Full text of Monthly Labor Review : September 1949, Vol. 69, No. 3

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KALAMAZOO
SEP

Monthly Labor Review

29 1949

PUBLIC LIBRARY

U N IT E D STATES DEPARTM ENT OF LABOR • BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS

Lawrence R. K lein , Chief, Office of Publications


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CONTENTS
Special Articles
237 The Labor Situation at Midyear 1949
243 Twelfth Convention of the UAW-CIO, July 1949
247 Family Income and Expenditures: Los Alamos, 1948

Summaries of Studies and Reports
252
255
259
264
268
272
276
279
280
282

Prices in the Second Quarter of 1949
Salaries of Office Workers: Five Midwestern Cities, Early 1949
Wage Chronology No. 9: General Motors Corp., 1939-49
Cotton, Rayon and Silk Textiles: Earnings in April 1949
The Annual Earnings of Radio Artists in 1947
Thirty-Second Conference of International Labor Organization
Operations of Credit Unions in 1948
Immigration and Emigration, Fiscal Year 1948
Labor-Management Disputes in August 1949
The Unemployment (Insurance) Trust Fund, 1948

Technical Notes
284 I. Construction of Consumers’ Price Index
291 II. Collection and Compilation of Work-Stoppage Statistics

Departments
III
296
303
306
313

The Labor Month in Review
Recent Decisions of Interest to Labor
Chronology of Recent Labor Events
Publications of Labor Interest
Current Labor Statistics (list of tables)

September 1949 ® Voi. 69 • No. 3

This Issue in Brief

L abor could view its situation from various
vantage points as the half year ended. Indeed,
T he L abor S ituation at M idyear 1949 (p. 237)
shows that legislatively it was on the low side, on
economic issues it was at least maintaining the
status quo (and with apparently less lost time due
to strikes), and in the drive on communism both
domestically and internationally it was coming
out on top. While a new labor relations law or
even changes in the old one were not achieved,
there still was a possibility of revision upward of
minimum rates in the Wage-Hour Law. The
anti-Communist activity at home took the form
of prospects for intensified drives against certain
CIO affiliates at the forthcoming convention of
that organization; world-over, it was manifest in
the preliminary organizational meeting of a new
world labor federation, in which both the ALF
and CIO participated, to compete with the WFTU.
Negotiated health and welfare plans were on the
increase, but the major wage negotiations at
midyear were either stalemated or awaiting pat­
terns. It appeared likely that the firemen and
engineers would merge their unions, after long
years of separate and colorful history.
Most of the issues of general and genuine con­
cern to labor were epitomized at the T welfth
C onvention of the UAW-CIO (p. 243). There
the wage issue was tied up in the Ford negotiations
which in turn were related to the steel fact-finding
board hearings. The drive against communism
was effectuated by the complete sweep of the
national offices by the Reuther administration,
and by resolution the convention presaged expul­
sion of the Communist-dominated unions from the
CIO. Vestiges of the once-boisterous rank-andfilism of the UAW were evident in the delegates’
refusal to lengthen the interval between conven­
tions to 2 years and their unwillingness to increase
dues. But old-time observers of the union were
struck by the unprecedented lack of political
ii


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tension which until now had been a convention
concomitant.
Though major attention was directed to the
Ford situation, it was made clear by the UAW
administration that the union henceforth would
be averse to escalator clauses such as the one
written into the current General Motors contract
and described in Wtage C hronology N o. 9:
G eneral M otors C orp., 1939-49 (p. 259). This
wage clause culminated a history of collective bar­
gaining which the parties began in 1937. The
current clause expires on May 29, 1950.
Another manifestation of labor’s interest in
international action was the T hirty-Second
C onference of the I nternational L abor
Organization (p. 272). At this tri-partite con­

ference, attended by 50 of the 60 affiliated coun­
tries, conventions were passed on freedom of
association, labor clauses in public contracts, and
protection of wages. The conference was deeply
interested in having ILO participation, especially
in the employment and migration fields, in econom­
ic assistance programs sponsored by the United
Nations. The proposal was opposed by the
Russian-dominated nations.
Anything relating to atomic energy still creates
interest, even what it costs atomic energy workers
to live. F amily I ncome and E xpenditures in
Los A lamos, N. M ex ., 1948 (p. 247) reports on a
special study made for the Atomic Energy Com­
mission. In this closely knit, relatively isolated
community many factors affect spending patterns.
All housing is publicly owned. The population
is young, with only the very youngest native-born.
Automobile ownership is a necessity and wide­
spread. There is no unemployment. A large
proportion of families have multiple wage earners.
Los Alamos workers averaged $3,371 and ranged
up to $15,000 per year. On the average, T he
A nnual E arnings of R adio A rtists in 1947
(p. 268) were less certain and not much more. A
survey of more than 3,700 artists in 15 cities
indicated: half of those who worked 39 weeks or
more earned under $4,000 if actors, $4,700 to
$4,800 if singers or staff announcers, $5,200 if
sound effect artists. But, counting those who
worked at their professions at any time during
the year results in annual earnings of less than
$3,400 for half the actors and less than $4,000
for the singers.

■m

The Labor Month
in Review
A b e t t e r b u s i n e s s s i t u a t i o n which became
apparent during July, was generally confirmed
by reports in August. The decline in industrial
production was reversed, with the August index
estimated to be back at the June level. The need
to replenish inventories in a number of lines
appears to have led to increased orders and re­
opening of some plants. Unemployment de­
clined by 400,000 and total employment reached
a high for the year. Retail trade, although it has
not suffered as great a decline during the past
year as some other elements in the economy, also
appears to have improved during August.
The board of inquiry in the dispute over wages
and pensions in the steel industry reported to
President Truman on September 10, recommend­
ing consideration of company-paid pensions and
social insurance but no wage increase. Wage
negotiations continued to be in doubt in several
other important industries awaiting the final out­
come of the issue in the steel industry.
Major legislative developments directly affect­
ing labor during August were the passage by both
the House and Senate of bills raising the minimum
wage to 75 cents an hour and the transfer of the
Bureau of Employment Security to the Labor
Department under the President’s Reorganization
Plan No. 2.
Employment Rises Sharply
A greatly improved employment situation show­
ing a sharp rise in nonagricultural employment be­
tween July and August was indicated by the
Census Bureau’s Monthly Report on the Labor
Force. The increase in nonagricultural employ­
ment was one of the largest in any single month in
the past several years. The rise was largely
among adult workers, a considerable number from
the ranks of the unemployed and many who were
recent farm workers.
Unemployment dropped by about 400,000 to
3.7 million from July to August, partly because of
young people dropping out of the labor market or


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securing jobs. A special Census Bureau survey
indicates that the number of persons involuntarily
working part-time has not changed in the past few
months, but was about double the number found in
similar surveys made in March and September 1948.
Nonagricultural employment at 51.4 million
reached the highest level of the year, but because
of a seasonal decrease in agricultural employment
of 1.1 million there was only a small net increase
in total employment. About 300,000 of the re­
ported increase of 1.4 million in nonagricultural
employment in the month, however, is attributable
to a technical change in sampling and enumeration
procedures. Part of the increase was also caused
by the large number of persons working both in
agriculture and nonagriculture, counted as agri­
cultural workers in July, who reported working
most of the week in the August enumeration period
at their nonagricultural job.
Total employment at 59.9 million was the high­
est since October 1948 but still 1.3 million below
the August 1948 figure. Nonagricultural employ­
ment, despite the large increase from July to
August, was still about l } i million below the alltime high reached a year ago.
Steel Board Reports
The three-man board appointed by the President
to investigate and make recommendations in the
dispute between the steelworkers and the steel
companies over wages and other demands, held
hearings during August and reported on September
10. Weighing the arguments of both the union
and the companies, the board unanimously recom­
mended that no wage increase be granted since ‘fit
seems desirable at this time to stabilize the level
of wage rates. * * * General stability is de­
sirable now in order that consumers and dealers
may have confidence in the price structure and
resume less restricted buying habits.”
Pensions and social insurance, however, the
board felt, “should be considered a part of normal
business costs to take care of temporary and per­
manent depreciation of the human ‘machine,’ in
much the same way as provision is made for de­
preciation of plant and equipment. This obliga­
tion should be among the first charges on revenue.”
The board recommended that pensions and socialinsurance plans, paid for by the employers, be
incorporated into the collective bargaining agree­
ments. A joint union-industry study on pensions
should be made before bargaining on pensions.
iii

IV

TEE LABOR MONTE IN REVIEW

Total costs of pensions to the companies, including
costs currently in effect, should be about $120 a
year per worker, or about 6 cents an hour for a full
year’s work of 2,000 hours. Social insurance pro­
grams other than pensions should cost the com­
panies about $80 a year, or about 4 cents an hour
per worker employed all year.
The postponement of a decision on wages and
pensions in the steel industry delayed negotiations
in the automobile, coal, electrical equipment, and
other industries. It seemed likely, however, that
when the final outcome in steel was known, active
negotiations would be resumed or possible strike
action taken in these industries. Only in the rub­
ber industry had a major union gone on strike in
advance of the decision in steel. On August 26,
at the expiration of their contract, 17,500 members
of the United Eubber Workers (CIO), went on
strike against the B. F. Goodrich Eubber Co.
No change was made in the General Motors
Corp. cost-of-living wage adjustments for the quar­
ter beginning September 1. The company and
the United Automobile Workers (CIO) announced
acceptance, for the purposes of the contract, of the
estimate published by the Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics of an understatement of 0.6 to 0.9 points in
the consumers’ price index attributable to a known
bias in the rent component.
New Minimum Wage
An outstanding development affecting labor
during August was the passage by both the Senate
and House of Eepresentatives of bills raising the
minimum wage to 75 cents an hour. Both bills
also extend coverage of the child-labor provisions
of the present law. But each includes an amend­
ment which redefines retail trade and service
establishments, thereby removing from minimum
wage and overtime coverage a large number of
workers.
Under the House bill, coverage is lost for an
estimated million workers who are protected by
the minimum wage and overtime provisions of the
present law, but about 150,000 would receive
coverage for the first time. The principal loss of
coverage, involving an estimated 750,000 workers,
results from a narrower definition of the word
“produced” than is contained in the present law.
The Senate bill would remove from coverage
more than 300,000 workers, including those in
retail and service establishments. It, under the

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Senate measure, would also give Wage-Hour
Administrator authority to bring suits on behalf of
employees for wages owing to them under the act..
Union Liable for Back Pay
The first decision under the provision of the
Labor-Management Eelations Act which makes
a union, as well as an employer, liable for back
pay in certain cases of illegal discrimination
against employees, was rendered by the National
Labor Eelations Board during August. Under
the old National Labor Eelations Act, only
employers were liable to back pay orders.
In its decision the Board ordered a New York
truck operator and a local of the AFL Teamster’s
Union “jointly and severally” to reimburse an
employee for the loss of wages he suffered when
he was laid off because he was behind in his union
dues. The Board found that the employee had
been illegally laid off after the union had called a
strike of the other employees to force the employer
to take such action.
Earnings and Prices
Estimates indicate that average weekly earnings
in manufacturing remained unchanged from June
to July at $53.70. In the durable goods industries
weekly earnings declined by about 25 cents an
hour, but in the nondurables group, they increased
about 75 cents. Weekly earnings in the latterindustries have been increasing since the spring
of 1949, and the July average of $50.30 was near
the peak of December 1948.
The rise in weekly earnings in the nondurable
goods industries in recent months results mostly
from slight increases in the length of the work­
week. Average weekly hours of 38.7 in July were
back to the level of the first quarter of this year.
For most durable goods industries there was some
decline in average weekly hours—from 39.3 to
39.0 over the month.
In both wholesale and retail markets prices
generally remained relatively stable during August,
although prices of individual commodities fluctu­
ated greatly. An estimated decline of about
1 percent from July to August in the wholesale
price index was mainly the result of drops in prices
of farm products and foods.
Changes in the consumers’ price index from July
to August, judging from preliminary reports now
available, also appear to have been minor.

The Labor Situation at Midyear 19491
Summary of Developments on Legislative and Wage Fronts,
Union Activity in International Labor Movement,
and Work Stoppages From January to June 1949

A t a l l y o p t h e l a b o r s i t u a t i o n at the end of
the first 6 months of 1949 shows: Failure in or­
ganized labor’s attempts to secure the repeal of
the Taft-Hartley Act; an uneven development
along the wage front with some unions receivingwage increases, with others foregoing wage de­
mands and with the major wage decisions still to
be made; a steady increase in employee fringe
benefits obtained through collective bargaining;
increasing momentum in the fight against leftwing and Communist-dominated unions and labor
organizations, both in the American and in the
international labor movements; and an increased
number of local work stoppages generally of limited
duration, with resulting idleness about a third less
than in January to June 1948.
Failure to Repeal the Taft-Hartley Act
The repeal of the Taft-Hartley Act was the main
concern of American trade-unions during the first
6 months of 1949. President Truman’s position
on this issue was stated in his “ State of the Union”
message to Congress on January 5, in which he
asked for repeal of the act and the reenactment
of the Wagner Act, with some amendments.
Both the President’s program and labor’s hopes
seemed assured of success. As the congressional
hearings on the proposed repeal and changes in
the bill dragged on into the spring, opposition to
the President’s program gained. When Senate de­
bate began on June 6, that branch of Congress
1 Prepared in the Bureau’s Division of Industrial Relations.


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was split into three groups: those supporting the
President in his demand for the restoration of the
Wagner Act, 'with “ improvements” ; a bipartisan
group, who hoped to draft a compromise bill which
President Truman would sign; and a group sup­
porting Senator Robert A. Taft’s new bill, which
made 28 “ perfecting” changes in the original TaftHartley Act. The Taft bill—which organized
labor regarded as unacceptable—was approved by
the Senate on June 30 by a vote of 51 to 42. The
House did not act upon it.
The Senate bill eliminated the General Counsel
in the National Labor Relations Board, and in­
creased Board membership from five to seven. A
modification of the closed-shop provision and
elimination of the requirement for the union shop
vote were provided. The mandatory injunction
provision was eliminated in certain cases. One
form of secondary boycott was made legal. The
non-Communist oath requirement was extended
to employers as well as to union officials, and was
expanded to include a disavowal of Fascism. The
procedure for handling national emergency strikes
retained the controversial injunction and plantseizure provision.
The favorable outlook for Taft-Hartley repeal
when Congress first met did not deter the unions
from continued and intensified political activity.
For example, the International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union (AFL) voted to inaugurate a
system of “ political” shop stewards, whose duties
would be to get the union’s members to register
and vote and to “ guide” them in influencing their
237

238

LABOR SITUATION AT MID-19^9

legislative representatives. The Political Action
Committee of the CIO announced a drive to
secure a $1 voluntary contribution from each CIO
member.
Although labor opposed the Taft-Hartley law,
increasing compliance with the NLRB nonCommunist affidavit requirement by both AFL
and CIO unions was announced by the Board at
the end of June.
Anti-Communist Activities
Prior to the CIO’s 1948 convention, the fight
against left-wing leadership within the CIO had
been waged largely within individual unions, and
successfully in the United Auto Workers and the
National Maritime Union. This drive was re­
newed on a much broader basis when the CIO’s
executive board, meeting in Washington in May,
adopted a resolution calling for the resignation
from the executive board of any officers who fail
to follow established CIO policy.
Moreover, both AFL and CIO joined in support
of a new non-Communist world labor organization
to replace the World Federation of Trade Unions.
In January, the CIO, the British Trades Union
Congress, and the Dutch Federation of Labor,
had ended their relations with the World Federa­
tion of Trade Unions, when it became apparent
that friendly relations with labor organizations
of the Soviet Union and its satellites were no
longer possible. This withdrawal from member­
ship was formally ratified by the CIO executive
board at its May meeting.
In February, the AFL executive council ex­
pressed its willingness to take part in a new
international labor organization, provided that
it was made up of free trade-unions. The
AFL had opposed and fought the Communistdominated WFTU since its formation in 1945.
After the CIO withdrew from the WFTU, AFL
and CIO representatives met, and, in April, the
two organizations agreed upon an international
program for mutual action.
Agreement with national labor organizations
of other countries to proceed with the new nonCommunist federation was reached in Geneva
on June 26. A commission was then appointed
to start work on a new constitution.


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MONTHLY LABOR

Collective Bargaining
Wage developments during the first 6 months
of 1949 showed some marked similarities to devel­
opments during the same period in 1948. No
particular geographic wage pattern or concentra­
tion was evident in local settlements throughout
the country; wage increases tended to be smaller
than in previous years; a number of important
companies had rejected union wage demands and
in many other industries wages were not subject
to negotiation until July and August; the trend
toward health and welfare and other fringe bene­
fits continued strong.
By and large, however, many groups were wait­
ing for the outcome of negotiations in the large
mass-production industries. Indicative of this
“ waiting” attitude were agreements newly nego­
tiated or extended which included wage-reopening
clauses that could be exercised in a relatively short
period; specific instances occurred, among others,
in the metalworking and glass industries.
Wage increases ranging between 5 and 10 cents
an hour were granted in many manufacturing
industries. Similar increases were also granted in
public utilities. Substantial gains were recorded
in scattered negotiations concluded in the construc­
tion and printing industries, with some ranging
up to 25 cents an hour; however, many of the settle­
ments reported in the construction industry were
within a range of from 10 to 15 cents.
In March, 16 nonoperating railroad unions,
representing almost a million workers, and the
railroads adopted terms recommended by a
presidential fact-finding board. Hourly pay in­
creases of 7 cents, retroactive to October 1, 1948,
and a workweek shortened from 48 to 40 hours
with the same pay, effective September 1, 1949,
were incorporated in the rail agreement. Shortly
afterwards, more than 100,000 workers, employees
of the Railway Express Agency and shop workers
of the Pennsylvania Railroad, received similar
benefits.
In the clothing, textile, and shoe industries,
among others, contracts were renegotiated without
changes in wage rates. The Amalgamated Cloth­
ing Workers of America (CIO) decided in January
not to ask for wage increases, in view of the di­
minished demand for men’s apparel and reduced

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

LABOR SITUATION AT MID-19^9

food costs. At about the same time, several
arbitrators denied wage increases to northern
cotton-rayon textile workers, citing the industry's
poor economic outlook. Woolen and worsted
and carpet and rug workers likewise received no
increases. In June, the Textile Workers Union of
America (CIO) announced that it would forego a
wage reopening permitted in September in con­
tracts covering 120,000 workers in the Northern
cotton-rayon textile industry. The significant
New England shoe contract, covering about 11,000
workers employed by 70 Massachusetts shoe
manufacturers, was also negotiated with no change
in wage rates.
NLRB and Supreme Court Decisions
Legislative bans on various forms of the closed
shop and on secondary boycotts were upheld and
reaffirmed by the NLRB and the Supreme Court
of the United States in several significant de­
cisions.
Holding that there was no denial of due process
of law, the Supreme Court upheld the constitu­
tionality of several State laws which outlaw com­
pulsory union membership.
The NLRB found that the National Maritime
Union and the American Radio Association, both
CIO unions, had violated the Taft-Hartley Act
by insisting upon hiring-hall provisions which
would in effect require the employers to discrim­
inate against nonunion members. A decision by
the United States Court of Appeals upheld the
Board’s findings.
In a unanimous decision, the NLRB also de­
clared that a strike by the Amalgamated Meat
Cutters and Butcher Workmen (AFL) for a closedshop clause violated the Labor Management
Relations Act of 1947.
Peaceful picketing and circulation of a blacklist
by a union in furtherance of a secondary boycott
was held by the NLRB to be an unfair labor
practice under section 8 (b) 4 (a) and not pro­
tected free speech, under section 8 (c) of the
Taft-Hartley Act. Threats of violence against
railroad employees by members of the Interna­
tional Brotherhood of Teamsters (AFL) during
picketing activities were not held by the Board to
be in violation of the secondary boycott provisions
of the act because railroad employees were not
covered by the law.

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239

Certain labor union activities, including peace­
ful picketing (notwithstanding constitutional guar­
antees of freedom of speech and press), were held
by the Supreme Court to be properly subject to
State antitrust legislation.
The Supreme Court issued several other prece­
dent-making rulings affecting labor relations:
A general increase in pay granted to employees by
an employer without consulting the certified union,
and a company’s refusal to permit a union to use
the company’s hall, the only one available in a
company town, for union meetings, were both held
to be unfair labor practices under the Taft-Hartley
law.
Collective bargaining on fringe benefits was
given encouragement when the Supreme Court
declined to review a decision of the United States
Circuit Court of Appeals at Chicago, which had
held that the 1947 labor law compelled employers
to bargain with unions on retirement and insurance
plans.
Union Health-Welfare Plans
Union proposals for health, welfare, and pension
plans featured the collective bargaining programs
of many unions.
The number of workers covered by benefit plans
under agreement has increased rapidly in the past
several years. However, union demands for these
programs, with few exceptions, have either been
considered of a “fringe” character or subordinated
to such issues as wages, union security, and other
working conditions. Bolstered by the Supreme
Court’s action in April, mentioned above, and
confronted with a leveling off in living costs,
many unions emphasized pensions and welfare pro­
grams in formulating their demands.
Many unions had successfully negotiated such
programs at the local-union or joint-board level.
Unions active in this drive included the Teamsters
(AFL), Retail Clerks (AFL), Machinists (Ind.),
Pulp, Sulphite (AFL), Paperworkers (CIO), Bakery
Workers (AFL), Auto Workers (AFL). Unions
with plans in force continued to expand coverage
and to liberalize the benefits provided. For ex­
ample, the Hatters (AFL) successfully negotiated
pension plans in a number of their locals and the
Ladies Garment Workers (AFL) liberalized the
benefits under their retirement programs. Simi­
larly, the United Mine Workers (Ind.) lowered

240

LABOR SITUATION AT MID-19^9

the age requirement for retirement of miners under
their plan from 62 to 60 years.
Among those unions in the forefront of the
drive for collectively bargained benefit programs
during this period were the CIO auto workers,
steelworkers, rubber workers, and electrical work­
ers. The United Mine Workers (Ind.) with an
industry-wide program already in operation were
reported to have included as one of their demands
in contract negotiations an increase in royalty
payments to their welfare and retirement fund.
A “package’' demand for a general wage in­
crease, insurance benefits, and retirement and
disability pensions was made in contract reopening
notices sent to 835 companies in May by the CIO
steelworkers. Although existing contracts run to
May 1950, most of them provide for reopening
“for a general and uniform change in rates of pay
and/or for life, accident, health, medical and
hospital insurance benefits.” Demands outlined
by the union’s national wage policy committee
included: (1) Social insurance comprised of weekly
disability payments of $35 up to a year; hospitali­
zation and medical care up to 70 days; health and
hospital care for dependents, and maternity care;
(2) paid-up life insurance policy equal to 18
months pay; and (3) a retirement income of $150
a month at age 65, with optional retirement
features.
Negotiations on these proposals were dead­
locked at the end of June, as the United States
Steel Corp. and other large companies contended
that the contract reopening provisions were
limited to certain, specific types of insurance
benefits and did not apply to pensions. The
union, on the other hand, maintained that the
obligation of the employers to bargain collectively
included bargaining on pensions as well as on
insurance benefits. At mid-July these issues,
together with the wage demand of the steel work­
ers, were submitted to a special fact-finding board
appointed by President Truman.
Contract demands presented to the Ford Motor
Co. in early June by UAW-CIO included: (1) Em­
ployer-financed pensions providing $100 a month
to workers 60 years of age with 25 years of service,
and (2) a jointly administered health and in­
surance trust fund to be financed by the payment
by the employer of 5 percent of the pay roll.


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MONTHLY LABOR

An employer-financed health and welfare pro­
gram and pensions of $100 a month were among
the demands presented the B. F. Goodrich Co. by
the CIO rubber workers. Little progress was
reported by the end of June; however, neither
party was permitted to cancel its present contract
until August.
Rather than outline the particulars of a welfare
program, the general executive board of the United
Electrical Workers (CIO) recommended to all
conference boards and locals that they should
work out their demands for negotiation purposes
within the framework of an increase of $500 a
year per employee in wages and salaries, pension
improvements and health programs, and other
economic benefits.
Related action was the enactment by two addi­
tional States, Washington and New York, of
nonoccupational disability programs. Prior to
1949, California, New Jersey, and Rhode Island
had enacted similar legislation. In some cases,
unions were being forced to take these provisions
into account by modifying existing plans under
collective bargaining or in drafting proposals for
new plans. Some agreement clauses provide for
revision of the plan if any part of it is duplicated
through Federal or State legislation. If the State
law requires employees to contribute to a tem­
porary disability compensation plan, the resulting
employer savings in premium costs are sometimes
directed to be used for the provision of other
benefits, such as life insurance. To guard against
duplicate payments and duplication or overlapping
of benefits, the employer, under some agreements,
is sometimes allowed credit for his contributions
under the State law against those for which he
pays under the negotiated plan.
Affiliation Changes and Organizing Activities
Some important changes in affiliation occurred
during the first half of 1949. Two new CIO
unions were chartered. The formerly independent
Communications Workers of America became a
member of that organization, absorbing in the
process the CIO’s Telephone Workers Organizing
Committee; and the United Optical and Instru­
ment Workers of America, formerly an organizing
committee, was given the status of a full-fledged

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

LABOR SITUATION AT MID-1949

union. Committees of two major railroad brother*
hoods, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers
and the Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen and
Enginemen, agreed upon a plan for their amal­
gamation. Final action will depend upon the
outcome of a membership referendum, still in
process at the end of June.
No significant changes occurred in union
organizing activities. “ Operation Dixie,” the
CIO’s Southern organizing drive, was continued.
In the AFL, affiliated national unions went ahead
with organizing efforts in the South after the
Federation discontinued its special campaign.
Trend in Work Stoppages
Approximately 2,000 work stoppages arising out
of labor-management disputes occurred in the first
half of 1949. This total was over 10 percent above
January to June 1948. The number of new dis­
putes kept rising month by month until June and
in the late spring was higher than in any month
since May 1947. In all years since the Second
World War ended, the total number of stoppages
averaged substantially above prewar levels for a
comparable period. In terms of idleness, the esti­
mated total for the first 6 months of 1949 was about
two-thirds as great as in the comparable periods
of the two preceding years.
Most of this year’s strikes were local and did not
involve relatively large groups of workers. The
largest stoppages were the March “memorial” and
June “stabilizing” industry-wide shut-downs in
coal mining and the May “speed-up” dispute
which idled some 60,000 employees of the Ford
Motor Co. Among other controversies affecting
10,000 or more workers were the February stop­
page of approximately 11,000 employees of the
Philadelphia Transportation Co.; the organizing
drive which idled some 14,600 taxi drivers in New
York City for a short period early in April; and a
1-day strike in March at the Hudson Motor Co.
Some controversies were small but significant.
Chicago newspaper printers, members of the AFL
International Typographical Union, continued
their strike over union-security issues throughout
the period; the strike began in late November
1947. A 6-month stoppage over wages and other
contract issues involving about 1,800 workers rep­
resented by the International Association of Ma­
849480—49------ 2


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241

chinists (Ind.) in the Cleveland, Ohio, plant of the
Warner & Swasey Co., ended late in June 1949,
although the issues in dispute were to be settled
later by direct negotiations between the parties.
Union bakers and brewery workers were like­
wise involved in lengthy controversies with em­
ployer groups. After almost 12 weeks of idleness
about 7,500 CIO brewery workers returned to
their jobs in New York City’s major breweries.
They obtained a wage increase of $2 a week; a
shortened workweek of 37 % hours for inside
workers with 40 hours’ pay; a welfare and
pension plan; and various safety measures. The
pact provides a delivery plan placing two men “ on
almost all trucks and the elimination of the time
formulas and constant supervision which have
been the cause of much friction in the past.”
Work stoppages, January-June, in selected periods
January-June

1949 i.....................................................
1948................ .....................................1947 __________________________
1946
- - ____________________
1935-39 (average)_______________

Stoppages

Number of
workers in­
volved

2,000
1,755
2,307
2,335
1,534

1.650.000
1.180.000
1.580.000
2.970.000
639,000

Man-days
idle
14.700.000
22.100.000
22,900,000
89,000, 000
9,410,000

Work stoppages involving 10,000 or more
workers
1949 >__________________ _______
1948 __________________________
1947 _____ _______________ _____
1946 - .
____________________

13
11
13
18

970.000
624.000
994.000
2,120,000

9, 680,000
14.400.000
12.900.000
54, 500,000

1 Preliminary estimates.

Teamsters and bakery workers at the Continental
Baking Co. in New York City, voted to strike on
February 28 for an employer-supported pension
plan, shortening of the workweek to 5 days, a
guaranteed weekly wage, and related items. Co­
incident with the strike vote, this company and
five other major bakeries suspended operations.
Despite several near settlements the stoppage was
still in effect at the end of June.
Strikes in the construction industry occurred in
various cities as building activity increased sea­
sonally in the spring months. The largest of these
(all involving 1,000 or more workers) were in
Washington, D. C., Minneapolis, southern New
Jersey, Philadelphia, Des Moines, Spokane, and
St. Louis. Most of these strikes were over wage
issues, although the St. Louis strike, idling more

242

LABOR SITUATION AT MID-19J,9

than 10,000 workers, in March, centered on issues
of work assignment to the various unions involved.
A number of disputes arose over alleged charges
of “ speed-up” or increased work loads assigned
employees. Aside from the Ford stoppage, such
issues were factors in stoppages involving about
10,000 workers at the Elizabeth, N. J., and Bridge­
port, Conn., plants of the Singer Manufacturing
Co., beginning early in May, and 6,100 UAW-CIO
workers for 70 days at the South Bend, Ind., plant
of the Bendix Aviation Corp. In other instances,
the stoppages occurred because of alleged slow­
downs by the workers, such as, at the New York
and Northern New Jersey terminals of the Railway
Express Agency, and the Schenectady plant of
the American Locomotive Co.


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As resistance to further wage gains was intensi­
fied, some strikes for wage increases ended during
the period without any change in the workers’
rates of pay. A significant example was the
stoppage of approximately 10,000 workers in early
May at the Philco Corp. plants in the Philadelphia
area. The agreement reached by company and
union officials provided that the Philco Corp.
would consider new wage increases “ if and when,
in the opinion of the union, a national wage pattern
within the industry is established.” This settle­
ment mirrored others, many of which were reached
without work stoppages; namely, a decision of
labor and management to reexamine the wage
situation, presumably after the major wage nego­
tiations had been concluded.

Twelfth Convention
of the UAW-CIO,
July 19491

elections of all international officers (president,
secretary-treasurer, two vice presidents, and one
trustee) by a single roll call instead of at least
five. Each roll call of the more than 2,000 dele­
gates requires 4 to 5 hours.
The third factor is largely psychological. Since
first elected as president in 1946, Mr. Iteuther has
so consolidated his support in the UAW that only
a small minority of the delegates came from locals
antagonistic to his administration. The elections
this year were a foregone conclusion, as witnessed
by the following tabulation:
Office and candidate

T h e t w e l f t h c o n s t i t u t i o n a l c o n v e n t i o n of the
United Automobile, Aircraft and Agricultural
Implement Workers of America (UAW-CIO)
held in Milwaukee, Wis., July 10-15, 1949, will
probably be recorded as the first down-to-earth
working convention in the history of the union.
Gone was the ceaseless parliamentary and nonparliamentary maneuvering of previous conven­
tions which had kept sessions in constant turmoil
while the delegates were busily engaged in caucus­
ing and vote trading for international office
elections.
In practically all previous conventions of the
UAW, the elections of international officers had
been the most important issue and very little else
could be accomplished until they had been held.
Tired and exhausted from convention meetings and
the endless tirades at caucuses held every night,
many of the delegates would rush for home on the
day following the elections of regional directors.
This practice was so prevalent that lack of a quo­
rum forced early adjournment of the 1946 conven­
tion in the face of much unfinished business.
This year’s change in the conduct of the conven­
tion was due partly to procedural changes and
partly to almost complete absence to any organized
opposition to the Reuther administration from the
Communist-dominated left-wingers in the union.
The preceding convention in November 1947
approved the holding of elections of international
officers on the third instead of the fifth day of the
convention. This year, prior to the elections, a
constitutional amendment was passed calling for
1 By Boris Stern of the Bureau’s Division of Industrial Relations.


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President :
Number of votes
Walter P. Reuther_________________ 8, 021
W. G. Grant______________________
639
Secretary-treasurer :
Emil Mazey______________________ 8, 045
James Lindahl____________________
550
Vice presidents (2) :
Richard Gosser____________________ 1 7 , 776
John Livingston___________________ 1 7, 863
John DeVito______________________
558
875
William Johnson__________________
1 Elected.

At the regional elections, all 19 elected regional
directors and members of the international
executive board were Reuther adherents.
The changed convention procedures and attitude
of the delegates, however, did not mean that the
delegates abandoned then buoyancy or their
“traditional militancy.” This became evident
on the second day of the convention when, by an
overwhelming majority, the delegates refused to
approve the administration policy for 2-year
intervals between conventions. In spite of the
personal pleas of Mr. Reuther and the fact that
since the war UAW conventions were held at
20-month intervals, the delegates voted down
biennial conventions. But the following day,
they approved a proposal that the next (13th)
convention be held on the second Monday iu
April 1951—20 months later. The matter will
doubtless be an issue again at the next convention.
In another instance, the raising of monthly dues
from the current $1.50 to $2, requested by the
administration and at first unanimously supported
by the committee on the constitution, the ad­
ministration escaped overwhelming defeat only
by withdrawing the recommendation. Rightly
or wrongly, the delegates were strongly opposed
243

244

ÜAW-CIO CONVENTION

to dues raising, thus continuing the long prevailing
opposition of the UAW membership to “high
dues and high salaries.”
The whole issue was resolved when the consti­
tution committee withdrew its recommendation
to raise dues and suggested that “a period of
time * * * be set aside so that we can
engage in such a discussion on the question
whether or not a $1.50 per month dues is sufficient
to give the kind of service and to build the kind
of union that our membership expects.” This
somewhat unprecedented action was explained as
follows: “The committee has had the oppor­
tunity to observe the reaction of the delegates to
this convention. That reaction has convinced
the committee that a sufficiently good educational
job on the needs of our entire national union has
not been done among the rank and file members
of the union.”
Nevertheless, the convention on the last day
almost unanimously approved a strike assessment
to be levied under certain conditions to be used
“exclusively for relief of strikers and their families
or for expenditures related to the conduct of the
strike.”
The full resolution read as follows:
“If a strike is necessary and authorized in order
to protect and advance the best interests of our
members and 50,000 or more workers in one or
more plants, companies or corporations are directly
affected at the same time by strike action, the
International Executive Board after complete
investigation of all circumstances may, at the
beginning of the third week of such strike (the
beginning of the third week of the oldest strike if
more than one strike is concurrently in progress)
by a two-thirds majority vote at a meeting called
for such purpose, levy a special emergency strike
assessment on all employed members of one dollar
per week or four dollars per month per member
so long as the strike or any of the strikes continue,
but not to exceed a period of 12 weeks beginning
with the third week of the oldest strike, nor shall
assessments under this authority aggregate more
than 12 dollars per member during any 12 con­
secutive calendar months.”
The only opposition to this “emergency assess­
ment” was directed against limitation of the
assessment to 12 weeks.


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MONTHLY LABOR

Significant Resolutions
Most of the resolutions adopted by the con­
vention on over-all national and labor problems
were in line with CIO policy established at its
Portland 1948 convention. Topics covered in­
cluded the Taft-Hartley law, full employment,
the fair-deal legislative program, national health,
housing, rent control, Communism, political
action, social security, and civil rights and human
freedom. Since the present UAW policy is in
full agreement with that announced from time
to time by Philip Murray, president of the CIO,
the resolutions of the UAW may be regarded as
indications on what might happen at the forth­
coming CIO convention in Cleveland on October
31. The most significant of these resolutions,
from a national viewpoint, and especially because
of their peculiar impact on the UAW, are those
dealing with political action and the Communist
issue in CIO.
Political Action
In March 1948, the international executive
board of the UAW adopted a resolution on
political action which became the basis of the
union’s support of President Truman and op­
position to a number of House and Senate mem­
bers. The resolution condemned the candidacy of
Henry A. Wallace for President on what later
became the Progressive party ticket. It favored
the formation, after the 1948 national elections,
of a “genuine progressive political party” built
upon a set of principles specifically outlined in the
resolution. It also urged the mobilization of the
union’s forces and resources for the fullest im­
plementation of the political program of the
national CIO-PAC.
The resolutions committee submitted to the con­
vention a majority and minority report on political
action. The majority report took cognizance of
what it termed labor’s victory in the 1948 elections
and of the failure of the new Congress to pass the
legislation wanted by labor because of “the coali­
tion of reactionary Republicans and bigoted
Dixie-crats.” It called for a “rally of all labor,
farm, and liberal groups in an independent political
action movement to establish a coalition of liberal

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

UAW-CIO CONVENTION

forces to oppose and defeat the Dixie-GOP coali­
tion of reaction.” However, it made no direct
reference either to the 1948 executive board
political action resolution, or to the formation of
an independent political party as advocated in
that resolution.
The minority report differed mainly by calling
for “a practical day to day working unity of the
CIO, AFL, Railroad Brotherhoods, and other bona
fide independent unions and other progressive
nonlabor groups whose cooperation is essential
* * * to effectuate the program outlined at
the Chicago 1948 executive board meeting.”
The discussion that followed was concerned
primarily with the problem of an independent
political party, and Secretary-Treasurer Emil
Mazey, who had previously favored the formation
of a new political party, stated in part: “As far as
I am concerned the statements that we made
at the March 1948 Board meeting are still the
political objectives of our union * * *. We
want to build political forces independent of any of
the old parties. We are not wedded to the Demo­
cratic Party or the Republican Party. We have
to lay the basis of our own forces so that we can
have the kind of political organization that will
parallel the economic organizations we have in our
shops. We ought to have a political action
steward in every neighborhood, in every congres­
sional district and ward and precinct. We ought
to have political action stewards in our shops that
will devote all of their energy in mobilizing and
educating our people to the need of political
action. * * * One of the things that we must
bear in mind is that we must work within the
family of labor for concerted action on the political
fields.”
As a result of Mr. Mazey’s statement and at the
suggestion of the minority report sponsor, the
majority report was adopted as the unanimous
report of the resolutions committee with the
inclusion of a reference to the international
executive board policy adopted in March 1948.
The Communist Issue
Under the present administration, the UAW has
fought against Communism and Communists on
both national and local-union levels. Closely
tied up with this struggle against Communism


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245

is the jurisdictional fight of the UAW with the
CIO Farm Equipment Union which had been
ordered by the national CIO to disband and
merge its membership with the UAW.
The UAW resolution on Communism in CIO
called for “ (a) withdrawal of certificate of affilia­
tion, in accordance with provisions of the CIO
constitution, of those CIO affiliates who have failed
to organize the workers within their jurisdiction
and who have failed to discharge the obligations
for which the certificate was issued. (6) Creation
of CIO organizing committees in each of these
important fields preliminary to the issuance of a
new certificate of affiliation, and to make available
sufficient manpower and funds to organize the
millions of unorganized workers in these fields
who for years have been denied the benefits and
protection of organization; and to provide a home
within the family of CIO for those organized
workers in these fields who have been betrayed
by Communist Party-line leadership which sub­
ordinates the needs of workers to the demands
of the party line.”
Mr. Reuther indicated that the CIO might take
this action at its October 1949 convention with
regard to the several CIO affiliates which have
acted contrary to the CIO policy on Communism.
He said in part: “I urge you to support this
resolution. I am positive it will be adopted by
the next CIO convention, and with good, clean
organizing committees set up, we can bring
organization to these millions of workers who
need organization and who want to be in the CIO.”
Trial and Expulsion of Union Members
One of the cardinal tenets of democratic union­
ism is the protection of the individual member
against unscrupulous union leadership—in the
shop, in the local, and in the national union. The
constitutions of most national and international
unions and of their locals specifically provide for
the handling of grievances of members against
their officers and members and outline in great
detail the procedures to be followed in presenting
such grievances.
The UAW constitution provides for hearings
and the trials by special trial committees or
panels. The accused are accorded the right of
counsel, the right to confront their accusers, and

246

UAW-CIO CONVENTION

the right to present witnesses in the refutation of
the charges. Decisions from the trial committee
of the local union may be appealed through various
stages to the national convention, the supreme
authority of the union. The constitution also
provides for a convention grievance committee
which hears evidence on appeal cases, and makes
recommendations to the convention for final
action.
This year the grievance committee handled 14
cases, many continued from previous conventions,
and reported on 13 of them. One of these cases
was handled by a procedure which differed con­
siderably from that outlined in the constitution.
In this particular case the international execu­
tive board brought charges against the accused
directly to the grievance committee which there­
fore acted as judge of the first instance, determined
the punishment involved, and had their recom­
mendations approved by the convention. This
action constituted a marked departure from the
normal procedure which calls for a trial of the
accused by a lower tribunal in the union before
the case can be handled as an appeal to the con­
vention. Later the convention adopted an amend­
ment to the constitution specifically authorizing
the international executive board to file charges
against individual members directly with the con­
vention grievance committee in cases of “ extreme
-emergency,” where “ an irreparable damage would
result” to the union.


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The Ford Contract
Although no specific resolution was presented
and no specific action taken by the convention di­
rectly affecting the pending collective bargaining
of the union with the Ford Motor Co., there was
hardly a single major decision made by the dele­
gates which did not have some relationship to the
Ford issue.
Mr. Reuther’s reports to the convention, the
reports of the various committees, and the speeches
by the officers and delegates contained numerous
references to the Ford problem. The climax was
reached in the creation of a strike fund of approxi­
mately $10,000,000, to strengthen the bargaining
power of the union. In all, the convention dele­
gates left no doubt of their awareness of the crucial
importance of the pending negotiations with the
Ford Motor Co. and the possibility of a strike.
Direct discussion of the Ford contract took
place the day after the convention at a meeting
of the National Ford Council. The UAW de­
mands as outlined at that meeting included:
(1) A pension of $100 a month for all workers
aged 60 years or more who have 25 years of service,
with a minimum of $80 for those aged 60 years
with less than 25 years of service.
(2) A health and security fund to guarantee
health protection for workers and their families.
(3) Wage increase to restore the workers pur­
chasing power to the level of June 1946.

Family Income and
Expenditures:
Los Alamos, 1948'

projects. Since July 1947, it has been under the
civilian control of the Atomic Energy Commis­
sion. Originally planned as a temporary war­
time installation, it is now rapidly being trans­
formed into a permanent, modern city.
The resident population of Los Alamos is pre­
dominantly young; in 1948 the average age of
heads of families in the middle-income range was
between 35 and 36 years, as shown in table 1.
T a b l e 1 . — Percentage

distribution of families of two or more
by age of fam ily head in selected income classes, Los
Alamos, N. Mex.

of families in Los Alamos,
N. Mex., for 1948 were obtained by the U. S.
Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics,
at the request of the Atomic Energy Commission.
These expenditure data will be used in the con­
struction of an index measuring changes in con­
sumers’ prices in Los Alamos.2
The average expenditure pattern of Los Alamos
families and single individuals differs in some
respects from that of families in large cities
surveyed by the Bureau in recent periods. These
variations are in part due to geographic location,
the unique character of the community (including
public ownership of all housing), and to the un­
usual composition of the population. Los Alamos
is a closely integrated community of approximately
8,500 persons, located in mountainous terrain
about 35 miles from Santa Fe. Los Alamos is
one of the Government’s major atomic energy
E

N et money income after personal
taxes 1

x pe n d it u r e patter n s

1 B y Eleanor M . Snyder and Thomas J. Lanahan, Jr., of the Bureau’s
Division of Prices and Cost of Living.
s The survey included families of two or more persons who lived together
in 1948, sharing common facilities and contributing to or sharing a common
income, and individuals living independently as single consumers. Economic families living in Los Alamos for less than 9 months in 1948, families
newly formed in 1948, and those in the highest and lowest income groups were
not included in the survey. In the analysis of the expenditure data, families
are classified by total net money income after payment of personal taxes and
occupational expenses. Personal taxes include Federal, State, and local income
taxes, personal property, and poll taxes. Occupational expenses include
union and professional association dues, tools, and supplies purchased for
business use, etc.
In general context and methodology, this survey was similar to family
expenditures studies regularly conducted in selected urban areas by the
Bureau each year. However, in the Los Alamos study, a shorter less-detailed
schedule was used and many of the families included in the sample filled in
the details of their expenditures and income experience in 1948. The Bureau’s
interviowers presented and explained the schedule to the families surveyed,
assisting them when necessary to obtain complete schedules. In other cities,
the Bureau’s agents fill in the schedule, obtaining the necessary data in per­
sonal interviews with the families. Use of the simplified form, with the
high level of cooperation given by the Los Alamos families, considerably
shortened the average personal interview period.


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Age of family head
$3,000
to
$4,000

$4,000
to
$5,000

$5,000
to
$6,000

$6,000
to
$8,000 2

20-29 years____________
30-39 years. _______
40 years and over____ _

41
45
14

33
41
26

35
38
27

14
56
30

T otal____________

100

100

100

100

1 See table 3, footnote 1.

2

See table 3, footnote 2.

The survey data for Los Alamos illustrate the
familiar correlation between age of children and
the joint factors of level of famity income and
age of parents. On the average, a larger proportion
of families whose youngest child is 10 years of
age or older is found at the higher levels of income,
at which there is also a heavier concentration of
T a b l e 2 . — Distribution

of families with children, by age of
youngest child, and distribution of all children under 16
years, by age, Los Alamos, N. Mex.
Fam ily net income after
personal taxes 1
Age
$3,000
to
$4,000

$4,000
to
$5,000

$5,000
to
$6,000

$6,000
to
$8,000 2

Percent of families with children
Youngest child:
Under 6 years____________ .
6-9 years_____ _______
10 years and over ........ ...........
T otal......... ....................................

84
16
0

81
7
12

69
12
19

46
17
37

100

100

100

100

Percent of all children under
16 years
All children under 16:
Under 2 years______ _______
2-5 y e a r s .______ ______ .
6-15 years________ ___ _____ _____
T otal.......... ........................
1

See table 3, footnote 1.

37
37
26

31
33
36

20
36
44

7
29
64

100

100

100

100

» See table 3, footnote 2.

247

248

FAMILY EXPENDITURES—L 0 8 ALAMOS

the older families. Approximately 1,300 pupils
were enrolled in the local schools, but there was a
still larger number of children of preschool age in
1948. The age distribution of children illustrates
that elementary school requirements will continue
to grow within the next few years, assuming a
constant population.
In certain other respects Los Alamos differs
from most communities. There is no unemploy­
ment (housing facilities are reserved for employees
whose jobs entitle them to residence in Los
Alamos); on the contrary, because of the housing
shortage, housewives and other family members
are encouraged to accept full- or part-time em­
ployment. Annual earnings of all employees
(resident and nonresident) averaged $3,371 in
1948. The range of earnings per employee is
narrower than that found in most large cities;
salaries of only a few are in the $10,000-$15,000
bracket—the highest salary level in Los Alamos.
The relatively smaller difference in economic
levels produces a tendency toward greater simi­
larity in spending patterns of all families. The
percentage distribution of average expenditures 3
for current consumption of families in income
classes $3,000-$4,000 and $4,000-$5,000 are prac­
tically identical (see Table 3), indicating homo­
geneity in consumption habits of families within
this income range.
All dwelling units in Los Alamos are publicly
owned. Rent, heat, and utility rates are estab­
lished by type and size of unit and are uniform
for identical housing facilities. A flat rate is
charged for water, heat, gas, and electricity re­
gardless of consumption. On the average, Los
Alamos families in 1948 spent less than white
families with similar incomes spent in Washing­
ton, Richmond, or Manchester in 1947 for total
housing, including lodging away from home.4
Average family housing expenditures in Los Ala­
mos are relatively low, although all dwelling units
are rented. Normally, families occupying their
own home spend less for housing (excluding prin­
cipal payments on mortgages of owned homes)
than renting families.
Los Alamos is one of the few communities where
3 The average expenditures for each income class are based on the total of
all families within the class, and not on the number of families actuallyreporting purchase of the given item or group of items.
* For a summary report on family income and expenditures in 1947 in
Washington, D . C., Richmond, Va., and Manchester, N . H ., see April 1949
issue of the M onthly Labor Review (reprinted as Serial No. R. 1956).


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MONTHLY LABOR

every person except the younger children originally
lived in another community. There is a high pro­
portion of young married couples without children,
many of whom are establishing their first home.
Since the older families often relinquished some or
all of their home furnishings before moving to Los
Alamos, they also had to purchase new equipment
in 1948; therefore, average family expenditures
for these items were unusually large. The dif­
ference in level of expenditures for home furnish­
ings and equipment in Los Alamos and other areas
is difficult to assess because of the paucity of com­
parable data for other cities. The most recent
information available for individual cities relates
to surveys of family expenditures in 1947 con­
ducted by the Bureau in Washington, D. C.,
Richmond, Va., and Manchester, N. H. A com­
parison of the survey data in Los Alamos and these
three cities indicates that families in Los Alamos
were spending appreciably more for home furnish­
ings and equipment.
Families of Two or More
In 1948 Los Alamos families in the middle in­
come ranges spent from 21 to 35 percent of ex­
penditures for current consumption on cars and
housefurnishings. Many of these purchases were
financed by installment credit or out of accumu­
lated savings, rather than from current incomes.
Table 3 shows that, on the average, families in
every income class except $6,000-7,000 spent more
than the net money income (after personal taxes)
received in 1948. (In classifying family expend­
itures, the net purchase price of all items bought
during the survey period is included as an ex­
penditure. The amount of payments owed for
articles purchased but not paid for completely by
the end of the year is entered as a deficit). In
part, heavier expenditures in Los Alamos for car
purchase and upkeep, and housefurnishings sup­
plies and equipment were balanced by relatively
smaller outlays for housing, clothing, and food.
A still sharper contrast in the spending pattern
in these four cities is found in expenditures for
automobile purchase and upkeep. Los Alamos
families with incomes between $3,000 and $8,000
are predominantly car owners, a fact directly re­
flecting the geographic isolation of Los Alamos.
(The only interurban public transportation facilities
are limited local bus service to Santa Fe and

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

FAMILY EXPENDITURES—LOS ALAMOS

249

T a b l e 3 . —Families of two or more: *Income, expenditures, and savings by selected net income classes, Los Alamos, N. Mex., 1948
N et money income after personal taxes 1

Item

$3,000
to
$4,000

$4,000
to
$5,000

$5,000
to
$6,000

$6,000
to
$7,000

$7,000 $3,000
to
to
$8,000 8 $4,000

Average income, expenditures,
and savings
Current consumption_____________________________________________ $3,989
Food, including alcoholic beverages_____________________________ 1,100
R ent, fuel, utilities, and other housing expense__________________
534
Household operation_______________________ ___________________
190
Furnishings and household equipm ent_______ ___ ____ __________
368
Clothing and clothing upkeep_______________________________
443
Automobile purchase and operation____________________________
713
Other transportation_____________ _____ _______________________
53
Medical care__________________ ________ ______________________
178
Personal care__________________________________________ ____ ___
80
Recreation, radio, and musical instrum ents.- __________________
188
Tobacco_______ _____________________________________________
79
Newspapers, magazines, and books_____________________________
39
E ducation____________________________________________________
11
Other..................................... ...................................................... ....................
13
Gifts and contributions. _____ __________________ ______________
136
Life insurance, retirement, and social security paym ents_____________
197
N et surplus______________________________________________ ______
0

$4,405
1,250
588
189
384
510
771
46
202
83
228
92
48
7
7
150
280
0

$5,365
1,336
606
221
448
552
1,420
48
162
94
308
96
50
16
8
206
375
0

$5, 728
1,523
762
281
555
634
991
60
240
106
365
79
58
59
15
210
458
76

$4,000
to
$5,000

$5,000
to
$6,000

$6,000
to
$7,000

$7,000
to
$8,000 »

Percent of expenditures for current
consumption

$6. 783
1,802
841
526
501
1,025
900
144
231
145
388
111
108
34
27
381
621
0

Income, poll, and personal-property taxes......................................................

291

358

615

723

920

N et money income after personal taxes L................................ .......................
N et deficit_________ ____ ______ _______________________ ___________
Balancing differences8............................ ..............................................................

3, 559
701
-6 2

4,408
289
-138

5,441
'420
-8 5

6,364
0
-1 0 8

7,961
18
+194

Average family size................................................ ...............................................

3.1

3.6

2.9

3.4

3.7

100.0
27.5
13.4
4.8
9.2
11.1
17.9
1.3
4.5
2.0
4.7
2.0
1.0
.3
.3

100.0
28.3
13.4
4.3
8.7
11.6
17.4
1.0
4.6
1.9
5.2
2.1
1.1
.2
.2

100.0
25.0
11.3
4.1
8.4
10.3
26.5
.9
3.0
1.7
5.7
1.8
.9
.3
.1

100.0
26.5
13.3
4.9
9.7
11.1
17.3
1.1
4.2
1.8
6.4
1.4
1.0
1.0
.3

100.0
26.6
12.4
7.8
7.4
15.1
13.3
2.1
3.4
2.1
5.7
1.6
1.6
.5
.4

* Comparable summary data for each size family from 2 to 5 or more will
appear in the reprint of this article.
1 Families are classified by total annual money income from wages, salaries,
self-employment, rents, interest, dividends, etc. less all payments of personal
taxes (Federal and State income, poll, and personal property), and occupa­
tional expenses.

8 Includes two families with incomes over $8,000.
8 Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts
and reported money disbursements (i. e. net money income after personal
taxes and net deficit minus expenditure for current consumption, gifts, and
contributions, life insurance, retirement, and social security payments, and
net surplus).

air service to Albuquerque.) With the increased
availability of new and second-hand cars in 1948,
a large proportion of Los Alamos families were able
to purchase a car during the year. Average
family expenditures for car purchase and upkeep
in Los Alamos were thus substantially above the
average spent in 1947 by families in Washington,
D. C., Richmond, Va., or in Manchester, N. H.
Average expenditures for food in Los Alamos
ranged from $1,100 for families with net money
incomes between $3,000 and $4,000, to $1,802 for
families with incomes from $6,000-$8,000. As
income rises, families tend to spend a larger pro­
portion of the total food bill for food away from
home and for alcoholic beverages, as shown in
table 4.
In addition to annual expenditures for food, a
record of individual food items purchased in 1
week during the period January-March 1949 was
also obtained from each family in the sample. A
summary of weekly food expenditures by groups
of items is given in table 5 for families of two or
more by income class.

T a b l e 4. — Total food: Average annual expenditures and


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percentage distribution of expenditures by major category
for families of two or more in selected net income classes,
Los Alamos, N. Mex., 1948
N et money income after personal
taxes 1
Item
$3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000
to
to
to
to
to
$4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 8
Average family size________________

3.1

3.6

2.9

3.4

3.7

Average expenditure
Food, total.. . ____________ _______ $1,100 $1, 250 $1,336 $1,523
Purchased to be served at home 8_
936 1,079 1,052 1,232
Purchased and eaten away from
home 4______________________
101
183
108
199
Alcoholic beverages 4__________
63
92
63
101

$1,802
1,342
259
201

Percent of total
Food, total_____ ______ ___________ 100.0
Purchased to bo served at home 8- 85.1
Purchased and eaten away from
home 4___________ ____ ______
9.2
Alcoholic beverages 4 __________
5.7

100.0
86.4

100.0
78.7

100.0
80.9

100.0
74.4

8.6
5.0

13.7
7.6

13.1
6.0

14.4
11.2

1 See table 3, footnote 1.
8 See table 3, footnote 2.
8 Includes food prepared at home to be eaten away from home.
4 Includes tips and meals for friends and food purchased to supplement
meals carried from home.
4 Includes bottled drinks and drinks served at restaurants and bars.

250

FAMILY EXPENDITURES—LOS ALAMOS

T able 5.—Average expenditure for foods for home use by

families of two or more in selected net income classes, 1
week in January-March 1949, Los Alamos, N. Mex.
N et money income after personal
taxes 1
Food groups
$3,000 $4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000
to
to
to
to
to
$4,000 $5,000 $6,000 $7,000 $8,000 3
All foods, excluding alcoholic beverages 3_. $25.52 $26.16 $24.44 $25.51 $36.07
M eats........... ................................... ..............
Poultry______________________ ______
Fish and other seafood_________________
Dairy products____ ___________________
Eggs-------------------------------------------------Fats and oils__________________________
Sugar and other sweets_______ _______
Flour and other cereals________________
Bakery products___ ____ ______________
Fresh fr u it s _____ ______ ________ ______
Fresh vegetables_________ _____________
Frozen foods ______________ _____ _____
Canned fruits and fruit juices. . . ______
Canned vegetables, vegetable juices, and
soups__________________________ ____
Dried fruits, vegetables and nuts_______
Baby foods............... ............................. ...........
Beverages, nonalcoholic________________
Miscellaneous foods___________ ________

6.22
.39
.44
4.51
1.31
.98
1.00
1.16
1.63
1.35
1.43
.09
.63

6. 79
.67
.29
4.56
1.59
1.11
.96
1.06
1.68
1.31
1.49
.17
.65

6.46
.47
.34
4. 21
1.32
1.05
.92
.99
1.61
1.02
1.53
.22
.72

6.27
.88
.41
4. 89
1.42
.95
.86
.76
1.70
1.23
1.41
.42
.66

9.29
.69
.82
4.90
1.83
1.16
1.12
1.16
1.76
1.91
2.27
.47
1.96

1.29
.29
.73
1.27
.80

1.42
.18
.34
1.18
.71

1.26
.15
.27
1.16
.74

1.12
.32
.10
1.28
.83

3.06
.45
.07
2.19
.96

1 See table 3, footnote 1.
* See table 3, footnote 2.
3 Includes food prepared at home to be eaten away from home.

Single Consumers
The average income of single men in Los Alamos
was approximately $1,000 above that of single
women. Typically, the occupational distribution
of men was considerably broader than that of
women and included the skilled trades, the
Security Service, technicians, administrative per­
sonnel, etc. A heavier concentration of women
was found in clerical and secretarial positions, the
service trades, etc.
The majority of single consumers living
independently in Los Alamos were housed in
dormitories or barracks in 1948. Allocation of
housing to single consumers as well as to family
units was determined on a priority basis; because
of the shortage of larger dwelling units, few single
consumers were eligible for housing other than
single or double rooms. Most housing accom­
modations for single persons had communal bath­
room, kitchen, and living-room facilities. Those
who so desired were able to eat all or some of their
meals in the dormitories, to cook on electric hot
plates and store perishable food in refrigerators—
both types of facilities being provided by the


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MONTHLY LABOR

housing authorities. Maintenance and services
included in rent covered heat and utilities, use of
a public local telephone, change of linen, and
cleaning service.
Annual expenditures for housing averaged $154
and $204, respectively, for single men and women
with incomes less than $3,000. These averages
include expense for lodging away from home
(while on vacation, etc.) as well as rent in Los
Alamos. Lower average housing expense for men
is accounted for by the fact that women were not
assigned to barrack quarters, which have a sub­
stantially lower monthly rent than single dormi­
tory rooms. Moreover, doubling-up was more
common among the single men than among single
women.
Comparison of expenditures of single men and
women with incomes under $3,000 shows that on
the average men spent more for food, car purchase
and upkeep, and recreation; women spent more
for housing, furnishings, clothing, and personal
care. The greatest difference occurs in expendi­
tures for food; total food expense for single men
averaged $965, compared to $566 for single
women. The distribution of annual food expendi­
tures of single men and women with incomes less
than $3,000 in 1948 is given below:
Men

Average annual food expenditures 1__ $965
Food purchased to be served at
home___ _______ ____ ______
Food purchased and eaten away
from home _______ ________
Alcoholic beverages- ----------- -------

Women

$566

67

234

729
169

309
23

1 For descriptions of food categories, see table 4, footnotes 3 to 5.

In the income class $2,000-$3,000, single
women saved an average of $36 during the year
while single men went into debt (or spent past
savings) an average of $294. The average net
deficit of single male consumers was largely due
to the fact that 29 percent were purchasing cars,
generally on the installment plan, and many had
not completed payment by the end of the survey
year. Of the single women with incomes under
$3,000, 12 percent purchased cars in 1948.

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949
T a b l e 6.-— Single

FAMILY EXPENDITURES—LOS ALAMOS

251

consumers: Income, expenditures, and savings, 1948, Los Alamos, N. Mex.
Average income, expenditures, and
savings

Item

Single consumers
with net money in­
comes $2,000-$3,000 1
Males

Average expenditure for current consumption_________
Food, including alcoholic beverages_______________
Rent, fuel, utilities, and other housing expense_____
Household operation.........................................................
Furnishings and household equipment...................... .
Clothing and clothing u p k e e p .................................. .
Automobile purchase and operation_______________
Other transportation.........................................................
Medical care____ _________________ ____ _________
Personal ca re....................... .............................................
Recreation, radio, and musical instruments_______
Tobacco___________ ______ ______________ _______
Newspapers, magazines, and books............... ................
Education..................................... ....................................
Other_____ _____________ _______________________
•Gifts and contributions______________________________
Life insurance, retirement, and social security payments
N e t surplus______________ __________________________

Females

$2,390
965
154
103
33
282
470
80
13
35
183
44
27
1
0
422
86
0

$1, 920
566
204
53
81
491
111
127
78
63
73
28
29
12
4
305
138
36

All single con­
sumers 3
Males
$3. 296
1,034
201
115
50
349
1, 000
92
37
44
256
51
34
14
19
399
162
0

All single con­
sumers 3

Males

Females

$2,140
592
207
65
79
503
267
124
84
66
74
29
34
13
3
354
143
0

100.0

100.0

40.4
6.4
4.3
1.4

29.4

100.0
31.4

10.6

6.1

288

269

448

293

N et money income after personal taxes 1....................... ......
.Net deficit..................................................................................
Balancing differences3.......................................... ...............

2, 608
294
+4

2,388
0
-1 1

3, 558
272
-2 7

2,539
99
+1


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Single consumers
with net money in­
comes $2,000-$3,000 1

Females

Income, poll, and personal-property taxes..........................

- umgrc uuusuiuci s iii v uiassuieu uy roiai annual money income irom wages
salaries, self-employment, rents, interest, dividends, etc., less all payments
of personal taxes (Federal and State income, poll and personal property) and
occupational expenses.
3 The incomes of the single men included in the survey ranged from $1,950
to $5,850, while the incomes of the single women ranged from $1,960 to $4,450.

Percent of expenditures for current
consumption

11.8

19.7
3.4
.5
1.5
7.7

1.8
1.1

( 4)

0

2.8

4.2
25.6
5.8

6.6

4.1
3.3
3.8
1.5
1.5
.6
.2

Males

3.5
1.5

10.6
30.4

2.8
1.1
1.3
7.8

1.5

1.0
.4
.6

Females
100.0

27.8
9.7
3.0
3.7
23.5
12.5
5.8
3.9
3.1
3.4
1.3
1.6
.6

.1

3 Represents the average net difference between reported money receipts
and reported money disbursements (i. e., net money income after personal
taxes and net deficit minus expenditures for current consumption, gifts and
contributions, life insurance, retirement and social security payments and
net surplus).
4 Less than 0.05 percent.

Summaries of Studies and Reports

Prices in the
Second Quarter of 1949
movements during the second quarter of
1949 varied greatly by commodity and by market.
In primary markets and on the commodity ex­
changes, the general movement was clearly down­
ward; at retail, food prices moved higher but costs
of apparel, housefurnishings, and domestic fuels
moved steadily lower. The most striking price
development in the period was the series of sharp
reductions in primary markets for nonferrous
metals and steel scrap.

P rice

The comprehensive primary market price index
declined each month from March to June, with
an accumulated net decline of 2 % percent. In
June the index was 9 percent below the postwar
peak reached in August 1948, but still 37 percent
Chart 2 .— Consumers* Price Index, by Groups

higher than in June 1946, prior to initial price
decontrol. Prices on organized markets and
exchanges declined almost daily during the quar­
ter, the net decrease amounting to 10 percent;
most of this decline was confined to raw industrial
materials, as the prices of agricultural com­
modities were comparatively stable for the quarter
as a whole. The consumers’ price index had a
very minor net advance as higher retail prices of
foods and slowly advancing rents were about
counterbalanced by decreases in prices of other
goods and services. In June, the consumers’
price index was less than 3 percent below its
August 1948 postwar peak and 27 percent above
the June 1946 level.
There were many important inflationary and
disinflationary actions during the quarter: the
Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System
reduced reserve requirements of major banks
252


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

PRICES IN SECOND QUARTER 19f t

twice—first early in May and again at the end of
June. Regulation W, controlling installment
credit, was relaxed in April and terminated at the
end of June. Several large cities took advantage
of the local option authority in the rent control
law of 1949 and removed all rent controls. One
State voted complete decontrol effective in
October, another in November, and similar actions
were before the legislatures in several other States.
Although the 1949 wheat crop was partially
damaged by poor weather, indications were that
it would still be one of the largest in history. In
order to prevent serious deterioration in the
purchasing power of farmers, the Government
loan provisions on wheat were relaxed to permit
temporary storage on the ground or in other
normally unsatisfactory places. The 1949 spring
pig crop was also forecast as record-breaking with
an increase of 15 percent over last year.
The steel ingot operating rate declined from
over 100 percent of theoretical capacity in March
to approximately 80 percent in June, the first
appreciable decline since the outbreak of World
War II. Automobile production was temporarily
reduced by labor difficulties in plants of both
major producers and parts suppliers; scheduled
output, however, remained at near-record levels.
Physical production of coal was lowered by a
1-week vacation on the part of the miners in the
week preceding their normal summer vacation.

253

Both apparel and housefurnishings prices con­
tinued the decline which had started after October
1948. The wide-scale well-advertised price reduc­
tions of commodities which had been featured by
most stores immediately after Christmas continued
through Easter and the start of the summer
season. During this period, there were sharp
price reductions in nationally advertised brands of
men’s summer suits, men’s shirts, and women’s
nylon hose. Less expensive lines of furniture
appeared on the market in larger quantities than
during recent years; textile housefurnishings,
including sheets, towels, curtains, and rugs, were
lower priced throughout the country. Rents and
Chart 3.— Retail Food Prices, by Groups

Retail Prices
Retail food prices advanced more than 2 percent
in the 4 months between February 15 and June 15,
1949, after having declined 8 percent from July
1948 through February 1949. The rise from
March to June was more than 1 percent. In the
second quarter of the year, the largest price
advance was for eggs—almost 10 percent; nor­
mally, egg prices rise from May through Novem­
ber, but the increase through June was much
larger than the usual seasonal movement. Prices
of meats also were much higher; but this was
partially minimized by sharp decreases in the
price of poultry and fish. Dairy product prices
were lower seasonally. Fresh fruit and vegetable
prices advanced slightly; in April and May they
were at the highest level since 1927.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

utility bills continued to advance slowly, but the
costs of purchased fuels, particularly coal and
petroleum products, dropped sharply in April
and May. Local transportation fares advanced
in Philadelphia (but the increases were later
canceled, pending review), and higher railroad
passenger rates were requested in the East.
Prices of many makes of automobiles were
reduced, but the 1949 cars in most cases were
still more expensive than the 1948 models.

254

PRICES IN SECOND QUARTER 19^9

Primary Market Prices
The weakness in the prices of nonferrous metals
which had become evident at the end of the first
quarter of 1949 took drastic shape during May and
June. In less than 90 days, zinc prices dropped
47 percent, lead 44 percent, and copper 32 percent
from their peaks. These reductions were rapidly
reflected in many related products, extending from
wire and pipe to galvanized metals and paint pig­
ments. The price of scrap steel plummeted from

MONTHLY LABOR

$31.50 a ton at the end of March to $19.50 at
the end of June.
Textile prices declined more than 3 percent over
the quarter, extending the pattern which had pre­
vailed in 1948 to areas besides cotton goods.
Rayon filament yarn, both viscose and acetate,
was reduced by all major mills, and some woolen
and worsted fabrics were lower. The cottongoods markets also continued to decline. As the
quarter drew to a close there were many indications
that the prices of individual fabrics had about

Chart 4 .— W holesale Price Index, by Groups
P e rc e n t

Change

M a rc h 1 9 4 9

to

June 1 9 4 9

Farm

-2

-2

-

-3

- -3

- -4

-5

reached their bottom for the present. In June,
there were scattered reports that individual mills
and converters were raising their quotations on
some cotton goods and rayon fabrics.
The prices of fuels continued to move lower,
both for coal and for petroleum products. In the
latter part of April, the posted purchase prices for
crude petroleum were cut in the mid-continental
fields, and the residual fuel oils were under con­
stant price pressure. Gasoline prices, however,
advanced as the petroleum companies attempted
to equalize their income between fuel oil and gas­
oline. The net decline in fuel prices over the
quarter was more than 3 percent.
Lumber prices were also weak, particularly for
the cheaper grades of framing lumber. Paint ma­

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

-5

terial prices declined with the lower costs of nonferrous metals, and in June most of the major
paint companies announced sizable reductions in
prices of prepared paints. Brick and tile, cement
and structural steel prices, however remained
unchanged during the quarter.
Prices fluctuated sharply from day to day on the
agricultural commodity markets; however, there
was little net change over the quarter. At Chi­
cago, for example, one grade of hogs dropped from
$21 to $18 a hundredweight at the end of April,
but by June they were more than $21 again.
Steer prices (good grade) in the same 3-month
period fluctuated between $24 and $27 at Chicago.
Winter wheat prices at one time dropped to the
lowest level since June 1946, but recovered very

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS

rapidly when damage was reported to the crops.
As of June 30, the prices of 28 commodities
traded on organized exchanges and spot markets
Chart 5.— Commodity M arket Prices

averaged 31 percent below the levels of 1 year
earlier and 37 percent below the peak they had
reached in November 1947. The June 30,1949,
prices averaged only 15 percent higher than on
June 28, 1946.

Salaries of Office Workers:
Five Midwestern Cities, Early 1949 1
in Chicago had the
highest average weekly salaries among the five
major midwestern cities2 studied in the early
months of 1949. Somewhat lower salaries were
generally found for women in Cleveland. How­
ever, salaries of men office clerical workers in the
limited number of jobs for which data were availW

om en

O

f f ic e

W

orkers

1
Prepared by Lily Mary David of the Bureau’s Division of Wage
Analysis.
* Chicago, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Minneapolis-St. Paul, and St. Louis.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

255

able were typically higher in Cleveland than in
Chicago. Lower salaries for both men and women
were also reported for St. Louis, Cincinnati, and
Minneapolis-St. Paul. Although salaries tended
to be somewhat higher in St. Louis than in Cin­
cinnati, and in Cincinnati than in MinneapolisSt. Paul, the differences between these cities
were frequently small and in a number of jobs
the relative salary positions were reversed.
Typically, average weekly salaries for women
in the same job varied by $6 to $8 between the
lowest and the highest wage city. For example,
general stenographers, numerically one of the
most important jobs studied, earned an average
of $41 in Cincinnati, Minneapolis-St Paul, and
St. Louis, compared with $47.50 in Chicago and
$46 in Cleveland. Average salaries for women
in most of the jobs studied were between $43 and
$47 in Chicago; $41 and $45 in Cleveland; and $37
and $42 in St. Louis; $36 and $41 in Minneapolis-St.
Paul; and $35 and $41 in Cincinnati (table 1).
Considering individual salaries rather than occu­
pational averages, most of the women office
workers in Chicago and Cleveland earned between
$40 and $50; the corresponding figures for Cin­
cinnati and St. Louis were $35 to $45, and for
Minneapolis-St. Paul, $35 to $40.
Information for these cities was collected
as part of the 1949 program of office worker
studies of the U. S. Department of Labor’s
Bureau of Labor Statistics.3 The surveys were
designed to secure information on salaries and
scheduled hours of work in representative estab­
lishments in each community for only a limited
number of jobs. In the main, these were
the lower paid, more standardized occupations
that could be compared with reasonable con­
fidence from one office to another. Taken
together, these jobs account for a relatively
3 Information was collected by Bureau field representatives from 299
establishments in Chicago; 163 in Cincinnati; 186 in Cleveland; 180 in
Minneapolis-St. Paul; and 187 in St. Louis. The industrial coverage and
minimum size of establishment included in the survey are summarized in
table 1, footnote 2.
Cities included in the 1949 survey of office clerical workers, in addition
to those covered in this article, are Atlanta, Boston, Dallas, Hartford, Los
Angeles, N ew Orleans, N ew York, Philadelphia, Portland (Oreg.), Rich­
mond, Seattle, and Washington (D. C.). Further detail on salaries and
working conditions and related wage practices in all of the cities studied
w ill be available in forthcoming bulletins of the Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Salary data refer to salaries for the normal workweek, excluding overtime
pay and nonproduction bonuses, but including any incentive earnings.
Hours refer to scheduled workweeks in effect for office workers in the establish­
ments studied.

M ONTHLY LABOR

SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS

256

small proportion of men but a large proportion
of women office workers.
In Chicago, Cincinnati, and Cleveland hand
bookkeepers were the highest paid women studied,
whereas in Minneapolis-St. Paul and St. Louis
women performing bookkeeping by machine
(class A bookkeeping-machine operators) were the
highest paid. Of the jobs studied, highest salaries

for men were paid hand bookkeepers except in
Minneapolis-St. Paul, where general clerks received
slightly higher pay. In all cities, office girls
and boys were the lowest paid.
Comparison with a study made in Chicago
13 months earlier indicated that salaries of women
office workers in that city had increased about 6
percent in the intervening period.

T a ble 1.*—Salaries 1 and weekly scheduled hours for selected office occupations in 5 Midwestern cities by sex,2

January-M ay 1949 3

Sex, occupation, and grade

Chicago

Cincinnati

Average—
EstiMedian Salary range
mated
weekly of middle 50
num­
Weekly
percent of
ber of Weekly sched­ Hourly sala­
workers
ries 4
work­ salaries uled
rate
ers
hours

Average—
EstiMedian Salary range
mated
weekly of middle 50
num­
Weekly
percent of
ber of Weekly sched­ Hourly sala­
workers
ries 4
work­ salaries uled
rate
ers
hours

M en

Bookkeepers, hand___________ ________
Clerks:
Accounting________________________
General___________________ _______
Order. __________ ____
.............
P a y ro ll___ ___________ _
_____ _
Office boys........................ .................................

1,150

$68. 50

39.5

$1.73

$69.00 $55.00-$78.50

$60.50-$77.00

149

$67.50

40.5

$1.67

$67.00

50.00
55.00
52.00
47. 50
30.50

40.0
41.5
40.0
39.5
39.5

1.25
1.33
1.30
1.20
.77

49.00
56.00
49. 50
47.00
30. 00

40.0050. 5045.0037.0026.00-

57. 50
60.00
59. 00
54.00
34.00

3, 038
1,379
1,969
692
1, 340

56. 00
59.00
58.00
54.00
36. 00

39.5
39.5
39.5
39.5
39.0

1.42
1.49
1.47
1.36
.92

54.00
57. 50
57. 50
53.00
35.50

48.0050. 5050. 0049.0033. 50-

63. 50
67. 50
65.00
58.00
39. 50

727
253
289
106
138

1, 510
492
915

44.50
43.00
55. 50

39.5
39.5
39.0

1.13
1.09
1.43

44.00
42. 50
53.00

40.00- 47. 50
40. 00- 45. 00
47.00- 61. 00

408
29
216

36. 50
38.00
56.00

40.0
37.5
39.5

.91
1.01
1.42

37.00
37.00
55.00

32.00- 39.00
35.00- 45.00
47.00- 62.00

759
2,371

50.50
44.00

39.5
39.5

1.27
1.11

50. 00
44.00

46.00- 55.00
40. 00- 47. 00

80
409

48. 50
36.50

41.5
39.5

1.17
.92

49.50
35.00

41. 00- 56.00
32.00- 41.00

4, 488
359

46.00
43.50

39.5
39.0

1.16
1.11

46.00
43.00

42. 50- 49. 50
41.00- 47.00

669
58

39.00
36.50

39.5
37.5

.99
.97

37. 50
34.50

34.00- 43.00
32.00- 39.00

5, 994
1,052
4, 591
2,127
1, 562
2,140
8,085
1,249

45. 50
44. 50
36. 50
48.00
44.00
49.00
41.00
35. 00

39.5
39.0
39.0
39.5
39.5
39.5
39.5
39.5

1.15
1.14
.93
1.22
1.11
1.25
1.04
.89

44. 50
42.50
36.00
47.00
42. 50
49.00
40.00
34.50

40.0040. 0034. 0042. 5039.0045.0037.5032.00-

50.00
48.00
39. 00
52.00
47. 50
53. 00
44.00
37.00

1,081
114
884
395
363
447
1,834
209

40.00
38. 00
29. 50
46.00
35.00
42.50
34.50
29.00

39.5
40.0
39.0
39.5
40.0
39.5
39.0
39.0

1.01
.95
.76
1.16
.88
1.08
.88
.74

40.00
38.00
29. 50
45.00
34.00
42.00
33. 50
28. 50

33. 5036 5026.5040. 0029. 5037.0030.0026.00-

47. 50
on
44! 50
44. 50
46.00

39.0
29 0

1.21
1 29
1.13
1.12
1.17

47.00
5 4 no
43.50
44.00
45.00

43. 5048 0040.0040. 5042. 50-

51. 00
59 50
47. 50
47. 50
49. 50

2,186

41.00

39.5

1.04

40.00

35.00- 45.00

192
314
390

39.00
37.50
39.00

39.5
39.0
39.0

.99
.96
1.00

38.00
37.50
37.00

34. 50- 42. 50
33.00- 40.00
34.00- 42.00

45.50
40.50

39.0

1.16
1.03

45.00
40.50

42. 50- 48.00
37.00- 43.00

140
449

41.00
33.00

39.0
39.0

1.05
.85

41.00
32.00

34. 50- 47. 50
30.00- 35.00

W om en

Billers:
Machine (billing machine)__________
Machine (bookkeeping machine)____
Bookkeepers, hand_____________________
Bookkeeping-machine operators:
Class A _____ _____
. . . ________
Class B ___ ____ ____ . _______
Calculating-machine operators:
Comptometer type_________________
Other__________ ___________________
Clerks:
Accounting___ ____________________
Pile, class A _____ ___________ ______
File, class B _______ . _ ___________
General____________________________
Order________________ ___________
Pay roll.____ ______________________
Clerk-tvpists__________________________
Office girls. _____ ______________________
Stenographers:
General.____________ ______________
Switchboard operators________ _______
Switchboard-operator-receptionists______
Transcribing-machine operators, general. .
Typists:
Class A___________________ ________
Class B_ __________________ ______

11,274
1 184
l! 416
2,009
1,123
1, 671
4,578

54

39.5
39.5
39.0

39.0

46.00
40. 50
32.00
50. 50
40. 00
47. 00
37. 50
32.00

Minneapolis-St. Paul

Cleveland
M en

Bookkeepers, hand_____________ _______
Clerks:
Accounting____________ _____ _____ _
General______ _____________________
O rder_____________________ _____
Pay roll______ _____________________
Office boys_______________ _____ _______

$47.00-$69.00

242

$70. 50

40.5

$1.74

276

$57.00

40.0

$1.43

$52.00

1,002
182
531
138
233

56.50
57. 50
60.50
62.50
36. 50

40.0
40.0
41.0
40.0
39.5

1.41
1.44
1.48
1.56
.92

57.00
57. 50
57.50
62.00
35.00

49.0046.0051.5056. 5033.00-

63. 50
65. 50
69.00
67.00
39. 50

784
172
355
52
301

50. 50
57. 50
52.00
53. 50
30.00

40.0
39.5
40.5
39.5
39.5

1.26
1.46
1.28
1.35
.76

48. 50
56.00
50. 50
54.00
29. 50

43.0049. 5046.0042. 5026.50-

599
28
325

41.00
43. 50
56.50

40.0
40.5
39.0

1.03
1.07
1.45

41.00
42.50
56.00

37.00- 44.00
41.00- 45. 50
50.00- 62. 50

288
72
231

38. 50
34.00
45.00

40.0
40.5
40.0

.96
.84
1.13

37.00
34.00
46.00

34.50- 41.00
32.00- 37.00
41.00- 50.00

268
697

50.00
41.50

39.5
40.5

1.27
1.02

49.50
41.50

43. 50- 55.50
36.50- 46.00

162
921

47.50
37. 50

40.0
39.5

1.19
.95

46.00
37.00

43. 50- 52.00
34. 50- 40.50

1,044
99

43.00
44.50

40.0
40.0

1.08
1.11

42.50
46.00

39. 50- 46. 50
41.00- 46.00

746
219

38.00
36.50

40.0
40.0

.95
.91

38.00
37.00

34. 50- 40. 50
33. 50- 40. 00

$69.00 $59.00-$81. 50

57.00
63.50
56.00
61. 50
32.00

W om en

Billers:
Machine (billing machine)_____ _____
Machine (bookkeeping machine)_____
Bookkeepers, hand_____________________
Bookkeeping-machine operators:
Class A____________________________
Class B ________________ ____ ______
Calculating-machine operators:
Comptometer ty p e____ ____________
Other___________________ _______ _

See footnotes at end of table.


