced in 56 cities before that date.
u Priced in 37 cities August through December 1950, 38 cities January
through March 1951, 40 cities April through June 1951, and 43 cities beginning
July 1951.
REVIEW , SEPTEMBER 1951
D:
P R IC E S A N D
COST
375
OF L IV IN G
Table D -7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926-100]
Chem HouseFuel Metals
icals
and
furand Build
light metal
ing
and
nishing
mate
allied
prod
iug
prod
mate ucts
rials
goods
1
rials
ucts
Mis
cella
neous
com
modi
ties
All
com
All
modi
com
ties
Semi- M anu modi
ex
Raw manufac
ex cept
tured ties
mate
faccept
farm
prod farm
rials
tured
articles ucts 2 prod prod
ucts 2 ucts
and
foods 2
Hides
and
Foods leather
prod
ucts
Tex
tile
prod
ucts
64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1
57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
61.3
55.7
114.3
159.8
83.0
90.8
79.1
143.5
155.5
100.5
56.7
52.9
101.8
164.4
95.4
80.2
77.9
178.0
173.7
94.0
56.1
56.7
99.2
143.3
94.3
93.1
88.1
142.3
176.5
82.6
68.8
67.3
138.8
163.4
97.5
74.9
67.8
162.7
253.0
93.9
69.4
66.9
130.4
157.8
94.5
69.0
65.7
131.0
165.4
93.3
70.
65.7
129. (
170.
91.
48.2
65.3
61.0
67.7
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
64.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
70.3
73.1
72.6
71.7
80.2
94.4
93.2
95.8
71.4
90.5
89.6
94.8
73.9
76.0
74.2
77.0
75.1
86.3
85.6
88.5
64.4
74.8
73.3
77.3
55.1
70.2
66.5
71.9
59.3
77.0
74.5
79.1
70.3
80.4
79.1
81.6
68.3
79.5
77.9
80.8
70.
81.
80.1
83.
87.3
93.6
98.8
103.1
104.0
82.4
94.7
105.9
122.6
123.3
82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9
108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
76.2
78.4
78.5
80.8
83.0
99.4
103.3
103.8
103.8
103.8
103.2
107.8
110.2
111.4
115.5
84.4
90.4
95.5
94.9
95.2
94.3
101.1
102.4
102.7
104.3
82.0
87.6
89.7
92.2
93.6
83.5
92.3
100.6
112.1
113.2
86.9
90.1
92.6
92.9
94.1
89.1
94.6
98.6
100.1
100.8
88.3
93.3
97.0
98.7
99.6
89.
93.'95.
96.
98.
1945: Average____
August...........
105.8
105.7
128.2
126.9
106.2
106.4
118.1
118.0
100.1
99.6
84.0
84.8
104.7
104.7
117.8
117.8
95.2
95.3
104.5
104.5
94.7
94.8
116.8
116.3
95.9
95.5
101.8
101.8
100.8
100.9
99.'
99. £
1946: A v erag e.___
June_______
November__
1947: Average____
1948: Average.........
1949: Average.........
1950: Average____
July________
August_____
September__
October ___
November__
December___
121.1
112.9
139.7
162.1
165.1
155.0
161.5
162.9
166.4
169.6
169.1
171.7
175.3
148.9
140.1
169.8
181.2
188.3
165.5
170.4
176.0
177.6
180.4
177.8
183.7
187.4
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
179.1
161.4
166.2.
171.4
174.6
177.2
172.5
175.2
179.0
137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
188.8
180.4
191.9
187.2
195.6
203.0
208.6
211.5
218.7
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
149.8
140.4
148.0
142.6
149.5
158.3
163.1
166.8
171.4
90.1
87.8
94.5
108.7
134.2
131.7
133.2
133.5
134.2
134.9
135.3
135.7
135.7
115.5
112.2
130.2
145.0
163.6
170.2
173.6
172.4
174.4
176.7
178.6
180.4
184.9
132.6
129.9
145.5
179.7
199.1
193.4
206.0
207.2
213.9
219.7
218.9
217.8
221.4
101.4
96.4
118.9
127.3
135.7
118.6
122.7
118.1
122.5
128.7
132.2
135.7
139.6
111.6
110.4
118.2
131.1
144.5
145.3
153.2
148.7
153.9
159.2
163.8
166.9
170.2
100.3
98.5
106.5
115.5
120.5
112.3
120.9
119.0
124.3
127.4
131.3
137.6
140.5
134.7
126.3
153.4
165.6
178.4
163.9
172.4
175.8
179.1
181.8
180.2
184.5
187.1
110.8
105.7
129.1
148.5
158.0
150.2
156.0
152.9
159.3
165. 7
169.3
173.0
178.1
116.1
107.3
134.7
146.0
159.4
151.2
156.8
158.0
161.2
164.0
163.5
165.1
169.0
114.9
106.7
132.9
145.5
159.8
152.4
159.2
159.8
163.7
166.9
166.9
168.8
172.4
109.1
105.
120.'
135.5
151.
147.
153.5
151. e
155.
159.
161.
163.'
166.'
1951: January . . .
February___
M arch______
A p ril...
M ay_______
June_______
July________
180.1
183.6
184.0
183.6
182.9
181.8
179.5
194.2
202.6
203.8
202.5
199.6
198.6
194.0
182.2
187.6
186.6
185.8
187.3
186.3
186.0
234.8
238.2
236.2
233.3
232.6
230.6
221.9
178.2
181.1
183.2
182.8
«182.1
• 178. 2
173.5
136.4
138.1
138.6
138.1
137.5
137.8
137.8
187.5
188.1
188.8
189.0
188.8
188.2
188.0
226.1
144.5
174.7
228.1
175.4
147.3
146.4
228.5
178.8
180.1
228. 5 147.9
227.8 «145.7
180.0
225.6 «142. 3 «179. 4
139.4
178.9
223.8
142.4
142.7
142.5
142.7
141.7
141.7
138.8
173.1
192.6
185.0
175. 5
199. 1 187.1
175.8
199.4
187.5
176.1
197.7
187.1
176.2
195.5 * 186.4
194.7 » 180. 3 «175.6
174.1
175.1
189.8
176.7
179.2
179.3
179.2
179.0
177.8
176.0
170.5
171.
172.
172.,
171.
* 170.
168.'
All
com
modi
ties 2
Farm
prod
ucts
Average____
July________
November__
M ay..... ..........
Average____
69.8
67.3
136.3
167.2
95.3
71.5
71.4
150.3
169.8
104.9
1932: Average.........
1939: Average.........
August...........
1940: Average.........
64.8
77.1
75.0
78.6
1941: Average____
December___
1942: Average.........
1943: Average.........
1944: Average.........
Year and month
1913:
1914:
1918:
1920:
1929:
i BL8 wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary
markets. They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are
rices prevailing on organized exchanges. The weekly index is calculated
om 1-day-a-week prices; the monthly index from an average of these prices.
M onthly indexes for the last 2 months are preliminary.
The Indexes currently are computed by the fixed base aggregate method,
with weights representing quantities produced for sale in 1929-31. (For a
detailed description of the method of calculation see “ Revised Method of
Calculation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Index,” in
the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1937.)
Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving
monthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups
and economic groups since 1913. The weekly wholesale price indexes are
g
963019— 51-
-9
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
available in summary form since 1947 for all commodities; all commodities
less farm products and foods; farm products; foods; textile products; fuel and
lighting materials; metals and metal products; building materials, and
chemicals and allied products. Weekly indexes are also available for the
subgroups of grains, livestock, and meats.
2 Includes current motor vehicle prices beginning with October 1946. The
rate of production of motor vehicles in October 1946 exceeded the monthly
average rate of civilian production in 1941, and in accordance with the an
nouncement made in September 1946, the Bureau introduced current prices
for motor vehicles in the October calculations. During the war, motor
vehicles were not produced for general civilian sale and the Bureau carried
April 1942 prices forward in each computation through September 1946.
• Corrected,
376
D:
P R IC E S AN D
COST
MONTHLY LABOR
OF LIV IN G
T able D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926=100]
1951
July
June
M ay
Apr.