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R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

T a b l e 1.*

SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS

257

Salaries 1 and weekly scheduled hours for selected office occupations in 5 Midwestern cities by sex,2
January—May 19J+9 3— C o n tin u e d

Sex, occupation, and grade

Clerks:
Accounting_________ ____ __________
File, class A ....... ........................................
File, class B ________ _______________
General________ _______ ___________
Order___________ ____ _______ ______
Pay roll.......................................................
Clerk-typists________________ ____ _____
Office girls....................................... ................
Stenographers:
General__________ _____ __________
Technical...............................................
Switchboard operators.............................
Switchboard operator-receptionists.............
Transcribing-machine operators, general...
Typists:
Class A _______ _____ ______________
Class B ________________ ___________

Cleveland—Continued

M inneapolis-St. Paul—Continued

AverageEsti­
mated
Median Salary range
num­
weekly of middle 50
ber of Weekly Weekly
percent of
sched­ Hourly sala­
work­
ries 4
workers
salaries uled
rate
ers
hours

Average—
Esti­
mated
Median Salary range
num­
weekly of middle 50
ber of Weekly Weekly
sala­
percent of
sched­
Hourly
work­
ries 4
workers
salaries uled
rate
ers
hours

1, 577
217
681
654
387
814
2,617
480

$45.00
44.00
34.00
48. 50
42.50
48.50
40.00
33. 50

40.0
39.0
39.5
39.5
40.5
39.5
39.5
40.0

$1.13
1.13
.86
1.23
1.05
1.23
1.01
.84

3, 554
187
323
609
310

46.00
52. 50
43. 50
42.00
44. 50

39.5
40.0
39.5
40.0
39.5

440
709

43.50
38. 50

39.0
39.5

$44.00 $39.00-$50.00
43.50 39.00- 48.00
33.50 31.00- 37.00
49. 50 41.50- 55.00
40. 50 36. 50- 47.00
49.00 41.00- 55.00
40.50 36.50- 44.00
34.00 30.00- 35.00

1,747
221
1,005
490
307
443
1,981
349

$40.50
39. 50
31.50
43. 50
40.00
42.00
35.00
30.00

40.0
39.5
39.5
40.0
39.5
40.0
39.5
39.5

$1.01
1.00
.80
1.09
1.01
1.05
.89
.76

$39. 50
39.00
31.00
42. 50
39.50
41.00
34. 50
29.00

$34. 50-$44. 50
36.00- 42.00
28. 50- 33. 50
40.00- 46.00
34. 50- 42.00
36.00- 46.00
32.00- 37.50
27. 50- 32.00

1.16
1.31
1.10
1.05
1.13

46.00
52.50
42.50
42.00
44.00

41.0046.0038. 5036. 5040.00-

50. 50
57.50
47.00
46.00
49.50

2,439
189
272
440
686

41.00
46.00
38. 50
37.00
38.00

39.5
39.5
40.0
39.5
39.5

1.04
1.16
.96
.94
.96

40.50
46.00
37.00
37.00
37.00

36.5041.0034.0032.0035.00-

1.12
.97

42. 50
39.00

40.00- 47.00
34.50- 41. 50

342
1,026

39.00
33.00

39.5
39.5

.99
.84

38.00
32.00

36.00- 41.00
30.50- 36.00

44.50
50.50
42.00
40.00
41.00

St. Louis

Sex, occupation, and grade

Average—
Estimated
number of
workers

Weekly
salaries

Weekly
scheduled
hours

Hourly
rate

Median
weekly
salaries 4

Salary range
of middle 50
percent of
workers

M en

Bookkeepers, hand________ ____ ______
Clerks:
A ccounting.................... ........................
General.................................................... .
Order.......................................................
Pay roll____________ _______ _______
Office b o y s ..................................................

251

$63.50

39.5

$1.62

$62.00

767
83
467
108
351

51.50
49.50
53.50
50.00
30.50

40.0
40.0
40.5
40.0
40.0

1.29
1.23
1.33
1.25
.76

51.50
45.00
54.00
49. 50
30.00

44.0041.0043.5043. 5025.00-

416
30
259

39.00
44.00
46.00

40.0
40.0
40.0

.98
1.11
1.14

38.00
42.00
46.00

34. 50- 44.00
36.00- 58.00
40.00- 50.00

136
906

47.50
38.50

40.0
40.0

1.18
.97

46.00
38.00

43.50- 52.00
34.50- 42.00

1.043
221

42.00
37.50

40.0
40.0

1.06
.94

42.00
36. 50

38.00- 46.00
34.00- 42.00

1,149
174
874
217
303
701
2,591
244

40. 50
40.50
32.00
39.50
42.50
42.00
36.00
30.00

39.5
39.5
39.5
39.5
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.0

1.02
1.01
.81
1.00
1.06
1.05
.91
.75

40.00
39.00
31.00
38.00
42.00
41.00
35.00
30.00

35.0034.5028. 5033.0038.0037.0031. 5026.00-

45.50
44.00
35.00
43.00
46.00
47.00
39.50
33. 50

3,293
230
350
454
280

41.00
44.50
39. 50
37.50
39.50

40.0
39.5
40.0
40.0
40.0

1.03
1.12
.99
.93
.98

40. 50
42.50
39.00
36.00
38.00

37.5040.0035.0032.5035.50-

45.00
48. 50
44.00
40. 50
43.00

245
728

40.50
34.50

40.0
40.0

1.01
.87

39.50
34.00

37.00- 43.00
30.00- 38.00

$54.00-$69.00
57.50
56.00
63.50
53.50
34.50

W om en

Billers:
Machine (billing machine)________
Machine (bookkeeping machine)__
Bookkeepers, hand...................................
Bookkeeping-machine operators:
Class A __________________________
Class B ....... ........................................
Calculating-machine operators:
Comptometer type.............................
Other....................... .............. ...........
Clerks:
Accounting................ .........................
File, class A ____ _________________
File, class B .................. ........... .........
General..............................................
Order........................................ .........
Pay roll.......................... .................
Clerk-typists............................................
Office girls......... ........ ................................
Stenographers:
General________________________
Technical.........................................
Switchboard operators.............. ............
Switchboard-operator-receptionists____
Transcribing-machine operators, general
Typists:
Class A ____ ____ _________________
Class B ............................. ..................

1 Excludes pay for overtime.
2 The study covered representative manufacturing and retail trade estab­
lishments (except department stores in Cincinnati, Cleveland, Minneapolis,
and St. Louis, and limited-price variety stores in Cleveland and St. Louis)
and transportation (except railroad), communication, and heat, light, and
power companies—with over 100 workers; and establishments with more
than 25 workers (50 in Chicago) in wholesale trade, finance, real estate, insur­


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ance, and selected service industries (business service; professional services
such as engineering, architectural, accounting, auditing, and bookkeeping
firms, motion pictures; and nonprofit membership organizations).
2 Data for St. Louis refer to January, for Chicago to February, for Cleveland
to March, for Minneapolis-St. Paul to April, and for Cincinnati to M ay 1949.
4 Value above and below which half of workers’ salaries fell.

258
T able

SALARIES OF OFFICE WORKERS

M ONTHLY LABOR

2:—Salaries 1 of women clerk-typists and general stenographers in 5 midwestern cities, for selected industry divisions,
January-M ay 1949
Chicago

Cincinnati

Cleveland

Minneapolis-St. Paul

St. Louis

Esti­
Average—
Esti­
Average—
E sti­
Average—
E sti­
Esti­
Average—
Average—
mated
mated
mated
mated
mated
num­
num­
num­
num­
num­
ber Week­ Hour­ ber Week­
Week­ Hour­ ber Week­ Hour­ ber Week­ Hour­
Hour­ ber
of
of
of
of
of
ly
ly
ly
ly
ly
ly
ly
ly
ly
ly
work­ sala­
work­
sala­
work­
sala­
sala­
sala­
rate
rate
rate work­
rate work­
rate
ers
ries
ers
ries
ers
ries
ers
ries
ers
ries

Occupation and industry division

Clerk-typists *.._____ ____________ ______ _ 8,085 $41. 00

$1.04

1,834 $34. 50

$0.88

2,617 $40.00

$1.01

1,981 $35.00

Manufacturing_____________ ____ _______ 2, 593
Wholesale trade_________________ ______ _ 1,621
Finance, insurance, and real estate_______ 1,602
Services________________________________
733

42.00
42.00
39. 50
40.00

1.07
1.06
1.03
1.03

988
122
626
32

35.00
37.50
32.00
33.00

.89
.93
.86
.83

1,348
380
433
143

41.00
40.00
36. 50
38.50

1.03
1.00
.95
.97

597
306
773
145

Stenographers, general3_________________ 11, 274

47.50

1.21

2,186

41.00

1.04

3,554

46.00

1.16

M anufacturing..................................... ............
Wholesale trade________ _______ _________
Finance, insurance, and real estate. ._ . . .
Transportation, communication, and other
public utilities____________ __________
Services________________________________

4,730
2.020
2,147

48.50
49.00
45.00

1.23
1.23
1.18

1,356
243
404

41.50
41.00
37.00

1.04
1.03
.99

1,857
699
555

47.50
45.00
42.50

1.19
1.13
1.12

499
1,225

50. 00
48. 00

1.28
1.21

82
45

48.50
45. 50

1.23
1.17

197
166

43. 50
47.00

1.09
1.21

$0. 89

2, 591 $36.00
39.00
35.00
33.00
34. 50

$0.91

35.50
35. 00
34. 50
36.50

.89
.88
.88
.94

840
422
692
221

.98
.87
.83
.92

2,439

41.00

1.04

3,293

41.00

1.03

627
544
617

41.00
41.00
40.00

1.03
1.03
1.03

1,414
713
615

41.50
41.00
38.00

1.04
1.02
.96

258
165

44.50
41.00

1.11
1.05

223
184

44. 50
38.00

1.12
.98

1 Excludes pay for overtime.
3 Includes data for industry divisions not shown separately.

T a ble 3.— Percentage distribution of women office workers in 5 midwestern cities by scheduled weekly hours, January-M ay 1949
Percent of women workers employed in offices in—

Weekly hours

Trans­
porta­
F i­
nance, tion,
com­
All
M an­ Whole­ Retail insur­
muni­
sale
indus­ ufac­
ance, cation,
trade
tries turing trade
and
and
real
other.
estate public
utilities

Serv­
ices

Percent of women workers employed in offices in—

Weekly hours

All
Man­ Whole­ Retail
indus­ ufac­
sale
tries turing trade trade

All offices___
100.0

100.0

100.0

0.1
10.0

2.3

9.5

Under 35___________
35_.________________
Over 35 and under
3 7 ^ _____________
3 7 ^ - ____ __________
Over 37H and under
40______ _________
40________________ _
Over 40 and under 44.
44_____ ____ _______
Over 44 and under 48.
48_________________

2.8
10.0
3.6
69.7
.8
2.6
.4
(3)

6.4
87.6
1.4
2.3

(>)

100.0

100.0

8. 7
24.3

8.1
55.8
.3
14.5
4.9

11.4
19.8

100.0
1.1

35.8

6.9

1.0
1. 7
5.2
91.3

2 8
2.8
93.0

.8
.3

Under 35____
35_________________
Over 35 and under
37 _______
3 7 ti________
Over 37W and under
40...................
40___________
Over 40 and under
44________
44_________________
Over 44 and under
48_________
48_________________

100.0

100.0

1.5

100.0

Under 35......................
35_________________
Over 35 and under
3 7 H ______________
375-i_______________
Over 37V i and under
40_______________
40_________________
Over 40 and under 44.
44_______________
Over 44 and under 48.
48_________________

100.0

100.0

(')

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

1 00.0

3.9

2.8

1. 2

4 .8

2. 5
12.4

8. 2
5.6

5.4

10.0
15.1

5.5

10.0
9 .1

15.5
65.1

13.1
72.0

3.9
68.8

.8
89.5

39.8
30.2

2.2
85.9

65.0

2.1
.7

2.1

8.1

4. 2
.5

1.5

1.5

1.1
1.0
.4
(3)

11.1

.5
ST. LOUIS

100.0

100.0

All offices____

100.0

100.0

100.0 3 100.0

100.0

100.0

7.1

2. 5

10.3

15

.3
.4

20.5
23.9
53.8

100.0

Under 35 .
1.5

5.6

7.2

1.3
10.4

7.6

1.6
7.6

6.2
23.0

3. 5

.3
20. 5

7.6
73.6
1.8
3.3
.5

3.5
85.8
.4
2.7

1.5
76.9
3.9
8.5

24.1
41.1

6.9
85.7
.6

11.7
55.1
1.3

3.3

3.9

1 Data for retail trade included in data for all industries.
3 Less than 0.05 of 1 percent.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

100.0

4.9
10.5

CLEVELAND
All offices__________

Serv­
ices

CHICAGO

C IN C IN N A T I
All offices__________

Trans­
porta­
F i­
tion,
nance, com­
insur­ muni­
ance, cation,
and
and
real
other
estate public
utilities

Over 35 and under
3 7 ^ ..............
37J/2..................
Over 37^
and
under 40__
4 0 ....................
Over 40 and under
44________
44_________________
Over 44 and under
48________
48...................................

2.8
1.8
2.7

1.0
1.4

2.7

5.8

2. 2
1.1

6. 7
81.1

.5
94.0

.9
84.8

75.8

30.1
63.7

.1
82.9

2.3
2.3

.6
2.5

5.6
6.0

8.4
2.9

.4

3.1
1.4

.3
(3)

1.5

3 Excludes data for department and limited-price variety stores.

.3

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 9

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

T a b l e 3 —Percentage distribution of women office workers

in 5 midwestern cities by scheduled weekly hours, January—
May 1949— C o n tin u e d

259

Wage Chronology No. 9:
General Motors Corp., 1939-49 1

Percent of women workers employed in offices in—

Weekly hours

Trans­
porta­
Fi­
tion,
nance, com­
All
M an­ Whole­ Retail insur­
muni­
indus­ ufac­
sale
ance, cation,
tries turing trade trade and
and
real
other
estate public
utilities

Serv­
ices

M IN N E A P O L IS -ST . PAUL
All offices__________
Under 35............. .........
35___________
Over 35 and under
37^ ____ _________
37^_._........ ......... . .
Over 37^ and under
40________________
40. _____ _______
Over 40 and under
44___________ .
44____________ __ Over 44 and under
48____ ____ _
48.....................

100.0

100.0

100.0 4100.0

100.0

100.0
.3

100.0

.5

1.5

1.7
6.1

6.7

.5

26.1

13.4
75.2

8.7
84.2

2.6
90.1

7.8
64.4

1.9
.6

.4

1.2

2.7

5.6
8.3

96.8

5.3
72.3

32.8
51.8

2.0

15.1
4.6

.6

1.7
6.5

4 Excludes data for Minneapolis department stores.

Data presented in table 2 for women clerktypists and general stenographers give some picture
of variation in salaries among the industry
divisions studied. Similar information for other
jobs is available in the individual reports on these
cities. In general, salary levels in manufacturing,
wholesale trade, and in transportation, communi­
cation, and other public utilities were higher than
in the other industry divisions studied.
In all cities the 40-hour week was most typical
for office workers, but in Cincinnati and Chicago
over a fourth of the office workers were on a
shorter work schedule (table 3).4 In Cincinnati
1 out of 10 office workers was on a 35-hour week
and the same proportion worked 37K hours. In
Chicago, most of the shorter workweeks were from
37K to less than 40 hours a week. In all cities,
workweeks in excess of 40 hours were relatively
uncommon. Except in St. Louis, the shortest
hours were reported for finance, insurance, and
real estate offices.
4 Although table 3 is limited to women office workers, schedules for men
were almost always the same.


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a j o r c h a n g e s in wages and related wage prac­
tices put into effect since August 1939 in the auto­
motive plants of the General Motors Corp. are
described in this chronology. The changes ap­
plied to hourly rated production and maintenance
employees who were represented by the Interna­
tional Union, United Automobile, Aircraft &
Agricultural Implement Workers of America
(UAW-CIO).
The first collective-bargaining agreement be­
tween General Motors and the UAW-CIO was
entered into on February 11, 1937. This agree­
ment did not cover wages or related wage prac­
tices, which were handled at the plant level.
Provisions relating to certain wages and wage
practices were later added as supplements to the
1937 agreement. The first multiplant wage ad­
justment provided by agreement between the
parties was included in the agreement of August
1939. Since this chronology starts with the 1939
agreement, the provisions reported under that
date do not necessarily indicate changes in prior
conditions of employment.
The most recent agreement, effective May 29,
1948, covers approximately 225,000 production,
maintenance, and engineering shop employees in
those bargaining units for which the UAW-CIO
has been certified as bargaining agent by the
National Labor Relations Board. The agreement
continues to May 29, 1950, when it may be ter­
minated or modified, and makes no provision for
negotiation of any general change during the 2year term. The provisions dealing with the auto­
matic quarterly adjustment of cost-of-living allow­
ances and the “ annual improvement factor” are
reproduced at the end of this chronology.

M

• Prepared in the U . S. Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics
by Philip Arnow and Joseph W . Bloch. Eor purpose and scope of wage
chronology series, see M onthly Labor Review, December 1948. Reprints of
chronologies are available upon request.

260

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 9

M ONTHLY LABOR

A—General Wage Changes1
Effective date

Provision

A u g . 5, 1 9 3 9 2_______________

No
general
w age
change.
1 .5 5 c e n ts a n h o u r
a v e r a g e in c re a se .

A u g . 1, 1 9 4 0 (b y a g r e e ­
m e n t o f J u n e 2 4 , 1 9 4 0 ).
A p r. 28, 1941 (b y a g r e e ­
m e n t o f J u n e 3, 1 9 4 1 ).
A p r. 2 8, 19 4 2 (b y d ir e c tiv e
o rd er o f N a t io n a l W ar
L a b o r B o a r d , S e p t. 26,
1 9 4 2 ).

O ct. 6, 1 9 4 4 (b y d ir e c tiv e
o rd er o f N W L B , A p r. 12,
1 9 4 5 ).
M a r. 19, 1 9 4 6 (b y a g r e e ­
m e n t o f sa m e d a te ).

A p p lic a tio n , e x c e p tio n s, a n d o th e r re la te d m a tte r s

10 c e n ts a n h o u r in ­
c rea se.
4 c e n ts a n h o u r in ­
c rea se.

1 8 .5 c e n ts a n h o u r
in c r e a se .

A p r. 2 4, 1 9 4 7 (b y a g r e e ­
m e n t o f s a m e d a te ).
O ct. 2 0, 1 9 4 7 (b y a g r ee ­
m e n t o f O ct. 2 7 , 1 9 4 7 ).
M a y 29, 1 9 4 8 (b y a g r e e ­
m e n t o f s a m e d a te ).

1 1 .5 c e n ts a n h o u r
in c re a se .

S e p t. 6, 1948_

3 c e n ts an h o u r in ­
c rea se.
N o c h a n g e ___________
2 c e n ts a n
hour

D e c . 1, 1 9 4 8 -,
M a r. 7, 1949_.

U p w a r d a d j u s t m e n t a n d fo r m a liz a tio n o f p a y s c a le s for t o o l a n d
d ie m a k e r s a n d s o m e m a in te n a n c e c la s sific a tio n s.
A g r e e m e n t p r o v id e d for fu n d o f 1.5 c e n ts a n h o u r for e m p lo y e e s
c o v e r e d b y a g r e e m e n t, for p u r p o se o f g e n e ra l r e -e v a lu a tio n o f jo b
c la s sific a tio n s a n d r a te s in in d iv id u a l p la n ts . F in a l c o s t a v e r a g e d
1 .5 5 c e n ts a n h o u r for e lig ib le w o rk ers.

N W L B d ir e c tiv e s o f O ct. 16 a n d 24, 1 9 4 2 , p r o v id e d for a d d itio n a l
in c r e a se s o f 6 c e n ts a n h o u r t o sk ille d t o o l a n d d ie m a k e r s a n d
t o 4 sk ille d m a in te n a n c e c la s sific a tio n s, a n d fu n d o f 1.5 c e n t s
a n h o u r t o b e d is tr ib u te d a m o n g o th e r sk ille d a n d se m isk ille d
m a in te n a n c e c la s s ific a tio n s . T h is fu n d w a s d is tr ib u te d b y
a g r e e m e n t o f J a n . 5, 19 4 3 , in th e fo r m o f 6 -c e n t in c r e a se s t o
s p e c ifie d m a in te n a n c e a n d p o w e r -h o u se c la s sific a tio n s.
In c r e a se o f 5 c e n ts a n h o u r t o s k ille d m a in te n a n c e w o r k e rs (n o t
lim ite d t o g r o u p s in c lu d e d in 194 2 a n d 19 4 3 a d j u s t m e n t s ) .
1 3 .5 c e n ts r e tr o a c tiv e t o N o v . 7, 194 5 , fo r h o u rs w o r k e d ( p la n ts
w ere s tr u c k b e tw e e n N o v . 21 , 19 4 5 , a n d v a r io u s d a te s in M a rc h
1 9 4 6 ).
In c r e a se o f 5 c e n ts a n h o u r t o sk ille d m a in te n a n c e w o rk ers.

11 c e n ts a n h o u r in ­
c r e a se .

6 c e n ts o f in c r e a se a d d e d to b a s e r a te o f e a c h w a g e c la s sific a tio n a n d
5 c e n ts d e s ig n a te d a s c o s t - o f - liv in g a llo w a n c e t o b e a d ju s te d u p
or d o w n e a c h 3 m o n th s , in a c c o r d a n c e w ith c h a n g e s in t h e
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s c o n s u m e r s ’ p r ice in d e x . A g r e e m e n t
a lso p r o v id e d for in c r e a se o f 3 c e n ts an h o u r o n M a y 29, 1 9 4 9 ,
a s “ a n n u a l im p r o v e m e n t f a c to r .”
(S ee p . 2 6 3 for t e x t o f c o n tr a c t
p r o v isio n s .)
Q u a r ter ly a d j u s t m e n t o f c o s t - o f - liv in g a llo w a n c e .
Q u a r te r ly a d j u s t m e n t o f c o s t - o f - liv in g a llo w a n c e .

decrease.
M a y 2 9, 1949.
J u n e 6, 1 9 4 9 -,

3 c e n ts a n h o u r in ­
c rea se.
1 c e n t a n h o u r de­

S e p t. 5, 19 4 9 .

N o change.

A n n u a l im p r o v e m e n t fa c to r a p p lie d to b a s e r a te o f e a c h w a g e
c la s sific a tio n .
Q u a r ter ly a d ju s tm e n t o f c o s t-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e .

crease.

1 General wage changes are construed as upward or downward adjustment
affecting a substantial number of workers at one time. N ot included within
the term are adjustments in individual rates (promotions, merit increases,
etc.) and minor adjustments in wage structure (such as changes in individual
job rates or incentive rates) that do not have an immediate and noticeable
effect on the average wage level.
The general wage changes listed above were the major changes affecting
wage rates durine the period covered by this chronology. Additional ad­
justments, including adjustments in women’s rates under the equal pay pro­
visions of the contracts, were made in individual plants, but details concem-

ing these are not available. Because of these omissions, the omission of in­
dividual rate adjustments, and other factors, the total of the general wage
changes listed will not necessarily coincide with the movement of straighttime average hourly earnings.
2 T h is w a s t h e fir st m u lt ip la n t w a g e a d ju s tm e n t p r o v id e d b y a g r e e m e n t
b e tw e e n t h e p a r tie s. A g en era l w a g e in cr ea se o f 5 c e n ts an h o u r g r a n te d b y
t h e co r p o r a tio n in F e b r u a r y 1937, a n d a n earlier g en era l in c r e a se o f 5 c e n ts an
h o u r e ffe c tiv e N o v . 9, 1936, w e r e n o t d e te r m in e d th r o u g h c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in ­
in g .

B—Hiring and Minimum Job Rates (Automobile Plants in Michigan)1
Effective date

A ug.
A p r.
A p r.
M a r.
A p r.

5, 1 9 3 9 28, 19 4 1 .
2 8, 1 9 4 2 .
19, 1946
24, 1 9 4 7 .

Hiring rate

$0.
.
.
.
1.

65
75
79
975
09

Minimum job
rate

$0.
.
.
1.
1.

75
85
89
075
19

1 Applicable to lowest-paid classifications in all General Motors plants in
Detroit and in the company’s automobile manufacturing plants elsewhere
in Michigan.


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Effective date

M ay
S e p t,
M a r.
M ay
June
1

29, 194 8 2__ _________________
6, 194 8 2______________________
7, 194 9 2______________________
29, 1 9 4 9 2__ _________________
6, 19 4 9 2___ __
___________

Includes cost-of-living allowance.

Hiring rate

$1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

20
23
21
24
23

M inimum job
rate, ,¿**4

$1.
1.
1.
1.
1.

30
33
31
34
33

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 9

261

C—Related Wage Practices1
Effective date

Provision

Application, exceptions, and other related matters

Shift Premium Pay
A u g . 5, 1 9 3 9 ____ __ _____
J u n e 24, 1 9 4 0

N o p r o v is io n fo r s h ift p r e m iu m
pay.
5 p e r c e n t p r e m iu m p a y o n s h ifts
w ith h a lf or m o r e o f w o r k in g
h o u rs b e tw e e n 6 p . m . a n d
6 a. m .
A d d e d : 7 .5 p e r c e n t p r e m iu m
p a y o n th ir d s h ifts r e g u la r ly
sc h e d u le d t o s ta r t b e tw e e n
10 p . m . a n d 2 a. m .

_______

O c t. 5, 19 4 3 (b y d ir e c tiv e
o r d e r o f N W L B , M ar. 3,
1 9 4 5 ).

S p e c ia l s h ifts fo r w h ic h h a lf o r m o r e o f sc h e d u le d h o u rs
w e re b e tw e e n 12 m id n ig h t a n d 6 a. m . a lso r e c e iv e d
7 .5 p e r c e n t p r e m iu m .
O n tw o -s h ift o p e r a tio n s, w h er e
se c o n d s h ift w a s r e g u la r ly s c h e d u le d to w o r k m o r e
th a n 9 h o u rs a n d u n til or b e y o n d 3 a. m ., 7 .5 p e r c e n t
p r e m iu m p a id for a ll h o u rs a fte r m id n ig h t.

Overtime Pay
A u g . 5, 1 9 3 9 2_______________
J u n e 24, 1 9 4 0 _____________

.

T im e a n d o n e -h a lf for w ork in
e x c e ss o f 4 0 h o u rs p e r w e e k .
T im e a n d o n e -h a lf fo r w o rk in
e x c e s s o f 8 h o u rs p e r d a y or 4 0
hou rs per w eek.

Premium Pay for Saturday and Sunday Work
A u g . 5, 1 9 3 9

_ __________

O ct. 19, 1 9 4 2 4_____________

S e p t . 3 , 1 9 4 5 _______________

T im e a n d o n e -h a lf for S a tu r d a y
w o rk in e x c e s s o f 4 0 h o u rs.
D o u b le tim e fo r w o r k on
S u n d a y .3
C h a n g e d t o t im e a n d o n e -h a lf
fo r 6 th d a y , a n d d o u b le tim e
fo r s e v e n t h d a y , w o r k e d in
c a le n d a r w e e k .
D o u b le t im e fo r s e v e n t h d a y
c h a n g e d b a c k t o d o u b le tim e
for S u n d a y w o r k .

N o t a p p lic a b le t o e m p lo y e e s in o c c u p a tio n s r eq u irin g
7 -d a y o p e r a tio n , for w h o m S a tu r d a y a n d /o r S u n d a y
w o r k c o n s t it u t e d p a r t o f n o r m a l w o r k w ee k .
T im e lo s t fo r p e r so n a l o r o th e r sp e c ifie d r e a s o n s d u rin g
first 5 d a y s o f w e e k m a d e u p o n s ix th or s e v e n t h d a y
a t s tr a ig h t tim e . A p p lic a b le t o a ll e m p lo y e e s ,
in c lu d in g th o s e o n c o n tin u o u s o p e r a tio n s.
E m p lo y e e s o n c o n tin u o u s 7 -d a y o p e r a tio n s p a id d o u b le
t im e for s e v e n t h c o n s e c u tiv e d a y w o r k e d in c a le n d a r
w eek.

Holiday Pay
A u g . 5, 1 9 3 9 5____________

D o u b le tim e for w o r k o n 6 s p e c i­
fied h o lid a y s .
N o paym ent
fo r h o lid a y s n o t w o r k e d .

O ct. 19, 1 9 4 2 4____________

C h a n g e d t o tim e a n d o n e -h a lf for
h o lid a y w o rk .
C h a n g e d b a c k t o d o u b le tim e for
h o ild a y s w o rk ed .
6 p a id h o lid a y s e s ta b lis h e d for
w h ic h w o r k e rs w ith se n io r ity 6
r e c e iv e d 8 h o u r s’ s tr a ig h t-tim e
p a y . D o u b le t im e (to ta l) for
h o lid a y s w o r k e d .

S e p t. 3, 1 9 4 5 ______________
A p r. 2 4, 1 9 4 7 ___________

’•Last entry under each item represents most recent change.
2 Practice instituted on N ov. 9, 1936.
3 Prior practice had been time and one-half for Sunday work.
4 During the period covered by Executive Order 9240 (Oct. 1, 1942, to Aug.
21,1945), the application of these provisions was modified where necessary to


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

H o lid a y s w e re : N e w Y e a r ’s D a y , M em o r ia l D a y , F o u r th
o f J u ly , L a b o r D a y , T h a n k s g iv in g D a y , a n d C h r istm a s
D a y . _ N o t a p p lic a b le t o e m p lo y e e s in o c c u p a tio n s
r eq u irin g 7 -d a y o p e r a tio n .
A p p lic a b le t o all e m p lo y e e s , in c lu d in g t h o s e o n c o n ­
t in u o u s 7 -d a y o p e r a tio n s.
A p p lic a b le to all e m p lo y e e s , in c lu d in g t h o s e o n c o n ­
t in u o u s 7 -d a y o p e r a tio n s.
H o lid a y s sa m e a s a b o v e . H o lid a y s fa llin g o n S a tu r d a y s
p a id for. C o n tin u o u s -o p e r a tio n s e m p lo y e e s r e c e iv e d
p a y fo r h o lid a y s fa llin g o n d a y off a n d d o u b le t im e
fo r h o lid a y s w o r k e d .

conform to that order.
4 Prior practice had been time and one-half for holidays worked.
4 Under the contract of M ay 29,1948, employees may acquire seniority by
working 90 continuous days.

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 9

262

M ONTHLY LABOR

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Application, exceptions, and other related matters

Provision

Effective date

Pay in Lieu of Vacation
A u g 5, 19 3 9
_________
-____
J u n e 24, 1 9 4 0 ____ __
O ct. 19, 1 9 4 2 (b y d ir e c tiv e
o rd er o f N W L B , S e p t. 26,
1 9 4 2 ).
Mfl.r 1 9 , 1 9 4 6 _____________

A p r. 2 4 , 1 9 4 7 ________ ______

N n p r o v is io n f o r v a c a t i o n p a y
_______
4 0 h o u r s’ p a y a t s tr a ig h t-tim e r a te s for e m ­
p lo y e e s w ith 1 y e a r ’s s e n io r ity .
A d d e d : 80 h o u r s’ p a y fo r e m p lo y e e s w it h 5
y e a r s ’ s e n io r ity .
C h a n g e d t o : 2 p e r c e n t o f g ro ss a n n u a l e a r n ­
in g s fo r e m p lo y e e s w ith 1 b u t le s s t h a n 3
y e a r s ’ s e n io r ity ; 3 p e r c e n t fo r e m p lo y e e s
w it h 3 to 5 y e a r s ’ ; 4 .5 p e r c e n t fo r e m ­
p lo y e e s w ith 5 or m o r e y ea rs.
C h a n g e d to : 4 0 h o u r s’ s tr a ig h t - t im e p a y for
e m p lo y e e s w ith 1 y e a r ’s s e n io r ity ; 60
h o u rs for e m p lo y e e s w ith 3 b u t le s s th a n
5 y e a r s ’ ; 8 0 h o u rs for e m p lo y e e s w ith 5 or
m o re y e a rs.

I n lie u o f v a c a t io n w ith p a y
A r r a n g e m e n t c o n tin u e d for
I n lie u o f v a c a tio n w it h p a y
A r r a n g e m e n t c o n tin u e d fo r

fo r y e a r 1 9 4 0 .
1941.
for y e a r 1 9 4 2 .
y e a r s 1 9 4 3 -4 5 .

In lie u o f v a c a t io n w it h p a y fo r y e a r 19 4 6 .

I n lie u o f v a c a t io n p a y for y e a r 19 4 7 .
(A r­
r a n g e m e n t c o n tin u e d fo r 1 9 4 8 a n d 19 4 9 .)

Reporting Time
A u g . 5, 1939 7_____ __________
S e p t. 2 6, 1942 (b y d ir e c tiv e
ord er o f N W L B ) .
A p r 2 4 19 4 7
_ __
_

M in im u m o f 2 h o u r s’ p a y g u a r a n te e d to
e m p lo y e e s c a lle d t o w o r k or n o t p r o p e r ly
n o tifie d o f la c k o f w o rk .
R e p o r tin g tim e in c r e a se d t o 3 h o u r s’ p a y .

N o t a p p lic a b le w h e n la c k o f w o rk c a u se d
b y la b o r d is p u te s or o th e r c o n d itio n s
b e y o n d c o n tr o l o f lo c a l m a n a g e m e n t.

R e p o r tin g t im e in c r e a se d t o 4 h o u r s ’ p a y .

Equal Pay for Women
Alia- 5 1939
O ct. 19, 194 2 (b y d ir e c tiv e
o rd er o f N W L B , S e p t. 26,
1 9 4 2 ).

N o p r o v i s i o n ._ __
__
_____________
W a g e r a te s fo r w o m e n w e re t o b e s e t in
a c c o r d a n c e w it h p r in c ip le o f e q u a l p a y
fo r c o m p a r a b le q u a n t it y a n d q u a lit y of
w o r k o n c o m p a r a b le o p e r a tio n s.8

Group Insurance Plan
1 9 3 9 (o r ig in a te d in 1 9 2 6 ).

J u ly 1, 1 9 4 8 ____ __

- ____

E m p lo y e e s c o u ld p a r tic ip a te in p u r c h a s e o f
life, sic k n e ss , a c c id e n t, h o s p ita liz a tio n ,
a n d su r g e r y in su r a n c e .
M a jo r p a r t o f
c o s ts b o r n e b y e m p lo y e e s .
R e v is e d a n d e x p a n d e d life , sic k n e ss , a n d
a c c id e n t in su r a n c e p la n m a d e a v a ila b le .9

Prior practice was 1 hour’s pay.
8 The application of this provision resulted in numerous rate adjustments,
especially during the period 1943-45. N o record of total volume of adjust­
ments is available.
« The plan makes available varying amounts of insurance based upon
subscriber’s basic hourly rate. An employee earning $1.50 an hour, for
example, can buy: (1) $3,000 life insurance plus $1,500 for death from
i


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accident; (2) sickness and accident benefits of $21 a week up to 26 weeks;
(3) total and permanent disability insurance after 15 years in plan amounting
to $60 a month for 50 months (before age 60); and (4) continuing free life insur­
ance (from $500 to $900 depending upon number of years in plan) after age 65.
For this insurance, the employee pays 60 cents a week or $2.60 a month;
balance of cost, including administrative expense, is borne by company.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

WAGE CHRONOLOGY NO. 9

263

C—Related Wage Practices—Continued
Effective date

Provision

Application, exceptions, and other related matters

Wage Advance Plans
(a)

Income Security Plan

J a n . 1, 1 9 3 9 (d is c o n tin u e d
in 1 9 4 1 ).

(6)

W a g e s a d v a n c e d t o e lig ib le h o u r ly -r a te d
e m p lo y e e s e a rn in g le s s th a n 60 p e r c e n t o f
sta n d a r d w e e k ly e a rn in g s, u p to 60 p e r ­
c e n t o f sta n d a r d w e e k ly e a rn in g s b u t n o t
to e x c e e d to ta l a d v a n c e o f 3 6 0 h o u r s’ p a y
R e p a y m e n t b y a u to m a tic d e d u c tio n o f
o n e -h a lf o f w e e k ly e a rn in g s in e x c e ss of
2 4 h o u r s’ p a y .

H o u r ly -r a te d e m p lo y e e s e lig ib le if u n d e r 64
y e a rs, w ith 5 y e a r s ’ s e r v ic e . E m p lo y e e s ’
t o t a l e a r n in g s o v e r p e r io d o f tim e n o t
a ffe c te d b y p la n .
P la n n o t c o v e r e d b y u n io n a g r e e m e n ts.

W a g e s a d v a n c e d t o e lig ib le h o u r ly -r a te d
e m p lo y e e s e a rn in g less th a n 40 p e r c e n t
o f sta n d a r d w e e k ly e a rn in g s, u p t o 40
p e r c e n t o f sta n d a r d w e e k ly e a rn in g s b u t
n o t t o e x c e e d t o t a l a d v a n c e o f 72 h o u r s’
p a y . R e p a y m e n t b y a u to m a tic d e d u c ­
tio n o f o n e -h a lf o f w e e k ly e a rn in g s in
e x c e ss o f 2 4 h o u rs p a y .

H o u r ly -r a te d e m p lo y e e s e lig ib le if u n d e r 64
y e a rs, w ith 2 y e a r s ’ se r v ic e , a n d n o t
e lig ib le u n d e r in c o m e se c u r ity p la n . E m ­
p lo y e e s ’ t o t a l e a r n in g s o v e r p e r io d o f tim e
n o t a ffe c te d b y p la n .
P la n n o t c o v e r e d b y u n io n a g r e e m e n ts.

Lay-off Benefit Plan

J a n . 1 19 3 9
in 1 9 4 1 ).

(d is c o n tin u e d

Wage Adjustment Provisions in May 29, 1948, Agreement
(1 0 1 ) (a) A ll e m p lo y e e s c o v e r e d b y t h is a g r e e m e n t s h a ll
r e c e iv e a n in c r e a s e o f 11 c e n t s p e r h o u r e f fe c t iv e M a y 29,
1 9 4 8 . T h r e e c e n t s p e r h o u r o f t h is in c r e a se is t o p r o v id e
fo r im p r o v e m e n t in t h e s ta n d a r d o f liv in g o f e m p lo y e e s
a n d w ill b e a d d e d to t h e b a s e r a te o f e a c h w a g e c la s s ific a ­
tio n fo r t h e te r m o f t h e A g r e e m e n t. E ig h t c e n ts p e r h o u r
o f t h is in c r e a se is fo r th e p u r p o se o f p r o v id in g fo r t h e in ­
c r e a se w h ic h h a s ta k e n p la c e in t h e c o s t o f liv in g .
I t is
a g r e e d t h a t o n ly 5 c e n t s o f t h is 8 c e n ts w ill b e s u b j e c t to
r e d u c tio n so t h a t , if a su ffic ie n t d e c lin e in t h e c o s t o f liv in g
o c c u r s , e m p lo y e e s w ill im m e d ia t e ly e n jo y a b e t t e r s ta n d a r d
o f liv in g . S u c h a n im p r o v e m e n t w ill b e a n a d d itio n to t h e
3 c e n t s a n h o u r a n n u a l im p r o v e m e n t fa c to r u n d e r w r itte n
b y t h e C o r p o r a tio n a n d w ill m a k e a t o t a l o f 6 c e n t s t o b e
a d d e d to t h e b a s e r a te o f e a c h w a g e c la s s ific a tio n , a s o f
M a y 29, 1948.
(b) A fu r th e r in c r e a s e o f 3 c e n ts p e r h o u r fo r a n im ­
p r o v e d s ta n d a r d o f liv in g w ill b e m a d e in t h e b a s e r a te o f
e a c h w a g e c la s s ific a tio n e f fe c t iv e o n a n d a fte r M a y 29 ,
19 4 9 .

r a te o f a ll in c e n t iv e w o r k e r s u n t il lo c a l P la n t M a n a g e m e n ts
a n d t h e lo c a l u n io n s r e a c h a n a g r e e m e n t fo r fa c to r in g t h is
in c r e a s e in t o t h e w a g e s t r u c tu r e o f in c e n t iv e c la s s ific a tio n s .
T h e 5 c e n t s p e r h o u r in c r e a se fo r c o s t - o f - liv in g a llo w a n c e
p r o v id e d fo r in p a r a g r a p h 101 (a) s h a ll b e a d d e d t o e a c h
e m p lo y e e ’s h o u r ly e a r n e d r a te a n d w ill b e a d j u s t e d u p or
d o w n e a c h t h r e e m o n th s in lin e w it h t h e c o s t - o f - liv in g
a llo w a n c e p r o v id e d fo r in p a r a g r a p h s 101 (f) a n d 101 (g ).
(e) T h e c o s t - o f - liv in g a llo w a n c e w ill b e d e te r m in e d in
a c c o r d a n c e w it h c h a n g e s in t h e “ C o n s u m e r s ’ P r ic e In d e x
fo r M o d e r a te I n c o m e F a m ilie s in L a r g e C it ie s ” — “ A ll
I t e m s ” , p u b lis h e d b y t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , U . S.
D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r , ( 1 9 3 5 - 3 9 = 1 0 0 ) a n d h e r e a fte r
r efe rr ed t o a s t h e B L S C o n s u m e r s ’ P r ic e I n d e x .
(f) T h e c o s t - o f - liv in g a llo w a n c e a s d e te r m in e d in p a r a ­
g r a p h 101 (a) sh a ll c o n tin u e in e ffe c t u n t il t h e first p a y
p e r io d b e g in n in g a fte r S e p te m b e r 1, 1 9 4 8 . A t t h a t tim e ,
a n d th e r e a fte r d u r in g t h e p e r io d o f t h is a g r e e m e n t, a d j u s t ­
m e n t s s h a ll b e m a d e q u a r te r ly a t t h e fo llo w in g tim e s :

Effective date of adjustment

Based upon

(c) T h e s e in c r e a s e s in b a s e r a te s a s p r o v id e d fo r in
p a r a g r a p h 101 (a) a n d p a r a g r a p h 101 (b) s h a ll b e a d d e d
t o t h e w a g e r a te s (m in im u m , in te r m e d ia r y a n d m a x im u m )
fo r e a c h d a y -w o r k c la s s ific a tio n . T h e 5 c e n t s p e r h o u r
in c r e a s e fo r t h e c o s t - o f - liv in g a llo w a n c e p r o v id e d fo r in
p a r a g r a p h 101 (a) s h a ll b e a d d e d to e a c h e m p lo y e e ’s
s t r a ig h t t im e h o u r ly e a r n in g s a n d w ill b e a d ju s te d u p or
d o w n e a c h th r e e m o n t h s in lin e w it h t h e c o s t - o f - liv in g
a llo w a n c e p r o v id e d fo r in p a r a g r a p h s 101 (f) a n d 101 (g ).

D ec.
M ar.
June
S e p t.
D ec.
M a r.

(d ) I n t h e c a s e o f e m p lo y e e s o n a n in c e n t iv e b a s is o f
p a y t h e in c r e a s e s in b a s e r a te s p r o v id e d fo r in p a r a g r a p h
101 (a) a n d p a r a g r a p h 101 (b) s h a ll b e a d d e d t o th e e a r n e d

I n n o e v e n t w ill a d e c lin e in t h e B L S C o n su m e r s’ P rice
In d e x b e lo w 1 6 4 .7 p r o v id e t h e b a s is fo r a r e d u c tio n in t h e
w a g e s c a le b y jo b c la s sific a tio n .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

.
. ,. .
First pay period beginning on or after—

B L S consumers’
price index as of—

S e p t. 1, 1 9 4 8 ---------------------------------------------------J u ly
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,
1,

15 ) i g 4 8

1 9 4 8 --------------------------------------------------- O ct.
15, 1 9 4 8
1 9 4 9 i------------------------------------------------- J a n .
15, 1 94 9
1 9 4 9 — --------------------------------------------- A p r.
15, 1 94 9
1 9 4 9 -----------"I. — - - - ------------------- J u ly 15, 1 9 4 9
1 9 4 9 -------------------------- -------------------------O ct.
15, 1 9 4 9
1 9 5 0 ---------------------------------------------------j a n .
15, 195 0

EARNINGS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

264

(g) T h e a m o u n t o f t h e c o s t-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e w h ic h
s h a ll b e e ffe c tiv e fo r a n y th r e e -m o n th ’s p er io d a s p r o v id e d
in p a r a g r a p h 101 (f), sh a ll b e in a c c o r d a n c e w ith t h e fo llo w ­
in g ta b le (e x c e p t t h a t t h e 5 c e n ts c o s t-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e
e ffe c tiv e M a y 2 9 , 1948, w ill n o t b e c h a n g e d o n a n y s u b ­
se q u e n t a d j u s t m e n t d a te u n le ss t h e c o s t-o f-liv in g in d e x
h a s in c r e a se d or d e c r e a se d m o r e th a n o n e fu ll in d e x p o in t
fro m 1 6 9 .3 ). T h e r e a fte r , t h e t a b le sh a ll g o v e r n :
C o s t-o f-liv in g

B L S consumers’ price index

a llo w a n c e ,

in

addition to wage scale by
job classification

164.6 or less_________________________ None.
164.7-165.8_________________________ 10 per hour.
165.9- 166.9________________________ 20 per hour.
167.0- 168.1________________________ 30 per hour.
168.2- 169.2______________ _________ 40 per hour.
169.3- 170.3________________________ 50 per hour.
170.4- 171.5________________________ 60 per hour.
171.6- 172.6________________________70 per hour.
172.7- 173.8________________________80 per hour.
173.9- 174.9________________________90 per hour.
175.0- 176.0________________________ 100 per hour.
176.1- 177.2________________________ 110 per hour.
177.3- 178.3________________________ 120 per hour.
178.4- 179.5________________________ 130 per hour.
179.6- 180.6________________________ 140 per hour.
180.7- 181.7________________________ 150 per hour.
181.8- 182.9________________________ 160 per hour.
183.0- 184.0________________________ 170 per hour.
184.1- 185.2________________________ 180 per hour.
185.3- 186.3________________________ 190 per hour.
186.4- 187.4________________________ 200 per hour.
187.5- 188.6________________________210 per hour.
188.7-189.7_________________________ 220 per hour.
a n d so fo r th , w ith 1 c e n t a d ju s tm e n t fo r e a c h 1 .1 4 p o in t
c h a n g e in t h e i n d e x .1
(h) T h e a m o u n t o f a n y c o s t-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e in e ffe c t
a t t h e t im e sh a ll b e in c lu d e d in c o m p u tin g o v e r tim e p r e ­
m iu m , n ig h t s h ift p r e m iu m , v a c a t io n p a y m e n ts , h o lid a y
p a y m e n ts , a n d c a ll-in p a y .
(i) I n t h e e v e n t t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s d o e s n o t
issu e th e C o n su m e r s’ P r ic e I n d e x o n or b e fo r e t h e b e g in ­
n in g o f t h e p a y p e r io d refe rr ed to in p a r a g r a p h 101 (f),
a n y a d ju s tm e n ts req u ired w ill b e m a d e a t t h e b e g in n in g
o f t h e first p a y p er io d a fte r r e c e ip t o f t h e in d e x .
(j) N o a d ju s tm e n ts , r e tr o a c tiv e or o th e r w ise , sh a ll b e
m a d e d u e t o a n y r e v isio n w h ic h m a y la te r b e m a d e in t h e
p u b lis h e d fig u res for t h e B L S C o n su m e r s’ P ric e I n d e x for
a n y b a s e m o n th .
(k) T h e p a r tie s t o t h is A g r e e m e n t a g r ee t h a t t h e c o n ­
tin u a n c e o f t h e c o s t-o f-liv in g a llo w a n c e is d e p e n d e n t u p o n
t h e a v a ila b ilit y o f t h e o fficial m o n th ly B L S C o n su m e r s’
P r ic e I n d e x in it s p r e se n t fo r m a n d c a lc u la te d o n t h e sa m e
b a s is a s t h e in d e x for A p ril 1 9 4 8 , u n le ss o th e r w ise a g r ee d
u p o n b y t h e p a r tie s .
1 On Aug. 26, 1949, General Motors and the UAW -CIO agreed to add 0.8
point to the BLS consumers’ price index in computing the cost-of-living
allowance in recognition of the cumulative effect of the understatement of
the index’s rent component between 1940 and February 1949.


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M ONTHLY LABOR

Cotton, Rayon and Silk Textiles:
Earnings in April 19491
O c c u p a t i o n a l e a r n i n g s in cotton textile mills
and in rayon and silk textile mills increased in the
South, hut showed little change in New England,
between April 1948 and April 1949. Based on a
comparison of straight-time average hourly earn­
ings in major mill jobs, increases of 5 percent or
more were noted in earnings of a majority of the
jobs studied in each of the two industries in the
South. Similar increases in hourly earnings were
indicated in the rayon and silk industry in Penn­
sylvania.2 These advances primarily reflect gen­
eral wage increases during the second half of
1948, following those granted in New England
mills during the first quarter.
April 1949 averages for some of the jobs in
southern cotton and rayon mills were comparable
with northern pay levels. Average hourly earn­
ings of weavers in cotton mills, varying by area,
type of equipment, and sex group, ranged from
$1.26 to $1.34 in New England, and from $1.13 to
$1.36 in the South. In the rayon and silk industry
averages for weavers ranged from $1.26 to $1.33
an hour in New England, $1.20 to $1.40 in Penn­
sylvania, and $1.24 to $1.33 in the South. In both
industries, hourly earnings of women office workers
in southern mills were generally higher than New
England averages for the same jobs. Earnings of
unskilled workers in mill jobs were highest in New
England, however, reflecting the higher minimum
plant rates adopted by mills in that region.
A minimum plant rate of 97 cents for experienced
men workers (other than custodial workers) was
reported by 35 of 37 cotton mills and 22 of 31
rayon and silk mills studied in New England. Of
1 Prepared by Toivo P. Kanninen of the Bureau’s Division of Wage
Analysis. Data for a limited number of occupations were collected by
field representatives under the direction of the Bureau’s regional wage
analysts. Greater detail on wages and wage practices for each textile in­
dustry and wage area presented here is available on request.
2 The study in the cotton textile industry covered 3 N ew England and 5
Southern areas, accounting, as a group, for 190,000 workers or two-fifths of
the employment in the industry in April 1949. The rayon and silk industry
was studied in 2 N ew England areas, 2 Pennsylvania areas, and 4 Southern
areas; about 63,500 workers, or three-fifths of the employment in this industry,
were concentrated in the covered areas. For a report on the earlier studies,
see Textiles Manufacture: Earnings in April 1948, in M onthly Labor Review,
September 1948.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

EARNINGS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

45 Pennsylvania rayon and silk mills with estab­
lished minimum rates, 12 had a 97-cent minimum,
21 reported lower rates, and 12 had higher rates.
The most common minimum plant rate in the
South was 94 cents, reported by 22 of 95 cotton
mills, and 18 of 44 rayon and silk mills, with
established minimum rates. Most of the other
southern mills had rates below 94 cents. Minimum
plant rates for women did not differ appreciably
from men’s rates in either industry.
Employment in each of these textile industries
had declined during the year. Among the areas
surveyed, the greatest declines were indicated in
New England. Second shifts were operated in
April 1949 by nearly all mills, and fully threefourths of the mills studied in each industry
operated a third shift. With the exception of
third-shift operations in cotton mills (reduced
somewhat in each area), the proportions of the
work force employed on extra shifts was un­
changed from April 1948. Pay differentials for
second-shift work were not common except in
rayon and silk mills in the Allentown-Bethlehem
area of Pennsylvania. For third-shift work, most
of the southern mills (in both industries) paid
5 cents additional, New England mills generally
paid a 7-cent differential, and most Pennsylvania
rayon mills paid either a 10-cent or 10-percent
differential over first-shift rates.
Weekly work schedules were well below those
of a year earlier. Although a majority of the
mills in each region reported a 40-hour workweek
for first-shift workers, most of the others had
shorter schedules. Work schedules of more than
40 hours were common in April 1948, particularly
in the South.
Incentive systems of wage payment are common
in the textile industries. Of the jobs listed in the
accompanying tables, the following were entirely
or predominantly on an incentive pay basis:
weavers and winders in both industries; and
doffers, spinners, and slasher tenders in cotton
mills. A majority of the loom fixers in southern
rayon mills were also employed on incentive
systems; these skilled workers were typically
paid time rates in southern cotton mills and in
both industries in the North. A comparison of
earnings of time and incentive workers, in those
jobs in which substantial numbers of each were
8 4 9 4 8 0 — 4 9 -------- 3


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

265

employed, indicated that the latter group had
higher earnings. In half the cases, the earnings
advantage held by incentive workers amounted
to 15 cents or more per hour.
Few southern mills in either industry, among
the major production areas studied, had contracts
with labor unions in April 1949. By contrast,
nearly all of the cotton mills and three-fifths of
the mills in the rayon and silk industry surveyed
in New England operated under union agreements.
The proportion of union mills in the Pennsylvania
rayon and silk areas was somewhat lower than in
the New England industry.
Cotton Textile Wages
Loom fixers, the highest-paid men’s job group
studied, averaged $1.47 or more an hour among
the three New England areas. Straight-time
average hourly earnings for this job ranged from
$1.39 to $1.43 among the five Southern areas
(table 1). Men janitors, the lowest-paid job
group, averaged 97 cents in northern New England
and a cent more in the Connecticut-Rhode Island
and Fall River-New Bedford (Mass.) areas. In
contrast to the minor differences in earnings in
this and other jobs among the New England areas,
janitor averages in the South ranged from 84
cents in east central Alabama to 93 cents in
northwest Georgia. Women spinners had aver­
ages of $1.10, $1.12, and $1.14 in the New England
areas and from $1.01 to $1.07 among the five
Southern areas. In a few of the men’s mill jobs,
earnings in one or more of the Southern areas
exceeded the highest New England average. Card
grinders, for example, averaged from $1.27 to
$1.29 among the New England areas and $1.29
or more in three of five Southern areas.
Variations in pay levels in the industry may
reflect, among other factors, differences in type of
mill and products made. The great majority of
the New England cotton mills are of the integrated
type, i. e., both spinning and weaving operations
are carried on. In the Charlotte and Statesville
areas of North Carolina, by contrast, yarn mills
predominate. Women spinners in these areas
averaged $1.01, the lowest area average recorded
for the job in the study. Spinners in the Charlotte

EARNINGS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

266

area, however, averaged $1.10 in integrated mills
and 96 cents in yarn mills. Incidentally, indi­
vidual mill averages for this job in Charlotte
T able

1.—

M ONTHLY LABOR

ranged from less than 80 cents to $1.12 among
yarn mills, whereas averages in individual inte­
grated mills ranged from 96 cents to $1.27.

Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 for selected occupations in the cotton textile industry, by selected area,
April 1949
South

N ew England
Occupation and sex

Connecti­ Fall River- Northern
cut and
New Bed­ New Eng­
Rhode
land
ford, Mass.
Island

Charlotte, East central GreenvilleSpartan- Northwest
N . C.
Alabama burg,
Georgia
S. C.

Statesville,
N . C.

P l a n t o c c u p a tio n s

Men:
Card grinders.................. .....................................................
Card tenders.............................. .................. ................ .......
Doffers. spinning fram e................. .................. - ..............
Janitors (excluding machinery cleaners)--....................
Loom fixers, box .............................................................
Loom fixers, Jacquard____________________ _____
Loom fixers, other than Jacquard and box........ ...........
Machinists, maintenance____________ ____ - .............Mechanics, m aintenance.................................................
Shearing-machine operators---------------------------------Slasher te n d er s--------------- ----------------- ---------------Slubber tenders------ -------------------------------------------Truckers, hand (including bobbin boys)----------------Weavers, dobby-------------------------- - ............................Weavers, Jacquard-------------- ----------------------- ------Weavers, plain automatic________________________
Women:
Battery h a n d s ---------------------------------------------- ----Doffers, spinning frame ------------------------- -----------Spinners, ring frame---------------------------- ---------------Weavers, box ............................... ..............- ......................
Weavers, dobby______________________ ______ ____
Weavers, Jacquard-------------- ------------------------------Weavers, plain automatic-------------------- ------ - ..........
Winders, cone, high speed, automatic-------- -------Winders, cone, high speed, nonautomatic--------------Winders, filling, automatic............ ............ .....................
Winders, filling, nonautomatic.................... ...................

$1.29
1.13
1.18
.98
(2)
(2)
1.47
1.38
(2)
(2)
1.31
1.25
1.00
0)
(2)
1.28

$1.27
1.11
1.24
.98
(2)
(2)
1.49
1.39
(2)
1.23
1.37
1.27
.98
(2)
(2)
1.29

$1.28
1.10
1.17
.97
(2)
1.56
1.48
1.40
(2)
1.20
1.35
1.30
.99
1.34
(2)
1.34

1.01
(2)
1.14
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.29
1.18
(2)
1.15
(2)

1.00
(2)
1.10
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.26
(2)
(2)
1.13
1.17

1.01
1.16
1.12
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.27
1.18
1.08
(2)
(2)

1.10
1.01
1.05

1.10
(2)
1.11

1.06
1.03
1.04

$1.19
.97
1.03
.89
1.42
1.42
1.43
1.38
1.14
1.13
1.26
1.09
.91
1.36
(2)
1.25

$1.29
1.07
1.15
.84
(2)
(2)
1.40
1.34
1.27
1.04
1.20
1.17
.92
(2)
(2)
1.20

$1.32
.98
1.12
.92
(2)
(2)
1.39
1.37
1.33
.98
1.10
1.14
.94
1.24
(2)
1.22

$1.31
1.01
1.25
.93
(2)
(2)
1.39
1.44
1.28
(2)
1.24
1.19
.97
(2)
(2)
1.20

.97

1.13
1.21
.98
.92
1.12
.93

.96
(2)
1.07
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.20
(2)
(2)
1.04
(2)

.96
(2)
1.02
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.19
1.02
(2)
.99
.99

.97
(2)
1.07
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.03
(2)
(2)
(2)

1.11
(2)
1.14

1.13
1.12
1.30

1.12
1.03
1.20

1.14
1.13
1.16

(2)

1.01
1.25

(2)

$1.19
1.01
1.10
.91
(2)
(2)
1.41
1.40
1.18
1.20
1. 22
1. 16
.95
1.27
(2)
1.24
.93
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

1.01
1.28
1.24
.98
1.07

(2)

O ffic e o c c u p a t i o n s

Women:
Clerks, pay roll------------ -------------------------------------Clerk-typists--------------------- -------------------------------Stenographers, general-----------------------------------------

i Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.

Rayon and Silk Textile Wages
Southern pay levels in some of the skilled jobs
matched or exceeded averages recorded in New
England and Pennsylvania areas. Men plainloom fixers, for example, averaged $1.49 in the
two New England areas, $1.46 in the ScrantonWilkes-Barre area of Pennsylvania, and $1.55 and
$1.56, respectively, in western Virginia and the
Greensboro-Burlington area of North Carolina
(table 2). Similarly, men weavers tending plain
automatic looms averaged $1.28 in both New
England areas and in two Southern areas; an
average of $1.33 was recorded in GreensboroBurlington, the only other area providing a com­
parison. The greatest differences in area earnings
were found in the slasher tending job for which


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1.03
.99
1.16

2 Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average.

the $1.44 average in the New England areas
exceeded the highest average in Pennsylvania by
15 cents and in the South by 10 cents an hour.
Women employed in spinning, winding, and
cloth inspection operations generally averaged a
few cents more than men janitors and hand truck­
ers. Averages for cloth inspectors ranged, among
the 8 areas, from 96 cents in Scranton-WilkesBarre to $1.10 in Greensboro-Burlington. Women
winders in New England averaged about 10 cents
an hour more than did workers in similar jobs in
Pennsylvania and the South. Among the women’s
jobs studied, the highest earnings were made by
weavers. With the exception of the ScrantonWilkes Barre area where lower earnings were
recorded, the hourly averages of women weavers
were grouped in the $1.24 to $1.32 range.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

T able 2.

EARNINGS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRIES

267

Straight-time average hourly earnings 1 for selected occupations in the rayon and silk textile industry, by selected
area, April 194-9
N ew England

Middle Atlantic

South

>

Occupation and sex

Northern
New
England

Southern
New
England

$0.97

$1.00
1.51
1.49
1.43
1.39
1.44
1.09
1.26

Bethlehem,
Wilkes
Pa.
Barre, Pa.

GreensCharlotte,
boroGreenville,
N . C.
Burlington,
S. C.
N . C.

Western
Virginia

Plant occupations

►

>4

Men:
Janitors................ ........................
Loom fixers, box loom...................
Loom fixers, plain loom...............
Machinists, maintenance_______
Mechanics, maintenance.............
Slasher tenders_________ ______
Truckers, hand, general................
Weavers, box, automatic..............
Weavers, box, nonautomatic____
Weavers, d o b b y .......... ................
Weavers, plain automatic_____'I
Women:
Inspectors, cloth, machine_______
Spinners, 5 - B .._______ ________
Weavers, box, nonautomatic..........
Weavers, dobby_______ ________
Weavers, plain automatic_______
Winders, cone, high speed............
Winders. Ailing, automatic______
Winders, filling, nonautomatic___

(2)

(!)

1. 49
1. 54
1.44
.99

(2)
(2)

1.33
1.28

( 2)

$0.95
1.57
(2)
(2)

1.23
1.12
1.04
1.36
1.40

1.29
1.28

(2)
( 2)

1.02

1.04
1.11

(2)
1.30
1. 29
(2)
1.13
1.16

(2)
1.27
1.28
1.19
1.13
1.12

1.01
1.00
1.32
(2)

1.07
1.01
1.17

1.01
.96
1.22

(2)

$0.91
1.47
1.46
1.42
1.25
1.29
.96
(2)
( 2)
(2)
(2)

.96
1.02
1.21

1.13
1.06
1.02

(2)
1.20
1.00
1.01
1.04

1.10
.95
1.01

1.01
.95
1.03

(2)

$0.91
1.50
(2)

( 2)
(2)

1.31
1.21
1.20
.94

1.27
1.28
.98

$0.91
1.57
1.56
1.44
1.28
1.34
.97
1.33
(2)
(2)

1.33

$0.91
(J)
( 2)

(2)
(2)

1 37
1.30
1.21
.96
1.32

(2)

(2)
(2)
1.27
1.27
1.03

1.10
1.08
(2)
(2)
(2)
1.11

1.03
(2)
(2)
1.32
(2)
(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

1.05

1.07

$0. 90
1.39
1.55
1. 44
1. 21
1.26
.96

1.04

(»)
(2)
(2)

1.28
1

(2)
(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)

on

1 9.d

1.01

Office occupations

Women:
Clerks, pay roll................................
Clerk-typists....................................
Stenographers, general....... ...........

1Excludes premium pay for overtime and night work.
Paid Vacations and Holidays
Paid vacations were granted to employees with
a year of service by all the New England mills and
the great majority of the mills in Pennsylvania and
the South. Mill workers with a year of service
qualified for a 1-week vacation.3 Office workers
with the required service were granted a 2-week
vacation by a great majority of the New England
cotton mills and by more than half the mills in
the rayon and silk industry in this region. In the
South, office workers in cotton mills generally
»Vacation pay in N ew England cotton mills typically amounted to 2
percent of the annual earnings of the eligible worker.


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1.12
1.11
1.09

1.12
1.00
1.10

1.18
1.16
1.14

1.06
1 01
1.07

1Insufficient data to justify presentation of an average.
received a week, whereas the more common prac­
tice in the rayon and silk industry provided 2
weeks of vacation leave. Pennsylvania mills
typically granted 1 week to office workers with a
year of service.
Paid holidays, generally 6 in number, were pro­
vided mill and office workers by nearly all New
England mills. Few southern mills in either
industry provided paid holidays to mill workers,
but the majority provided from 1 to 6 paid holi­
days to office workers. Paid holiday provisions
in Pennsylvania rayon and silk mills were some­
what less liberal than in the New England
industry.

268

EARNINGS OF RADIO ARTISTS

The Annual Earnings of
Radio Artists in 1947 1
Y e a r l y e a r n i n g s of radio artists have an ex­
tremely wide range, according to a survey in 15
large cities.2 A few radio actors and singers at
the top of their professions reported earnings of
$20,000 or more—occasionally much more—for
1947, but larger numbers made less than $1,000.
In these two professions, the proportion of artists
with earnings near the middle of the scale was
extremely small. Among staff announcers and
sound effects artists, particularly the latter, the
pay range was narrower and earnings tended to
be concentrated near the median, as they do in
most other occupations studied by the Bureau.

M ONTHLY LABOR

satisfactory income. Still others obtain occasional
engagements and frequently hold jobs of other
types while looking for a chance to earn a living
in entertainment; about an eighth of the actors
and singers in this study made most of their 1947
pay outside the entertainment field. Some artists
are interested only in part-time work. However,
all of these people are part of the labor force from
which the broadcasting industry draws talent.
Many are newcomers who later on may be able
to obtain more regular employment as actors or
singers.
Chart 1.— Source of Earnings of Radio Artists

Sources of Earnings
All of the artists in this study had recently
been employed as radio performers, but only one
singer out of eight and one actor out of four had
received pay exclusively from broadcasting in
1947; two-fifths of those in each profession made
more during that year from other work than they
did from radio performances. Singers and actors
are typically free-lances, working wherever and
whenever they can obtain engagements. Outside
of radio, actors work chiefly on the stage and in
the movies; singers work mainly in churches, and
in night clubs and other branches of entertain­
ment. A fortunate few can earn large amounts
in any of several entertainment fields, but most
work in different fields in an effort to build up a
i Prepared by Helen Wood and Raymond D . Larson of the Bureau’s
Occupational Outlook Branch.
Reports presenting the survey findings on the extent of unemployment
among radio artists and on earnings from radio performing alone are available
upon request. A forthcoming report will discuss the artists’ work experience,
education, and training.
a The survey was conducted by the TJ. S. Department of Labor’s Bureau
of Labor Statistics in cooperation with the American Federation of Radio
Artists. Included were 3,742 artists in N ew York, Los Angeles, Chicago,
San Francisco, Boston, Detroit, Seattle, Cincinnati, Pittsburgh, St. Louis,
Portland, Oreg., Washington, D . C„ Cleveland, Minneapolis, and Kansas
City. Questionnaires were mailed in the spring of 1948 to all AFRA mem­
bers in these cities; only those artists who had had recent paid employment
as radio performers were included in the study.
Since the figures cited are for a sample of all radio performers in the 15
centers surveyed, the earnings figures, particularly those for small groups,
are subject to sampling error. However, the performers responding were
fairly representative and their earnings indicate the general magnitude of
earnings among radio performers in the cities surveyed. The findings, of
course, may not be applied to the few actors, singers, and sound effects men
and the large number of announcers employed in other parts of the countryt


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Staff announcers and sound effects artists, on the
other hand, have regular jobs with radio stations
or networks. They normally derive the bulk of
their earnings from radio performances, though
about two-fifths of those reporting received some
pay from other sources in 1947. The few hundred
free-lance announcers in the country also generally
obtain most of their earnings from radio perform­
ing. However, the proportion of free-lancer with

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

EARNINGS OF RADIO ARTISTS

earnings also from other work is higher (three out
of five in 1947) than among staff artists.
Earnings data shown, with a few indicated ex­
ceptions, represent the artists’ total pay from all
sources. No deductions were made for any ex­
penses. In replying to the questionnaire, many free­
lance artists emphasized the heavy expenses—such
as, for agents’ commissions, telephone service, audi­
tion recordings, and necessary clothing and enter­
tainment—which they have to meet to keep
abreast in their highly competitive professions.
Actors’ and Singers’ Earnings
Actors had the lowest gross median earnings of
all the occupational groups in the survey (table 1).
Half of them grossed less than $4,000 during 1947
(counting only those who were working or seeking
work in at least 39 weeks of the year). The toppaid fourth of the actors made over $10,300, a
figure second only to that for the free-lance
announcers ($16,600). But the lowest-paid fourth
of the actors made less than $1,700—a figure far
lower than that for any other occupational group
in the survey. Involuntary unemployment was
largely responsible for these low earnings, as
shown below.
T a b l e 1 .—

Total 1947 earnings of artists available for em­
ployment in 89 weeks or more 1

Occupation

Actors.................................................
Singers-.._____ _________
Staff announcers______________
Free-lance announcers ...............
Sound effects artists____________

Number 1 out of 4 1 out of 2 1 out of 4
made
of artists made less made
more
more
reporting than—
than—
than—
1,144
457
719
256
67

$1, 700
2,400
3,500
5, 400
4,000

$4,000
4,800
4, 700
9,600
5,200

$10,300
8,800
6,800
16,600
6,800

1 Earnings figures are rounded to nearest $100.

Between cities, the earnings of actors and other
artists differed widely. Artists in the three major
centers—New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago—
generally made much more than those in the 12
smaller centers included in the survey. The fol­
lowing city figures represent the earnings of all
persons reporting in each occupational group, in­
cluding the minority who were available for work
in less than 39 weeks of the year.3
3
Artists available for work 39 weeks or more had somewhat higher median
and quartile earnings than a l l artists in the survey, as may be seen by com­
paring the figures in table 1 with those in tables 2 and 3. The differential
was several hundred dollars for actors, singers, and free-lance announcers, and
only a hundred dollars for staff announcers.


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269

Los Angeles actors tended to be better off than
those elsewhere. They had median 1947 earnings
of $4,900, and a fourth of them made over $13,800.
Even in Los Angeles, however, a fourth of the
actors reported total yearly earnings of under
$1,700. Those with earnings only from radio per­
forming did not make out nearly as well as the
larger group with earnings both from radio and
from other work (table 2.) Earnings were highest
for those whose chief employment was in the
movies. Of the artists in the study who received
most of their 1947 earnings from motion-picture
work, half made more than $8,500 and a fourth
made over $28,000 from this source.
New York actors had median total earnings of
$3,500. The lowest-paid fourth in New York all
made less than $1,400 during the year; for the
highest-paid fourth, earnings began at $9,600.
Contrary to the situation in Los Angeles, the
actors in New York who earned the most were
those whose pay came from radio performing only.
Outside of radio, the main field of work for the
Chart 2.— Y early Earnings of Radio Artists

EARNINGS OF RADIO ARTISTS

270

M ONTHLY LABOR

Chicago actors, with median total earnings of
$3,000, likewise tended to make considerably
less from all sources than members of the same
profession in Los Angeles. The middle earnings
figure for Chicago was also a few hundred dollars
below that for New York, but at the bottom and
top of the earnings range the situation was re­
versed (table 2). Actors in the smaller centers
had much the lowest gross earnings of any group
of artists in the survey, reflecting the limited

New York actors was the legitimate stage. Half
the actors with earnings chiefly from the theater
(in all the cities studied) made less than $2,000
from this source in 1947, only a small fraction of
the median pay from motion-picture work. This
difference largely explains why the New York
actors as a group had lower total earnings than those
in Los Angeles, although those with pay solely from
radio performing made more in New York than in
any other center.

T a ble 2. — Total yearly earnings of radio actors and singers, 1947 1
Singers

Actors
City and relative importance of radio-performance
earnings

All cities,.-______ __________________________________
N ew York
__ _______ ______________________ Radio performing—
Sole source of earnings_________________ .
Main source of earnings _______ _________
Minor source of earnings______________________
__________________ ______ ______
Los Angeles
Radio performing—
Sole source of earnings________________________
Main source of earnings________ _____________
M inor source of earnings________ ____________
________ -- ________ _________
Chicago
Other cities.. _________________________________

Number
reporting

1 out of 4
1 out of 2
1 out of 4
Number
earned
earned
earned
reporting
less than— more than— more than—

1 out of 2
1 out of 4
1 out of 4
earned
earned
earned
less than— more than— more than—

2 1, 559

$1,300

$3, 400

$9, 500

2 631

$1,800

$4,100

$7,600

2 728

1,400

3,500

9,600

2 267

1,800

3,800

8,500

185
230
267
2 459

1,700
1,400
1,400
1, 700

5,800
3, 500
2, 800
4,900

14,100 }
8,300
6,600
13, 800

128
110
2 156

2,400
1, 500
1, 800

4,900
2,600
4,400

9,500
5,700
9, 500

128
108
196

800
1,900
2,100
1, 600
700

2,800
7,000
6, 000
3,000
2,200

7, 500
14, 200 }
21,400
10, 700
4,100

83
62
62
133

3,900
1,500
3, 400
1,600

6,200
2,500
5,200
3, 200

12, 000
4, 300
6, 900
5,400

99

258

i Including artists available for work less than 39 weeks. Earnings figures
are rounded to nearest $100.

2 Totals include a few artists who did not report the city where they were
employed or the relative importance of their radio-performer earnings.

opportunities for acting talent in these cities either
on the radio or in other entertainment.
Singers had higher median earnings than actors
in all the cities taken together. Those available
for work at least 9 months of 1947 had middle
earnings of $4,800, that is, $800 above the com­
parable figure for actors (see table 1). The high­
est-paid fourth of the singers earned over $8,800;
the lowest-paid fourth, under $2,400.
Chicago singers, including those available for
work less than 9 months, had higher median earn­
ings than singers in any other city surveyed—
$5,200 compared with $4,400 in Los Angeles
and $3,800 in New York. The lowest-paid fourth
of the singers in Chicago also tended to earn more
than the corresponding groups in Los Angeles
and New York, but the top-paid Chicago singers
made less than the highest-paid ones in the other
two major centers (see table 2).
In both Los Angeles and New York, over twofifths of the singers derived most of their earnings
from sources other than radio performing. The
Los Angeles artists in this category had median

total earnings of $2,500 for 1947, much lower than
the median of $6,200 for those with pay mainly
or solely from radio performing. New York
singers who were engaged mainly in radio per­
forming reported somewhat lower earnings than
their counterparts in Los Angeles, but much higher
earnings than New York singers whose radio
broadcasts were only a minor source of pay.
In contrast, most of the Chicago singers in­
cluded in the survey were engaged primarily in
radio work. The few with pay mainly from other
sources had about as high earnings as those em­
ployed mainly in broadcasting.
Singers in the other 12 cities made less than
members of their profession in the 3 major centers,
but the differential was narrower than for actors.
Half of the singers in the smaller centers earned
under $3,200 and one out of four received under
$1,600 in 1947. The top-paid fourth had earnings
of $5,000 or more, usually from a combination of
radio broadcasting and other work.
The close relation between involuntary unem­
ployment and low earnings is indicated by the


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R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

EARNINGS OF RADIO ARTISTS

following earnings figures for artists who were
available for employment at least 9 months
(39 weeks) in 1947:
TT

,

M e d i a n 191,7 e a r n i n g s
S in g e r s

Unemployment:
A c to r s
None------------------------$9, 000
1 to 4 weeks_________ 6, 100l
5 to 12 weeks_______ 4, 100J
13 to 25 weeks______ 2, 200
26 to 38 weeks_____
1, GOOl
700j
39 to 52 weeks_____

$5, 900

14, 000
2, 900

1 1, 300

1 Too few cases to warrant calculation of separate earnings figures for
each group.

For example, median earnings were more than
five times as great for actors with no weeks of
total unemployment during 1947 as for those who
were without work for 26 or more weeks of the
year. The difference was less extreme for the
corresponding groups of singers but was never­
theless very marked.
In addition to the weeks when artists had no
work whatever, many also had long periods with
little employment and low earnings. About a fifth
of the singers and actors who had no weeks of
total unemployment earned under $3,000 during
the year; 1 out of every 10 in this situation had
gross earnings of under $2,000.
Earnings of Announcers
Staff announcers available for work at least 9
months of 1947 were found to have median total
earnings of $4,700 for the year—a higher median
than for actors (see table 1). The lowest-paid
fourth of the staff announcers earned up to
$3,500, substantially more than the lowest-paid
groups of actors and singers. Kegular jobs with
broadcasting stations or networks free staff
announcers from the problem of intermittent
employment which free-lance actors and singers
experience. It should be noted that practically
all radio actors and singers in the country are
concentrated in the cities surveyed, whereas
many staff announcers work in other communi­
ties, in which their earnings tend to be much
lower than in the centers covered. Even in these
centers, earnings began at $6,800 for the top-paid
fourth of the staff announcers, $2,000 under the
beginning figure for the highest-paid group of
singers, and $3,500 lower than that for actors.
Free-lance announcers were by far the best off
financially of all the occupational groups studied.
Those available for work at least 9 months in

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271

1947 had median earnings of $9,600; three out of
four made over $5,400, and one out of four over
$16,000.
Announcers’ earnings in the different cities
surveyed are shown in table 3. Staff announcers
in New York and Chicago, including the few
available for work less than 9 months, had the
highest 1947 earnings, with medians of $6,800 and
$6,700, respectively. The lowest-paid fourth in
Chicago did better than the corresponding group
in New York, but staff announcers near the top
of the earnings range made more in New York
than in Chicago. Los Angeles staff announcers
generally earned less than those in New York and
Chicago, but more than those in the smaller
centers. Median earnings were $4,300 in the
latter cities, where the great majority of the staff
announcers were located.
Of the free-lance announcers reporting, over
half were in New York and Los Angeles. In New
York, median earnings of all free-lances were
$16,000, which is far higher than the middle figure
for this group in Los Angeles. Three-fourths of
the New Yorkers earned over $8,200, and the
top-paid fourth earned over $26,200—much more
than the corresponding group of artists in any
other city or occupation studied.
T able 3. — Total earnings of announcers, 19^7 1

Occupation and city

Staff announcers: All cities ____
N ew York_____________
Los Angeles_______________
Chicago_________________
Other cities___ _________
Free-lance announcers: All cities.
New York______ ____
Los Angeles.. ________ .
C hicago______________
Other cities____________

Number
of artists
report­
ing
757
93
104
57
503
2 279
66
85
32
93

1 out of 4 1 out of 2 1 out of 4
earned
earned
earned
less
more
more
than—
than—
than—
$3,400
4,400
3,500
4,800
3, 200
5,100
8, 200
6,500
(3)
3,300

$4,600
6,800
4,900
6, 700
4,300
9,000
16,100
10,900
(3)
5,800

$6,700
10,300
7, 700
9,200
5,600
16,200
26,200
17,900
(3)
9,600

1 Including announcers available for work less than 39 weeks. Earnings
figures are rounded to nearest $100.
2 Total includes a few free-lance announcers who did not report the city
where they were employed.
J Too few cases to warrant calculation of separate earnings figures.

In the smaller centers, free-lance announcers
had median total earnings of $5,800, which was
well above the $4,300 median for staff announcers
in the same cities. Those free-lance and staff
announcers employed primarily in radio perform­
ing had the same median earnings from this
source. However, because opportunities for em­
ployment as free-lance announcers are limited in

272

ILO CONFERENCE

the smaller centers, they did considerable work of
other types.
Pay of Sound Effects Artists
Sound effects artists are a small professional
group, practically all of whom have regular staff
jobs with broadcasting stations or networks.
Nevertheless, two out of five of those in the study
reported some earnings from phonograph record­
ings, motion pictures, or other work besides radio
performing in 1947. Very few made more from
such work than they did from their radio broad­
casts.
Members of this profession who were available
for work at least 9 months had median 1947
earnings of $5,200 from all sources—a higher
median than for any other occupational group
surveyed, except free-lance announcers (see table
1). Most sound effects artists had earnings fairly
close to the middle figure; half of them grossed
between $4,000 and $6,800. Their earnings had
an even narrower range than those of staff an­
nouncers, primarily because many of the latter
received large talent fees in addition to their
regular salaries. Sound effects artists, like staff
announcers, generally work steadily. Neither
group had the problem—common among free­
lance actors and singers—of recurrent unemploy­
ment and extremely low yearly earnings.

M ONTHLY LABOR

adopted at Seattle in 1946 and had not yet been
ratified by any government. It adopted Recom­
mendations on vocational guidance and migration
for employment, and Resolutions on vacations
with pay and unemployment.
Sixty Governments (including all major nations
except U. S. S. R.) are members of the Interna­
tional Labor Organization. Representatives of
50 of them (including Israel, which was repre­
sented for the first time) participated in this year’s
Conference.3 In accordance with a Resolution
adopted at last year’s Conference, the Supreme
Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) sent
five observers to this Conference, one representing
SCAP, two the Japanese Government, one Japa­
nese employers, and one Japanese workers.
The International Labor Organization, the
oldest of the specialized agencies of the United
Nations, is unique because of its tripartite char­
acter. Each member government sends to the
International Labor Conference, which is the
policy-making body of the Organization, two
delegates representing Government, one repre­
senting employers, and one representing workers.
The International Labor Conference adopts inter­
national labor standards, makes recommendations
to the Governing Body of the Organization as to
the work program of the International Labor
Office (the secretariat of the Organization), and
passes upon the budget of that office.
Action of the Conference

Thirty-Second Conference of
International Labor Organization1
C onventions on the application of principles of
the right to organize and to bargain collectively,
on labor clauses in public contracts, and on pro­
tection of wages were adopted by the thirty-second
session of the International Labor Conference,
Geneva, June 8-July 2, 1949.2 The Conference
also revised Conventions on migration for employ­
ment, fee-charging employment agencies, and
three maritime conventions which had been
1 This summary was prepared by Faith M . Williams, Chief of the Bureau’s
Office of Foreign Labor Conditions and Adviser to U . S. Government D ele­
gation to the Conference.
2 For a discussion of the 31st conference of the ILO, see M onthly Labor
Review, September 1948 (p. 261).


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The expanded program of technical assistance
which the ILO would carry on in connection with
the special United Nations programs now being
considered by its Economic and Social Council
(ECOSOC), under the impetus of point four of
President Truman’s inaugural address, attracted
s The United States Delegation to the Conference was composed as follows:
Government delegates: Philip M . Kaiser, Director, Office of International
Labor Affairs, Department of Labor; Hon. Herbert R. O’Conor, United
States Senator from Maryland. Government substitute delegate: Walter M.
Kotschnig, Chief, Division of United Nations Economic and Social Affairs,
Department of State. Advisers: B. Harper Barnes, Clara M. Beyer, Robert
C. Goodwin, Harry Jager, Wm. R. McComb, Val R. Lorwin, Keene A.
Roadman, Jeter Ray, Charles W. Sanders, Charles W. Sattler, Oscar
Weigert, and Faith M . Williams.
Employers’ delegate: Charles P. McCormick, president of McCormick &
Co. Advisers: William B. Barton, L. E. Ebeling, William L. McGrath,
Robert Nicol, Charles E. Shaw, H. M. Ramel, and Leo Teplow.
Workers’ delegate: George Philip Delaney, international representative of
American Federation of Labor. Advisers: Martin P. Durkin, George
Meany, William L. McFetridge, William J. McSorley, John P. Redmond,
and Phil E. Ziegler.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

ILO CONFERENCE

wide interest among the delegates. The Con­
ference established general principles for the ILO
to follow in the organization of such a program.
Among these principles were:
(1) The ILO should collaborate closely with
other specialized agencies in a cooperative pro­
gram.
(2) The primary purpose of the plans should be
a rise in consumption levels and living standards
through increases in productivity.
(3) Technical assistance in a wide range of labor
problems should be furnished countries under­
taking economic development. However, it
should be furnished only at the request of the
countries concerned, and should be adapted to the
needs and resources of the country.
(4) The highest priority for ILO assistance
should be given to the fields of employment,
training, and migration. Improvement of labor
standards and development of suitable wage
policies are also important.
(5) Because of the predominately rural char­
acter of some of the underdeveloped economies,
assistance in development of handicrafts, and
with respect to employment, wages, and condi­
tions of work in agriculture, should be provided.
Alternative means of ascertaining the nature
and extent of technical assistance desired by
underdeveloped countries were considered, and it
was agreed that the ILO Director-General should
consult with the United Nations Secretary-General
and the heads of other specialized agencies on this
problem. Although the Conference recognized
that general coordination of the technical as­
sistance program must rest with the Economic and
Social Council, it favored making each participat­
ing international organization responsible for the
budget and administration of its own program.
The Conference authorized the Governing Body
to make any necessary arrangements to permit
ILO participation in any technical assistance
program initiated by the Economic and Social
Council before the next session of the Conference.
In the discussion of the technical assistance
program, the government delegate from Poland
charged that the help proposed for underdeveloped
countries aimed at economic exploitation through
direct control of their essential resources, and
opposed any connection of the ILO with the
program.
In his reply, Philip M. Kaiser, United States
849480—

49

---- 4


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273

Government delegate, said that “the President
made it very clear at the beginning, and our
actions have been entirely in line with the Presi­
dent’s pronouncement, that this is not an American
plan. I think the ILO should be commended
because, in its response to the President’s address,
it understood that very basic fact—that this was
an international plan. I would also note that
most countries have understood what was said
and what was written in accordance with the
true intent.”
“We have taken this matter to the United Na­
tions and to its specialized agencies. We have
brought the matter before ECOSOC and the
matter will continue to be discussed, debated,
and also decided at the United Nations Economic
and Social Council. * * *
“ The proposition has been made, the facts are
available, the Governing Body has debated this
matter at an earlier session, and [we] have before
us now a specific proposal which is the best evi­
dence of the good faith of my Government in
proposing for international action a program of
technical assistance to underdeveloped areas.”
Under Secretary of Labor Michael J. Galvin
spoke to the Conference on June 22, 1949. He ex­
pressed the hope that with the help of the technical
assistance program of ECOSOC living standards
would be raised throughout the world. In conclu­
sion, Mr. Galvin said:
“ We in the United States of America firmly
believe in our political and economic systems.
* * * We are convinced that they provide
sufficient flexibility to meet all our needs and are
so based upon the concept of the dignity of man
as to preserve our democratic freedoms. We shall
not, however, attempt to force our way of life
upon others, and conversely, we shall resist and
reject any and all efforts to force upon us in any
way the way of life adopted by any other country.”
Conventions and Recommendations
The Conference revised three maritime Con­
ventions which had been adopted at Seattle in
1948: Conventions 72 on paid vacations for sea­
men, 75 on crew accommodations on board ship,
and 76 on wages, hours, and manning. The
amendments resulted from proposals of a number
of countries with large merchant fleets, which
had found the standards adopted at Seattle too
high for ratification.

274

TLO CONFERENCE

The revised Convention and the Recommend­
ation on migration for employment and the model
agreement on migration for employment adopted
at the Conference are of particular importance at
this moment in the world’s history. People from
overpopulated areas must be transferred to under­
developed areas. Skills not necessary in one
country must be made readily available to coun­
tries in which they are needed. With the present
barriers to migration, such movement is extremely
difficult. The Conference adopted one general
Convention applying to all migrants for employ­
ment, to which were attached three annexes:
the first covered recruitment, introduction, and
placement of individual migrants; the second, mi­
grants under government-sponsored group trans­
fers; and the third, personal effects and tools of
migrants. A country may include or exclude any
or all of the annexes in its terms of ratification.
This unusual arrangement was proposed by the
United States in an effort to facilitate ratification,
particularly with respect to Federal Governments.
The model agreement approved by the Conference
was based largely upon agreements effected by
the United States with other countries, and is
intended as a guide for future agreements concern­
ing group migration for employment.
A Convention on application of the principles of
the right to organize and to bargain collectively,
designed to protect workers from anti-union dis­
crimination with respect to their employment,
was adopted by the Conference. Its provisions
forbid making employment of a worker subject
to his relinquishing his membership in or not
joining a union; prohibit the discharge of a worker
for union membership or for union activity outside
working hours ; and call for appropriate machinery,
when necessary to protect organizing rights. The
principle of reciprocity with respect to interference
by workers’ organizations and employers’ organ­
izations was incorporated into the Convention.
The Convention does not cover “public servants
engaged in the administration of the State.”
The revised Convention on fee-charging employ­
ment agencies differs substantially from the
original Convention and from the various drafts
discussed in 1948. The new text distinguishes two
types of fee-charging employment agencies: those
conducted with a view to profit and those not
so conducted. It provides for either the regula­


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M ONTHLY LABOR

tion of profit-making agencies or their progressive
abolition. The member States can, by accepting
part III of the Convention, commit themselves
to progressive abolition or, by accepting part II,
to regulation. There was some criticism of the
introduction of alternative obligations into a labor
Convention. The majority of delegates, however,
supported the viewpoint that this device improved
prospects of ratification and was satisfactory in
this case where both alternatives served the same
general objective.
Two additional Conventions approved at the
recent session deal with the terms of employment.
One is designed to assure that workers employed
in the execution of contracts entered into by public
authorities shall have wages, hours of work, and
working conditions not less favorable than those
accorded other workers doing similar labor. The
other Convention deals with the protection of
workers’ wages by assuring prompt payment in
cash, in full, and directly to the workers. Recom­
mendations supplementing these Conventions
were also adopted.
The Recommendation and Resolution on voca­
tional guidance establish standards which are high
even for countries with well-developed programs,
and leave a great deal to be achieved in under­
developed countries. There was virtual unanimity
on this subject not only as to principles but also
as to methods, organization, research, and training
of guidance personnel.
The Conference expressed concern over the
number of countries which had not submitted
reports on the application of Conventions or had
submitted them too late for examination by the
Committee of Experts. The Committee, which
heard explanations from a number of Governments
in regard to their delay in reporting, was dis­
satisfied with certain explanations. The United
States Government’s representative stated this
country’s intention to comply fully with its heavy
obligations to report the status of law and practice
in each of the 48 States as well as nationally.
It was recommended that the Governing Body
consider making the reporting records of the
various Governments available to the Conference
at the time of election of members of the Govern­
ing Body. Concern was also expressed over the
limited number of ratifications of Conventions
adopted since 1930. A suggestion for some form

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

ILO CONFERENCE

of international inspection was discussed, but
no recommendation to that end was made by the
Committee.
Report of the Director-General
The report of the Director-General, David A.
Morse, proposed that the ILO program place a
new emphasis on technical assistance and consulta­
tive work and asked for constructive suggestions
for increasing the number of ratifications of ILO
Conventions.
Ninety-five speakers for Governments, workers,
and employers responded to the Director-General’s
report. There were several suggestions for in­
creasing the number of ratifications of Conven­
tions. It was suggested that standards set in
Conventions be made more general and more
realistic as regards underdeveloped countries.
Some Conventions have been developed without
sufficient attention to conditions in countries
unable to send large enough delegations to the
Conference for adequate representation on the
committees which prepare texts of Conventions.
This could be remedied in part by considering
fewer Conventions at each session. Some Con­
ventions might more suitably have been cast in
the form of Recommendations. Speakers from
Federal Governments reported progress in devel­
oping reports required by the revised ILO Con­
stitution on law and practice in their constituent
States, Provinces, or cantons with respect to
Conventions. They pointed out that when the
subject matter of a Convention is not within
the jurisdiction of the central government, formal
ratification is impossible.
There was general approval of the new emphasis
on operating functions, technical assistance, and
regional activities which the Director-General had
outlined for ILO work. Some speakers were
concerned lest such a program be too large for
the available staff and resources.
Eastern
Europeans expressed fears that the ILO technical
assistance program might be oriented so as to
prejudice the labor policies of member States, and
criticized the presentation of facts about thencountries in the Director-General’s report.
The response to this report clearly indicated the
widespread interest of the delegates in the man­
power program of the Organization. Speakers
stressed the need for increasing the ILO assistance

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275

for improving workers’ education, vocational
guidance, employment services, and social security
systems and for implementing migration programs.
United States Senator Herbert R. O’Conor
delivered the United States Government reply to
the Director-General’s report. He noted that the
adoption and ratification of Conventions marked
not the end but the beginning of the job of putting
agreed-upon decisions into practice. The im­
portance, therefore, of the increasing emphasis
on the ILO’s technical assistance program, he
felt, could not be over stated. He commented on
the far-reaching proposal made by the President
of the United States in point four of his inaugural
address, and on the important work that the ILO,
which is already engaged in a program of technical
assistance, can do in promoting the development
of skills and techniques vital to increase pro­
ductivity and to general economic development.
Senator O’Conor also pointed out that labor and
management in the United States and labor and
management in Europe were cooperating—under
the auspices of the ECA—to increase the produc­
tivity of European industry and raise living stand­
ards. This kind of cooperation, he asserted, had
its beginning in the ILO 30 years ago. The experi­
ences of those 30 years, he said, had contributed to
the significant cooperative efforts of employer
and trade-union organizations which have worked
with the Recovery Program.
He warned that the world is passing through one
of its most crucial periods and that in the magni­
tude of the tasks which lie ahead we must not lose
sight of our ultimate objective—a durable peace
based on mutual confidence among peoples who
are devoted to social justice and the freedom of
the individual.
In discussing the replies to his report, DirectorGeneral Morse noted that some delegates stated
that the number of ratifications is not the sole test
of the value of Conventions, since even in countries
not ratifying them, they often serve as standards
of social legislation and action. He granted that
this is true, but pointed out that ratifications are a
measure of the effectiveness of ILO work and that
the application of ILO standards is of basic im­
portance.
He noted that the ILO must reaffirm its declara­
tion of war against the causes of war. “In this
phase, the ILO must play more effectively the
role set out for it. That is why I stress participa-

OPERATIONS OF CREDIT UNIONS

276

tion in world reconstruction, technical assistance,
freedom of association, regional activity. That is
why I stress the need for human dignity, universal­
ity, elimination of unemployment, full and un­
reserved cooperation with the United Nations, ex­
ecutive action and a greater effort to have our
work applied directly and more vigorously to the
immediate as well as to the long-range needs of
those we serve—who are, after all, the peoples of
the world.”

M ONTHLY LABOR

dollars. Earnings, as well as dividends on shares,
also reached an all-time high.
The greatest advance occurred in amount of
loans granted, which increased nearly 178 million
dollars, or 39 percent, over 1947. Reserves in­
creased at about the same rate as loans made,
or nearly 38 percent; at the end of the year they
constituted 11.0 percent of the total loans out­
standing, as compared with 11.4 percent in 1947.
Statistics of Operation, 1947 and 1948 1

Operations of
Credit Unions in 1948
F ull r e c o v e r y from the wartime decline was indi­
cated by the 1948 record of credit-union activity.
In 1947 the prewar high point had been reached
and passed, and in 1948 credit unions continued
this progress, exceeding all previous records.
Over 3% million persons were members of these
cooperative credit associations at the end of 1948.
Assets passed the 700-million-dollar mark, and
business done (loans made) exceeded 600 million

The year 1948 ended with Illinois still the lead­
ing State on all points on which information is
collected by the U. S. Department of Labor’s
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Illinois had 845
associations, 456,071 members, a business of over
67 million dollars, and assets of over 82% million
dollars (table 1). In addition, 2 States (Massa­
chusetts and New York) had over 300,000 credit
union members, three (California, Massachusetts,
and New York) had over 50 million dollars in
assets, and one State—California—showed total
1 For the State-chartered associations, the statistical data on which the
present report is based were furnished to the Bureau by the State official—
usually the Superintendent of Banks—charged with supervision of credit
unions. All the information for the Federal credit unions was supplied by
the Bureau of Federal Credit Unions, Federal Security Agency.

T a ble 1.— Operations, assets, and earnings of credit unions in 1947 and 1948, by State
Number of
associations
State and type of
charter

Year

2, 691, 694 $633, 544, 208 $398,555, 758 $604,067,072 $43,977, 886 $701,819,694 $19,825,952 $7, 939,414
2,170,685 455,833. 601 279,923,268 509, 713,962 31,917,643 591,126,677 14,138, 716 9,964, 201
1,486,923 360,306, 833 260,913,431 369,058, 704 27,409,897 443,407,958 11,523,634 7,939,414
8, 760,467 6,079,278
1,217,321 271,324,497 188,551,071 317,303,919 24,973,759 380,751,106
8.302,318
(3)
1, 204, 771 273,237,375 137,642,327 235,008,368 16, 567,989 258, 411,736
5,378,249 3,884,923
6,943,884 210,375,571
91,372,197 192,410,043
953,364 184, 509,104

Re­
port­
ing 1

1948
1947
State____________ 1948
1947
Federal_________ 1948
1947

9,329
9,168
5,271
5 ,155
4,058
4,013

9,328
8,942
5, 270
5,097
4,058
3,845

3,767,839
3,339, 859
2,139, 500
1, 893,944
1,628,339
1,445, 915

Alabama------------------ 1948
1947
Alaska 4
_____ 1948
Arizona 1___________ 1948
1947
Arkansas----------------- 1948
1947
California........... ........... 1948
1947
Canal Zone 4 _______ 1948
Colorado-------- --------- 1948
1947
C onnecticut8_______ 1948
1947
D elaw are1..................... 1948
1947
D ist. of Columbia___ 1948
1947
Florida........................... 1948
1947
Georgia_______ ____ - 1948
1947
1948
1947

82
81
7
28
24
30
27
498
470
5
110
110
263
255
10
10
116
115
175
173
143
137
101
102

84
78
7
28
24
30
27
498
460
5
110
106
264
250
10
9
116
111
175
170
143
133
101
98

41,281
36,303
214
6,149
4. 667
4,951
3,861
254,168
219,611
465
36, 965
32,162
108,167
100, 825
2, 979
2,609
79,950
66,527
52,699
45, 339
47,820
41,185
39,611
36,537

See footnotes a t «nd

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o f ta b le.

Reserves
(guaranty
fund,
general
reserve,
etc.)

Number
of loans
made
during
year

Ac­
tive

All States___________

Amount of loans

Number
of
members

Made
during
year

12, 238,323
70,562
9,328, 940
58, 718
1,860
19
1,353,441
5, 221
919, 200
3,066
661,371
3, 970
454,810
2,920
6 192,246 • 55,876,140
« 136,437 6 41,080, 762
1,492
66
6,118,327
22,477
19,449
5,053, 988
• 80. 791 • 17,588,070
« 64, 726 •12,818, 841
465,845
2, 226
315,044
1,620
11, 857,819
51,189
7, 695,439
37,188
11, 884, 745
48,114
8,682, 345
36,584
« 9,036, 634
« 39,631
• 5,956,501
•31,154
7, 774,600
19,853
4,838,881
13,661

Outstand­
ing end
of year

5,301,521
4,063, 531
1,820
766, 559
513,916
366, 520
245,164
36, 400, 839
24, 868,353
1,468
« 4, 611,980
« 3, 285,011
8,705, 471
6,263,297
273, 438
175, 537
6,669,424
4, 229, 795
6,696,827
4, 911,313
5,984,483
4, 276, 563
4,187, 787
2,585,365

Paid-in
share
capital

6,692,747
271,637
478,810
5, 517,192
62
3,316
74, 478
865, 546
23,233
612, 910
42,592
550, 656
21,093
424,136
42, 844,961 « 2,899,436
1, 743,052
33, 865,415
26
3,808
364,339
6,222. 942
259,406
5, 367,301
1, 069, 559
19,382. 604
16,191,662
526,438
31,414
368,385
281,941
14, 414
845,925
8,976,187
528.691
7, 417, 533
603,484
9,140,186
304,897
7, 548,875
732,712
2, 711,175
560, 240
2, 230,645
710, 798
11,977,324
320,645
10,939, 510

Total
assets

N et
earnings

7,614, 894
336,179
254, 655
6,339, 947
1
3,512
45,086
958,912
25,068
685,375
23,718
601,167
462, 538
14, 689
50,626,013 • 1,517.599
1,022,931
40,303,228
4,142
7 91
• 196,062
7,170, 718
« 128,366
6,065,291
6 562,027
21,053,266
« 342,095
17, 729, 793
412,112
15,644
9,079
305,096
10,187,506
413,440
270,163
8,410, 931
« 364,244
10, 277, 333
• 229,537
8,370,812
• 281, 278
8,857,455
• 198,403
7,273,612
324,990
13, 511,582
249,780
12,127, 254

D ivi­
dends
on
shares2

8 152, 780
140,206
(3)
2 1,839
15,060
2 9, 722
9, 544
2 450,000
710,471
(3)
2 95,648
102,090
• 40,000
• 256,428
(3)
6,446
1180,000
6 159,021
2 109, 954
213, 630
* 105,000
» 133,903
(3)
195, 309

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

OPERATIONS OF CREDIT UNIONS

277

T able l.—Operations, assets, and earnings of credit unions in 1947 and 1948, by Stale— C o n tin u e d
Number of
associations
State and type of
charter

Year

Idaho_____________

1948
1947
1948
1947
Indiana____________ 1948
1947
Iowa_____ ________ 1948
1947
Kansas____________ 1948
1947
Kentucky 8_________ 1948
1947
Louisiana__________ 1948
1947
M aine... _________ 1948
1947
Maryland__________ 1948
1947
Massachusetts______ 1948
1947
Michigan___ _____
1948
1947
Minnesota_________ 1948
1947
Mississippi.. ______ 1948
1947
Missouri8__________ 1948
1947
Montana. _ ________ 1948
1947
Nebraska__________ 1948
1947
Nevada4 _________ 1948
1947
New Hampshire 5___ 1948
1947
New Jersey........ ........ 1948
1947
New Mexico___ ____ 1948
1947
New Y o rk ________ 1948
1947
North Carolina_____ 1948
1947
North Dakota______ 1948
1947
Ohio.........................
1948
1947
Oklahoma_____
1948
1947
Oregon......................... 1948
1947
Pennsylvania_______ 61948
1947
Rhode Island_______ 1948
1947
South Carolina_____ 1948
1947
South Dakota4____
1948
1947
Tennessee__________ 1948
1947
Texas....... ......
1948
1947
Utah_________
1948
1947
Vermont_____
1948
1947
Virginia........... ........... 1948
1947
Washington..........
1948
1947
West Virginia_______ 1948
1947
Wisconsin__________ 1948
1947
Wyoming 4................... 1948
1947
Elinois____________

Ac­
tive

Re­
port­
ing i

33
31
845
803
307
307
199
195
126
123
113
107
144
143
40
38
72
67
533
543
275
262
324
335
31
28
383
372
39
44
83
83
8
6
13
13
244
251
35
41
730
731
219
216
8 89
90
585
583
73
75
65
70
595
592
42
41
27
32
35
34
130
121
353
333
64
62
28
23
92
91
167
164
66
61
537
536
17
17

33
31
845
798
308
304
195
189
126
120
113
107
140
137
40
38
72
62
533
539
275
250
324
319
31
25
383
372
39
41
83
83

8

6
13
13
244
243
36
41
730
703
219
201
689
89
585
571
73
73
65
66
595
571
42
36
27
27
35
32
130
119
353
329
66
62
28
21
92
87
167
163
66
58
537
533
17
17

Number
of
members

Number
of loans
made
during
year

5,620
4, 989
456,071
387, 943
8126,476
101,611
43, 767
40, 343
35,284
29,921
« 28, 551
8 26,239
8 45, 750
8 38,795
14, 970
12, 016
35,478
30,327
308, 968
291, 750
166,684
141, 595
85,732
77, 669
7,357
7, 341
8 99, 220
8 95,131
9,090
8,153
23,383
21,812
1,363
845
7,144
6,426
112,892
107, 615
4,034
2,635
305, 582
280,895
46, 051
45,025
814,493
12, 804
253, 743
231,586
27, 309
21,123
19, 273
15,845
288, 855
255,896
37, 547
32, 776
7,643
6, 984
5,616
5, 210
54. 356
46, 344
121, 564
99,404
16, 918
14, 257
2,866
2,341
33, 785
28, 481
49, 802
41. 809
16, 997
16, 509
168,956
156. 857
3,230
2,931

8 3,317
2,541
329,908
322, 526
8 77,893
8 61, 808
32,101
28,330
22,682
18, 552
8 21,339
8 19,992
8 47, 749
8 28, 021
9, 702
6,170
8 22, 294
819, 243
8 201,501
8 135,553
124, 601
94, 437
55,614
47,855
22, 567
6,817
867, 214
8 41,370
8 6, 083
8 3, 965
16,396
14, 534
1,048
504
8 4, 376
«4,111
71, 751
63, 210
2,201
1,250
184,475
162, 711
8 32, 982
8 32,823
84, 675
4,143
177,037
151,407
8 22, 064
814, 355
15, 365
10, 314
193,848
159, 332
12,180
9,639
7,235
6,037
3, 506
2,619
8 46,133
8 34, 834
112,497
84, 700
8 11,353
8 8, 991
8 2, 418
8 1, 993
28,163
20, 455
835, 054
8 30, 518
15, 555
13, 734
107, 799
94, 426
2,653
1. 342

Amount of loans
Made
during
year

Outstand­
ing end
of year

8 $817,015
571,880
67,248, 860
51, 787, 004
8 20, 706,314
8 13,165, 666
6,424,537
5, 075, 594
5,983,152
4,475, 958
8 5,473,748
«3,335,156
8 7, 579, 372
8 5, 029.148
1, 820, 387
1, 060, 546
8 3, 722, 492
8 3, 233, 603
49, 737,191
39, 765,126
35, 717, 971
23, 307,880
13,078,191
10,063, 330
1, 269,365
914,054
8 16, 272,630
8 10,876,829
81, 316, 586
8 998, 256
4, 479, 226
2,924, 903
216,391
84, 472
8 1, 292,156
8 1, 249,300
14,124, 374
10, 431, 064
8 400,585
8 227,307
49, 557, 977
39, 236,577
8 6,646,102
8 4, 487, 596
8 4,028,115
2, 441,863
43,994, 913
31, 736,188
84, 964, 776
83,390, 788
3,877,117
2, 299, 971
40, 345,882
27, 684, 379
5, 577, 450
4, 836, 929
1,171, 872
934, 195
645, 229
388,009
8 8, 765, 897
8 5, 955, 702
29, 728,357
17,493, 268
83, 451. 958
8 2. 405.430
8 162. 020
8 156, 029
5,983, 745
3. 306, 609
88, 740, 071
8 6, 426, 322
2.808,196
2, 016, 719
19,875, 189
14, 503, 394
680,132
411.906

8 $520,578
348, 070
38.882, 510
28,435, 015
11,352,634
8,160, 338
4, 521,040
3,391, 980
4, 020, 269
2,973,836
4, 279, 799
3,048,397
4, 233, 070
2,813, 452
1,039,124
600, 770
2, 382,139
1,622,192
34, 553,820
27, 481,348
24,184, 690
15,582,515
14, 787, 260
11, 243,526
567, 788
352, 757
12,481,025
7, 950, 803
836, 534
597,579
2, 243,165
1, 647,073
123, 900
51,292
1,360, 836
1,003, 049
7,015,937
5,055,396
209,876
131,141
29,841, 067
22,197, 509
4, 645,994
3,695,180
82, 860, 720
1, 812, 913
22,978,131
17,503,925
3, 466, 758
2, 264,801
2, 511, 286
1, 440, 619
20, 340, 400
14, 331, 718
9,638, 230
7,865, 352
648, 665
478,874
345,692
193,939
5,398, 316
3, 695,429
16, 302,127
9 382, 084
2. 833. 987
1, 795,826
95, 753
71, 871
2, 639. 069
2, 177. 335
5,581, 634
3, 844,670
1, 458,189
1, 049.191
17, 082, 480
7, 981,453
323, 129
232, 205

1 I n s o m e S ta te s th e n u m b e r r e p o r tin g is g reater t h a n th e n u m b e r a c tiv e a t
th e e n d of th e y ea r b e c a u se th e form er in c lu d e s a sso c ia tio n s w h ic h , a lth o u g h
tr a n s a c tin g s o m e b u sin e ss d u r in g t h e y ea r , h a d ce a sed o p era tio n b y th e e n d
o f th e year .
s 1948 d a ta are for S ta te -c h a r te r e d c r e d it u n io n s o n ly ; in fo r m a tio n for F e d ­
e r a l a s so c ia tio n s n o t y e t a v a ila b le .
2 N o d a ta .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Paid-in
share
capital

Reserves
(guaranty
fund,
general
reserve,
etc.)

Total
assets

Net
earnings

$656,141
532,842
76, 739, 356
66, 469, 087
20. 098,799
17, 384,389
7,615, 951
7, 008,687
5,668,309
4, 561,123
5, 902,599
4, 465, 960
5, 475, 271
4,355,388
1,538, 362
1, 207, 466
3,457,390
2,821, 960
58,554,382
53,536, 801
32, 268, 502
26, 523, 275
15, 870, 607
13,975,368
747,175
707,861
19,061,284
16, 789, 978
1,155, 086
949,467
3, 341, 789
2,875,990
143, 207
64, 511
773, 478
677,188
16, 860, 329
15,333,413
266.063
174,976
45,042, 692
39,146, 047
6,188, 934
5, 827, 077
85, 359,136
4,190, 873
39,317,218
32,300,524
2,132, 240
1, 538, 535
2, 990, 289
2, 281, 279
35, 996,022
29, 547,094
6, 636, 894
5, 580, 507
864, 467
728, 342
755,361
607,138
8. 299. 559
6, 481, 077
21, 258,107
16, 202, 789
3,047,967
2, 267, 636
141.849
107, 772
2, 883, 869
2, 211, 295
7,438,678
5, 766, 589
1, 885,159
1.596,520
27, 428,561
22,121, 265
466,153
398, 753

$44,415
15,987
4,684,649
3,599, 735
1,112,620
745, 738
360.962
309, 282
245,454
159, 541
503, 305
290,235
471, 758
242, 970
105, 973
65, 530
336,541
269,578
6, 414, 627
5, 547, 381
1, 692, 266
1,115,408
795, 233
740,009
108, 220
72,793
945, 530
812, 511
68, 529
26,289
209, 946
177, 780
8,559
1,673
163, 010
124, 530
1,024,679
534,983
19,893
7,731
4, 730, 825
3, 499, 649
282, 933
229,477
8101,330
74. 230
1,858, 262
1,402,583
266, 658
126, 454
159,180
106,605
2, 446, 467
1,131,363
857,001
668, 442
73, 819
34, 459
54, 225
23, 878
830. 711
624, 525
1, 799,949
910, 245
172,630
647, 596
5,918
3, 468
327,084
571,154
626,306
196, 490
181, 490
127, 396
2, 204. 612
1,885. 647
35.855
13.379

$721, 593
567,190
82,661,119
71,490,881
22,015,117
18,872, 760
8,776,302
8,172,753
6,192,896
4,982,118
6,623,415
5, 405,835
6,158,032
4, 915, 023
1, 960, 571
1, 469, 245
4, 088, 526
3, 403,409
65, 753; 407
59, 760,654
39,655,796
31,319,937
21,175,915
18, 562, 979
914', 173
848. 029
21, 450,383
19,027, 762
1, 247; 931
1, 025, 763
4,080, 484
3,537, 863
152,866
68,407
2,196, 947
1, 957,813
19,0 2 4 , 854
17, 229,690
296,325
193, 731
51,162Í 952
44, 293, 848
8,074, 919
7,657,133
85, 501,677
4.326, 210
42, 766, 468
35,041, 472
4, 627,142
3, 562, 938
3,380, 878
2, 465, 287
40, 367,547
33,155, 524
15, 413, 085
13, 838, 219
995, 241
833,574
821, 628
650, 558
9, 385, 255
7,337,095
24, 024, 832
18 032. 309
3, 447.473
2,562,066
156, 471
119.447
3, 777,453
2.889, 497
8, 245, 247
6, 374, 080
2, 376, 573
1,963. 690
30. 367, 347
24, 700,950
502. 242
437.061

8 $27, 645
15, 278
2,652,989
1, 798,869
8 64L 247
8 373,468
244, 928
142,667
168' 533
167, 311
8 150, 295
8 128,969
229,194
141, 059
55,170
27, 957
155| 316
100, 402
1, 494, 752
1, 358, 883
1 , 017' 121
787, 951
489, 538
313, 215
45, 991
47,371
73, 577
175', 440
46,072
30j 789
116,126
81, 532
6,353
1,831
68,129
53! 826
497, 742
367. 620
12, 446
5 267
1,419,035
1 , 110,719
8 222,390
8 103, 671
8105, 344
63. 759
1, 111, 242
889' 866
150,418
160! 257
112, 141
62, 766
1,255,011
858,056
334. 701
280, 342
33, 556
22 892
24, M 3

15, 251
8238, 283
8 141,056
953, 346
434', 908
8 92! 780
8 91,974
84, 536
8 2,344
123.886
86, 020
323,819
203, 527
84, 712
63,664
942. 255
671, 548
20, 713
11, 635

Divi­
dends
on
shares 2

9 $1,500
10,811
21, 528! 246
1, 296,079
9 180, 000
8 255,102
2 137,731
116,894
2 103,522
90,934
9 105, 000
8 87 909
2 50,975
lOO! 335
2 16,192
23, 016
2 80,480
65', 556
21,127,354
1, 019, 091
2 529, 967
515’102
2 387,322
232,521
2 12, 519
33 871
9 24, 000
8 288,891
2 4, 758
20,151
9 30,000
8 49,132
(3)
1,265
2 9, 359
11 650
2 99! 784
292 062
2 515
3 85Q
2 419Í 708
772, 710
9 125, 000
6 78 402
9 6 0 ! 000
28, 020
2 440,511
577, 682
9 3 5 ,0 0 0

8 102, 292
2 52, 271
48 608
9 115, 000
681 406
2 149,942
138 281
2 L 979
14 484
(»)
11 383
2 96, 711
99, 585
9 190, 000
8 340, 208
9 40,000
8 72, 078
9 1, 200
6 1, 202
2 41, 482
43, 965
2 123, 860
129, 520
2 13,075
38, 984
2 559, 508
380. 822
(3)
7,601

* F e d e ra l a sso c ia tio n s o n ly ; n o S ta te -c h a r te r e d a sso c ia tio n s in th is S ta te .
5 D a t a are for y ea r s e n d in g J u n e 30.
8 P a r t ly e s tim a te d .
7 L o ss.
8 D a t a are for y ea r s e n d in g S e p t. 30.
• S ta te -c h a r te r e d a sso c ia tio n s o n ly ; e s tim a te d .

278

OPERATIONS OF CREDIT UNIONS

M ONTHLY LABOR

loans during the year exceeding 50 million dollars.
In a few States, the number of credit unions
declined somewhat from 1947 to 1948. Without
exception, however, all States showed increased
membership, business, capital, and assets. Earn­
ings fell off in several, and quite drastic reductions
in reserves also occurred in two States, presumably
as a result of losses from uncollectible loans.

(17.8 percent), but in the remaining States only
from 2 to 5 percent of the total loans were those
secured by real-estate mortgages.
For the 20 States supplying data on real-estate
loans outstanding at the end of 1948, such loans
accounted for 32.3 percent of the total loans out­
standing. They were highest in Massachusetts,
Minnesota, New Hampshire, and Rhode Island.

Real-Estate Loans

T a b l e 2. — Real-estate loans of State-chartered credit unions,

For 1948, for the first time, the Bureau asked
the State officials for information that would re­
veal the extent to which credit unions under State
charter are doing business on the security of real
estate. (The Federal law does not permit such
loans.) Replies were received from 42 States.
In 36 of these, real-estate mortgage loans are per­
mitted; 21 furnished some figures on their extent.
Among the others, 13 2 could supply no informa­
tion, and in 2 (New York and North Carolina) no
such loans were made in 1948. The Tennessee
law is silent on this point. Real-estate loans are
forbidden in the credit union laws of 5 jurisdictions
(District of Columbia, Idaho, Illinois, Kentucky,
and New Jersey).
Table 2 covers the 21 States for which mortgageloan data are available. In 9 States for which
both the total amount of loans made during the
year and the amount lent on mortgage security
were furnished, 15.5 percent of the year’s lendings
were on real estate. In the individual States, the
proportion was lowest in Arizona (less than 1
percent) and highest in Rhode Island (82.0 per­
cent). A sizable mortgage-loan business was also
done in Nebraska (23.0 percent) and Minnesota
2
A la b a m a , A rk a n sa s, F lo rid a , G eorgia, I n d ia n a , L o u isia n a , M a in e , M ic h i­
g a n , M o n ta n a , N e w M e x ic o , N o r t h C a ro lin a , T e x a s , a n d V ir g in ia .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1948
Loans made in 1948
State
Total

Secured
by real
estate

Loans outstanding,
end of 1948

Total

Secured
by real
estate

Total______ _________ ' $59,079,112 $9,158,094 $143,853,812 $46,428, 241
Arizona.......... ......... ......
California................... ......
Colorado_____________
Iowa____ ____________
Kansas_______________
Maryland____________
Massachusetts_________
Minnesota____________
Mississippi___________
Missouri....... ...................
Nebraska_____________
New Hampshirp
Ohio_________________
Oklahoma____________
Oregon_______________
Rhode Island. ________
Utah_________________
Vermont_________ ____
Washington___________
West Virginia_________
Wisconsin___ ________

600
78,542
(2)
(!)
0)
0)
6,235,167
368,357
4,171, 244 3257,300
0)
(2)
45, 700,543
(2)
12,342,847 2,199, 735
297, 294
10, 555
O)
(2i
2,404, 724
550,000
(2)
0)
25,799,394 ♦1,210,000
(*)
(2)
206, 719
2, 439, 233
5,310,667 4,354,828
C)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(’)
(2)
860, 906
(2)
19,859,952
(2)

58,313
19, 291.688
3,468,182
4, 444, 663
2, 849,129
1,921,788
32, 741,603
14,273,257
99,822
11,902,329
1,224, 459
1,224, 526
13Ì 913Ì347
1,796, 848
1,823,055
9, 516,114
2,327, 613
48, 755
3,270,845
583,327
17,074,149

6,852
5,428.363
1,005, 699
1,004.170
187, 746
1,000
14,118,252
6,357,236
25. 714
1, 706,340
(2)
904 013
1,029,029
162,058
413,947
7, 561,424
540,628
695
65, 947
147,139
5, 761,989

1 Total for States reporting also on real-estate loans made.
2 N o data.
3 Estimated; according to State report, real-estate loans constituted about
6.6 percent of the total.
4 Approximate.

Trend of Development, 1925-48
The trend of development of credit unions, as
regards number of associations, membership, busi­
ness done, and total assets, from 1925 through
1948 is shown in table 3.

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

IMMIGRATION AND EMIGRATION

279

T a ble 3 . —Relative development of State and Federal credit unions, 1925-48
Total number of
credit unions

Active, reporting
credit unions

M em b ers

A m o u n t of lo a n s m a d e

A ss e ts

Y ear
T o t a l S ta te

1925_____
1929_____
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948

419
974

Fed­
eral T o t a l State

419
974

176
838

___________
1,500 1,500
1,244
......................
1,612 1.612
1,472
___________
2.016 2,016
1.772
___________
2,450 2, 450
2,028
___________
2,600 2,600
2,589
___________
5,352 3,490 1.862 4,408
___________
6,292 3,792 2.500 5,231
___________
7,314 4,299 3,015 6, 707
___________
8,326 4,782 3, 544 7.841
......................
9,512 5,302 4, 210 8, 893
___________
10,457
5, 664 4,793 9,658
......................
10.
591 5,611 4. 980 9,474
......................
10,372
5, 284......................
5, 088 8,978
___________
9, 099 5,051 4,048 8,702
___________
8, 890 4,931 3,959 8,629
___________
8, 968 5,003 3, 965 8, 715
......................
9,168 5, 155 4.013 8,942
___________
9,329 5,271 4,058 9,328

F ed­
eral

Total

S ta te

467
1,674
2,103
2,730
3,164
3,715
4,144
4, 070
3. 859
3,795
3,757
3, 761
3,845
4,058

108, 000
264. 908
286,143
301,119
359, 646
427,097
597.609
1,170,445
1.503,826
1,863,353
2,305,364
2, 815, 653
3,321,312
3,126, 461
3,015, 487
2. 925,591
2,841,154
3, 023,017
3,339,859
3, 767,839

108, 000
264, 908
286,143
301, 119
359,646
427,097
523,132
854,475
1,055, 736
1,236,826
1,459,377
1,695,421
1.924.616
1, 778, 942
1,713, 124
1,621,790
1,624,529
1.717.616
1,893, 944
2,139. 500

176
838
1,244
1.472
1.772
2,028

2,122

2.734
3,128
3,977
4,677
5,178
5,514
5,404
5,119
4,907
4, 872
4,954
5,097
5, 270

F e d e ra l

Total

S ta te

F e d e ra l

Total

$2. 322. 308
15.658.060
30, 774,469
46, 893, 885
71.026.060
104,986,791
134,331,959
91,536,967
77. 265,382
78,333,897
78, 268,844
114.811,825
184, 509. 104
273, 237, 375

$33,645,343
31,416,072
35,496, 668
40. 212,112
49, 505, 970
83,070, 952
115,399,287
147,156,416
192, 723,812
252.293,141
322, 214,816
340,622, 459
355, 262,808
397.929,814
432,583,911
495,249,012
591,126,677
701,819, 694

0)
0)

$20,100,000 $20, 100,000

74, 477
315, 970
448, 090
626, 527
845, 987
1,120, 232
1,396,696
1,347, 519
1,302,363
1,303.801
1,216, 625
1,305, 401
1,445,915
1, 628.339

54. 048,000
21,214, 500
32, 065,000
28, 217.500
36, 200, 000
39, 172, 308
100,199,695
141,399, 790
175,952, 433
230, 429. 517
304,606, 208
359,711,005
247,636,185
208, 569,688
209, 475, 436
210, 904, 783
291,244,360
455,833,601
633, 544, 208

54,048.000
21.214.500
32,065, 000
28.217.500
36,200. 000
36. 850,000
84.541,635
110, 625. 321
129,058,548
159,403,457
199,619, 417
225,379,046
156, 099, 218
131,304,306
131,141, 539
132,635,939
176,432,535
271,324,497
360,306,833

S ta te

F e d e ra l

0)
0)

$33,645, 343
31,416,072
35,496, 668
40, 212,112
47, 964, 068
73, 659,146
97, 087. 995
117, 672,392
145,226. 718
180, 198, 260
216, 557, 977
221,389, 566
228,314, 723
253, 663, 658
279, 480, 791
322,082. 5.53
380, 751,106
443, 407, 958

$1,541,902
9,411,806
18,311,292
29,484.024
47,497.094
72. 094, 881
105, 656,839
119.232,893
126,948, 085
144, 266,156
153,103,120
173,166,459
210,375, 571
258,411,736

1 N o d a ta .

Immigration and Emigration,
Fiscal Year 1948 1
E
of aliens through sea­
ports and landports of the United States increased
during each year of the 5-year period ending
June 30, 1948. The total number of aliens
admitted during the last of those years was 646,576,
of which 170,570 were immigrants who came for
permanent residence (see table 1). Among the
immigrants were 20,755 displaced persons.2 The
number of aliens who departed from the United
States during the fiscal year 1948 was 448,218.
Of this number, 401,746 had been in the country
temporarily, 25,597 planned to return after a
temporary stay abroad, and 20,875 left permanent
residence in this country to live permanently
elsewhere.
Quota immigration in the fiscal year 1948, for
the first time since 1942, exceeded nonquota
immigration. Quota immigrants are defined,
according to the report, as those admitted under
established limits, from countries in Europe, Asia,
Africa, and the Pacific, and from colonies, den t r ie s

a n d

d e p a r t u r e s

1 Data are from Annual Report of the Immigration and Naturalization
Service, U. S. Department of Justice, for Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1948,
Washington [1949].
Statistics given in the current summary for nonimmigrants exclude tem­
porary Mexican agricultural laborers, border crossers, and crewmen of ships
and planes.
2 These were admitted under the President’s Directive of December 22,
1945. Legislation (Public Law 774, 80th Cong.) authorizing admission of
such persons for a limited time, was approved on June 25, 1948.


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pendencies, and protectorates of European coun­
tries. The nonquota immigrants include families
of citizens of the United States; natives from the
independent countries of the Western hemisphere
and their families; ministers and professors
entering to carry on their professions, and their
families.
T able 1. — Admissions and departures of aliens, United
States, years ending June 80, 1944~48
Class

1944

Aliens admitted__________ 142,192
Immigrant __________
28, 551
Quota____________
9, 394
Nonquota_____ ___ 19,157
Nonimmigrant,______ 113, 641
Aliens departed________
84, 409
Emigrant. ......... ..........
5, 669
Nonemigrant_________
78, 740

1945

1946

1947

1948

202, 366 312,190 513,597 646,576
38, 119 108, 721 147,292 170, 570
11,623
29,095
70, 701
92, 526
26,496
79, 626
76, 591
78, 044
164,247 203, 469 366, 305 476, 006
93, 362 204, 353 323, 422 448, 218
7, 442
18,143
22,501
20, 875
85,920 186, 210 300,921 427, 343

The quota numerical limits established in 1930
remained substantially the same up to and in­
cluding 1948. In no year during the period 1931 to
1947, however, were the quotas even half filled;
but the 92,526 quota immigrants received in 1948
constituted over three-fifths of the total author­
ized quota. The increase came largely from the
greater use made by Great Britain of its quota
and from use by displaced persons of Germany’s
relatively large quota.
Preference is given within the quotas to relatives
of citizens and to skilled agriculturists. These
groups, together with a second-preference group
composed of wives and children of resident aliens,
made up 19 percent of the admissions under

M ONTHLY LABOR

LABOR-MANAGEMENT DISPUTES

280

quotas in the fiscal year 1948. Displaced persons
formed more than 21 percent of the 1948 quota
admissions.
Over half of the immigrants and over threefourths of the displaced persons had points of
destination in large cities (100,000 population or
more). New York, Chicago, Detroit, Los Angeles,
and San Francisco together received more than a
third of the total number of immigrants and nearly
two-thirds of the displaced persons.
Distribution according to occupation of the
immigrant aliens who entered in 1948 is given in
table 2.
T a b le 2. — Distribution of immigrant aliens admitted, by

occupation, year ending June SO, 19^8
1948
Occupations
Number

Percent

Professional and semi professional workers_____
Farmers and farm managers------------- -----------Proprietors, managers, officials, except farm___
Clerical, sales, and kindred workers...................
Craftsmen, foremen, and kindred workers..........
Operatives and kindred workers...........................
Domestic service workers.....................................
Protective service workers................. .................
Service workers, except domestic and protective.
Farm laborers and foremen...................................
Laborers, except farm.... .......................................
No occupation-.......................................................

12,619
4,884
6,207
15,298
11,019
12, 797
6,389
318
4,032
946
4, 826
91,235

7.4
2.8
3.6
9.0
6.5
7.5
3.7
.2
2.4
.6
2.8
53.5

Total.-------------- -------------------------------

170,570

100.0

Of the 170,570 immigrant aliens admitted in
1948, 24,095 were under 16 years of age; 34,022
were 45 and over. Female immigrant aliens num­
bered 103,248, over a fifth of whom were war brides.

Labor-Management Disputes
In August 1949
A ugust 1949 was largely a month of watchful
waiting in labor-management circles. Wage and
contract negotiations in many industries were con­
tinued, or deferred, pending developments in some
of the major industries and bargaining groups,
notably steel, coal, and automobiles. Many small
contracts were extended, upon expiration, until
more positive wage trends might be discerned.
Attention was centered particularly on hearings
of the steel fact-finding board in New York City


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involving some 50-60 steel companies and the
United Steelworkers of America (CIO).
As a result, total idleness due to work stoppages
declined still further from the 2,100,000 man-days
estimated for July. The largest new strike of the
month came late in August and involved some
15,000 to 20,000 employees of the B. F. Goodrich
Co., members of the United Rubber Workers
(CIO).
Steel Fact-Finding Board
Hearings of the fact-finding board in the steel
industry labor dispute, appointed by President
Truman July 15,1 began in New York City,
July 28. The United Steelworkers of America
(CIO) presented its case during the first 8 days
and the representatives of the steel companies
were allotted an equal length of time for their
testimony.
The union’s demands, raised in connection with
a reopening clause in its existing contracts, in­
cluded a pension plan, a fourth-round wage in­
crease for all workers, and social-insurance benefits
to be paid for by the companies. It was estimated
that the total increase would be the equivalent of
30 cents per hour, divided as follows: 12.5 cents
in wages, 11.23 cents to establish a $125 monthly
retirement pension to workers 65 years of age and
over, and 6.27 cents for a company-paid life and
health insurance plan. The union contended
that the steel industry could well afford to pay
for these benefits, without increasing prices, and
cited the “phenomenal” profit position of the
companies over the past several years in support
of its contention.
Spokesmen for the union claimed that the in­
creased wages and other benefits were not only
financially possible but necessary to increase the
purchasing power of the workers and thus help
reverse the downward trend in business and avert
a possible depression. “Contrary to the indus­
try’s contention,” the union president, Philip
Murray, asserted, “the granting of the union’s
proposals not only would not hurt but would
have a decidedly beneficial effect upon the na­
tional economy.”
Representatives of various major steel corpora­
tions testified to the effect that the industry
1

S e e M o n t h ly

Labor R e v ie w ,

A u g u s t 1949 (p .

166).

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

LABOR-MANAGEMENT DISPUTES

should not be obliged to increase their labor costs
at a time when demand for steel was declining.
Such action, it was contended, would increase
prices and thus cause a further reduction in
demand, thereby encouraging a continued down­
ward spiral of lower production and fewer jobs.
Industry spokesmen claimed that increased wages
could not be paid out of the profits of preceding
years as such profits had been largely reinvested
for expansion and improvement purposes. The
“purchasing power” argument of the steel work­
ers was characterized as the “union’s bid for
public approval in resorting to strike threat en­
forcement of a big inflationary fourth round of
increased wages and benefits,” and as “a give-methe-other-fellow’s-money to spend idea.” As to
pensions, the companies contended that the re­
opening clause in the steel agreements clearly
confined the negotiable issues to wages and life,
accident, health, medical and hospital insurance
benefits, exclusive of employees’ pensions or
retirement programs.
At the end of the hearings on August 29, the
board proffered its service as a mediator and
announced that President Truman had extended
the deadline for its report to September 10. In
accepting the President’s proposal for a fact­
finding inquiry, Mr. Murray agreed that steel­
workers would continue to work under the terms
of existing agreements for a 60-day period from
July 16, thereby deferring a possible work stop­
page until mid-September.
Ford Strike Authorized; Negotiations Continue
The international executive board of the United
Automobile Workers (CIO), on August 12, au­
thorized a Nation-wide strike against the Ford
Motor Co. “if and wheii necessary to win the just
demands of Ford workers.” This action followed
a strike poll by the Michigan State Labor Media­
tion Board in which some 72,000 Ford workers


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

281

throughout the State approved a strike, if neces­
sary, by a 7-to-l ratio.
The union’s demands included a $100 monthly
pension for workers 60 years of age with 25 years
of service, a company-financed medical care pro­
gram, and a wage increase sufficient to restore
purchasing power to the June 1946 level. Nego­
tiations continued during the remainder of August
with the company reportedly adhering to its
opposition to pensions and contending that wages
should be continued at their present level for 12
months.
Wage and Pension Issues in Goodrich Strike
A 25-cent hourly increase in wages, a $100 per
month company-financed pension plan, and a
health and welfare program were the principal
issues in dispute as 15,000 to 20,000 employees of
the B. F. Goodrich Co., members of the United
Kubber, Cork, Linoleum & Plastic Workers of
America (CIO), went on strike August 27. (Good­
rich employees at Ala-on, Ohio, voted 6,355 to 408
in favor of a strike on August 4, and no settlement
was reached by the August 26 deadline.) Other
issues, reported by the union, included questions
of extending the 6-hour day to all company plants,
elimination of area wage differentials, the union
shop, extension of company-wide bargaining to
include a Canadian plant, grievance procedures,
a no-strike pledge, holiday and vacation pay, and a
wage differential for night work.
The Goodrich contract, scheduled to expire
June 25, was continued by mutual agreement for
a 60-day period. The union had been negotiating
with Goodrich and other major rubber companies
since May. Although agreements with the other
companies do not expire until 1950, reopening
clauses permitted negotiations on wages. Plants
affected were at Akron, Ohio; Tuscaloosa, Ala.;
Cadillac, Mich.; Clarksville, Tenn.; Oaks, Pa.;
Miami, Okla.; and Los Angeles, Calif. No settle­
ment had been reached by the end of the month.

UNEMPLOYMENT ( INSURANCE) TRUST FUND

282

The Unemployment (Insurance)
Trust Fund, 1948
T he
balance in the
United States Treasury at the end of 1948 ex­
ceeded 8.5 billion dollars. This total represented
an increase of 11.4 percent since 1946 and 3.9
percent since 1947 (table 1). Some 7.5 billion
dollars of the reserve consisted of the accounts of
the 51 States and Territories, earmarked for bene­
fit payments under their respective programs; 1the
remainder of 946 million dollars was the railroad
unemployment insurance account.
Deposits made to the fund in 1948 by the States,
as required under the social security legislation,
exceeded withdrawals by about 130 million dollars.
u n e m p l o y m e n t

t r u s t

f u n d

1
D a t a are from S ocial S e c u r ity B u lle t in , U . S. S o cia l S e c u r ity A d m in is tr a ­
tio n , W a s h in g to n , M a y 1949, p . 14: S ta te A c c o u n ts in t h e U n e m p lo y m e n t
T ru st F u n d .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ONTHLY LABOR

With interest earned on Government securities
held by the fund, the surplus of the year’s trans­
actions equaled 285 million dollars.
Compared with 1947, State deposits in 1948
declined by 108 million dollars, and withdrawals
for payments of benefits increased by 75 million
dollars. According to the report, the decrease in
deposits reflected lower employer contribution
rates under experience-rating provisions of State
programs, whereas increased withdrawals resulted
primarily from a rise in average benefits.
All but six States—California, Connecticut,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, and Rhode
Island—had larger balances in the fund at the end
of 1948 than a year earlier. Rhode Island with­
drew 14 million dollars and New Jersey 50 million
dollars to finance their temporary disability pro­
grams.2
5
C o n tr ib u tio n s b y e m p lo y e e s u n d e r S ta te u n e m p lo y m e n t in su r a n c e p ro­
g ra m s m a y b e d iv e r te d to th e p a y m e n t o f d is a b ility b e n e fits, u n d e r th e
F e d e r a l U n e m p lo y m e n t T a x A c t.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

UNEMPLOYMENT ( INSURANCE) TRUST FUND

283

T able 1 .— Federal unemployment trust fund, by State and railroad unemployment insurance accounts, 1946-48
[Amounts in thousands]
Operations, 1948

Balance, Dec. 31—

Accounts
Deposits

Interest

With­
drawals

1948

1947

1946

Percent
change,
1948 from
1947

Percent
change,
1948 from
1946

T o t a l..........................................

$1,065, 388

$174, 537

$917,713

$8,507,580

$8,185,369

$7,635,104

+3.9

+11.4

S t a t e a c c o u n t s ......................
A la b a m a .........................
A la s k a ................. .............
A r iz o n a ............................
A r k a n s a s ____________
C a lifo r n ia .......................
C o lo r a d o .......................
C o n n e c t ic u t ..............
D e la w a r e ____________
D is t r ic t o f C o lu m b ia
F lo r id a ....... ......................

989, 422
11,457
1,566
3,832
6,095
116,151
6,924
3,769
1,311
2, 260
7,877

154, 924
1,259
229
553
757
14,934
1,042
4,023
304
939
1,515

859,712
7, 800
1,375
1,485
3. 300
153,500
1,205
14,350
800
3, 005
6,720

7,561,324
62, 475
11,297
27, 827
38,127
702, 058
53. 176
188, 709
15,038
45,185
73, 447

7, 276, 690
57,559
10,877
24.927
34,575
724, 473
46, 415
195, 267
14, 223
44,991
70, 775

6, 825, 480
56. 077
9,238
21. 786
32,006
713.671
40,366
181, 262
13,783
44,572
64, 409

+3.9
+8.5
+3.9
+11.6
+10.3
-3 .1
+14.6
- 3 .4
+5.7
+ .4
+3.8

+10.8
+11.4
+22.3
+27.7
+19.1
-1 .6
+31.7
+4.1
+9.1
+1.4
+14.0

G e o rg ia ............. _.............
H a w a i i . . .................... .
I d a h o ................................
I lli n o i s ______________
I n d ia n a .......... .................
I o w a ..................................
K a n s a s ............................. .
K e n t u c k y .......................
L o u is ia n a .......................
M a i n e ............................... .

10,385
2,594
3,984
60.855
13,018
9, 800
7,350
14,590
16, 443
6,499

2,062
482
469
10,531
3, 973
1,685
1,228
2,287
1,949
877

5,150
1,600
1,330
50,150
10, 200
2,550
2.840
4, 875
6, 275
5,640

101, 842
23. 632
24, 259
515,046
193, 749
85. 474
61,831
114. 850
99, 399
42,763

94,545
22,156
21,136
493. 810
186, 958
76,540
56, 092
102. 848
87, 282
41,027

86,697
20,074
17.990
482. 464
177, 754
67,676
51, 744
92,690
79,716
38, 215

+7.7
+6.7
+14.8
+4.3
+3.6
+11.7
+10.2
+11.7
+13.9
+4.2

+17.5
+17.7
+34.8
+6.8
+9.0
+26.3
+ 19.5
+23.9
+24. 7
+11.9

M a r y la n d - .....................
M a s s a c h u s e t t s ........... ..
M i c h i g a n - ....................
M in n e s o t a ......................
M is s is s ip p i_______. . .
M is s o u r i______ _____ _
M o n t a n a ........................
N e b r a s k a ______ _____ _
N e v a d a ............ ................
N e w H a m p s h ir e _____

14,675
41, 700
77,980
12,985
7,365
25, 270
3,860
2,880
1,654
3,816

2,606
3,703
5,576
2, 442
878
3,638
566
681
272
570

9,500
50, 000
34, 250
5,530
2,610
13, 320
1,235
980
1,130
3,613

128,554
175.804
291,763
122,744
44,318
181,778
28,880
33. 734
13, 460
27,533

120. 773
180.402
242, 457
112,847
38.684
166,190
25,689
31,152
12, 663
26, 760

114, 756
196,900
208,847
99,683
32,118
158,227
22,423
27,617
11,686
25,440

+6.4
-2 .5
+20.3
+8.8
+14.6
+9.4
+12.4
+8.3
+6.3
+2.9

+12.0
-10.7
+39.7
+23.1
+38.0
+ 14.9
+28.8
+22.1

N e w J e r se y .....................
N e w M e x ic o _________
N e w Y o r k .......................
N o r th C a r o lin a .......... .
N o r th D a k o t a —...........
O h i o - . . . ____________ _
O k la h o m a .......................
O r e g o n ....... .......................
P e n n s y lv a n ia .............
R h o d e I s la n d ________

71,478
3, 520
150, 759
20,645
1, 555
37, yöö
7,390
14,189
61, 248
8,065

9,955
362
21,796
3,027
158
11,335
915
1,687
12, 957
1,159

98,190
700
185,600
6,750
325
20.050
3. 300
7,250
45,100
28,719

459,328
18,943
1,050, 722
152, 470
8, 308
557,188
46, 638
84,923
636,523
46, 571

476,086
15, 761
1, 063, 768
135. 548
6, 920
527, 948
41,634
76, 297
607, 418
66,065

435,381
12,764
974,890
121, 577
5,894
489,251
39,845
69,329
586,105
77,037

-3 .5
+20.2
-1 .2
+12. 5
+20. 1
+5.5
+ 12.0
+11.3
+4.8
-29.5

+5. 5
+48.4
+7.8
+25.4
+41.0
+13. 9
+ 17.0
+22.5
+8.6
-39.5

S o u th C a r o lin a ______
S o u th D a k o t a . . ...........
T e n n e s s e e ........................
T e x a s ________ ________
U t a h ...................................
V e r m o n t ...........................
V ir g i n i a ..........................
W a s h in g to n __________
W e s t V ir g in ia _______
W is c o n s in .................... ..
W y o m in g .........................

7,709
1,113
14,771
25,081
3, 210
2, 211
8. 230
23, 780
13,823
12, 219
1,526

1,076
181
2,136
3,934
687
335
1,717
3,032
1,740
4, 472
232

3,700
310
10, 600
4,950
2, 720
1,350
5,150
18,380
5,075
4,800
375

53,686
9,114
105, 034
200, 030
33, 504
16,581
84, 030
149,561
88. 866
218, 696
11,856

48. 601
8, 131
98. 727
175, 965
32, 327
15, 385
79. 232
141,128
78, 378
206, 805
10, 473

43, 441
7,123
92, 543
159, 294
28, 555
13, 988
70,692
136, 824
70, 990
190, 744
9, 324

+10. 5
+ 12.1
+6.4
+13. 7
+3.6
+7.8
+6.1
+6.0
+ 13.4
+5.7
+13.2

+23.6
+28.0
+13.5
+ 25.6
+ 17.3
+ 18. 5
+ 18.9
+9.3
+25.2
+14.7
+27.2

75, 966

19,613

58,001

940, 256

908,679

809, 623

+4.1

+16.9

Railroad unemployment insurance account..


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

+8.2

Technical Notes
A

E ditor’s N ote.—
n o te s
th e

serves

th e

m e th o d o lo g y

T h is

u se fu l
and

s e r ie s

R e p r in te d

M o n th ly

L abor

in

of

lim ita tio n s

s t a t i s t i c a l s e r ie s o f th e B u r e a u
tic s .

of

p u rp o se

b o o k le t

R e v ie w ,

te c h n ic a l
e x p la in in g

of

a ll

m a jo r

o f L a b o r S ta tis ­
fo rm

th e y

fro m

s h o u ld

th e

o ffer

a

c o n v e n ie n t c o m p e n d iu m f o r a ll u s e r s o f B u r e a u
m a te r ia l.
g e n e r a lly

A

s ta n d a r d iz e d

u n ifo r m

s y s te m

o u tlin e
of

keyed

by

s u b h e a d in g s

a
is

e m p lo y e d a s a r e a d e r -a id .

I. Construction of
Consumers’ Price Index
C hanges in prices paid for goods and services
usually bought by moderate-income families in
large urban centers are reflected by the Consum­
ers’ Price Index,1 which the U. S. Labor Depar­
tment’s Bureau of Labor Statistics issues from
month to month. Such changes are measured by
the rate of price movement of a representative list
of items of specified quality. The components of
the index and the weights assigned to each of
them remain constant for considerable periods.
The rate of price change is one of the most impor­
tant factors affecting the cost of living, and over
short spans of time, the Bureau’s index gives an
acceptable approximation of changes in the cost
of living for urban workers.
The index was initiated during World War I,
when prices rose rapidly, for use in wage negotia­
tions, particularly in shipbuilding centers. Cover­
age was gradually extended to include industrial
i The title, Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate Income Families in
Large Cities, was adopted in 1945. Previously this index had been precisely
designated, Changes in the Cost of Goods and Services Purchased by Wage
Earners and Lower-Salaried Clerical Workers in 1934-36. In popular usage,
this title was later shortened to Cost-of-Living Index. The latter designation
gave rise to some misunderstanding of the scope of the series, and therefore
the current term, Consumers’ Price Index, was introduced.
284


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cities throughout the country, and estimates of
Nation-wide changes in living costs were published
at intervals, beginning in October 1919. Regular
publication was established in February 1921.
Weights used in these early indexes were based on
surveys of family expenditures conducted during
1917-19. In the fall of 1935, the Bureau in­
troduced improved methods of calculating the
index and in 1940 completed revision of the
weights to correspond with 1934-36 family ex­
penditure patterns, as determined by another
extensive study of family consumption.
In addition to its long-term use as a basis for
wage adjustments, the index is used as a measure
of changes in the purchasing power of the dollar,
and as a guide to broad economic policy.
Limitations of the CPI
Amounts that urban families spend for living
are not shown in the index. To develop such
measures, information reflecting changes in in­
come and in the manner of living would be re­
quired, as well as statistics of price changes for
consumer goods and services.
The index does not represent price changes
affecting other population groups such as single
individuals, families living in rural areas, families
of business and professional men, and families
deriving a major portion of their income from
sources other than their earnings, whose buying
habits may differ radically from those of moder­
ate income urban families. Nor does it take into
account changes brought about by migration of
families to large cities from rural communities or
from other cities.
Individual city indexes may not be used to
compare living costs between cities. A higher
index for one city than for another is no indication
that prices are higher in that city than in the other.

-A

CONSUMERS’ PRICE INDEX

It means only that prices have advanced more
rapidly in one city than in the other subsequent to
the base period. For example, assume that the
dollar cost of a specific list of goods was $1,100 in
City A and $750 in City B during the base period.
Since these costs are taken as 100 for each city,
an increase to $1,250 in City A would result in an
index of 113.6, but an increase to $1,000 in City B
would produce an index of 133.3. Thus, even
though City B has a higher index, the level of prices
is still lower than in City A.
A study made by
the Bureau in 1934-36 is the basis of the selection
of items and determination of weights for the
index. This survey covered the incomes and
expenditures of about 14,500 families of wage
earners and lower-salaried clerical workers whose
average income was $1,524 a year at that time.
Expenditures for food, apparel, rent, fuel, utilities,
housefurnishings, and miscellaneous goods and
services purchased were ascertained in detail.
The items selected to represent all goods and
services purchased, on the basis of the 1934-36
study, were those which were relatively important
in family spending, which had distinctive price
movements, and which were highly representative
of larger groups of related items. Specifications
of items to be priced were written to describe
qualities, the retail-store prices of which would
correspond with prices paid by families included
in the survey. The sample of items priced con­
sists of 49 foods, 58 articles of clothing, 10 fuels,
23 housefurnishings, 49 miscellaneous goods and
services, and rent.
In order that the items selected for pricing
would represent all goods and services bought by
moderate-income families, expenditures for the
items not priced were combined with those for
the selected items. The weight for a priced item
includes weights for similar items known to have
the same price movement and a proportionate
share of the weights for other items in the same
consumption group for which price movements
cannot be imputed directly to a specific article.
B a s is f o r S e le c tio n o f I te m s .

Methods of Pricing
Since all of the more than 1,400 different articles
and services bought by wage-earners’ families need
not be priced to determine changes in average

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285

prices paid, the Bureau prices about 190 of them.
(For a listing of these items, see table on p. 289.)
Two or more qualities of many of the 190 articles
are covered and consequently the aggregate num­
ber of articles and services included is 270.
The Bureau
attempts to price goods of constant quality from
period to period, so that the index will reflect price
changes only. To accomplish this, rents are
compared on identical units from period to period;
for other groups, detailed specifications have been
written for the items for which prices are obtained.
Each specification is for an article that experts in
industry and trade judge to be most frequently
purchased in the price lines in which wage earners
and clerical workers concentrated their purchases
in 1934-36.
The specification for a man’s work shirt is
typical.
S p e c ific a tio n s o f G oods T o B e P r ic e d .

Shirt, work, cotton chambray:
3 .9 0 y a r d s p er p o u n d b e fo r e sa n fo riz in g , a b o u t 3 .6 0
y a r d s p e r p o u n d a fte r sa n fo r iz in g , b a s e d o n 3 6 -in c h
fa b r ic, sa n fo r iz e d sh ru n k ;
F u ll c u t, c le a n w o r k m a n sh ip , g o o d q u a lit y b u t t o n s ,
c o lla r in te r lin e d w it h c h a m b r a y or e q u a l g r a d e o f
fa b r ic, c o n tin u o u s n o n rip s le e v e fa c in g , d o u b le - or
tr ip le -s titc h e d s e a m , 2 p la in p o c k e ts w it h or w it h o u t
flap , 3 0 to 31 y a r d s p er d o z e n b a s e d o n 3 6 -in c h fa b r ic
a n d n e c k b a n d siz e sc a le 14 t o 17 in c h e s.
(S p e c ify
w h e th e r d o u b le - or tr ip le -s titc h e d ).

In addition to the detailed specifications, records
of brands, lot number or grade (where available),
and other identifying information are also supplied
to the Bureau’s representatives who collect the
prices.
Prices are obtained for identical articles as long
as they are available in retail stores. When the
Bureau’s representatives can no longer obtain
prices for a given article, they must substitute
another.
Substitutions are of two types: (1) Substitu­
tion of another article which is adequately de­
scribed by the same specification, and (2) substi­
tution of an article serving the same purpose, but
not of the same quality, and described by a new
specification.
In the first type, any difference in price between
the old and new article is shown as a price change
in the index calculation. For example, if one
brand of men’s shirts is no longer available and
another brand of substantially the same quality

286

CONSUMERS’ PRICE INDEX

is substituted, the difference in price is allowed to
affect the level of the index. In the second type
of substitution, the level of the index is not affected,
for the new article is introduced by a linking proc­
ess. An example of this type of substitution is the
replacement of silk hose by rayon hose during
World War II. Substitute specifications are al­
ways made to adhere as closely as possible to
those supplanted, i. e., with respect to utility of
goods, materials, designs, and price movements.
C y c l e o f P r i c i n g .—Prices for the Bu­
reau’s index are those actually charged customers
in retail stores. Part-time Bureau agents (usually
housewives, school teachers, and ex-Government
employees) collect food prices monthly in their
communities, according to the written specifica­
tions. In food stores, prices are posted in full
view of the customer and can be written down by
these agents. The prices are checked if necessary
with the proprietors or managers.
Most of the price collection for other groups is
done by full-time Bureau representatives who are
specially trained and who are guided by the speci­
fications described. These agents obtain the price
quotations for most apparel, housefurnishings, and
miscellaneous items, in personal interviews with
store managers and buyers. They collect rent
information, by personal visit once a year, directly
from a sample of renting families in each city.
For subsequent quarters the rent collection is done
by mail. A few prices, such as for fuel, are ob­
tained directly from dealers, by questionnaire.
Electric-power rates are obtained from the Federal
Power Commission.
Food prices are collected monthly in 56 cities 2
during the first 3 days of the week containing the
15th of the month; prices of fuels in effect on the
15th of the month are obtained in 34 cities
monthly; apparel, housefurnishings, and miscel­
laneous items are priced over a longer period
(carried on as near the 15th of the month as pos­
sible), in 10 key cities monthly and in the remain­
ing 24 cities according to a rotating quarterly cycle,
with 8 cities surveyed each month in addition to
the 10 key cities. This cycle was carefully deter­
mined on the basis of historical price movements
M e th o d s a n d

2 These 56 cities account for about 60 percent o f t h e
over 50,000 population in the United States.


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to ta l p o p u la tio n

in c itie s

M ONTHLY LABOR

for individual cities, in order to approximate the
national trend as closely as possible, and was
coordinated with the rent cycle.
Every month

February, May, August,
November

B ir m in g h a m
B o s to n
C h ic a g o
C in c in n a ti
D e t r o it
H o u s to n
L o s A n g e le s
N e w Y ork
P h ila d e lp h ia
P itts b u r g h

A tla n ta
C le v e la n d
M ilw a u k e e
N e w O rlean s
N o r fo lk
S c r a n to n
S e a ttle
W a sh in g to n

January, April, July, and
October

March, June, September,
December

B u ffa lo
D enver
In d ia n a p o lis
K a n s a s C ity
M a n c h e ste r
P o r tla n d (O reg.)
R ic h m o n d
Savannah

B a ltim o r e
J a c k s o n v ille
M e m p h is
M in n e a p o lis
M o b ile
P o r tla n d (M a in e )
S t. L o u is
S a n F r a n c isc o

The quarterly cycle for pricing rents3 was
developed from 3 groups of cities, each of which
represents a good cross-section of the 34 large
cities included in the index. Rents are obtained
for each of these city groups quarterly as follows:
January, April,
July, and Oc­
tober
B u ffa lo
D enver
D e t r o it
In d ia n a p o lis
K a n s a s C ity
M a n c h e ste r
N e w Y o rk
P itts b u r g h
P o r tla n d (O reg.)
R ic h m o n d
Savannah

February, May,
August, and
November
A t la n t a
B ir m in g h a m
C le v e la n d
H o u s to n
L o s A n g e le s
M ilw a u k e e
N e w O rlean s
N o r fo lk
P h ila d e lp h ia
S c r a n to n
S e a ttle
W a sh in g to n

March, June, Se\
tember,
ar
December
B a ltim o r e
B o s to n
C h ic a g o
C in c in n a ti
J a c k s o n v ille
M e m p h is
M in n e a p o lis
M o b ile
P o r tla n d
(M a in e )
S t. L o u is
S a n F r a n c isc o

Sources of Price Quotations
Quotations are obtained from retail stores and
service establishments that wTage earners and
lower-salaried workers patronize widely. Insofar
as possible, scientific sampling procedures are em­
ployed in selecting retail outlets from which prices
3
For methods used in estimating the national rent index, see The Rent
Index: Part 2, Methodology of Measurement, Monthly Labor Review,
January 1949 (reprinted as Serial No. R. 1947).

REVIEW. SEPTEMBER 1040

CONSUMERS’ PRICE INDEX

are to be obtained; if necessary, local authorities
are consulted.
For food price collection, independent outlets
are chosen by random sampling within geographic
areas of the city. Representation of the indi­
vidual types of stores is based on the relation of
their sales to the total food store sales in the city.
All important grocery chains within the city’s
corporate limits are included.4 In all, 1,129 inde­
pendent grocery stores and markets, 208 chain
organizations (having 8,640 stores), 152 dairies,
and 340 bakeries are covered.
For the pricing of other items included in the
CPI,5 outlets were selected by the Bureau on the
basis of size, type of operation, quality of com­
modities sold or services rendered, location, and
clientele. Representation is given to department
and specialty stores, to national, sectional, and
local chains, and to independent stores. Cashand-carry outlets and those granting regular credit
and delivery service or installment credit are
covered. In cities having stores operated by
mail-order houses, such outlets are represented.
Laundry and dry-cleaning establishments, beauty
and barber shops, automobile-repair shops, ap­
pliance stores, doctors, dentists, etc., are also in­
cluded. Apparel, housefurnishings, and miscel­
laneous goods and services prices are obtained
from 3,500 stores and service establishments.
Fuel prices are reported by 300 fuel dealers and
utility companies.
A comprehensive housing survey in each city
is the basis for the master dwelling sample from
which rents are collected. All city blocks are
stratified by size, in such a survey. Rents are
collected quarterly from subsamples of rental
dwellings selected at random from the master
sample. Both the master sample and the sub­
samples of rental dwellings cover suburban areas
which are an integral part of the city’s housing
market. Rents are supplied by 600 to 3,000
tenants in a city, depending upon population of
the city surveyed.
4
The number of food quotations obtained in a city may vary considerably.
Fewer quotations are necessary for staples, such as sugar and bread, the prices
of which differ little from store to store and from time to time than for perish­
ables, such as lettuce and round steak, which may vary considerably in a
few days and from store to store at a given time.
8 For groups other than food, prices for each item are obtained from at least
5 stores or service establishments in New York City and at least 4 stores in
the other cities surveyed. Few stores can supply prices for all of the articles
in a commodity grouping. It is usually necessary to visit at least 10 stores
in order to obtain a minimum of 4 quotations for each article priced in the
clothing group.


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287

Calculation Procedures
The current base period, 1935-39, was adopted
in 1940 on the recommendation of the Division of
Statistical Standards and indexes previously
published on a 1913 = 100 base were linked to the
new series.
The index is based on the

F o r m u la f o r I n d e x .

formula of Laspeyres:
T>

__

<_z;goPo
where the (g,0),s are the average quantities of each
item used by families in the wage earner and
clerical groups in the base period, the (p0)’s are
the prices for these items in the base period, and
the ( p i )’s the prices in a current period. In this
form, the formula is used only in calculating the
food index.
For groups other than food, the Bureau calcu­
lates the index on a variation of this formula, as
a weighted average of price relatives (ratio of
the price in one period to that in the preceding
period) for each item.

where the (q0P i-i)’s are the “cost weights” in the pre­
vious period and the
are the price relatives
for each item, and R t- i is the index for the
previous period. The two formula forms yield
identical results.
S te p s i n C a lc u la tio n o f D iffe r e n t I n d e x e s. Average
prices of foods in the 56 cities surveyed each
month are calculated separately for chain and
independent stores and combined according to
relative sales volume of the two types of stores.
Prices are then multiplied by fixed quantity weights
to give current value factors. For each city, the
food index is calculated as a fixed-base weighted
aggregative index.
For those 11 or 12 cities in which rents are sur­
veyed in a given month, the rents in the current
period are compared with those of identical units
in the previous quarter, after adjustments have
been made for any changes in the facilities in-

288

CONSUMERS’ PRICE INDEX

eluded in the rentals. The relative change is
based on the sum of the rental rates, and this
relative is applied to the previous index to obtain
the index for the current date. Thus the resultant
figure is a simple link-relative index. Weighting
is implicit in the sample selection.
For the remaining four groups of commodities
and services, the indexes are calculated as weighted
averages of price relatives, as indicated above.
Prices used in the index for a given specification
are simple averages of the quotations in identical
outlets from period to period. In each group,
the sum of the value factors or “cost weights”
(price times weight) is related to the sum of the
value factors for the previous period and this
weighted relative is multiplied by the index for
the previous period to obtain the index for the
current period.
The individual city indexes for all items are
then computed on the basis of group totals. This
entails adding the value factors for the six major
groups of goods and services and relating them
to the aggregate value factors for the same city
in the previous period and calculating the current
index by the same method described above for
the group indexes other than food. For those
cities in which rents are not priced but other
groups are, the procedure is to hold the value
factors for rents constant between pricing dates.
Then the “all-items” index is computed in the
same way as for cities in which all groups of items
are priced.
National indexes are calculated each month for
all items and the six major groups on the basis of
the cities surveyed, with estimates for unpriced
cities. Each month the coverage is complete for
the food group for which 56 cities are included in
the national average and for the fuel, electricity,
and refrigeration group which covers 34 cities.
In the calculation of the group indexes for all
cities combined, cost weights for individual cities
are weighted by population, 56 cities for food, and
34 cities for other groups. The basis is the popu­
lation of the metropolitan area of the particular
city and of other cities in the same region and size
class.
For those cities in which group aggregates for
rent, apparel, housefurnishings, and miscellaneous
goods have not been calculated in a given month,
the total value factors for these groups are esti­
mated for purposes of the national index on the

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

MONTHLY LABOR

basis of the price trend in a city which has demon­
strated similar price movements in earlier periods.
A d ju s tm e n ts .
During World War II, it
was necessary to make some temporary adjust­
ments in the weights of items affected by rationing
and shortages. Weights for items which were not
available for civilian consumption, and for which
no substitute could be readily priced, were taken
out of the group indexes, and assigned to a group
of unpriced items. Prices of these items were
assumed to have the same movement as the aver­
age of all priced items. When these goods were
again available their weights were reintroduced
into the group indexes with an adjustment for the
difference between the actual and estimated price
movement while the goods were off the market.
Adjustments of this type were made for automo­
biles, tires, tubes, refrigerators, and other con­
sumer durable goods. To reflect the effect of
gasoline rationing, part of the weight for gasoline
was assigned temporarily to public transportation
and automobile repairs.

S p e c ia l

Relative Importance of Items 6
To meet public demand, the Bureau once a year
calculates the relative importance of the individual
items included in the index. These relative im­
portance figures should not be confused with the
quantity weights, which for the most part have
been held constant since the base period. The
relative importance figures are percentage dis­
tributions of the value factors which result in the
index calculation when 1934-36 average family
expenditures for groups of items are multiplied by
price relatives that measure average price changes
of the items in the group. It should be recognized
that these percentage distributions change from
period to period, according to the relative price
changes for the individual items. All of the items
priced for the CPI as of December 1948 and their
relative importance within their respective groups
and in the total are listed in the accompanying
tabulation.
The emphasis placed on each price for each city
depends on the importance of that particular
article in the actual spending of moderate-income
families in that locality (as shown in the 1934-36
* For a more detailed discussion of relative importance, see “ Consumers’
Price Index: Relative Importance of Components,” M onthly Labor Review,
August 1948 (reprinted as Serial No. R . 1933).

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

CONSUMERS’ PRICE INDEX

survey). A comprehensive revision of the index
within the next few years is contemplated by the
_____________ C P Iitem s

Percentage distribu­
tion of index value
factors in December
1948
Group
total

100.0

40.6

13.9

5.6

Meats, poultry, and fish___________
Beef:
Round steak______ ________ .................pound..
Rib roast.______________ . .................... do___
Chuck roast— _____________ .................... do___
Hamburger________________ .................... do___
Veal, cutlets........ .................... ......... .....................do___
Pork:
Chops_________________
....................d o___
Bacon, sliced_____________ ................... do___
Ham, whole____________ . ................... do___
Salt pork................ .................... ................... do___
Lamb, le g ..____ _____________ ................... do___
Poultry, roasting chickens_____ -------------- do—
Fish:
Fish (fresh frozen)_______ . ................... do___
Salmon, pink_________ _____ ---16 ounce can..

32.8

13.3

4.7
4.3

1.9
1.7

Dairy products.......................................
B u tte r ..._______________
............... pound..
Cheese________________
................. -do___
M ilk, fresh (delivered)__________ ................. quart..
M ilk, fresh (grocery)........... ........... ................... do----M ilk, evaporated_______________ -14 'A ounce can..

18.8
5.6

2.1

.8
.2
.2
.1

.5
.4
.3
.7

.3

8.1
1.8

3.3
.7

2.0
1.9
2.2
3.4

2.0

2.3
.4
2.9
3.2

2.2

1.3

.8
.8

.9

1.4

.8
.9
.2
1.2

1.3
.9
.5

1.8
6.1
4.2
1.1

7. 6
2.3
.7
2.5
1.7
.4

................. dozen .