1950
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
169.5
166.4
1946
1939
June
Aug.
All commodities J-------------
179.5
181.8
182.9
183.6
184.0
183.6
180.1
175.3
171.7
169.1
162.9
112.9
75.0
Farm products........... .........
G rain s...____ _______
Livestock and poultry '.
Livestock' ..... ..........
P o ultry' -------------Other farm products___
E ggs’-......................
Foods__________________
Dairy products.... ..........
Cereal products_______
Fruits and vegetables...
Meats, poultry, fish r. . .
Meats ' __________
Poultry r____ ____
Other foods.....................
Hides and leather products..
Shoes_______________
Hides and skins______
Leather. ____________
Other leather products..
Textile products........... ........
Clothing_____________
Cotton goods_________
Hosiery and underwear.
Rayon and nylon r____
Silk ' ________________
Woolen and worsted___
Other textile products...
Fuel and lighting materials.
Anthracite___________
Bituminous coal--------Coke_______ _______
Electricity___________
Gas_________________
Petroleum and products'
Metals and metal productsJ.
Agricultural machinery
and equipm ent ' ____
Farm machinery
Iron and steel________
Steel mill products__
Semi-finished____
Finished—......... .
Motor vehicles ' . . ........
Passenger cars_____
Trucks___________
Nonferrous metals____
Plumbing and heating..
P lum bing' . . ...........
Building materials..............
Brick and tile________
Cem entt____ ________
Lumber_____________
Paint, paint m aterials'
Prepared p a in t' ___
Paint materials ' ___
Plumbing and heating..
Plumbing r..............
Structural steel.............
Other bldg, m aterials...
Chemicals and allied produ cts______ _____ ______
Chemicals___________
Drug and pharmaceutical materials______
Fertilizer materials____
Mixed fertilizers______
Oils and fats...................
Housefumishing goods.........
Furnishings....................
Furniture r................
Miscellaneous_____ ______
Tires and tubes ' ______
Cattle feed______ _____
Paper and p ulp.............
Paperboard..............
Paper....... ................
■Wood p u lp ............ .
Rubber, crude________
Other miscelleanous.......
Soaps and detergents ’. .
194.0
178.0
233.9
263.4
91.5
173.1
137.3
186.0
167.5
162.3
144.3
254.6
275.2
101.1
158.5
221.9
222.4
250.7
216.8
180.6
173.5
164.8
217.8
111.2
43.1
71.1
221.6
239.6
137.8
153.5
194.5
234.8
(3)
(3)
120.4
188.0
198.6
178.6
235.8
265.1
94.4
180.4
137.1
186.3
163.4
162.3
146.3
255.2
275.4
104.3
160.8
230.6
223.3
284.3
227.5
180.6
» 178. 2
« 164.0
' 228.7
' 112.9
43.1
73.2
' 228.7
' 250.1
137.8
152.5
195.4
234.8
09
92.9
120.0
188.2
199.6
185.6
234.8
263.6
96.5
181.0
128.6
187.3
164.9
163.6
146.5
257.2
276.3
113.5
160.7
232.6
223.8
293.8
228.2
180.6
' 182.1
' 164.0
234.1
'113.4
43.1
76.3
' 244. 5
247.0
137.5
151.0
195.2
234.8
64.7
92.9
119.7
188.8
202.5
189.1
240.9
269.9
102.1
181.7
125.1
185.8
166.6
164.5
140.0
255.1
274.1
112.5
158.8
233.3
223.5
297.8
228.7
180.6
182.8
163.9
236.2
113.5
43.1
85.2
243.7
249.2
138.1
152.8
195.6
234.8
64.8
93.3
120.0
189.0
203.8
188.0
241.2
270.4
101.1
184.3
124.7
186.6
170.3
164.5
139.9
254.5
273.7
108.7
160.0
236.2
222.0
313.0
229.2
188.2
183.2
163.9
239.9
'113.5
43.1
90.8
240.2
246.1
138.6
156.1
197.1
234.5
65.1
93. 8
120.3
188.8
202.6
192.0
238.2
268.0
94.3
182.8
117.0
187.6
173.0
166.3
142.4
255.2
274.8
107.1
159.0
238.2
224.6
317.8
229.1
188.0
181.1
163.9
240.5
113.8
43.1
90.8
227.3
243.8
138.1
156.5
197.5
234.1
66.4
92.2
119.4
188.1
194.2
186.6
222.2
250.6
84.7
178.2
116.5
182.2
171.5
163.0
136.1
242.7
261.5
98.2
157.7
234.8
219.4
318.2
224.8
188.0
178.2
161.6
239.2
115.2
43.1
86.1
217.4
238.1
136.4
145.8
193.2
232.8
65.4
90.0
119.4
187.5
187.4
180.9
204.9
231.8
74.5
177.4
149.5
179.0
164.4
157.6
138.0
233.7
251.9
92.3
161.5
'218.7
' 209.3
277.5
213.8
173.9
'171.4
155.4
' 236.6
113.7
43.0
75.0
' 195. 6
229.6
' 135.7
145.7
193.2
232.7
65.7
90.2
118.0
' 184.9
183.7
172.1
197.3
222.6
74.9
177.4
148.2
175.2
164.1
154.1
140.4
223.4
240.5
90.8
158.9
«211.5
' 203. 7
269.3
204.9
164.9
• 166.8
151.4
231.7
111.4
42.7
69.0
' 192. 7
210.4
' 135. 7
144.7
193.3
232.5
65.5
90.5
118.1
180.4
177.8
165.3
198.7
223.8
77.1
167.4
141.0
172.5
160.8
153.8
129.5
223.7
240.8
90.2
156.4
' 208.6
«200. 5
266.3
201.3
164.9
163.1
147.7
225.7
109.2
42.5
65.3
« 189.1
207.3
'135.3
143.9
193.3
231.1
65.2
88.9
118.0
178.6
180.4
177.6
176.0
166.5
167.7
173.5
211.3
217.3
215.8
237.5
243.8 242.5
85.3
90.2
87.6
164.4
155.3
151.8
128.8
110.1
103.8
177.2
174.6
171.4
154.7
148.0
141.8
155.5
154.9
151.2
131.0
132.0
137.0
241.0
240.2
240.7
259.5
258.3
260.1
99.0
103.5
97.9
158.7
154.1
145.1
' 203.0
195.6
187.2
' 194. 9
191.4
185.8
264.7
238.2
219.8
196.8
192.3
185.3
151.3
151.3
143.1
158.3
149.5
142.6
146.7
145.2
144.3
221.6
206.8
190.7
101.2
105.3
99.2
41.7
41.3
40.7
64.9
65.6
60.3
178.7
157.7
150 9
191.3
181.5
168.5
' 134. 9 ' 134.2 c 133 5
142.8
142.1
141 0
' 193.2
192.5
191. 9
225.6 225.6 225. 6
65.5
65.6
67.0
33 3
89.0
88.1
117.8
116.8
115.5
176.7 ' 174.4
172.4
140.1
151. 8
137.4
143.4
(3)
137.5
97.3
112.9
127.3
101.7
136.1
110.1
116.6
(3)
98.1
122.4
129. 5
121.5
110.7
115.2
109. 2
120.3
139.4
75.8
30.2
(3)
112.7
112.3
87.8
106.1
132.8
133.5
67.2
79.6
64.0
112.2
61.0
51. 5
66. 0
67.7
(s)
60.1
47.6
67.2
67.9
71.9
58.5
73.7
78.1
(3)
60.3
92.7
100.8
77.2
84. 0
97.1
67 8
81. 5
65. 5
61. 5
28. 5
44.3
75. 5
63.7
72.6
72 1
96.0
104.2
75.8
86.7
51.7
93.2
158.9
160.9
185.9
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.6
193.7
145.2
175.6
183.6
138.8
223.8
180.8
147.2
347.2
159.1
153.9
167.7
183.6
138.8
204.3
198.1
159.1
159.1
161.1
161.1
185.9
185.9
186.2
186.2
196.2
196.2
184.9
184.9
184.3
184.1
193.7
193.7
'144.0
143.1
178.2
182.8
* 183.6
183.7
' 139. 3
139.4
227.8
225.6
180.8
180.8
147.2
147.2
352.3 ' 358.8
161.6
163.7
153.9
153.9
'173.0 ' 177. 5
' 183.6
183.7
' 139.3
139.4
204.3
204.3
198.1
198.2
159.1
161.1
185.9
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.1
193.7
143.1