5.8

2.4

Fruits and vegetables_______ ____ _
Bresh fruits and vegetables............................ .......
Fresh fruits:
Apples........................................... ............... pound..
Bananas__________ ____ _
................... do----Oranges_______ ______ ___ _ .......... .......dozen..
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green.............................. ............... pound..
Cabbage________________ . ...................do___
Carrots.__________________ ...............b u n ch ..
L ettuce.................. .................... ------ --------head..
Onions....................................
...............p o u n d ..
P otatoes......................... ........... ------- 15 pounds..
Spinach_______ _____ _____ ............... pound..
Sweetpotatoes_____ _________ _________ do___
Canned fruits and vegetables___
Canned fruits:
Peaches......................................... . ..N o . V / i can..
Pineapple..................................... ................... do----Canned vegetables:
Corn.............................................. ------ No. 2 can..
P e a s ............................................ ................. -d o___
Tomatoes........................... ......... ................... do----Dried fruits and vegetables:
Dried fruits, prunes................... - ..............pound..
Dried vegetables, navy beans. ................... do-----

19.6
15.2

8.0
6.2
1.0

Eggs, fresh.........................................

2.4

1.8

2.3
.7
.5
.9
1.4

.8

3.2
.7
.5
3.2
.5
.4

.6

.4

1.3

1.2
.7
.5

.7
.9
.3

.2
.6

.4

.3

1.3
.3

1.3

.2
.2
.2
.2

.5
.5

.3

.2
1.2

Beverages, cofiee....................................... ................... do___

3.0

Fats and oils.................................................
Lard_________ ____________ ____ ............... pound..
Shortening, hydrogenated........... . ................... do___
Salad dressing................................... ................... pin t..
Oleomargarine................................... ............... pound..

3.2
.9
.7

.4
.3

Sugar and sweets, sugar........................... ...................do___

2.9

1.2

1.0
.6

Item

All items
total

Cereals and bakery products..............
uereals:
Flour, w heat............................ ..........5 pounds..
Corn flakes_______________ .......... 11 ounces..
Corn meal_____________
................. pound..
R ice..... ................. ■_................ .....................do___
Rolled oats_____________
---------20 ounces..
Bakery products:
Bread, w hite.................... ......... ................. pound..
Vanilla cookies_____________ ............. — do —

Food.......................................


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Bureau. It is to include establishment of new
weights based on current expenditure data.

and their relative importance in the major groups and in the total index, December 1948

Item

10.05 percent or less.

289

1.3
.4

.2

Percentage distribu­
tion of index value
factors in December
1948
Group
total

Apparel_____ ____________
W o o l_________________ .
Men's: Overcoats
Topcoats_____________ ___________
Suits....................... .................................
Trousers.. ......................... .
Sweaters____________________
Women’s: Coats, heavy, fur-trim_____________
Coats, heavy, plain_______________
Coats, light, plain_________________
Suits___________________ _
Dresses__________________________
Girls’: Coats....................................... .
Boys': Overcoats
Mackinaws_______________
Suits_______________________
Slacks. _____________ . . . .
Cotton_______________
M en’s: Suits_____________ _______
Trousers________________ ____ . . .
Overalls___________ ____ _____ . . .
Shirts, work___________ ______
Shirts, business....... ............................. .
Pajamas___________________ . .
Shorts_________ _______ ________ .
Undershirts__ _____________ .
Unionsuits______ ____ __________
Socks_______
Women’s: Dresses, street__________ ______
Dresses, hou se.. ________________
Girls’: Dresses________________ ______ _
Panties__ _____ ________________ .
Anklets_______ ______ ________ . .
B oys’: Shirts, p o lo ... _________________
Shirtsj convertible co lla r... __________
Shorts__________________ .
Yard goods________________________ .
Diapers. . ___________________ . . .

All items
total

100.0

12.4
3.1

25.3
1.7

.1
1.2
.1
.1
.3
.2
.2
.2
.1
.1

1.2

9.3
.9

.6
2.8
1.8

1.3
1.4

.6
1.2
.3

li

.7
17.6

.1
.5
1.2
.8

«

a

.1
.1
2.2
(9
.1
.1
.1

2.7
.7

.3
.1

1.0
.5
.8
1.0
1.5
2.0
1.5

.3
.4
.4
.4
.5

1.0
.1

0)

(>)

(9

1.8
.1
.6
.2
.1
.1
.6
.1
2.1
.6
.1

Other garments
M en’s: Jackets, leather______________________
Hats, felt.. ________ _
_____________
Women’s: Coats, fur____________________ .
Girdles._________ ___________ .
Gloves, leather___________ _______
Services . . . _______ ’________________ . . .
M en’s: D ry cleaning________________________
Shoe repairs___________________
Women’s: Shoe repairs______ __________
. .
Other apparel_______ _______ ____ . . . . .

E lectricity.. ................................. ............ ...
Gas_________________ _____ ____ ______
Ice_________________________ _ . . . . . .
K erosen e..._____________________ . . . .
Fuel oil................ ............................... ............ .
Anthracite coal, Pennsylvania___________________

.6
1.8
.6
5.1

.5
5.2

.8

16.6
4.6

1.1
.4
6.1
2.1
2.3
3.9
.5

1.1
1.0

.9
.4
4.5
2.3
1.3
.9
17.5

100.0
100.0
16.6
17.7
11.7
.9
5.9
15.3

.1
.1
.1
.1
,i

14.6
Women’s: D resses.. . . . . ____
Slips_________________ ______ _ .
Panties__________________ ______
Nightgowns______________ . _
Hose___________ _____________
Yard goods____________________ _______ . .
Footwear_________________________ . .
M en’s: Shoes, street.....................................
Shoes, work_________________________
Rubbers. _. _ __________ ___________
Women’s: Shoes, street__ ________ . . .
Children’s: Shoes, street, boys’_____ ____ _ .

.1
.1
.1
.1
.2
.2
.2

(9

.8

.3

5

.1

.1

,i
,i
.1
.8

.3

.1
.1
2.2
12.5
5.1
.9
.9
.6
.1

.3

.8

MONTHLY LABOR

CONSUMERS' PRICE INDEX

290

CPI items and their relative importance in the major groups and in the total index, December 1948

Item

Percentage distribu­
tion of index value
factors in December
1948
Group
total

Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration—Continued
Bituminous coal_____ _________________________
Coke
Briquets
W ood_________________________________________
Lignite
Sawdust
Housefumishings_________________________ ________
Towels
Sheets
Curtains
Blankets_______________________________________
Bug, axminster
Bug fp.lt base
Living room sp.t mp.dinm
Living room sot inp.xppnsive
Dining room sp.t Tnpdinrn
Bpdrnnm set. mpdinm
Bpdrnnm sp.t inpvpp.nsivp
Sofa hods
Bpdsprings
ATattrp.ssps
Bad io-phnnographs
Spwjng maohipps plppfrip
Washing machines, electric. __________ _____ ___
Vapiinm plpanprs plpptrip
Bpfrigpratofs plp.ntTin
Stovps pnnlr
Dinnprwarp. platP
Broom
Othor hopspfnrnishipgs
M iscellaneous.. ___________________________________
Tran sportat-inn
Ant.omohilps
Tires
Gasoline
ATotor oil
Auto repairs____ . ___________ ___________
Taxes
Antomohilp insnranpp
Streetcar fares... __________________________
Bus fares
Bailroad fares
ATedieal care
Physicians:
OflRpp visit
House visit_____________________________
Obstetrical care_________________________

10.05 percent or less.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

22.3

8.6
.1
.5
.4

0)
100.0
1.8

1.1

.4
(') ‘
(>)
)
(l)
4.7

0

.1
.2
.2
.1
.3
.1
26
.2
.2
.3
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1

6.8
1.7
4 3
9 8
5.2
4.0

6.1
2.1
1.4
2.9
9.6
1. 4

6.8
2.2
6
1

.4
.7

.3

(l)
(')

100.0

.1

27.8
9.4

24.7
6.9
2.3

5.8

1.4

.1

.6
.6

.2

.2
.1

.6
.5

1.3
7.6

1.1
.3

13.1
1.9
1.7
.5

Item

*

.3
1.9

.3
.1

3.2

.5
.4

.1

Percentage distribu­
tion of index value
factors in December
1948
Group
total

All items
total

4.2
3.4
1.7

14 6
.5
1.9
.1
.5

C o n tin u e d

Miscellaneous—Continued
Medical care—Continued
Surgeons: Appendectomy___________________
Specialist: Tonsillectomy____________________
Dentist:
Filling. __________ . --------------------Extraction..____________________________
Hospitals:
Men's pay ward_____ ___________ ____ _
Room___ ____________ _____ ___________
Optometrist: Glasses________________________
Medicines and drugs:
Prescriptions-------------- --------------------------Aspirin_______________ . . . . . . ----------- Quinine__ _ . ______________
. ------Antiseptic, iodine________ _____ ___ _ _
Milk of magnesia____________ __________
Accident and health insurance.— . . . . ---------Household op eration .._________________________
Laundry services_________________ _________
Telephone services -------------- -------------------Domestic services __________ _______ . . . . .
Postal services________________ _ _________
Water rent_________ _______ . . . ------------------Laundry soap:
Bar_____ . . . . . . . ___ . . . . . . . . .
Granulated____ ______ . --------------------Toilet tissue___________ ______ ___________
Other household supplies____________________
R ecreation........................ . . . --------------------- - —
Newspapers_______________________ _______
Motion pictures: A dults.-----------------------------Tobacco:
___ . .
Cigars________ . . .
Cigarettes---------------------------------------------Pipe tobacco. ________ . . ----------------Personal care... _____ ____ . . . . . . . . . -----------Barber service: Haircuts, men--------------- -------Beauty shop service:
Wave set________ . . . . . . . . ------ -Permanent w ave________________________
Toilet articles:
Toilet soap----------------- ------------------------Toothpaste____ . . . _____ . . . .
----Face powder. ___________ . . . ------------Sanitary napkins________________________
Razor b la d es... _______ . . . ----------Gifts, contributions and other unallocated items----

All items
total

0.4
.4

0.1
.1

1.9
.7

.5

1.0
1.5
.6

.3
.4

.2
.1
.2

.9

.2
.1
.2
.5
.6

13.1
3.7

2.2
.6
.4
.8
1.2
1.8
1.1

1.3
19.6
4.9
6.5

1.1

(>)

(0 .1
.1
.1
3.2
.9

.6
.1
.1
.2
.3
.4

.3

.3
4.8

1.2
1.6
.3

6.3

1.5

9.9
4.1

2. 4

1.1

.2

1.6
1.2
.6
.3
.2

.3
.1
.1

.8

.8

16.5

.2

1.0
.2

.4

.1

4.2

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

WORK STOPPAGE STATISTICS

II. Collection and Compilation of
Work Stoppage Statistics1
E s t i m a t e s s h o w i n g the number of stoppages,
workers involved, and man-days idle in the
United States are issued monthly by the U. S.
Department of Labor’s Bureau of Labor Statistics.
Annually, totals are compiled and the statistics are
also classified by industry, State, city, major issue,
duration, etc. Strike statistics are a broad indi­
cator of industrial unrest. In this series an
attempt is made to measure quantitatively the
extent to which labor-management disputes result
in stoppages of work.
In 1880, the United States Bureau of the Census
made the first exhaustive survey of labor disputes
and published detailed information on 762 work
stoppages. Subsequently the method of collect­
ing the information varied, and the statistical
series on work stoppages automatically thus fall
into several historical groupings. During 1881—
1905, the Bureau of Labor (then in the Depart­
ment of the Interior) collected data on stoppages
excluding those that involved fewer than six
workers or lasting less than 1 day—a practice that
the Bureau follows currently. No Federal agency
collected national information on stoppages in
1906-13. The Bureau compiled data on the
number of stoppages only, during 1914-15. In­
formation on the number of workers involved was
subsequently added for approximately two-thirds
of the known stoppages in the 1916-26 period.
Beginning with 1927, a fairly uniform procedure
has been followed in obtaining detailed informa­
tion from the parties involved in work stoppages.
Series have been computed on the amount of
idleness during work stoppages each month as
well as on the number of stoppages and number
of workers involved.
Coverage of the series extends to all known
strikes and lock-outs within the continental
United States which involve 6 or more workers
and last a full day or shift. Stoppages of Ameri­
can seamen or other workers in foreign ports are
not included, nor are strikes of foreign crews on
foreign ships occurring in American ports. All
employees made idle in the establishment are
1 Prepared by Don Q. Crowther and Ann J. Herlihy of the Bureau’s Divi­
sion of Industrial Relations.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

291

counted as “involved,” even though they may
not be active participants or supporters of the
controversy. All man-days in which work was
scheduled are included in the calculation.
The Bureau defines a strike as a temporary
stoppage of work by a group of employees to
express a grievance or enforce a demand. Usually
the issue in dispute is directly between the em­
ployer^) and the striking employees, but there
are significant exceptions. For example, in juris­
dictional, as well as in rival union or representation
strikes, the major elements of dispute may be
between two unions rather than directly with the
employer. In a sympathy strike, usually no dis­
pute exists between the striking workers and
their immediate employer but the purpose is to
give union support or broaden group pressure for
the benefit of another group of workers. Some
protest strikes are intended to register the dis­
satisfaction of workers with action (or the lack of
action) by local, State, or Federal Government
agencies on matters affecting their interests.
So-called slow-downs, where employees con­
tinue at work, but at reduced production speed
are not included, nor are those instances in which
workers report an hour or two late each day as a
protest gesture or quit work several hours before
closing time to attend rallies or mass meetings.
Limitations of the Series
This series cannot be used as an accurate basis
for the measurement of the cost of strikes, in terms
of the amount of production and wages lost. The
calculation of such items involves many factors
lor which information is not available, including,
for example, production schedules before and after
the stoppage, flow of raw materials, amount of
overtime worked by employees, etc.
Within the limits that the Bureau places on the
series, a number of work stoppages involving few
workers, or lasting short periods (i. e., less than
six workers or lasting less than a full shift) are
omitted from the count. Such disputes usually
are of little importance in the over-all count, and
frequently cause no significant idleness or inter­
ruption to production.
Indirect or secondary effects of stoppages are
not measured. The figures do not cover those
employees made idle in other establishments or
industries as a result of material or service short-

292

WORK STOPPAGE STATISTICS

ages, resulting from a work stoppage. For ex­
ample, a prolonged coal strike may cause wide­
spread closing of industrial plants and a crippled
transportation system, as fuel supplies are ex­
hausted.
At times, the idleness of employees directly in­
volved in a strike may be considerably less than
the idleness of other workers brought about in­
directly. No satisfactory measurement, however,
has been evolved to gage or even reasonably to
estimate such indirect effects of work stoppages.
Therefore, the Bureau’s work stoppage series is
limited to the establishments directly involved.
No attempt is made to distinguish between
strikes and lock-outs because of the difficulty of
determining the true facts. Stoppages are in­
cluded in the series regardless of who may be
deemed “ responsible,” or which party takes the
initiative.
Survey Methods and Sources
The Bureau seeks to obtain complete coverage.
It does not base the series upon a sample but
covers all stoppages of the specified size and dura­
tion for which information is obtained from any
trustworthy source.
Information on the existence of a stoppage is
currently obtained from various sources, including
(1) press clippings on labor disputes from daily
and weekly newspapers throughout the country;
(2) notices received directly from the Federal
Mediation and Conciliation Service as well as
from agencies concerned with labor-management
disputes in over 30 States (such as, State media­
tion boards, research divisions of State Labor
Departments, State Employment Service Offices,
and Unemployment Compensation Offices); (3)
various employer associations and some corpora­
tions; and (4) international unions. The im­
portance of the different sources has changed from
time to time.
If the Bureau has any indication that a work
stoppage exists, questionnaires are sent by mail
to both parties stated to be involved in order to
secure first-hand knowledge as to the number of
workers involved, the dates and duration of the
stoppage, major issues involved, method of settle­
ment, etc. In some instances, field agents of the
Bureau secure the necessary data.
Strikes, by their very nature, are a matter of
public knowledge and newspaper reporting. In­

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MONTHLY LABOR

formation as to the existence of a stoppage, its
size, and major issues, therefore, is sometimes
summarized on a case-by-case basis. The Bureau,
of course, holds confidential the individual reports
submitted by employers and unions, as well as
supplementary data collected through State or
Federal agencies.
Calculation Procedures
The Bureau’s monthly strike series are based on
estimates in large part. Those compiled annually
are the result of an actual compilation of the
figures from individual reports of work stoppages.
Work stoppage series are always subject to some
interpretation and rationalization.
M o n th ly E s tim a te s .
Estimates are prepared and
published monthly on the three specified measures
of work stoppages: (1) number of stoppages, (2)
number of workers involved, (3) man-days of idle­
ness. Such estimates are compiled, about 4 weeks
after the end of the month of reference, from the
most accurate information on all stoppages which
have come to the attention of the Bureau. As the
Bureau’s experience shows a lag between the
occurrence and reporting of a number of relatively
small strikes, allowance is made (depending upon
several variables) for these smaller stoppages in
preparing the estimates of disputes occurring
within the month. Estimates of the number of
workers involved and total idleness are based up­
on known information on stoppages of 500 or more
workers and/or 5,000 or more man-days of idle­
ness; allowance is made, based on the Bureau’s
existing information and past experience, for the
smaller stoppages.
The total working time lost during the month
is compared with the estimated working time and
published as a percentage. “Total employed
workers”, as used in making these computa­
tions, refers to all workers except those in
occupations and professions in which there is
little if any union organization or in which strikes
rarely occur. In most industries it includes all
wage and salary workers except those in executive,
managerial, or high supervisory positions or those
performing professional work the nature of which
makes union organization or group action im­
practicable. It excludes all self-employed, domes­
tic workers, agricultural wage workers on farms
employing less than six, all Federal and State

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

WORK STOPPAGE STATISTICS

government employees, and officials (both elected
and appointed) in local governments. Estimated
working time is computed by multiplying the
average number of employed workers in the
month by the number of days worked per em­
ployee in the period.
A n n u a l S ta tis tic s . The annual series are totals
of the number of stoppages, workers involved,
and man-days of idleness. Compilation of such
statistics is essentially a process of assembling
the necessary information on individual cases,
followed by analysis, evaluation, and classification
into groups. Application of technical statistical
formulae is not involved.
The statistical unit is the individual strike or
lock-out, irrespective of size. If groups of em­
ployees (regardless of their number or how widely
scattered) join in a work stoppage for a common
objective their action is classed as a single strike.
The count of workers involved in a strike or lock­
out is the number actually made idle in the
establishment directly involved. As already indi­
cated, no distinction is made between the actual
participants in a strike and those respecting or
kept idle by picket lines or those sent home by
the employer when a stoppage in one department
closes the plant.
Man-days of idleness, like the number of work­
ers involved, are based on the idleness at the
establishments directly involved. Workers in­
volved multiplied by days of idleness equals total
man-days idle. In this calculation, holidays and
days not normally worked are omitted from the
count of days of idleness.
In addition, the annual statistics are classified
according to a number of significant factors which
are here described briefly.
A n in d u s tr ia l c la s s ific a tio n is made of each strike
in accordance with the Standard Industrial Classi­
fication Manual published by the United States
Bureau of the Budget. In a few stoppages,
workers in more than one industry are directly
affected. Small stoppages which fall in this
category are classified in the industry having the
majority of workers involved; in large interindus­
try stoppages, an allocation is made.
T h e d u r a tio n (length) of each stoppage is com­
puted on the basis of calendar days, rather than
working days, i. e., the lapse of time in terms of
calendar days from the beginning until the end of
the stoppage. For stoppages which begin at a

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293

definite time and are terminated by a formal agree­
ment at a definite time, no problem arises in
determining the duration. However, some strikes
are never formally settled, although the workers
may gradually go back to their jobs or find other
employment; employers may be able to resume
production with new recruits or may close their
plants permanently. In such cases, the stop­
pages are terminated, for statistical purposes,
when a majority of the vacancies are filled and
production begins to approach normal. On oc­
casion, an actual settlement is later reached and
the statistical record of the stoppage is then re­
opened, and the figures are adjusted correspond­
ingly.
E s ta b lis h m e n t in v o lv e d is actually a single work­
place, e. g., a factory, mine, or store. In a widespread
strike of intercity bus drivers, truck drivers, or
railroad workers, the establishment is regarded as
the terminal out of which the employees work; in
a strike of seamen, the ship is the establishment;
and in a strike of dock workers the individual dock
or loading place is regarded as the establishment
or place of work.
G e o g ra p h ic a l c la s s ific a tio n of stoppages follows
State and city lines. In interstate stoppages, the
workers involved and man-days idle are allocated
to their respective States. Data are also com­
piled each year for 150 separate cities (excluding
suburban areas outside the corporate limits). In
general, all cities having a population of 100,000
or more in 1940 are covered.
T h e c a u se s of most strikes are multiple and
varied, and do not always lend themselves readily
to immediate and exact classification. After
evaluation of the information available, the stop­
pages are classified by issues into four broad cate­
gories: (1) wages and/or hours; (2) union organi­
zation matters (representation, union security,
etc.); (3) other working conditions, such as job
security, physical working conditions, administra­
tive policies, work load, etc.; or (4) inter- or intra­
union matters. Within these groups they are
further subdivided into more specific categories.
U n io n in v o lv e d is another major classification of
the series. For this purpose the union involved
is the union which has taken active leadership in
the stoppage. In disputes involving more than
one union (jurisdictional or rival union disputes as
well as those of cooperating unions) classification
is made accordingly. If unorganized workers

MONTHLY LABOR

WORK STOPPA OE STATISTICS

294

strike independently, a separate classification is
used.
M e t h o d o f t e r m i n a t i o n of stoppages is the classi­
fication according to the means of termination.
For example: (1) disputes in which the parties
agree directly to terminate the stoppage without
any third-party assistance; (2) those terminated
with the assistance of private or nongovernment
mediators; (3) those terminated with the assistance
of government agencies; (4) those ending without
formal settlements; and (5) those in which the
employers discontinued business.
D is p o s itio n
o f is s u e s
is the classification in
which information regarding the settlement or

F ile

disposition of issues is presented. In most strikes
the issues are usually settled or disposed of before
the return to work is effected, but provision is
made to present data for the cases in which ad­
justment of issues after resumption of work is
effected (1) by direct negotiations between the
employers and the union (or workers); (2) by
negotiation with the aid of Government agencies;
(3) by arbitration; and (4) by other means (cases
referred to NLRB union boards, tribunals, etc.,
where method is other than negotiation).
The following questionnaire is used in collecting
detailed information from both employers and
unions.
B. L. S. 817—(Rev. 1-1-48)
Budget Bureau No. 44-R210.8.
Approval expires 3-31-50.

U . S. D E P A R T M E N T O F L A B O R
BU REAU

OF

LABO R

S T A T IS T IC S

W a sh in g to n 25, D . C.

CONFIDENTIAL—Not for public
inspection

D ear Sir : T h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s h a s r e c e iv e d in fo r m a tio n
K in d ly fu r n ish for official s t a t is t ic a l p u r p o se s t h e in fo r m a tio n in d ic a te d b e lo w in c o n n e c tio n w ith t h is w ork s to p p a g e .
P le a s e r etu rn th e r ep o rt w ith in 2 d a y s , if p o s sib le , in th e e n c lo s e d e n v e lo p e w h ic h r eq u ire s n o p o s ta g e . I f y o u d o n o t h a v e
t h e in fo r m a tio n , k in d ly fo r w a rd t h e b la n k to t h e p r o p e r o fficial or g iv e u s h is n a m e a n d a d d re ss. Y o u r c o o p e r a tio n w ill
b e g r e a tly a p p r e c ia te d .
V e r y tr u ly y o u r s, E wan Clague, Commissioner of Labor Statistics.

1. N a m e o f c o m p a n y ---------------------------- --------- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2. A d d r ess o f c e n tr a l o ffic e --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. P r in c ip a l p r o d u c ts or se r v ic e s o f p la n t(s ) in v o lv e d in w o r k s to p p a g e (lis t in o rd er o f im p o r ta n c e )
4.

N u m b e r o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts (or w o r k p la c e s ) in v o lv e d ------------------------------------------ -----------------------(A F L

5 . U n io n (s ) i n v o lv e d ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- (C h ec k ) j C IO
(Name)
lin d .
6.

L o c a l N o . ______________________ A d d r e s s -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------D a t e s a n d n u m b e r o f w o r k e rs id le . (P le a s e sh o w s e p a r a te d a t a fo r e a c h e s ta b lis h m e n t if a v a ila b le ; if n o t, g iv e e s t im a te
fo r e n tir e s to p p a g e a n d sh o w t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f e s ta b lis h m e n ts in v o lv e d .)

Establishment involved
and location
(City and State)

Date greatest number
of workers were idle

First day of stoppage
Date

Hour

Workers idle*

Date

Workers idle*

Last day of stoppage
Date

Workers idle*

Number of
workers
on pay roll
(before stoppage)

(Use additional sheets if more space is needed)
•Show the total number of workers idle


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i n ea ch p l a n t or e s ta b lis h m e n t

reported—those concerned directly and those made idle because of dispute.

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

WORK STOPPAGE STATISTICS

295

7. I f s t o p p a g e la s te d o n ly 1 or 2 d a y s , h o w m a n y w o rk ers w e re id le a t le a s t o n e fu ll s h if t ? ____
8. N u m b e r o f d a y s w o r k e d per week b y m o s t e m p lo y e e s b e fo r e s t o p p a g e _________________________
9 . C a u se s o f d is p u te . (S p e c ify , in o rd er o f im p o r ta n c e , th e issu e s in v o lv e d or d e m a n d s m a d e .)

10. How long before stoppage were principal issues listed in item 9 a matter of dispute? Number of d a y s ______________
11. Relation of stoppage to union-management contract:
Was contract in effect when stoppage occurred? Y e s _____
N o _____
Dispute was due primarily to:
(Check)
(a) Attempt to obtain union recognition ( ) or establish first contract____________________________
(b) G r ie v a n c e s ________________________________________________________________________________
(c) Failure to agree on renewal of contract____________________________________________
(Date old contract expired or was scheduled to expire)___________________________________
(d) Attempt to alter contract terms during life of the agreement__________________________________
(e) Matters not involving the question of a contract________________________________________
12. Did a Federal, State, or local government agency participate in negotiations before the stoppage began?
Y e s --------------- N o --------------- If “yes” give name of agen cy ____________________________________________
13. Method of terminating stoppage:
Agreement or understanding for return to work was reached:
(Check)
(a) By employer(s) and union directly________________________________________________________
(b) With assistance of government agency:
Federal (N a m e___________________________________________________________ ) ___________
State (N a m e_____________________________________________________________ ) ___________
Local (N a m e_____________________________________________________________ ) ________
(c) By other means (explain)____________________________________________________________
( d) W o rk ers r etu rn ed w it h o u t fo r m a l a r r a n g e m e n t or s e t t le m e n t ______________________________________
14. D a t e s e t t le m e n t w a s r e a c h e d ------------------------------------------------------------- D a t e m o s t e m p lo y e e s r e su m e d w o rk
15. W ere a ll issu e s c o m p le te ly s e t t le d a t te r m in a tio n o f s to p p a g e ? Y e s _______
N o _______
I f n o t, p le a s e in d ic a te h o w th e r e m a in in g issu e s w ere to b e fin a lly a d ju s te d :
(Check)
(а) B y d ir e c t n e g o tia tio n s b e tw e e n e m p lo y e r (s) a n d u n io n _____________________________________________________
(б) B y n e g o tia tio n s w ith th e a id o f a g o v e r n m e n t a g e n c y . N a m e _________________________________________________
(c) B y a r b itr a tio n (N a m e o f a r b i t r a t o r ) __________________________________________________________________
(d) B y o th e r m e a n s ( i n d i c a t e ) ___________________________________________________________________
16.

I f no agreement to terminate stoppage has been reached, h a v e th e m a jo r ity o f th e v a c a n c ie s b e e n filled e ith e r b y o ld or
n e w e m p lo y e e s?

Y e s ----------

N o ----------

I f “ y e s .” g iv e d a te b y w h ic h m a jo r ity o f v a c a n c ie s w ere f ille d _________

(D a te )

17. W a s th e r e a n y v io le n c e in c o n n e c tio n w it h th e sto p p a g e ? Y e s ________
N o ________
W ere th e r e a n y d e a th s?
Y e s ---------N o _______
N u m b e r _________________________
N o _______
N u m b e r ________________________________
A n y in ju r ie s (n e c e s s ita tin g m e d ic a l a t t e n t io n ) ? Y e s _______
E x p l a i n _____________________________________________________________________________________________

18. R e m a r k s :

(Signature of person making report)

(Position or office)

(Date)

(Company or organization)
PLEA SE

EN CLO SE

A

CO PY


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

OP

A N Y

N EW

(Address)
AG REEM EN T

OR

AM EN D M EN T
D IS P U T E

TO

O LD

AG REEM EN T

S IG N E D

AT

C O N C LU S IO N

OF

Recent Decisions
of Interest to Labor1

Wages and Hours 2
E x e m p tio n s —P ip e - L in e

A Federal
court of appeals held 3 that employees cheeking
materials used in the construction and operation
of pipe lines, although they were engaged in
interstate commerce, were exempt from the over­
time compensation provisions of the Fair Labor
Standards Act. Section 13 (b) (2) of the act, the
court stated, made them exempt, since they were
employees of an employer subject to part I of the
Interstate Commerce Act.
The employer was a corporation created during
the war by certain oil companies to construct and
operate pipe lines owned by Government corpo­
rations. The actual construction work was per­
formed by outside contractors, but workers hired
by the employer received, checked, and inspected
the materials and tools ordered by the contractors,
and also the materials used in the operation of the
pipe lines.
In holding the employees exempt, the court
pointed out that pipe-line companies were ex­
pressly covered by the Interstate Commerce Act.
The test of whether they were employed by an
employer subject to the Interstate Commerce Act,
1

E m p lo y e e s .

Prepared in the U. S. Department of Labor, Office of the Solicitor. The
cases covered in this article represent a selection of the significant decisions
believed to be of special interest. No attempt has been made to reflect all
recent judicial and administrative developments in the field of labor law
or to indicate the effect of particular decisions in jurisdictions in which con­
trary results may be reached, based upon local statutory provisions, the
existence of local precedents, or a different approach by the courts to the issue
presented.
* This section is intended merely as a digest of some recent decisions involv­
ing Ihe Fair Labor Standards Act and the Portal-to-Portal Act. It is not to
be construed and may not be relied upon as interpretation of these acts by
the Administrator of the Wage and Hour Division or any agency of the
Department of Labor.
S c h m i t t v. W a r E m e r g e n c y P i p e L i n e s , I n c . (ü . S. C. A. (8th), June 22,
19491.

3

296

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

the court stated, was whether the employer oper­
ated and controlled the pipe lines—not whether
it owned or leased them. As employees engaged
in checking materials used for construction were
held to be in the same position as those checking
materials for operation, and their activities related
to operation of the pipe lines, the exemption was
held to be applicable. Since one of the pipe lines
was already in operation prior to their employ­
ment, the construction work they performed was
like work on the extension of a railroad system,
and constituted interstate commerce.
D e fe n se P la n t C o n stru c tio n n o t P r o d u c tio n o f G oods
f o r C o m m erce. A Federal district court held 4 that

employees engaged in operations connected with
the original construction of a munitions plant
during the war were not covered by the Fair
Labor Standards Act.
The employees included nurses, telephone opera­
tors, clerks receiving and checking materials and
supplies, clerical and stenographic workers, and
clerks maintaining architects’ and engineering
records. They sued for overtime compensation
alleged to be due, under the act, from their
employer, who was solely engaged in the construc­
tion—not the operation—of the plant, under a
cost-plus-fixed-fee contract with the United States
Government. The plant had been completed in
stages, and products were shipped from part of
the plant while other parts were being completed.
Plant construction did not constitute engaging
in commerce or production of goods for com­
merce, the court held. That the plant was in­
tended for production of goods for commerce did
not make the tie to commerce so close as to bring
the construction within the act’s coverage. If
Congress had desired to include such employee
activities within the coverage, the court said, it
would have so stated.
Certain employees, such as checkers and tele­
phone operators, had performed work in connec­
tion with some materials which had been re­
shipped to other States. However, the court
refused to allow recovery of overtime compensa­
tion for such work on the ground that it was too
trifling and that it was not shown what proportion
such activity was of the employees’ total work.
* C ooper

v.

R u s t E n g in e e r in g C o.

(U. S. D. O., W. D. Ky., Apr. 18, 1949)_

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

Labor Relations

297

legality of a “Taft-Hartley” demonstration by
1,500 to 2,000 persons marching in front of the
P r o h ib itio n o f S tr ik e f o r C lo sed S h o p . The Court
plant during the strike. The demonstration was
of Appeals for the Second Circuit5 upheld an
held to be coercive, since it was obviously in
order of the National Labor Relations Board6
support of the strike. The Board stated that the
prohibiting a union from striking to obtain an
legality of picketing did not depend on the number
employer’s agreement to select employees through
of pickets, which it was not authorized to regulate,
the union’s hiring hall. The union had refused to
but only on whether violence or threats were used.
obey the Board’s order, whereupon the Board
Both the local and the international unions,
petitioned the court for its enforcement.
who together had sponsored the strike, were held
In granting the petition, the court held that the
responsible for these acts of restraint and coercion,
strike for a hiring hall agreement was clearly a
even though individual acts of violence may not
violation of section 8 (b) (2) of the National
have been specifically authorized. The Board
Labor Relations Act, as amended by the Labor
found that officers (including shop stewards) of
Management Relations Act, 1947, since it was an
both organizations with power to represent them,
attempt to cause the employer to discriminate
had actively participated in the picketing and
against nonunion employees. New agreements
demonstrations and had directed or instigated the
made between the union and the employer after
coercive acts.
the Board’s order were held to justify enforcement
(2) Coercive action by rank-and-file strikers
of the order.
against nonstriking employees, on their entering
The court held that section 8 (b) (2) of the act
and leaving a plant, or in their homes, was held 8
was constitutional and did not impose involuntary
by the Board to have been authorized by a local
servitude on union members, since it did not
and an international union that had sponsored
prevent any individual from quitting work.
the strike. Although a union is not liable for
coercive acts by persons whom it has clothed with
P ic k e tin g — R e s tr a in t a n d C o e rcio n ; A g e n c y . In two
apparent but not actual authority, the Board
recent cases the NLRB further considered the
stated,
a union’s actual or apparent sponsorship
question of when picketing constitutes restraint
of
a
strike
constitutes an invitation to all employees
and coercion of employees in the exercise of their
whether
union
members or not, to engage in
right to refrain from union activity under the
strike
activities,
and employees engaging in such
amended NLRA.
activities
become
subagents of the union. A
(1) During a strike, about 80 to 100 pickets
union’s
international
representative was held to
patrolled in front of a struck plant, the number of
be
the
agent
of
both
the
local and the international
pickets increasing when nonstriking employees
in
the
conduct
of
the
strike,
because the union’s
reported for work. An assault on a nonstriker,
constitution
authorized
him
to
take all necessary
an attempted assault on a supervisor in the
action
regarding
organizational
activities in the
presence of rank-and-file employees, and threats
area
of
the
struck
plant.
The
local union had
of reprisals to other persons took place. The
turned
the
conduct
of
the
strike
over
to him. His
NLRB held 7 that such picketing constituted
direction
to
strikers
to
“go
out
and
get” non­
restraint and coercion, was not peaceful, and was
strikers
was
held
to
direct
the
use
of
every
means
not privileged as free speech. The facts that
at
their
disposal,
including
violence,
to
further
traffic was not impeded and that police could have
the strike. The Board pointed out that this
facilitated entry of persons into the plant were
officer
assisted in some acts of violence, but he
held immaterial, since the picketing was calculated
was
also
held to be responsible for acts not com­
to bar employees from entering. The act did not
mitted
on
the picket line or in his presence.
require that employees elicit police assistance in
Local-union
committeemen were also held to be
the exercise of their rights.
agents
of
the
international
union in picketing, as
In the same case, the Board considered the
the international approved their appointment as
5N L R B v. N a t i o n a l M a r i t i m e U n i o n (U. S. C. A. (2d), July 1, ).
picket captains. Accordingly, the international
6See M onthly Labor Review Oct. 1948 (p. 409).
7I n r e L o c a l N o . 1 1 6 0 , U n i t e d E l e c t r i c a l , R a d i o & M a c h i n e W o r k e r s
8 In r e U n i t e d F u r n i t u r e W o r k e r s o f A m e r i c a , L o c a l l i t ( C I O ) (84 N L R B
o f A m e r i c a , C I O (84 N L R B No. 110, June 30, 1949).
1949

84 9 4 8 0 — 49

--- 5


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No. 69).

298

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

M ONTHLY LABOR

union was ordered to cease acts of coercion in
violation of section 8 (b) (1) (A) of the amended
NLRA. The local committeemen were held to be
agents of the local union also, in picketing activity,
because of the broad powers given to them in
conduct of the strike. However, neither the local
nor the international was held responsible for acts
which took place before the collective-bargaining
contract expired, since union members had been
directed not to strike before that date.

The Board pointed out that section 9 (h) of the
act merely required that union officers make the
non-Communist affidavit, and did not require that
the affidavit be true. Otherwise, the Board stated,
representation petitions would be subject to delay
because of the necessity of investigating each
affidavit.
One Board member dissented, on the ground
that the act did not require the Board to accept
an affidavit which was repudiated in advance.

f o r C oercive A c tiv ity ; A g e n c y . The
NLRB held 9 that an employer was not justified
in discharging an active union member, although
the member had told other employees (1) that if
they did not join the union promptly, “it will make
it so hard for you, you will have to join or quit
work * * * when they organize it” and (2)
that after the union had completed its organiza­
tion work, nonmembers would be given from 12
to 60 days to join. The Board stated that these
remarks did not have a coercive effect, because the
member who uttered them was not a union agent
or organizer, but only an enthusiastic rank-and-file
member. The employee was held to have merely
predicted a union shop after a union victory in
representation and union-shop elections.
In previous decisions, statements predicting loss
of jobs because of failure to join a union had been
held coercive and in violation of section 8 (b) (1)
of the amended NLRA. But these decisions
were distinguished on the ground that the utter­
ances were made by union agents and so contained
threats of action by the unions themselves. One
Board member dissented, on the ground that there
was no valid distinction between the effects of
statements by union representatives and of those
by rank and file members.

B a r g a in in g — V io la tio n

D is c h a r g e

A ffid a v it. The NLRB held 10
that a union had complied with the non-Communist affidavit provisions of the amended NLRA
and was entitled to be placed on the ballot in a
representation election, although one of its
officers, shortly before he executed the affidavit,
stated that he was resigning from the Communist
Party merely to permit the union to secure the
benefits of the act, and that he was still attached
to the principles of the party.
N o n - C o m m u n is t

9I n r e T e n n e s s e e C o a c h C o . (84 N L R B No. 85, June 29, 1949).
10I n r e A m e r i c a n S e a t i n g C o . (85 N L R B No. 49, July 21, 1949).

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o f “N o - S tr i k e ” C o n tra c t.
The NLRB held 11 that an employer’s statutory
duty to bargain with a union was suspended while
the union was violating a no-strike clause of a
collective-bargaining agreement. The employer’s
refusal to rehire some of the strikers, after he had
repeatedly offered to reinstate them, was held not
to constitute a discriminatory discharge in viola­
tion of section 8 (3) of the National Labor Rela­
tions Act. The strike occurred in 1946, prior to
the enactment of the Labor Management Rela­
tions Act.
The strike was started by rank and file workers
rather than by the union. The employer refused
to enter into discussions with a union agent until
the strikers returned to work, and 2 days after the
beginning of the strike, sent the union a formal
letter to this effect. The union then sanctioned
and supported the strike. Thereafter, the em­
ployer, by letters and advertisements, solicited the
strikers individually to return to work and offered
wage increases. Upon the rejection or ignoring
of these offers, he notified the strikers of the
termination of their employment. The union
brought unfair labor practice charges against the
employer.
Dismissing the charges, the Board found that
the union had violated its agreement not to sanc­
tion, support, or engage in “ any” strike, which
was held to bar both authorized and unauthorized
strikes. Even if the strike was unauthorized, the
Board held, the union had not fulfilled its agree­
ment to endeavor in good faith to bring about the
strikers’ return to work, as no positive direction
was given to that effect. The agreement was
held not to have been fulfilled by a premature
attempt to get the strike leaders to return to work,
or by the holding of union meetings to make
“ plans” to persuade strikers to return.

11 I n

re U n i t e d .

E la s tic C o r p o r a tio n

(84 N L R B No. 87, June 29, 1949).

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

In holding that the union’s violation of the no­
strike clause justified the employer’s refusal to dis­
cuss grievances or negotiate, the Board stated
that, while the Wagner Act created an absolute
duty to bargain, this duty could be channeled
through a collective agreement. The statutory
purpose of promoting stable labor relations would
be jeopardized, the Board said, if adherence to
such agreements were not required, and futility
were thus imparted to the bargaining process.
The Board held that being under no duty to
bargain with the union, the employer was justified
in his individual solicitation of the strikers to
return to work in his unilateral offers of wage
increases. The wage offer, it held, was part of
the offer of reinstatement.
Striking in violation of the contract was held to
justify discharge under the National Labor Relations Act. The employer’s several offers to rein­
state the strikers were held not to constitute a
waiver of his right to discharge them, since the
offers were conditioned on their being accepted
within a limited period, and that condition was
not fulfilled.
One Board member dissented on the ground that
the union had not violated the contract. The
majority’s decision, he stated, would either make
the contract an insurance by the union of its
members’ good conduct, or make all members
agents of the union for purposes of liability. Dis­
charge of the strikers was not justified, he said,
since their violation of the contract did not change
their status as employees.
U n io n S e c u r ity — S ta te v. F e d e ra l L a w .
The
NLRB ruled 13 that a unit of employees was ap­
propriate for a union-shop authorization election,
although it included employees with headquarters
in States that had more strict regulations of unionsecurity agreements than those included in Federal
law.
Section 14 (b) of the amended National Labor
Relations Act states: “Nothing in this act shall
be construed as authorizing the execution or
application of agreements requiring membership
in a labor organization as a condition of employ­
ment in any State * * * in which such ex­
ecution or application is prohibited by * * *
law.” The Board, in accordance with a previous
13

I n re W e s t e r n E le c tr i c C o . (84 N L R B N o . I l l , J u n e 30, 1949.)


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

299

decision,14 held that a unit for union-security
election purposes could not include employees in
States prohibiting all union-security agreements,
but that section 14 (b) did permit inclusion of
employees in States which merely regulated unionsecurity agreements, even though a greater per­
centage of employees was required to approve
such agreements than under the Federal law.
One Board member dissented, on the ground of
a recent Supreme Court decision15 that State
laws containing stricter regulation of unionsecurity agreements must prevail over Federal
law. The majority replied that its decision was
not in conflict with that of the Supreme Court,
since the State and Federal Governments had
concurrent jurisdiction to regulate union-security
agreements. Therefore, its certification of a
union-shop election unit certified only that Fed­
eral requirements had been met.
Decisions of State Courts
F lo r id a — “ R ig h t to W o r k ” n o t E n fo rc e a b le b y

U n io n .

The Supreme Court of Florida held 16 that the pro­
vision of the State constitution (in sec. 12 of its
declaration of rights) that the right of persons to
work shall not be abridged or denied because of
membership or nonmembership in a union could
be enforced only by the employee whose right was
abridged, and not by a labor organization.
The court reversed a lower court decree which
had granted a union’s petition for an injunction
against an employer’s dismissal of workers because
of their union membership. It held that the only
rights protected by the State Constitution against
infringement by an employer’s action were those
of the employees; that the constitution was not
intended to protect any rights of labor organiza­
tions in this respect. The court pointed out that
there was no showing of any contract between the
employer and the union or that the union was
entitled to represent these employees.
M ic h ig a n — M a j o r i t y A p p r o v a l o f S tr ik e R e q u ir e d .

The Michigan Supreme C ourt17 upheld the valid­
ity of a State law providing criminal penalties for
14I n r e G i a n t F o o d S h o p p i n g C e n t e r (77 NLRB 791), See Monthly Labor
Review, July 1948 (p. 57).
15A l g o m a P l y w o o d & V e n e e r

C o . v. W i s c o n s i n E R B (336 U. S. 301).
See
Monthly Labor Review May 1949 (p. 554).
16M i a m i L a u n d r y C o . v. L a u n d r y , L i n e n , D r y C l e a n i n g D r i v e r s , S a l e s m e n
a n d H e l p e r s L o c a l U n i o n N o . 9 3 5 (Fla. Sup. Ot. June 17, 1949).

17I n t e r n a t i o n a l

U n io n o f U n ite d A u to m o b ile , A ir c r a ft a n d A g r ic u ltu r a l I m ­

p le m e n t W o rk e rs o f A m e r ic a , C IO

v. M

c N a lly

(Mich. Sup. Ct., June 29,1949).

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

300

calling a strike which had not previously been ap­
proved, at a special statutory election, by a ma­
jority of the employees in the bargaining unit
concerned.
A union sought to enjoin a threatened criminal
prosecution for violation of this law. It had
called a strike without holding such an election,
while mediation was still in progress. The lower
court held for the union.
On appeal, the supreme court reversed the lower
court’s decision. It held that the statute was not
repugnant to the State or Federal constitutions,
since the right to strike was not absolute. Strik­
ing and picketing, it held, were something more
than the exercise of free speech and assembly.
Strikes were held to contain an element of coercion
and therefore to be subject to regulation under
the State police power. The desire to prevent a
minority of employees from tying up a whole
plant was held to be sufficient basis for prevention
of strikes without majority assent. It was also
pointed out that the majority principle was main­
tained in deciding whether a union should repre­
sent a group of employees in bargaining with an
employer concerning wages, hours, and conditions
of employment.
The statute was held not to be in conflict with
the Labor Management Relations Act. The
fact that the Federal act prohibited strikes in
certain situations did not mean that Congress
intended to prohibit States from making other
regulations concerning strikes. Although applica­
tion of the State statute affected interstate com­
merce, this was held not to make the statute
invalid when it was a lawful exercise of the State
police power.
M in n e s o ta — P r o h ib itio n o f s tr ik e s f o r C lo sed S h o p .

The Supreme Court of Minnesota held constitu­
tional 18 a 1947 State law prohibiting strikes or
boycotts for the purpose of inducing an employer
to persuade or coerce his employee into joining a
union.
The court upheld an injunction of a trial court
against a strike by union employees to compel an
employer to discharge certain nonunion employees
in his store. Until 1947, almost all employees
in the store’s floor covering and drapery depart­
ment were members of a floor decorators’ union,
18

D a y to n

L o c a l 696, A F L

v. C a r p e t L i n o l e u m a n d R e s i l i e n t
(Minn. Sup. Ct., June 24, 1949).

C o.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

F lo o r D e c o r a to r s

U n io n ,

MONTHLY LABOR

which had an agreement with the employer regard­
ing employee representation. In 1947, the
employer hired three nonunion “measurers.” The
union informed the employer that no work would
be done on material required to complete the jobs
measured by nonunion men. The employer sued
for an injunction.
The appellate court held that the strike violated
the 1947 State act, although the strike notice
stated the reason for the strike to be the employ­
er’s failure to pay union rates to the nonunion
men. This statement was held to be without
basis, since the union was uninformed of the rates
paid these employees.
This statute prohibiting the strike was held to
be compatible with both the constitution of
Minnesota and that of the United States, by
virtue of a State’s police power to prohibit dis­
crimination against either union or nonunion em­
ployees and to prohibit a union from striking to
coerce an employer to commit an unlawful act.
The Minnesota labor relations law prohibited
discrimination against nonunion men unless a
union-shop agreement was in effect between the
employer and a union representing a majority of
his employees. An attempt by the union to
show that an oral union-shop agreement existed
was rejected, since the law presumed the written
agreement between the parties to be the only
agreement. The 1947 statute was held not to
impose involuntary servitude on the striking
employees, since it permitted individual quitting
of work.
One judge dissented on the ground that a unionshop agreement was actually in existence.
N e v a d a —P ic k e tin g f o r C lo sed S h o p .

The Supreme
Court of Nevada held19 that union members
could lawfully picket an employer for the purpose
of compelling him to grant a closed shop.
Two unions, representing less than a majority
of workers in an employer’s drug stores, demanded
recognition and a closed-shop contract, and, upon
the employer’s refusal to grant them, peacefully
picketed the stores.
On the employer’s request, a lower court granted
an injunction against the picketing. Two union
members subsequently were prosecuted for con­
tempt for distributing newspaper articles to the
effect that the employer was “unfair to organized
18S t a t e o f N e v a d a v. E i g h t h D i s t r i c t C o u r t (N ev. Sup. Ct., June 24, 1949).

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

labor” and had discharged five employees for
union membership. The union petitioned the
State supreme court to prohibit the enforcement
of the lower court’s restraining order.
The supreme court granted the petition. It
held that one could not be punished for contempt
of this order, since the order infringed the con­
stitutional guarantees of freedom of speech, press,
and assembly.
The court held that the picketing was not for
an unlawful purpose, although a Nevada statute
prohibited an employer from making an agreement
that employees or persons entering employment
must agree either not to become, or to become a
member of a labor organization. This statute was
held not to prevent a closed shop, although its
language was similar to that of statutes making
such a prohibition, the validity of which had been
upheld by the United States Supreme Court.20
The Nevada statute, the court pointed out, must
be examined in the light of its legislative history.
It was passed in 1907, at a time when ‘‘yellow-dog
contracts” making nonmembership in a union a
condition of employment were arousing the ire of
labor unions. The “company” union was another
device used by employers to forestall formation
of trade-unions. The court held that the 1907
statute was directed against “yellow-dog con­
tracts” and “company” unions, and not against
union-security agreements.
One justice dissented, on the ground that the
similarity of the Nevada statute’s language to
that of anti-closed-shop statutes made a different
construction of its meaning unwarranted.
V ir g in ia — S evera n ce
P a y
P la n .
The Virginia
Supreme Court of Appeals ruled 21that a severance
or dismissal pay plan announced by an employer
constituted a contract which was binding upon
him to the extent that his employees performed
satisfactory service subsequent to its announce­
ment.
An employer amended a severance pay plan
in 1943 and published an outline of the plan in a
handbook for employees, while he was still en­
gaged in the performance of Government war
contracts. Subsequently, upon termination of

20L i n c o l n F e d e r a l L a b o r U n i o n v. N o r t h w e s t e r n I r o n & M e t a l C o . (335 U. S.
525), see Monthly Labor Review, March 1949, p. 322.
21H e r c u l e s P o w d e r C o . v. B r o o k f i e l d (Va. Sup. Ct. of App., June
20. 1949).

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

301

these contracts, plans were made for transferral
of one of the employer’s plants to the Army.
Shortly before the plant was turned over, the
employer notified employees that they would not
be entitled to dismissal pay if they were transferred
directly to the Army.
An employee who later transferred to the Army
sued to recover severance pay. The appellate
court, affirming a lower court decision, upheld
the employee’s right to recover such pay. It held
that the employer could not, by the notice con­
cerning transfer of employment, affect rights to
dismissal pay earned through services performed
prior to the notice. The fact that the outline of
the plan said severance pay was authorized
within the discretion of the employer was held not
sufficient to nullify the positive nature of the
employer’s offer, nor did a statement that the
plan was subject to discontinuance or change from
time to time. Such changes in the plan could only
affect future rights—not rights already earned by
services rendered—the court said. It pointed out
that the employee had foregone the opportunity
to secure another position in reliance on receipt of
these benefits.
W a s h in g to n — P ic k e tin g ; I n ju n c tio n s .
The Su­
preme Court of Washington decided a number of
cases involving the legality of picketing to compel
workers to become union members or an employer
to enter into a union contract.
(1) Peaceful picketing was engaged in by a
teamsters’ union in behalf of an automobile sales­
men’s union. The object was to compel owneroperators of a used-car business, some of whom
had no employees, to join either the teamsters’
union or the automobile salesmen’s union and enter
into a contract to carry on business only during
certain hours and days fixed by the salesmen’s
union. The union had secured from 115 other
local car dealers an agreement to conduct their
business only during the specified hours. The
picketers took down automobile-license numbers
of persons patronizing the dealers who were being
picketed.
The State supreme court, affirming a lower court
decree, held 22 the picketing to be unlawful and
enjoinable. Tt held that the interest of the owners
and the community in preventing this coercion

22

H aw ke

v.

T e a m s te r s U n io n

(Wash. Sup. Ct., June 2,1949).

302

DECISIONS OF INTEREST TO LABOR

outweighed that of the union, in view of the small
number of employees hired by car dealers. The
right of free speech was held not to be absolute
where property rights were affected. One judge
dissented, on the ground that a State could not
prohibit picketing merely because no employeremployee relationship was involved.
(2) The court reached the same result in another
case with similar facts.23
(3) Peaceful picketing by a union to compel an
employer grocery store to sign an agreement to
operate its meat market only at certain hours was
held 24 to be lawful and not enjoinable, as the em­
ployee operating the meat market was a union
member. Although the employer claimed that
the meat-market operator was an oral “lessee,”
the court found that in fact he was an employee,
since the lease could be terminated at any time.
The picketing of the whole store was unavoidable,
the court stated, since it was impossible to picket
the meat market without picketing the store.
Encouragement given to others not to patronize
or deliver to the employer’s store, through the
union’s picketing, was held not to involve such
threats as to constitute an unlawful secondary
boycott.
(4) The court upheld 25 an injunction to prevent
one local of a national union from peacefully
picketing an employer in a jurisdictional dispute
with another of its locals. The employer had
signed a contract with Local No. 6 of the Masters,
Mates & Pilots of America, covering the opera­
tions of one of its ships in Puget Sound and Alaska
waters. Another local, No. 90, claimed jurisdic­
tion over Alaska waters and asserted this contract
was invalid. The national union took the side
of Local 90, but was unable to persuade or did not
persuade local 6 to release the employer from the
contract. Local 90 picketed the ship. The
employer secured an injunction in the trial court.
The supreme court held that the picketing was
not justified and the injunction was proper.
While a few of the ship’s officers had been members
of Local 90, they had been hired through Local 6.
Therefore, the court stated, no labor dispute was
involved within the meaning of the State anti­
injunction law. The picketing was not “protected
23C l i n e v. A u t o m o b i l e D r i v e r s U n i o n (Wash. Sup. Ct., June 3,1949).
24W r i g h t v. T e a m s t e r ’s U n i o n , L o c a l 6 9 0 (Wash. Sup. Ct., June 24, 1949).
25P a c i f i c N a v i g a t i o n & T r a d i n g C o . , I n c . v. M a s t e r s , M a t e s & P i l o t s o f
A m e r ic a , W e st C o a st L o c a l 90


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(Wash. Sup. Ct., June 3,1949).

free speech,” the court held, since it was for an
unlawful object—to force the employer to recog­
nize Local 90 and negotiate with it in violation
of an existing contract and of the law relating
to exclusive bargaining agencies. The employer
had not acted in bad faith, despite a promise in a
letter to abide by the decision of the national
union, since the national had never brought
disciplinary proceedings or used more than per­
suasion against Local 6.
W is c o n s in — P u b lic U tilitie s .
The Wisconsin Su­
preme Court held26 that a State act of 1947
providing for compulsory arbitraion of labor
disputes and prohibiting strikes in public utilities
was constitutional. The decision upheld a lower
court order dismissing a union petition that the
act be declared invalid.
The act did not constitute an invalid delegation
of legislative power to the arbitration board,
the court held, since it provided a number of
standards to guide the board in its decisions.
Among the considerations which the arbitration
board was directed to take into account were (a)
comparison of wage rates and other conditions
of employment in the utility with those elsewhere
in the locality and among workers doing similar
work; (b) the value of the service to the consumer
in the local operation area; (c) whether, if the
employer had more than one public utility plant,
and the plants were located in different areas,
different compensation and conditions of employ­
ment should prevail in the separate plants; (d)
comparative over-all compensation of employees
at the plant and elsewhere, including benefits
such as pensions and insurance. The court held,
that these standards of delegation were reasonable
and compared them to the delegation of power
to fix reasonable public-utility rates.
The court also held that there was no invalid
delegation of judicial power, since the arbitration
board was required to observe certain rules in
conducting hearings, such as granting both
parties an opportunity to be heard and the
admission or rejection of evidence. If the board
exceeded its powers, the court stated, there would
be an adequate remedy.

26

U n ite d

W is c o n s in ,

O as,

C o k e & C h e m ic a l

E m p lo y m e n t

R e la tio n s

W orkers

B oard

o f A m e r ic a ,

L o c a l 18 ( C I O )

(Wis. Sup. Ct., July 12, 1949).

v.

July 15

Chronology of
Recent Labor Events

A triad examiner for th e N a t io n a l L a b o r R e la tio n s
B o a r d , in t h e c a se o f Wilson & Co., Inc. a n d United Pack­
inghouse Workers for America (CIO), r u le d t h a t t h e L a b o r
M a n a g e m e n t R e la tio n s A c t o f 19 4 7 m a k e s ille g a l a str ik e
c a lle d to m o d ify a n e x is tin g c o n tr a c t b e fo r e it s e x p ir a tio n
d a te , r eg a r d less o f th e p r e se n c e or a b s e n c e o f a n o -s tr ik e
c la u se . (S o u rce: N L R B r elea se R - 2 1 5 , J u ly 15, 1949.)

July 16
T he Secretary

July 12, 1949
T he P resident r e q u e s te d t h e m a jo r c o m p a n ie s in th e
b a s ic s te e l in d u s tr y a n d t h e U n it e d S te e lw o rk er s of
A m e r ic a (C IO ) t o c o n tin u e u n d e r te r m s o f e x is tin g c o l­
l e c t iv e b a r g a in in g a g r e e m e n ts for 60 d a y s , th e r e b y a v o id ­
in g a str ik e s e t fo r J u ly 16. H e s t a t e d t h a t h e w a s c r e a tin g
a b o a rd t o in v e s t ig a t e a n d t o in q u ire in to t h e issu e s in d is­
p u te a n d t o r e p o r t w ith in 45 d a y s o f J u ly 16, w ith th e ir
r e c o m m e n d a tio n s .
(S ou rce: W h ite H o u s e r elea se o f J u ly
12, 194 9 .)
O n J u ly 15, t h e P r e s id e n t n a m e d a 3 -m e m b e r b o a r d to
in v e s t ig a t e t h e w a g e -p e n s io n d e m a n d s, u n d e r a 6 0 -d a y
tr u c e a c c e p te d b y th e c o m p a n ie s a n d t h e u n io n .
(S ou rce:
F e d e r a l R e g is te r , v o l. 14, N o . 137, J u ly 19, 1949.)

July 14
T he P resident a d v is e d t h e C a b in e t a n d c e r ta in o th e r
G o v e r n m e n t o fficia ls t h a t h e h a d n a m e d J o h n R . S te e lm a n
t o a ss u m e r e s p o n s ib ility for d ir e c tin g “ F e d e r a l p ro g ra m s
o f d ir e c t a c tio n or a s s is ta n c e t o lo c a litie s w h ic h c a n b e
t im e d a n d c h a n n e le d so a s t o c o n c e n tr a te u p o n area s w h ere
u n e m p lo y m e n t is h e a v y w it h o u t sa crifice o f g e n e ra l
n a tio n a l o b j e c tiv e s ,” in c o n fo r m ity w ith th e s t a t e m e n t
m a d e o n th is s u b je c t in t h e P r e sid e n t's E c o n o m ic R e p o r t
to C o n g re ss (se e C h ro n . it e m for J u ly 11, 1949, M L R ,
A u g . 1 9 4 9 ).
(S o u rce: W h ite H o u s e r e le a s e o f J u ly 14,
194 9 .)
O n A u g u s t 9, M r. S te e lm a n d e s ig n a te d 11 area s a s
h a v in g sig n ific a n t u n e m p lo y m e n t a n d s u b m it t e d p r o d u c ­
tio n a n d e m p lo y m e n t d a ta for 9 o f t h e a rea s t o m a jo r
F e d e r a l a g e n c ie s fo r c o n s id e r a tio n u n d e r th e ir r e s p e c tiv e
p r o c u r e m e n t p r o g r a m s.
(S ou rce: N e w Y o r k T im e s ,
A u g u s t 10, 1949.)

July 15
T he P resident a p p r o v e d t h e H o u s in g A c t o f 1949 (for
d is c u s s io n , s e e M L R , A u g . 194 9 , p . 155) p r o v id in g for th e
c o n s tr u c tio n o f 8 1 0 ,0 0 0 lo w -c o s t h o u s in g u n its a n d o th e r
im p r o v e m e n ts in t h e N a t io n ’s h o u sin g .
(Sou rce: W h ite
H o u s e r e le a s e o f J u ly 15, 1949, P u b lic L a w 171, 8 1 s t
C o n g ., 1 st se ss .)


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

of Labor a n n o u n c e d t h a t , e ffe c tiv e
A u g u s t 16, t h e h o u r ly w a g e for e m p lo y e e s e n g a g e d in t h e
m a n u fa c tu r e or s u p p ly o f p r o d u c ts o f t h e p r e sse d a n d
b lo w n g la ss a n d g la ssw a r e in d u s tr y in q u a n titie s in v o lv in g
m o re th a n $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 in v a lu e , p u r c h a s e d b y t h e G o v e r n ­
m e n t, u n d e r t h e W a ls h -H e a le y P u b lic C o n tr a c ts A c t,
w o u ld b e n o le s s t h a n 83}£ c e n ts .
(S ou rce: U . S. D e p t ,
o f L a b o r relea se P R - 1 9 0 , J u ly 16, 1949.)

A . F . W hitney , p r e s id e n t o f t h e B r o th e r h o o d o f R a ilr o a d
T r a in m e n (In d .) d ie d . M r. W h itn e y h a d b e e n p r e s id e n t
o f th e T r a in m e n sin c e 1928. (S ou rce: L a b o r, J u ly 2 3 ,
1949.)

July 18
T he Secretary of Labor a n n o u n c e d t h a t b y c o n g r e s sio n a l
a c tio n (see C h ro n . ite m for J u n e 29, 1949, M L R , A u g . 1949)
t h e U n it e d S t a t e s D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r ’s p r o g r a m for
im p r o v in g la b o r sta n d a r d s o f w o r k in g y o u t h h a d b e e n
p la c e d in t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta n d a r d s. T h is p r o g r a m w a s
p r e v io u s ly a d m in is te r e d b y t h e W a g e a n d H o u r D iv is io n ,
w h ic h w ill c o n tin u e t o e n fo r ce t h e c h ild la b o r p r o v isio n s
o f th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a r d s A c t. (S o u rce: U . S. D e p t , o f
L a b o r r e le a s e S 5 0 - 5 8 , J u ly 18, 1 949.)

July 19
Van A . B ittner, v ic e p r e s id e n t o f t h e U n it e d S te e lw o r k e r s
o f A m e ric a , d ie d . (S ou rce: C IO N e w s o f J u ly 2 5 , 1949.)

July 20
T he P resident a p p r o v e d a n a c t t o a m e n d t h e o v e r tim e
c o m p e n s a tio n p r o v isio n s o f th e F a ir L a b o r S ta n d a r d s A c t,
t h u s c la r ify in g t h e q u e s tio n o f “ o v e r tim e o n o v e r t im e .”
T h e r e tr o a c tiv e a m e n d m e n t m a k e s i t la w fu l to t r e a t as
o v e r tim e p r e m iu m s, for p u r p o se s o f th e F L S A , c e r ta in p a y ­
m e n ts w h ic h t h e S u p r em e C o u r t o f t h e U n it e d S ta te s , in
Bay Ridge Operating Co. v . Aaron, h e ld w e re n o t “ tr u e o v e r ­
t im e ” p a y u n d e r t h a t a c t (se e C h ro n . ite m for J u n e 7, 1 9 4 8
M L R , J u ly 1 9 4 8 ).
(S ou rce: U . S. D e p t , o f L a b o r r e le a s e
P R - 1 9 1 , J u ly 21, 1949; P u b lic L a w 177, 8 1 s t C o n g .)
O n A u g u s t 11, t h e A d m in is tr a to r o f t h e F a ir L a b o r
S ta n d a r d s A c t is s u e d a c o m p r e h e n siv e s t a t e m e n t o n t h e
n e w e n fo r c e m e n t p r in c ip le s w h ic h h e w o u ld a p p ly , u n d e r
303

304

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS

M ONTHLY LABOE

t h e a m e n d m e n t.
(S o u rce: U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r ’s
W a g e a n d H o u r a n d P u b lic C o n tr a c ts D iv is io n s , r elea se
P R - 1 9 4 , A u g . 11, 1 9 4 9; F e d e r a l R e g iste r , v o l. 14, N o . 154,
A u g u s t 11, 1949, p . 4 9 4 6 .)

July 25

Glaziers’
Union, Local No. 27 of the Brotherhood of Painters, Deco­
rators, and Paper Hangers of America (AFL ) r u le d t h a t

u n d e r a v a lid u n io n -s h o p c o n t r a c t , a u n io n m a y in s is t u p o n
t h e d isc h a r g e o f a n e m p lo y e e w h o r e fu se s to b e c o m e a
fu ll-fle d g e d m e m b e r o f t h e u n io n .
(S o u rc e : N L R B re­
le a s e , R - 2 2 0 , J u ly 25 , 1 9 4 9 .)

A trial examiner fo r t h e N L R B , in t h e c a se o f

a p p lic a tio n o f a u n io n ’s b y la w s w h ic h are in a id o f a s e c ­
o n d a r y b o y c o t t is ille g a l u n d e r t h e L M R A o f 1947.
(S o u rce: N L R B r elea se R - 2 1 6 , J u ly 20, 1949.)

July 21
P hilip M . K aiser w a s n o m in a te d b y th e P r e s id e n t t o b e
a n A s s is ta n t S e c r e ta r y o f L ab or.
(S ou rce: C o n g r e ssio n a l
R e c o r d , v o l. 9 5, N o . 131, J u ly 21, 1949, p . 101 2 0 .)
T he Secretary

of Labor a m e n d e d th e p r e v a ilin g m in i­
m u m w a g e d e te r m in a tio n u n d e r t h e W a ls h -H e a le y P u b lic
C o n tr a c ts A c t c o n c e r n in g w o rk ers o n G o v e r n m e n t c o n ­
tr a c t s in v o lv in g o v e r $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 , for t h e iro n a n d s t e e l in ­
d u s tr y .
T h e d e te r m in a tio n , w h ic h su p e r s e d e s t h a t o f
J a n u a r y 16, 1939, p r o v id e s, e ffe c tiv e o n A u g u s t 27, m in i­
m u m h o u r ly r a te s fr o m $1.08)^ to $ 1 .2 3 , a c c o r d in g to r eg io n ;
r a te s fo r a u x ilia r y w o rk ers or b o n a fid e a p p r e n tic e s are fr o m
$ 1 .0 4 to $ 1 .1 8 ^ , a c c o r d in g t o lo c a lit y .
(S ou rce: F ed er a l
R e g iste r , v o l. 14, N o . 143, J u ly 27, 19 4 9 , p . 4 6 6 8 , a n d U . S.
D e p t , o f L a b o r r elea se P R - 1 9 2 , J u ly 26, 1949.)

T he N L R B d is m is s e d t h e p e t it io n s o f t h e M ic h ig a n B e ll
T e le p h o n e C o. fo r a n e m p lo y e e -r e p r e s e n ta tio n e le c t io n , o n
t h e g r o u n d s t h a t a ffilia tio n o f t h e p r e v io u s ly in d e p e n d e n t
C o m m u n ic a tio n s W o r k e rs o f A m e r ic a w it h t h e C IO d id n o t
a ffe c t e x is t in g c o n t r a c t s w it h D iv is io n s 4 3 a n d 4 4 , or t h e
“ s tr u c tu r e , f u n c tio n s , or m e m b e r s h ip ” o f c o n tr a c tin g lo c a l
u n io n s .
(S o u rc e : L a b o r R e la t io n s R e p o r te r , 2 4 L R R M ,
p. 1 3 9 1 , a n d S u m m a r y , p . 5, A u g u s t 1, 1 9 4 9 .)

An

N L R B trial examiner h e ld , in t h e c a se o f John
Ralph against the Union Starch and Refining Co. and the
Grain Processors Independent Union, Local No. 1, t h a t

A C om m ittee o f 16, r e p r e s e n tin g n o n -C o m m u n is t tr a d e u n io n s , m e t in L o n d o n t o d r a ft a c o n s t it u t io n a n d p r o g r a m
fo r a n i n t e r n a t io n a l b o d y o f fr ee t r a d e -u n io n s . (S e e C h ron .
i t e m fo r J a n . 19, 1949, M L R M a r. 1949, c o n c e r n in g w it h ­
d r a w a l o f c e r ta in tr a d e -u n io n o r g a n iz a tio n s fr o m t h e C o m ­
m u n is t - d o m in a t e d W o r ld F e d e r a tio n o f T r a d e U n io n s .)
C o m m it t e e w a s s e t u p a t a p r e p a r a to r y c o n fe r e n c e in G en ­
e v a in J u n e 1949.
(S e e C h ro n . i t e m fo r J u n e 2 5 , 1949,
M L R , A u g . 1949.)
M ic h a e l R o s s (C IO ) a n d I r v in g B r o w n
(A F L ) r e p r e s e n te d t h e U n it e d S t a t e s . (S o u r c e : N e w Y o r k
T im e s , J u ly 2 5 , 1949.)

July 26
An N L R B trial examiner h e ld t h a t p r im a r y p ic k e tin g
w h ic h h a d s e c o n d a r y e ffe c ts d id n o t c o n s t it u t e a n u n la w fu l
s e c o n d a r y b o y c o t t , e v e n th o u g h p ic k e t in g t o o k p la c e o n a
s e c o n d a r y e m p lo y e e ’s p r e m is e s a n d h is e m p lo y e e s h o n o r e d
t h e p ic k e t lin e s . T h e c a s e in v o lv e d S te r lin g B e v e r a g e s ,
I n c ., a n d D r iv e r s L o c a l U n io n N o . 8 0 7 , I n t e r n a t io n a l
B r o th e r h o o d o f T e a m s te r s , C h a u ffe u r s, W a r e h o u se m e n
a n d H e lp e r s o f A m e r ic a ( A F L ).
(S o u rc e : L a b o r R e la ­
t io n s R e p o r te r , 2 4 L R R , p . 176, A u g u s t 1, 1 9 4 9 .)
O n J u ly 13, t h e U n it e d S t a t e s D is t r ic t C o u r t in N e w
Y o r k C it y h a d r u le d t o t h e c o n tr a r y a n d g r a n te d th e
N L R B r e g io n a l d ir e c to r ’s p e t it io n fo r a p r e lim in a r y in j u n c ­
t io n a g a in s t t h e u n io n .
( S o u r c e : L a b o r R e la t io n s R e p o r te r
S u m m a r y o f D e v e lo p m e n ts , p . 2, a n d 23 L R R M , p . 2 3 4 8 ,
A u g u s t 8, 1 9 4 9 .)

F or

the first time sin c e t h e in t e r n a t io n a l o fficers o f th e
U n it e d F u r n itu r e W o rk ers o f A m e r ic a (C IO ) s ig n e d t h e
n o n -C o m m u n is t a ffid a v its r e q u ir e d u n d e r t h e L M R A o f
1 9 4 7 (se e C h ro n . it e m fo r J u n e 14, 1 9 4 9 , M L R , A u g . 1 9 4 9 ),
t h e N L R B o r d e re d a n e le c tio n p la c in g L o c a l 4 1 5 o f t h e
U n it e d F u r n itu r e W o r k e rs u p o n t h e b a llo t. T h e e le c tio n
w a s t o b e h e ld w ith in 3 0 d a y s a m o n g t h e 1 ,6 0 0 e m p lo y e e s
o f t h e A m e r ic a n S e a t in g C o.
(S o u r c e : N L R B r e le a s e
R - 2 1 7 , J u ly 2 1 , 1 9 4 9 .)

July 27
T he E xecutive B oard o f t h e U n it e d S te e lw o r k e r s o f
A m e r ic a (C IO ) a g r e e d t o sig n t h e n o n -C o m m u n is t a ffid a v it
r e q u ir e d b y t h e T a f t - H a r t le y la w . S o le r e a s o n fo r sig n in g ,
t h e b o a r d ’s r e s o lu tio n s t a t e d , w a s “ t o s a fe g u a r d t h e in t e r ­
e s t o f t h e m e m b e r sh ip
* * * a n d t o g o fo r w a r d w it h
t h e o r g a n iz a tio n o f t h e u n o r g a n iz e d w ith in o u r ju r is d ic ­
t i o n .”
(S o u r c e : N e w Y o r k T im e s , J u ly 2 8 , 1 9 4 9 .)

July 25
July 28
T he U nited S tates Court of A ppeals in C in c in n a ti, in
t h e c a s e o f Ohio Power Co. v . NLRB, h e ld t h a t p o s s e s s io n o f
s u p e r v is o r y a u t h o r it y , e v e n if n o t e x e r c is e d “ fo r a ll or a n y
d e fin ite p a r t o f t h e e m p lo y e e ’s t i m e ,” b r o u g h t t h e p o s s e s s o r
u n d e r t h e d e fin itio n o f “ s u p e r v is o r ” a s s e t f o r th in s e c tio n
2 (1 1 ) o f t h e L M R A o f 1 9 4 7 .
(S o u r c e : L a b o r R e la t io n s
R e p o r te r , A n a ly s is , p . 57, a n d 2 4 L R R M , p . 2 3 5 0 , A u g u s t
8, 1 9 4 9 .)


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T he N L R B , in t h e c a se o f Ryan Construction Corp. v.
United Electrical, Radio, and Machine Workers of America
(CIO) and Local 818, r u le d t h a t p ic k e t in g t h e p r e m is e s o f a
p r im a r y e m p lo y e r d o e s n o t b e c o m e ille g a l (u n d e r t h e
s e c o n d a r y b o y c o t t b a n o f t h e L M R A o f 19 4 7 ) b e c a u s e i t
a ffe c ts t h e e m p lo y e e s o f a s e c o n d a r y e m p lo y e r lo c a t e d o n
t h e s a m e p r o p e r ty . I t h e ld t h e p ic k e t in g t o b e p r im a r y ,

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

CHRONOLOGY OF LABOR EVENTS

in t h a t i t w a s c o n fin e d t o t h e p r e m is e s o f t h e s tr u c k p la n t,
a n d n o n c o e r c iv e in c h a r a c te r .
(S o u r c e : N L R B r e le a s e
R - 2 2 7 , A u g u s t 5, 1 9 4 9 ; L a b o r R e la t io n s R e p o r te r , 24
L R R M , p . 1 4 2 4 .)

July 29
T he A cting A dministrator o f t h e U . S. D e p a r t m e n t of
L a b o r ’s W a g e a n d H o u r D iv is io n a n n o u n c e d a d o p tio n o f
n e w m in im u m w a g e r a te s in t h e V ir g in I s la n d s fo r 16
in d u s t r ie s a n d a g r o u p o f m is c e lla n e o u s in d u s tr ie s . T h e
n e w r a te s o f 4 0 c e n t s or le s s a n h o u r, e f fe c t iv e A u g u s t 29 ,
a re fr o m 5 to 15 c e n t s a n h o u r h ig h e r t h a n e x is tin g r a te s.
(S o u r c e : F e d e r a l R e g is te r , v o l. 14, N o . 145, J u ly 2 9 ,
1 9 4 9 , p . 4 7 5 3 ; U . S . D e p t , o f L a b o r r e le a s e P R - 1 9 3 ,
J u ly 3 0 , 1 9 4 9 .)
T he N L R B d is m is s e d r e p r e s e n ta tio n p e t it io n s o f t h e
G r e a t L a k e s E n g in e e r s B r o th e r h o o d , I n c . ( I n d .) , fo r a n
e le c t io n a m o n g a s s is t a n t e n g in e e r s e m p lo y e d b y t h e G lo b e
S te a m s h ip C o. a n d 16 o th e r G r e a t L a k e s s h ip p in g c o m ­
p a n ie s . T h e B o a r d h e ld t h a t s u c h w o r k e r s w e re “ su p e r ­
v is o r s ” w it h in t h e L M R A o f 1 9 4 7 a n d t h a t th e r e fo r e th e
p r o p o s e d b a r g a in in g u n its w e r e in a p p r o p r ia te . (S o u rc e :
L a b o r R e la t io n s R e p o r te r , 2 4 L R R M , p . 1 4 2 2 , A u g u s t 8,
1 9 4 9 .)

July 30
T he U nited N ations E c o n o m ic a n d S o c ia l C o u n c il
d e c id e d t o a sk t h e I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n t o
e s t a b lis h a fa c t-fin d in g a n d c o n c ilia tio n c o m m is s io n to
p r o t e c t tr a d e -u n io n r ig h ts.
(S o u r c e : N e w Y o r k T im e s ,
J u ly 3 1 , 1 9 4 9 .)

August 4
An N L R B trial examiner , in a j u r is d ic tio n a l d is p u te ,
h e ld th r e e P o r tla n d (O reg .) e m p lo y e r s , t h e A F L B u ild in g
T r a d e s C o u n c il o f P o r tla n d , a n d L o c a l 8 5 7 o f t h e C a r­
p e n t e r s ’ U n io n (A F L ) g u ilt y o f ille g a l d is c r im in a tio n in
t h e d isc h a r g e in S e p te m b e r 1 9 4 7 o f 6 m a c h in is ts a n d
h e lp e r s , m e m b e r s o f t h e I n t e r n a t io n a l A s s o c ia tio n of
M a c h in is ts ( I n d .) , a n d r e c o m m e n d e d r e im b u r s e m e n t fo r
w a g e s lo s t.
(S o u r c e : N L R B r e le a s e R - 2 2 5 , A u g . 4,
1 9 4 9 .)

August 6
T he H awaiian L egislature p a s s e d a n a c t a u th o r iz in g
t h e G o v er n o r t o ta k e p o s s e s s io n o f a n d o p e r a te t h e d o c k s
in a n e ffo r t t o e n d t h e 9 8 -d a y -o ld s te v e d o r e str ik e . U n d e r
t h e la w , w h ic h is e ffe c tiv e for 180 d a y s , t h e G o v er n o r
p r o c la im e d a s t a t e o f e m e r g e n c y , a n d c a lle d u p o n
t h e I n te r n a tio n a l L o n g s h o r e m e n ’s a n d W a r e h o u se m e n ’s
8 4 9 4 8 0 — 4 9 --------6


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

305

U n io n (C IO ) a n d t h e s te v e d o r in g in d u s tr y t o r e s u m e
o p e r a tio n s. A b o u t 2 ,0 0 0 str ik e rs, m e m b e r s o f t h e I L W U
v o t e d u n a n im o u s ly n o t t o w o rk fo r t h e H a w a iia n G o v ­
e r n m e n t.
(S o u rc e : N e w Y o r k T im e s , A u g . 7 - 8 , 19 4 9 ;
L a b o r R e la t io n s R e p o r te r , 2 4 L R R M , p. 3 0 4 1 , A u g . 22 ,
1 9 4 9 .)

August 8
An N L R B trial examiner fo u n d t h e P r o g r e s siv e M in e
W o rk ers o f A m e ric a (I n d .), it s D is t r ic t N o . 1, a n d i t s
L o c a l N o . 13, g u ilt y o f ille g a l r e s tr a in t a n d c o er cio n o f
t w o e m p lo y e e s a t a m in e o f th e R a n d o lp h C orp . (c lo s e d
d o w n p e r m a n e n tly s in c e A u g u s t 1 9 4 8 ). T h e m e n w ere
k e p t b y th r e a ts fr o m r e tu r n in g t o th e ir jo b s a fte r t h e y
h a d c o n s u lte d a n o th e r n a tio n a l u n io n a b o u t r e p la c in g th e
P . M . W . o f A . a s th e ir b a r g a in in g r e p r e s e n ta tiv e . (S o u rce:
N L R B r elea se R - 2 2 8 , A u g . 8, 1949.)

August 11
An N L R B trial examiner h e ld , in t h e c a se o f Lodge 1600
of the International Association of Machinists (Ind.) and the
General Controls Co., Glendale, Calif., t h a t a u n io n is
e n t it le d t o fu ll in fo r m a tio n o n t h e m e r it r a tin g s o f e m ­
p lo y e e s , e v e n th o u g h i t s c o n tr a c t g iv e s t h e e m p lo y e r
c o m p le te p o w er t o m a k e m e r it r a tin g s a n d p a y r a is e s b a s e d
u p o n su c h r a tin g s w it h o u t c o n s u ltin g t h e u n io n . T h e
c o m p a n y w a s h e ld g u ilt y o f r e fu sin g t o b a r g a in c o lle c t iv e ly
b y w ith h o ld in g s u c h in fo r m a tio n .
(S o u rc e : N L R B re­
le a s e R - 2 3 1 , A u g . 11, 1949.)

E mployees o f t h e F o r d M o to r C o. in M ic h ig a n v o t e d
7 t o 1 t o str ik e , if n e c e s sa r y , t o o b ta in th e ir c o n tr a c t
d e m a n d s. T h e str ik e v o te , c o n d u c te d u n d e r t h e S t a t e
B o n in e -T r ip p A c t, g iv e s a 3 0 -d a y a u th o r iz a tio n d a tin g
fr o m t h e S t a t e L a b o r M e d ia tio n B o a r d ’s c er tific a tio n .
(S o u r c e : N e w Y o r k T im e s , A u g. 12, 19 4 9 .)

T he U nited States Court of A ppeals in t h e D is t r ic t o f
C o lu m b ia u p h e ld t h e F e d e r a l G o v e r n m e n t’s l o y a lt y p r o ­
g r a m in Joint Anti-Fascist Refugee Committee v . Clark.
S e c tio n 9 a o f t h e H a t c h A c t w h ic h m a k e s i t u n la w fu l for
F e d e r a l e m p lo y e e s t o b e lo n g t o a n y o r g a n iz a tio n a d v o ­
c a tin g t h e o v e r th r o w o f “ ou r c o n s t it u t io n a l fo r m o f g o v ­
e r n m e n t ” a n d r e q u ir e s r e m o v a l fr o m office o f a n y p e r so n
v io la t in g t h is p r o v is io n , a n d E x e c u t iv e O rd er N o . 9 8 3 5
w h ic h e s ta b lis h e s p r o c e d u r e s fo r d e te r m in in g t h e l o y a lt y
o f F e d e r a l e m p lo y e e s (se e C h ro n . ite m , M a r. 2 1 , 1947,
M L R , M a y 1947) w e r e h e ld t o b e v a lid . T h e c o u r t a lso
h e ld t h a t n e ith e r p r o p e r ty r ig h ts n o r fr ee s p e e c h h a d b e e n
a b r id g e d .
(S o u rce: U . S. L a w W e ek , 18 L W , A u g . 2 3 ,
1 9 4 9 , p p . 102 6 , 2 0 8 9 .)

Publications
of Labor Interest
Special Reviews
Labor Relations and Federal Law: An Analysis and Eval­
uation of Federal Labor Policy Since 194-7. B y D o n a ld
H . W o lle tt. S e a ttle , U n iv e r s it y o f W a s h in g to n P re ss,
1 9 4 9 . 1 4 8 p p . $3.
T h is is p r im a r ily a d isc u s sio n a n d c r itic a l e v a lu a t io n o f
t h e F e d e r a l la b o r p o lic y o f 1948, a s o u tlin e d in th e L a b o r
M a n a g e m e n t R e la tio n s A c t o f 194 7 . T h e L a b o r M a n a g e ­
m e n t R e la tio n s A c t a n d t h e N a t io n a l L a b o r R e la tio n s
A c t o f 1935 are c o m p a r ed o n t h e b a s is o f t h e c riter io n
t h a t w e a re “ ir r e v o c a b ly c o m m it t e d t o a F e d e r a l la b o r
p o lic y o f e n c o u r a g in g t h e e s ta b lis h m e n t a n d m a in te n a n c e
o f c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g r e la tio n s h ip s .” F r o m t h is p o in t
o f v ie w t h e a u th o r fin d s t h a t , a lth o u g h b o t h a c ts p r o c la im
t h e sa m e e n d s, e a c h p r o v id e s d iffe re n t m e a n s t o a t t a in
th e m . H e lis t s t h e w a y s in w h ic h t h e 19 4 7 s t a t u t e w e a k e n s
t h e p o s s ib ilit y o f r e a c h in g it s s t a t e d o b je c tiv e s , a n d w a y s
in w h ic h t h e p r o v is io n s o f t h e a c t are c o n s is te n t w it h th e
a c h ie v e m e n t o f th e s e o b je c tiv e s .
I n h is c o n c lu sio n , t h e a u th o r p r e d ic ts t h a t “ b a s ic a lly ,
F e d e r a l la b o r p o lic y is c e r ta in t o r e m a in a s is, t h a t is, th e
p o lic y w ill c o n tin u e t o b e o n e o f e n c o u r a g in g t h e e s t a b lis h ­
m e n t a n d m a in te n a n c e o f c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g r e la tio n ­
s h ip s .” H e c a u tio n s la b o r t h a t a n y n e w s t a t u t e sh o u ld
n o t b e b a s e d o n “ p o litic a l p a y -o ffs a n d r e p r is a ls ,” a n d
r e c o m m e n d s t h a t in a n y n e w la b o r le g is la tio n c o n sid e r a ­
t io n b e g iv e n t o t h e in te r n a l o p e r a tio n s o f t h e u n io n s; t h a t
th e o ffice o f th e G en era l C o u n s e l b e r e tu r n e d t o it s fo rm er
p o s itio n o f d e p e n d e n c y w it h r e s p e c t t o t h e N a t io n a l L a b o r
R e la tio n s B o a r d ; a n d t h a t t h e p r o v is io n s o f t h e L M R
A c t d e a lin g w ith n a tio n a l e m e r g e n c ie s b e r e-e x a m in e d .
“ G e n e r a lly ,” t h e a u th o r s ta te s , “ t h e p o lic y u n d e r ly in g
a n e w la w s h o u ld b e o n e o f m in im iz in g g o v e r n m e n ta l
in te r fe r e n c e w ith t h e c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g p r o c e s s it s e lf .”
— I. R .

Labor in Norway.

B y W a lte r G a le n so n .
C a m b rid g e ,
M a ss., H a r v a r d U n iv e r s it y P re ss, 1949. 3 7 3 p p .,
b ib lio g r a p h y .
(W e r th e im F e llo w s h ip P u b lic a tio n .)
$5.
A s a c lo s e s t u d e n t o f t h e N o r w e g ia n e c o n o m y a n d la b o r
s it u a t io n d u r in g t h e p e r io d 1 9 4 5 - 4 8 — in c lu d in g 2 y e a r s in
t h e c a p a c it y o f U . S. la b o r a t t a c h é in O slo, M r. G a le n so n
h a s a u n iq u e c o n tr ib u tio n t o m a k e t o la b o r lite r a tu r e .

H is is sa id t o b e t h e first c o m p r e h e n siv e r ep o rt on N o r w e g ia n
la b o r in E n g lish . N o r w a y is a s m a ll c o u n tr y , in m a n y
w a y s v e r y u n lik e th e U n ite d S ta te s , a n d M r. G a le n so n re­
fr a in s fr o m d r a w in g sp ec ific le s s o n s or c o n c lu sio n s fr o m
N o r w e g ia n e x p e r ie n c e d ir e c tly a p p lic a b le t o o u r o w n .
N e v e r th e le s s , h is d e ta ile d , f a c tu a l, a n d w e ll-g r o u n d e d b o o k
is b o u n d t o p r o v o k e th o u g h t in c o n n e c tio n w ith c u r re n t
d isc u s sio n s o n in d u str ia l r e la tio n s; d e te r m in a tio n o f w a g e
le v e ls a n d th e ir a d ju s tm e n t; fu n c tio n s o f tr a d e -u n io n s ;
r e la tio n s h ip s b e tw e e n o r g a n iz e d la b o r, o r g a n ize d e m p lo y ers, a n d g o v e r n m e n t; e c o n o m ic p la n n in g in d e m o c r a c ie s;
a n d o th e r c o n tr o v e r sia l q u e s tio n s.
I n c o m m o n w it h o th e r c o u n tr ie s b e in g a s s is te d to w a r d s
e c o n o m ic r e c o v e r y b y t h e U n ite d S ta te s , N o r w a y h a s h a d
t o m e e t t h e th r e a t o f in fla tio n w h ile r e s to r in g a n e c o n o m y
a n d reso u r ce s d e p le te d b y w a r a n d h o s tile o c c u p a tio n .
D u r in g t h is d ifficu lt p erio d , sh e h a s b e e n g o v e r n e d b y a
L a b o r G o v e r n m e n t a llie d w it h a str o n g a n d u n ite d tr a d e u n io n m o v e m e n t; b o t h L a b o r P a r ty a n d u n io n s h a v e b e e n
h a r a ss e d b y a m ilit a n t th o u g h sm a ll C o m m u n is t P a r ty .
N o r w e g ia n e x p e r ie n c e sh o w s so m e p a r a lle ls a n d s o m e
c o n tr a s ts w it h B r itis h e x p e rien ce , a n d v e r y m a r k e d c o n ­
tr a s t s w ith t h e la b o r s it u a t io n in F r a n c e a n d I t a ly . L ik e
B r ita in , N o r w a y h a s k e p t h er p r ic e rise t o m o d e r a te p r o ­
p o r tio n s, a n d h a s sa tisfie d t h e w a g e -e a r n e r s’ d e m a n d fo r
a n e q u iv a le n t r ise in w a g e s. L ik e t h e B r itis h u n io n s,
t h e N o r w e g ia n u n io n s h a v e a c c e p te d a r b itr a tio n fo r th e
e m e r g e n c y p e r io d , b u t, u n d e r le ft-w in g p r e ssu re , h a v e
o b ta in e d so m e a d d itio n a l c o n c e s sio n s fr o m t h e G o v e r n ­
m e n t. In d u s tr ia l p e a c e h a s o n t h e w h o le b e e n v e r y w e ll
m a in ta in e d . N a t io n a liz a t io n o f in d u str ie s h a s n o t b e e n
u n d e r ta k e n b y t h e L a b o r G o v e r n m e n t, b u t e c o n o m ic p la n ­
n in g h a s b e e n p u sh e d . N o r w e g ia n la b o r h a s a m o r e r a d i­
cal, M a r x ist tr a d itio n th a n t h e B r itish , a n d t h is le n d s
p a r tic u la r in te r e s t to M r. G a le n s o n ’s a c c o u n t o f t h e s u c c e s s ­
fu l e ffo r ts o f t h e p r e s e n t N o r w e g ia n tr a d e -u n io n le a d e r sh ip
t o su b o r d in a te th e im m e d ia te in te r e s ts o f p a r tic u la r g r o u p s
o f w o rk ers t o t h e lo n g -r a n g e o b je c tiv e s o f th e w h o le la b o r
g r o u p a n d to t h e n a tio n a l w e lfa re . T h e p r o c ess, h e sh o w s,
is n o t c o m p le te . P o s s ib ilit y o f t h e d e fe a t o f t h e L a b o r
G o v e r n m e n t in a fu tu r e e le c tio n , w ith a c o n s e q u e n t r etu rn
t o t h e t a c t ic s o f d a y - t o - d a y c o n flic t, te n d s t o p r e se r v e , in
h is e s tim a tio n , th e o ld e r a t t it u d e s o f o r g a n iz e d w o r k e rs.
— J. A . F .

Arbitration and Mediation
Collective Bargaining Provisions: Arbitration Provisions.
W a sh in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L ab or, B u r e a u o f
L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 19 4 9 . 65 p p .; p r o c e s se d . F ree.

Constitutionality of State Statutes Compelling Arbitration of
Labor Disputes. B y D a n ie l A . K ra e m er . (In M ar­
q u e t t e L a w R e v ie w ,
p p . 4 8 - 5 3 . $1.)

M ilw a u k e e ,

d it o r ’s

N

o te

.—Correspondence

306


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ay

1949,

Methods of Systematizing Labor Arbitration Costs. B y
F r a n c e s K ello r. (In A r b itr a tio n J o u r n a l, Y ol. 4, N o .
2, N e w Y o r k , 1949, p p . 9 9 - 1 0 4 .

regarding the publications to which
reference is made in this list should be addressed to the respective publish­
ing agencies mentioned. Where data on prices were readily available, they
have been shown with the title entries.
E

W is.,

$1.)

The Mediation Process. B y E d g a r L . W a rren a n d Ir v in g
B e r n ste in .
(In S o u th e r n E c o n o m ic J o u r n a l, C h a p e l
H ill, N . C ., A p ril 1949, p p . 4 4 1 - 4 5 7 .

$ 1 .2 5 .)

a

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Economic and Social Problems
Economic Man in Relation to His Natural Environment.
B y C . R e in o ld N o y e s . N e w Y o r k , C o lu m b ia U n i­
v e r s it y P ress, 1948. 2 v o ls ., 1 ,4 4 3 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h y ,
d ia g r a m s. $ 1 5 .
T h e a u th o r ’s c o n c e p t o f “ e c o n o m ic m a n ,” r a d ic a lly
d ifferin g fr o m t h a t o f t h e c la s sic a l e c o n o m is ts , is d e r iv e d
fr o m t h e s t u d y o f m a n a s a n o r g a n ism . H is d e fin itio n of
e c o n o m ic s a s a w h o le h a s th r e e p h a s e s or b r a n c h e s: th e
b io lo g ic a l, or m a n a s a n o r g a n ism liv in g in a n a tu r a l
e n v ir o n m e n t; te c h n o lo g ic a l, or t h e a d a p t a t io n s o f h is
e n v ir o n m e n t to h im s e lf b y a d a p tin g h is o w n a c tio n s t o th e
“ n a tu r a l la w s ” o f h is e n v ir o n m e n t; a n d s o c io lo g ic a l or
in s t it u t io n a l, or th e so c ia l o r g a n iz a tio n t o w h ic h m a n ’s
life is c o n d itio n e d . T h e s e t w o v o lu m e s are lim ite d to th e
first o r b io lo g ic a l b ra n ch . T h e a u t h o r ’s c o n c lu sio n s w o u ld
m o d ify s ig n ific a n tly m a n y w id e ly a c c e p te d e c o n o m ic
id e a s, su c h a s t h e ro le o f s c a r c ity a n d t h e th e o r y o f m a r ­
g in a l u tility .

Economics of the Labor Market.
N e w Y ork, J. B .
$ 4 .5 0 .

L ip p in c o tt

B y J o s e p h S h iste r .
C o., 19 4 9 .
5 9 0 pp .

T h e a u th o r a d o p ts a b r o a d v ie w o f th e te r m la b o r
m a r k e t. H e d is c u s s e s th e la b o r fo r c e ; la b o r m a r k e t
in s t it u t io n s (tr a d e -u n io n s , m a n a g e m e n t, a n d g o v e r n m e n t) ;
a n d o p e r a tio n o f t h e la b o r m a r k e t. U n d e r th e s u b je c t
o f o p e r a tio n o f t h e la b o r m a r k e t, h e e x a m in e s w a g e
th e o r ie s, w a g e p a tte r n s , e m p lo y m e n t a n d u n e m p lo y m e n t,
a n d t h e p r o b le m s o f a fu ll e m p lo y m e n t e c o n o m y . H e
c o n c lu d e s t h a t o p e r a tio n o f th e la b o r m a r k e t w it h o u t
p u b lic in t e r v e n t io n c a n n o t s o lv e c e r ta in c r itic a l p r o b le m s
s u c h a s e m p lo y m e n t s t a b ilit y , u n e m p lo y m e n t,
and
e x c e s s iv e in e q u a lit y o f in c o m e d is tr ib u tio n ; “ g r ea te r
in t e r v e n t io n se e m s in e s c a p a b le if w e m e a n w h a t w e s a y
a b o u t w a n tin g a p r o sp e r o u s a n d h e a lt h y e c o n o m y .”

The Psychology of Social Classes: A Study of Class Con­
sciousness. B y R ic h a r d C e n te rs. P r in c e to n , N . J.,
P r in c e to n U n iv e r s it y P re ss, 19 4 9 . 2 4 4 p p ., b ib lio g ­
r a p h ie s, c h a r ts.
(S tu d ie s in P u b lic O p in io n .) $ 3 .5 0 .
O n th e b a s is o f d a ta c o lle c te d in a n a t t it u d e s u r v e y o f
w h ite m a le s 21 y e a r s o f a g e a n d o v e r, th e a u th o r a t t e m p t s
t o r e la te c la s s a t t it u d e s t o su c h c rite r ia a s o c c u p a tio n ,
e d u c a tio n , e c o n o m ic s t a t u s , a n d p o litic a l a ffilia tio n .
T h e s t u d y is e m p ir ic a l r a th e r t h a n t h e o r e tic a l a n d is n o t
s im p ly a n o th e r tr e a tis e o f o n e in d iv id u a l’s o p in io n s on
t h e s u b j e c t o f so c ia l c la s se s.
C o n sid e r a b le in fo r m a tio n
r e la t iv e t o th e r e la tio n s h ip o f o c c u p a tio n a l g r o u p s a n d
c la s s o f w o r k e r t o v a r io u s a t t it u d e s a n d o th e r so c ia l
a n d p s y c h o lo g ic a l p h e n o m e n a is g iv e n ; in c lu d e d are
s u c h s u b je c ts a s t h e ro le o f w o m e n , s u c c e ss a n d o p p o r tu ­
n it y , s a t is f a c t io n s a n d fr u s tr a tio n s , e tc .

The Impact of Federal Policies on the Economy of the South.
A r e p o r t p r e p a r ed for t h e P r e s id e n t ’s C o u n c il o f
E c o n o m ic A d v is e r s, o n b e h a lf o f th e N P A C o m m itte e
o f t h e S o u th , b y C a lv in B . H o o v e r a n d B . U . R a tc h fo r d .
W a sh in g to n , N a t io n a l P la n n in g A s s o c ia tio n , 19 4 9 .
1 5 4 p p .; p r o c essed .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

307

T h e r e p o r t a lso h a s b e e n is s u e d a s a J o in t C o m m itte e
P r in t o f t h e J o in t C o m m itte e on th e E c o n o m ic R e p o r t,
E ig h ty -fir s t C o n g re ss, first se s s io n (25 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d ­
e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , W a s h in g to n ).

Why Industry Moves South: A Study of Factors Influencing
the Recent Location of Manufacturing Plants in the
South. B y G le n n E . M c L a u g h lin a n d S te fa n R o b o c k .
W a sh in g to n , N a t io n a l P la n n in g A s s o c ia tio n , 1949.
148 p p .
( N P A C o m m itte e o f t h e S o u th R e p o r t
N o . 3.)
$3.
D a t a fr o m th is s u r v e y w e re g iv e n in a n a r tic le in t h e
A u g u s t M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w (p. 1 5 9 ), b a s e d o n a
s u m m a r y p u b lis h e d b y t h e N a t io n a l P la n n in g A s s o c ia tio n
a s R e p o r t N o . 1 o f i t s C o m m itte e o f t h e S o u th .

A National Economic Policy for 1949.

A n a ly s is p rep a red
fo r t h e C o n g re ss o f I n d u s tr ia l O r g a n iz a tio n s b y
R o b e r t R . N a t h a n A s s o c ia te s , I n c .
W a sh in g to n ,
R o b e r t R . N a t h a n A s s o c ia te s , I n c ., 19 4 9 . 52 p p .j
c h a r ts. $1.

T h e d rop in b u s in e s s is d isc u s se d a s o f J u ly 19 4 9 , th e
c a u se s are a n a ly z e d , a n d “p o s it i v e ” p r o g r a m s are s u g g e s te d
fo r b u sin e ss , la b or, a n d g o v e r n m e n t.

Another Round of Wage Increases and the Employment Out­
look. B y H e r m a n W . S te in k r a u s . W a sh in g to n ,
C h a m b e r o f C o m m e rc e o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s , J u ly
19 4 9 . 2 0 p p ., c h a r ts; p r o c essed .
S t a t e m e n t b y th e p r e s id e n t o f t h e C h a m b e r o f C o m m e rc e
o f t h e U n it e d S ta te s .
M a in ly a c r itic ism o f “ A N a t io n a l
E c o n o m ic P o lic y for 1 9 4 9 ,” p r e p a r ed b y t h e R o b e r t R .
N a t h a n A s s o c ia te s fo r t h e C IO .

Education and Training
A. F. S. Apprentice Training Standards for the Foundry
Industry. C h ic a g o , A m e r ic a n F o u n d r y m e n ’s S o c ie ty ,
19 4 9 . 2 4 p p .
o f th e S o c ie ty .

$1 t o m e m b er s, $ 2 t o n o n m e m b e r s,

National Apprenticeship and Training Standards for the
Sheet Metal Industry. W a s h in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t
o f L ab or, B u r e a u o f A p p r e n tic e s h ip , [19491.
F ree.

32 p p .

Supervisory Training.

E d it e d b y M a u r ic e S . T r o tta .
N e w a r k , N . J ., A s s o c ia te d In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s I n s t i­
t u t e , T r a in in g a n d R e se a r c h D iv is io n s , [1949]. 23
p p ., illu s .; p r o c essed .

Supervisory Training — Why, What, How.

B y John F.
H u m e s . U r b a n a , U n iv e r s ity o f I llin o is , I n s t it u t e o f
L a b o r a n d In d u s tr ia l R e la tio n s , 1949. 2 4 p p .,
b ib lio g r a p h y .
(P u b lic a tio n s S eries A , V o l. 3, N o . 3.)
5 c e n ts.

Psychological and Human Aspects of Vocational Training.
B y F . B illo n .
( In I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o r R e v ie w ,
G e n e v a , M a y 1949, p p . 4 8 5 - 5 0 5 . 50 c e n ts . D is ­
tr ib u te d in U n it e d S t a t e s b y W a sh in g to n B r a n c h o f
IL O .)

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

308
Housing
Housing—Developments in 1948.

(In M u n ic ip a l Y e a r
B o o k , I n te r n a tio n a l C ity M a n a g e r s’ A s so c ia tio n , N e w
Y o r k , 1949, p p . 3 0 0 - 3 1 2 , b ib lio g r a p h y , ch a r t. $ 1 0 .)

Second Annual Report of [U. $ .] Housing and Home Finance
Agency, Calendar Year 1948. W a sh in g to n , 1949.
371 p p ., c h a r ts. 75 c e n ts , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u ­
m e n ts, W a sh in g to n .

The Postwar Rental Housing Situation.

B y M ile s L.
C o le a n .
W a sh in g to n , P r o d u c e r s’ C o u n c il, I n c ., C o n ­
s tr u c tio n I n d u s tr y In fo r m a tio n C o m m itte e , 1949.
12 p p .

Housing Policy Abroad.

(In P la n n in g , P E P (P o litic a l a n d

E c o n o m ic P la n n in g ), L o n d o n , J u n e 13, 1949, p p . 1 - 2 0 .)
D is c u s s e s h o u sin g p o lic y a n d r e n t c o n tr o l in A u str a lia ,
D e n m a r k , H o lla n d , S w e d e n , a n d t h e U n it e d S ta te s .

Current Status of British Housing, Planning Reported. B y
D o n a ld a n d A strid M o n so n .
(In J o u r n a l o f H o u sin g ,
C h ic a g o , J u n e 19 4 9 , p p . 1 8 7 - 1 9 1 , illu s.)

Industrial Accidents and Accident Prevention
State Safety Codes.

B y R . P . B la k e .
(In S ta n d a r d s
W o rld , V o l. 1, N o . 3, W a s h in g to n , S u m m e r 1949, p p .
5 1 - 6 5 . $ 2 .)
D is c u s s e s d e v e lo p m e n t a n d t y p e s o f S t a t e in d u str ia l
s a f e t y c o d e s a s w e ll a s p r o c e d u r e s fo r m a k in g c o d e s a n d
o b ta in in g th e ir a c c e p ta n c e .

Supervisor's Safety Guide Booh.

N e w Y o r k , A s s o c ia tio n o f
C a s u a lty a n d S u r e ty C o m p a n ie s , A c c id e n t P r e v e n tio n
D e p a r tm e n t, 1 9 49. 2 4 p p .

Promoting Eye Safety.

B y A . G . B u n g e n s to c k .
(In
S ig h t-S a v in g R e v ie w , V o l. X I X , N o . 2, P h ila d e lp h ia ,
S u m m er 1 9 4 9 , p p . 7 9 - 8 3 . 65 c e n ts.)
B r ie f a c c o u n t o f t h e W e ste r n E le c tr ic C o m p a n y ’s e y e s a f e t y p r o g r a m a n d 2 -y e a r e x p e r ie n c e u n d e r it .

Report of Research and Technologic Work on Explosives, Ex­
plosions, and Flames, Fiscal Years 1947 and 1948. B y
B e rn a rd L e w is. W a sh in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f
t h e In te r io r , B u r e a u o f M in es, 194 9 . 92 p p ., d ia ­
g r a m s, illu s .; p r o c e s se d .
(R e p o r t o f I n v e s t ig a t io n s ,
N o . 4 5 0 2 .)

Olycksfall i Arbete, Ar 1945.

S to c k h o lm , R ik s fo r s a k r in g sa n s ta lte n , 1 949. 63 p p .
R e p o r t o n in d u str ia l a c c id e n ts a n d o c c u p a tio n a l d is­
e a se s, a n d w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n th e r efo r , in S w e d e n
in 1 9 4 5 . I n S w e d is h , w ith ta b le o f c o n te n ts a lso in F r e n c h .

Industrial Hygiene
Cutaneous Granuloma From Accidental Contamination
With Beryllium Phosphors. B y A . D . N ic h o l, M .D .,
a n d R a fa e l D o m in g u e z , M .D .
(In J o u r n a l o f th e
A m e r ic a n M e d ic a l A s s o c ia tio n , C h ic a g o , J u ly 9,
1 9 4 9 , p p . 8 5 5 - 8 6 0 , illu s. 35 c e n ts.)
D e s c r ib e s m e d ic a l h is to r y o f t w o c a se s o f c h r o n ic sk in


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ONTHLY LABOR

in fla m m a tio n fo llo w in g a c c id e n ta l c u ts fr o m b r o k e n
flu o r e s c e n t lig h t b u lb s (g la ss c o a te d w ith z in c b e r y lliu m
s ilic a te ).

A

Health Effects Associated with Beryllium. A lite r a tu r e
r e v ie w b y K in g s le y K a y .
(In I n d u s tr ia l H e a lt h
R e v ie w , D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t io n a l H e a lt h a n d W elfa re,
In d u s tr ia l H e a lt h D iv is io n , O tta w a , M a y 1949, p p .
1 7 -2 0 , illu s.)

A

Precautions in Industrial Uses of Radioactive Isotopes.
B y G. H . G u e st.
(In In d u s tr ia l H e a lt h R e v ie w ,
D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t io n a l H e a lt h a n d W elfa re, ,I n d u s tr ia l H e a lt h D iv is io n , O tta w a , M a y 19 4 9 , p p . 1 -6 ,
illu s .)
D is c u s s e d b y h e a d o f H e a lt h R a d ia tio n a n d I s o to p e s
B r a n c h e s, A to m ic E n e r g y P r o je c t, C h a lk R iv e r , O n ta rio .

Present Status of Aluminum in the Therapy and Prophylaxis
of Silicosis. B y E r n e s t W . B r o w n , M .D ., a n d W a lto n
V a n W in k le , Jr., M .D .
(In J o u r n a l o f t h e A m e ric a n
M e d ic a l A s s o c ia tio n , C h ic a g o ,
1 0 2 4 -1 0 2 9 . 35 c e n ts.)

J u ly

23 ,

1949,

pp.

Undergraduate Medical Training in Occupational Medicine
and Hygiene. B y J. W y llie , M .D . (In In d u s tr ia l
H e a lt h R e v ie w , D e p a r t m e n t o f N a t io n a l H e a lt h a n d
W e lfa r e, I n d u s tr ia l H e a lt h D iv is io n , O tta w a , M a y
19 4 9 , p p . 7 - 9 , illu s.)
O u tlin e s le c tu r e s a n d field v is it s t o in d u s tr ia l p la n ts ,
a s u tiliz e d b y a C a n a d ia n m e d ic a l c o lle g e.

Industrial Relations
Foundations for Constructive Industrial Relations.

By R.
C a rter N y m a n .
N e w Y o r k , F u n k & W a g n a lls C o.,
in c o o p e r a tio n w it h M o d e rn I n d u s tr y M a g a z in e , 1949.
2 0 9 p p ., d ia g r a m s. $ 2 .8 5 .
T h e a u th o r p o in ts o u t t h a t m a n a g e m e n t h a s b e e n less
su c c e ssfu l in t h e field o f in d u str ia l r e la tio n s th a n in th e
field o f te c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n t. T h is c o n tr a st, h e
a ss e r ts, r e s u lts fr o m th e fa c t t h a t m a n a g e m e n t’s a p p r o a c h
to w a r d t h e la t t e r h a s b e e n s c ie n tific , w h e r e a s it s m e th o d s
o f d e a lin g w ith in d u str ia l r e la tio n s h a v e b e e n t h o s e o f
“ a r b itr a r y a u th o r ity , le g a l c o m p u lsio n a n d p o w e r p o litic s,
s e n tim e n ta l p a te r n a lis m , a n d , r e lu c ta n tly , o f c o lle c tiv e
b a r g a in in g .”
M r. N y m a n u rg es t h a t m a n a g e m e n t a d o p t a p r o fe ssio n a l
a t t it u d e a n d a sc ie n tific p o in t o f v ie w to w a r d in d u str ia l
r e la tio n s, a n d s u g g e s ts c o n c e p ts a n d p r in c ip le s fo r su c h
a n a p p r o a c h b a s e d o n a lr e a d y e x is tin g k n o w le d g e g a in e d
fro m s u c h so c ia l sc ie n c e s a s p s y c h o lo g y , p s y c h ia tr y ,
a n th r o p o lo g y , a n d so c io lo g y .

Research on Labor-Management Relations: Report of a
Conference Held on February 24~%5, 1949, at the
Industrial Relations Section, Princeton University.
B y C h a rles A . M y er s.
[W a sh in g to n ], S o c ia l S c ien ce
R e se a r c h C o u n c il, C o m m itte e o n L a b o r M a r k e t
R e se a r c h , 19 4 9 . 3 4 p p .; p r o c essed .

Major Stoppages in the Bituminous Coal Mining Industry.
W a sh in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f
L a b o r S ta tis tic s , 1949. 6 p p .; p r o c e s se d . F ree.

*

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Provisions of Collective Bargaining Contracts in the Ohio
Retail Lumber Trade. B y A lto n W . B a k er. C o lu m ­
b u s, O h io S t a t e U n iv e r s ity , B u r e a u o f B u s in e ss
R e se a r c h , 1 9 4 9 . 99 p p .
(R e se a r c h M o n o g r a p h N o .
5 4 .)
$ 1 .5 0 .

Closed Shop.

B y B u e l W . P a tc h .
W a s h in g to n (1 2 0 5 1 9 th
S t. N W .) , E d ito r ia l R e se a r c h R e p o r ts , 1949. 17 p p .
(V o l. I, 1 9 4 9 , N o . 9.)
$1.
T h e issu e o f t h e c lo s e d sh o p is d isc u s se d w ith p a r tic u la r
r efe re n c e t o t h e e ffe c t o f r e la te d p r o v isio n s o f t h e T a f t H a r t le y A c t.

Employee Communications for Better Understanding: A
Guide to Effective Two-Way Information Programs.
N e w Y o r k , N a t io n a l A s s o c ia tio n o f M a n u fa c tu r e r s,
1 9 4 9 . 3 0 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h y .

Industrial Relations in India.

(In I n d ia n J o u r n a l of
E c o n o m ic s , A lla h a b a d , J a n u a r y 1949, p p . 2 7 7 -2 9 3 ,
R s. 3 /4 .)
T w o a r tic le s, b y d iffe r e n t a u th o r s .

Industry Reports
The Electric-Lamp Industry: Technological Change and
Economic Development from 1800 to 1947• B y A r th u r
A . B r ig h t, Jr. N e w Y o rk , M a c m illa n C o ., 194 9 .
5 2 6 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h y , d ia g r a m s, illu s.
(M a ssa ch u ­
s e t t s I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o lo g y S tu d ie s o f I n n o v a t io n .)
$ 7 .5 0 .
C o m p r e h e n s iv e h isto r ic a l s t u d y o f t h e e le c tr ic la m p
in d u s tr y , d e sig n e d a s o n e o f a se r ie s o f s tu d ie s o n th e
e c o n o m ic s o f in n o v a tio n a n d t h e h u m a n fa c to r s “ w h ic h
c o n d itio n th e in tr o d u c tio n o f te c h n o lo g ic a l c h a n g e in to
o u r e n v ir o n m e n t .” T e c h n o lo g ic a l d e v e lo p m e n ts are d e ­
sc r ib ed , a n d th e ir r e la tio n s h ip s to p r o d u c tio n , p rices, a n d
e m p lo y m e n t are in d ic a te d .
M u c h o f th e v o lu m e is
d e v o t e d t o c o r p o r a tio n s , c a rte ls, p a te n ts , t h e lic e n s in g
s y s t e m , a n d ta r iffs.

The Shipbuilding Business in the United States of America.
B y a g r o u p o f a u th o r itie s . E d ite d b y F . G . F a s s e tt,
Jr. N e w Y o r k , S o c ie t y o f N a v a l A r c h ite c ts a n d
M a r in e E n g in e e r s , 1948. 2 v o ls ., 3 2 4 a n d 2 5 5 p p .,
d ia g r a m s, p la n s, illu s . $ 1 2 .5 0 .
In c lu d e s a c h a p te r g iv in g a h isto r ic a l a c c o u n t o f la b o r
r e la tio n s in sh ip b u ild in g a n d a c h a p te r o n sh ip y a r d w a g e
s y s te m s .

Profits Build a Financial Fortress: An Analysis of the
Textile Industry's Ability to Weather Current Lull.
N e w Y o rk , T e x tile W o rk ers U n io n o f A m erica , C IO ,
R e se a r c h D e p a r tm e n t, 1949. V a r io u sly p a g e d , c h a r ts;
p r o c e s se d .
D is c u s s e s p r o fits a n d n e t w o r th , p r o fits p er w ork er,
t e x tile p rices, a n d r e la te d su b je c ts . T h e m a in b o d y o f t h e
r ep o rt c o n s is ts o f s t a t is t ic a l d a ta r e la tin g to t h e in d u s tr y
a s a w h o le a n d t o s e g m e n ts o f th e in d u s tr y a n d s e le c te d
c o m p a n ie s.

The Regional Significance of the Integration Movement in
the Southern Textile Industry. B y S o lo m o n B a r k in .
(In S o u th e r n E c o n o m ic J o u r n a l, C h a p e l H ill, N . C .,
A p ril 1 9 4 9 , p p . 3 9 5 - 4 1 1 .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$ 1 .2 5 .)

309

T h e a u th o r s t a t e s t h a t th e m o v e m e n t to w a r d t h e la rg esc a le o r g a n iz a tio n o f t h e s o u th e r n t e x tile in d u s tr y , a p ­
p a r e n t for t w o d e c a d e s b e fo r e 1940, h a s b e e n a c c e le r a te d
d u rin g a n d sin c e t h e w ar, a n d h a s b e e n a c c o m p a n ie d b y
im p o r ta n t c h a n g e s su c h a s a n in c re a se in n o r th e r n o w n er ­
sh ip .
T h e e ffe c ts o f t h e s e c h a n g e s o n t h e S o u th are d is­
c u ssed a n d th e s h ift t o n o r th e r n o w n e r sh ip is d e sc r ib e d a s
g iv in g a d d e d im p o r ta n c e to in c r e a se s in so u th e r n t e x tile
w a g e s r e ta in e d in th e S o u th to o ffse t t h e e x p o r t o f d iv i­
d e n d s a n d c a p ita l g a in s fr o m t h e S o u th .

American Transportation in Prosperity and Depression.
B y T h o r H u ltg r e n .
N e w Y o rk , N a t io n a l B u r e a u o f
E c o n o m ic R e se a rc h , I n c ., 1948. 3 9 4 p p ., ch a r ts.
(S tu d ie s in B u s in e ss C y c les, N o . 3.) $5.
D e t a ile d s t a t is t ic a l e x a m in a tio n o f tr a n s p o r ta tio n ,
m a in ly c o n c er n e d w ith t h e ra ilro a d s, a s a ffe c te d b y b u sin e ss
c y c le s .
T h e s t u d y fo llo w s t h e g e n e r a l p la n o f r esea r ch
e m b o d ie d in t h e N a t io n a l B u r e a u ’s ea rlier tr e a tis e s o f a
m ore g e n e ra l n a tu r e r e la tin g t o b u s in e s s c y c le s . T h e
d e ta ile d d a ta d o n o t go b e y o n d 1938, b u t t h e c o n c lu d in g
c h a p te r , e n t it le d “ F u tu r e C y c le s ” , t a k e s a c c o u n t o f w ar­
t im e d e v e lo p m e n ts a n d a n a ly z e s so m e o f t h e p r o b a b le
fu tu r e tr e n d s.

Annual Report and Statement of Accounts of National Coal
Board, [Great Britain ], for Year Ended December 31,
1948. L o n d o n , 1949. 2 9 9 p p . 6s. 6d. n e t, H . M .
S ta tio n e r y O ffice, L o n d o n .
T h e r ep o rt s t a t e s t h a t “ t o p r o d u c e m o re co a l, t o im p r o v e
it s q u a lity a n d to cu rb c o sts w ere th e m o s t p r e ssin g n e e d s
in 1948. O v er t h e y e a rs, t h e B o a r d ’s m a in ta s k is th e
r e c o n s tr u c tio n o f th e i n d u s t r y .” T h is r ep o rt sh e d s m u c h
lig h t o n t h e w a y t h e n a tio n a liz e d c o a l in d u s tr y in G rea t
B r ita in is p r o c e e d in g t o m e e t th e s e g o a ls. In a d d itio n
to p r o v id in g fu ll fin a n c ia l a c c o u n ts a n d d e sc r ip tio n s o f
t h e te c h n ic a l a n d b u sin e ss a s p e c ts o f t h e B o a r d ’s w o rk in
it s s e c o n d o p e r a tin g y e a r, th e r ep o rt tr e a ts in d e ta il o f t h e
B o a r d a s a n e m p lo y e r , w ith p a r tic u la r r e fe re n c e to n e g o ­
t ia t io n s w ith t h e u n io n s; o p e r a tio n o f jo in t c o n s u lta tio n ,
e s p e c ia lly a t p it le v e l; s a f e t y a n d h e a lth ; e x t e n t o f lo sse s
c a u se d b y w o r k s to p p a g e s a n d t h e c a u se s o f s u c h s t o p ­
p a g e s; a n d t h e p r o b le m s o f r e c r u itm e n t a n d la b or
r e p la c e m e n t.

Report of the Committee on Police Conditions of Service,
[Great Britain], L o n d o n , H o m e O ffice a n d S c o t t is h
H o m e D e p a r tm e n t, 1949.
I n t w o p a r ts, 123 a n d
10 p p .
(C m d s. 7 6 7 4 a n d 7 7 0 7 .)
2s. a n d 3 d . n e t,
r e s p e c tiv e ly , H . M . S ta tio n e r y O ffice, L o n d o n .

International Affairs (General)
Industrial Relations in World Affairs.

B e r k e le y a n d L o s
A n g ele s, U n iv e r s it y o f C a lifo rn ia , I n s t i t u t e of I n d u s ­
tr ia l R e la tio n s , 1949. 96 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h ie s. $1.
P r o c e e d in g s o f c o n fe r e n c e h e ld in L o s A n g ele s, J u n e 4,
1948, a n d in B e r k e le y , J u n e 7 a n d 8, 1948, o n o c c a s io n o f
m e e tin g s o f IL O in S a n F r a n c isc o . C o u n tr ie s r e p r e se n te d
in t h e p a p e r s are C h in a , F r a n c e , I n d ia , M ex ico , S w ed en ,
U n it e d K in g d o m , a n d t h e U n it e d S ta te s .

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

310

Report of Director-General of International Labor Organi­
zation to S2d Session of International Labor Conference,
Geneva, 1949. G e n e v a , I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o r O ffice,
1949. 156 p p . $1. D is t r ib u t e d in U n it e d S t a t e s b y
W a sh in g to n B r a n c h o f IL O .
A n a r tic le o n t h e 3 2 d I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o r C o n fer en ce ,
in c lu d in g d isc u s sio n o f a c tio n o n t h e D ir e c to r -G e n e r a l’s
r ep o rt, is g iv e n o n p a g e 2 7 5 of t h is issu e o f th e M o n th ly
L a b o r R e v ie w .
R e p o r ts p r e p a r ed fo r s u b m iss io n t o t h e C o n fer en ce o n
e a c h o f t h e 12 ite m s o f t h e a g e n d a w e re p u b lis h e d b y a n d
a re a v a ila b le fr o m t h e I n te r n a tio n a l L a b o r O ffice.

Third Report of the International Labor Organization to the
United Nations. G e n e v a , I n t e r n a t io n a l L a b o r O ffice,
1 9 4 9 . 192 p p . $1. D is tr ib u te d in U n it e d S t a t e s b y
W a s h in g to n B r a n c h o f IL O .

Catalogue of Economic and Social Projects: An Annotated
List of Work Planned, in Progress or Completed by
United Nations and Specialized Agencies.
L ake
S u c c e ss, N . Y ., U n it e d N a t io n s , M a rc h 1949. 271 p p .
(N o . 1.) $ 2, C o lu m b ia U n iv e r s it y P re ss, N e w Y o r k .

United States Participation in the United Nations: Report
by the President to the Congress for the Year 1948 on
the Activities of the United Nations and the Participa­
tion of the United States Therein. W a s h in g to n , U . S.
D e p a r t m e n t o f S ta te , 19 4 9 . 3 0 3 p p ., b ib lio g r a p h y ,
ch a r ts.
(P u b lic a tio n N o . 3 4 3 7 ; I n te r n a tio n a l O rgan ­
iz a t io n a n d C o n fe r e n c e S eries I I I , N o . 2 9 .)
55 c e n ts ,
S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , W a sh in g to n .
A 3 2 -p a g e s e c tio n o f th e r e p o r t d e a ls w it h e c o n o m ic ,
so c ia l, a n d h u m a n r ig h ts p r o b le m s.

Labor Organization
Understanding Union Attitudes. B y C lin to n S. G o ld en .
{In H a r v a r d B u s in e s s R e v ie w , B o s to n , J u ly 1949,
pp . 4 1 2 -4 1 8 .

$ 1 .5 0 .)

Where is Organized Labor Going? B y D o n a ld R . R ic h b e r g .
{In H a r v a r d B u s in e s s R e v ie w , B o s to n , J u ly 1949,
pp . 4 0 5 -4 1 1 .

$ 1 .5 0 .)

The Labor Movement in Egypt. B y W illia m J. H a n d le y .
{In M id d le E a s t J o u r n a l, W a s h in g to n , J u ly 1949,
pp . 2 7 7 -2 9 2 .

$ 1 .5 0 .)

Labor Organization in German Public Administration and
Services. B y J o se p h M ire. B e rlin , O ffice o f M ilita r y
G o v e r n m e n t for G e r m a n y (U . S .), M a n p o w e r D i v i ­
sio n , 1 9 4 9 . In E n g lish a n d G er m a n — E n g lish , 35 p p . ;
p r o c e s se d .
(V isitin g E x p e r t S eries, N o . 8.)
C o v e r s su c h s u b je c ts a s r e la tio n s w it h O c c u p a tio n A u ­
t h o r itie s , c o lle c tiv e b a r g a in in g , r ig h t t o str ik e , a n d th e
n e w c iv il se r v ic e la w .
A v a ila b le fo r r efe re n c e in s o m e o f t h e la rg er p u b lic
lib ra ries a n d in lib ra r ies o f so m e o f t h e la rg er c o lle g e s a n d
u n iv e r s itie s o f t h e U n ite d S ta te s .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ONTHLY LABOR

A Message from Dutch Trade Unionists to German Labor.
B y H . J. M eijer, H . W . R o p p e n s , R e in t L a a n , Jr.
B erlin , O ffice o f M ilita r y G o v e r n m e n t fo r G e r m a n y
(U . S .), M a n p o w e r D iv is io n , 1949. I n E n g lis h a n d
G er m a n — E n g lish , 12 p p .; p r o c essed .
(V is itin g E x ­
p e r t series, N o . 7.)
R e p o r t o f a d e le g a tio n o f D u t c h t r a d e -u n io n is ts w h o
v is it e d t h e U n ite d S t a t e s a n d B r itis h Z o n es of G er m a n y “ t o
c o n s u lt a n d a d v is e G erm a n tr a d e -u n io n s in th e ir tr a in in g
a n d a c t iv i t y p r o g r a m .”
A v a ila b le fo r refe re n c e in so m e o f t h e la rg er p u b lic
lib ra r ies a n d in lib ra r ies o f so m e o f t h e la rg er c o lle g e s a n d
u n iv e r s itie s of th e U n ite d S ta te s .

Medical Care and Sickness Insurance
The Quality of Medical Care in a National Health Program.
S ta t e m e n t b y S u b c o m m itte e o n M e d ic a l C are, A m e ri­
can P u b lic H e a lt h A s so c ia tio n .
{In A m e ric a n J o u r n a l
o f P u b lic H e a lt h a n d th e N a t i o n ’s H e a lth , N e w Y o r k ,
J u ly 1949, p p . 8 9 8 - 9 2 4 , b ib lio g r a p h y . 70 c e n ts.)
P r e s e n ts “ t h e e s s e n tia l c o m p o n e n ts o f m e d ic a l care o f
h ig h q u a lity a n d th e m e th o d s b y w h ic h th e s e sta n d a r d s can
b e a p p r o a c h e d in a n a tio n a l h e a lth p r o g r a m .” S u p p le ­
m e n ts th e g e n e ra l p o lic y s t a t e m e n t a d o p te d b y th e a s s o c ia ­
tio n in O cto b er 1944.

Proceedings of Conference on Union Health Programs,
Galesburg, III., February 3-4, 1949. [U rb an a?], U n i­
v e r s it y o f I llin o is , D iv is io n of U n iv e r s ity E x te n s io n ,
1949. V a r io u sly p a g e d , b ib lio g r a p h y ; p r o c essed .
S y n o p s is o f a d d r e ss e s a n d d isc u s sio n s a t a 2 -d a y c o n fe r ­
e n c e c o n d u c te d b y t h e U n iv e r s it y o f I llin o is . T h e c o n fe r ­
e n c e w a s la r g e ly d e v o t e d t o v o lu n ta r y p r e p a id m e d ic a l care
p la n s. S u p p le m e n ta r y m a ter ia l a p p en d e d to rep ort in clu d es
su m m a r ie s o f p e r tin e n t S t a t e la w s a n d a p a r tia l lis t o f
u n io n s h a v in g n e g o t ia t e d w e lfa re p la n s.

Union Administered Health Insurance. B y A rax S im sa r ia n .
{In C o n fer en ce B o a r d M a n a g e m e n t R e co r d , N a t io n a l
In d u s tr ia l C o n fer en ce B o a r d , I n c ., N e w Y o r k , J u ly
1949, p p . 2 9 7 - 2 9 9 , 3 2 1 -3 2 3 .)
S t a t is t ic a l a n a ly s is o f t h e N e w Y o r k D e p a r t m e n t o f
L a b o r ’s r ep o rt, U n io n a n d U n io n M a n a g e m e n t H e a lt h
I n su r a n c e P la n s in N e w Y o r k S ta te , J a n u a r y 1949 (P u b li­
c a tio n N o . B - 1 9 ) , c o v e r in g 168 h e a lth in su r a n c e p ro g ra m s.

The Story of Labor Health Institute— Annual Report to the
Membership, 1948. B y E lm e r R ic h m a n , D ir e c to r .
[St. L ou is], L a b o r H e a lt h I n s t it u t e , [1949?]. 17 p p .;
p r o c essed .
T h e I n s t it u t e c o n d u c ts a p r e p a y m e n t g r o u p m e d ic a lcare p r o g r a m fo r lo w -in c o m e w o r k e rs a n d fa m ilie s.

First Year of Sickness Insurance for Railroad Workers.
B y D a n ie l C a rso n .
{In S o c ia l S e c u r ity B u lle t in ,
F e d e r a l S e c u r ity A g e n c y , S o c ia l S e c u r ity A d m in is­
tr a tio n , W a sh in g to n , F e b r u a r y 1949, p p . 1 0 -1 6 .
2 0 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a sh in g to n .)

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

Minority Groups
Annual Report of Division Against Discrimination, New
Jersey Department of Education, July 1, 194.7-June
SO, 1948. N e w a r k , 1948. 16 p p .; p r o c essed .
1948 Report of Progress, New York State Commission
Against Discrimination. A lb a n y , E x e c u tiv e D e p a r t­
m e n t, S t a t e C o m m iss io n
[1949]. 9 5 p p ., c h a rts.

A g a in s t

D isc r im in a tio n ,

311

R e v ie w s e x is tin g F e d e r a l-S ta te s y s t e m s fo r p r o te c tin g
w o r k e rs a g a in s t u n e m p lo y m e n t, th r o u g h u n e m p lo y m e n t
in su r a n c e a n d o th e r b e n e fits, a n d p r o p o s a ls fo r b r o a d e n in g
th e ir sc o p e .

Social Legislation— Unemployment Insurance— Labor Dis­
pute Disqualification Provisions [of State Laws]: Effect
on Employees Involuntarily Unemployed Because of a
Strike, Lockout, or Labor Dispute. (In M in n e s o ta L a w
R e v ie w , M in n e a p o lis , J u n e 1949, p p . 7 5 8 - 7 7 0 .

Discrimination in Employment.

B y R . R . M c N ic k le .
W a s h in g to n (1 2 0 5 1 9 th S t. N W .) , E d ito r ia l R e se a rc h
R e p o r ts , 1948. 18 p p . (V o l. I I , 1948, N o . 2 3 .) $1.
R e v ie w s a c tio n ta k e n or p r o p o s e d b y t h e F ed er a l
G o v e r n m e n t to a b o lish e m p lo y m e n t d isc r im in a tio n a g a in s t
m in o r ity g ro u p s, a n d t h e r e s u lts a c h ie v e d b y S ta te a n d
lo c a l e ffo r ts in th is c o n n e c tio n .

Job Opportunities for Racial Minorities in the Seattle Area.
S e a ttle , U n iv e r s it y o f W a sh in g to n , I n s t it u t e o f L a b o r
E c o n o m ic s , 1 9 4 8 . 3 0 p p ., fo rm s. 35 c e n ts.

The Young Negro Worker in Washington, D. C. B y P a u l
M undy.
(In J o u r n a l o f N e g r o E d u c a tio n , V ol.
X V I I I , N o . 2, W a sh in g to n , S p rin g 1949, p p . 1 0 4 -1 1 3 .

$ 1 .)

Unemployment Insurance—A Discussion of the Eligibility
Requirements and the Voluntary Leaving Disqualifica­
tion. B y G eorge M . L h a m o n . (In G eo rg e W a sh in g ­
t o n L a w R e v ie w , W a sh in g to n , J u n e 1949, p p .
4 4 7 - 4 7 0 . $1.)
D is c u s s e s a r e c e n t P e n n s y lv a n ia S u p r em e C o u rt d e c isio n
w h ic h , if fo llo w e d in o th e r ju r is d ic tio n s , m a y s e t u p a
n e w e lig ib ilit y r e q u ir e m e n t for t h e r e c e ip t o f u n e m p lo y ­
m e n t in su r a n c e b e n e fits.

Unemployment Insurance Disqualifications. B y M ir ia m
C iv ic .
(In C o n fer en ce B o a r d B u s in e s s R e co r d ,
N a t io n a l In d u s tr ia l C o n fer en ce
Y o r k , J u n e 1949, p p . 2 2 5 - 2 3 0 .)

B oard,

I n c .,

N ew

$ 1.)

Wages and Hours of Labor

Prices
Commodities Included in the Wholesale Price Index of the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. W a sh in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t­
m e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s , 1949.
p p .; p r o c e s se d . F ree.

35

Residential Heating Fuels— Retail Prices, 1941-48.

W a sh ­
in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L ab or, B u r e a u o f L a b o r
S t a t is t ic s , 1 9 4 9 . 2 3 p p .
(B u ll. N o . 9 5 0 .)
15 c e n ts,
S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts , W a sh in g to n .

Average Prices of Gas, Water, and Electric Light and Power
Companies in Pennsylvania Since 1989. B y G eorge L.
L effler. S t a t e C o lleg e , P e n n s y lv a n ia S t a t e C o lleg e,
B u r e a u o f B u s in e s s R e se a r c h , 1949. 22 p p ., ch a r ts;
p r o c essed .
(B u ll. N o . 39.)

Report of the Royal Commission on Prices.

O tta w a ,
E d m o n d C lo u tie r, 1949. 3 v o ls. $2.
T h e R o y a l C o m m iss io n o n P r ic e s w a s a p p o in te d b y t h e
C a n a d ia n G o v e r n m e n t t o c o n tin u e th e in q u ir y c o n c er n in g
p r ic e s tr u c tu r e s , fa c to r s le a d in g t o p r ice in c re a se s, a n d
in c r e a se d p r o fits m a r g in s, w h ic h w a s in itia te d b y a S p ec ia l
C o m m itte e o n P rices, o f t h e H o u s e o f C o m m o n s. V o lu m e I
o f t h e C o m m is s io n ’s r e p o r t c o n ta in s a b rief su m m a r y o f
fin d in g s, a n d g e n e ra l c o n c lu sio n s . A d e ta ile d a n a ly s is
o f t h e e c o n o m ic fa c to r s u n d e r ly in g t h e g e n e r a l p rice rise
is p r e s e n te d in V o lu m e I I , a n d a s t u d y o f th e 10 in d u str ie s
in v e s t ig a t e d is in c lu d e d in V o lu m e I I I .

Factory Hours and Earnings, Selected States and Areas,
1947-48. W a sh in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r,
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , 1949.
F re e.

51 p p .; p r o c e s se d .

Wage Movements— Changes in 1948, War and Postwar
Trends. W a sh in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r,
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s ,
p r o c e s se d . F r e e .

194 9 .

3 7 p p ., c h a r ts;

Union Wages and Hours, Building Trades, July 1, 1948.
W a sh in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f
L a b o r S ta tis tic s , 1949. 4 9 p p ., c h a r ts.
(B u ll. N o .
9 5 1 . ) 25 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s , W a sh ­
in g to n .

Union Wages and Hours: Local Transit Operating Employ­
ees, October 1, 1948. W a sh in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t
o f L a b o r, B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , 1949. 7 p p .
(B u ll. N o . 9 5 7 .)
10 c e n ts, S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u ­
m e n ts, W a sh in g to n .

Wage Structure, Metalworking Industries, 1945: Hourly
Earnings and Supplementary Wage Practices in 14
Industries. W a sh in g to n , U . S. D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r,
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s , 1949. 99 p p .
(B u ll. N o .
9 5 2 . ) 4 0 c e n ts,
S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n ts ,
W a sh in g to n .

Salary Scale and Hours of Work for Certain City Employees.

Unemployment Insurance
Defenses Against Unemployment.
W a sh in g to n (1 2 0 5
R e se a r c h R e p o r ts,
N o . 8.)
$1.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 9 th
1949.

B y R . K . M c N ic k le .
S tr e e t N W .) ,
E d ito r ia l
18 p p .
(V o l. I, 1949,

A lb a n y , N e w Y o r k S t a t e C o n fer en ce o f M a y o r s ,
B u r e a u o f M u n ic ip a l I n fo r m a tio n , D e c e m b e r 15, 194 8 .
2 8 p p .; p r o c essed .
(R e p o r t N o . 3 0 8 1 .)
M in im u m a n d m a x im u m sa la r ie s, a n n u a l in c r e m e n ts,
a n d n u m b e r o f h o u rs w o r k e d p er w e e k in sp ec ifie d c itie s
o f N e w Y o r k S ta te , b y o c c u p a tio n .

PUBLICATIONS OF LABOR INTEREST

312

Wages, Hours, and Working Conditions in the Pulp and
Paper and Paper Box Industries, [Canada], October
1948. (In L a b o r G a z e tte , D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r,
O tta w a , J u n e 1 9 49, p p . 7 5 1 - 7 6 2 .

10 c e n ts.)

Wage Control in Germany. B y M a r tin S to lle r a n d J o se p h
S. Z eisel.
(In C o n fer en ce B o a r d B u s in e s s R e co r d ,
N a t io n a l I n d u s tr ia l C o n fer en ce B o a r d , I n c .,
Y o r k , J u n e 1 9 4 9 , p p . 2 3 8 - 2 4 3 , 2 4 9 , c h a r t.)

N ew

Regelingen Van Lonen en Andere Arbeidsvoorwaarden in
Nederland op 1 Januari 1948. U tr e c h t, C e n tr a a l
B u r e a u V o o r d e S ta tis tie k , 1948. 119 p p .
C o n ta in s in fo r m a tio n o n t h e r e g u la tio n o f w a g e s a n d
o th e r la b o r c o n d itio n s in t h e N e th e r la n d s , a n d d e ta ile d
d a t a o n w a g e r a te s a n d su p p le m e n ta r y a llo w a n c e s in
v a r io u s in d u str ie s, a s o f J a n u a r y 1, 1948. A n E n g lish
tr a n s la tio n o f t h e ta b le o f c o n te n ts is p r o v id e d .

Miscellaneous
Labor Under Review: 1948.

B y M e lv in J. V in c e n t.
(In
S o c io lo g y a n d S o c ia l R e se a r c h , L o s A n g ele s, M a y J u n e 1 9 4 9 , p p . 3 3 1 - 3 4 1 . 70 c e n ts.)
A b r ief g e n e ra l r e v ie w is fo llo w e d b y a m o n th -b y -m o n th
c h r o n o lo g y o f t h e p r in c ip a l la b o r e v e n t s in t h e U n it e d

S t a t e s d u rin g 1948.

Yearbook of Labor Statistics, 1947—48-

G e n e v a , I n te r ­
n a tio n a l L a b o r O ffice,
1949. x v , 3 0 3 p p . I n
E n g lish , F re n c h , S p a n ish . $3 . D is t r ib u t e d in U n ite d
S ta te s b y W a s h in g to n B r a n c h o f IL O .

Wages, Employment, and Personnel Problems in a Changing
Economy, with a Paper on Human Relations Re-


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

M ONTHLY LABOR

search.

N e w Y o r k , A m e r ic a n M a n a g e m e n t A s s o c ia ­
tio n , 1 9 4 9 . 71 p p .
(P r o d u c t io n S e r ie s, N o . 18 7 .)

Wages, Prices, Profits.

P r e p a r e d fo r 3 3 d A n n u a l M e e t ­
in g o f C o n fe r e n c e B o a r d , M a y 25, 194 9 .
N ew
Y o r k , N a t io n a l I n d u s t r ia l C o n fe r e n c e B o a r d , I n c .,
1 9 4 9 . 32 p p ., c h a r ts.
75 c e n ts .

Handbook on the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands.
W a s h in g to n , U . S. N a v y D e p a r t m e n t , O ffice o f t h e
C h ie f o f N a v a l O p e r a tio n s , 1 9 4 8 . 311 p p ., b ib lio g ­
raphy, m ap.
$ 1 .5 0 , S u p e r in te n d e n t o f D o c u m e n t s ,
W a s h in g to n .
I n c lu d e s c h a p te r s o n p o p u la tio n , s o c ia l c o n d itio n s , la n d
a n d la b o r , r e s o u r c e s a n d t h e ir u t iliz a t io n , h e a lt h a n d
s a n it a t io n , a n d e d u c a tio n .
I n v ie w o f t h e p a u c it y o f
in fo r m a tio n o n t h i s a r ea , t h e h a n d b o o k is a v a lu a b le
so u r c e fo r in f o r m a t io n o n t h e e c o n o m y o f t h e is la n d s ,
m e th o d s o f w o r k , a n d tr a in in g a n d a d a p t a t io n o f t h e
is la n d e r s to w e s te r n w a y s .

Spravochnik Profsoyuznogo Rabotnika (H a n d b o o k o f t h e
T r a d e - U n io n W o r k e r ).
M o sc o w , P r o fiz d a t (T r a d e U n io n P u b lis h in g H o u s e ) , 19 4 9 . 7 0 3 p p . (2 d e d .)
15 r u b le s.
D e s ig n e d fo r t h e u s e o f w o r k e r s in t h e v a r io u s S o v ie t
tr a d e -u n io n o r g a n iz a tio n s , t h is h a n d b o o k is a c o m p ila tio n
o f e x c e r p ts or fu ll t e x t s o f S o v ie t la b o r la w s a n d tr a d e u n io n r e s o lu tio n s a n d d ir e c tiv e s . T h e m a te r ia l is
p r e s e n te d u n d e r e ig h t m a jo r s u b j e c t h e a d in g s : W a g e s,
p r o t e c t io n o f w o r k e rs, so c ia l in su r a n c e , t r a d e -u n io n
o r g a n iz a tio n , c u ltu r a l a n d e d u c a tio n a l w o r k , p h y s ic a l
c u ltu r e a n d sp o r ts , liv in g c o n d itio n s , a n d fin a n c ia l
a c t iv it ie s .

Current Labor Statistics
A»—Employment and Pay Rolls
315 Table A -l: Estimated total labor force classified by employment status, hours
worked, and sex
316 Table A-2: Wage and salary workers in nonagricultural establishments, by industry
division
316 Table A-3: Wage and salary workers in manufacturing industries, by major industry
group
317 Table A-4: Wage and salary workers in nonagricultural establishments for selected
States
318 Table A-5: Wage and salary workers in manufacturing industries, by State
319 Table A-6: Production workers in manufacturing industries
322 Table A-7: Indexes of production-worker employment in manufacturing industries
324 Table A-8: Indexes of production-worker weekly pay rolls in manufacturing
industries
327 Table A-9: Employees in selected nonmanufacturing industries
328 Table A-10: Indexes of employment in selected nonmanufacturing industries
328 Table A -ll: Indexes of weekly pay rolls in selected nonmanufacturing industries
329 Table A-12: Federal civilian employment by branch and agency group
330 Table A-13: Federal civilian pay rolls by branch and agency group
331 Table A -14: Civilian Government employment and pay rolls in Washington,
D. C., by branch and agency group
332 Table A-15: Personnel and pay in military branch of Federal Government

B.—Labor Turn-Over
332 Table B -P Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in manufacturing
industries, by class of turn-over
333 Table B-2: Monthly labor turn-over rates (per 100 employees) in selected
groups and industries

C.—Earnings and Hours
335 Table C -l: Hours and gross earnings in manufacturing and nonmanufacturing
industries
346 Table C-2: Hours and gross earnings of production workers in manufacturing in­
dustries for selected States and areas
349 Table C-3: Average hourly earnings, gross and exclusive of overtime, of production
workers in manufacturing industries
349 Table C-4: Gross average weekly earnings of production workers in selected in­
dustries, in current and 1939 dollars
350 Table C-5: Gross and net spendable average weekly earnings of production
workers in manufacturing industries, in current and 1939 dollars
350 Table C-6: Earnings and hours of contract construction workers, by type of
contractor


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

313

CURRENT LABOR STATISTICS

314

MONTHLY LABOR

D.—Prices and Cost of Living
352 Table D -l: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families in large cities, by
group of commodities
353 Table D-2: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city, for
selected periods
354 Table D-3: Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families, by city and
group of commodities
355 Table D-4: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by group, for selected periods
356 Table D-5: Indexes of retail prices of foods, by city
357 Table D-6: Average retail prices and indexes of selected foods
358 Table D-7: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group of commodities, for selected
periods
Hi
359 Table D-8: Indexes of wholesale prices, by group and subgroup of commodities

E.—Work Stoppages
360 Table E -l: Work stoppages resulting from labor-management disputes

F.—Building and Construction
360 Table F -l: Expenditures for new construction
361 Table F-2: Value of contracts awarded and force-account work started on federally
financed new construction, by type of construction
362 Table F-3: Urban building authorized, by principal class of construction and by
type of building
363 Table F-4: New nonresidential building authorized in all urban places, by general
type and by geographic division
364 Table F-5: Number and construction cost of new permanent nonfarm dwelling units
started, by urban or rural location, and by source of funds

N o te .— T h e O cto b er 1949 is s u e o f t h e M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w w ill c o n ta in employment and hours and earnings in fo r m a tio n
fo r a n e w lis tin g o f m a n u fa c tu r in g in d u s tr ie s b a s e d o n t h e n e w S ta n d a r d In d u s tr ia l C la ss ific a tio n str u c tu r e . T h a t
c la s sific a tio n s y s t e m , c u r r e n tly b e in g a d o p te d b y a n u m b e r o f G o v e r n m e n t a g e n c ie s, r ed efin e s a n u m b e r o f in d u s tr ie s
a n d s e t s u p n e w in d u s tr ia l g r o u p in g s. T h e n e w se r ie s w ill a lso in c o r p o r a te t h e r e c la s sific a tio n o f in d iv id u a l e s t a b lis h ­
m e n t s t o r eflec t p o s tw a r p r o d u c t or a c t iv it y , in c o n tr a s t t o t h e p rew a r b a s is n o w in u se. I n a d d itio n , a n e w m e th o d
fo r d e r iv in g p r o d u c tio n -w o r k e r e m p lo y m e n t w ill b e in s t it u t e d . T h e r e v ise d d a ta w ill, th e r efo r e, r e s u lt in im p r o v e d
c o m p a r a b ility w ith o th e r e c o n o m ic se r ie s. O w in g t o t h e e x te n s iv e r e v isio n s n o w u n d e r w a y , it w ill b e n e c e s sa r y to
o m it t h e J u n e 1949 d e ta ile d e m p lo y m e n t a n d h o u rs a n d e a rn in g s s t a t is t ic s for in d iv id u a l in d u str ie s fr o m t h e S e p ­
te m b e r is s u e o f th e M o n t h ly L a b o r R e v ie w . J u n e d a ta a re n o t a v a ila b le , in t h is is s u e , for T a b le s A - 8 , A - 9 , A - 1 0 ,
and A - l l .
S u m m a r y s h e e ts sh o w in g a ll e m p lo y e e s , p r o d u c tio n w o rk ers, a v e r a g e w e e k ly h o u rs, a n d a v e r a g e w e e k ly a n d h o u r ly ea rn ­
in g s b y m o n th fr o m J a n u a r y 19 4 7 w ill b e a v a ila b le a fte r S e p te m b e r 1 o n r e q u e st to t h e B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
S u c h r e q u e s ts sh o u ld s p e c ify t h e in d u str ie s fo r w h ic h r e v ise d d a ta are d esired .


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

315

A: Employment and Pay Rolls
T able A -l: Estimated Total Labor Force Classified by Employment Status, Hours Worked, and Sex
Estimated number of persons 14 years of age and over 1 (in thousands)
Labor force

1949
July

2

June

M ay

Apr.

1948
Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.*

Oct.

Sept.*

Aug.

July*

Total, both sexes
Total labor force *...................................................

65,278
65, 278

64,866

63,452

62,327

62,305

61,896

61, 546

62,828

63,138

63,166

63, 578

64, 511

65,135

Civilian labor force____________________
Unemployment_____ ______ ______ I.
Em ploym ent...................... ....................
Nonagricultural...............................
Worked 36 hours or more___
Worked 16-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours 4________
W ith a Job but not at work *.
Agricultural ....................................
Worked 36 hours or more___
Worked 16-34 hours................
Worked 1-14 hours 4________
With a Job but not at work «.

63,815
4.095
59,720
50,073
27,686
14,701
1,438
6,247
9,647
7,326
1,871
262
189

63,398
3,778
59,619
49,924
40,924
5,425
1,525
2,051
9,696
7,400
1,952
228
116

61. 983
3,289
58,694
49,720
41,315
5,073
1,778
1,554
8,974
7,159
1,474
211
130

60, 835
3,016
57,819
49,999
40,761
5,913
1,888
1,438
7,820
5,656
1,700
243
221

60,814
3,167
57, 647
50, 254
40, 761
5, 964
1,944
1,585
7,393
4, 973
1,833
357
231

60,388
3,221
57,167
50,174
40, 830
5,737
1,876
1,730
6,993
4,591
1,776
367
260

60,078
2,664
57,414
50, 651
41,314
5, 533
1,899
1,907
6, 763
4, 299
1,725
392
345

61,375
1,941
69, 434
52,059
43,425
5,303
1,844
1,488
7,376
5,235
1,680
265
196

61, 724
1,831
59,893
51, 932
40,036
8, 469
1,877
1,549
7, 961
5,485
1,997
279

61, 775
1,642
60,134
51,506
42, 451
5, 747
1, 726
1, 583
8, 627
6,811
1, 455
223
140

62, 212
1,899
60,312
51, 590
30,372
17,149
1,596
2,472
8, 723
6,705
1,636
218
165

63,186
l ’ 941
6i; 245
52; 801
42,306
4,811
L 447
4,239
8, 444

63,842
2, 227
6l| 615
52, 452
32; 404
12; 147
1,' 394
6Î 508
9,163
i , Oil
1,767
'203
184

201

6,122
1,669
' 249
405

Males
Total labor force *______ ___ ____ _______

46,712

46,282

45,337

45,143

45,000

44,721

44,614

45,012

45,182

45, 229

45,453

46, 525

46,715

Civilian labor force.......................................
U nem ploym ent___________ _______
E m ploym ent.............. .............................
N onagricultural..............................
Worked 36 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours *________
With a Job but not at work ».
Agricultural.......................................
Worked 36 hours or more____
Worked 15-34 hours________
Worked 1-14 hours 4________
With a Job but not at work *_

45, 267
2,845
42,422
34,799
20,820
9,604
651
3,723
7,623
6,356
916
185
168

44,832
2,598
42,233
34, 796
29,889
3,004
629
1,274
7,438
6,453
731
148
105

43,886
2,366
41,521
34,411
29,813
2,766
780
1,052
7,109
6,249
610
134
115

43, 668
2,205
41,463
34,714
29, 621
3,237
825
1,032
6,749
5,372
1,023
153
201

43, 525
2,433
41,092
34,622
29, 425
3,286
802
1,109
6,470
4,738
1,294
223
216

43, 229
2,417
40, 812
34,689
29,425
3,199
825
1,239
6,123
4, 344
1,263
270
246

43,161
, on
41,160
35,193
29, 888
3, 075
879
1,352
5, 957
4,102
1,261
275
338

43, 573
1,411
42,162
35,991
31, 469
2,678
763
1,082
6,171
4,813
1,046
143
170

43, 782
1,231
42, 551
36,079
29, 442
4,719
808

43, 851
1,088
42, 763
36,016
31,081
3,092
711
1,132
6,747
5, 772
738
124
114

44,101
1,251
42,850
35,960
23,115
10, 577
646
1,622
6,890
5,858
743
138
151

45,215
1,326
43| 889
36,836
3i; 226
2, 599
'563
2,448
7,053
5,663
882
179
330

45,437
il 448
43, 989
36^633
24,344
7; 766
’ 563
3,962
7; 356
6; 152
'903
145
157

2

1,110

6, 472
5,007

1,120
163
182

Females
Total labor force*____________________

18, 566

18,584

18,115

17,184

17,305

17,175

16,932

17,816

17,956

17,937

18.125

17,986

18,420

Civilian labor force................................. ..
Unemployment_________ _________
Employm ent___________________ _
Nonagricultural...............................
Worked 36 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours * ........... .
With a job but not at work *
Agricultural......................................
Worked 35 hours or more___
Worked 15-34 hours_______
Worked 1-14 hours 4...............
With a Job but not at work »

18,548
1,250
17,298
15,274
6,860
5,097
787
2, 524
2, 024
970
955
77
21

18, 566
1,180
17,386
15,128
11,035
2,421
896
777
2,258
947
1,221
80
11

18,097
923
17,173
15,309
11,502
2,307
998
502
1,865
910
864
77
15

17,167
811
16,356
15,285
11,140
2,676
1,063
406
1,071
284
677
90
20

17,289
734
16, 555
15,632
11,336
2,678
1.142
476
923
235
539
134
15

17,159
804
16,355
15, 485
11,405
2,538
1,051
491
870
247
513
97
14

16, 917
653
16,264
15,458
11,426
2, 458
1,020
555
806
197
464
117
27

17,802
530
17,272
16,068
11,956
2,625
1,081
406
1,204
422
634
122
26

17, 942
600
17, 342
15, 853
10, 594
3, 750
1,069
439
1,489
478
877
116
19

17,924
554
17,371
15, 490
11,370
2,655
1,015
451
1,880
1,039
717
99
26

18,111
648
17,462
15,630
7, 257
6, 572
950
850
1,833
847
893
80
14

17,971
615
17,356
15; 965
Hi 079
2 ; 212
884
1, 791
1,391
459
787
70
75

18, 405
' 779
17,626
15; 819
8,060
4,381
' 831
2, 546
i; 807
859
864
58
27

* jxBuixiuies are suDjeci to sampling variation wnicn may be large in cases
where the quantities shown are relatively small. Therefore, the smaller
estimates should be used with caution. All data exclude persons in institu­
tions. Because of rounding, the individual figures do not necessarily add to
troup totals.
* Census survey week contains legal holiday.
* Total labor force consists of the civilian labor force and the armed forces.


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4 Excludes persons engaged only in incidental unpaid family work (less than
15 hours); these persons are classified as not in the labor force.
* Includes persons who had a job or business, but who did not work during
the census week because of illness, bad weather, vacation, labor dispute, or
because of temporary lay-off with definite instructions to return to work
within 30 days of lay-off. Does not include unpaid family workers.
Source: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.

M ONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

316

T able A-2: Wage and Salary Workers in Nonagricultural Establishments, by Industry Division
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1948

1949
Industry division
July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Sept.

Oct.

Aug.

July

1943

43,509 43, 733 43,670 43, 939 43,893 44,019 44, 350 46,088 45, 739 45,877 45,889 45, 478 45,098
283 16, 461 16, 597 16,697 16,441 16,172
Manufacturing-................................................ 14,951 15,061 15,030 15,332 15,625 15,777 15,890 16, 939
922
952
941
948
938
925
922
914
919
908
' 913
889
M in in g ........ ............................... - ....................
81
82
83
82
82
82
82
81
80
79
80
79
79
Anthracite.------ -----------------------------395
426
422
426
421
423
419
417
409
398
407
401
378
Bituminous coal........................................
103
99
100
99
103
101
100
104
105
104
106
101
98
M e t a l................. - ............ - .......................
97
98
96
98
95
93
87
85
87
91
91
91
92
Quarrying and nonmetallic...................
Crude’ petroleum and natural gas pro>
246
242
246
241
238
240
237
235
235
233
237
242
242
duction 8..................................................
2,239 2, 253 2, 219
Contract construction 8................- ................ 2,149 2,078 2,020 1,941 1,841 1,820 1, 906 2,079 2,162 2,206
3,984 3, 952 3,929 3, 912 3, 956 3, 978 4, 066 4,066 4,091 4,092 4,139 4,136
Z, 970
Transportation and public utilities.—. —
2,832 2,869 2,873
2,809
2,836
2,729
2,809
2,
703
2,702
2,679
2,
663
2
,704
2
,
725
Transportation------ -----------------------745
747
741
740
740
740
734
736
732
731
728
'728
'729
Communication----------------------------618
523
519
515
517
517
517
515
517
522
519
531
537
Other public utilities..............................
9,646
9,
660
9,733
9,
889
9,421 9,520 9, 535 9,683 9, 525 9, 513 9, 625 10, 381 10,034
Trade..................................................................
1,755 i;753 1, 740 1,728 1,717 1, 712 1,716 1,722 1,720 1, 723 1,732 1, 761 1, 754
Finance_______________________________
4,665 4, 634 4,597 4, 560 4, 549 4, 624 4, 044 4,641 4, 647 4,622 4, 646
4 ,623
4 , 641
Service..... ..........................................................
5,751 5', 783 5,820 5, 773 5,762 5,759 5, 761 5, 994 5, 714 5,789 5,801 5, 650 5,604
Government__________________________
1,856 1,875 1,873 1, 855 1,837
Federal........................................................ 1,905 1,909 1, 898 1,885 1,877 1, 877 1,876 2,156
3,914 3,928 3, 795 3, 767
State and local-------------------------------- 3; 846 3,874 3,922 3, 888 3,885 3, 882 3, 885 3,838 3,858

1939

Total employment............- ............... ..............

3,089

Security Agency data tnrougn
ana nave Deen uarneu luiwmu u um
bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Data for the three
most recent months are subject to revision.
8 Includes well drilling and rig building.
.
8 These figures cover all employees of private firms whose major activity is
construction. They are not directly comparable with the construction em­
ployment series presented in table 2, p. 1111, of the June 1947 issue of this
publication, which include self-employed persons, working proprietors, and
force-account workers and other employees of nonconstruction firms or public
bodies who engage in construction work, as well as all employees of con­
struction firms. An article presenting this other construction employment
series appeared in the August 1947 issue of this publication, and will appear
quarterly thereafter!

i The Bureau of Labor Statistics series of employment in nonagricultural
establishments are based upon reports submitted by cooperating establish­
ments and therefore differ from employment information obtained by house­
hold interviews, such as the M onthly Beport on the Labor Force (table A -l)
in several important respects. The Bureau of Labor Statistics data cover
all full- and part-time wage and salary workers in private nonagricultural
establishments who worked or received pay during the pay period ending
nearest the 15th of the month, in Federal establishments during the pay
period ending just before the first of the month, and in State and local govern­
ment during the pay period ending on or just before the last of the month.
Persons who worked in more than one establishment during the reporting
period would be counted more than once. Proprietors, self-employed per­
sons, domestic servants, unpaid family workers, and personnel of the armed
forces are excluded. Data have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal

T able A-3: Wage and Salary Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by Major Industry Group1
[In thousands]
Annual
average

1948

1949
Major industry group
July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1943

17,381
14,951 15,061 15, 030 15,332 15,625 15, 777 15,890 16,283 16, 461 16, 597 16,697 16, 441 16,172 10,
297
7' 309 7', 430 7, 451 7,656 7,807 7,898 8, 005 8, 222 8, 303 8,318 8, 294 8,188 8,165 7,084
7,642 7', 631 7 , 579 7 , 676 7,818 7, 879 7,885 8,061 8,158 8,279 8,403 8,253 8,007
1, 897 2,034
Iron and stool and their products.—............. 1,665 1,708 1,736 1,787 1,836 1,868 1,892 1,935 1,952 1, 955 1,945 1,928
914
714
716
725
731
735
730
699
'664
715
684
640
' 631
624
Electrical m a ch in ery -....................................
1, 585
Machinery, except electrical .............. ........... 1,306 1,338 1,387 1,441 1,487 1, 515 1,536 1, 560 1, 563 1,569 1,569 1, 564 1, 571
Transportation equipment, except automo­
542
561 2,951
572
583
588
588
577
580
565
575
554
547
544
biles...... .................... .......................................
845
984
953
985
982
977
952
972
980
902
961
960
958
978
Automobiles—........................... .......................
525
457
465
469
474
473
468
449
439
455
425
409
413
394
Nonferrous metals and their products.........
912
589
930
930
908
918
793
799
870
803
800
825
846
820
Lumber and timber basic products---------429
542
552
562
558
562
552
527
513
518
529
503
503
495
Furniture and finished lumber products...
422
527
541
538
545
544
539
518
526
497
509
491
490
483
Stone, clay, and glass products.....................

All manufacturing-----Durable goods-----Nondurable goods.

Textile-mill products and other fiber manu­
factures...................................... - ................ .
Apparel and other finished textile products.
Leather and leather products...................
Food..............................- .................................... .
Tobacco manufactures.....................................
Paper and allied products------- ------ -------Printing, publishing, and allied industries..
Chemicals and allied products................—
Products of petroleum and coal....................
Rubber products.........................................—
Miscellaneous industries..............................

1,160
1,243
' 402
1,891
96
454
720
710
238
213
515

1,205
l' 231
'397
1,814
97
460
724
722
240
219
522

1,206
L 244
388
1, 740
96
462
723
737
239
221
523

1,219
1,307
403
1,707
95
464
724
759
237
227
534

1,272
1,365
412
1,694
96
470
725
774
237
232
541

i Data include all full- and part-time production and nonproduction
workers in manufacturing industries who worked or received pay during the
pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. Data have been adjusted


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1,313
1, 366
412
1, 694
96
476
727
777
237
235
546

1,323
1,310
410
1,723
96
481
729
784
238
240
551

1,358
1,327
409
1, 792
100
491
738
788
240
246
572

1,368
1,340
408
1,840
103
493
734
790
242
249
591

1,371
1,353
421
1,931
103
491
735
789
240
248
597

1,384
1, 348
425
2,069
101
487
725
785
245
246
588

1,397
1,329
429
1,957
99
479
720
775
246
245
577

1,364
1, 235
421
1,903
96
476
716
751
247
240
558

1,330
1,080
378
1,418
103
389
549
873
170
231
563

1939
10,078
4,357
Ö, 720
1,171
355
690
193
466
283
465
385
349
1, 235
«94
383
1,192
105
320
561
421
147
150
313

to levels indicated by Federal Security Agency data through 1946 and have
been carried forward from 1946 bench-mark levels, thereby providing^ con­
sistent series. Data for the three most recent months are subject to revision.