184.1
183.7
139.4
228.5
180.8
147.2
361.0
164.7
153.9
179.6
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.3
' 159.1
'161.1
185.6
186.2
196.2
184.9
184.1
193.7
143.1
183.5
183.7
139.4
228.5
180.8
147.1
361.2
164.4
153.3
179.8
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.2
159.0
161.0
185.7
186.2
196.2
184.9
179.0
187.1
143.1
191.1
183.7
139.4
228.1
180.8
147.1
359.8
164.0
153.3
178.9
183.7
139.4
204.3
198.2
156.2 « 155.7 • 153.3 '152.1
150.3 ' 145. 6 « 144.0
158.4 ' 158.2 « 155.8
154.5
152.7
147.7
146.2
185.7
182.1
174.0
173.2
172.2
171.0
169.8
186.1
183.2
172.8
172.7
172.5
172.3
172.3
196.2
185.4
196.2
185.4
185.4
185.4
185.4
184.9
181.6
171.2
171.1
170.9
170.6
170.6
178.8
178.4
176.9
176.8
176.5
176.1
175.1
187.1
187.1
187.0
187.1
186.6
186.4
185.2
142.2
140.6
133.9
133.9
133.9
133.1
133.0
187.9
182.5
173.3
181.7
166.1
156.3
150.6
183.7
183.6
182.6
177.2
166.9
164.6
156.5
139.4
132.0
139.3
137.3
125.4
123.9
116.9
226.1 • 221.4
217.8
218.9 «219. 7 213.9 ' 207.2
180.7 « 179.1 « 177. 6 ' 177. 2 ' 170.2 ' 167. 9 ' 165. 4
147.2
141.2
140.8 ' 140.2
136.3
135.5
135.3
356.8
358.4
348.4
347.6
371.5
357.6
338.0
162.1
154.9
148.2
145.7
145.9
142.4
138.6
152.1
142.4
147.3
143.6
142.4
141.3
138.6
176.2
166.2
156.1
152.1
152.4
146.2
141.3
183.7
183.6
182.5
177.2
166.9
164.6
156.5
139.4
139.3
132.0
137.3
125.4
123.9
116.9
204.3
204.3
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
191.6
195.8
189.4
186.6
193.8
182.5
178.7
177.4
104.5
104 9
110.1
112.2
108.9
112.8
135.5
142.8
104.3
99.2
106.0
(*)
129.9
121.3
102.6
176.0
108.6
99.3
120.9
106.0
(<)
120.1
118.4
93.5
94.7
95.1
98.6
96.0
99.0
92.5
95.6
77.4
74.6
79.3
«
89.6
90.5
91.3
90.1
82.1
92.9
71.8
79.3
(«)
107.3
89.5
139.4
143.1
' 142.3
144.0
' 145. 7
145.2
147.9
145.0
146.4
138.2
147.3
139.0
144.5
138.1
184.7
185.3
119.0
115.1
108.6
108.6
139.3 '161.2
178.9 ' 179.4
194.6
196.0
162.3
161.5
138.8
141.7
82.9
82.8
240.3
245.0
197.2
196.2
221.0
221.1
178.1
173.5
253.4
273.8
106.6
135.1
136.3
136.7
148.2 ' 153.6
185.2
117.1
108.6
'181.0
180.0
195.9
162.9
141.7
82.8
244.9
196.2
221.0
173.5
273.8
135.1
136.7
154.1
184.5
117.8
108.6
198.7
180.1
195.9
163.1
142.7
82.8
261.9
196.2
221.0
173.5
273.8
137.5
136.7
154.1
185.1
118.1
108.9
214.6
178.8
193.4
163.2
142.5
82 8
236.5
196.3
221.0
173.8
272.5
145.4
136.8
155.3
185.2
118.1
108.9
217.3
175.4
186.9
163.2
142.7
82.8
229.6
196.5
221.0
174.2
272.5
147.3
137.6
162.5
184.4
118.1
108.9
200.4
174.7
186.2
162.7
142.4
82.8
226.3
196.5
221.1
174.2
272.1
148.4
137.1
157.8
1 See footnote 1, table D -7. 5 See footnote 2, table D -7. * N ot available.
May 1950. • Corrected. ' Revised.
tRevised indexes for dates prior to August 1949 available upon request.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
139.6
136.1
• 135. 7
134.3
132.2
131.6
• 128.7
125.4
122.5
'121.9
118.1
'119.1
96.4
98.0
74.2
83.8
175.1
161.1
163.8
153.4
115.6
112.0
111.2
111.4
107.4 ' 105.1 « 103. 4 '103.4
180.9
171.5
160.3
163.9
' 170. 2 166.9
163.8
159.2
' 180. 6 176.6 ' 173.6
168.1
159.2
156.7 ' 153.6
149.9
140.5
137.6
131.3
127.4
82.5
82.3
78.1
77.4
224.4
211.4
199.6
203.8
189. 0
178.7
173.4
167.1
214.0
193.0
184.3
171.6
164.5
173.3
159.4
157.3
222.6 222.6 222.6
201.8
150.5
146.1
131.5
114.7
136.6
134.7
130.5
127.8
144.4
152.3
143.2
140.0
135.0
112.1
' 103.4
' 142. 7
153.9
162.8
144.6
124.3
75.0
205.6
163.9
165.5
154.5
201.5
106.1
125.4
130.5
129.1
110.1
' 103.4
•126.0
148.7
156.2
141.0
119.0
68.7
240.5
' 159. 8
152.8
152.0
• 202.9
78.4
121.7
122.0
109.4
82.7
86.6
102.1
110.4
114.5
108.5
98. 5
65. 7
197.8
115.6
115.6
107.3
154.1
46.2
101.0
101.3
77.1
65.5
73.1
40.6
85.6
90.0
81.1
73.3
59.5
68.4
80.0
‘ Index based on old series not available.
6 6 .2
83.9
69.6
34.9
81.3
78.9
Revised series first used in index in
REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1951
E : W O R K STOPPAGES
377
E: Work Stoppages
Table E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Number of stoppages
Workers involved in stoppages
Man-days idle during month
or year
M onth and year
Beginning
in month or
year
In effect dur
ing month
Beginning
in month or
year
1935-39 (average).
1945.
..........
1946.
..........
1947
..........
1948
..........
1949
.........
1950
.........
2.862
4, 750
4,985
3, 693
3,419
3,606
4,843
1950: July_______
August........
September..
October___
Novem ber..
December...
463
635
521
550
329
218
732
918
820
801
605
423
224,000
346, 000
270,000
197, 000
200, 000
61,100
1951: January
February
March 2____
A p ril1____
M ay 2 ........ .
June 2.......... .
J u ly 2..........
400
350
350
350
400
375
425
550
550
550
550
580
560
600
185, 000
220,000
140,000
165, 000
150,000
190, 000
250,000
n. oouppcigra, anamg uui in laoor-management; disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “workers
involved" and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or more
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
In effect dur
ing month
1,130,000
3,470,000
4, 600, 000
2,170, 000
1,960,000
3, 030. 000
2, 410,000
Number
Percent of
estimated
working time
16.900.000
38, 000, 000
116, 000, 000
34.600.000
34,100, 000
50,500, 000
38.800.000
0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.37
.59
.44
389,000
441, 000
450, 000
330, 000
308, 000
114,000
2.750.000
2,660, 000
3.510.000
2, 590,000
2,050, 000
912,000
.39
.32
.48
.32
.27
215,000
300,000
280,000
235,000
250,000
260, 000
320,000
1. 200.000
1, 700,000
2.300.000
1, 850, 000
1.750.000
1.600.000
1,750,000
.12
.15
.25
.29
.25
.22
.21
.23
shifts in establishments directly involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary efEects on other establishments or industries
whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages
2 Preliminary.
6
378
F : B U ILD IN G
AND
MONTHLY LABOR
CO N ST R U C TIO N
F: Building and Construction
Table F - l: Expenditures for New Construction 1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
1950]
1951
Type of construction
Aug.3 J u ly 3 Ju n e3 M a y 8 Apr.