317

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

T able A-4: Wage and Salary Workers in Nonagricultural Establishments for Selected States1
[In thousands]
1949

Region and State

N ew England:
Maine- ______________
Vermont2____ ______
Massachusetts_______
Rhode I s la n d ______C on n ecticu t___ _____
M iddle Atlantic:
N ew York____________
N ew Jersey___________
Pennsylvania_________
East North Central:
Indiana______________
Illinois_______________
W isconsin,- ______ .
West North Central:
Minnesota____________
Missouri______________
Kansas_______________
South Atlantic:
Maryland _____ _____
Georgia. ______ . . . .
East South Central:
Tennessee.....................
West South Central:
Arkansas_____ ______
Oklahoma__________ _
Texas________________
Mountain:
M ontana_____________
Idaho _______________
W yo m in g____________
New M exico..
-----Arizona_______________
U tah_________________
N evada2______________
Pacific:
W ashington__________
California____________

1948
June

M ay

277
101
1,714
287
772

268
101
1,731
289
778

256
99
1,720
288
777

301
91
1,734
313
799

5, 618
1, 599
3, 627

5, 559
1,589
3,586

5, 570
1,592
3,609

5,521
1,576
3, 579

5,268
1,732
3,480

1. 237
3, 218
1, 018

1,203
3,195
1,007

1, 205
3,185
1,016

1,207
3,174
993

1,197
3,126
977

1,191
2,957
885

813
1,150
452

825
1,140
455

823
1,138
451

813
1,138
447

803
1,138
447

782
1,128
438

666
1,081
464

719
753

720
749

714
747

707
736

707
742

698
739

756
733

754

757

756

745

744

741

669

301
477
1,767

300
476
1, 758

297
468
1, 746

295
466
1,740

296
468
1,725

292
459
1,702

277
436
1,644

143
134
83
130
155
191
48

143
133
87
133
154
195
49

142
123
87
132
154
189
50

141
123
85
131
155
189
50

139
120
82
130
155
184
*50

136
118
75
128
155
180
48

117
101
64
95
142
2 187
55

704
3,123

707
3,162

693
3,147

687
3,109

*686
3,078

648
3,046

726
3,065

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

254
96
1, 623
704

245
94
1, 624
259
709

242
93
1, 636
263
721

243
93
1, 645
267
729

248
94
1,662
273
739

251
95
1,680
276
751

264
99
1,755
288
781

263
99
1,728
289
778

268
100
1,733
289
780

278
101
1, 735
290
780

281
102
1,726
286
774

5, 418
1, 504
5,418

5,421
1,503
5,421

5,437
1,516
3,533

5, 429
1, 520
3, 540

5,454
1,523
3,549

5, 481
1,538
3,581

5,699
1,586
3,701

5, 649
1,585
3, 671

5,661
1,594
3,668

5,653
1.604
3,660

1,145
3, 065
972

1,144
3,068
960

1,158
3,091
959

1,154
3, 086
957

1,165
3,112
961

1,176
3,157
971

1,225
3,256
1,006

1,215
3, 230
1,000

1,220
3.228
1,003

786
1,096
449

780
1,097
442

768
1,099
436

763
1, 096
434

767
1, 096
431

775
1,109
436

809
1,154
457

813
1,141
452

679
709

680
713

683
722

687
726

690
727

699
730

723
753

723
751

714

716

718

715

715

722

751

749

284
461

285
463
1,738

286
464
1,749

286
462
1,742

284
458
1,744

289
460
1, 752

305
483
1,808

299
475
1, 778

143
123
81
133
146
184
49

142
120
77
131
151
182
47

139
118
75
130
153
181
47

137
117
73
129
153
174
45

135
115
73
130
154
169
45

137
121
74
130
154
168
46

142
129
78
132
159
184
48

142
131
79
130
156
186
48

670
2, 991

662
2,988

662
2,987

653
2,963

641
2,970

646
2, 996

688
3,117

692
3,086

1 Revised data in all except the first three columns are identified by an
asterisk for the first month’s publication of such data. Comparable series,
January 1943 to date, are available upon request to U. S. Department of
Labor or cooperating State agency. See table A-5 for addresses of cooperating
State agencies.

Annual
average
1943

' July

3 Does not include contract construction,
3 Average for 1943 may not be strictly comparable with current data.

N o t e .— E x p la n a to r y n o t e s o u tlin in g b riefly t h e c o n c e p ts , m e th o d o lo g y , s iz e of t h e r e p o r tin g sa m p le , a n d
so u r c e s u sed in p r e p a r in g d a ta p r e se n te d in ta b le s A - 2 th r o u g h A - 1 5 a re c o n ta in e d in t h e B u r e a u ’s m o n t h ly m im e o ­
g r a p h e d r e le a s e , “ E m p lo y m e n t a n d P a y R o lls — D e ta ile d R e p o r t ,” w h ic h is a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e st.


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A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

318

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able A-5: Wage and Salary Workers in Manufacturing Industries, by State1
[In thousands]
1948

1949
Region and State
June

M ay

Apr.

New England:
98.4
Maine 3_______________________ 102.8
98.3
72.5
New Hampshire 3........... ................
71.3
72.3
32.1
V erm ont3____________________
32.0
33.0
629.6
Massachusetts.................................
636.1
655.5
Rhode Island......... .......................
119.0
122.4
C onnecticut3________________
332.6
354.4
340.3
Middle Atlantic:
New York 3__________________ 1, 686. 9 1, 706.1 1,742.8
New Jersey____ _______ _______ 654.2
658.8
675.2
Pennsylvania_________________ 1,330.8 1,362. 7 1,393. 2
East North Central:
Ohio..... .............................................
1,101.1 1,131.4
500.4 ' 499. 7 ' 512.6
Indian a...____________________
I llin o is -......................... .................. 1,117.0 1,125.5 1,147.6
Michigan_____________________
900.2
925.2
Wisconsin 3___________________
398.3
393.2
399.0
West North Central:
188.0
185.9
Minnesota 3__________________
185.7
142.2
Io w a 3________________________ 142.6
144.8
M issouri3____ ________ ________ 330.9
328.3
330.6
North D a k o ta ________ _______
6. 4
6.5
South Dakota....................... ...........
11.6
11.5
39. 7
Nebraska_________ ____ ____ _
41.0
K ansas3............................................
87.5
86.2
86.0
South Atlantic:
Delaware................................. .........
44.6
44.2
44.5
Maryland________________ ____
211.1
208.6
212.1
District of Columbia__________
17. 5
17.0
Virginia________ ____ _________ 196.1
195.7
200.5
West Virginia______ ______ ____
120. 2
123.5
North Carolina3_______________ 365.9
366.5
374.1
South Carolina________________
181. 5
184.7
Georgia3........ .............. __
_
249.2
251.9
259.7
Florida3______________________
88.8
92.2
91.0
East South Central:
Kentucky____________________
116.8
119. 5
Tennessee 3___________________
226.5
228.6
231.2
A labam a3____________________
203.6
207.6
212.1
M ississippi...... ................................
75.1
75.0
West South Central:
Arkansas3____________ _____
70.8
71.4
72.5
Louisiana 3_________ ________
147.5
148.0
147.4
Oklahoma3..60.8
61.3
61.7
Texas______________ ____ ____
338.7
333.0
331.8
Mountain:
M ontana_____________
18.1
17.4
17.2
Idaho 3........ .............. 20.1
18.4
17.3
W yom ing3_________ . . .
6.3
6.0
5.9
Colorado__________________ . . .
51.4
51.2
New Mexico 3__________
10. X
9.8
9.4
Arizona 3_____
14.1
15.5
15.6
Utah 3______________ 27.2
26.7
26.6
N evada3__ _
3.2
3.1
3.1
Pacific:
Washington3_____________ _
174.2
170.9
171.8
Oregon_________________
105. 6
103. 7
California _____ _ . . .
698.6
697.0
701.3

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

102.0
75.2
34.0
675.8
128. 2
367.4

106.3
77.7
35.0
690.8
134.3
379.0

107.8
77.5
35.4
696.7
136.1
387.6

109.9
78.2
36.3
715.5
139.5
394.2

110.6
79.5
36.7
722.8
142.1
399.8

113.3
81.2
36.9
727.9
142.8
400.6

120.4
81.8
37.3
731.3
144.7
399.9

121.5
82.2
37.9
725.6
144.1
396.3

117.1
81.8
37.1
710.0
144.8
394.7

111.8
81.5
37.8
726.1
146. 5
402.5

144.4
77.0
41.3
835.6
169.4
504.2

1, 790. 0 1, 809. 0 1,807. 8 1, 853.1 1, 884.7 1, 896.9 1,900. 0 1, 878. 4 1,818. 4 1, 842.7
740.9
747.8
750.4
743. 9
732. 8
707.2
724.7
741.8
702.3
694.9
1, 429. 8 1, 447. 0 1, 461. 7 1, 498.9 1, 504.0 1, 508.1 1, 508.1 1, 498. 0 1, 481. 2 1, 495. 4

2,115.7
951.1
1, 579.3

1,163. 7 1,180. 5 1,190. 6 1,210. 4 1, 224. 6 1, 226. 5 1,231.8 1,224. 5 1, 216. 4 1, 228. 2
545. 8
569.4
542.7
544.1
551. 6
545.5
533.5
542.9
519.4
528.0
1,171.1 1,191.7 1,211.5 1,234. 5 1, 242. 7 1, 243.3 1, 243.8 1,231.0 1, 227. 4 1, 228. 7
993.4
1,002.0 1,004.9
988.5
987.8
996.8
962.7
972. 9
941. 6
947. 4
430.7
426.5
431.8
447.9
445.9
434.5
429.7
411.4
415.5
407.8

1,363.3
633.1
1, 263.7
1,181. 8
442.8

189.0
149.9
337.8
6. 5
11.8
40. 9
86.0

189.7
152.3
338.9
6. 4
11. 6
41.6
86.0

191.7
153.9
342.0
6.6
11.7
42. 4
86.6

197.5
155.9
345.5
6.6
12.0
42.9
87.8

200.8
153.8
347.2
6.9
12.2
44.1
87.8

201.9
153.8
349.8
7.0
11.9
43.6
88.3

210.2
153.9
347.3
6.8
11.6
42.4
87.5

210.0
153.0
349.1
6.9
11.7
43.1
87.6

206.6
152.1
345.7
7.0
11. 8
43.6
87.6

203.3
149.8
343.9
7.1
11.9
43.0
87.6

215.1
161.7
412.9
5. 6
10.3
60.8
144.2

44.4
215. 6
17.1
204.1
126. 6
381.8
188.0
263.5
96.6

44.8
218.0
16. 8
205.9
128 4
392.3
190. 9
265. 7
99.5

44.5
219.1
16. 7
206.3
129. 6
394.2
188. 8
266.6
99.3

44.8
227.7
17.1
211.3
132.3
403.0
193.0
271.7
99.7

45.2
233.0
17.0
215.5
132.7
407.9
193.6
277.6
97.3

46.3
235.3
16.9
218.4
134.1
415.8
193.8
279.9
90.7

48.9
242.4
17.0
217.7
132.9
421.8
194.3
279.4
89.9

48.2
239.2
16.7
214.5
133.7
421.5
196.9
280.1
88.2

46.6
232.8
17.2
211.5
133.3
391.5
195. 8
273.6
88.0

46.6
229.4
17.1
211.1
133.9
413.5
200. 5
276.3
90.0

55.2
348.8
15. 6
231.9
132. 2
399.9
191. 8
302.9
136.0

120. 2
234.3
218.9
79.7

121. 7
237.4
220.8
81.2

122. 7
237.0
223.3
83.5

126.8
246.6
224.8
86.6

128. 6
252.1
228.7
87.0

129. 2
258.0
229.1
87.2

128.1
258.1
227.1
87.4

127. 4
260.4
228.3
90.6

126.8
256.9
228.9
91.3

127.0
256. 9
227.4
89.5

131.7
255.9
258.5
95.1

72.4
147.1
62.8
336.2

70.9
147.4
63.5
337.9

74.7
148.6
64.3
343.1

77.1
150.9
66.7
353.3

79.0
152.6
67.4
358.0

80.2
153.6
67.9
352.8

79.5
155.7
67.2
351.4

79.6
155.6
66.9
353.6

78.8
150.0
66.7
352.9

79.0
148.8
68.9
354.8

76.7
166.1
99.7
424.8

17.1
16.8
5.9
52.3
9.0
15.2
25.9
3.1

16.9
16.7
6.0
52.7
8.9
14.8
25.5
3.1

16.9
18.0
6.1
53.5
8.9
14.6
25.5
3.2

18.1
20.9
6.4
55.9
8.9
15.2
27.7
3.3

18.6
23.4
7.1
59.2
9.3
15.1
30.9
3.4

18.8
26.0
7.3
60.2
9.5
14.8
31.6
3.4

18.1
24.8
6.7
58.3
9.8
13.8
32.8
3.5

18.0
20.1
6.9
56.9
9.8
15.1
29.1
3.6

18.1
20.6
6.9
56.5
9.8
15.8
29.4
3.4

17.7
18.8
6.8
56.3
9.5
15.4
26.7
3.5

15.7
15.9
5.1
67.5
7.9
19.4
33.5
7.9

170.4
102. 2
691. 3

163.4
102. 1
694. Ö

163.5
102.9
704.0

174.5
109 9
727.1

184.8
113 3
738.3

192.9
118 8
769.2

192.8
121.5
802.9

183.7
121.2
772.8

180.6
117.3
742.1

164.2
112.8
714.1

285.6
192.1
1,165.5

1 Revised data in all except the first three columns are identified by an
asterisk for the first month’s publication of such data. Comparable series,
January 1943 to date, are available upon request to U . S. Department of Labor
or cooperating State agency listed below.
2 Average for 1943 may not be strictly comparable with current data for
those States now based on Standard Industrial Classification.
3 Series based on Standard Industrial Classification.
C o o p e r a tin g S ta te A g e n c ie s :

Alabama—Department of Industrial Relations, Montgomery 5.
Arizona—Unemployment Compensation Division, Employment Secu­
rity Commission, Phoenix.
Arkansas—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor,
Little Rock.
California—D ivision of Labor Statistics and Research, Department of
Industrial Relations, San Francisco 3.
Connecticut—Employment Security Division, Department of Labor
and Factory Inspection, Hartford 15.
Delaware—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1, Pa.
Florida—Unemployment Compensation Division, Industrial Commis­
sion, Tallahassee.
Georgia—Employment Security Agency, Department of Labor, Atlanta 3.
Idaho—Employment Security Agency, Industrial Accident Board,
Boise.
Illinois—Department of Labor, Chicago 1.
Indiana—Employment Security Division, Indianapolis 4.
Iowa—Employment Security Commission, Des Moines 9.
Kansas—Employment Security Division, State Labor Department
Topeka.
Kentucky—Department of Economic Security, Frankfort.
Louisiana—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Baton Rouge 4.
Maine—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Augusta
Maryland—Department of Employment Security, Baltimore 2.
Massachusetts—Division of Statistics, Department of Labor and In­
dustries, Boston 10.
Michigan—Department of Labor and Industry, Lansing 13.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average
1943 3

Mar.

Minnesota—Division of Employment and Security, Department of
Social Security, St. Paul 1.
Mississippi—Employment Security Commission, Jackson.
Missouri—Division of Employment Security, Department of Labor
and Industrial Relations, Jefferson City.
Montana—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Helena.
Nebraska—D ivision of Employment Security, Department of Labor,
Lincoln 1.
Nevada—Employment Security Department, Carson City.
New Hampshire—Unemployment Compensation Division, Bureau of
Labor, Concord.
New Jersey—Department of Labor and Industry, Trenton 8.
New Mexico—Employment Security Commission, Albuquerque.
N ew York—Division of Placement and Unemployment Insurance,
Department of Labor, New York 17.
North Carolina—Department of Labor, Raleigh.
North Dakota—Unemployment Compensation Division, Bismarck.
Oklahoma—Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma City 2.
Pennsylvania—Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, Philadelphia 1
(manufacturing); Bureau of Research and Information, Department
of Labor and Industry, Harrisburg (nonmanufacturing.)
Rhode Island—Division of Census and Information, Department of
Labor, Providence 2.
South Carolina—Employm ent Security Commission, Columbia 10.
South Dakota—Employment Security Department, Aberdeen.
Tennessee—Department of Employment Security, Nashville 3.
Texas—Bureau of Business Research, University of Texas, Austin 12.
Utah—Department of Employment Security, Industrial Commission,
Salt Lake City 13.
Vermont—Unemployment Compensation Commission, Montpelier.
Virginia—D ivision of Research and Statistics, Department of Labor and
Industry, Richmond 21.
Washington—Employment Security Department, Olympia.
West Virginia—Department of Employment Security, Charleston 5.
Wisconsin—Statistical Department, Industrial Commission, Madison 3.
Wyoming—Employment Security Commission, Casper.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

T

able

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

319

A-6: Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
1949

Annual
average

1948

Industry group and industry
July

June

A ll manufacturing____ _____ ____________ 11, 754 11,862
Durable goods.............................................. 5,864 5,980
Nondurable g o o d s..................................... 5,890 5,882

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1943

11,847 12,129 12,404 12,561 12,673 13,059 13,238 13,375 13, 488 13, 245 12,987 14,560
6,002 6,188 6,325 6,420 6,525 6, 736 6,810 6, 822 6.803 6,709 6,681 8! 727
5,845 5, 941 6,079 6,141 6,148 6, 323 6, 428 6,553 6,685 6,536 6, 306 5,834

1939
8,193
3,611
4', 581

D u r a b le goods

Iron and steel and their products_________ 1,380
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling
mills............................................................
Gray-iron and semisteel castings...........
Malleable-iron castings______________
Steel castings_______________________
Cast-iron pipe and fittin g s ....................
T in cans and other tinware.....................
Wire drawn from purchased rods_____ —
Wirework......................................................
Cutlery and edge tools.............................
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools,
files, and saws)____________ _______
Hardware.__________ _______________
Plumbers’ supplies....................................
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equip­
ment, not elsewhere classified______
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus
and steam fittings........... .....................
Stamped and enameled ware and gal­
vanizing___ ______ _______ _________
Fabricated structural and ornamental
m etalwork........................ ............. .........
M etal doors, sash, frames, molding,
and trim.............................. ................... .
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets..............
Forgings, iron and steel............................
Wrought pipe, welded and heavyriveted..................................... .................
Screw-machine products and wood
screws____________ ____ __________
Steel barrels, kegs, and drums..... ...........
Firearms......................................................

1,422 1,449

—

1,498

1,545

1, 574

1,597

1,638

1,654

1,657

1,648

1,631

1,601

1, 761

991

532.8
88.0
30.4
61.1
25.2
42.3
23.6
38.7
20.3

542.8
95.1
31.1
65.4
26.8
42.0
25.6
39.2
21.2

547.3
101.6
33.6
70.5
28.6
42.7
26.9
39.9
21.9

547.6
105.8
34.8
72.3
28.6
43.1
27.7
41.1
22.7

543.0
109.0
36.6
73.8
29.8
44.8
28.5
41.6
23.2

543.0
113.1
39.0
74.9
30.0
46.4
28.7
42.2
24.3

538.1
115.5
38.6
75.1
29.9
47.0
28.7
42.1
25.0

535.0
115. S
38.5
75.0
29.3
48.7
29.1
42.1
24.3

535.1
114.9
38.6
74.7
29.4
50.1
28.6
42.8
23.9

535.8
112.3
37.4
73.1
29.5
49.1
28.4
42.4
22.5

526.5
110.4
36.1
71.8
28.9
47.3
28.0
41.8
21.8

516.7
88.4
28.8
90.1
18.0
32.4
36.0
32.8
21.8

388.4
62.2
19. 3
32.1
17.6
31.8
22.0
30.4
15.4

21.0
44. 4
31.5

22.1
47.2
35.7

23.2
49.3
37.4

23.3
50.8
39.6

24.0
52.1
41.4

24.4
54.2
42.4

24.5
54.1
42.6

24.6
53.8
42.4

24.7
53.5
41.3

24.6
53.0
40.4

24.6
52.2
38.8

27.8
45.3
25.0

15.3
35 7
26.2

56.7

57.5

60.0

61.8

64.0

76.4

87.6

93.3

92.0

88.5

81.8

60.4

49.2

52.0

54.0

57.4

60.0

63.3

65.3

66.1

66.6

65.3

63.9

60.0

64.4

32.3

91.1

95.1

99.9

105.7

106.4

113.5

117.6

116.5

114.3

114.9

116.0

97.0

59.2

63.9

63.5

62.9

64.1

65.0

66.6

65.8

66.3

65.0

64.2

62.5

71.0

35.5

9.3
24.8
34. 4

9.3
26.3
35.8

9.6
27.4
37.0

9.9
28.2
37.6

10.3
28.4
38.1

11.0
28.7
38.4

11.3
28.4
38.2

11.2
28.3
37.4

11.0
28.1
36.9

10.9
27.9
35.3

10.4
28.1
35.1

12.8
31.6
43.6

7.7
15.2
16.4

18.2

18.8

19.3

19.6

19.6

19.5

19.7

19.9

19.8

19.7

19.8

28.4

8.9

29.7
6. 6
22.7

31.6
6.3
23.0

32.9
7.0
22.9

33.8
7.3
22.4

35.1
7.6
22.6

35.7
7.8
22.4

35.9
7.8
22.4

35.5
7.9
22.1

35.0
8.0
21.7

35.1
8.1
21.4

35.2
7.9
21.5

53.8
8.5
71.7

18.0
6.5
5.3

467
309.8
79.9
77.7

486
326.4
80.7
78.7

505
339.8
83. 8
81.3

521
347.4
88.6
85.3

536
354.5
93.6
88.4

552
363.4
97.2
91.8

557
367.9
95.9
93.5

553
367.1
93.1
92.4

548
368.6
89.7
89.7

538
363.9
86.9
87.5

535
362.3
85.9
87.0

Electrical machinery____________________
Electrical equipment________________
Radios and phonographs_____________
Communication equipment__________

451

459

741
497.5
124.1
119.3

259
182.7
44.0
32.5

Machinery, except e le ctric a l........................
Machinery and machine-shop products.
Engines and turbines.................................
Tractors___ ______ __________________
Agricultural machinery, excluding
tractors __________________________
Machine tools___ ______ ____________
Machine-tool accessories_____________
Textile machinery......................................
Pumps and pumping equipment...........
Typewriters_________ ____ __________
Cash registers; adding, and calculating
machines................................... ..............
Washing machines, wringers, and
driers, dom estic....................................
Sewing machines, domestic and in­
dustrial........ .............................................
Refrigerators and refrigeration equip­
m ent...........................................................

970

999 1,045 1,092 1,133 1,158 1,179 1,202 1,204 1,209 1,208 1,202 1,209 1,293
442.8 458.1 476. 6 489.9 499.1 506.0 505.6 506.7 509.0 502.2 505.9 586.0
47. 4
50. 6
49.2
52.3
52.6
52.1
52.5
50.5
51.5
52.4
79.5
51.5
59.5
60. 7
59.8
61.8
61.6
60.9
59.8
59.2
61.1
52.4
60.0
61.4

529
207.6
18.7
31.3

Transportation equipment, except auto­
mobiles................... .........................................
Locomotives............................ ....................
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad_____
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft
e n g in e s ....................................................
Aircraft engines.............................. ............
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding_______
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts............

412

—

415

—

74.1
40.5
47.2
36.4
61. 7
15.2

75.8
41.7
49.8
38.2
63.9
15.0

76.2
42.5
50. 9
40.2
66. 4
15.1

76.0
43.3
52.0
41.0
67.7
16.1

76.5
44.1
53.5
41.2
68.6
16.8

77.1
47.3
54.4
41.6
69.4
18.4

76.2
47.5
54.5
41.6
69.1
18.9

75.9
47.6
54.7
41.6
68.9
20.6

72.8
48.0
55.3
41.8
69.1
21.0

72.6
47.8
55.1
41.8
67.9
22.1

74.9
46.8
51.8
41.4
68.5
22.9

45.1
109.7
105.4
28.5
92.8
12.0

28.5
36.6
25.8
21.9
24.9
16.2

37.8

38.5

40.8

41.5

42.4

43.8

44.1

44.2

44.9

44.6

45.2

34.8

19.7

8.5

8.4

8.6

9.6

10.2

12.5

15.5

15.7

15.7

15.6

15.7

13.3

7.5

5.2

15.2

15.2

16.0

15.1

15.0

14.9

14.8

14.6

14.3

14.0

10.7

7.8

61.1

66.6

72.9

73.8

76.3

79.3

79.5

81.0

81.7

82.3

84.3

54.4

35.2

421
24.6
52.3

431
25.2
53.2

439
25.9
55. 4

442
25. 9
56.7

444
25.7
56.2

453
26.5
56.1

453
26.5
55.9

449
26.6
54.5

439
26.5
54.5

414
17.2
54.6

430 2, 508
26.4
34.1
54.5
60.5

159
6.5
24.5

146.0
28.3
78.8
8.6

152.0
28.2
79.8
8.7

151.9
28.7
83.8
8.9

150 . 9

151.8
28.7
87.8
9.5

151.6
28.5
92.7
12.0

149.8
28.0
94.5
13.6

145.3
27.5
97.3
13.8

138.5
26.7
97.5
13.3

133.5
21.6
99.5
11.6

130.3 794.9
25.6 233.5
103.4 l, 225.2
10.8
10.0

39.7
8.9
69.2
7.0

28. 5
85 9

Autom obile:.......................................................

778

760

710

763

759

8Í 9
760

776

784

780

782

788

763

787

714

402

Nonferrous metals and their products____
Smelting and refining, primary, of
nonferrous metals...................................
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of
nonferrous metals, except aluminum.
Clocks and watches.__________ ______
Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’
findings__________________________
Silverware and plated ware__________

325

339

343

354

368

378

385

398

404

403

399

395

388

449

229

See footnote at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

................... ...................

41.4

41.4

41.1

40.6

40.7

41.2

41.4

40.2
22.4

43 0
22.4

48. 9
22.8

52. 6
23.1

54 4
24.2

54 7
27.0

28! 2

23.9
24.5

25.1
25.4

25.5
26.0

26.0
26.7

26.0
27.0

26.8
28.0

27.5
28.3

40.2

41.4

41.9

28! 8

28! 6

27! 5

25.9

25.2

20.3

27.5
28.1

27.1
27.7

26.3
27.4

25.8
26.5

20.5
15.1

14.4
12.1

41.2

56.4

27.6

A; EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

320
T

able

M ONTHLY LABOR

A-6: Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries1—Continued
[In thousands]
Annual
average

194*

1949
Industry group and industry
July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1943

1939

D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued

Nonferrous metals and their products- -Con.
Lighting equipment_________________
Aluminum manufactures....... ..................
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classi­
fied....................... _....................................

31.9
40.1

32.2
38.5

31.6
39.5

30.2
39.3

28.2
79.4

20.5
23.5

29.1
38.7

30.4
38.7

29.9
39.7

30.9
40.6

31.3

32.1

32.9

34.3

36.4

37.1

37.3

37.0

37.3

36.8

37.9

18.7

710
569.4
140.5

720
574.4
145.4

785
632.4
152.4

821
667.2
154.1

831
678.2
152.8

843
691.4
152.1

844
692.1
152.5

829
681.1
148. 3

535
435.8
99.2

420
313.7
79.1

366
21.7

328
20.5
177.9
28.3
13.9

26.4
36.4

27.6
37.7

30.7

31.8
40.9

Lumber and timber basic products.
Sawmills and logging camps___
Planing and plywood m ills____

734

758

738
601.8
136.4

719
581.4
137.4

714
576.9
137.5

Furniture and finished lumber products__
Mattresses and bedsprings......................
Furniture____________ _____ _________
Wooden boxes, other than cigar..............
Caskets and other morticians’ goods-. .
Wood preserving____ ______ _________
Wood, turned and shaped..... ..................

406

413

413
30.8
31.4
16.6
17.2
30.9

423
31.8
229.8
30.7
16.7
17.3
31.8

429
32.1
234.8
30.4
17.5
16.7
32.1

437
31.9
240.5
30.
18.0
16.5
32.1

440
31.4
242.1
31.8
18.7
16.6
32.5

462
33.4
254.1
35.1
18.8
17.0
33.4

470
35.7
256.5
35.6
19.5
17 0
33.9

470
37.1
255.6
34.9
19.2
17.1
34.5

466
36.8
252.6
34.4
19.5
17.3
34.3

461
35.2
249.7
34.6
19.4
17.7
34.6

452
33.2
244.4
35.6
18.9
17.2
33.6

Stone, clay, and glass products..... .................
Glass and glassware______ ____ ______
Glass products made from purchased
glass__________ _______________ ___
Cement............. ..........................................
Brick, tile, and terra c o tta ......................
Pottery and related products.................
Gypsum. ............... _............................. ......
Wallboard, plaster (except gypsum),
and mineral wool_________________
L im e ..................... ....................................
Marble, granite, slate, and other prod­
u c ts...........................................................
Abrasives............. ........................................
Asbestos products......................................

408

416
107.6

422
107.9

433
109.4

440
111.2

448
113.6

462
118.8

467
121.8

468
123.2

464
122.9

461
119.7

450
114.9

360
99.8

294
71.4

12.0

12.5
36.5
76.9
58.6
7.3

13.2
36.2
77.3
59.7
7.4

14.0
36.4
78.5
60.4
7.3

14.4
36.5
Î 79. 9
60.2
7.4

14.7
37.0
83.1
61.6
7.5

14.7
37.2
83.5
61.5
7.8

14.4
36.9
83.5
61.0
7.9

13.9
36.2
83.6
60.3
7.

13.9
36.9
83.4
60.0
7.8

14.3
37.0
81.9
57.0
7.8

11. 3
27.1
52.5
45.0
4.5

24.4
58.0
33.8
4.9

14.3
10.4

14.8
10.7

14.9
10.7

14.8
10.7

14.7

14.7

14.7

11.1

10.8

10.8

10.8

9.3

8.1
9.5

19.0
20.5
25.8

19.0

18.9
20.5
24.9

19.0
20.7
25.1

18.7

20.6

21.1

12.5
23.4

24.1

22.0

18.5
7.7
15.9

222.8

415

36.6
76.8
56.1
7.0

12.1

12.6

10.3

10.6

10.3

10.4

19.3
17.3
20.4

19.1
18.4

19.1
19.8
22.4

18.4

19.2

20.2

20.6

20.6

21.0

23.2

24.1

25.3

8.6

18.9

25.7

200.0

35. 4
14. 2
12.4
26.4

12.6

24. 6

10.0

N o n d u r a b le goods

Textile-mill products and other fiber man­
ufactures..... ....................................................
Cotton manufactures, except smallw ares.................. ....................................
Cotton smallwares........... ...................
Silk and rayon goods...................... ..........
Woolen and worsted manufactures, ex­
cept dyeing and finishing.....................
Hosiery______________ ____ ________
Knitted cloth_________ ___________
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves
Knitted underwear..................................
Dyeing and finishing textiles, includ
ing woolen and worsted___________
Carpets and rugs, wool_____________
Hats, fu r-felt............................................
Jute goods, except felts_____________
Cordage and tw in e.................................

1,044


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1,190

1,200

1,236

1,245

1,249

1,261

1,274

1,243

1,237

1,144

122.0

511.4
13.4
122.4

516.9
13.4
122.1

521.5
13.5
121.5

509.9
13.4
116

526.3
17.8
104.1

418.4
14.1
126.6

159.6
141.7
11.3
32.8
47.9

165.8
141.7

169.8
143.7

167.5
135.3

174.1
125.9

11.2

11.1

12.6

33.2
43.6

158.2
142.3
11.5
33.9
46.1

31.8
49.1

31.7
50

30.3
50.2

34.8
44.9

157.7
168.0
11.5
29.7
40.7

92.5
40.7
11.7
4.3
14.9

91.9
40.7
12.0
4.3
15.1

91.5
40.8
11.5
4.1
14.9

91.1
40.7
12.5
4.0
15.3

91.7
40.0
13.3
4.3
15.4

91.0
40.0
12.3
4.3
15.8

80.2
24.5
4.2
18.3

70.6
27.0
15.4
3.8
12.8

1,050 1,063 1,124 1,178 1,180 1,129 1,147 1,161 1,175 1,173 1,157 1,070
285.5 296.0 297.1 295.7 274.8
268.9 284.0 289. 5 290.7 279.8 281.
68.5
69.6
70.1
69.2
70.7
70.4
68.6
63.5
66.8
69.5
67.4
16.7
17.9
18.1
19.4
18.5
17.4
19.0
18.9
19.0
18.3
18.8
16.3
16.4
16.1
16.2
16.6
16.5
15.9
14.0
16.0
15.7
16.1

958
265.9
67.2
16.3
18.5

790
229.6
74.0
17.0
14.1

437.0
17.3
19.4
4.0
19.1

345.3
16.5
23.3
5.7
25.2

286.2
18.8
25.5
5.1
17.8

24.0
19.6

11.2
12.6

340
46.5
19.2
205.6
15.4
13.7

347
50.0
20.0
230.9

1,364 1,056
201.3 174.0
39.
33.2
19.9
22.6
23.0
32.
32.9
42.
29.
25.0

855
135.0
20.1
10.9
17.6
27.8
17.3

351

507.5
13.1
120.8

608.9
13.3

149.1
137.7
10.9
31.4
40.4

157.4
140.5

90.2
40.0
11.7
4.3
14.7

490.6
12.6

12.8

114.9

118.0

134.3
10.7
30.0
40.4

128.8
136.9
10.9
31.3
40.4

144.2
139.0
10.9
32.0
40.7

37.5

90.3
38.8

10.1

8.6

11.1

91.1
39.7

4.2
13.7

4.3
14.1

4.2
14.3

120.0

111.0

100.6

88.2

356

1,149
479.3
12.7
108.5

465.4
12.4

35.7

Food..... ......................................................... ,....... 1,319
Slaughtering and meat packing_______
B u tte r ......................................... ..........
Condensed and evaporated m ilk ...
Ice cream_______________________
Flour.......................................................
Feeds, prepared...................................
See footnote at end of table.

1,099

454.6
12.3
98.0
131.8
10.5
29.3
38.

Apparel and other finished textile prod­
ucts............................................................... .
1,062
M en’s clothing, not elsewhere classified
Shirts, collars, and nightwear.................
Underwear and neckwear, men’s_____
Work shirts................................................ .
W omen’s clothing, not elsewhere classi­
fied......... ................................................. .
Corsets and allied garm ents............. .
M illin ery ..................... .............................
Handkerchiefs...........................................
Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads. .
Housefumishings, other than curtains,
etc.............................................................
Textile bags___ _____ ______________
Leather and leather products___ ______
L eather................................ ....................
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.
Boots and sh o es..._________________
Leather gloves and m ittens_________
Trunks and suitcases............................ .

1,087 1,087

4.2
14.6

11.2

489.4
19.3
19.4
5.5

11

490.3
19.0

478.8
18.6
21.7
4.9

20.1

5.4
17.6

486.5
19.4
20.9
5.5
19.5

27.1
23.6

25.1
24.0

24.0
23.8

25.6
24.1

26.3
23.6

25.5
23.5

24.8
23.2

24.1
22.9

22.2

368
45.2
17.3
239.4

365
46.5
17.1
237.2
9.4

364
47.3
17.0
232.1

11.8

11.0

13.1

379
48.0
17.9
241.0
13.0
14.3

383
47.7
18.1
244.
13.
13.

375
47.2
17.7
239.

11.9

363
46.4
17.0
229.1
12.4
14.6

376
47.7
17.6
238.5

10.0

368
46.0
17.4
239.3
9.7

426.6
17.3
19.8
5.1
19.6

460.5
17.4
5.2

498.5
18.4
24.9
5.3

20.1

20.2

28.2
23.0

27.6
22.9

343
43.7
15.6
220.9
9.3
13.0

358
44.0
16.2
232.8
9.6
13.3

22.6

11.6

494.9

502.9
18.4
24.3
5.2

1,252 1,192 1,164 1,155 1,153
194.8 192.1 199.9 205.
33.8
33.
35.5
36.7
20.0
20.7
22.2
19.
25.5
24.
27.8
31.0
39.7
38.6
40.
38.5
28.9
29.4
28.
31.3

484.1
18.8
22.1

10.6

488.8
19.3
22.6

21.6

20.6

5.3
20.9

5.0
21.3

12.8

14.6

21.8

l, 182 1,253 1,306 1,400 1,537 1,418
213.1 218.2 205.3 197.7 195.2 196.
38.
35.5
36.
34.6
34.9
33.3
21.1
21.
20.3
19.
18.7
19.0
31.
26.2
29.6
24.3
23.9
23.5
42.
41.
41.
41.
40.1
41
29.
29.
29.2
28.9
28.9
28.7

22.3

12.8

13.3

11.0

10.0

8.3

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949
T

able

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

321

A-6: Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries

-Continued

[In thousands]
1949

Annual
average

1948

Industry group and industry
July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1943

1939

11.4
211.3
16.7
10.1
59.5
32.2
54.3
188.5

8.4
190.4
15.9
11.6
65.7
23.8
40.5
150.3

91
33.9
47.6

93
27.4
65.8

N o n d u r a b le g ood »—Continued

Food—Continued
Cereal preparations...............................
Baking...... ......................... ..................
Sugar refining, cane_______________
Sugar, beet___ _________________
Confectionery___________________
Beverages, nonalcoholic____________
Malt liquors..........................................
Canning and preserving........................

13.4 13.0
249.4 246.7
24.8 25.1
4. 6
4.3
63.7 67.5
42.7 39.7
78.9 74.4
144.9 138.7

Tobacco manufactures.... ............................
Cigarettes..............................................
Cigars...................................................
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and
snuff.............................................

13.4
244.8
25.2
4.3
68.7
38.8
77.7
121.8

13.1
12.8 12.6
243.7 244.4 251.7
24.7 24.6 24.2
4.8
5. £ 10.8
71.1
74.1 82.4
37.8 38.7 39.6
73. £ 74.7 77.9
120.4 131.5 163.1

13.1
255.7
22.4
25.2
89.8
40.4
80.7
195.2

13.2 13.2 13.8 13.9
258.0 253.2 251.0 250.0
22.4
25.0 25. £ 25.8
9.1
25.0 10. f
7.5
88.9 81.1
71.6 63.0
43.0 46.6 49.6 50.3
81. £ 86.0 87.8 88.2
289.1 444.4 326.2 274.3

82

83

Paper and allied products..
Paper and pulp..........
Paper goods, other__
Envelopes...................
Paper bags_________
Paper boxes................

366

371

Printing, publishing, and allied industries...
Newspapers and periodicals______
Printing; book and job.....................
Lithographing..................................
Bookbinding....................................

427

431 431
153.6
179.2
29.4
33.4

Chemicals and allied products...... ............
Paints, varnishes, and colors...............
Drugs, medicines, and insecticides__
Perfumes and cosmetics......................
Soap..................................... .............
Rayon and allied products..................
Chemicals, not elsewhere classified__
Explosives and safety fuses..................
Compressed and liquefied gases..........
Ammunition, small-arms__________
Fireworks______________________
Cottonseed oil______________ ___
Fertilizers............................................

522

534 549
570
586
44. 7 45.0 45.3
65.7 66.3 65.8
10.9 11.0 10.9
25.1 25.8 26.4
54.8 57.6 63.6
192.9 198.4 202.7
25. 8 25.9 26.5
8.8
8.9
8.9
5. 4
6.2
6.8
2. 7
2.8
2.5
16. 3 18.5 20.5
32.0 38.1 38.8
164 163
162
162
111.9 112.2 112.8
32. 4 32.0 31.9
3. 4
3.1
2.3
14. 4 13.8 13.5
172 174
179
183
84.3 85.7 85.8
18.6 19.4 19.9
71.5 73.6 77.1

588
594
599
697
600
46.0 47.1 47.6 48.1 48.7
66.5 66.4 64.4 64.8 64.4
11.0 11.2 12.2 12.9 12.8
26.3 26.4 26.5 26.5 27.2
65.2 65.1 64.8 63.9 63.9
204.7 209.4 211.2 210.7 210.0
26.7 27.1 27.4 27.4 27.7
9.6
9.0
9.3
9.5
9.9
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.4
7.4
2.4
2.6
2.6
2.6
2.6
21.4 23.8 25.7 27.2 27.3
34.1 30.6 28.7 28.7 28.8
162
162
164
167
162
113.1 112.9 113.3 113.7 107.6
32.0 32.3 32.1 32.2 32.1
2.2
2.2
2.6
2.8
2.9
13.5 13.4 15.1 17.2 18.1
187
191
196
199
198
86.5 88.4 89.6 91.2 90.0
20.6 22.4 23.5 23.2 22.9
79.8 80.1 82.6 84.5 84.7

387

411

Products of petroleum and coal..
Petroleum refining_______
Coke and byproducts_____
Paving materials..................
Roofing materials.................
Rubber products..........................................
Rubber tires and inner tubes________
Rubber boots and shoes____________
Rubber goods, other......................II
Miscellaneous industries______________
Instruments (professional and scien­
tific), and fire-control equipment___
Photographic apparatus.......................
Optical instruments and ophthalmic
goods...................................................
Pianos, organs, and parts......................
Games, toys, and dolls..........................
Buttons............................................. .
Fire extinguishers..................................

—

—

163

169
—

—

380
_________

_________

82
34.1
40. 5

81
33.4
40.2

82
33.0
42.2

7.0

7.2

7.3

7.5

373
375
196. 7 197.8
60.1 60.2
12.0 12.4
15.1 15.4
87.9 88.6

381
200.3
61.0
12.6
16.1
90.2

386
202.4
61.5
12.7
16.4
91.9

388

431
152.8
180.0
29.7
33.1

398

432
433
152.2 150.4
181.0 184.2
29.5 29.5
33.4 33.4

403

83
33.5
42.1

87
34.1
45.2

90
35.1
47.2

7.8

7.8

90
35.1
46.5

88
34.9
44.9

86
34.5
44.1

83
33.6
41.7

7.8

7.9

7.8

7.8

7.6

9.3

10.1

391
401
403
204.5 207. C 206.6
62.2 63.5 63.6
12.8 13.1
13.1
16.5 16.7 17.6
94.5 99.9 101.5

401
206.0
63.5
12.9
17.8
99.8

398
206.7
62.7
12.6
17.8
97.0

394
206.7
61.8
12.3
17.7
94.8

388
205.8
60.5
12.3
17.4
90.9

324
160.3
50.2
10.2
13.1
89.6

265
137.8
37.7
8.7
11.1
69.3

436
149.7
186.5
30.1
33.9

442
160.7
188.8
31.4
34.9

436
149.4
185.4
31.1
34.4

432
147.7
183.1
31.2
34.8

430
331
146.8 113.0
183.0 138.7
31.2 25.9
33.3 29.4

328
118.7
127.6
26.3
25.8

597
586
567
734
48.6 49.7 49.1 38.2
64.2 63.9 63.4 56.0
12.5 12.4 10.8 14 1
27.0 25.1 24.0 17.9
63.7 64.9 64.4 54.0
210.9 211.2 202.0 144.5
27.6 27.8 27.4 112.0
9.8 10.1 10.0
7.8
7.5
7.5
7.7 154.1
<2.8
2.7
2.2 28.2
23.4 14.3 12.5 20.4
28.7 26.8 25.5 27.5
168
170
170
125
114.0 115.9 117.0 83.1
32.4 32.4 31.8 25.6
2.8
2.9
2.7
2.1
18.0 17.8 17.4 13.1
197
195
191
194
91.4 91.5 90.9 90.1
22.5 22.0 20.7 23.8
82.9 80.8 79.2 79.9
451
441
425
445

288
28.3
27.5
10.4
15.3
48.3
69.9
7.3
4.0
4.3
1.2
15.3
18.8

415

443
152.3
188.7
31.3
34.5

435

442
151.0
187.8
31.4
35.1

453

460

31.0
35. y

31.1
37.2

31.1
37.2

30.8
37.6

30.6
38.4

30.2
39.6

30.3
39.6

29.5
39.7

29.0
39.7

28.1
39.7

28.0
39.0

86.7
35.5

25.4
10.1
34.1
11.8
2.1

25.9
11.3
34.6
11.8
2.1

26.1
11.5
33.6
12.4
2.1

26.3
12.2
33.8
12.6
2.1

26.1
12.6
32.3
12.5
2.5

26.3
13.3
39.5
13.0
2.8

26.0
13.5
46.6
13.1
2.9

26.4
13.9
49.4
13.1
2.9

26.1
13.5
48.1
13.0
2.8

26.0
13.3
45.3
13.0
2.7

23.9
12.3
42.4
12.5
2.8

33.3
12.2
19.1
13.1
9.3

1Data are based upon reports from cooperating establishments covering
both full- and part-time production and related workers who worked or
received pay during the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month.
Major industry groups have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal
Security Agency data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946
bench-mark levels, thereby providing consistent series. Data for the indi­
vidual industries comprising the major industry groups with the exception
of the industries in the transportation equipment except automobiles group,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

83
32.8
42.3

106
73.2
21.7
2.5
8.1
121
54.2
14.8
61.9
244
11.3
17.7
11.9
7.8
19.1
11.2
1.0

have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security Agency data
through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946 bench-mark levels,
thereby providing consistent series. Comparable data from January 1939
are available upon request to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests
should specify the series desired. Data shown for the three most recent
months are subject to revision without notation. Revised figures in any
column other than the first three are identified by an asterisk for the first
month’s publication of such data.

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

322
T

able

M ONTHLY LABOR

A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
An­
nual
aver­
age

1948

1949
Industry group and Industry
July

June

May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1943

All manufacturing___________________________ 143.5
Durable goods _______ ___________________ 162.4
Nondurable goods................................................ 128.6

144.8
165.6
128.4

144.6
166.2
127.6

148.1
171.4
129.7

151.4
175.2
132.7

153.3
177.8
134.1

154.7
180.7
134.2

159.4
186.5
138.0

161.6
188.6
140.3

163.3
188.9
143.0

164.6
188.4
145.9

161.7
185.8
142.7

158.5
185.0
137.7

177.7
241.7
127.4

Iron and steel and their products............................. 139.1
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills_
Gray-iron and semisteel castings _ . ______
MslIeahlA-iron castings
Steel castings___ ____ _________________
Cast-iron pipe and fittings________________
Tin cans and other tinware
Wire drawn from purchased rods
Wirework_______________________________
Chitlery and Adge tools
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files,
and saws)___ ______
________________
Hardware
Plnmber8’ supplies
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment,
not elsewhere classified
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
steam fittings
Rtnmped and enameled ware and galvanizing
Fabricated structural and ornamental metalwork
Metal doors, sash, frames, molding, and trim
"Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets
Forgings, iron and steel
Wrought pipe, welded and heavy-riveted
Screw-machine products and wood screws
Steel barrels, kegs, and drums
Firearms

143.4

146.2
137.2
141.4
158.3
190.7
143.1
133.2
107.5
127.4
131.7

151.1
139.7
152.9
161.8
204.1
162.3
132.3
116.6
129.0
137.5

155.9
140.9
163.3
174.6

161.1
139.8
175.1
190.3
230.3
169.3
140.9
129.6
136.9
150.3

165.2
139.8
181.7
203.1
233.6
170.3
145.9
130.8
138.8
157.8

166.8
138.5
185.6

234.2
169.9
148.0
130.6
138.4
162.1

167.1
137.7
186.1
200.3
234.1
166.3
153.2
132.5
138.4
157.7

166.2
137.7
184.7

233.1
167.0
157.7
130.3
140.8
154.9

164.5
137.9
180.5
194.6
228.1
167.8
154.4
129.1
139.6
146.0

161.4
135.5
177.4
188.0
224.1
164.5
148.8
127.5
137.6
141.2

177.6
133.0
142.1
149.6
281.1
102.5

131.2
142.3

158.8
141.0
170.0
180.9
225.6
162.4
135.8
126.2
135.3
147. 5

137.3
124.7
119.9

144.4
132.4
135.9

151.6
138.3
142.6

152.6
142.4
151.0

157.1
146.1
157.9

159.3
152.0
161.5

160.3
151.8
162.4

160.8
150.9
161.7

161.6
150.0
157.2

160.6
148.8
154.0

160.8
146.4
147.8

181.5
127.1
95.3

115.4

117.0

122.2

125.7

130.3

155.3

178.3

189.8

187.2

180.1

166.4

122.9

161.1
153.9

167.2
160.7

177.9
168.9

185.8
178.7

196.1
179.8

202.3
191.9

204.7
198.8

206.4
196.9

202.3
193.1

198.1
194.2

185.9
196.1

199.4
163.9

178.7

204.4
164.9
102.4
425.5

177.2
124.5
180.2
225.9
216.6
182.6
107.6
429.0

180.6
128.4
185.0
229.4
219.9
187.6
113.2
421.3

182.9
133.0
186.6
232.6
219.3
194.5
118.1
424.9

184.7
141.7
188.4
234.2
219.2
197.8

185.3
145.7
186.3
233.2
220.7
199.3
120.3
421.3

186.7
144.1
185.6
228.1
223.6
196.8

183.0
142.1
184.6
225.1

180.8
141.2
183.1
215.6

176.0
134.2
184.5
214.5

200.0

172.7
218.7
211.4
175.3
97.7
430.9

194.3
124.2
406.4

194.5
125.9
401.0

195.3
122.4
403.0

164.9
207.4
266.3
318.5
298.5
131.8
1346.4

Electrical machinery........................................ .......... 173.9
Fleetrical eqnipment
"Radios and phonographs
Communication equipment

177.2

180.4
169.6
181.6
239.4

187.5
178.7
183.5
242.4

194.9
186.0
190.4
260.5

190.2
201.3
262.8

212.8 221.0

206.9
194.1

213.1
199.0

272.4

282.9

215.1
201.4
218.1
288.0

Machinery, except electrical __________________ 183.5
Machinery and machine-shop products
Engines and turbines
Tractors
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors
Machine tools
Machine-tool accessories
Textile machinery
Pomps and pumping equipment
Typewriters
Cash registers- adding and calculating machines
Washing machines, wringers, and driers,
domestic
Sewing machines, domestic and indostrial
Refrigerators and refrigeration eqnipment

189.0

197.7
213.3
254.2
190.2
259.9

206.7

263.7
191.2
265.7
113.8
192.7
174.6
256.8
92.8
195.6

214.4
229.5
271.4
194.0
267.0
116.1
197.3
183.5
266.8
93.3
207.3

219.1
236.0
275.9
196.3
266.5
118.2

223.1
240.4
280.4
197.8
268.3
120.5
207.3
188.2
275.9
103.4
215.5

227.5
243.7
281.9
197.0
270.1
129.3

227.9
243.5
281.2
194.6
267.1
129.7

190.0
278.9
113.2
222.5

189.7
277.6
116.6
224.1

173.8

66.2

112.5
193.6
189.5

114.8
193.4
207.4

210.0

128.5
191.8

136.4
192.1
216.9

167.3
191.4
225.6

Transportation equipment, except automobiles___ 259.6
Locomotives...
. . ..
Oars, electric- and steam-railroad
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft engines
Aircraft engines. _____ ___________________
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts

261.5

265.0
381.0
213.4
367.9
318.4
1)3.8
123.1

271.3
390.2
217.0
383.0
317.4
115.2
125.2

276.6
400.1
225.8
382.8
322.4

128.2

278.3
399.8
231.2
380.3
321.1
124.0
128.3

280.0
397.3
229.3
382.5
323.2
126.8
136.4

193.5

188.9

176.4

189.6

188.7

188.8

Nonferrous metals and their products .............. . . . 141.7
Smelting and refining, primary, of nonferrous
metals________ __ . . .
. .
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of nonferrous
metals, except aluminum_____________ .
Clocks and watches._______ ______________
Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’ findings

147.8

149.6

154.3

160.7

164.9

149.9

149.9

148.8

103.7
110.3
165.7
202.3
129.0
154.5
163.5

110.7
110.4
173.6
209.2
134.6
160.0
166.8

175.6
191.9
172.4

170.9
185.4
173.7

169.9
183.9
173.8

D u r a b le good»

Automobiles_________ ___ __________________

179.9
119.5
162.5

210.0

110.6

182.8
166.4
248.2
93.8
192.0

113.2

—

Lighting equipment__
Alqmippm manufactures
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classified
Lumber and timber basic products......................... 174.5
Sawmills and logging ramps
Planing and ply wood mills________________
See footnote, table A-6.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

180.2

120.1

220.6

220.1
162.8
134.4

122.6

201.2

120.6

421.3

200.8

122.1

414.9

200.8

222.2 221.1 222.1

102.0
163.8
108.0
141.3

213.4

211.5

211.7
284.7

201.0 201.8
203.8
276.2

207.7
199.2
197.6
269.5

206.6
198.3
195.3
268.1

285.9
272.4
282.0
367.5

228.7
244.0
279.1
191.2
266.1
130.0
211.9
190.1
276.8
126.8
224.8

228.7
245.1
270.8
189.4
255.2
131.2
214.0
190.7
278.0
129.8
228.1

227.4
241.9
276.3
192.0
254.5
130.5
213.5
191.0
273.1
136.5
226.7

228.8
243.7
281.0
195.2
262.6
127.9
200.7
188 9
275.5
141.0
229.8

244.7
282.2
426.4
167.5
158.1
299.5
408.1
130.1
372.9
73.8
177.0

207.3
189.8
226.0

210.6
188.6
230.4

210.3
186.4
232.3

208.7
182.4
234.1

209.9
178.8
239.9

178.8
136.6
154.9

285.3
410.1
228.6
382.1
320.9
133.9
171.6

285.7
409.6
227.8
377.4
315.0
136.5
194.6

282.9
410.7

276.3
409.0

260.8
265.6

366.2
309.0
140.5
197.4

349.2
300.1
140.8
190.3

336.4
243.2
143.7
165.8

270.6
407.4
222.3
328. 5
287.4
149.3
154.4

1580.1
526.8
246.5
2003.5
2625.7
1769.4
143.7

193.0

194.8

193.9

194.4

195.9

189.7

195. 5

177.5

168.0

173.6

176.1

176.0

173.9

172.4

169.2

196.0

147.1

147.3

149.1

150.0

149.1

145.5

150.0

151.7

204.3

126.0 135.6
112.4 113.9
176.9 180.3
214. 5 219.8
142.2 148.6
164.4 164.2
171.0 175.4

140.1
119.3
180.3
223.0
146.1
168.6
182.7

141.0
133.3
185.3
230. 8
151.0
172. 5
194.4

140.4
139.0
190.3
233. 5
155.2
173.6
197.9

140.7
141.9
190. 6
231.5
155.6
170.5
199.0

140.0
141.1
187.7
228.5
157.3
163.5
197.2

136.2
135.3
182.3
226.2
154.1
167.9
198.7

133.7
127. 8
178.4
218.3
147.6
166.7
196.1

195.2
124.2
141 S
124.5
137.8
337.4
201.9

171.2
183.1
183.8

201.6

186.7

195.4
212.7
194.8

197.7
216.2
193.2

200.6 200.8

197.3
217.2
187.2

127.3
139.0
125.4

121.0

201.2
187.0
272.3
99.6
210.9

168.9
181.5
177.7

210.6 211.1

192.6

222.1 222.2 222.8

220.4 220.7
192.3 1 192.8

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949
T

able

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

323

A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries1—Continued
[1939 average»» 100]

1949

A n­
nual
aver­
age

1948

I n d u s t r y gro u p a n d in d u s tr y
J u ly

June

M ay

A pr.

M ar.

Feb.

Ja n .

D ec.

N ov.

O c t.

S e p t.

A ug.

J u ly

1943

F u r n itu r e a n d fin is h e d lu m b e r p r o d u c ts___________ 123.9
M a ttr e s s e s a n d b e d s p r in g s ..................................................... ..
F u r n it u r e .................................. ................................................. ............
W o o d e n b o x e s, o th e r th a n c ig a r............................... ..................
C a sk e ts an d o th e r m o r tic ia n s ’ g o o d s ___________________
W o o d p r e s e r v i n g . . . _______________ _____ _____ __________
W ood , tu r n e d a n d s h a p e d ...................................... ......................

126.0

125.8
150.2
125.3
110.9
119.7
136.9
125.6

128.8
154.9
129.1
108.4
120.0
137.6
129.5

130.8
156.6
132.0
107.4
125.6
133.3
130.6

133.2
155. 6
135.2
108.8
129.2
131.0
130.7

134.1
152.9
136.1
112.2
134.4
131.8
132.3

140.7
162.9
142.8
124.1
135.0
135.4
136.1

143.1
173.9
144.2
125.7
140.1
135.5
138.0

143.3
180 .9
143.6
123.3
138.4
136.0
140.4

14 2 .0
179. 5
141 .9
121.5
140.1
137.9
139.7

140.5
171.7
140.3
122.3
139.6
141.0
140.9

137.8
161.9
137.4
125.6
135.6
137.1
136.7

111.7
105.9
112.4
125.0
102.4
9 8 .7
107.4

Stone, clay, and glass products______ ____ _______
Glass and glassware................................................
Glass products m ade from purchased glass___
C em en t............................. .........................................
Brick, tile, and terra c o tta ....................................
P o ttery and related products................................
G ypsum __________________________________
Wallboard, plaster (except gypsum), and m in­
eral wool........................... .....................................
L im e...................................... ....................................
M arble, granite, slate, and other p roducts____
Abrasives.....................................................................
Asbestos p ro d u cts........................ ................. .........

141.2

141.7
150.7
119.4
150.3
132. 4
165.9
142.8

143.9
151.2
124.9
149.9
132.4
173.1
147.3

147.6
153.4
131.8
148.6
133.2
176.5
148.9

150.0
155.8
140.0
149.5
135. 2
178.5
148.8

152.5
159.2
143.6
149.8
137. 7
177.9
150.4

157.4
166.5
147.0
152.1
143.1
182.0
151.5

158.9
170.6
147.3
153.0
143.9
181.7
157.6

159.4
172.6
143.8
151.5
143.9
180.4
160.7

158.2
172 .3
139.1
148.5
144.0
178.3
158.5

157.0
167.8
138.5
151.7
143 .7
177.3
157.1

153.2
161.0
143.0
151.8
141.0
168.6
157.4

122.5
139.9
113.1
111.5
9 0 .5
132.9
9 1 .2

106.2
108.6
104.3
223.2
128.4

110.1
111.6
103.3
237 .7
132.2

149.3
109.0
103.0
256 .2
140.8

155 .9
110.2
102.2
261.3
146.1

176.3
110.3
9 9 .6
265.7
151.8

181.9
112.7
103.9
266.9
159.4

183.6
112.6
102.6
264.6
162.5

182.6
113.4
102.9
265.7
161.7

181.7
114.1
102.1
264.6
157.0

180.8
114.3
102.5
267.4
157.9

180.6
114.6
101.0
272 .7
151 .7

137.2
9 8 .7
6 7 .4
3 0 2 .2
138 .2

9 5 .0
108.7
8 7 .7
7 7 .4

96.1
111.2
88.4
79 .5

100.4
114.6
9 0 .2
8 5 .7

104.0
117.3
89 .9
90 .8

104.9
118.3
90.7
9 3 .2

108.0
121.3
9 3 .2
9 5 .4

108.9
121.6
9 4 .2
9 6 .4

109.2
122.2
95 .1
9 6 .7

110.3
123.6
9 5 .4
9 6 .5

111.4
124. 7
9 6 .2
9 5 .9

10 8 .7
121.9
9 5 .3
9 2 .0

108 .2
125.8
126.6
8 2 .2

76.1
78.5
90 .9
98 .4
95 .6

70.4
79.9
92 .9
100.8
99.3

8 1 .7
8 1 .5
94 .2
105.2
99.1

91.5
8 2 .8
9 4 .9
107.7
9 9 .9

94 .6
8 2 .0
9 4 .8
105.7
9 9 .3

99 .8
83 .6
97 .2
111.8
107.1

100.4
84 .7
99 .3
114.2
113.3

101.2
8 4 .4
9 8 .0
110.2
117.7

105 .2
8 4 .3
9 5 .9
107.1
120.6

107. 7
8 5 .5
97. 5
106.6
123.0

106.3
8 0 .5
96. 7
101.8
123.2

110.4
7 4 .9
109.4
117.2
110.4

124.8
132.0
65 .6
111.3
106.9

127.1
138.6
5 5 .9
113.1
110.1

127.8
143.6
72.3
111.2
112.3

129.0
146.8
75.3
111.5
114.4

127.7
148.0
7 6 .0
112.2
115.1

130.9
150.7
75.8
113. 5
116. 7

130.1
150.7
78.4
114.3
117.8

129.5
150.9
74 .6
107.1
116.8

129.0
150.6
8 1 .4
104.5
119.5

129.8
148.1
86. 7
114.3
120.7

128.8
148.0
80.1
112.6
124.0

113.6
9 0 .8
7 1 .3
110.6
143.4

Apparel and other finished textile products............. 134.5 133.0
M en’s clothing, not elsewhere classified............................
Shirts, collars, and nightwear________ _____ ________
Underwear and neckwear, men’s ____________ _______
Work s h ir ts .......................................... .............. ~________
Women’s clothing, not elsewhere classified___________
Corsets and allied garments................................................
M illinery____________________ _____ _____ _________
Handkerchiefs........................................... .........__________
Curtains, draperies, and bedspreads___ ____ ________
Housefumishings, other than curtains, etc____ _______
Textile bags______ ____ ________ ____________ _______

134.6
117.1
94.0
108.2
111.5
149.0
92.1
77 .5
9 9 .6
110.1
252.7
182.3

142.3
123.7
93 .5
109.2
114.9
160.9
92.8
88 .4
103.0
112.9
247.2
181.9

149.2
126.1
92 .7
111.8
112.7
174.2
9 8 .0
97 .5
105. 1
113.9
243.1
187.4

149.5
126.6
9 1 .2
111.0
114.2
175.7
9 8 .0
95.3
103.0
112.9
224.4
190.5

143.0
121.8
8 5 .9
102.6
99 .4
169.1
100.4
86. 5
106 .0
9 9 .2
214.5
188.5

145.3
122.5
9 0 .3
111.9
112.9
170.0
103.4
8 2 .0
107.6
109.9
228.8
190 .9

147.0
124.4
9 5 .2
114. 3
117.1
171.0
102.8
76 .0
108.4
116.2
235.6
187.2

148.8
128.9
9 5 .6
111.3
117. 5
170.8
103.0
8 8 .4
104.4
117.5
228.5
186.2

148.6
129.4
9 4 .8
107.0
113.8
171.3
101.5
8 4 .8
9 8 .8
119. 9
222.4
183.6

146. 5
128.8
94. 1
105.5
116.3
167.3
9 9 .0
8 5 .2
9 6 .2
122.8
215.5
181.6

135.6
119.7
9 2 .6
9 8 .5
115.7
152.7
9 2 .4
76 .2
77. 7
107.5
198.9
176.6

121.4
115.8
9 0 .9
9 6 .3
131.3
120.6
88.1
91 .5
113.1
141.9
214 .9
155.7

Leather and leather products........................................ 102.6 101.0
Leather_______ ___________________ ____ ___________
Boot and shoe cut stock and findings.......... I I I I ______
Boots and shoes______ _____ ________________ _______
Leather gloves and m itte n s.............................." ______
Trunks and suitcases.........................................._________

9 8 .9
8 7 .4
78 .0
9 5 .7
9 2 .7
156.2

103.3
8 7 .9
81.3
100.8
95.7
159.6

106.0
90.3
8 6 .8
103.7
100.3
142.9

106.0
91 .9
87.1
103.6
97 .0
141.9

105.0
9 2 .9
8 5 .9
102.7
9 3 .6
132.3

104.8
9 4 .6
85.1
100.5
106.0
157.3

104.5
92 .8
85.1
9 9 .2
124.1
175.6

108.3
9 5 .4
88.1
103.3
128.2
175.2

109.3
9 6 .0
8 9 .8
104.4
129.9
171.8

110.4
95 .3
9 0 .7
106.0
132.1
166.0

108.1
9 4 .3
8 8 .8
103.7
127.8
159.6

98.1
9 2 .9
9 6 .0
8 9 .0
153.7
161.2

F o o d .......................................................... ..........
S la u g h te r in g a n d m e a t p a c k in g ..
B u t t e r ....................................................
C o n d e n s e d a n d e v a p o r a te d m ilk .
Ic e c r e a m ........................................
F l o u r . . .......................................................
F e e d s , p r e p a r e d ....................................
C ereal p r e p a r a tio n s ...........................
B a k in g .............. ..................... ...................
S u g a r re fin in g , c a n e ____ _____ ____
S u gar, b e e t ____________ __________
C o n fe c tio n e r y ____________________
B e v e r a g e s , n o n a lc o h o lic ....................
M a lt liq u o r s ............................... .............
C a n n in g a n d p re se r v in g _________

D u r a b l e g o o d »— C o n tin u e d

139.2

N o n d u r a b le goods

Textile-mill products and other fiber manufac­
tures-....................................................................
Cotton manufactures, except smallwares..........
Cotton smallwares...... ......................................
Silk and rayon goods.......... ............................
Woolen and worsted manufactures, except dye­
ing and finishing...... ...................................
Hosiery...... .......................... ...........................
Knitted cloth........................................... .........
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves.............
Knitted underwear..___________________
Dyeing and finishing textiles, including woolen
and worsted........................................... ........
Carpets and rugs, wool_____________ _____
Hats, fur-felt__________ _______________
Jute goods, except felts__________ _______ _
Cordage and twine___ __________________

Tobacco m anufactures_______________ _______
C igarettes............................................................
Cigars_____________ _____ ____ _________
Tobacco (chewing and smoking) and snufl.
S e e fo o tn o te , ta b le A -6 .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9 1 .3

9 5 .0

154.4

146.6

139.6
144.2
182.3
203.8
176.0
138.7
181.4
160.2
131.0
156.1
3 9 .8
114.3
179.1
195.0
9 6 .4

136.3
142.2
176.4
189.8
157.7
139.0
170.1
155.1
129.6
158.4
37 .0
121.2
166.4
183.8
92.3

135.2
148.0
168.1
183.5
144.9
142.9
167.4
159.7
128.6
159.0
3 7 .2
123.3
162.8
192.1
8 1 .0

134.9
151.9
164.5
176.7
138.4
146.3
167.4
156.8
128.0
155.6
41.7
127.6
158.5
181. 3
80.1

138. 3
157.8
165.4
174.9
133. 4
149 .2
166.1
152.8
128.3
154.7
45 .2
133.0
162.2
184.7
8 7 .5

146.6
161.5
173.4
172.1
135.7
149.4
167.5
149.8
132.2
152.8
9 3 .0
147.9
165. 7
192.5
108.5

152 .9
152.0
172.1
179.6
137.8
150.2
167.3
156.8
134.3
141.4
217.0
161.2
169. 7
199.5
129.9

163.8
146.4
176.2
186.3
148.6
144.5
169.1
158.0
135. 5
141.0
215 .2
159.5
180.5
200.9
192.3

179.9
144.5
181.7
194.3
167.9
149.4
170.0
157.6
133.0
157.4
9 1 .0
145.6
195.4
212.6
295.7

166.0
145.7
189.8
201.4
180.7
152.2
170.8
165.6
131.8
159.1
7 8 .0
128.5
207.9
217.0
217.0

159.7
149.1
196.8
207.4
186.3
153. 7
169.7
165.7
131.3
162.4
6 5 .0
113.0
210.9
218.0
182.5

123.5
128.9
165.2
182.6
130. 7
118.5
145.0
136.0
111.0
105.1
8 6 .8
106.7
135.1
134.1
125.4

8 7 .9

8 9 .0

8 7 .4
124.3
72 .5
6 9 .6

8 6 .5
121.9
71 .9
71 .2

8 8 .4
120.2
75 .6
72 .6

8 8 .6
119. 8
7 5 .8
7 4 .7

89 .3
122.0
75.5
77.1

9 3 .3
124.2
80 .9
78.0

9 6 .5
127.9
84 .5
7 7 .2

9 5 .9
128.2
8 3 .2
78.6

93 .9
127.3
SO. 5
77 .7

92 .5
125.8
78.9
77.2

8 8 .8
122.4
74 .7
75 .6

9 7 .2
123.8
8 5 .0
9 2 .5

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

324
T

able

M ONTHLY LABOR

A-7: Indexes of Production-Worker Employment in Manufacturing Industries1—Continued
[1939 average=100]
An­
nual
aver­
age

1948

1949
Industry group and industry
July

June

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

1943

Paper and allied products............................. ............. . 138.1
Paper and pulp
Paper goods, other- _
E nvelopes.. .
Paper bags
Paper boxes

139.9

140.4
142.8
159.3
137.9
136.1
126.7

141.4
143.6
159.5
142.0
139.0
127.8

143.6
145.4
161.6
144.1
144.9
130.1

145.4
146.9
163.0
145.9
147.5
132.5

147.5
148.4
164.9
147.2
148.5
136.3

151.1
150.2
168.2
150.4
150.5
144.0

151.7
150.0
168.6
150.5
152.6
146.3

151.0
149.5
168.4
148.0
160.1
144.0

149.8
150.0
166.1
145.2
159.9
139.9

148.6
150.0
163.9
141.4
159.2
138.7

146.1
149.4
160.2
140.9
156.3
131.0

122.2
116.3
133.1
116.9
118.0
129.3

130.1

131.4

131.5
129.4
140.4
111.9
129.6

131.4
128.8
141.1
113.0
128.3

131.6
128.3
141.8
112.4
129.7

132.1
126.8
144.3
112.3
129.5

132.9
126.1
146.2
114.5
131.5

135.2
128.3
147.8
119.3
133.8

134.7
127.2
147.1
119.7
136.0

134.8
127.0
147.9
119.7
135.3

133.0
125.9
145.3
118.5
133.7

131.8
124.4
143.5
118.9
134.8

131.1
123.7
143.4
118.9
129.1

100.8
95.2
108.7
98.5
114.1

Chemicals and allied products...... ............................. . 181.0
Paints, varnishes, and colors
. .
Drugs, medicines, and insecticides...
Perfumes and cosmetics
Soap . .
Rayon and allied products................
Chemicals, not elsewhere classified .
Explosives and safety fuses.
Compressed and liquefied gases
Ammunition, small-arms..
____
Fireworks. ______ ___ ___
Cottonseed oil_______ ___
Fertilizers_____ _____ __
. . .

185.4

190.4
158.0
238.7
104.5
164.3
113.3
275.9
353.9
220.6
125.1
229.4
106.8
169.7

197.7
159.1
240.7
105.2
169.2
119.2
283.9
355.8
223.2
144.9
238.6
121.5
202.3

203.3
160.2
238.9
104.4
173.0
131.6
290.0
363.6
224.3
159.2
212.4
134.2
206.0

203.9
162.7
241.6
105.5
172.3
134.9
292.7
366.6
225.1
164.0
227.3
140.0
180.9

206.1
166.7
241.2
107.1
173.3
134.6
299.5
371.7
232.8
165.7
227.2
155.6
162.2

207.0
168.2
233.9
116.8
173.5
134.0
302.1
375.2
239.6
167. 7
208.0
168.3
152.1

207.8
170.2
235.3
124.1
173.9
132.3
301.4
375.4
239.2
171.5
220.6
178.0
152.4

208.1
172.1
234.1
122.7
178.4
132.3
300.3
379.3
247.9
173.7
227.4
179.0
152.9

207.1
172.0
233.2
119.7
177.2
131.8
301.6
379.2
247.0
174.2
243.3
153.3
152.3

203.3
175.7
232.1
119.0
164.7
134.3
302.1
380.7
253.1
173.9
231 8
93.8
142.2

196.6
173.6
230.2
104.1
157.6
133.2
288.9
376.1
252.1
180.2
190.2
82.0
135.6

254.5
135.1
203.6
135.8
117.1
111.7
206.7
1536.9
197.3
3595.4
2426.5
133.4
146.2

154.2

155.1

154.1
152.8
149.6
139.4
177.6

153.2
153.3
147.6
124.8
171.0

152.6 152.8
154.1 154.4
146.9 147.4
92. 3 87.8
167.3 167.2

153.0
154.2
148.9
91.4
165.8

155.0
154.8
147.8
105.0
186.7

157.7
155.3
148.2
113.6
211.9

152.7
146.9
147.8
117.2
223.3

159.1
155.7
149.2
118.0
222.7

160.3
158.3
149.3
113.6
219.4

160.7
159.8
146.7
108.8
215.5

117.6
113.4
117.4
87.0
161.2

Rubber products......................... ..................................... 140.0
Rubber tires and inner tubes ______________
Rubber boots and shoes.. _________________
Rubber goods, other_________________ ______

142.3

144.2
155.5
125.2
137.9

147.8
158.1
130.9
142.0

151.0
158.2
133.9
148.7

154.5
159.5
138.8
153.9

167.8
163.0
151.1
154.4

161.8
165.3
158.0
159.2

164.5
168.2
156.2
162.9

163.5
165.9
154.0
163.4

162.8
168.6
151.2
159.9

160.9
168.7
148.3
155.8

157.7
167. 6
139.4
152.7

160.3
166.1
160.5
154.1

Miscellaneous industries___ ____________________ 155.3
Instruments (professional and scientific), and
fire-control equipment.............................. ...........
Photographic apparatus____________________
Optical instruments and ophthalmic goods..
Pianos, organs, and parts___________________
Games, toys, and dolls___ __________________
Buttons.......................................................................
Fire extinguishers................ .....................................

158.1

158.5

162.7

164.8

167.9

169.4

177.7

184.9

187.8

184.2

180.1

173.9

181.7

261.0
224. 5
221.8
178.2
258.7
117.0
281.8

256.7
224.4
219.7
173.6
251.7
116.1
271.3

248.8
224.5
218.3
170.4
236.9
116.2
269.1

247.4
220.9
201.0
157.3
221.8
111.2
271.8

766.4
200,9
280.3
156.2
99.7
116.6
913.1

N o n d u r a b le

good*—Continued

Printing, publishing, and allied industries...............
Newspapers and periodicals . .
Printing; book and job__
Lithographing_______________ ___
Bookbinding. . . . . _____. . .

Products of petroleum and coal..............................
Petroleum refining_______
Coke and byproducts______________ .
Paving materials.......... .................. .........................
Roofing m aterials.______ ___ ___ _ .
__

274.1
203.0
213.4
129.1
178. 6
105.2
203.6

274.9
210.7
217.6
145.0
181.2
105.3
202.8

274.6
210.4
219.6
147.7
175.9
110.0
202.7

272.2
212.8
221.5
156.3
177.1
112.0
204.5

270.4
217.1
219.6
161.8
168.8
111.1
246.0

267.1
223.9
221.5
170.8
206.9
116.2
272.6

268.1
224.1
218.7
173.7
243.9
116.6
281.0

i See footnote, table A-6.

T

able

A-8: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
An­
nual
aver­
age

1948

1949
Industry group and industry
June*
All manufacturing_______ _____________ ______ _.
Durable goods................................................ ...........
Nondurable goods__________________ _______

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1943

329.4
367.2
292.4

336.1
379.3
293.8

349.6
390.9
309.2

357.8
402.7
314.0

363.1
412.7
314.7

377.6
430.1
326.3

379.3
430.3
329.5

382.9
435.7
331.2

382.2
423.7
341.6

374.7
418.8
331.6

360.0
403.0
318.0

359.0
401.3
317.6

334.4
469.5
202.3

306.6
283.4
281. 6
327. 8
383.9
313.7
302.8
202.3
299.3
311.4

320.1
295.4
309.4
346.5
417.0
355.3
295.2
215.2
296.4
318.7

336.7
299.8
345.1
384.8
470.6
423.4
306.1
243.0
312.1
338.8

348.4
303.7
376.2
424.9
496.7
453.8
306.5
260.0
323.0
353.8

356.7
304.6
395.8
468.6
506.0
475.5
317.7
268.3
332.0
371.2

371.4
305.1
424.1
520.8
525.2
471.2
340.3
271.4
334.7
394.3

373.6
303.4
429.4
505.7
528.0
470.9
334.7
271.3
331.6
405.8

376.0
305.0
436.1
512.2
523.2
445.7
351.6
276.2
333.2
392.1

365.0
300.3
433.3
493.1
504.4
437.1
391.7
263.8
322.5
374.9

360.5
295.8
417.1
478.8
498.6
432.7
364.9
262.5
326.6
359.3

336.9
269.9
398.2
448.8
464.3
414.3
353.2
242.8
315.1
335.7

340.5
268.4
421.5
468.1
494.7
422.0
310.8
243.3
295.7
343.6

311.4
222.3
261.1
278.9
493.5
177.2
161.6
255.3
202.6
279.5

D u r a b le g ood»

Iron and steel and their products________________
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling m ills-..
Gray-iron and semisteel castings
Malleable-iron castings
Steel castings____. . I . ................ ............. .............
Cast-iron pipe and fittings_________ _________
Tin cans and other tinware_________________
Wire drawn from purchased rods.........................
Wirework___________ _____________________
Cutlery and edge tools.............................................
See footnote, table A-6.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

'See note on page 314.

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949
T

able

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

325

A-8: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries1- Con.
[1939 average=100]
A n ­

1949

nual
aver­
age

1948

Industry group and industry
June*

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1943

294.4
277.9
256.8

315.4
298.5
283.0

341.6
324.0
306.3

348.5
335.0
321.8

361.3
347.0
343.3

372.5
370.8
378.3

373.8
367.4
376.9

376.3
363.1
381.9

366.3
349.2
338.7

373.4
347.1
338.7

358.7
325.0
316.7

370.8
340.9
329.0

334.1
245.8
161.7

D u r a b l e g o o d s —Continued

Iron and steel and their products—Continued
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files,
and saws)_____ ____ ________________________
Hardware................ ........................... .......“
Plumbers’ supplies____________ ____ II
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment, not
elsewhere classified_________ _____________ _
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and
steam fittin g s ................ ...........................................
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing..........
Fabricated structural and ornamental metal­
work............................................. ................... ............
M etal doors, sash, frames, molding, and trim_____
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets............................... .
Forgings, iron and steel__________ _____________
Wrought pipe, welded and heavy-riveted___I___
Screw-machine products and wood scr e w s............
Steel barrels, kegs, and drums...................................
Firearms________________________________ I___

244.6

250.0

260.8

261.7

277.2

350.4

400.0

448.4

426.7

416.9

371.0

379.2

210.9

318.0
366.8

332.5
380.1

379.5
403.5

400.6
429.3

418.1
440.0

454.6
481.0

466.5
491.9

474.3
482.6

447.6
453.7

436.4
467.9

414.7
452.0

431.4
462.9

360.6
307.0

392.3
271.4
337.5
429.9
437.8
347.1
268.2
1005.8

378.7
272.3
375.0
455.8
464.3
370.4
256.0
980.9

385.2
281.2
402.8
490.2
476.2
398.0
265.2
1016.1

394.8
297.4
413.8
529.4
501.4
421.3
301.9
1011.1

398.5 406.8 406.2
311.7 341. 8 344.0
429.9 445.1 433.6
540.5 548.5 544.8
499.1 497.2 515.8
441.3 453.5 450. 5
321.0 349.4 328.8
1007.6 1005.6 1018.0

409.4
340.1
428.0
533.6
505.1
453.0
329.8
998.7

371.9
340.4
415.5
513.4
487.1
433.1
306.9
963.1

384.5
328.5
424.6
475.8
495.4
429.4
338.0
927.8

346.7
287.5
401.0
449.6
473.0
426.8
301.4
952.7

363.7
309.1
412.8
454.1
467.3
436.9
313.3
945.9

364.3
292.6
382.0
507.9
610.9
560.4
247.0
2934.8

Electrical machinery____ _________________________
Electrical equipm ent.......... ............................ I.II ._
Radios and phonographs________________ _____ _
Communication equipment___________________

386.0
360.3
427.4
483.8

401.7
381.6
423.7
489.0

424.1
403.3
454.0
506.4

442.2
420.3
478.3
524.1

454.3
427.0
507.3
547.2

474.6
444.1
551.4
564.3

479.2
447.8
539.7
587.6

474.4
445.4
509.1
591.6

465.4
442.2
489.4
567.3

454.8
434.7
468.9
550.6

436.3
418.3
456.9
513.4

440.0
419.2
458.6
534.8

488.0
475.6
505.0
538.2

Machinery, except electrical____ ___________________
Machinery and machine-shop products....................
Engines and turbines__________________________
T ractors..................................................................I. I.'
Agricultural machinery, excluding tractors............. .
Machine tools ________ _______________________
Machine-tool accessories_________________HH H!
Textile machinery___________ ____________ I.
Pumps and pumping equipment________ I .II H!
T ypew riters....................................................
.1]
Cash registers; adding, and calculating ma­
chines.............................................................................
Washing machines, wringers, and driers,
domestic ........................................................................
Sewing machines, domestic and industrial..1.1___I
Refrigerators and refrigeration equipment................

406.8
443.1
536.2
338.5
577.6
198.9
321.0
379.1
548.4
206.2

423.4
457.6
549.9
342.7
591.6
205.4
341.1
399.1
564.1
190.4

448.5
484.7
579.2
358.0
601.2
211.8
359.7
423.7
594.0
201.6

463.0
501.9
601.9
366.8
607.6
218.6
367.4
429.2
619.9
220.4

473.7
517.7
609.9
374.6
599.0
224.2
384.0
437.8
609.7
229.5

491.6
532.6
639.3
369.6
613.7
249.3
395.7
461.4
632.9
265.7

486.9
527.3
620.1
358.4
592.4
248.1
387.1
452.0
625.5
271.1

491.7
531.5
622.1
364.1
597.9
250.3
391.8
453.2
620.1
255.0

484.0
523.2
581.9
360.5
577.1
248.3
391.0
458.9
615.0
286.8

482.3
520.0
594.5
369.1
559.3
246.8
400.8
454.3
605.0
298.0

473.6
507.9
585.4
369.2
574.2
239.0
361.6
438.6
605.0
319.2

480.7
519.6
601.4
355.5
595.4
242.9
383.5
459.1
616.5
325.2

443.7
501.8
849.4
256.7
298.6
503.9
671.1
230.1
761.8
143.8

417.9

428.0

456.3

461.8

474.2

494.2

487.9

481.3

492.3

489.2

507.0

505.9

341.6

252.8
154.2
361.5

238.2
451.1
369.4

236.4
479.4
430.1

259.4
481. 5
449.8

274.5
490.1
460.8

316.6
504.1
490.0

470.0
501.9
486.2

484.2
491.6
508.7

460.6
478.8
493.3

469.3
460.4
491.4

439.2
432.3
486.0

480.9
439.5
508.9

301.5
282.3
264.5

Transportation equipment, except automobiles.............
Locomotives____ ________ ___________________
Cars, electric- and steam-railroad.......... I.IIIIII III
Aircraft and parts, excluding aircraft engines.........I
Aircraft engines...............................................................
Shipbuilding and boatbuilding.............. I.IIIIII 1.1
Motorcycles, bicycles, and parts________________I

670.2
887.3
481.7
795.2
681.3
239.0
254.6

573.9
905.4
478.9
796.2
582.9
245.5
258.6

599.4
930.5
533.9
819.2
587.0
259.5
264.1

607. 5
891.4
563.4
829.8
604.9
261.7
260.7

610.3 635.5
934.4 1024.4
557.1 565.9
814.6 838.5
617.2 618.9
272.3 288.6
274.4 353.7

611.8
942.5
535.4
830.7
601.3
262.4
468.2

613.3
909.4
526.6
794.9
599.7
291.2
474.3

581.8
948.4
477.3
746.1
570.0
283.1
424.5

547.7
599.4
516.9
698.4
453.7
290.6
374.2

552.4
907.3
467.9
661.1
533.1
304.5
301.8

561.2
913.7
492.5
649.2
517.5
321.7
345.7

3080.3
1107.3
457.9
3496.3
4528. 7
3594. 7
253.6

Automobiles...................... .............. ..................

394.5

430.3

415.7

441.6

455.3

451.2

438.9

451.3

425.9

419.1

423.3

385.7

321.2

Nonferrous metals and their products................
Smelting and refining, primary, of nonferrous* *
metals............................................................................
Alloying; and rolling and drawing of nonferrous metals, except aluminum______________ . . .
Clocks and watches....... .................
IIIIIIII III
Jewelry (precious metals) and jewelers’ findings III
Silverware and plated ware..........................................
Lighting equipm ent.......................................... H I”
Aluminum manufactures............ ................ IIIIII III
Sheet-metal work, not elsewhere classifiedIIIII III

316.1

327,0

345.3

363.6

372.2

391.2

391.9

394.2

386.3

379.3

360.6

368.2

354.5

343.4

347.9

343.8

339.2

344.2

342.1

340.0

344.6

342.4

345.7

338.6

329.7

353.9

191.5
271.9
334.7
407.3
291.5
306.9
370.8

200.2
273.5
342.5
448.5
309.1
320.2
372.3

242.3
279.4
368.2
459.0
317.3
332.6
387.6

276.5
282.8
376.7
506.4
347.2
341.0
397.9

296.9
295.9
370.5
512.7
319.8
349.8
422.8

309.8
335.9
402.3
554.3
335.4
357.5
453.3

298.2
348.1
407.3
572.0
343.1
360. 2
452.3

308.0
353.0
397.0
565.0
340.0
355.7
467.4

307.0
348.6
383.8
555.4
345.6
325.8
443.9

298.5
334.9
365.9
519.4
328.2
332.9
454.5

284.3
304.5
345.7
481.8
317.0
316.8
434.1

278.3
332.2
372.5
527.4
305.9
338.5
438.1

353.4
238.4
240.4
591.6
357.6

Lumber and timber basic products....... ............................
Sawmills and logging camps___________ IIIIII III
Planing and plywood mills.............................I.II ..I

452.3
501.7
426.8

427.8
469.3
424.2

413.9
451.8
416.4

395.7
423.1
425.6

418.2
450.7
439.9

465.6
503.5
481.5

499.7
549.7
484.9

519.2
575.3
491.9

523.3
584.4
478.6

538.8
604.6
485.4

502.9
563.3
455.3

488.5
543.3
456.1

215.1
238.3
197.8

Furniture and finished lumber products____________
Mattresses and bedsprings____________
Furniture............................................... II.IIIIII..........
Wooden boxes, other than cigar_.I.IIIIIIIIIIH I”
Caskets and other morticians’ goods______IIII III
Wood preserving________
I” HI
Wood, turned and shaped__ IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII III

296.1
316.6
295.3
284.4
236.1
388.9
291.0

299.2
330.5
299.7
261.8
234.2
386.2
303.7

310.7
346.9
313.8
258.2
256.5
364.4
313.8

315.7
343.6
320.5
263.7
269.6
350.6
315.2

317.9
326.8
323.0
274.0
282. 6
362.1
317.3

345.4
351.3
354.4
313.9
282.4
372.4
331.1

349.2
371.2
366.7
320.7
287.8
378.3
328.3

354.9
414.3
358.1
325.0
284.9
383.3
338.7

344.5
411.5
344.2
315.7
289.7
379.3
323.8

337.3
385.5
334.8
327.3
289.0
382.8
332.1

320.4
354.1
317.5
318.6
273.4
378.0
313.9

326.0
347.9
325.7
325.7
283.4
358.1
322.8

183.9
165.7
185.3
215.8
159.3
181.9
175.5

Stone, clay, and glass products_____________________
Glass and glassware.................... ................. 1.1.II III
Glass products made from purchased glass.I.II III
Cement____ _______ _____ ________________ _
Brick, tile, and terra cotta__ I.IIIIIIIIIIIIIIII HI
Pottery and related products..................I ...I I I I HI
See footnote, table A-6.

321.5
345.8
267.9
320.9
321.8
347.8

323.5
342.7
279.8
312.2
320.7
367.3

335.9
356.1
289.2
306.5
322.6
384.6

344.5 349.5
366.8 371.9
313. 9 322.9
303.6 308.1
329.0 330.8
392.1 1 386.8
*See note on page 314.

366.9
385.3
350.7
312.2
355.5
404.1

366.9
384.0
344.6
315.2
356.5
407.5

372.1
395.8
329.0
316.1
362.4
399.8

361.2 358.9
383.2 369.3
310.9 309.3
310.4 322.5
353. 5 358.6
374.0 1 383.4

334.2
327.9
293.4
319.2
335.7
345.2

347.1
360.5
308.5
314.0
338.1
364.

189.1
208.3
165.9
156.5
135.8
191.9


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

211.8
212.8

T

able

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

326

A-8: Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries ‘—Con.
[1939 average=100|
An­
nual
average

1948

1949
Industry group and industry
June*
D u r a b le g o o d s—

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Peb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1943

296.9

310.7

328.5

342.3

343.9

378.5

387.7

397.1

386.5

380.1

353.2

352.7

151.7

491.6
309.9
184. 9
571.6
377.5

475.7
311.9
185. 9
578.8
385.4

223.8
171.6
90.8
480.2
254.6

Continued

Stone, clay, and gjass products—Continued
Wallboard, plaster (except gypsum), and minPfftl wool
_________________ ____
Lim e
__________________________
Marble granite slate and other p r o d u cts___
Abrasives
_________________
Asbestos products
_______________

265.6
298.5
208.1
448.8
305.6

266.2
304.8
201.5
492.6
302.8

363.4
303.5
198.9
537.1
334.4

359.1
296.8
197.1
556.4
351.9

454.9
304.3
190.6
574.9
362.2

493.0
313.0
204.2
580.7
398.9

495.7
322.3
190.9
583.3
406.7

493.8
326.9
196.8
594.6
414.5

491.8
323.8
194.2
588.5
402.7

484.7
324. 5
195. 6
576.3
395.6

233.6
278.6
210.5
215.0

237.6
294.3
206.6
218.9

260.3
319.6
211.8
239.5

274.8
332.9
214.4
267.3

276.7
331.9
213.8
276.2

291.9
352.7
224.2
293.4

291.9
348.9
222.1
299.1

291.2
350.0
222.5
299.4

295. 5
354.9
228. 7
301.3

298.2
357. 4
227.3
295. 2

285.4
342.0
226. 5
276.9

304. 6
365.9
238.0
292. 2

178.9
215.9
214.6
138.6

190.3
179.9
211.5
231.5
219.0

172.6
182.8
222.9
229.5
224.0

208.3
190.5
229.1
256. 8
240.2

245.6
193.6
225.4
260.7
235.9

258.5
192.2
226.3
258.1
231.0

275.0
201.8
227.0
264.6
256.1

268.8
210.3
232. 9
272.7
273.6

265.7
208.8
228.7
249.8
291.2

286.1
201.1
219. 7
250.5
297.3

297.8
202.8
228.4
244.1
313.2

295.5
184.2
224.4
228.2
305.2

311.5
199.8
223.2
260. 8
324.9

199.5
109.6
174.7
192.7
183.3

295.9
311.5
140.3
257.3
245.9

306.2
322.4
103.6
264.8
257.8

320.1
362.8
160.6
262.9
276.1

321.3
370.0
175.6
269. 5
276.1

309.0
382.1
177.8
271.1
278.9

327.7
389.8
176.8
283.6
288.6

316.8
393. 5
164.5
285.9
291.5

311.6
393.2
162.9
266.8
284.7

310.7
387.5
180.9
248.4
283.7

309.2
381.5
200. 3
282.2
286.4

299.8
368.4
171.8
273.0
288.2

320.6
371.8
197.4
277.5
306.5

174.9
145.2
121.5
196.4
240.3

Apparel aod other finished textile products______
Mfln’g clothing not elsewhere classified______
phjrts collars and nightwear . . ______________
TTndprwear and neckwear, men’s_________
Work shirts
_________________ -- ---------W omen’«?olot.hinp' not elsewhere classified____
Corsets and allied garments _________________
Millinery
_____________ ____ ______
Handkerchiefs
_ ___________________
Hurt a ins draperies, and bedspreads_________
TTonsefnrnishings, other than curtains, etc____
Textile bags _____________________________

283.3
249.8
231.8
293. 5
274.4
288.4
210.6
133.9
229.6
278.3
589.8
417.9

297.3
263.0
225.1
287.8
288.2
307.9
204.4
170.2
245.0
275.5
569.5
402.4

344.7
288.7
230.5
322.5
288.5
380.0
226.1
228.8
279.1
296.7
576.6
414.8

348.2
286.0
218. 7
312.8
289. 7
394.4
224.4
213.4
286.0
289.3
533.6
432.7

328.6
269. 6
197.5
281.0
241.7
378.7
223.8
168.2
279.7
240.4
483.9
438.9

329.2
271.9
211.5
320.3
271.0
370. 7
233.3
148.4
295.8
265.2
560.4
455.7

336.8
276.0
234.5
333.6
288.7
380.6
236.3
121.6
303.9
283.8
576.2
438.7

325.0
280.5
231.8
309.9
309.7
351.0
233.1
169.2
289.3
286.2
553.1
441.0

348.1
301.1
230.0
301.3
301.0
390.2
225.8
177.7
259.4
289.5
502.5
435. 5

342.3
300.3
223.7
294.1
299.7
380.3
217.0
172.5
241.0
291.2
501.3
413.6

303.6
272.6
221.9
269.6
290.5
326.6
201.1
144.7
181.3
241.5
453.3
394.8

303.6
290.0
234.0
289.1
294.2
310.7
210.8
115. 5
231.0
252.0
464.6
373.1

185.2
174.9
143.6
166.5
220.4
184.4
137.1
123.3
184.0
230.2
370.3
233.0

I,eftt,her and leather products __________________
Peat,her
__________________________
■Root and shoe cut stock and findings________
■Roofs and shoes
________________________
Leather gloves and mittens
______
Trunks and suitcases. _____________________

209.6
188.8
149.6
202.7
184.0
348.5

222.0
186.2
160.7
220.1
185.1
340.8

238.7
195.3
180.6
239.6
203.6
311.4

240.1
202.2
184.4
239.6
201. 1
301.2

235.0
204.6
177.4
234.4
194.2
256.3

234.3
210.9
178.1
227.5
209.9
343.2

224.4
202.0
166.5
212.3
259. 4
417. 5

236.8
206.3
175.3
227.6
266.8
401.4

245.1
206.5
185.2
238.7
274.5
393.3

248.3
207.3
189.5
242.9
285.4
376.2

236.5
203.6
178. 6
230.6
267.4
339.5

233.4
205.2
179.9
225.3
273.6
339.5

154.2
140.6
142.2
142.0
239. 4
240.3

Food ____ ___ ________________________________
Slaughtering and meat packing______________
Butter
____________ _________________
Condensed and evaporated milk_____________
Ice cream _ _____________________________
Flour
. . _________________________
Feeds prepared
____________________
Cereal preparations ______________________
Baking. _________________________________
Sugar refining, cane . _ ___________________
Sugar, beet
_____________________________
Confectionery
... _____________________
Beverages nonalcoholic
___ ___________
Malt liquors
______________________
Canning and preserving. _ __________________

316.5
296.0
412.5
504.1
354.8
302.2
459.5
358.0
281.0
351.7
89.3
256.2
325.9
382.9
258.8

302.8
284.9
390.1
466.6
316.5
296.0
424.6
345.7
276.2
324.7
84.3
270.1
293.5
345.8
242.8

302.7
297.9
376.1
446.5
292.1
309.1
408.5
367.6
269.7
340.1
85.7
285. 7
283.9
363.1
213.3

302.9
307.8
367.6
428.0
280.0
330.8
385.0
356.0
271.7
346.4
98.5
290.9
277.0
333.8
215.6

312.1
343.8
369.3
416.1
265.7
363.3
391.9
338.1
265.6
343.0
110.6
304.6
276.1
333.3
226.7

333.5
365.6
380.9
407.4
270.4
346.6
396.0
326.8
279.5
316.9
194.2
347.0
284.7
359.5
280.0

340.7
336.2
379.0
424.4
273.9
351.9
405.9
342.3
280.8
285.3
528.9
388.7
287.1
377.4
313.7

358.2
305.4
384.7
435.6
291.2
355.2
405.8
341.6
286.6
286.4
455.8
376.4
298.6
371.8
537.1

389.8
303.5
397.8
473.7
333.5
360.7
415.4
326.0
282.6
348.2
207.7
345.7
340.9
417.2
835.0

351. 3
296.0
418.5
492.5
348.4
368.6
405.0
349.5
273.5
369.5
161.1
296.2
349.0
419.6
525.4

352.2
318. 8
432.6
509.9
365. 8
368.3
400.0
377.5
273. 5
378.5
138.6
255.4
387.1
435.7
469.2

328.3
329.2
429. 8
520.3
341.5
339.9
391.7
3.53.7
270.8
295.0
130.6
261.8
342.6
389.9
314.8

180.9
188.6
231.0
268.5
170.6
182.9
230.0
223.3
153.0
152.8
119.6
157.6
163.2
180.5
216.0

Tobacco manufactures . _ _____________________
Cigarettes
_____________________________
C ig a rs__ _________________________________
Tnhnrvo tehowing and smokies) and snuff___

196.0
259.5
162.9
151.8

188.9
255.3
152.2
151.7

198.8
257.7
167.7
159.8

193.5
239.8
169.2
161. 4

200.5
249.9
174.8
166.3

217.9
269.2
192.1
178.5

223.5
264.4
207.4
173.1

224.3
279.0
197.2
180.7

214.8
268.1
187.4
176.1

218.3
288.3
180. 9
173.3

205.5
270.0
171.1
164.1

205.8
263.1
175.8
166.7

151.0
172.0
141.0
132.3

Paper and allied products___ ___________________
Paper and pulp____________________________
Paper goods, other _ . ______________________
E n v elo p es________________________________
Paper bags. ______________________________
Paper boxes
_ ________________

316.3
321.0
364.8
273.0
324.5
280.8

317.0
322.5
360.3
286.5
334.9
279.6

327.6
332.2
368.1
292.4
358.1
292.5

335.3
341.0
380. 5
297.8
358.7
296.5

341.9
348.6
381.2
302.8
355.4
305. 6

356.5
357.9
394.7
317.5
364.5
335.3

362.2
364.7
392.8
317.3
365.3
344.5

357.4
359.1
381.2
307.0
391.4
342.1

355.0
362.9
372.3
298.3
390.2
328.0

352.1
363.6
365.1
290.0
392.7
318.6

341.7
357.7
355.3
272.9
380.0
294.9

337.8
347.7
358.4
284.0
364.4
304.8

184.8
181.6
193.2
165.7
183.4
189.6

Printing. publishing, and allied industries----- -----Newspapers and periodicals. ______________ 1______
Printing: book and job
__________________ !____ _
Lithnoranhint?
______
Bookbinding.............................................................. ..................i
See footnote, table A-6.

277.3
264.7
304.9
221.0
302.5

273.8
260.0
301.8
218.7
302.6

273.9
255.3
307.5
218.9
305.7

269.7
247.8
307.0
216. 3
300.0

268.8
242.7
309.4
218.6
305.4

280.6
258.9
316.0
233.3
310.6

275.4
253.3
307.9
234.5
315.1

273.6
252.2
305.4
235.5
309.7

273.6
253.6
304.8
233.1
307.8

264.8
240.6
297.6
231.8
310.2

260.1
235.5
296.0
223.5
291.8

264.9
238.1
299.3
230.3
310.0

124.7
111.7
137.3
124.9
174.8

Nondurable

goods

Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures.. —
Cotton manufactures, except sm a llw a res..---Cotton smpllwares
_________________
Silk and rovon pnods
_ ________________
Woolen and worsted manufactures, except dyeing and finishing ________________________
TTnsje.ry
____ _________________
Knitted cloth
_ _______________________
Knitted outerwear and knitted gloves________
Knitted underwear
_ _________________
Dyeing and finishing "textiles, including woolCarpets and rugs, wool
TTats fnr-felt
Cordage and twine


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

____________ ______
___________________
__________________

’ See note on page 314.

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949
T

able

A

8.

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

327

Indexes of Production-Worker Weekly Pay Rolls in Manufacturing Industries1—Con.
[1939 average = 100]

1949

June*
N o n d u r a b le

An­
nual
aver­
age

1948

Industry group and industry
M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan,

425.9
311.7
531.5

434.9
315.1
625.7

449.0
311.4
529.9

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

459.1
317.2
534.5
230.3
385.0
304.5
639.3
707.6
487.7
380.6
587.4
470.2
453.2

462.3 461.9
325. 5 329.9
514.4 514.9
247.4 261.9
404.1 405.3
306. 3 300.1
639.7 637.5
746.9 749.1
483.8 491.0
395.2 403.7
541. 4 544.2
539.9 555.4
427. 6 415.3

460.1
338.4
506.9
252.2
412.2
296.7
628.6
763.8
488.5
409.4
552.7
559.8
430.8

462.5
339.3
491.1
243.0
400.7
297.5
641.6
796.0
513.9
411.2
621.0
459.3
436.1

450.6
345.1
485.3
237.4
365.7
302.7
629.1
798.3
512.0
403.1
630.2
261.7
408.9

432.7
343.0
480.6
204.3
344.3
289.6
600.4
760.2
518.2
420.8
507.0
230.1
396.7

434.9
422.5
335.6
197. 2
486.7
286.3
213.7
180.6
343.1
174. 5
280.2
168. 2
613.6
336.9
737.6 2,361.8
505.4
325.3
411.2 6,734.4
572.5 5 , 963.9
228.3 ’ 230.4
414.5
272.2

June

1943

pood»—Continued

Chemicals and allied products................. .
Paints, varnishes, and colors......... .........
Drugs, medicines, and insecticides........
Perfumes and cosmetics_______ ______
Soap..................................................
Rayon and allied products___________
Chemicals, not elsewhere classified___
Explosives and safety fuses__________
Compressed and liquefied gases.............
Ammunition, small-arms____________
Fireworks____ _____________________
Cottonseed o il.................... 1111111111111
Fertilizers..................................

369.7
256.1
581.3
720.6
477.2
294.1
567.1
312.4
518.6

220.0

222.2

370.3
260.9
597.2
694.8
481.3
280.8
588.6
348.7
593.7

384.5
294.7
609.3
714.4
489.1
346.9
537.9
400.0
591.0

454. 2
315.5
535.7
223.2
386. 5
304.0
621.6
729.7
490.9
385.3
550.9
409.9
506.8

Products of petroleum and coal............... .............
Petroleum refining___ _______ ____ ______
Coke and byproducts___________
____
Paving m aterials.............................................. ™
Roofing materials..................... ................. ...1 1 7

343.8
334.6
348.9
308.4
422.1

340.6
332.0
349.8
274.1
406.3

339.4
334.7
346.6
204.9
379.7

339.2
334. 2
351.0
191.3
373.1

349.6
346.4
358.4
185.8
368.5

345.5 354.9
338.2 343.9
350.7 346.7
239.5 *240.2
413.2 507.0

344.8
324.7
849.5
276.3
577.7

345.6
326.1
353.2
279.1
558.3

358.2
345.5
350.8
264.3
548.7

353.4
344.9
329.5
248.1
531.9

342.2
330.8
330.1
235.0
523.3

184.3
176.7
183. 4
144.8
267.2

Rubber products____________________ ______ _
Rubber tires and inner tubes___
Rubber boots and shoes___________________
Rubber goods, other.........................................

IIIIIIIIIIIII!

294.5
292.9
275.4
303.0

291.4
285.2
276.1
306.2

298.4
287.8
251.6
330.1

309.8
288.8
301.5
348.3

320.6
294.5
351.1
353.9

332.7
299.6
388.2
370.0

341.9
312.9
377.2
378.7

345.5
318.2
369.0
383.0

344.9
326.2
355.9
370.8

347.2
341.0
344.1
356.3

329.7
329.8
321.7
331.9

330.2
322.0
329.7
343.7

M iscellaneous industries_____ ____________ _____
Instruments (professional and scientific), and
fire-control equipment................................
Photographic apparatus...................................... "
Optical instruments and ophthalmic goods___
Pianos, organs, and parts.......................................
Games, toys, and dolls...............................
B uttons........ .................................................. III” !
Fire extinguishers___________________

263.9
265.7
268.8
255.8

350.9

359.5

373.5

381.4

384.2

406.8

420.8

422.6

411.8

397.4

375.0

386.7

322.7

693.9
401.3
430.8
254.8
428.8
234.6
621.4

589.6
415.4
439.1
306.5
410.3
242.9
603.7

598.1
426.6
447.2
311.7
434.3
258.4
512.6

596.3
432.1
452.5
329.1
429.4
263.0
515.5

588.1
440.7
452.9
341.3
410.2
267.4
601.7

678.6
455.1
465.7
381.2
601.4
281. 7
635.1

576.9
455.4
447.8
389.5
633.2
273.6
638.1

555.5
450.2
451.9
387.6
651.1
275.4
616.9

530.1
450.5
444.4
369.1
613.5
271.9
606.1

505.9
444.1
439.6
361.7
566.8
275.3
566.7

487.2
443.8
393.1
327.9
521.2
254.0
573.0

491.0 1,356.9
438.8 '311.6
421.6
439.0
362.7
295.1
510.6
169.7
271.7
204.1
595.6 1, 622. 9

221.8

1See footnote, table A-6.

T

•See note on page 314.
able

A-9: Employees in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[In thousands]
1949
June*

Mining: >»
Coal:
Anthracite......................... ............
Bituminous......................................
Metal..................................................
Iron_________ _____________
Copper_____ ____ ____ ______
Lead and zinc_______________
Gold and silver______________
Miscellaneous________ ______
Quarrying and nonmetallic_______
Crude petroleum and natural gas pro­
duction 4_____________________
Transportation and public utilities:
Class I railroads f____ ____ ______
Street railways and busses •............. .
Telephone.................... ......................
Telegraph 3............................ ..............
Electric light and power............ .
Service:
Hotels (year-round)............................
Power laundries 3________________
Cleaning and dyeing 3____ _______'

M ay

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1943

73.9
381
93.2
33.3
27.0
16.1
9.0
7.9
81.5

74.9
389
94.8
33.3
27.6
17.0
9.1
7.9
81.4

75.3
302
94.1
32.1
27.8
17.1
9.1
7.9
78.2

76.2
399
92.8
32.0
26.7
17.0
9.1
8.0
76.6

77.2
401
89.8
32.0
24.2
16.9
8.9
7.9
77.8

77.0
405
90.1
32.3
24.4
16. 9
8.7
7.9
83.4

77.0
403
88. 5
32.1
23.9
16.6
8.2
7.7
85.3

76.6
404
92.0
32.8
27.0
16.2
8.1
7.9
86.6

77.5
408
89.4
33.4
26.9
13.0
8.2
7.9
87.8

77.7
408
88.4
33.7
26.5
12.0
8.1
8.0
87.8

76.2
378
91.7
33.7
26.6
15.0
8.4
8.0
87.1

77.4
407
92.8
33.7
26.7
16.2
8.3
7.9
86.8

78.4
419
112.7
35.3
33.3
21.6
7.7
14.8
80.9

129.8 128.9 129.2 129.6
129.5 129.6 130.4 129.9 133.2 137.1 136.6 133.5 103.2
1,237 1,215 1,198 1,231
1,256
1,306 1,329
1,345 1,350
1,356 1,361
1,352 1,355
239
241
242
242
243
244
245
246
248
248
246
¡249
227
634
637
637
640
638
642
642
642
643
647
644
633
402
31.9
32.4
32.4
32.8
33.3
33.9
34.2
34.5
34.7
35.1
36.0
36.1
46.9
284
283
282
282
281
282
282
281
284
286
283
279
211
364
360
361
364
365
370
372
375
373
369
375
379
344
220
216
216
217
221
224
224
229
232
233
239
238
252
90.1
88.0
84.1
83.3
84.5
86.3
87.5
89.4
88.7
89.7
92.6
94.7
78.0

1 Unless otherwise noted, data include all employees. Data for the thn
most recent months are subject to revision without notation. Revised dat
for earlier months are identified by an asterisk.
2 Includes production and related workers only.
* Data have been adjusted to levels indicated by Federal Security Agenc
data through 1946 and have been carried forward from 1946 benchmar
levels, thereby providing consistent series.
* Does not include well drilling or rig building.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Annual
average

1948

Industry group and industry

1939

83 6
372
92. 6
21.1
25. 0
16.3
26.0
4. 2
68.5
114.4
988
194
318
37. 6
244
323
196
58.2

« Includes all employees at middle of month. Excludes employees of
aD(1 terminal companies. Class I railroads include those with over
»1,000,000 annual revenue. Source: Interstate Commerce Comission.
* Incladea private and municipal street-railway companies and affiliated,
subsidiary, or successor trolley-bus and motor-bus companies.
Includes all land-line employees except those compensated on a commis­
sion basis. Excludes general and divisional headquarters personnel, trainees
in school, and messengers.
•See note on page 314.

MONTHLY LABOR

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

328

T able A-10: Indexes of Employment in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
An­
nual
aver­
age

1948

1949
Industry group and industry
Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

157.6
107.9
98 9
34.6
187.3
119.0
113.4

89.6
104.7
102.4
157. 7
110.5
104.4
34.9
187.6
118.9
112.6

90.1
105.4
101. 6
152.1
111.4
104.8
35.0
188.5
114.2
112.9

91.1
107.3
100.2
151.7
106.8
104.3
35.1
191.7
111.9
113.2

92.3
107.9
97.0
151.4
96.7
104.1
34.3
188.0
113.6
113.2

92.0
109.0
97.3
152.7
97.7
103.6
33.6
189.4
121.8
113.2

92.1
108.3
95.6
152.1
95.6
101.9
31.6
183.2
124.6
114.0

91.7
108.8
99.3
155.4
107.9
99.8
30.9
188.6
126.5
113.5

92.7
109.7
96.5
158.2
107.7
79.8
31.4
188.9
128.3
116.4

92.9
109.7
95.5
159.6
106.0
74.0
31.1
190.0
128.2
119.8

91.1
101.8
99.1
159.5
106.6
92.2
32.2
191.3
127.3
119.4

92.6
109.6
100.2
159.6
106.9
99.7
31.9
188.6
126.8
116.7

93.7
112.9
121.7
167.4
133.2
132.7
29.7
352.0
118.2
90.2

125.3
123.2
199.6
84.7
116.3

123.0
124.3
200. 4
86.1
116.0

121.3
124. 9
200.5
86.0
115.6

124.6
125.1
201.6
87.1
115.5

127.1
125.4
200.8
88.6
115.1

132.2
125.9
202.2
90.0
115.6

134.6
126.2
202.1
90.7
115.5

136.2
126.9
201.9
91.6
115.1

136.7
127.9
202.3
92.3
116.2

137.3
128.1
203.7
93.3
117.1

137.9
127.2
202.8
95.7
115.8

136.9
128.3
199.4
96.0
114.1

137.2
117.0
126.7
124.7
86.3

112.6
109.5
111.5
119.4
112.4
88.9
109.2
116.0

114.0
113.0
112. 5
128.2
123.9
89.2
108.2
115.9

114. 5
109. 3
112.0
119.0
108.8
89.8
107.1
114.0

114.9
109.1
111.8
118.7
106.3
90.1
107.3
115.0

115.9
111.7
111.6
126.0
110.9
91.1
108.9
117.6

117.8
129. 0
114.6
177.1
135.0
97.5
113. 7
123.9

118.3
119.4
113.8
146.4
122.5
93.8
111.7
126.6

118.1
116.0
113.8
135.3
119.4
92.2
110.0
127.8

117.1
113.4
112.0
127.2
113.9
91.6
110.1
128.0

117.0
111.2
112.3
120.8
105.1
90.1
129.6

116.2
112.0
113.8
121.3
108.0
90.5
109.8
128.2

115.3
113.6
115.5
124.8
115.4
91.2
108.4
126.3

95.9
99.9
106.2
116.9
110.1
67.7
63.0
91.5

112.9
112.2
154.9

111.6
110.3
151 2

112.0
110. 2
144.5

112.9 113.3 114.6 115.3
110.8 113.1 114.2 114.6
143. 3 145.3 148. 4 150.5
8 See footnote 5, table A-9.
8 See footnote 6. table A-9.
» See footnote 7, table A-9.
8 Includes all nonsupervisory
* See note on page 314.

116.2
116.7
153. 7

115.7
118.4
152.5

114.6
119.0
154.3

116.2
122.1
159.2

117.6
121.5
162.9

106.6
128.7
134.0

June * M ay
Mining: * *
Coal:
A n th ra cite.......................................................................
Bitum inous....................................................... - ............
M e ta l........................................................................................
Iron....................................................................................Copper................................................................................
Lead and zinc_______________ ____ ______ _______
Gold and silver---- ---------------------------- ------- -----Miscellaneous............ .......................................................
Quarrying and nonm etallic....................... - ..................... Crude petroleum and natural gas production8...............
Transportation and public utilities:
Class I railroads 8...................................................................
Street railways and busses 8-------------------------- ---------Telephone------- ----------------------------------------------------Telegraph L ........................................................- .......... .........
Electric light and power-----------------------------------------T rade:8
Wholesale________________________________________
R etail---------------------------------------------------------------Food....................................................................................
General merchandise......................................................
Apparel..............................................................................
Furniture and housefurnishings...................................
A utom otive.. .............................- ....................................
Lumber and building materials.................... ..............
Service:
Hotels (year-round)...
Power laundries*........
Cleaning and dyeing*.
i See footnote 1, table A-9
* See footnote 2, table A-9
* See footnote 3, table A-9
8 See footnote 4, table A-9

88.4
102.5
100.6

111.1

1943

employees and working supervisors.

T able A—11: Indexes of Weekly Pay Rolls in Selected Nonmanufacturing Industries 1
[1939 average=100]
An­
nual
aver­
age

1948

1949
Industry group and industry

Mining: *8
Coal:
Anthracite
_________________________
Bituminous
________________
M etal
..............................................................
Iron __________________________________
Copper
___________________________
Lead and zinc
_______________________
Gold and silver _______________________
Miscellaneous
_______________________
Quarrying and nonmetallic_________________
Crude"petroleum and natural gas production8. .
Transportation and public utilities:
Class T railroads
__ ___________________
Street railways and busses • _______ ___ _____
T'eln.ph nne
________________ _______
Telegraph 7 ______________________________
Ble.ei.rin light and power. __________________
T rade:8
Wholesale
____________ - _________________
Retail
_______________ ______ ____ ___
Food ________________________________
General merchandise____________________
Apparel
_ __________________________
Furniture and housefurnishings.................. .
Automotive
____________________ - __
Lumber and building materials............... .
Service:
Hotels (year-round) •_ _____________________
Power laundries 1 _________________________
Cleaning and dveine *---------- ------------- --------1 See rootnote I, table A-9.
* See footnote 2, table A-9.
8 See footnote 3, table A-9.
8 See footnote 4, table A-9.
8N ot available.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

June* May

Apr.

Mar.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

July

June

1943

215.8
323.8
226.9
372.5
255.6
255.6
62.7
390.2
320.0
242.7

195.7
326.1
235.2
374.3
277.1
265.6
64.3
388.4
309.6
235.8

160.1
309.0
237.4
368.2
277.3
286.7
63.9
396.0
286.8
233.1

168.3
341.0
228.6
364.7
252.9
276.1
66.2
396.2
281.2
236.7

238.6
355.3
225.1
363.1
241.2
280.3
61.9
410.3
290.2
245.1

224.6
355.0
224.4
358.0
244.4
277.8
62.4
408.2
321.2
235.7

216.0
343.1
215.3
353.2
232.2
265.4
56.6
374.1
329.5
235.3

260.4
358.5
224.9
371.6
255.6
252. 7
56.4
388.7
345.2
230.7

247.3
355.1
211.2
361.0
247.6
199.2
54.1
382.4
342.4
235.6

260.3
365.8
210.4
355.8
254.8
189.1
56.1
387.5
348.5
251.0

193.3
293.0
202.2
331.5
242.4
193.2
57.1
383.0
329.7
240.8

246.0
344.2
208.2
345.0
232. 9
238.1
54.2
360.7
329.1
227.1

146.1
203.3
184.9
257.9
214.6
226.7
37.2
560.7
199.6
128.0

(!)
227.2
348.2
208.4
211.3

(5)
227.2
342.0
210.6
208.1

(«)
229.2
344.9
206.8
206.1

(*)
230.6
346.2
208.6
206.3

(!)
231.3
337.2
210.9
206.7

(*)
233.4
339.7
212.6
206.4

(»)
231.2
349.7
215.3
205.8

(«)
235.7
338.8
217.4
204.5

G)
233.4
335.4
220.4
204.3

(»)
235.2
331.7
225. 5
204.9

(')
232.2
336.1
233.2
202.8

(»)
231.2
327.1
228.5
196.4

(«)
155. 7
144. 9
159.3
109. 2

218.7
219.4
232.2
234.3
210.4
178.6
225.9
242.2

218.7
223.4
234.0
244.0
238.1
176.1
220.3
237.5

217.4
214.5
231.7
227.5
200.0
177. 1
212.7
231.9

219.3
214.4
232.4
225.0
198.7
180.3
210.4
234.4

222.7
222.6
231.9
248.3
211.9
186.8
216.5
239.8

224.0
251.4
234.8
340.8
254.7
201.1
224.7
251.0

224.2
228.4
229.7
270.3
226.9
182.5
219.0
254.7

222.5
223.5
227.4
252.7
222.2
184.3
215.6
261.3

220.8
219.4
226.0
238.3
210.8
179.9
217.0
258.3

220.6
218.1
229.0
231.8
195.5
178.5
219. 6
264.6

215.3
218.6
232.9
233.6
202.1
176.7
213.4
257.3

211.8
218.3
231.9
¿36. 5
214.3
179.6
209.6
252.8

127.0
120.6
129. 2
135. y
133.9
86.5
84. 7
120.7

238.9
230.1
322.4

232.0
221.2
308.9

233.1
219.2
278.9

235.3
232.9
296.8

233.7
228.1
287.2

234.4
240.6
308.0

236.3
238.3
324.8

138.7
167.0
185.4

.......

236.3 236.5 238.6 237.9 238.7
219.8 228.5 227.6 226.8 227.6
271.1 284.3 291.3 289.3 300.0
8 See footnote 6, table A-9.
* See footnote 7, table A-9.
8 See footnote 8, table A-10.
8 Money payments only; additional
tips, not included.
• See note on page 314.

value of board, room, uniforms, and

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

329

T able A-12: Federal Civilian Employment by Branch and Agency Group 1
E xecutive1
Year and month

All branches
Total

Defense
agencies 4

Post Office
D epartm ent#

All other
agencies

Legislative

Judicial

Government
corporations *

Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1939 ...................................
1943 .................................... .

908, 596
3,183, 235

935,493
3,138,838

207,979
2, 304, 752

319, 474
364, 092

408, 040
469, 994

6,373
6,171

2,260
2,636

25, 470
35, 590

1948: July._ . . .................
August__________
September_______
October .. .......... __
November................
December..... ...........

2,065,672
2,073, 720
2, 083, 614
2,076,011
2,078, 623
2, 380,186

2,026,086
2,034, 538
2,044,087
2,036. 951
2.039, 218
2,340,902

919,784
924, 555
933,214
931,918
934, 509
937,178

452,932
455, 549
457,003
458,414
459, 685
759, 268

653,370
654,434
653, 870
646,619
645,024
644, 456

7,305
7, 341
7,377
7,355
7,443
7,343

3,477
3, 495
3, 485
3,500
3, 537
3,612

28,804
28, 346
28, 665
28, 205
28, 425
28, 429

1949: January.............•___
February...............
March........ .............
April...... .............. ._
M ay_____________
June_____________
July_____________

2,089, 545
2,089,040
2, 089, 806
2,095,814
2,106,926
2,114, 767
2,106,242

2,050, 385
2, 049, 809
2,050, 601
2,056,193
2, 067, 982
2,076,036
2,067, 566

933, 670
935,216
934,433
934, 969
935, 966
934,661
917,001

475, 836
475,022
474,945
476, 440
479, 722
482, 447
485,196

640. 879
639, 570
641, 223
644,784
652, 294
658, 928
665, 369

7,414
7, 420
7, 482
7, 478
7, 480
7,498
7,705

3,638
3, 552
3, 558
3, 572
3, 566
3,571
3,579

28, 208
2 8 ,260
28! 165
28, 571
27, 899
27,662
27,590

Continental United States
1939___________________
1943....................... ...............

926, 059
2,913, 534

897, 602
2,875,928

179, 381
2,057,696

318,802
363, 297

399,419
454,935

5,373
6,171

2,180
2,546

21, 604
28,889

1948: J u l y . .. .....................
August___________
Septem ber.............
O ctober.......... .
N o v e m b e r .............
D ecem ber...............

1,839, 560
1, 854, 242
1, 868, 589
1,868,846
1, 876, 443
2,181, 744

1,806,926
1,821,574
1, 836,008
1,836,310
1,843, 888
2,149,306

732,217
742, 925
756, 500
762,682
770,286
777,474

451,339
453,926
455,372
456, 708
457, 972
766, 549

623,370
624, 723
624,136
616, 920
615, 630
615,283

7,305
7,341
7,377
7,355
7, 443
7,343

3,406
3,424
3, 409
3. 426
3, 462
3,437

21, 923
21, 903
2L 796
21,755
21, 650
2L658

1949: January__________
February________
March___________
April........................
M ay..........................
June_____________
July_____________

1,895, 969
1,897, 665
1, 897, 224
1,905,131
1,918, 278
1,929, 461
1,925,251

1,863, 573
1,865, 217
1,864,685
1,872,635
1,885,936
1,897, 276
1,893,089

777,679
781,956
780,782
784,077
787.045
790,087
777, 454

474,100
473, 289
473, 215
474. 679
477, 940
480, 651
483, 390

611,794
609.972
610. 688
613,879
620, 951
626, 538
632,245

7,414
7, 420
7, 482
7,478
7. 480
7, 498
7,507

3, 463
3,476
3, 481
3, 495
3,489
3,494
3,502

21,519
21,652
21,570
21, 523
21,373
21,193
21,153

i Employment represents an average for the year or is as of the first of the
month. Data for the legislative and Judicial branches and for all Govern­
m ent corporations except the Panama R. R. Co. are reported directly to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for the executive branch aDd for the Pana­
ma R. R . Co. are reported through the Civil Service Commission but differ
from those published by the Civil Service Commission in the following
respects: (1) Exclude seamen and trainees who are hired and paid by private
steamship companies having contracts with the Maritime Commission,
included by Civil Service Commission starting January 1947; (2) exclude
substitute rural mail carriers, included by the Civil Service Commission since
September 1945; (3) include in December the additional postal employment
necessitated by the Christmas season, excluded from published Civil Service
Commission figures starting 1942; (4) include an upward adjustment to Post
Office Department employment prior to December 1943 to convert temporary
substitute employees from a full-time equivalent to a name-count basis,
the latter being the basis on which data for subsequent months have been
reported; (5) the Panama R. R. Co. is shown under Government corpora­
tions here, but is included under the executive branch by the Civil Service
Commission; (6) employment published by the Civil Service Commission
as of the last day of the month is presented here as of the first day of the next
month. Data for Central Intelligence Agency are excluded.
» From 1939 through June 1943, employment was reported for all areas
m onthly and employment within continental United States was secured by
deducting the number of persons outside the continental area, which was
estimated from actual reports as of January 1939 and 1940 and of July 1941
849 4 8 0

—49 -

-7


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

and 1943. From July 1943, through December 1946, employment within
continental United States was reported monthly and the number of persons
outside the country (estimated from quarterly reports) was added to secure
employment in all areas. Beginning January 1947, employment is reported
monthly both inside and outside continental United States.
1 Data for current months cover the following corporations: Federal Reserve
banks, mixed ownership banks of the Farm Credit Administration, and
the Panama R. R. Co. Data for earlier years include at various times the
following additional corporations: Inland Waterways Corporation, Spruce
Production Corporation, and certain employees of the Federal Deposit
Insurance Corporation and of the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency,
Treasury Department. Corporations not included in this column are under
the executive branch.
4 Covers the National Military Establishment, Maritime Commission,
National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, The Panama Canal, and
until their abolition or amalgamation with a peacetime agency, the agencies
created specifically to meet war and reconversion emergencies.
* For ways in which data differ from published figures of the Civil Service
Commission, see footnote 1. Employment figures include fourth-class post­
masters in all months. Prior to July 1945, clerks at third-class post offices
were hired on a contract basis and therefore, because of being private em­
ployees, are excluded here. They are included beginning July 1945, how­
ever, when they were placed on the regular Federal pay roll by congressional
action.

330

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able A-13: Federal Civilian Pay Rolls by Branch and Agency Group 1
[In thousands]
Executive *
Year and month

All branches
Total

Defense
agencies *

Post Office
Department •

All other
agencies

Legislative

Judicial

Government
corporations »

Total (including areas outside continental United States)
1939.......................................
1944«....................................

$1, 757, 292
8,301, 111

$1,692,824
8, 206, 411

$357,628
6,178,387

$586,347
864, 947

$748,849
1,163,077

$14,767
18,127

$6, 691
9, 274

1948: J u ly ..........................
August.....................
September—. ..........
October _ _______
November_______
December..... ..........

528,447
543,481
547, 847
533, 871
550, 353
624,586

518, 639
533, 561
537, 969
523,860
540, 393
614, 399

223, 968
229,273
232, 975
225, 675
235, 507
245,159

121, 677
122,320
121,908
124,095
125,130
178,899

172, 994
181,968
183, 086
174,090
179, 756
190, 341

2,600
2, 695
2. 694
2, 656
2, 682
2,722

1, 301
1,390
1,453
1, 454
1, 419
1,468

1949: January__________
February________
March______ ____
April____________
M ay________ ___
June..........................
July_____________

*538,453
*518,820
*576,546
*546,000
*562,080
574,990
551,366

*528,405
*508,998
*566, 252
*535, 978
*551,907
564, 785
541,218

230, 653
220,788
250,618
233,826
242, 059
247,993
231,968

*122,135
*120,505
*124,948
*124,576
*122,930
124,672
126,464

175,617
167, 705
190,686
177, 576
186, 918
192,120
182, 786

2,657
2,650
2,763
2, 722
2,762
2,792
2,884

1,352
1,306
1,455
1, 311
1, 429
1,441
1,346

6,039
5, 866
6,076
5,989
5, 982
5,972
5,918

$43,010
67,299
5,907
835
5, 731
5 , 901
5, 859
5,997

5,

Continental United States
$7,628,017

$7,640, 825

$5, 553,166

$862, 271

$1,125,388

$18,127

$8, 878

$60,187

1948: July...... ....................
A ugust__________
September...............
October. ...............
N ovem ber.. _____
December________

487,067
601,815
606, 309
491, 324
509,114
581, 370

478,016
492.593
497, 084
482. 045
499. 801
571,845

191, 686
197,058
200, 912
192, 530
203, 323
211, 614

121,263
121,906
121. 479
123, 633
124, 667
178,151

165,067
173,629
174, 693
165, 882
171,811
182,080

2,600
2, 695
2, 694
2, 656
2,682
2,722

1, 263
1.351
1,414
1,413
1,379
1,428

5,188
5', 176
5| 117
6, 210
5' 250
5 ,375

1949: January__________
February________
March___________
April____________
M a y ______ _____
June___________
July--------------------

*499,162
*481,724
*534,633
*504,901
*522,002
533,002
512, 663

*489,900
*472,552
*525,109
*495, 623
*512, 544
523,512
503,192

200,204
192,441
218.474
202, 699
212, 447
216. 532
203,473

*121,691
*120,067
*124,489
*124,114
*122, 474
124,210
125,991

168,005
160, 044
182,146
168, 810
177, 623
182, 770
173,728

2,657
2,650
2, 763
2,722
2, 762
2, 792
2,884

1,314
1,268
1,414
1,272
1, 387
1,400
1,307

5,291
5', 254
5, 347
5 , 284
5; 309
5,298
5,280

1944«..................................

i Data are from a series revised June 1947 to adjust pay rolls, which from
July 1945 until December 1946 were reported for pay periods ending during the
month, to cover the entire calendar month. Data for the executive branch
and for the Panama R. R. Co. are reported through the Civil Service Com­
mission. Data for the legislative and judicial branches and for all Govern­
m ent corporations except the Panama R. R. Co. are reported directly to
the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for Central Intelligence Agency are
excluded.
* From 1939 through M ay 1943, pay rolls were reported for all areas monthly.
Beginning June 1943, some agencies reported pay rolls for all areas and some
reported pay rolls for the continental area only. Pay rolls for areas outside
continental United States from June 1943 through November 1946 (except
for the National Military Establishment for which these data were reported
m onthly during most of this period) were secured by multiplying employ­
m ent in these areas (see footnote 2, table A-12, for derivation of the empioy-


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

ment) by the average pay per person in March 1944, as revealed in a survey
as of that date, adjusted for the salary increases given in July 1945 and July
1946. Beginning December 1946 pay rolls for areas outside the country are
reported monthly by most agencies.
1 See footnote 3, table A-12.
* See footnote 4, table A-12.
• Beginning July 1946, pay Is included of clerks at third-class post offices
who previously were hired on a contract basis and therefore were private
employees and of fourth-class postmasters who previously were recompensed
by the retention of a part of the postal receipts. Both these groups were
placed on a regular salary basis In July 1945 by congressional action.
f Data are shown for 1944, instead of 1943 as in the other Federal tables,
because pay rolls for employment in areas outside continental United States
are not available prior to June 1943.
‘ Revised.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

T

able

A: EMPLOYMENT AND PAY ROLLS

331

A-14: Civilian Government Employment and Pay Rolls in Washington, D. C., by Branch and
Agency Group 1
Federal

Year and month

District of
Total
Columbia
government government

Executive
Total
All agencies

Defense
agencies >

Post Office
Depart­
ment*

All other
agencies

Legislative

Judicial

E m ploym ent*
1939.......................
1943.......................

143,548
300, 914

13,978
15,874

129, 570
285,040

123,773
278,363

18, 761
144,319

5,099
8,273

99,913
125; 771

5,373
e; 1 7 1

424
506

1948: J u ly _____
A ugust___
September.
O ctober___
N ovem ber.
December..

233, 308
234,253
235,063
234, 544
236, 478
*242,626

19,294
18,882
18, 853
18, 564
19,065
*18, 731

214, 014
215,371
216, 210
215,980
217,413
223,895

206,110
207, 438
208, 245
208, 036
209, 373
215,955

69,056
70, 217
70, 771
70, 666
71,084
72,219

7,499
7. 486
7, 551
7,589
7, 702
12,015

129, 555
129,735
129, 923
129, 781
130, 587
131, 721

7,305
7, 341
7 ,3 7 7

7,355
7', 443
7,343

599
592
588
589
597
597

1949: Ja n u a ry __
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch ........
A pril..........
M a y ............
J u n e ______
J u ly .............

*237,542
•238, 911
239,898
241,442
242,379
243,889
245,029

•18,896
•19,064
19,095
19,358
19,144
19, 760
19, 668

218,646
219,847
220,803
222, 084
223, 235
224,129
225, 3611

210, 629
211,823
212, 719
214,004
215,142
216,019
217, 239

71,202
71, 723
71, 991
72,359
72, 545
72,440
72, 521

7,623
7,613
7, 625
7, 750
7,755
7,749
7,770

131,804
132,487
133,103
133.895
134, 842
135,830
136,948

7, 414
7 ,420
7,482
7,478
7, 480
7,498
7,507

603
604
602
602
613
612
615

Pay rolls (in thousands)
1939.......................
1943.......................

$305, 741
737, 792

$25, 226
32, 884

$280, 515
704, 908

1948: J u ly _____
A ugust___
September.
O c to b er...
N ovem ber.
D ecem ber.

67,208
71, 251
73, 551
70, 755
73, 223
78,680

3,461
3, 480
4,607
4,450
4. 528
4, 742

63, 747
67, 771
, 944
, 305
. 695
73, 938

63, 421
65, 782
70,972

1949: J a n u a ry __
F e b ru a ry ..
M arch ____
April_____
M a y ............
J u n e . . ........
J u ly .............

*71,971
*69,096
•77,819
*72, 228
*74,803
74,474
70,468

4,647
4,418
4,801
4, 577
4, 676
4, 772
3, 771

*67, 324
*64, 678
*73,018
*67, 651
*70,127
69,727
66,697

*64,441
*61,810
*70,011
*64, 703
*67,128
66,695
63,579

68
66
68

1Data for the legislative and judicial branches and District of Columbia
Government are reported to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Data for the
executive branch are reported through the Civil Service Commission but
difler from those published by the Civil Service Commission in the following
respects: (1) Include in December the temporary additional postal employ­
ment necessitated by the Christmas season, excluded from published Civil
Service Commission figures starting 1942; (2) include an upward adjustment
to Post Office Department employment prior to December 1943 to convert
temporary substitute employees from a full-time equivalent to a namecount basis, the latter being the basis on which data for subsequent months
have been reported; (3) exclude persons working without compensation or
for $1 a year or month, included by the Civil Service Commission from
June through November 1943; (4) employment published by the Civil
Service Commission as of the last day of the month is presented here as of
the first day of the next month.

849 4 8 0 — 49-

-8


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$264, 541
685,510

$37, 825
352, 007

$12, 524
20, 070

$214,192
313, 433

$14, 765
17, 785

$1, 209
i; eis

60,931
64, 848

20,235
21,114
22,141
20, 908
21, 656
22, 526

2,651
2,695
2. 722
2, 684
2, 750
3,704

38,045
41,039
41,157
39, 829
41,376
44, 742

2,600
2, 695
2, 694
2, 656
2.682
2,722

216
228
230
228
231
244

20, 687
19,984
22,190
20, 491

*2, 669
*2,597
*2. 721
•2, 642
*2, 670
2,678
2,656

41,085
39, 229
45,100
41, 570
43, 438
43, 937
42, 215

2,657
2, 650
2, 763
2, 722
2, 762
2, 792
2,884

226
218
244
226
237
240
234

66. 020

21,020

20,080
18, 708

Beginning January 1942, data for the executive branch cover, in addition to
the area inside the District, of Columbia, the adjacent sections of Maryland
and Virginia which are defined by the Bureau of the Census as in the metro­
politan area. Data for Central Intelligence Agency are excluded.
*See footnote 4, table A-12.
» For ways in which data difler from published figures of the Civil Service
Commission, see footnote 1.
* Yearly figures represent averages. Monthly figures represent (1) the
number of regular employees in pay status on the first day of the month plus
the number of intermittent employees who were paid during the preceding
month for the executive branch, (2) the number of employees on the pay roll
with pay during the pay period ending just before the first of the month
for the legislative and judicial branches, and (3) the number of employees on
the pay roll with pay during the pay period ending on or just before the last
of the month for the District of Columbia Government.
•Revised.

B: LABOR TURN-OVER

332
T

able

M ONTHLY LABOR

A-15: Personnel and Pay in Military Branch of Federal Government1
fin thousands!
Personnel (average for year or as of first of month)

Year and month
Total
1939
1943

.............. .

Army 8

345
8, 944

3 192
8 6,733

1948: July________
August -----September—October____
N ovember.—
December__

1,463
1,514
1, 548
1, 585
1,610
1,628

552
579
609
636
647
662

1949: January.........
February___
M a r c h _____
A p r il............
M a y .............
June - ............
July________

1,644
1,687
1,681
1.666
1,649
1,638
1,634

677
712
703
689
673
664
659

Air Force

Marine
Corps

N avy

Type of pay
Coast
Guard

Total

Family al­ Leave pay­
Pay rolls4 Musteringout pay 4 lowances •
ments ’

124
1, 744

19
311

10
156

$331, 523
11,181,079

$331,523
10,14S, 745

388
400
401
406
410
410

420
430
432
438
446
449

84
86
86
84
85
85

20
21
21
21
21
22

276, 590
278, 234
292,040
294, 843
298, 971
294,061

246, 422
244, 547
251, 398
259,175
264,137
260, 046

$2, 516
3, 955
9,292
5. 818
5, 733
5, 221

26,353
27, 756
28.115
28. 253
28, 534
28,605

$1,299
1,976
3,235
1,598
567
190

412
416
417
417
418
418
419

447
450
451
450
449
447
448

86
87
87
87
86
85
84

22
22
22
23
23
23
24

299, 593
290, 041
289, 063
292, 446
284, 790
(9)
(9)

265, 618
257, 503
255, 340
258, 961
250,549
255, 034
270,094

5,023
4, 292
4, 531
4,391
4,678
5, 343
3,609

28,709
28,163
29,108
29, 037
29,517
29, 254
29,050

243
85
84
57
46

(8)
(8)

1 Except for Army personnel for 193y which Is from the Annual Report of
the Secretary of War, all data are from reports submitted to the Bureau of
Labor Statistics by the various military branches. Because of rounding,
totals will not necessarily add to the sum of the items shown.
» Includes personnel on active duty, the missing, those in the hands of the
enemy, and those on terminal leave through October 1,1947, when lump-sum
terminal-leave payments at time of discharge were started.
3 Prior to March 1944, data include persons on induction furlough. Prior
to June 1942 and after April 1945. Philippine Scouts are included.
4 Pay rolls are for personnel on active duty; they include payment of per­
sonnel w hile on terminal leave through September 1947. For officers this
applies to all prior periods and for enlisted personnel back to October 1, 1946
only. Beginning October 1, 1947, they include lump-sum terminal-leave
payments made at time of discharge. Coast Guard pay rolls for all periods
and Army pay rolls through April 1947 represent actual expenditures. Other
data represent estimated obligations based on an average monthly personnel

$1, 032, 334

(9)
(9)

count. Pay rolls for the Navy and Coast Guard include cash payments for
clothing-allowance balances in January, April, July, and October.
5 Represents actual expenditures.
6 Represents Government’s contribution. The men’s share is included In
the pay rolls.
7 Leave payments were authorized by Public Law 704 of the 79th Congress
and were continued by Public Law 254 of the 80th Congress to enlisted per­
sonnel discharged prior to September 1, 1946, for accrued and unused leave,
and to officers and enlisted personnel then on active duty for leave accrued
in excess of 60 days. Value of bonds (representing face value, to which In­
terest is added when bonds are cashed) and cash payments are included.
Lump-sum payments for terminal leave, which were authorized by Public
Law 350 of the 80th Congress, and which were started in October 1947, are
excluded here and included under pay rolls.
8 Separate figures for Army and Air Force not available. Combined data
shown under Army.
8 N ot available.

B: Labor Turn-Over
T

able

B -l: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Manufacturing Industries,
by Class of Turn-Over 1
Class of turn-over and year

Total accession:
1949 ............. ................................. ..............
1948._____________________ ____ ______
1947—----- -----------------------------------------1946___ ___ ________________ _____ ___
1939 3___ ____________________________
Total separation:
1949 ...................... -___ _______ ______
1948_____________ _______ ___________
1947____ _____ ______________________
1946______________________ ____ -...........
1939 8______________ ___ _____________
Quit:4
1949 ....................... ............................ ...........
1948...... ......... ..................................................
1947......... - _________________________ 1946___ ___ _____________________ ___ _
1939 3_______ ________________________
Discharge:
1949 ____________ _______ -......... -........1948—___ _____________ ___ ___ ______
1947—________ _______________________
1946___________________________ _____
1939 3________________________________
Lay-off:3
1949 ________ ________ ___ __________
1948_______ ___________ ___ -..............—
1947_________________________________
1946____ ____ ______ ___ -.................... .
1939 3________________________________
Miscellaneous, including military:4
1949
______________________ ______
1948_________________________________
1947____________________________ ____
1946________ ______ __________ -............

Jan.

Feb.

Mar.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

3.2
4.6
6.0
8.5
4.1

2.9
3.9
5.0
6.8
3.1

3.0
4.0
5.1
7.1
3.3

2.9
4.0
6.1
6.7
2.9

3.5
4.1
4.8
6.1
3.3

2 4.2
5.7
5.5
6.7
3.9

4.7
4.9
7.4
4.2

5.0
5.3
7.0
5.1

5.1
5.9
7.1
6.2

4.5
5.5
6.8
5.9

3.9
4.8
5.7
4.1

»2.7
3.6
4.3
2.8

4.6
4.3
4.9
6.8
3.2

4.1
4.2
4.5
6.3
2.6

4.8
4.5
4.9
6.6
3.1

4.8
4.7
5.2
6.3
3.5

5.2
4.3
5.4
6.3
3.5

3 4.1
4.5
4.7
5.7
3.3

4.4
4.6
5.8
3.3

5.1
5.3
6.6
3.0

5.4
5.9
6.9
2.8

4.5
5.0
6.3
2.9

4.1
4.0
4.9
3.0

4.3
3.7
4.5
3.5

1.7
2.6
3.5
4.3
.y

1.4
2.5
3.2
3.9
.6

1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.8

1.7
3.0
3.7
4.3
.8

1.6
2.8
3.5
4.2
.7

2 1.5
2.9
3.1
4.0
.7

2.9
3.1
4.6
.7

3.4
4.0
5.3
.8

3.9
4.5
5.3
1.1

2.8
3.6
4.7
.9

2.2
2.7
3.7
.8

1.7
2.3
3.0
.7

.3
.4
.4
.5
.1

.3
.4
.4
.5
.1

.3
.4
.4
.4
.î

.2
.4
.4
.4
.1

.2
.3
.4
.4
.i

2.2
.4
.4
.3
.1

.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.4
.4
.1

.4
.4
.4
.2

.4
.4
.4
.2

.3
.4
.4
.1

2.5
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

2.3
1.2
.8
1.7
1.9

2.8
1.2
.9
1.8
2.2

2.8
1.2
1.0
1.4
2.6

3.3
1.1
1.4
1.5
2.7

2 2.3
1.1
1.1
1.2
2.5

1.0
1.0
.6
2.5

1.2
.8
.7
2.1

1.0
.9
1.0
1.6

1.2
.9
1.0
1.8

1.4
.8
.7
2.0

2.2
.9
1.0
2.7

.1
.1
.1
2

.1
.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.1
.2

2.1
,1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.2

.1
.1
.1

.1
.1
.1

4 Month-to-montn changes in total employment in manufacturing indus­
tries as indicated by labor turn-over rates are not precisely comparable to
those shown by the Bureau’s employment and pay-roll reports, as the former
are based on data for the entire month, while the latter, for the most part,
refer to a 1-weeb period ending nearest the 15th of the month. The turn­
over sample is not so extensive as that of the employment and pay­
roll survey—proportionately fewer small plants are included; printing and
publishing, and certain seasonal industries, such as canning and preserving,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Apr.

are not covered. Plants on strike are also excluded. See Note, table B-2.
2 Preliminary figures.
3 Prior to 1943, rates relate to wage earners only.
4 Prior to September 1940, miscellaneous separations were included with
quits.
3 Including temporary, indeterminate (of more than 7 days’ duration), and
permanent lay-offs.

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949
T

able

B: LABOR TXJRN-OVER

333

B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and Industries1
Separation
Total accession
Industry group and industry

Total

Jun e2

May

June2

Quit

M ay

Jun e2

M ay

Miscellaneous,
including
military

Lay-off

Discharge

J u n e2

M ay

Jun e2

M ay

Jun e2

M ay

M A N U F A C T U R IN G
Durable g o o d s ...........................................
Nondurable goods......................................

3.9
4.6

3.5
3.5

4.4
3.8

5.6
4.8

1.5
1.5

1.7
1.5

0.2
.2

0.3
.2

2.6
2.0

3.5
3.0

0.1
.1

0.1
.1

2.5
1.5
3.5
2.1
1.5
1.3
8.1
3.1
1.6

2.0
1.6
3.1
2.1
1.6
1.4
4.5
2.0
2.1

4.2
3.6
4.5
5.3
4.9
2.8
2.8
4.7
3.3

4.2
3.0
8.3
5.1
6.6
1.7
5.8
3.4
2.9

1.2
1.1
1.2
1.0
.7
.6
1.4
1.1
.8

1.1
1.1
1.6
1.1
1.0
.5
.9
.9
1.0

.2
.1
.2
.2
.2
.1
.5
.2
.3

.2
.1
.4
.2
.2
.2
.2
.1
.4

2.6
2.1
2.9
3.9
3.9
2.0
.7
3.1
2.1

2.8
1.6
6.1
3.7
5.3
.9
4.6
2.1
1.4

.2
.3
.2
.2
.1
.1
.2
.3
.1

.1
.2
.2
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.1
.2
.1
.1

Durable goods

Iron and steel and their products.....................
Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills____
Gray-iron castings............................... .....................
Malleable-iron eastings_______ ______________
Steel castings................ ........................................ .
Cast-iron pipe and fittings______ _____ _____
Tin cans and other tinware.... ......................
Wire products........... ........................................ ........
Cutlery and edge tools_____ ______ __________
Tools (except edge tools, machine tools, files, and
saws).............................................................. ..........
Hardware................. ............. ........ ...........................
Stoves, oil burners, and heating equipment______
Steam and hot-water heating apparatus and steam
fittings____ ____ ________ _________________
Stamped and enameled ware and galvanizing..!.
Fabricated structural-metal products..................!
Bolts, nuts, washers, and rivets......... ................ .
Forgings, iron and steel................ ............................

.9
2.1
4.8

.8
1.7
3.6

5.5
4.2
4.8

4.8
6.9
8.1

.9
1.0
1.2

.9
.9
1.4

.2
.2
.3

.3
.2
.2

4.3
2.8
3.2

3.4
5.7
6.4

.1
.2
.1

3.0
6.2
3.9
2.4
3.0

3.2
3.1
5.4
1.7
1.5

5.1
3.8
3.7
4.0
4.7

6.7
5.4
3.9
5.5
7.7

1.1
1.6
1.2
.7
.8

1.6
1.4
1.4
.6
1.2

.1
.2
.3
.1

.3
.3
.4
.2
.2

3.8
1.9
2.0
3.1
3.7

4.8
3.6
2.0
4.6
6.2

.1
.1
.2
.2
.1

Electrical machinery...................... ..............
Electrical equipment for industrial use_______
Radios, radio equipment, and phonographs_____
Communication equipment, except radios.......... .

2.1
1.2
3.2
1.0

1.9
.9
3.9
.5

4.3
4.2
4.7
3.8

5.2
4.4
4.3
3.5

.9
.8
1.6
.7

1.0
.7
1.6
.6

.2
.1
.3
.2

.2
.1
.3
.1

3.1
3.1
2.8
2.8

3.9
3.4
2.4
2.6

.1
.2
(3)
.1

Machinery, except electrical..........................................
Engines and turbines................ ......................... .
Agricultural machinery and tractors_____ ____
Machine tools..................... ...................................""
Machine-tool accessories______________ !!!!!!!!
Metal working machinery and equipment, not
elsewhere classified................................................
General industrial machinery, except pumps!
Pumps and pumping equipment.____ _________

2.3
3.0
3.0
.8
3.4

1.7
2.0
2.6
.7
2.8

3.9
6.8
3.4
4.5
5.7

5.6
10.9
4.3
3.9
6.5

.9
.7
1.4
.4
1.0

1.0
.8
1.6
.5
.8

.2
.2
.3
.1
.4

.2
.2
.3
.1
.2

2.7
5.8
1.5
3.8
4.2

4.3
9.8
2.2
3.2
5.4

.1
.1
.2
.2
.1

.1
.1
.2
.1
.1

.9
1.6
3.3

.9
1.2
1.5

3.2
3.9
4.8

4.0
4.7
3.5

.6
.8
1.1

.8
1.0
.7

.1
.2
.3

.2
.2
.3

2.3
2.8
3.1

2.9
3.4
2.2

.2
.1
.3

.1
.1
.3

Transportation equipment, except automobiles...........
Aircraft.___ __________________
.!!!!""
Aircraft parts, including engines............!_!!""
Shipbuilding and repairs.................................... !!!!

6.5
5.6
2.2
13.5

6.1
4.5
2.4
13.5

6.4
3.4
2.4
15.1

7.0
3.5
3.3
17.4

1.6
1.9
.8
1.6

1.7
2.0
.9
1.9

.3
.2
.7
.4

.3
.2
.3
.5

4.4
1.2
.9
13.0

4.9
1.2
2.1
14.9

.1
.1
(3)
.1

Automobiles....... ....................... ......................
Motor vehicles, bodies, and trailers............. .!!!!!!
Motor-vehicle parts and accessories.................... !!!

8.4
8.8
7.6

6.5
8.1
4.0

6.2
6.3
5.7

7.6
7.6
7.4

3.3
3.9
2.0

2.9
3.6
1.8

.5
.6
.4

.4
.4
.4

2.2
1.7
3.1

4.1
3.4
5.0

.2
.1
.2

Nonferrous metals and their products_____________
Primary smelting and refining, except aluminum
and magnesium_________________ _________
Rolling and drawing of copper alloys________!!"
Lighting equipment_________
!'
Nonferrous metal foundries, except aluminum and
magnesium........................................................ .

3.0

2.0

4.3

6.1

.9

1.0

.1

.2

3.2

4.8

.1

.1

1.8
1.4
6.0

1.2
.9
4.3

5.4
5.2
4.1

3.0
6.0
3.9

1.0
.7
.8

.9
.7
1.0

.2

.2

4.0
4.4
2.9

1.8
5.2
2.7

.2
.1
.2

.1
.1
.2

2.9

2.0

3.4

6.8

1.0

1.1

.2

.2

2.1

5.3

.1

.2

Lumber and timber basic products________ ______ _
Sawmills___ ___________
!
Planing and plywood mills.................
!.

5.6
6.0
3.1

6.3
6.2
2.9

4.2
4.6
2.5

5.2
4.8
3.8

2.3
2.4
1.5

3.4
3.1
2.1

.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.1

1.6
1.9
.7

1.5
1.4
1.4

.1
.1
.1

.1
.1
.2

Furniture and finished lumber products.__________
Furniture, including mattresses and bedsprings...

3.7
3.5

3.8
3.8

5.0
4.5

6.4
6.8

1.6
1.4

2.0
2.0

.3
.4

.5
.6

3.0
2.6

3.8
4.1

.1
.1

.1
.1

Stone, clay, and glass products.......................................
Glass and glass products_____________________
Cement____________ _______ __________ ____
Brick, tile, and terra cotta____________________
Pottery and related products...................................

2.7
3.6
2.8
3.3
1.5

2.8
3.5
2.7
3.3
1.5

3.5
2.4
1.6
3.0
4.0 1

3.9
4.7
1.6
3.9
4.4

1.1
.7
1.0
1.4
2.1

1.3
.8
1.2
1.8
2.3

.2
.2
.2
.2
.3

.2
.2
.3
.6
.2

2.1
1.4
.3
1.3
1.6 1

2.3
3.6
.1
1.5
1.8

.1
.1
.1
.1
(3)

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0

«

.2

0
(3)

(3)

.1
.1
.1
.1
.1
.2

(3)

.2

.1
.1
(3)

.1
.2
.2
.2

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.1
(3)
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.1

MONTHLY LABOR

B: LABOR TV RR-OVER

334
T

able

B-2: Monthly Labor Turn-Over Rates (Per 100 Employees) in Selected Groups and
Industries 1—Continued
Separation
Total accession

fune

M ay

June

M ay

June

M ay

June

Miscellaneous,
including
military

Lay-off

Discharge

Quit

Total

Industry group and industry

M ay

June

M ay

June

M ay

MANUFACTURING—Continued
N o n d u r M » ÿo< ids

0.1

Textile-mill products.............................................................
C otton--......................................... - ................ ...............
Silk and rayon goods— ....................................- - - - Woolen and worsted, exctpt dyeing and finishing.
Hosiery, full-fashioned-------------------------------------Hosiery, seamless............................................................
Knitted underwear.................................................—D yeing and finishing textiles, including woolen
and w o r ste d ..................- ............................. - ............

3 .4
2 .8
5 .2
8 .3
2 .6
3 .8
4 .0

3.1
2 .6
2 .8
7 .2
1.6
3 .1
3 .3

3.9
4 .0
5 .2
4 .6
3 .3
2 .9
3 .7

5.3
6.1
4 .2
6 .8
3 .3
5.4
3 .5

1.3
1.5
1.4
.9
1.2
1.5
1.8

1.4
1.7
1 .2
.8
1.4
2 .0
1.6

0.2
.2
.2
.1
.2
.1
.1

0 .2
.2
.2
.2
.1
(3)
.3

2 .3
2 .3
3 .5
3 .4
1.9
1.3
1.8

3.6
4.1
2 .7
5 .6
1 .8
3 .4
1 .6

2.1

1.3

2 .2

3.8

.7

.9

.2

.2

1 .2

2 .6

.1

Apparel and other finished textile products-------------M en’s and boys’ suits, coats, and overcoats-------M en’s and boys’ furnishings, work clothing, and
allied g a rm en ts..................................................... —

7 .2
12.7

3.6
2 .8

4 .7
4 .3

8 .4
12.1

2.1
1.1

2 .4
1.5

.2
.1

.2
,1

2.3
3 .1

5.8
10.5

.1

3 .5

4 .0

4 .4

5 .4

2 .8

3.3

.1

.3

1.5

1.8

Leather and leather products.
Leather..................................
Boots and shoes_________

4 .2
2 .3
4 .5

2 .6
1 .7
2 .7

3 .7
2 .6
3 .7

3 .8
2 .5
4 .0

2.1
1.0
2.3

1.8
1 .0
2 .0

.2
.1
.2

.2
.1
.2

1.3
1.4
1.1

1 .8
1.3
1 .8

.1

«

.1
.1

(3)

Food and kindred products.
M eat products________
Grain-mill products— .
Bakery products.............

6 .8
7 .2
4 .7
6 .8

6 .4
7 .7
2 .9
4 .2

4 .4
5 .0
2 .7
3 .9

4.7
5.3
3 .7
4.1

2 .0
2 .0
1.7
2.5

1.9
1.8
1.9
2 .4

.4
.4
.4
.4

.4
.5
.4
.4

1 .9
2 .5
.5
.9

2 .3
2 .8
1.3
1.3

.1
.1
.1
.1

Tobacco manufactures .

2 .5

3 .8

2 .4

3 .4

1 .4

1.6

.2

.2

.7

1 .5

.1

Paper and allied products.
Paper and pulp............
Paper boxes...................

2 .6
2 .3
3 .2

1.8
1.5
2 .5

2 .4
2 .2
2.1

2 .4
2 .2
3 .0

1 .2
1.0
1.4

1.1
.9
1 .5

.2
.2
.2

.2
.2
.2

.9
.9
.4

1 .0
1.0
1.3

.1
.1
.1

Chemicals and allied products----------------Paints, varnishes, and colors-------------Rayon and allied products.......................
Industrial chemicals, except explosives.

1.7
1.7
2.1
1 .4

1.5
2 .1
1.1
1.1

3 .5
1.7
2 .8
4 .2

3 .2
2 .5
4 .6
3 .6

.6
.6
.5

.7

.6

.2
.2
.3

.5

.6

.1
.2
.1
.2

.2

2 .7
.8
2.1
3 .4

2 .3
1.5
3 .7
2.7

.1
.1
.1
.1

.1
.1
.1
.1

Products of petroleum and coal.
Petroleum refining------------

1.0
.8

.7

.8

.7

1 .2
1 .2

.3

.5

.3
.3

.1
.1

.4
.3

.7
.7

.1
.1

.1
.1

Rubber products................................................
Rubber tires and inner tubes-----------Rubber footwear and related products.
Miscellaneous rubber industries............

2.4
1.6
2 .9
4 .3

1 .8
1 .4
2 .4
2 .2

3 .4
3 .5
2 .3
3 .8

3 .8
2 .9
4 .8
5.1

1.1
.8

.1
.1
.2
.2

2.1
2 .4

2.6
2 .0
2 .8
3 .6

.1
.2
.1
.2

.1
.2
.1
.1

Miscellaneous industries...... ...........................

«

1 .8

(4)

3 .9

1.6
1.2

(4)

.5

.3

(3)
(3)
.1
.1
.1
.2

1 .0
.6
1 .7
1 .2
.9

.1

(4)

.5
2 .2

(4)

2 .8

0.1

.1

(3)

.1
.2

.1
.2

(3)
(3)

(3)
(*)
(3)

(*)

(3)

.1
«
(3)
(3)

«

(4)

.1

.1
.2
.1
(3)
.1

.1
.1

(3)

.1

N O N M A N U F A C T U R IN G
.4
.2
.2
.4

M etal mining.................
Iron-ore__________
Copper-ore...............
Lead- and zinc-ore.

3.9
2 .3
3 .6
4 .3

3 .9
2 .8
3 .9
3 .6

7 .2
2.1
8 .2
12.9

6 .3
1.7
11.0
6.1

3 .7
1.2
2 .5

3 .6
1.1
5.4
3.5

Coal mining:
A nthracite..
Bitum inous.

.9

1.8
2.1

1.4
3.4

2 .8
3 .5

1.0
1.5

1.6
1.8

0

1.1

1.1

(4)
(4)

Public utilities:
Telephone-.
T eleg r a p h -

(<)
(4)

1 .2

.9

(4)
(4)

• Since January 1943 manufacturing firms reporting labor turn-over informa­
tion have been assigned industry codes on the basis of current products.
M ost plants in the employment and pay-roll sample, comprising those which
were in operation in 1939, are classified according to their major activity at
that time, regardless of any subsequent change in major products. Labor
turn-over data, beginning in January 1943, refer to wage and salary workers.

1.6
2 .7

6.6

(4)
(4)

.9

.2
.2
.1
.2

.2
.2
.2
.2

.2

.9

1 .6

1.4

.2
.2

.2

2 .9
.5
1.3
9 .8

.1

«
.1

2 .2
.2
5 .2
1.9

.3
.2
.2
.5

.1

(•)

(4)
(4)

.3
1. 7

.1
.1

Employment information for wage and salary workers is available for major
manufacturing industry groups (table A-3); for individual industries these
data refer to production workers only (table A-6).
* Preliminary figures.
* Less than 0.05.
<N ot available.