Mar.
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
1950
1949
Total
Total
Total new construction 4______________ $2, 802 $2, 770 $2, 716 $2, 556 $2,387 $2,188 $1,973 $2,100 $2, 234 $2, 569 S2, 773 $2, 848 $2,817 $27,902 $22, 584
Private construction-.------------------------- 1,865
920
Residential building (nonfarm)...........
815
New dwelling units____________
88
Additions and alterations....... ......
Nonhousekeeping *. _________
17
Nonresidential building (nonfarm)8. ._
443
184
Industrial.. _______ __________
Commercial.. ..............................
107
Warehouses, office and loft
buildings__________ _____
48
Stores, restaurants, and ga59
rages______________ _____
Other nonresidential building___
152
43
Religious. ............ .................
Educational. _____________
32
Social and recreational______
13
Hospital and institutional7. . .
37
Miscellaneous_____________
27
Farm construction.______ _________
140
357
Public utilities—....................................
Railroad_____________ ________
34
Telephone and telegraph_______
43
Other public utilities ....................
280
5
All other private 8____ _______ _____
Public construction__________________
937
Residential building »_____________
58
Nonresidential building (other than
military or naval facilities)________
317
Industrial............... .........................
96
132
Educational- ________________
Hospital and institutional.. ___
49
Other nonresidential___________
40
105
Military and naval facilities 1(1.............
Highways_______________ ________
275
Sewer and water__________________
68
Miscellaneous public service enterprises 11________________________
21
Conservation and development_____
86
All other public 13..................................
7
1,871
937
830
90
17
452
177
120
1,846
939
835
88
16
450
165
131
48
48
72
155
42
31
14
38
30
134
343
33
43
267
5
899
52
83
154
41
29
15
38
31
126
326
31
42
253
5
870
50
316
88
132
51
45
90
260
68
313
83
130
52
48
79
250
66
21
85
7
21
83
8
2.025
1,247
1,145
84
18
382
112
136
2,095
1,322
1,211
94
17
354
101
121
2,090
1,322
1,212
93
17
333
91
114
20, 789
12. 600
11, 525
900
175
3, 777
1,062
1,288
16,181
8, 267
7, 257
825
185
3,228
972
1,027
48
47
43
39
35
402
321
92
130
39
29
20
30
12
71
247
28
35
184
5
513
30
102
134
40
29
22
30
13
81
279
32
38
209
7
668
31
93
134
40
29
23
30
12
95
294
32
39
223
7
748
30
82
132
39
28
23
30
12
115
297
29
39
229
7
753
28
79
128
37
26
24
30
11
127
297
29
40
228
11
727
27
886
1,427
409
294
247
344
133
1,170
3,130
315
440
2,375
112
7,113
345
706
1, 229
360
269
262
202
136
1,292
3,316
352
533
2,431
78
6,403
359
224
36
112
39
37
29
95
55
216
31
110
39
36
24
103
56
228
29
112
42
45
26
221
60
247
31
115
42
59
28
265
65
230
23
109
42
56
21
298
64
213
19
103
42
49
16
295
61
2,402
224
1,163
476
539
177
2,350
671
2,068
177
934
477
480
137
2,129
619
12
60
6
13
65
6
19
76
7
21
84
20
84
8
20
87
186
886
96
203
793
95
1,603
852
775
61
16
399
142
128
1, 518
827
750
60
17
384
135
121
1, 586
902
830
55
17
378
129
122
1, 721
1,003
923
62
18
395
125
140
47
45
45
46
47
83
143
38
27
14
37
27
113
305
31
42
232
5
817
46
80
132
35
26
15
34
22
95
283
29
40
214
6
714
44
83
129
35
26
16
32
20
83
264
26
39
199
5
585
42
75
128
35
27
18
31
17
76
226
20
33
173
5
455
36
75
127
37
28
19
30
13
72
229
26
34
169
5
514
33
312
80
130
52
50
72
215
64
292
73
125
48
46
59
160
61
251
49
120
42
40
39
110
58
210
30
112
36
32
29
65
52
20
80
17
73
8
14
64
7
9
49
5
8
1Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Building Materials Division, U. S. Department of Com
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for building authorized (tables F-3 and F-4) and the data on
value of contract awards reported in table F-2.
1 Preliminary.
* Revised.
4 Includes major additions and alterations.
* Includes hotels, dormitories, and tourist courts and cabins.
* Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential
building are included under “Public utilities.”
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,901
1,131
1,040
73
18
403
120
149
1,673
882
795
71
16
407
150
125
1, 739
881
785
80
16
435
162
130
8
8
r Includes Federal contributions toward construction of private nonprofit
hospital facilities under the National Hospital Program.
8 Covers privately owned sewer and water facilities, roads and bridges,
and miscellaneous nonbuilding items such as parks and playgrounds.
• Includes nonhousekeeping public residential construction as well as
housekeeping units.
1° Covers all construction, building as well as nonbuilding (except for pro
duction facilities, which are included in public industrial building).
u Covers primarily publicly owned airports, electric light and power sys
tems, and local transit facilities.
» Covers public construction not elsewhere classified, such as parks, play
grounds, and memorials.
REVIEW , SEPTEM BER 1951
F : B U IL D IN G AN D
379
C O N STRU C TIO N
Table F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction 1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development
Building
Period
1935___________
1936_____ _____
1937___________
1938___________
1939___________
1940___________
1941______ _____
1942.....................
1943_______ ____
1944___ ____ _
1945______ _____
1946______ _____
1947...___ _____
1948........... ........
1949 .....................
1950___________
Total
new
con
struc
tion 3
Nonresidential
Air
ports 3
Total
$442, 782
$1,478,073 (T)
561,394
1, 533,439 «
344, 567
990, 410 (7)
1, 609, 208 0
676, 542
1, 586, 604 $4,753 669, 222
2, 316, 467 137,112 1,537,910
5, 931, 536 499,427 4,422,131
7, 871, 986 579,176 6, 226, 878
2, 877.044 243, 443 2,068, 337
1, 861, 449 110, 872 1,438,849
1,092,181 41,219 806, 917
1,502,701 15, 068 617,132
1,473, 910 25,075 454, 593
1, 906, 466 55, 577 543, 118
2,174, 203 49,317 880, 101
2, 706, 650 54, 461 1,278, 263
Resi
den
tial
Total
Edu
ca
tional4
$7.833 $434,949 (8)
63, 465 497, 929 (8)
17, 239 327,328 0
31,809 644, 733 (8)
231,071 438,151 (8)
244, 671 1,293,239 (8)
322, 248 4,099,883 (8)
565, 247 5, 661,631 (8)
405, 537 1, 662,800 (8)
117, 504 1, 321,345 (8)
60, 535 746,382 (8)
452, 204 164, 928 $14,664
60, 694 393,899 47, 750
47,198 495, 920 1, 424
46,800 833, 301 1,041
15, 445 1, 262,818 3,123
Hospitals and
institutional
Total
Other
nonresidential
Total
Rec
lama
tion
River,
har
bor,
and
flood
control
Highways
All
other*
$438, 725 $158,027 $280, 698 $381,037 $215, 529
0
0
189, 710 73, 797 115,913 511,685 270, 650
0
0
133,010 59,051 73,959 360, 865 151,968
0
0
303,874 175,382 128, 492 372, 238 256, 554
0
0
225,423 115,612 109,811 355, 701 331, 505
0
0
197, 589 69,028 128, 561 364,048 79, 808
0
0
199, 684 41,880 157,804 446,903 363, 391
0
0
217,795 150, 708 67,087 347,988 500,149
0
0
155,737 101, 270 54,467 161,852 247, 675
0
0
112,415 66, 679 45, 736 111,805 87, 508
0
0
72,150 30, 765 41,385 100,969 70, 926
0
0
$9, 713 $126, 270 290,163 149,870 140, 293 534, 653 45, 685
32, 550 211,607 307, 695 75,483 232, 212 659, 645 26, 902
29, 926 201,274 494,871 147, 732 347,139 767,460 45,440
88,856 387,863 497, 557 184,803 312, 754 690, 469 56, 759
58, 255 811, 592 435, 253 195,845 239, 408 835, 606 103, 067
8,192
428
7,764
7,174
12, 651
5, 477
26, 663
9, 612 17,051
21, 352 1,204 20,148
1,045 22, 604
23, 649
64, 985 14,814 50,171
22, 756
202 22, 554
43, 544 25, 492 18,052
57, 995 26, 500 31, 495
6,267
15,004
8, 737
9, 213
16, 600
7,387
42,150 23,069 19,081
25, 008
6,961
22, 719 6, 518
1,747 12, 039
949
7, 331
13,658 27, 801
10, 564 45, 304
2,018 12,374
969 89, 846
538 24, 992
4,333 16, 709
5,308 109,904
1,045 28,084
15,141
24,032
84. 342
39, 899
89, 536
80, 530
22,115
52, 304
20, 679
12, 914
42,186
13, 879
7, 596
3,083
22, 546
18, 778
61, 537
26, 603
6,822
12,375
10,179
1,091
5, 677
8, 516
7,545
20, 949
61, 796
21,121
27, 999
53,927
15, 293
39,929
10, 500
11, 823
36, 509
5,363
34,465
29,000
41, 646
52,099
83, 769
80,348
75, 448
79,020
63, 035
49,910
38,100
63, 629
1,511
2, 966
7,665
3,177
5,913
8,987
2,408
3,414
3,997
661
9, 306
6,754
19, 407
17, 354
14, 534
21, 969
13, 688
7,766
8,007
1, 450
12, 957
643
676
114
9,121
14, 727
8, 566
18,215
18,884
60, 618
35, 907
27, 291
22, 760
19,154
20, 712
15, 328
13, 261 6,321
1, 259 4,415
3, 459 23, 656
2, 685 20, 224
2, 537 23, 207
25,880 63, 426
2,217 12, 283
1,849 36,137
1, 580 44,176
1, 234 124, 546
7, 112
1,853
541 «456,089
26,147
29, 953
103, 559
20, 572
68,100
80, 602
13, 938
15,910
16, 046
19, 630
32, 538
8, 258
17, 993
7,087
69,840
2,782
7,726
43, 720
10, 600
8, 364
9, 549
13, 471
1, 753
2, 960
8,154 41, 027
22,866 42, 357
33, 719 61, 032
17, 790 63, 462
60, 374 80, 934
36,882 111,416
3, 338 77, 973
7, 546 83,316
6, 497 73, 883
6,159 55, 632
30, 785 81,142
5,298 63,432
9, 046
6, 194
9, 290
11, 525
11, 212
14,548
4,812
6,921
5, 768
15,308
3,379
5,064
110
701
19,141
18,970
592
2,161
14, 708
14, 687
23, 802
9, 387
13,354
13, 454
728 89,163 213, 044 W206,077
10, 096 66, 384 30, 333 10,125
8, 773 82, 747 45,613 15,346
2,880 60, 502 101, 498 10,803
2,149 »427, 801 43, 667
9, 308
9,212
5,814 191,330 27, 790
6,967
20, 208
30, 267
90,695
34,359
18, 578
10, 533
14, 757
28, 223
15,035
15, 421
70,231
97,047 5, 520
242
101, 298
182, 992 4,288
133, 535 4,212
257,834 7,233
325, 997 12, 262
142, 768 4,818
272, 671 3, 385
173, 584 1,902
103, 616 3,413
222, 263
790
160, 598 1,252
40, 410
45,058
45, 051
34,148
71, 383
143,870
37,979
134, 548
83, 971
36, 718
131,881
75,084
101
2, 535
4, 602
4,498
6,245
23, 017
821
49
446
672
9
3,805
40,309
42, 523
40, 449
29, 650
65,138
120, 853
37,158
134,499
83, 525
36,046
131,872
71,279
148
635
0
18
30
0
10
140
0
0
60
0
1950: January ..
F ebruary...
M a rc h ___
April_____
M ay______
June______
J u l y _____
August____
September..
October___
November..
December..
129, 514 4,827
119, 057 2,533
233, 791 8, 616
169, 416 7, 341
224, 363 4, 196
367, 371 5, 345
162, 239 5,852
178, 355 5, 247
181, 316 2,862
240, 426 4, 060
150, 223 2, 576
550, 579 1,006
48, 467
38, 020
51, 294
66, 516
59, 921
155, 460
59, 664
66, 961
82, 757
145, 796
30, 588
472,819
213
127
1,059
3, 453
1,605
5,847
634
60
1,284
200
233
730
48, 254
37,893
50, 235
63, 063
58,316
149, 613
59, 030
66, 901
81, 473
145, 596
30, 355
472,089
144
138
20
70
0
1, 923
616
174
0
19
2
17
28, 528
32,081
23,100
40,184
32, 572
68, 384
43, 914
28, 741
35, 717
19, 797
21, 388
15, 442
1951: January___
F eb ru ary ...
March.........
A p r il.____
M ay u ____
June 12........
414,191
207, 755
286,085
287, 254
600, 833
483, 695
105, 651
92,825
134, 681
95,964
445, 815
213,451
846
916
39
3,008
1, 791
261
104,805
91, 909
134,642
92, 956
444,024
213,190
96
41
179
1,217
128
431
14,818
15, 388
42,943
28,357
13, 946
15,615
1 Excludes projects classified as “secret”by the military. Data for Federalaid programs cover amounts contributed by both owner and the Federal
Government. Force-account work is done not through a contractor, but
directly by a government agency, using a separate work force to perform non
maintenance construction on the agency's own properties.
3 Includes major additions and alterations.
* Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
* Includes educational facilities under the Federal temporary re-use edu
cational facilities program.
«Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes
contract awards for construction at United Nations Headquarters in New
York City, the principal awards having been for the Secretariat Building
(January 1949: $23,810,000), for the Meeting Hall (January 1950: $11,238,000),
and for the General Assembly Building (June 1950: $10,704,000).
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Other
0
(«)
(8)
0
(8)
(8)
(8)
(8)
0
0
(8)
0
0
(8)
(8)
(8)
0
(8)
0
(8)
(8)
0
(8)
(8)
0
(8)
(8)
(8)
0
(8)
0
0
(8)
$14, 281 $9,032 $5, 249
101,992 96,140
5, 852
263, 296 168, 616 94, 680
231,
574
123,
967
355, 541
389,848 118, 565 271, 283
1949: January___
F ebruary...
March____
April_____
M a y ......... .
June........
July--------August____
September..
October. . .
November..
December..
9, 412
10, 773
6, 330
16, 691
36, 724
75, 232
Vet
erans
Ad
minis
trative
and
gen
eral 8
75, 551
59, 067
71,238
58. 066
59, 206
96, 991
» Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal
systems, railroad construction, and other types of projects not elsewhere
classified.
7 Included in “All other.”
i Unavailable.
• Includes primarily construction projects for the Atomic Energy Com
mission.
Includes primarily steam-electric generating projects for the Tennes
see Valley Authority.
u Revised.
u Preliminary. Subject to more than the usual upward revision because
of the large number of contracts customarily awarded in June.
380
F : B U ILD IN G
T able
AND
M O NTHLY LABOR
CO N ST R U C TIO N
F-3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building 1
Number of new dwelling units—House*
keeping only
Valuation (in thousands)
New residential building
Period
Privately financed
Housekeeping
Total all
classes 1
Publicly Nonfinanced house
Privately financed dwelling units
dwell keep
ing
in g '
units
2-fam
M
ulti
1-family
Total
ily » family <
1942.___________
1946
______
1947
_____
1948
_____
1949
_____
1950
_____
$2, 707, 573
4, 743, 414
5, 563,348
6, 972, 784
7,396, 274
10,408, 292
$598, 570
2,114,833
2, 885, 374
3,422, 927
3, 724, 924
5, 803, 912
$478, 658
1,830, 260
2, 361, 752
2, 745, 219
2, 845, 399
4, 845,104
$42, 629
103,042
151,036
181, 493
132,365
179,214
1950: June______
1,045, 894
1,065,117
1,097, 651
848, 041
870, 325
707, 673
781,384
613, 915
589, 643
606, 346
438, 852
428, 078
341,335
345, 278
518,444
512, 594
501, 489
375, 214
363, 263
297, 465
291,219
15, 421
17, 321
17,328
13,308
12, 782
11,192
9,297
80,050
59, 728
87, 529
50,330
52,033
32, 678
44, 762
758,917
585, 683
770, 269
777,318
813, 218
986,643
379,178
330, 520
406, 763
420,085
457, 664
388,187
329,624
294, 756
356, 550
374, 674
393,080
335,958
14,109
10, 955
14, 580
19,005
14,466
15, 587
35,445
24,809
35, 633
26,406
50,118
36,642
July.............
August____
S e p te m b e r.
October___
November.
December..
1951: J a n u a r y ____
February__
M arch_____
A p ril."____
M ay 9. ..........
June 7............
$77, 283 $296,933 $22, 910 $1, 510, 688 $278,472
181, 531 355, 587 43, 369 1,458, 602 771, 023
372, 586 42, 249 29, 831 1, 713, 489 892, 404
496, 215 139, 334 38,034 2,367, 940 1,004, 549
747,160 285, 627 39, 785 2,408, 445 937, 493
779, 594 301,961 84, 508 3,127, 769 1,090,142
i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private and State and local govern
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula
tion of the country; estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from
other Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow
for lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
New nonresidential
building
Addi
tions,
altera
tions,
and
repairs
Total
1-fam
ily
184,892
430,195
502, 312
516,179
575, 286
796,143
138, 908
358,151
393, 606
392, 532
413, 543
623,330
P ub
licly fi
2-fam Multinanced
fam
ily »
il y '
15, 747 30, 237
24, 326 47, 718
33, 423 75, 283
36, 306 87,341
26,431 135,312
33,302 139, 511
95, 946
98, 310
5,833
15,114
32,194
34,363
4,584
41, 997
36, 510
37, 237
14, 460
29,261
76,095
5,093
7,935
8, 690
6, 599
4,406
5,546
4, 919
308,910
313, 522
330, 836
266,006
329, 426
250, 616
280, 717
113,391
115,268
99, 346
93,955
80, 915
74,375
82,934
79, 473
79,140
58,172
55, 210
44, 588
44,697
66,885
64, 586
61, 740
46, 498
43, 761
36, 244
34, 810
2,828
3,118
2, 992
2,236
2,313
2,056
1,747
13, 221
11, 769
14,408
9, 438
9,136
6,288
8,140
513
4, 590
4,041
4,154
1, 619
2,940
9,289
9,066
3,123
1, 252
3,082
3,346
1,477
1,454
270,314
174,050
263, 920
234,024
239,332
202,036
97, 236
69,660
90, 538
86,558
107,718
96, 545
48, 786 39,346
39, 749 32, 962
50, 668 41, 206
50,494 42,816
54, 626 43,957
47,057 37,860
2,813
2,103
2,816
2, 857
2,514
2,629
6,627
4,684
6,646
4,821
8,155
6,568
972
1, 039
579
3,343
836
35,007
10,201
5,966
33,305
7,027
298,421
112,020
Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all incorporated
places of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small num
ber of unincorporated civil divisions.
2 Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
1 Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
' Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
* Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
6 Revised.
7Preliminary.
REVIEW , SEPTEMBER 1951
F: B U IL D IN G AN D
381
CO N ST R U C TIO N
Table F-4: New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places,1 by General Type and by
Geographic Division 2
Valuation (in thousands)
Geographic division and
type of new nonresi
dential building
1951
Ju n e 3 M ay 1
Apr.1
Mar.
1950
Feb.
Jan.
Dec.
Nov.
Oct.
Sept.
Aug.
July
June
1950
1949
Total
Total
All types....... .................... $198,87i $239,33‘ $234,02' $263,92( $174,05( $270, 31' $280,71 $250,61 $329,42 $266,00 $330,83( $313, 52 $308,91(
$3,127, 76' $2, 408, 445
New England_____
12,87( 16,92( 29, 751 14,09; 12, 91
10,47
16,46; 13, 67
15, 65; 12, 70 21,08! 19,81
13,72i
193,38f
115,582
M iddle Atlantic___
24, 52, 33, 57fc 26, 901 55,33' 20,98l 41,90' 36, 91
47, 55 68,675 45,95; 41,64( 50, 61' 62,54
516,58;
429,042
East North Central. 66,07, 70,431 52, 626 85, 2i: 40, 62( 63, 551 42,10
46,3i; 95, 54
62, 55f 71,914 63,03
65,13(
675,
55,
492,384
West North Central. 14,89' 16, 271 22,687 12,23. 11,641 20, 62* 17, 79' 21,06' : 25,095 24, 48! 27,800 24,731 40, 841
262; 73'
203,409
South Atlantic.........
15,38, 25,04( 17,94C 27, 261 17, 941 37, 52( 37,65C 25,31 26,44' 31,625 42,830 35,380 35', 01(
375; 80;
311, 540
East South Central.
5,66Î
9, 651 17, 6F 1 1 , 8 2 ;
6, 08' 11,34' 10, 82(
7,90. 16, 441
8, 407 13,430 16,478 16, 438
144,084
133,377
West South Central- 25,535 20, 266 19, 743 25,156 25, 941 35,961 60,88i 28,011 34, 90C 30,808 43,115 43,241 33,131
388,201
270, 407
M ountain...................
6,455
5, 283 14, 551
4, 84C 6,54;
9,63(
8,61C 8, 92!
6,955 13, 45; 15,280
8, 43C 1 0 , si;
112; 265
104,112
Pacific........................ 27,462 41,889 32, 213 27,965 31,351 39,265 49,468 51,845 39, 708 36,014 53, 731 51,795 31,28C
459,155
348,592
Industrial buildings *__ 43,123
N ew England_____
2, 667
Middle Atlantic___
8, 722
East North Central. 19,177
West North Central1,252
South Atlantic..........
2,229
East South Central.
1,129
West South Central2,482
M ountain...................
1,044
P acific.......................
4,421
Commercial buildings«. 52. 792
New England.........
1,984
M iddle A tlantic___
7, 996
East North Central. 11,324
West North Central.
4,116
South Atlantic..........
5, 098
East South Central.
1, 797
W est South Central8,418
M ountain...............__
1,854
Pacific........ ...............
10, 206
Community buildings K
71,403
N ew England...........
4,870
5, 532
M iddle A tlantic___
East North Central. 21,840
West North Central/, 050
South Atlantic..........
6,363
East South Central.
1,966
West South Central- 12, 280
M ountain____ ____
2, 420
Pacific........................
9,082
Public buildings *_____
3,124
842
New England_____
159
M iddle Atlantic___
109
East North Central132
W est North Central.
49
South Atlantic_____
East South Central0
610
West South Central.
M ountain..................
52
Pacific........................
1,171
Public works and utility
buildings 8__________
12, 840
New England...........
1,809
¿35
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central.
7, 683
West North Central806
640
South Atlantic..........
331
East South Central762
West South Central18
M ountain_________
455
Pacific.........................
All other buildings 10___ 15,590
New England...........
705
Middle Atlantic___
1, 781
East North Central5, 940
West North Central1, 538
South Atlantic____
1,007
439
East South Central.
W est South Central.
986
M ountain...................
1,068
2,128
Pacific.........................
42,921
4,877
8,133
15,159
1,961
1,853
3,316
522
965
6,135
55,727
2,042
9,004
15,708
2,932
5, 999
1,054
5, (540
1,300
12, 048
99,126
8,872
11,460
23,667
9, 257
13,588
4, 928
10,030
1, 673
15,651
10,876
0
1, 410
5, ¿38
0
1,748
12
305
122
1,941
11,368
380
1,570
3, 580
307
917
26
421
¿70
3, 798
19,314
750
2 ,0 0 2
6, 982
1,814
935
315
3 ,3 4 7
853
2,316
37, 655
1,497
8,200
14,970
2,349
1,682
1, 209
2,631
550
4, 567
62,308
2,231
9,448
8,689
5, 635
5,083
12,315
7,778
2,674
8,455
104, 474
22,790
6,907
21,547
11, 561
8,939
3, 245
7,004
8,946
13, 535
2,962
0
102
524
12
392
0
0
1,165
766
45,989
4,232
8,308
21,309
1,768
1,688
459
2,231
373
5,621
69,317
1,789
9,645
31,163
2,960
7,445
983
6,827
1,238
7, 267
124,661
4, 789
34,325
28, 233
5,668
16,446
10,040
13,038
2,515
9,607
2,680
410
307
241
0
381
66
620
102
553
24,995
1,678
4,194
9,987
2, 861
677
375
1,172
481
3, 57C
53, 922
4,945
6,506
7,277
3,239
7,255
1,644
9,609
1,132
12,315
70,913
5,773
8,151
18, 721
3, 818
8, 967
3,688
11,239
3,721
6,835
6,741
49
1,195
160
219
165
0
769
69
4,115
36,675
1,415
11, 70;
8, 566
2,266
3,168
1,832
2,612
44C
4,673
103, 241
3,783
17, 727
18,072
5,809
17,325
7,065
16,115
2,424
14, 924
94,835
4, 556
10, 470
26,000
11,277
13,753
1,653
8,360
5,895
12,871
13,972
38
662
3,997
48
653
0
6,195
451
1,928
26,646
1,062
5,705
8,074
1,696
1,495
1,972
903
789
4,95C
119,091
7,244
14,622
15,107
6,873
17, 467
4,208
35,996
3,014
14, 560
98, 545
6, 630
7,959
14,077
6,796
15,096
3,036
17, 552
3, 756
23,643
9,226
809
2,495
527
1,621
826
366
303
695
1,584
27,228
i,65;
2,586
9,61!
5,14!
965
1,456
1,677
19C
3,936
95,985
2,115
28,391
15, 971
5,045
8,553
2,226
15,383
3,620
14,682
85,024
9,025
12,862
16,401
6,673
13,191
3,860
9,257
4,164
9,593
19,225
0
247
642
0
92
35
178
29
18,001
10,629
2,476
679
1,095
1, 534
650
549
829
68
2,749
15, 996
757
1, 565
5,798
1, 592
1,195
298
1,500
1,151
2,140
8,777
1,367
1,554
1, 259
247
465
10
1,289
0
2, 586
12, 496
1, 506
1,195
3,007
1,592
837
265
1,151
612
2,331
7,308
100
313
1, 562
1,014
299
181
1,896
485
1,458
10,171
371
630
2,913
491
587
198
1,265
655
3,061
9,507
323
66
4,576
750
842
11
903
38
1,998
12,081
364
1,280
2,348
477
1,785
786
1,782
388
2,871
17,939
279
5,358
3,260
323
1,766
647
4,310
0
1,996
9,270
439
777
1,060
488
1,000
597
1,818
356
2,735
7,119 14,235
119
161
1,322
554
206 10, 279
1,534
266
340
835
7
70
254
433
125
180
3, 211
1,457
16,036 21,807
763
1,085
2,148
2,258
3,474
6,084
2, 663 2,601
2,177
833
321
454
1,267
4,040
801
986
2,422
3, 566
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
3 For scope and source of urban estimated, see table F-3, footnote 1.
• Preliminary.
* Revised.
* Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.
• Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
44,892
1,755
7,281
23, 745
3,077
1,017
1,168
2,388
278
4,182
117,952
5,343
37,017
17,697
8,335
11, 877
3,344
14, 578
3,308
16,453
118,820
7,238
20,957
37,411
10,808
11,327
3,438
12,641
1,709
13, 291
11,719
70
611
329
111
558
7,966
820
494
759
29,203
1,558
4,308
13,572
1,145
1,033
946
1,815
846
3,983
93,691
5,700
14, 293
18,152
10,336
10, 280
4,055
10,613
4, 758
15, 505
111,346
3,520
24,137
21,658
8,636
19,003
2,281
13, 942
6, 563
11,607
5,087
30
657
742
30
372
0
2, 566
186
604
31,373
2,173
4,762
11,948
2,906
1,619
1,000
2,332
592
4,042
124,698
3,270
18,846
24, 797
10, 984
16,071
4, 720
21,801
6,994
17,216
130,167
11,839
13, 764
24,964
10,417
17,949
6,803
14, 980
4,929
24, 522
7,229
53
688
382
711
3,869
171
185
247
925
29,860
1,282
11,235
7,005
2,223
1,297
1,888
2,025
161
2, 751
96, 505
5,170
13,096
20,370
7, 720
12,397
5,255
16,000
3, 948
12, 543
136,091
11,743
19, 772
26, 598
7,002
17, 873
8,236
22,370
2,888
19,611
15,506
216
1,211
1,561
108
952
0
573
0
10,885
24, 575
296,803
203,699
928
13; 999
6, 450
3,927
65, 679
40,386
9,077
HO; 829
77,037
1,109
23; 369
15 689
3,298
17,019
19,173
417
13;355
8,736
1,411
17,800
6,859
1,420
5,469
4,370
2,990
39,' 284
24, 999
97; 177 1,122; 583
752,810
4, 767
53; 675
36,668
16, 498 212; 645
127,049
20, 683
20i;314
147,620
8,813
94; 104
52,907
13,016
139,990
106; 037
5,662
46,076
36,020
12; 645
175,129
101,025
3,425
47; 481
25, 589
11,668
152,169
119,895
127,388 1,260; 078 1,018; 637
6, 528 ' 107; 541
43,770
18,849
169,036
179, 463
26,119
275,029
201,808
26,763
105;603
100,282
11,921
170; 635
103,666
9,439
62; 529
71,114
Hi 177 146; 688
135,620
3,280
43,296
59, 923
10; 311
170, 721
122, 991
35,215
134,894
153,103
481
2, 584
4; 863
20,306
40; 178
36,154
3,411
9, 513
8; 157
1,079
4 ,896
9; 560
4; 496
15,008
50, 313
318
9,279
6,257
1,859
8; 268
5; 041
1 ,159
3; 240
5,436
2,106
4i; 928
27,322
7,432
941
759
607
2,233
105
370
543
338
1,636
19,247
952
1,899
7,825
2,111
835
755
1,329
762
2,779
9, 954
2,769
1,263
1,830
606
240
225
170
361
2, 490
27, 416
978
2,323
7,993
2,176
3,088
511
3,647
2,163
4,536
11,318
491
2, 908
1,759
622
1,281
494
147
370
3, 246
24, 236
917
2, 392
5,738
7,056
1,580
605
2,127
1,063
2,759
6,403
248
325
1,111
l ’ 207
623
257
799
474
1,359
18; 152
776
2,636
4; 729
i; 870
1, 656
345
2,240
1,055
2,846
106,164
6, 478
16; 868
26; 585
9; 314
7; 658
3,316
13; 646
2,702
19; 597
207; 247
9,109
22,177
52; 286
25, 451
16,493
9,529
26, 670
10,077
35, 456
148,375
16; 012
27, 651
22,302
IK 337
23;281
7, 223
IK 944
2 ; 566
26,059
13i; 821
7; 819
18,339
35; 460
13', 634
9,070
4,027
9; 918
6,228
27; 326
7 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
8 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, fire and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
8 Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
10 Includes private garages, sheds, stables and barns, and other building
not elsewhere classified.
382
F : B U ILD IN G
AND
CO N ST R U C TIO N
Table F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started, by
Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds 1
Number of new dwelling units started
Period
Urban
Rural
non
farm
937,000
93,000
619, 500
138, 700
662, 500
845, 600
913, 500
988, 800
1, 352,200
752,000
45,000
369, 500
93, 200
395, 700
476, 400
510,000
556, 600
785,600
185,000
48,000
250,000
45, 500
266, 800
369, 200
403, 500
432,200
566, 600
75,600
20, 500
22, 400
32, 700
121,900
38,800
41,500
41, 600
126, 400
42, 800
43,100
40, 500
112, 400
44,300
38, 800
29, 300
159,400
46,300
47, 800
65,300
267, 200
85,000
91, 200
91,000
289, 900
92, 700
96, 600
100,600
272, 300
101, 900
93, 400
77,000
84,100
25,800
25, 500
32, 800
147, 800
46, 700
50, 600
50, 500
164, 500
50,100
54, 300
60,100
160, 2 00
57, 700
54, 700
47,800
75, 300
20, 500
22, 300
32, 500
119, 400
38,300
40, 600
40,500
125, 400
42,600
42, 300
40,600
167, 800
48, 200
51,000
6 8 , 600
247, 000
78,800
85, 500
82, 700
238, 200
84,200
83, 600
70, 400
174,800
59, 400
53,100
62, 300
1 1 1 , 1 00
276,100
77, 800
82, 300
116,000
420, 400
131,300
145, 700
143, 400
393, 600
139, 700
137, 800
116,100
262,100
1 00 , 800
82, 700
78,600
165,600
47, 300
50, 800
67, 500
241, 200
77,000
82, 200
82, 000
225, 200
79, 500
79, 600
153, 600
57, 700
48, 500
47,400
110, 500
30, 500
31,500
48, 500
179, 200
54, 300
63, 500
61. 400
168, 400
60, 200
58, 200
50, 0 00
108, 500
43,100
34, 200
31, 200
147, 800
49, 600
47,000
51, 200
112, 500
36, 300
33, 600
42, 600
137, 000
46, 400
43,100
47, 500
111,800
35, 800
33, 400
42,600
51, 900
(s)
44, 300
248,800
82, 2 0 0
76, 500
90.100
273, 700
92,300
93,800
87, 600
48,300
44, 000
Urban
Rural
non
farm
1925................................................ - 937,000
93, 000
1933 *________________________
19414.............................. .................. 706,100
141, 800
1944 8 _______ _____ ________ _
1946.................................................. 670, 500
1947................................................... 849, 000
1948.................................................- 931,600
1949... ................................................ 1, 025,100
1950 8________ _____ ____ _____ 1,396,000
752,000
45, 000
434, 300
96, 200
403, 700
479, 800
524,900
588,800
827,800
185,000
48, 000
271, 800
45, 600
266, 800
369, 200
406, 700
436, 300
568,200
1949: First quarter..........................
January_____ _____
February..................
M arch____ ______
Second quarter___________
A p ril..____ _____
M a y ...____ _____
Ju n e.____ _______
Third quarter.......................
July_____________
A u g u st.................. .
September....... ........
Fourth quarter. ------------October.....................
November................
December.................
169,800
50,000
50, 400
69, 400
279, 200
88,300
95,400
95, 500
298,000
96,100
99, 000
102, 900
278,100
104, 300
95, 500
78,300
94, 200
29, 500
28,000
36, 700
157,300
49, 500
53,900
53,900
171,600
53,300
55, 900
62, 400
165, 700
60,000
56, 700
49,000
1950: First quarter..........................
January__________
February..................
March................... .
Second quarter__ ________
April---- ------ --------M ay_____________
June__________ ..
Third quarter____________
July_____________
August.. _________
September________
Fourth quarter___________
October.....................
November________
December....... ..........
278,900
78, 700
82, 900
117,300
426, 800
133, 400
149,100
144, 300
406, 900
144,400
141,900
1 2 0 , 600
283,400
102, 500
87, 300
93, 600
1951: First quarter....... ..................
Ja n u a ry _________
Fchrimry
M arch..I_________
260, 300
85,900
80, 600
93. 800
323, 200
96, 200
97, 000
130, 000
Total
non
farm
April 8__...................
M ay--------- --------June 10___________
0
30, 500
31, 900
48, 700
179,800
54, 600
63, 600
61, 600
168, 700
60, 200
58,300
50,200
108, 600
43,100
34, 200
31,300
0
0
Total
non
farm
i The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do in
clude prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of
Federal construction contract awards and beginning in 1946 on field surveys
in non-permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm
dwelling units started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown
in table F-3.
All of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate
of nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
6 6 ,1 0 0
0
0
Estimated construction cost
(m thousands)
Publicly financed
Privately financed
All units
1 1 2 ,1 0 0
44,200
38, 700
29, 200
0
0
Total
non
farm
Urban
0
0
0
0
86,600
3,100
64, 800
3, 000
8 ,0 0 0
8 ,0 0 0
3, 400
18,100
36,300
43,800
3, 400
14, 900
32, 200
42, 200
10,400
3, 700
2,600
4,100
1 0 ,1 0 0
1 2 ,0 0 0
3,300
4,200
4, 600
8 ,1 0 0
3, 400
2, 400
2,300
5,800
2,400
2 ,1 0 0
1,300
2,800
900
600
1,300
6 , 400
2 ,1 0 0
3, 400
900
13, 300
4, 700
4,100
4, 500
21,300
1,700
4, 600
15,000
11, 500
3, 700
4,100
3, 700
49, 500
3, 900
3, 200
42, 400
3, 700
2,500
3,900
9,500
2 , 800
3,300
3,400
7,100
3,200
1,600
2,300
6 , 500
2, 300
Rural
non
farm
0
0
2 1 , 800
100
0
0
3,200
4,100
1,600
300
0
100
200
2, 500
500
900
1 ,1 0 0
1 ,0 0 0
200
800
0
300
2 ,0 0 0
1 ,2 0 0
1 00
100
1 00
2 ,2 0 0
600
900
0
400
200
1 ,1 0 0
5,800
1,800
3,300
700
13, 000
4, 700
4,000
4,300
2 1 , 200
1,700
4, 600
14, 900
2 00
600
300
100
200
300
(7)
100
2 00
100
0
0
100
700
500
10,800
3, 200
3, 900
3, 700
3, 600
(8)
(8)
2 00
0
300
0
0
Total
Privately
financed
Publicly
financed
$4,475,000 $4, 475,000
285, 446 285, 446
2,825, 895 2, 530,765
495,054
483, 231
3, 769, 767 3, 713, 776
5,642, 798 5, 617, 425
7, 203,119 7,028,980
7, 702,971 7,374, 269
11, 788, 695 11,418,371
$295,130
11, 823
55, 991
25, 373
174,139
828, 702
370, 224
1,287, 228
374,020
382, 778
530, 430
2,120,637
6 6 6 , 969
733, 967
719, 701
2, 222,103
710, 341
743,389
768,373
2,073,003
776, 674
723,097
573,232
1,189, 640
340,973
367, 270
491, 397
2,007, 563
637,170
692,063
678, 330
2,153,937
682,863
722, 208
748,866
2,023,129
756, 712
704, 220
562,197
97, 588
33,047
25, 508
39, 033
113,074
29, 799
41,904
41,371
68,166
27, 478
21,181
19, 507
49, 874
19,962
18,877
11,036
2,162,425
589, 997
637, 753
934, 675
3, 564, 856
1,093, 726
1, 232,976
1, 238,154
3, 564, 953
1,253,340
1, 266,198
1,045.415
2,496, 361
915, 895
762, 625
817,841
2,138, 565
581, 497
632, 690
924, 378
3, 511,204
1, 075, 644
1, 204, 978
1, 230, 582
3, 446, 722
1, 210, 745
1,230,238
1,005, 739
2, 321, 880
902,190
724,876
694,814
23,860
8,500
5,063
10,297
53, 652
18,082
27,998
7, 672
118, 231
42, 595
35, 960
39, 676
174,481
13, 705
37, 749
123,027
2,191, 489
721,014
681,607
788,868
2,464, 549
828, 339
845, 620
790, 590
102,485
34, 586
35, 022
32,877
2,293,974
755, 600
716, 629
821, 745
8 6 6 , 298
870, 837
0
0
0
37, 959
25, 217
0
8 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construc
tion costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for
individual projects.
»Depression, low year.
4 Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
8 Last full year under wartime control.
8 Housing peak year.
’ Less than 50 units.
• Revised.
8 Not available.
10 Preliminary.
8 . I . 0OVERHHEMT FRIMTIMC OFFICEi I t l l
@FedFRASER