N ote : E x p la n a to r y n o t e s o u tlin in g t h e c o n c e p ts , so u rc e s, s iz e of th e r e p o r tin g sa m p le , a n d m e th o d ­
o lo g y u s e d in p r e p a r in g t h e d a ta p r e s e n te d in ta b le s B —1 a n d B —2 are c o n ta in e d in th e B u r e a u s
m o n th ly m im e o g r a p h e d r e le a s e . “ L a b o r T u r n -O v e r ,” w h ic h is a v a ila b le u p o n r e q u e st.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(4)
(4)

.3

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

335

C: Earnings and Hours
T able

C - l : Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1
M A N U F A C T U R IN G

Iron and steel and their products
All manufacturing

Durable goods

Nondurable goods

furnaces, steel
Total: Iron and steel Blast
and semiworks, and rolling Gray-iron
and their products
steel castings
mills

Year and month

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. hrly.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­ earn­
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings earn­
ings hours ings ings hours
1939: Average____ __ $23.86
1941: Jan u a ry ____ -- 26. 64
1948: M a y _______ . . 51.86
Ju n e ................ 52. 85
J u l y ............... 52.95
A ugust...........
54. 06
S e p te m b e r...
64.19
O ctober_____ 54. 65
N ovem ber__ - 54. 56
D ecem ber___
55.01
1949: Jan u a ry _____ 54.51
F e b ru a ry ........ - 54.12
M arch______ - 53. 59
April............ 62. 62
M a y ................ 52.86

37.7
39.0
39.9
40. 2
39. 8
40.1
39. 8
40.0
39.8
40.0
39.5
39.3
39.0
38.3
38.6

$0.633
.683
1.301
1.316
1.332
1.349
1.362
1.366
1.372
1.376
1.380
1.377
1.374
1.374
1.373

$26. 60
30.48
54.81
56.13
56.21
68.19
57. 95
69.41
58. 71
69.23
58. 69
58. 21
57.37
56.82
56.82

38.0
40.7
40.1
40. 5
40.0
40.7
40.0
40.9
40.4
40.7
40.2
39.9
39.4
39.0
39.0

$0.698
.749
1.366
1.385
1.407
1.431
1.448
1. 452
1.454
1.456
1.460
1. 459
1.455
1.457
1.457

$21.78
22. 75
48. 65
49.37
49. 49
49. 79
50. 37
49.70
50.18
50.52
50.04
50. 01
49.68
48.32
49.00

37.4
37.3
39.6
39.8
39.5
39. 5
39.6
39.1
39.1
39.3
38.7
38.8
38.6
37.6
38.1

$0. 682
.610
1.230
1.242
1.252
1.262
1. 272
1.271
1.282
1.287
1.293
1.289
1.287
1.285
1.286

$27. 62
31.07
57. 39
57.70
57. 71
60. 62
60. 69
62.17
61.72
61.95
61.20
60.70
59.78
58.52
58.06

37.2
40.4
40.3
40.3
39.6
40.3
39.7
40.8
40.5
40.5
40.0
39.7
39.1
38.3
38.1

$0. 739
.769
1.423
1.431
1.467
1.501
1.628
1.525
1.526
1.528
1.530
1. 529
1.529
1.528
1.524

$29.88 35.3 $0.845 $25. 93
33.60 38.7 .869 30.45
60. 54 39.9 1.515 55.15
59. 54 39.3 1.515 57.85
60.37 38.7 1.559 56.66
65.10 39.6 1.642 58. 26
66.02 39.3 1.679 59. 44
67.02 40.4 1.657 59. 27
66.27 40.0 1.657 58.45
66.00 39.8 1.656 58.88
66. 34 40.0 1.658 57.14
65. 67 39.9 1.647 56.06
65.04 39.5 1.646 53.90
64. 59 39.3 1.643 51.43
63.14 38.6 1.635 50.80

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

37.1 $0.699
41.2
.739
39.3 1.403
40. 7 1.422
39. 8 1.426
40.3 1.447
40.2 1.480
40.2 1.475
39.8 1.472
40.0 1.472
39.0 1.467
38.1 1.471
36.7 1.470
35.2 1.463
34.8 1.460

Iron and steel and their products—Continued

Malleable-iron
castings
1939: A verage_____
1941: Jan u a ry _____
1948: M a y ................
Ju n e ________
July............ .
August____

$24.16 36.0 $0.671
28.42 40.2 .707
57.21 40.4 1.415
57. 46 40.1 1.430
67. 37 39.9 1. 441
59. 44 40.2 1.470
Septem ber___ 69. 24 39, 4 1. 505
O ctober_____ 61. 58
40.6 1. 517
N ovem ber___ 60. 71
39.9 1.527
D ecem ber____ 61.49
40.1 1.532
1949: Ja n u a ry _____ 59.08 39.0 1.512
F e b ru a ry ____ 56. 49 37.6 1.502
M arch _______ 52. 76 35. 6 1.482
April______ 151.34 34. 5 1.492
M a y ____ ____ 49. 52
33.7 1.466

Steel castings
$27.97 36.9 $0.759
32.27 41.4 .780
60.49 41.3 1.463
61.60 41.7 1.479
58.71 40.0 1.467
61.79 41.4 1.492
61. 27 39.8 1.539
63.36 41.0 1.544
63.92 41.3 1.647
63. 79 41.2 1.547
62.21 40.3 1.642
62. 57 40.5 1. 645
60. 55 39.4 1.538
57.86 37.7 1.633
57.03 37.5 1. 520

Cast-iron pipe and
fittings
$21.33 36.4 $0.681
25.42 40.5 .626
51.07 40.2 1.271
52.74 40.9 1.288
61.94 40.5 1.281
52.84 40.6 1.302
63. 93 41.1 1.309
55. 08 41.7 1.319
56.97 42.9 1.326
57.06 42.9 1.330
57.99 42.4 1.367
57. 72 42.4 1.360
53.71 40.0 1.343
47.93 36.1 1.327
45.03 34.0 1.322

Tin cans and other
tinware
$23.61
26.31
50.98
63.04
66. 99
67. 04
60.03
55. 46
54.51
56.23
54.45
54. 58
54.97
53.92
54.80

38.8
39.8
40.2
41.0
42.0
41.6
42.8
40.3
40.1
41.3
39.9
39.9
40.1
39.3
40.0

$0.611
.639
1.273
1.295
1.362
1.368
1.401
1.378
1.363
1.363
1.363
1.367
1.372
1.372
1.370

Wirework

Cutlery and edge
tools

$25.96 38.1 $0,683 $23.11 39.1 $0.601
28. 27 39.7 .712 25.90 40.5
.652
56.11 40.5 1.367 50. 22 41.2 1.217
65.82 40.6 1.373 50. 36 41.4 1. 216
67.36 40.0 1.422 50.03 40. 5 1.235
58.11 40.3 1.443 61.77 41.6 1.245
56.91 39.2 1.451 51. 25 41.3 1.240
69.74 40.8 1.463 62. 49 42.0 1.248
59.47 40.5 1.468 62.89 41. 7 1.267
60.05 40.5 1.481 52.78 41.6 1.269
60.18 40.7 1.477 51. 96 41.3 1.260
59.20 40.3 1.469 50.46 40.2 1.257
59.12 40.1 1.472 50.39 39.9 1.265
57.17 38.9 1.470 48.85 38.8 1.262
68.44 39.6 1.476 49.81 40.0 1.249

Iron and stebl and their products—Continued
Tools (except edge
tools,
machine
tools, files, and
saws)
1939: Average______
1941: January........ ..
1948: M ay_________
June.............. .
July...................
August______
September___
October______
Novem ber___
December.........
1949: January______
February_____
March_______
April________
M ay _________

$24. 49
29. 49
54.01
64 96
64.11
66.63
65. 09
56. 80
56.64
56. 80
55.85
55. 52
64. 76
53.09
52.10

39.7
44.7
41.6
42.1
41. 2
42.2
40.6
41.6
41.2
41.5
41.0
40.7
40.0
39.0
38.5

See footnotes at 8nd of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$0,618
.662
1. 299
1.308
1.314
1.342
1.356
1.366
1.373
1.368
1.364
1.366
1.369
1.361
1.355

Hardware
$23.13
25.24
60.84
62. 22
50. 27
62.62
52.62
54.30
54.61
55.04
63.70
52.93
52.84
50. 66
60. 23

38.9
40.9
40.4
40.6
38.8
40.3
39.5
40.8
40.9
41.2
40.1
39.6
39.5
38.0
37.9

$0. 593
.621
1. 253
1. 285
1. 295
1.306
1.331
1.331
1.334
1.336
1.341
1.335
1.339
1.334
1.326

Plumbers’ supplies
$25.80
27.13
56.93
56. 51
56. 48
58.12
56.78
62.31
61.27
62.01
57.26
56.00
56.45
64. 69
67.04

38.2
39.0
41.0
40.4
40.2
40.7
38.7
41.4
40.9
41.3
38.6
37.7
37.8
36.8
38.5

$0. 676
.696
1.388
1. 401
1. 405
1.429
1.466
1.508
1.499
1.601
1.483
1.485
1.492
1.485
1.482

Stoves, oil burners, Steam and hot- Stamped and enam­
and heating equip­ water heating ap­ eled ware and gal­
ment, not else­
paratus and steam
vanizing
where classified
fittings
$25. 25
26.07
64.18
56. 95
55. 26
67. 04
56.24
68.12
55.02
55. 29
52.21
51. 43
52.62
52. 55
52.37

38.1
88.7
39.7
40.2
39.7
40.5
39.5
40.9
39.0
39.2
37.4
36.6
37.4
37.2
37.0

$0.666
.678
1.366
1. 392
1.392
1.411
1.424
1. 423
1.410
1.412
1.396
1.407
1.410
1.417
1.419

$26.19
30.98
56.90
67.68
59. 42
58.18
58. 39
60. 66
60.17
59.34
56.61
57.25
56.29
52.28
52.08

37.6
42.6
40.7
40.7
41.0
40.3
40. 3
41.0
40.6
40.3
38.9
39.3
38.6
36.1
36.1

$0.697
.732
1.396
1.418
1.448
1. 444
1. 4M
1.479
1.482
1.478
1.454
1.457
1.459
1.448
1.443

$23.92
26.32
53. 75
53. 54
52. 62
54.80
53.37
65.97
56.33
57.14
55.63
54.92
54.78
54.08
54.59

38.1 $0.627
39.4
.665
40.3 1.332
40.2 1.330
38.6 1.363
39.8 1.378
38.4 1. 397
39.9 1. 403
40.1 1.403
40.4 1.414
39.3 1.414
38.9 1.411
38.9 1.408
38.3 1.410
38.6 1.416

T

M ONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

336
able

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing I n d u s t r i e s C o n .
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Iron and steel and their products—Continued

Year and month

Fabricated s t r u c ­
tural and orna­
m e n t a l m e ta l
work
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

1939: Average........... $27. 95
1941: January............ 31.01

41.8

1948: M a y ..................
June........... —
July..................
A ugust— ........
September___
October______
November----December------

S7 ifi
.67 K4
RS 39

1949: January............
February------M arch-..........—
April.................
M ay..................

PI 22

M etal doors, sash,
frames, molding,
and trim

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Bolts, nuts, washers,
and rivets

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$26 04

RQ 92
R7 2R
61 83
PI 74
6L79
61 40
61 ’ 01
RQ 7 2

61.52

41.2
41 2
39 4
41 1
39 2
42 3
41 9
42.2

1.388 $58. 55
1.395 61.49
56. 45
1 . 398
1.447 61. 80
1.448 63. 75
1.462 62. 98
1 472 62.43
1.465 63.87

41.6
41 6
41.3
40 4
41.2

1.46S
1 470
1.476
1. 475
1.491

61.92
61. 29
59. 98
59. 64
59.86

1939: Average........... $27 28
1941: Jan u a ry ........... 35.09

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

37 7 $0.690 $29. 45
41 Q
706 36 75

Avg.
wkly.
hours

S c r e w - m a c h in e
products and wood
screws

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

57. 8 8
58.76
57. 37
60.97
59. 43
60. 87
61.41
62.77

42.2
42.3
41.5
42.3
40.8
41.5
42.0
42.6

1. 371
1. 386
1.383
1.440
1.454
1. 464
1.458
1.472

62.64
64. 74
63. 44
6 6 . 59
6 8 . 82
70. 63
70. 61
71.27

40.0
40.7
40.0
40.4
40.6
41.4
41.2
41.7

1.566 $56. 06
1.580 55. 65
1.585 55. 85
1.647 56. 52
1.695 56. 77
1. 708 58.61
1.715 57. 39
1.708 58.15

1.476
1.480
1.474
1. 480
1.476

60. 72
59.05
58.94
57. 26
54.71

41.4
40.1
39.9
39.0
37.7

1.462
1.469
1.473
1.462
1.445

70.57
70.16
65.85
63.38
62.38

41.3
41.1
39.3
38.2
37.4

1.708
1.706
1.675
1.661
1.664

42.0
41.4
40.7
40.3
40.6

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41. 3 $0.660 $27.09
.722 31.84
48.6

Jiiieciricai equipment

38.6 $0. 702 $27. 95
.751 33.18
42.4

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

57.62
56. 98
55. 50
53. 81
53.53

40.4
40. 5
38.6
39. 9
36. 5
39. 7
40.1
41.6

$1.369
1.369
1. 381
1. 462
1. 468
1. 477
1.479
1.511

1.400
1.400
1.405
1. 395
1.395

39.7
38.9
36.4
38.6
39.3

1.482
1.483
1.465
1. 471
1.446

41.2
40.7
39.5
38.6
38.4

58. 85
57. 72
53. 34
56. 72
56.73

Machinery, except
electrical

Radios and phonographs

38.7 $0. 722 $22. 34
.765 24.08
43.4

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

42.1 $1. 331 $55. 31
41.9 1.328 65. 41
41. 2 1.355 53. 24
41.2 1.366 58. 39
41.0 1. 386 53. 74
41.8 1.400 58, 59
41.2 1.393 59. 33
41.6 1.398 62.86

.Electrical machinery

T otal’ Elp.fitrinai
machinery

Steel barrels, kegs,
and drums

38.4 $0. 767
45.0
.818

41.0 $1.412
42.7 1.439
39.4 1.435
42.2 1. 465
42.7 1.489
42.4 1.478
42.1 1.483
42.9 1.488

Iron and steel and
their products—
Continued
Firearms

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Forgings, iron and
steel

Communication
equipment

38.5 $0. 581 $28. 74
.632 32.47
38.2

Total: Machinery,
except electrical

38.3 $0. 751 $29.27
.784 34. 36
41.4

39.3
44.0

$0.740
.781

1948: M a y ................
J u n e ................
J u ly .................
A ugust............
September__
October..........
November—
December___ .

61 42
63 10
63 06
61 73
63 23
64 47
64 44
63.76

41 9
42 1
42 4
42 1
42 3
42 3
42. 2
41.4

1.466
1.489
1.489
1 468
1 . 493
1. 523
1.528
1.541

53.70
54. 8 6
55. 46
57. 49
57. 72
58.17
58.29
58. 29

39.6
40.0
39.4
40.0
40.0
40.2
40.3
40.3

1.357
1.372
1.407
1.439
1.443
1.448
1.446
1.446

55. 41
56.67
57. 24
59.18
59. 37
60.04
60.18
60. 45

39.9
40.3
39.5
40.0
40 0
40.3
40.3
40.5

1.390
1.408
1.449
1.478
1.486
1.492
1. 493
1.493

46.97
48.10
49.45
50.21
50.66
50. 74
52.00
52.49

38.8
39.1
39.7
39.3
39.6
39.5
40.4
40.3

1 .2 1 1

1.229
1.247
1.279
1.278
1.285
1.288
1.301

53.59
54.06
53. 82
57.56
57.80
58. 21
57.15
55. 8 6

39.3
39.7
38.8
40.3
40.6
40.6
40.1
39.5

1.364
1.366
1.387
1.429
1.426
1.435
1.426
1.413

59. 33
60 50
50.83
61. 45
61.31
62. 25
61.92
62.68

41.2
41. 4
40. 6
41.0
40. 6
41.0
40.7
41.1

1.441
1.461
1.473
1.498
1. 510
1.518
1.520
1.525

1949: Ja n u a ry .........
F e b ru a ry ___
M arch______
A p ril—............
M a y ________ -

63 29
64 46
63 26
60 81
63.29

41 0
41.3
40.3
38 6
40.0

1. 544
1. 554
1. 571
1 . 580
1.581

57. 41
57. 57
56. 93
56. 05
55.96

39.7
39.7
39.1
38.6
38.7

1. 446
1.450
t. 456
1.452
1.446

59. 53
59.82
58. 73
57. 87
57. 45

39.9
40.0
39.2
38.8
38.7

1.492
1.498
1.498
1.491
1.485

50.18
50.08
50. 25
48.50
49. 55

39.0
38.9
38.8
37.8
38.5

1.286
1.287
1.294
1. 289
1.286

56.19
55.59
56.43
56. 40
56.42

39.5
39.2
39.1
38.8
38.9

1.424 61.60
1.418 61.34
1.443 60. 6 6
1. 455 1 59.47
1.452 59.77

40.5
40. 3
39. 8
39.1
39.4

1. 521
1. 523
1.524
1. 521
1. 517

Machinery, except electrical—Continued

Machinery and ma­ Engines and turbines
chine-shop products

A g r ic u ltu r a l ma­
chinery, excluding
tractors

Tractors

37.4 $0.767 $32.13
.827 36.03
44.1

38.3 $0.839 $26.46
.868 29.92
41.5

Machine tools

37.0 $0. 716 $32.25
.757 40.15
39.5

1939: Average_____ $28. 76
1941: January______ 34.00

39.4 $0. 730 $28.67
.777 36. 50
43.7

1948* "VTay

41.6
41.6
40. 7
41.3
40.7
41.3
41.0
41.5

1.418
1.432
1.444
1.470
1.486
1.495
1.499
1.499

63.46
63. 59
61.53
63. 78
63.66
66.10
65.27
66.96

41.2
40.2
38.8
40.0
39.4
40.6
40.1
41.1

1. 543
1.581
1.588
1.599
1.621
1.634
1.629
1.632

54.12
61.83
63.30
64.33
63.70
63. 76
61.67
62.84

35.5
40.8
41.1
40.5
40.4
40.4
39.3
40.0

1.526
1. 516
1.541
1. 586
1.578
1. 578
1.569
1.572

59.44
61.31
60. 22
60. 37
62.20
61.45
60. 59
62.18

40.7
41.1
40.0
39.7
40.5
40.0
39.6
40.1

1.461
1.493
1.504
1. 529
1. 537
1.534
1.531
1.552

60.63
61. 75
61.09
61.85
62.11
63. 31
62. 84
63.09

1949: .Tfirmarv

40.8
40.4
40.0
39.4
39.7

1.499
1.499
1. 500
1. 497
1.487

64.31
64. 52
63.11
61.67
62.37

39.9
39.9
39.2
38.5
39.0

1.616
1.626
1.619
1.606
1.610

63.46
62.60
61.84
60.07
59.63

40.4
40.1
39.5
38.4
38.1

1.573
1. 563
1.567
1.563
1.562

61.04
62.35
61.56
60. 88
60.75

39.4
40.0
39.5
39.1
39.1

1.549
1. 557
1.557
1.559
1. 562

61.07
60. 57
59.84
58.99
58.94

59.05
59 51
58 81
July
Anpnst.
60. 73
Rpiptemher
60.42
Ort.nhfir
61. 76
61. 46
Novftmhfir
December____ 62.11
__ _ 61.20
60. 52
60.04
April
58.94
M ay.................. 59.00

February
March __

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Machine-tool accèssories

42.9 $0. 752 $31. 78
50.4
.797 37.90

40.9
50.0

$0.777
• 758

42.0
42.0
41.6
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.5
41.6

1.443
1. 469
1.469
1. 486
1.492
1. 514
1.513
1.516

63.19
62. 23
62.71
65.17
63. 43
64. 40
63.87
65. 54

41.8
41.4
41.3
41. 4
40.6
41. 0
40. 8
41.7

1. 514
1. 504
1. 518
1. 574
1. 564
1. 570
1.566
1.572

40.6
40.2
39.7
39.1
38.9

1.504
1. 507
1. 509
1. 510
1.514

64.35
63. 65
63.84
61.99
61.64

41.1
40.6
40. 5
39.3
39.2

1. 565
1.568
1. 576
1. 577
1.574

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

C: EARN IN OS AND HOURS

337

T able C - l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —C ontinued
Machinery, except electrical—Continued

Textile machinery

Typewriters

Year and month
Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
ings hours

Cash registers; add­
ing, and calculat­
ing machines

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Washing machines,
wringers, and dri­
ers, domestic

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Sewing m a ch in es,
domestic and in­
dustrial

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Refrigerators and re­
frigeration equip­
ment
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1939: Average............ $26.19
1941: January______ 30.13

39.8 $0.660 $23. 98
44.6
.677 26. 40

37.3 $0.643 $30.38
39.1
.675 34.78

37.2 $0.821
41.4
.846

1948: M a y ........ .........
June............ .
July_________
August.........
September___
October______
November___
December____

61.28
62. 53
60. 61
62. 21
62. 86
62. 26
62.24
63. 58

43.3
43.3
42.1
42.3
42.4
42.1
41.8
42.3

1.417
1.443
1.440
1.470
1.483
1.480
1.490
1.498

53.31
53. 75
54. 62
52.78
53.31
48. 51
56.11
56.63

41.2
41.2
41.5
40.6
40.5
36.9
40.9
41.3

1.294
1.305
1.317
1.300
1.316
1.316
1.371
1.372

64. 55
66.43
67. 45
66.00
66.04
65.51
66.63
67.99

41.5
41.5
41.5
40.8
40.4
40.0
40.8
40.9

1.570 $57.39
1.614 59. 29
1.639 57.05
1.628 61.27
1.646 59.32
1.646 62.13
1.644 61.04
1.673 51.12

41.3 $1,390 $61.89
41.8 1.417 65.99
39.5 1.445 65.19
41.2 1.486 68.04
39.6 1.500 69.17
41.5 1.498 70.20
40.7 1.499 71.30
35.1 1.458 71.02

41.8 $1. 551 $56.72
42.5 1.553 59.47
41.5 1.571 57. 22
43.1 1.578 59.40
43.1 1.604 60.07
43.7 1.608 62. 60
44.0 1.618 61.02
44.0 1.608 61.60

40.5
40 5
38 6
39. 2
39 6
40 6
40 0
40.0

$1.402
1 467
1 482
1 614
1 622
1 640
1 626
1.541

1949: January_____
February....... ..
March_______
April...............
M ay________

62.24
61.39
61.78
61.15
60.97

41.6
41.0
41.1
40.6
40.2

1.490
1.488
1.494
1. 496
1.507

53. 69
52. 39
52. 16
49.62
53.15

39.5
38.9
38.6
36.4
39.1

1.356
1.348
1.350
1.363
1.359

67.33
66.97
67. 30
66.90
66.54

40.3
40.2
40.2
39.9
39.7

1.679
1.676
1.683
1.683
1.683

37.7
38.0
38.7
39.8
41.4

42.8
42.4
42.0
39.9
41.2

39 3
39 6
38 7
36 5
38.8

1 636
1 639
1. 524

54. 40
54. 56
55. 68
57. 18
60.30

1.444
1.436
1.438
1. 438
1.456

68. 94
67.83
66. 98
62. 95
62.93

1.601
1. 589
1.583
1. 561
1.472

60 32
60. 94
58.99
55. 45

59.13

1 618

1.523

Transportation equipment, except automobiles
Total: Transporta­
tion equipment,
except automobiles

Locomotives

1939: Average_____ $30.51
1941: January.......... 35. 69

38.9 $0. 785 $28.33
43.1
.828 34.79

1948: M ay................
June________
July..................
August............
September___
October.......... .
November___
December___

59. 30
59.27
58. 95
60. 53
60. 74
62. 70
61.98
64. 34

40.0
39. 8
39.2
39. 7
39. 0
39.8
39. 3
40. 6

1.481
1.489
1.503
1.527
1.556
1. 575
1.579
1. 585

1949: January......... .
February____
M arch_______
April________
M a y ............ .

62.92
63.04
62.37
60. 99
62.09

39.9
40.1
39. 7
38.8
39. 5

1.577
1.572
1.571
1. 572
1. 572

Cars, electric- and
steam-railroad

41.5 $0.745 $36.58
44.7
.776 42.16

44.1 $0.835 $31.91
47.2
.892 37.69

38.0
42.0

$0.835
.893

64.57
64. 58
64.00
64. 76
66. 52
63. 74
66.29
71.90

40.1
39.7
38.4
38. 7
39.7
38.3
39.0
40.5

1.610
1.626
1.665
1.674
1.677
1.663
1.698
1.774

58.07
58.46
56.19
61.81
57. 21
63.16
62. 74
66.03

40.2
39.9
38.3
40.5
37.4
40.8
40.2
42.0

1.446
1.467
1. 466
1.526
1.531
1.548
1.562
1.571

57. 74
57.99
57. 89
59. 68
61.38
62. 45
63.30
63.11

40.4
40.4
40.0
40.5
40.7
40. 6
40.9
40.9

1.428
1.436
1.449
1.475
1.507
1.537
1.548
1.541

61.02
62.14
64. 79
65.11
66. 26
67.73
66.61
67.30

40.9
40.6
40.6
41.1
41.2
41.7
41.2
41.7

1.494
1.532
1. 594
1. 583
1.609
1.623
1.617
1.616

60. 40
59. 76
59. 49
58. 87
58. 62
60. 52
56.16
63.21

39.4
39.2
38. 8
37.7
36. 6
37. 5
35.0
39.1

1. 531
1. 525
1.532
1. 564
1.606
1. 616
1.607
1.614

67. 71
64.20
66. 90
66. 79
67.26

39.7
39.2
39.7
39.4
39.8

1.705
1.637
1.687
1. 694
1.692

64. 78
65.05
63.01
58. 79
60.44

41. 4
41.3
40.3
37.9
38.6

1.566
1.574
1.562
1. 550
1. 557

61.24
62. 75
61. 56
59.80
62.18

39 8
40.6
39.9
39.0
40.3

1.537
1.544
1. 538
1.530
1.541

66.63
65. 74
63.60
64.11
63.75

41.3
40.9
40.0
40.1
40.0

1.615
1.606
1.591
1. 597
1. 592

62.97
61.78
62.80
62. 43
61.40

39.0
38 6
39.1
38 3
38.2

1.614
1 601
1. 605
1 630
1.608

Nonferrous metals and their products
Automobiles

$32. 91
37. 69
$55. 54
54. 07
54.28
62.67
61.79
66. 51
66.68
57.12

1949: January______
February..........
March_______
April________
M ay .......... .......

55.69
56.24
57.02
57. 25
57.32

Alloying; and rolling
and drawing of nonferrous metals, ex­
cep t alum inum

Clocks and watches

38.9 $0,687 $26.67
41.4
. 736 29. 21

38.2 $0,699 $28.77
38.7
. 755 35.96

39.6 $0,729 $22.27
44.0
. 818 23. 90

37.9
38.9

$0. 587
.614

40.6
40.8
40.1
40.7
40.8
41.2
40.8
41.2

1.355
1.309
1.404
1.424
1.438
1.440
1.440
1.444

57.33
57.96
59. 75
61.74
63. 39
62.01
60.78
61.59

41.5
41.3
41.2
41.4
41. 6
41.4
40.6
41.0

1.380
1.403
1.449
1.493
1.522
1. 497
1.498
1.503

57. 42
59. 35
61.61
63. 37
63.36
63.20
61.33
63.34

40.1
41.2
40.8
41.0
40.8
40.8
39.8
41.0

1.431
1.440
1.511
1.547
1.552
1.549
1.541
1.546

48. 27
48. 89
48. 96
50. 80
50. 76
51.11
51.47
51.78

40.1
40.1
39.8
40.7
40.3
40.4
40.3
40.1

1.205
1.219
1.230
1.249
1.259
1.266
1.277
1. 292

40.5
40.3
39.4
38.8
38.8

1.444
1. 447
1.436
1.441
1.434

62. 88
61.88
61.62
62. 34
61.52

41.1
40.8
40.9
41.1
40.6

1.531
1.516
1.505
1.510
1.504

61.43
59.12
55. 67
52.39
53. 55

40.1
38.7
36.7
34.7
35.4

1. 533
1. 528
1.516
1. 512
1.513

50. 78
50.73
50. 79
50. 34
50.13

39.7
39.5
39.6
39.4
39.1

1.281
1.286
1.283
1.270
1.283

35.2
37.7
38.5
38.9
37.4
39.9
38.6
39.4

1. 696

54.96
55.91
56. 34
57.97
58. 73
59.25
58.80
59. 45

37.9
38.3
39.1
39.3
39.3

68.10

39.8
39.8
37.9
38.8
37.7

1. 711
1. 700
1. 675
1. 681
1. 709

58.48
58.31
56. 58
55.91
55.64

67.66
63. 48
65.22
64.43

Smelting and refin­
ing, primary, of
nonferrous metals

35.4 $0. 929 $26.74
38.9
969 30.47

54. 44
61.30
63. 48
64.67
62. 74
67.29
65.41
66.90

See footnotes at end of table


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T otal: N onferrous
metals and their
products

39.4 $1,410
37.5 1.442
37.6 1.445
41.6 1.508
41.1 1.503
42.9 1.551
43.6 1.529
38.8 1.472
1.468
1.467
1.458
1.456
1.460

Shipbuilding and
boatbuilding

36.0 $0. 741 $30.34
38.5
.768 34.13

Motorcycles, bicycles,
and parts

1948: M ay________
J u n e ,........... .
July..................
August.............
September___
October______
November___
December........

Aircraft engines

36.7 $0. 771 $26. 71
42.8
.814 29. 57

T r a n s p o r t a tio n
equipment, except
automobiles—Con.

1939: Average_____
1941: January............

Aircraft and parts,
excluding aircraft
engines

1 . 548
1. 624
1. 649
1. 664
1. 676
1. 689
1. 693

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

338
T

able

M ONTHLY LABO R

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries *—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Lumber and timber basic products

Nonferrous metals and their products—Continued
Jewelry
(precious
metals) and jewel-

Silverware and plated Lighting equipment
ware

Aluminum manu­
factures

Total: Lumber and
timber basic products

Sawmills and
logging camps

Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

40.7 $0.643 $25.73
41.4
.666 28.19

Avg.
hrly.
earnings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

37.1 $0.693 $27.49
39.3
.717 32.85

Avg.
hrly.
earnmgs

39.4 $0.660 $26.03
.664 27.37
39.1

1948: M a y ...... .......... 60. 69
June________ 62.10
July_________ 49.30
August______ 51.07
September___ 51.86
October_____ 62. 74
November___ 64.35
December........ 55. 23

39.8
40.9
39.8
40.3
40.3
40.8
41. 5
41.7

1.271
1.274
1.240
1.267
1.290
1.296
1.310
1.326

62.00
62.24
58.55
60. 79
64.35
64.67
64. 78
63.50

45.5
45.5
43.7
44.6
46.2
46.0
46.0
45.0

1.363
1.367
1.340
1.365
1.392
1.407
1. 409
1.409

51.75
53.19
56.31
55.88
57.64
57.13
57. 91
58.05

37.7
37.5
38.6
38.4
39.4
39.3
39.7
39.7

1.373
1.419
1.460
1.454
1.463
1.453
1.460
1.463

52.83
52.13
52. 79
55.16
55.41
58.04
57. 73
57.68

39.7
39.1
37.3
38.9
38.7
40.2
40. 1
40.1

1.332
1.333
1.414
1.419
1.432
1.444
1.440
1.437

1949: January_____
February____
M arch---____
April________
M ay_________

40.4
40.6
40.4
38.1
38.8

1.295
1.301
1.305
1.314
1.311

60. 79
60. 94
56. 58
56.68
53.22

43.4
43.3
41.0
41.1
39.5

1.401
1.408
1.380
1.378
1.348

67.34
61.18
58.39
59.63
58.80

39.0
40.1
38.5
38.6
38.4

1.472
1. 527
1.515
1.552
1.530

57.41
57.38
55.88
55.49
54.82

40.2
40.2
39.5
39.2
38.9

1.428
1.426
1.416
1.414
1.416

Lumber and timber
basic products—Con.
Planing and
plywood mills

$0,476
.510

47.39
48. 43
48.14
50.64
49. 22
49.60
48. 30
47.02

42.5
42.8
41.9
43.1
41.8
42.5
41.6
41.4

1.115
1.131
1.149
1.175
1.178
1.167
1.160
1.136

45.06
47.37
47. 29
49.90
48.31
48.45
47. 14
45.54

41.3
42.6
41.7
42.9
41.6
42.2
41.3
41.0

1.095
1.113
1.133
1.162
1.162
1.148
1.141
1.110

46.07
44.15
45.97
47.28
48. 56

41.1
39.7
40.5
40.9
41.4

1.121
1.112
1.135
1.156
1.173

44. 90
42.44
44.73
46.11
47.70

41.0
39.3
40.3
40.7
41.3

1.095
1.080
1.110
1.133
1.155

Stone, clay, and
glass products

Furniture and finished lumber products
Total: F u r n it u r e
and finished lum­
ber products

Caskets and other
morticians’ goods

Furniture

Wood preserving

52. 53
52.61
51.91
53.88
63. 27
64.47
53. 41
53.12

43.9
43.8
42.7
43.9
42.8
43.9
42.9
42.9

1.197
1.213
1.220
1.231
1.247
1.246
1.243
1.238

46.39
46.54
46.30
47.68
48.16
49.20
48.41
48.70

40.8
40.7
40.3
41.0
40.8
41.5
40.8
41.1

1.136
1.145
1.149
1.163
1.181
1.184
1.188
1.186

47.60
47. 57
46.95
48.47
49. 25
50.56
50. 17
50.42

40.8
40.6
40.0
40.7
40.7
41.5
40.9
41.1

1.167 $47.48
1.174 47.61
1.176 47.37
1.189 48. 56
1.211 48. 54
1.217 48.20
1. 226 48. 39
1.227 49. 25

40.7 $1,165 $42.29
40.6 1.172 42.45
40.0 1.177 43.51
40.6 1.195 42. 77
40.5 1.194 43.45
40.4 1.189 44.54
39.9 1.209 43.99
41.0 1.200 43.45

1949: Jan u ary.......... 51.00
February____ 51.01
March.............. 50. 77
A p r il.- .------- 51.79
M ay________ 52.49

41.7
41.4
41.1
41.5
41.9

1.221
1.233
1.236
1.249
1.251

47. 08
47.28
47.36
46. 37
46.96

39.8
40.0
39.9
39.1
39.0

1.183
1.182
1.187
1.186
1.204

48.26
48.14
48.54
47. 39
48.04

39.4
39.6
39.5
38.7
38.5

1.225
1.223
1.231
1. 230
1.255

40.3
40.2
39.4
38.4
38.7

49.59
48.93
47.89
45. 85
46.39

1.227
1.223
1.219
1.195
1.203

43. 40
42.19
43.12
44. 04
44.71

Total: Stone, clay,
and glass products
$23.94
25.02

37.6
37.4

$0.637
.669

40.3 $1.050
40.4 1.050
41.1 1.059
40.9 1.046
40.7 1.068
41.7 1.069
41.2 1.069
40.8 1.066

52.30
52.45
51.50
54.07
53.98
55.11
54.31
54.83

40.7
40.6
39.4
40.9
40.2
41.0
40. 1
40.6

1.286
1.292
1.307
1.322
1.344
1.345
1.354
1.352

40.8
40.4
40.6
40.5
41.2

53.87
53.91
53.56
52. 85
53.23

39.7
39.7
39.5
39.0
39.2

1.357
1.358
1.356
1.355
1.358

38.9 $0.530
.552
39.0

38.5 $0 518 $20. 51
38.7
.640 21. 42

1948: M ay........ .........
June_________
J u ly ________
.A ugust._____
September___
October_____
November___
December........

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

38.4
38.4

41.1 $0.640 $19.95
40.5
.654 20.90

$22.17
22.51

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

39.0 $0. 489 $18. 29
38.9
.521 19.59

39.3 $0.699 $19.06
.782 20.27
42.0

1939: Average--------- $26.36
1941: January--------- 26.43

52. 25
52. 77
62,70
50.05
50.87

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn- hours
ings

1.063
1.043
1.061
1.087
1.078

Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued
Glass products made
Glass and glassware from
purchased glass a
1939; Average
1941’ January

$25.32
28.02

$26.67
26.82

35. 2 $0. 721
.772
36.3

Brick, tile, and
terra cotta

Cement

Pottery and
related products

38.2 $0.699 $20. 55
37.9
.709 21.74

37.8 $0.543 $22.74
36.9
.587 22. 92

Gypsum

37.2 $0.625
36.4
.635

1948: M ay________
J u n e ___ ____
July-------------August---------September___
October______
November___
December____

63.44
53.32
50.90
54.88
55. 57
57. 00
65. 58
57.18

39.3
39.2
37.0
39.5
39.0
40.0
38.4
39.4

1.360 $45.53
1.361 45.75
1.376 43.32
1.393 47.14
1.428 47.18
1.427 48.35
1. 448 49.38
1.453 50. 34

40.4 $1,131
40.3 1.136
37.4 1.158
40.6 1.161
40.3 1.172
41.4 1.168
41.2 1. 200
42.1 1.200

55.85
56.38
56. 61
57.35
56. 48
56.26
55.42
55. 27

42.6
42.7
42.1
42.7
41.4
41.7
41.2
41.5

1.311
1.321
1.346
1.344
1.365
1.348
1.346
1.333

49. 75
49.66
49. 52
52.05
51.25
52. 48
51.75
51.92

41.1
40.8
40.2
41.4
40.3
41.0
40.4
40.6

1.206
1.210
1.227
1.254
1.265
1.270
1. 274
1.271

48.09
48. 42
47.30
49.96
48.31
51.33
51.86
51.34

38.7
38.6
37.6
39.3
37.7
39.4
39.0
38.9

1.263 $60.17
1.272 59.91
1.293 58.86
1.294 63.44
1.305 63. 95
1.325 64.81
1.338 64.60
1.326 65.61

47.2
46.2
44.2
47.1
46.4
47.2
47.0
47.9

$1.275
1.298
1.332
1.347
1.378
1.372
1.375
1.370

1949: January______
February....... March_______
April. _______
M a y _________

57.61
58.11
57.15
55. 84
56.52

39.2
39.4
39.1
38.3
38.8

1.469
1.479
1. 467
1.457
1.457

39.9
39.7
39.0
39.5
40.1

55.44
54.89
55. 58
56.21
57.48

41.3
41.3
41.6
41.4
41.6

1.342
1.328
1.336
1.359
1.380

50.17
50.73
50.17
50. 48
50.56

39.2
39.7
39.3
39.4
39.3

1.268
1.269
1.271
1.271
1.277

50.13
50. 56
50.29
49.07
48.57

37.8
38.0
37.5
36.6
36.1

1.344
1.342
1.347
1.340
1.335

44.6
44.7
43.2
41.8
41.7

1.346
1.352
1.339
1.325
1.307

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

47. 42
46.98
46.44
47.08
47.30

1.187
1.184
1.178
1.191
1.180

60.09
60.43
57. 90
55.36
54. 53

T

able

339

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
M A N U F A C T U R IN G —Continued
Textile-mill products and other fiber
manufactures

Stone, clay, and glass products—Continued

Marble, granite, slate,
and other products

Lime
Year and month
Avg.
w kly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg. Avg.
brly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

$52. 41
53.32
52. 46
54.78
54.75
55.45
55.24
53.89

1949: January............
February____
March_______
A pril................

53.56
52. 27
53. 63
52.65
May................ 53.00

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ w kly.
ings hours
ings

Asbestos products

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

$26.18
24. 29

36.9 $0. 714
34.6
.708

46.1 $1.136
45.9 1.153
44.4 1.169
45.8 1.192
45.0 1. 217
45.8 1. 203
45.4 1.213
44.5 1.203

49.44
49.21
48. 27
50.32
50.05
50.34
48. 76
51.80

41.3
40.9
39.8
41.1
40.9
41.2
39.3
41.6

1.193 $61.04
1.198 61.39
1.209 58.53
1.219 60.17
1. 221 62. 09
1.220 62.30
1.238 61.37
1.246 60. 57

41.9 $1. 457
42.2 1.456
41.3 1.423
41.5 1.449
42.0 1.479
41.8 1.492
41.4 1.482
40.7 1.490

1.192
1.207
1.201
1.208
1.209

50. 46
50. 77
50.45
50.82
52.11

40.6
40.8
40.4
40.7
41.4

1.243
1.237
1.249
1.256
1.258

40.5
40.2
39.3
38.9
38.0

1939: Average____
1941: January_____
1948: M a y ________
June..................
July_________
August______
September___
October_____
November___
December____

Abrasives

44.7
42.8
44.4
43.2
43.1

$24. 43
27. 26

60.03
59. 67
58.84
58.15
56.79

1.487
1.485
1.495
1.496
1.493

Total: Textile-mill Cotton manufacturer,
products and other
except smallwares
fiber manufactures

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

39.0 $0. 627 $16.84
.660 18.01
41.3

36.6 $0.460 $14.26
.488 15.60
36.9

36.7
37.2

$0,389
.419

55.45
56.17
57.18
57. 52
58.81
58.85
57. 45
57.67

41.3
41.7
41.7
41.4
42.0
41.6
40.9
41.2

1.340
1.348
1.373
1.391
1.400
1.415
1.406
1.399

45.22
45.29
44.15
45.07
45.12
44.94
45.17
45. 55

39.6
39.5
38.6
38.5
38.0
37.9
38.0
38.3

1.142
1.147
1.145
1.170
1.188
1.187
1.190
1.189

42. 64
42.00
40. 63
41. 61
41.69
41.60
41.60
42.21

39.6
39.1
38.0
37.7
37.1
36.9
37.0
37.5

1.078
1.075
1.070
1.106
1.125
1.127
1.125
1.126

54.92
55. 46
54. 57
52. 76
54.81

39.8
39.9
39.5
38.0
39.0

1.381
1.389
1.381
1.387
1.400

44.47
44. 44
43. 66
41.68
41.45

37.4
37.5
37.0
35.5
35.4

1.189
1.185
1.180
1.174
1.171

40 74
41.14
40. 58
38.42
37.23

36.3
36.6
36.2
34.5
33.8

1.125
1.124
1.122
1.115
1.101

Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures—Continued

Cotton smallwares

1939: Average_____ $18. 22
1941: January........... 19. 74

Silk and rayon
goods

Woolen and worsted
manufactures, ex­
cept dyeing and
finishing

39.0 $0.474 $15. 78
39.3
.503 16.53

36.5 $0. 429 $19.21
.461 21. 78
35.7

Knitted cloth

Hosiery

36.4 $0. 528 $18.98
37.9
.576 18. 51

35.6 $0. 536 $18.15
33.8
.550 19.90

Knitted outerwear
and knitted gloves

38.4 $0. 468 $17.14
37.9
.503 17.65

37.0
35.8

$0.461
.489

1948: M ay_________
June........... .......
July................. .
August_______
September.......
October______
November___
December____

42.72
43. 98
43. 48
43. 40
44. 09
42. 87
43.19
44.12

39.3
39.8
39.3
38.9
39.0
38.0
38.3
39.4

1.089
1.106
1.107
1.115
1.130
1.129
1.130
1.122

48. 38
48. 47
47. 69
48. 85
49.62
49.13
49.26
48.81

41.8
41.8
41.6
41.3
41.2
41.1
41.1
40.8

1.157
1.159
1.147
1.182
1.206
1.195
1.200
1.197

52.61
53.10
52. 31
52.13
51.19
49. 37
50. 25
51.66

40.1
40.3
39.5
39.6
38.8
37.6
38.1
39.1

1. 314
1. 320
1. 327
1. 317
1.323
1.315
1.320
1.321

41.14
42. 01
41. 52
42.98
43. 38
45.11
45.26
43.90

36.7
36.6
36.1
36.8
36.2
37.5
37.4
36.6

1.120
1.146
1.148
1.167
1.200
1.204
1.209
1.200

42.79
43. 94
44. 21
44.70
43. 72
44. 61
44.82
44.66

39.7
40.7
40.5
40.8
39.1
39.1
39.3
39.2

1.078
1.079
1.091
1.097
1.117
1.141
1.141
1.140

39.00
38. 84
37.28
37. 89
38. 91
37.78
39.85
39.37

38.5
38.3
37.2
37.3
37.7
36.6
38.2
38.0

1.012
1.004
.987
1.000
1.016
1.021
1.029
1.021

1949: January______
February....... .
March______
April________
M ay________

43.26
43.76
43.19
42. 88
43.82

38.8
39.0
38.6
38.4
39.0

1.114
1.122
1.118
1.118
1.125

47.00
46. 75
44.40
43.70
44.02

39.8
39.3
37.4
37.0
37.4

1.181
1.190
1.188
1.183
1.178

51.37
50. 40
47.88
46.10
47.12

38.8
38.1
36.8
35. 7
36.4

1.325
1.322
1.299
1.292
1.296

42.73
42. 74
42.81
41.82
41.89

35.6
36.2
36.1
35.2
35.3

1.199
1.179
1.183
1.185
1.186

45.65
45. 72
46.80
46. 15
44.82

40.0
39.8
40.7
39.6
38.7

1.140
1.141
1.138
1.154
1.146

40.63
40.15
40.39
37.66
38.94

38.3
37.7
38.0
35.5
37.1

1.044
1.049
1.049
1.055
1.045

Textile-mill products and other fiber manufactures—Continued

K nitted underwear

Dyeing and finish­
ing textiles, in­
cluding
woolen
and worsted

Carpets and rugs,
wool

Hats, fur-felt

Jute goods, except
felts

Cordage and twine

36.9 $0.410 S20. 82
36.0
. 446 21.65

38. 6 $0. 535 $23. 25
39. 3
. 551 25.18

36.1 $0.644 $22. 73
.675 27.12
37. 3

37. 88
38. 09
36. 98
38. 05
36. 80
37.00
36.19
35.89

38.3
38.4
37.3
37.3
35.8
36.0
35.3
34.9

.987
.994
.990
1.016
1.023
1.023
1.025
1.023

50. 67
51.05
48.76
49. 86
50. 47
50. 54
60. 98
52.36

41.3
41.5
39.9
40.1
39.9
39.7
39.9
41.2

1.226
1.229
1.221
1.241
1.264
1.271
1.274
1.269

56. 22
57. 86
57. 42
59. 36
59.30
60. 08
60.27
59. 75

41.8
42.0
40.7
41.3
41.3
41.1
41.0
40.8

1. 348
1.380
1.412
1.439
1.438
1.464
1.471
1.466

49.94
51.72
49. 52
52. 52
50. 54
49. 78
47.87
53.07

36.7
37.7
37.1
37.3
35.7
35.5
33.9
37.6

1.364 $42. 69
1.375 42. 65
1.338 42. 58
1.411 43. 37
1.414 41.77
1.397 43. 77
1.407 43. 91
1.413 43.89

40.1 $1,064 $41. 82
40.2 1.060 42. 68
40.6 1.048 41.08
41.1 1. 050 41.82
40.3 1.036 41. 85
41.3 1.059 42.90
41.4 1.062 43.54
41.2 1.066 43.79

38.5
39.0
37.7
38.0
37.4
38.4
38.3
38.4

$1,084
1.094
1.088
1.101
1.120
1.119
1.136
1.139

34. 95
35.47
36. 59
34. 09
34.76

34.1
35.1
35.9
33.6
34.0

1.019
1.010
1.017
1.010
1.015

50.59
52.03
52. 29
50.23
49.42

39.7
40.8
40.9
39. 4
38.7

1.274
1.276
1.277
1.275
1.277

59. 57
58.22
58.26
53. 63
54.40

40.7
39.9
39.8
37.0
37.6

1.464
1.460
1.467
1.453
1.448

53.19
53.03
50.37
41.98
48.36

37.2
37.4
35.8
29.3
33.8

1.432
1.421
1.404
1.434
1.432

39.2
39.5
38.3
38.1
Ì7.5

42.99
43. 05
43.67
41.60
40.89

37.7
37.5
38.1
36.4
35.7

1.141
1.143
1.146
1.142
1.147

1939: Average_____
1941: January..........

$15.05
16. 06

1948: M a y .......... .
June............ .
Ju ly ................
A ugust..........
September__
October_____
N ovem ber...
December___
1949: January____
February___
M arch_____
April...............
M a y_______

See footnotes at end of table.

8 4 9 4 8 0 — 4 9 -------- 9


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

32.2 $0. 707
36.2
.755

42.43
42.44
41.54
41.10
40.59

1.081
1.074
1.084
1.078
1.081

340
T

able

0: EARNINGS AND HOURS

M ONTHLY LABOR

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries

Con.

MANUFACTURING—Continued
Apparel and other finished textile products

Year and month

Total: Apparel and
other finished tex­
tile products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1939: Average-.......... $18.17
1941: January.......... - 18.76

M en’s clothing, not
elsewhere classi­
fied

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Shirts, collars, and
nightwear

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

34.5 $0. 527 $19.32
33.5
.560 20. 40

33.2 $0. 581 $13. 75
33.4
.607 14.22

U n d erw ear and
neckwear, men’s

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

34.6 $0.398 $14.18
.431 14.85
33.0

Women’s clothing,
not elsewhere clas­
sified

Work shirts

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

35.4 $0. 401 $11.03
.442 12.33
33.6

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

35.8 $0. 309 $19. 20
33.6
.367 19. 47

33.9
33.2

$0. 519
.553

1948: M a y ..................
June—...............
July_________
A ugust..............
September........
October______
November___
December........

37.24
37. 61
38. 74
40. 27
40.38
37. 77
39.10
38.95

35.8
35.6
35.8
36.4
36.1
34.8
35.9
35.4

1.040
1. 055
1.081
1.106
1.117
1.087
1.099
1.101

43. 50
43.19
43.03
43.98
43.81
41.07
41. 78
41.95

36.8
36.4
36.8
36.8
36.7
35.0
35.4
35.3

1.171
1.169
1.160
1.180
1.178
1.160
1.167
1.180

33.83
33.00
33.14
32.88
33.59
33.44
34 04
32.26

36.3
35.5
36.2
35.7
35.9
35.9
36. 1
34.2

.927
.925
.924
.921
.933
.931
.942
.944

34.80
34.00
34. 54
35. 31
35. 74
35. 29
37. 07
36.37

36.8
35.6
36.0
36.5
36.0
35.9
36.9
36.6

.946
.950
.950
.968
.993
.982
1.004
.997

27.22
27.21
26. 67
27. 70
28. 41
28.34
26.46
25.75

36.5
37.1
36.9
37.4
37.4
37.6
35.1
33.3

.744
.732
.735
.739
.759
.751
.754
.771

43.27
43.94
46.09
49. 06
49.15
44.39
48. 05
47.34

35.1
35.0
34.9
36.0
35.6
33. 5
35.7
35.1

1.206
1.239
1.304
1.336
1.352
1.302
1.321
1.317

1949: January_____
February____
M arch..........
April............... .
M ay...... ..........

39. 53
40.10
39. 75
35. 94
36.08

35.2
36.0
36.2
34.2
35.2

1.123
1.114
1.098
1. 051
1.025

41. 52
42.79
43.21
40. 43
40.31

34.8
36.0
36.3
34.6
34.7

1.180
1.176
1.175
1.156
1.143

31.75
33.20
34.45
33. 45
34.26

33.7
35.2
36.5
35.4
36.4

.945
.932
.938
.939
.937

34. 90
35.99
36.79
33.66
34.82

35.3
36.0
36.5
34.3
35.8

.995
1.000
1.008
.981
.973

26. 09
27.14
27. 38
26.80
26. 42

34.4
35.2
35.3
34.8
34.2

.763
.770
.777
.774
.773

48. 69
48.72
47. 50
41.82
42.59

35.2
35.6
35.6
33.3
35.0

1.358
1.342
1. 306
1.225
1.179

Apparel and other finished textile products—Continued
Corsets and allied
garments
1939: Average........... $17.15
1941: January___ _ 17.24

Millinery

37.5 $0. 456 $22.19
.482 22.31
35.6

Handkerchiefs

Curtains, draperies,
and bedspreads

H ou sefu rn ish in gs,
other than cur­
tains, etc.

Textile bags

33.8 $0. 636
30.5
.648

1948: M ay.................
June...............
J u l y . .. .......... .
August ____
September___
October..........
November----December____

35.85
36.58
36.10
36. 51
37.07
37.66
38. 25
37.58

35.8
36.2
36.0
36.6
37.1
37.0
37.8
37.3

1.003
1.013
1.003
.999
1.002
1.019
1.012
1.009

42. 82
45. 29
50. 99
54.26
55. 64
51.37
42 97
48. 68

31.5
32.7
34.8
36.7
36.5
34.0
30.4
34.3

1.333
1. 352
1.414
1.449
1.467
1.467
1.381
1.391

$1.66
31.40
30. 62
32.79
34.34
36.24
36. 70
36.00

34.8 $0,909 $30. 41
.917 30. 50
34.3
.907 30. 33
33.8
.920 31.97
35.7
.924 32. 54
37.2
.937 32.86
38.7
.944 32. 93
38.9
.946 32. 49
38.1

1949: January______
February____
M arch_______
April________
M ay-------------

37.10
38.06
38. 46
36. 85
38.23

36.4
36.9
37.4
35.3
37.0

1.021
1.032
1.031
1.045
1.035

52. 24
59.99
62.90
52.09
46.55

35.2
37.9
39.4
35.6
32.6

1.457
1. 530
1.550
1. 473
1.423

34. 56
36.37
34.79
31.07
30.04

36.7
38.2
37.3
33.1
32.5

.942
.952
.933
.938
.926

32.68
34.50
35. 05
32. 86
34.03

32.9 $0.912 $37. 52
.898 40.19
33.6
.892 39.01
34.6
.898 39.72
35.8
.922 38.65
35.8
36.0
.920 41.33
36.6
.909 41. 78
35.2
.920 41.85

37.2 $0. 998 $37. 94
39.1 1.019 38.10
38.2 1.010 38.93
38.6 1.014 39.68
36.7 1. 032 41.34
39.4 1. 036 41.42
39.8 1. 038 40.98
39.7 1.041 41.81

38.4
38.3
38.9
39.2
39.7
40.2
39.8
40.3

$0.987
.995
1.001
1.012
1. 042
1. 030
1.029
1.038

35.2
37.5
37.8
35.5
36.2

37.0
38.7
38.3
37.5
38.0

1.032
1.043
1.047
1.035
1.036

39.4
38.5
37.5
37.1
38.3

1.040
1.043
1.039
1.050
1.055

.930
.924
,931
.922
.933

38. 37
40.62
40.38
39.16
39. 62

40.93
40.05
38.98
38. 95
40.35

Leather and leather products
Total: Leather and
leather products

Boot and shoe cut
stock and findings

Leather

Boots and shoes

Leather gloves and
mittens

Trunks and suit­
cases

1939: Average.......... $19.13
1941: January_____ 20.66

36.2 $0.528 $24.43
.554 25.27
37.3

38.7 $0.634
38.3
.662

1948: M a y - ..............
June................
J u ly..................
August ____
September___
O ctober-........
November___
December.........

39.65
41.38
41.64
42.80
42.65
41. 56
40. 84
42.61

35.5
37.0
37.4
37.9
37.3
36.3
35. 5
37.2

1.118
1.118
1.114
1.128
1.143
1.145
1.151
1.146

52.38
53.11
53.39
53.70
53.13
53. 52
53. 82
55.39

39.4
39.5
39.5
39.8
38.9
39.1
39.1
40.1

1.330 $39.72
1.345 41.24
1.351 41.09
1.856 42. 62
1.367 42.00
1.368 40.46
1.377 39. 73
1.381 42.51

36.3 $1,105
37.4 1.108
37.4 1.104
38.8 1.105
38.1 1.117
36.2 1.125
35. 6 1.134
37.6 1.137

36.79
39.00
39.41
40.65
40. 61
39.15
37. 97
40.23

34.3
36.4
37.0
37.4
36.8
35.6
34.4
36.6

1.074 $34.77
1.074 35.78
1.069 35. 01
1.087 35.79
1.104 35. 41
1.102 34.72
1 .1P5 34. 74
1.101 33.15

35.2 $0.991 $45.06
35.8
.999 44.86
35.8
.988 44.42
36.3 1.005 47.19
35.6 1.002 47.65
35.1
.995 47.61
34.9 1. 004 49. 26
34.4
.962 45.24

39.6
39.0
38.8
40.6
40.7
40.0
41. 4
38.2

$1.137
1.150
1.152
1.168
1.175
1.193
1.193
1.183

1949: January............
February____
M arch. _____
April____ . . .
M ay..................

42. 41
42.86
42. 64
40.80
40.29

37.2
37.6
37.4
35.6
35.0

1.140
1.140
1.140
1.146
1.151

54.61
54. 38
53. 34
52. 28
53.16

39.7
39.5
38.8
38.1
38.6

1.375
1.377
1.374
1.375
1.379

37.6
38.5
37.8
35.9
35.1

40. 40
40.99
40. 95
38.50
37.37

36.8
37.3
37.2
35.1
34.1

1.097
1.099
1.100
1.105
1.105

35.8
36.1
35.2
33.5
34.4

35.0
37.5
38.3
37.2
38.1

1.148
1.164
1.170
1.185
1.207

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

$17.83
19.58

41.95
43.00
42.41
40.54
39.30

1.127
1.122
1.128
1.137
1.135

35.7 $0.503
37.0
.530

34.68
34.34
33. 66
31.98
32. 77

.973
.961
.964
.962
.962

40. 17
43.93
45.10
44.19
46.46

T

able

341

0: EARNINGS AND HOURS

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con*
MANUFACTURING-Continued
Food
Total: Food

ear and month

Slaughtering and
meat packing

Condensed and
evaporated milk

Butter

Ice cream

Flour

Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg. Avg.
Avg. hrly.
wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly. wkly. hrly. wkly. wkly.
hrly. wkly.
wkly.
hrly.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ hours earn­ earn­ wkly.
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­ earn­ wkly. earn
ings
ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings ings hours ings
Average_____ *24. 43
January_____ 24.69

40.3 $0. 607 $27. 85
39.0 .633 26.84

40.6 $0. 686 $22. 60
39.3 .681 22. 84

May...............
June............. .
July________
August_____
September___
October_____
November___
December___

61. 26
62. 09
51.77
49. 74
51. 76
51.47
51 83
52. 86

42. 5
42. 8
42.6
41.0
42 6
41.8
41. 6
41.8

1.207
1.217
1.215
1.214
1. 216
1.232
1. 249
1. 264

67.66
61.24
58. 75
55. 71
57. 64
57.38
61.07
62.63

46.7
44.1
42.9
41.2
42.3
41.9
43.1
44.5

1.424
1.383
1.368
1.351
1.361
1.367
1. 410
1.404

January_____
February........
March______
April_______
M ay..........

52. 62
52. 24
52. 03
51.61
52. 74

41.5
41.3
41.0
40.7
41.4

1.268
1.265
1.269
1. 268
1.274

60.30
56. 04
55. 61
55.32
56.63

43.1
40.6
40.2
39.7
40.4

1.397 60.48
1.381 50.51
1.384 50. 63
1.392 50. 07
1.401 50.75

47. 52
48. 42
49.66
49. 82
49. 58
49. 43
48. 87
49.62

46.7 $0. 484 .......... ............
44.6 .509

$29. 24
29.41

46.2 $0. 626 $25. 80
44.2 .653 25. 27

42.3
41.0

$0.605
.608

45.9 1.033 $55. 36
46.3 1.043 56. 66
46.9 1.063 66.42
46.6 1.067 66. 07
45.8 1.081 55. 99
45.8 1.079 53. 71
46.0 1.083 54. 2S
45.0 1.100 54. 29

47.5 $1,165 51.11
48.5 1.168 52. 22
47.6 1.186 53.58
47.7 1.174 52. 81
47.0 1.191 64. 46
45.4 1.183 53.92
45.9 1.182 54. 45
45.5 1.192 54.66

45.0
45,8
46.2
44.7
45.3
44. 5
44.3
45.0

1.086
1.103
1.125
1. 147
1.173
1. 163
1. 177
1.161

55.12
57. 48
60.05
61.14
60. 77
62.03
58.94
58. 34

46.1
47.8
48.4
48.1
46.3
47.9
45. 6
45.2

1.196
1.204
1.241
1. 271
1.315
1.297
1. 291
1.293

45.4
45.0
45.0
44.3
45.3

45.0
45.7
45.6
45.9
46.3

54.39
55.26
65.16
54.94
55.37

45.1
45.9
44.9
45.2
45.2

1.161 61.55
1.162 57.18
1.160 54. 92
1.164 54. 27
1.163 55.61

46.7
44.8
43.3
42.8
43.5

1.319
1.278
1.268
1.267
1.279

1.110 54. 78
1.119 55. 53
1.121 55. 91
1.122 56. 42
1.123 56. 79

1. 218
1.216
1.226
1. 228
1.225

Food—Continued

$25.70
26. 46

1939: Average....
1941: January...

December..

$55. 64
58. 00
57. 92
53. 66
52.61
54. 96
55. 53
55. 49

1949: January__
February...
March___
April.........
May..........

56.10
57. 77
58. 53
56. 70
56.86

1948: May..........
June______
July.............

August......

September.
October___
November.

Sugar refining,
cane

Baking

Cereal preparations

40.4 $1,377 49. 09
41.5 1.398 50.03
41.7 1.391 50.01
39.2 1.368 49.77
37.8 1.391 51.11
39.4 1.395 50.89
39.3 1. 413 50. 41
38.7 1.435 50.88
39.5 1.421 49. 96
40. 5 1.427 51.54
40.4 1.447 50. 83
39.2 1.446 51.60
39.7 1.430 51.73

Sugar, beet

41.7 $0. 621 $23. 91
41.1 .644 22. 73

37.6 $0. 636 $24.68
35.0 .650 24.03

42.9 $0. 585 $18.64
36.5 .630 19. 19

42.7
42.9
42.7
42.5
42.8
42.4
41.9
42.0

41.9
44.0
45.9
45.6
43.7
41,5
41.9
40.0

1.220 50. 27
1.207 50.71
1.258 51.94
1. 261 50.73
1.254 56. 21
1.229 52.12
1.210 60.20
1.272 51.58

37.5
38.9
39.4
38.2
41.3
42.5
47.9
38.2

1.339
1.303
1.321
1.326
1.362
1. 226
1. 257
1.349

39. 21
42.15
41. 83
42. 98
44.20
43.93
44. 67
43.52

42.4
40.9
40.0
38.1
41.9

1.275 60.25
1.329 58.23
1.308 56.78
1.315 55. 87
1.314 55.11

40.5
40.6
39.3
38.4
37.2

1.488
1.434
1. 446
1.461
1.488

42.17
42.20
42.97
41.31
41.53

40.9
42.2
41.6
42.1
42.2

1.148 51.08
1.165 53.14
1.168 57. 73
1.169 57. 52
1.191 54. 79
1.197 51.04
1.202 50. 69
1.210 50.86
1.218 54.67
1.220 54.42
1. 221 52. 29
1. 220 50.12
1.224 55.14

Food—Continued
Malt liquors

41.35
41.16
41.78
39. 50
46.01
45. 32
39.02
42.02

36.8
38.0
39.0
36.1
41.4
39.5
35. 4
36.3

1.125
1.090
1.083
1.105
1.121
1.153
1.107
1.162

37.12
37. 86
38. 51
39. 26
37.97
38. 78
3S. 37
38. 78

37.7
37.8
38.0
39.0
38.0
38.9
37.8
38.1

.984 44.32
1.003 45. 84
1.014 46. 59
1.008 48.39
1.000 44. 47
.998 45.95
1.016 43. 61
1.018 45.74

38.9
39.1
39.8
41.5
38.4
40.0
36.6
37.9

1.139
1.172
1.171
1.167
1.159
1.149
1.193
1.207

1.616 42. 04
1. 643 43. 67
1.652 42.71
1.634 42.39
1.662 43.43

36.6
38.1
37.2
36.4
37.5

1.151
1.143
1.145
1.172
1.160

37.13
36.08
37. 29
36.26
37.27

36.4
35.3
36.1
34.8
35.8

1.020 43. 22
1.022 42.29
1.033 45.26
1.042 44.19
1.041 44.05

35.5
34.7
37.2
36.0
35.9

1. 218
1.218
1.217
1. 227
1.227

65.31
67.74
71.35
69. 14
70. 27
66.11
67.45
67.14

42.5
42.9
44.1
42.9
43.4
41.1
41.1
41.5

1.537
1. 578
1.610
1.612
1. 618
1.606
l. 639
1.613

9: January...
February..
March___
April........
May.........

65.05
66. 41
68. 01
67.38
70. 74

40.3
40.4
41.1
41.2
42.4

38.1 $0.492 $24. 21
37. 6 .611 25.28

43.6
42.0

$0. 556
.602

45. 75
47. 20
49.39
45.18
47. 05
44. 45
45. 48
46.18

43.9
45.0
46.1
42.5
43.8
41.8
42.6
42.9

1.077 45. 74
1.084 46.94
1.090 46.86
1.085 47.39
1.086 48.90

45.8
43.3
43.3
43.5
44.2

1.041
1.052
1.076
1.059
1.073
1.061
1.069
1.080
1.077
1.088
1.090
1.098
1.117

37.5
39.5
39.3
40.2
40.7
40.7
41.4
40.6
39.2
38.9
39.4
37.9
38.1

1.036
1. 069
1.078
1.088
1.087
1.077
1.081
1.074

Tobacco (chewing
and smoking) and
snufl

Cigars

37.2 $0. 561 $14. 59
37.3 .600 15.13

1948: May.........
June____
July........
August__
September
October__
November.
December.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Cigarettes

35.4 $0. 476 $20.88
35.7 .501 22.38

$35.01
34.57

See footnotes at end of table.

Totai: Tobacco
manufactures

37.0 $0. 464 $16. 84
33.0 .510 17.89

1939: Average...
1941: January__

Beverages, non­
alcoholic

Tobacco manufactures

Canning and pre­
serving

38.3 $0.916 $16. 77
36.4 .952 16. 67

Confectionery

34.7 $0. 419 $17. 53
35.0 .432 18.60

34.1
34.9

$0. 514
.537

31.80
31.73
32. 24
32.29
32. 84
33.43
34.63
33.55

36.9
36.8
36.7
37.1
37.6
38.0
38.8
38.1

.858
.863
.877
.867
.870
.876
.889
.878

36.91
37.93
37.59
38.81
39.11
39, 63
38. 62
39.31

37.3
37.6
37,1
38.4
38.2
39.2
37. 5
39.2

.991
1.009
1.015
1.012
1.023
1.011
i. 031
1.003

32.61
31.43
31.20
29.83
31.75

37.2
35.7
35.2
33.8
35.8

.871 37. 07
.872 37.16
.880 37.89
.877 36.67
.882 37.58

36.4
35.9
36.5
35.0
35.6

1.019
1.036
1.038
1.049
1.054

342
T

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

able

M ONTHLY LABO R

C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries1—Con.
MANUFACTURING—Continued
Printing, publishing,
and allied industries

Paper and allied products

Year and month

Total: Paper and
allied products
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn
ings

Paper and pulp

Avg,
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Envelopes

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

Paper bags

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
ings hours

Paper boxes

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1939: Average.......... $23.72
1941: January_____ 25.16

40.1 $0. 592 $24.92
40.0
.629 27.02

40.3 $0.620
.662
40.8

1948: M ay_________
June_________
J u ly ..................
August______
September___
October.........
November___
December.........

54.28
55. 34
55. 97
56. 94
56.98
56.95
57.35
56. 66

42.8
42.8
42.5
43.1
42.7
42.9
42.9
42.6

1.269
1. 292
1.317
1.320
1.334
1.328
1.336
1.330

59. 47
60.40
61.49
62.32
62. 21
61.77
62. 50
61.24

44.6
44.1
43.9
44.4
43.8
43.8
44.0
43.4

1.334 $46.34
1.368 47.02
1.400 45.87
1.402 49.02
1.419 49.10
1.409 49. 66
1. 419 49.90
1.409 49.97

40.8 $1,150 $44.93
41.3 1.158 46. 29
40.6 1.148 48.61
41.5 1.194 49.32
41.5 1.203 48. 69
41.4 1.213 48.78
41.8 1.206 47.64
41.7 1.211 48. 20

39.8 $1,126
40.8 1.130
41.6 1.167
41.3 1.193
41.0 1.192
41.0 1.192
39.8 1.195
40.2 1.197

1949: January_____ 55. 44
February____ 65. 27
M arch_______ 54. 57
April________ 53.60
M ay............. .
53.99

41.5
41.4
41.0
40.3
40.5

1.336
1.335
1.331
1.330
1.333

60.24
59. 58
58.74
57. 71
57.87

42.7
42.4
41.8
41.3
41.2

1.409
1.405
1.402
1.396
1.404

40.2
40.3
40.2
39.7
38.9

39. 5
40.2
40. 7
38.7
39.0

48. 61
48.16
48.18
47.68
46. 79

1.222
1.211
1.218
1.216
1.222

47.58
48.31
48.83
47. 60
47.44

1939: A verage...
1941: January...

$37. 58
38.15

1948: M a y ..........
June_____
July...........
August___
September.
October__
November.
D ecem ber..
1949: January__
February..
March____
April_____

M ay_........

Printing; book and
Job

1.203
1. 200
1.197
1. 227
1.203

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

37 4
37 8

$n Rfifi

48.64
50. 48
49.87
51.75
52.05
52.79
52.23
51.58

40.7
41.6
40.7
42.0
41.9
42.6
42.2
41.9

1.199
1.216
1.229
1.234
1.245
1.243
1. 239
1.234

65.06
65. 48
65. 08
65.96
67.39
66.48
66.98
68.11

39.1
39.1
38.9
39.2
39.4
38.9
39.1
39.6

1.663
1.676
1.675
1.683
1.712
1.709
1. 713
1.722

49.58
49.41
49.70
48.19
48.86

40.1
39.8
40. 1
38.8
39.3

1.241
1.243
1.241
1.247
1.245

66. 51
66.95
68.15
68.14
69.13

38.6
38.5
38. 5
38.3
38.6

1.723
1.739
1.770
1.779
1.791

Chemicals and allied products

Lithographing

Total: Chemicals
and allied products

36.1 $1,004 $30.30
35.4 1.052 31.64

38.3 $0.804
39.6
.810

73.04
73.26
72. 39
73. 69
76. 80
75. 47
76. 04
77.41

38.4
38.0
37.8
38.4
38.9
38. 6
38.3
38.6

1.877
1.896
1.894
1.908
1.954
1.942
1. 9.56
1.973

61.92
62.25
62.06
62.32
63.02
61.96
62. 83
64.18

39.8
39.7
39.7
39.8
39.8
39.1
39.6
40.3

1.570 $63.24
1.579 64.60
1.576 62. 45
1.578 64. 55
1.595 65. 38
1.597 65.71
1.600 65.34
1.605 65.17

39.5 $1.601
40.0 1.616
38.6 1.618
39.8 1.621
39.9 1.638
40.4 1.627
40.5 1.612
40.6 1.608

55. 24
56.64
57. 21
57.69
58.20
57. 60
57. 87
58.09

41.0
41.4
41.1
41.0
41.3
41.4
41. 4
41.4

1.347
1.369
1.390
1.407
1.410
1.390
1. 398
1.403

73.58
74. 40
75. 89
76. 94
78.09

37.3
37.4
37.6
37.8
37.9

1.956
1.972
2.002
2.017
2.040

63. 55
63. 67
64.90
64.05
65.09

39.6
39.3
39.2
38.7
39.2

1.614
1.632
1.664
1. 658
1.667

38.6
38.6
38.7
38.1
38.6

1.660
1.671
1.685
1. 704
1.717

67.71
57. 77
57. 25
56. 90
58.08

40.9
40.8
40.6
40.1
40.5

1.411
1.416
1.410
1.419
1.434

$25. 59
27.53

63.66
64.64
65.26
64.92
66.23

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

40 2 $0 547 $.92 42
as «
32

$21.78
22 26

Printing, publishing, and allied industries—Continued
Newspapers and
periodicals

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

Total: Printing, pub­
lishing, and allied
industries

Paints, varnishes,
and colors

39.5 $0.649 $28.48
39.9
.690 29.86

Drugs, medicines,
and insecticides

40.5 $0.704 $24.16
40.3
.741 24.68

39.7
39.3

$0.592
.619

57. 22
57. 84
59.24
59.03
59.34
59.10
58. 22
58.18

42.2
42.4
42.9
42.2
42.2
42.1
41.3
40.9

1.358
1.365
1.385
1.399
1.410
1.407
1.411
1.422

48. 91
49. 56
49.21
49.48
49 75
50.98
61. 50
51.76

39.4
39.5
39.0
39.1
39. 7
40.0
40. 2
40.6

1.241
1.257
1.260
1.266
1. 255
1. 276
1. 283
1.276

57.36
58.19
58.15
59.27
58.90

40.7
40.4
40.4
41.0
40.9

1. 429
1.441
1.442
1.447
1.441

52.15
52.28
52. 38
51.77
52.53

40.1
40.1
40. 2
39.6
39.9

1.302
1.305
1.304
1.307
1.325

Chemicals and allied products—Continued
Rayon and allied
products

Soap
1939: Average__
1941: January__

$28.11
29.58

1948: M a y_____
June_____
J u ly ...........
August___
September.
October__
November.
December..
1949: January__
February..
M arch____
April_____
M ay______

Chemicals, not else­ Explosives and safety
where classified
fuses

Ammunition, smallarms*

Cottonseed oil

39.8 $0. 707 $24.52
40.0
.740 27.26

37.9 $0.646 $31.30
39.2
.696 33.10

40.0 $0. 784 $29.99
40.3
.822 31.56

38.8 $0.773 $22.68
37.8
.835 24.05

39.0 $0.612 $13.70
38.6
.623 15. 55

44.3
44.6

$0.302
.338

64.99
63. 09
62. 44
63. 49
64. 76
66. 24
66. 79
66. 72

42.1
41. 5
41.0
41. 6
42.3
42.9
42. 3
42.3

1.543
1.621
1.623
1. 525
1. 532
1.543
1. 579
1.575

51.46
51.72
53.38
55. 32
55. 31
54. 99
55. 55
55. 79

39.7
39.8
40.1
39.8
39.5
39.2
39. 5
39.5

1.296
1.298
1.330
1.391
1.400
1.402
1.406
1.413

61.48
63.17
63. 49
63. 80
65. 27
64.02
64. 65
64. 72

41.2
41.9
41.3
41.1
40.9
41.0
41.1
41.1

1.493
1.509
1.539
1.552
1.596
1. 563
1. 574
1.574

59.34
61.58
61.65
63. 93
64. 01
61.26
60. 71
60. 58

40.6
41.9
41.8
41.8
41.9
40.8
40.3
40.3

1.462
1.471
1.473
1.529
1.527
1.501
1. 508
1.502

50.28
51.48
53.05
52.64
53. 61
53. 55
53.46
53.53

41.3
41.2
41.2
41.0
41.5
41.7
41.4
41.5

1.218
1.257
1.294
1.285
1.291
1.283
1.291
1.290

38. 07
37.94
38. 77
38. 59
41.64
43. 69
43. 56
44.56

49.4
48.0
47.6
49.0
52.3
55. 3
55. 5
55.7

.778
.791
.816
.787
.796
.790
. 785
.800

63.63
64.16
63.75
62. 73
64.59

41.0
41.1
41.1
40.6
41.3

1.552
1. 561
1.551
1. 545
1.564

55. 44
55. 21
54.96
53.73
55.46

39.1
39.0
38.7
37.7
38.7

1.411
1. 414
1.419
1. 425
1.432

65.11
64.95
64.13
64.13
64.42

41.1
40.7
40.3
40.1
40.1

1.584
1.596
1.593
1.600
1.602

57.77
60.39
59. 56
59. 25
61.94

38.2
40.1
39.4
39.0
40.2

1.507
1.506
1.510
1. 518
1. 540

52.16
53.35
49. 50
44.02
53.39

40.6
41.0
37.7
33.2
40.4

1.284
1.301
1.313
1.326
1.321

41.95
40. 74
41.87
39.99
41.17

52.8
51.0
51.8
49.3
49.3

.794
. 798
.801
.810
.825

See footnotes a t end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

343

T able C 1: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries x—Con.
MANUFACTURING—Continued
Chemicals and allied
products—Con.

Products of petroleum and coal
Total: Products of
petroleum and coal

Fertilizers

Year and month

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Coke and by­
products

Petroleum refining

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Rubber products
Total: Rubber prod­
ucts

Roofing materials

Avg. Avg.
Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg. hrly.
earn­ earn­ wkly. earn­
hours
ings
ings
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$27.84
30.38

36.9
39.0

$0.754
.779

1936: Average_____ $14. 71
1941; January_____ 14.89

35.8 $0.412 $32.62
34.8
.429 32. 46

36.5 $0.894 $34.97
36.6
.887 34.46

36.1 $0.974
.970
35.7

1948: May________
June—..............
July..................
August.............
September___
October...........
November___
December____

37.40
39.34
40.82
40.32
40.37
39.37
37.86
38.69

41.4
41.2
42.1
40.7
40.4
39.9
38.4
39.5

1.001
.988
.985
.980

67.16
67.18
69. 45
70.71
68. 72
71.48
71.17
70.20

41.2
40.7
40.8
41.2
39.3
41.1
40.4
40.3

1.631
1.650
1.703
1.716
1.748
1.738
1. 763
1.743

71.14
70.96
74.01
75.13
72.09
76.14
76.35
75.03

40.9
40.2
40.4
41.0
38.5
40.8
40.3
40.4

1.740 $57.01
1.763 67. 84
1.832 67. 44
1.832 59.97
1.873 60. 59
1.868 60.51
1.894 60.03
1.857 61.10

40.2 $1. 419 $60.66
40.3 1.437 61.09
39.8 1.443 62. 78
39.9 1.503 63. 58
39.1 1.551 63. 67
39.9 1.517 65.69
39.5 1. 521 60.58
40.0 1. 529 66.13

44.9 $1.352
44.7 1.367
45.2 1.390
44.9 1.415
44.5 1.431
45.6 1. 440
42.5 1. 425
40.3 1.394

55. 45
57.14
58. 37
60. 47
59.31
59.19
58.27
57.68

38.38
38.00
38.94
April.................. 39.28
May................. 41.40

39.0
39.7
39.7
40.3
39.4
39.3
38.6
38.5

39.9
40.6
41.6
41.3
42.2

1.424
1.439
1.472
1. 500
1. 504
1.507
1.608
1.499

.962
.936
.936
.951
.981

72.18
69.84
69. 80
69. 84
69.87

41.2
40.0
40.0
40.0
40.2

1.752 77.20
1.746 74.34
1.745 74.34
1. 746 74.25
1.738. 74.63

41.6
40.1
40.1
39.9
40.2

1.857
1.853
1.852
1.859
1.856

40.2
39.7
39.4
39.4
39.1

40.3
40.2
40.8
42.7
42.9

56.89
56.33
55.61
55.35
57.00

37.9
37.5
37.1
36.8
37.7

1.501
1.502
1.499
1. 504
1.512

1649: January.........
February........
March______

.904
.954
.970
.990

61.95
61.05
60. 51
60. 77
59.82

1.543
1.537
1.532
1.537
1.524

Rubber products—Continued
ber tires and
in ner tub es

R ub

Rubber boots and
shoes

56. 42
66.62
57.81
60.73
60.51

1.402
1.410
1.416
1. 424
1.414

Miscellanous industrie

Rubber goods, other Total: Miscellaneous
industries

1939:. Average_____ $33.36
1941: January
36.67

35.0 $0.957 $22.80
.975 26.76
37.7

37.5 $0.607 $23.34
41.9
.639 24.97

1948: May................
June________
July.............. .
August______
September.......
October...........
November___
December___

61.15
63.96
66.30
68.29
65. 27
64.82
62. 79
61.10

37.4
38.8
39.3
39.5
37.7
37.2
36.2
35.6

1.636
1.651
1.684
1.730
1.732
1.734
1.735
1.721

60.61
50. 69
52.12
52. 53
63.38
53.86
54. 29
55.23

41.7
41.7
42.3
41.5
41.6
42.2
41.6
42.4

1.214
1.215
1.231
1.266
1.283
1.278
1.305
1.303

1949: January_____
February........
March______
April ________
May____ ___

60.78
61.21
61.56
60. 92
63.54

35.3
35.6
35.9
35.4
36.3

1.721
1. 723
1.719
1. 721
1.740

52.24
48.81
42.26
47.45
49.45

40.3
37.8
33.5
37.5
38.9

1.297
1.290
1.260
1.261
1.267

Instruments (profes­
sional and scien­
tific), and fire-con­
trol equipment

Pianos, organs, and
parts

38.9 $0.605 $24.48
39.4
.639 25.35

39.2 $0.624
39.3
.646 $35.33

45.7 $0.773

50.34
51.15
51.07
63.70
54.35
55.08
54.61
54.49

40.0
40.2
39.4
40.9
40.8
40.8
40.5
40.5

1.260
1.272
1.296
1.312
1.333
1.350
1.347
1.346

50.19
50. 92
50.02
51.24
51.63
51.86
52. 47
52.79

40.3
40.3
39.4
40.3
40.3
40.6
40.8
40.5

1.244
1.262
1.269
1.271
1.280
1.279
1.287
1.302

58.44
59.26
60.90
61.80
62.18

40.2
39.7
39.7
40.0
40.1
40.4
40.9
40.7

1.430 $52.36
1.434 52.11
1.448 52.07
1.458 52.42
1.472 52.64
1.487 53. 73
1.487 55.41
1.504 65.26

40.8
40.9
40.9
40.7
39.9
40.3
40.8
40.4

$1.286
1.280
1.283
1.293
1.322
1.339
1.365
1.375

63.93
63.21
52.13
50. 88
51.82

40.1
39.7
39.3
38.2
39.1

1.345
1.339
1.327
1.333
1.326

52.11
62.11
51.78
60.57
50. 87

39.9
39.9
39.8
38.9
39.1

1.306
1.306
1.301
1.300
1.301

62.51
62.86
62.50
61.58
62.20

40.6
40.7
40.5
39.9
40.0

1. 515
1.519
1.521
1. 521
1.537

38.9
38.5
38.8
38.6
36.8

1.342
1.353
1.346
1.357
1.338

58.35
57.73

66.68

52.24
52.14
52.20
52.37
49.17

NONMANUFACTURING
M in in g
C oal
A n th r a c ite

M e ta l
B itu m in o u s

1939: A v e r a g e ____
1941: J a n u a r y ____

$25.67
25.13

2 7 .7
2 7 .0

$0,923
.9 2 5

$23. 88
26.00

27.1
2 9 .7

948: M a y ................
J u n e ................
J u ly ................
A u g u s t ..........
S e p t e m b e r ..
O c to b e r ____
N o v e m b e r ..
D e c e m b e r ..

69. 89
68. 91
55.11
72. 77
69. 35
73. 74
60. 90
63.39

3 9 .4
3 9 .4
31 .7
3 8 .3
3 6 .6
3 8 .7
3 3 .4
3 4 .0

1.774
1.749
1.736
1.901
1.897
1.904
1.824
1.862

74 .0 8
73.87
67. 62
78.10
75.51
76. 40
73.52
75.79

49: J a n u a r y ____
F e b r u a r y ...
M a r c h ...........
A p r il_______
M a y ...............

67.11
48.14
46.04
56. 72
63.67

3 6 .0
2 6 .2
2 5 .0
3 0 .6
34.1

1.873
1.841
1.847
1. 858
1.869

76. 84
74.31
68. 41
72.70
73.70

S e e fo o tn o te s a t e n d o f ta b le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

T o ta l: M e ta l

$ 0.

886 $28. 93

.8 8 5

30.63

4 0 .9
4 1 .0

4 0 .3
3 9 .9
3 4 .2
3 9 .4
3 7 .9
38 .6
37.1
3 8 .5

1.841
1.850
1.936
1.967
1.970
1.959
1.951
1.9 6 0

59.26
58. 79
58.00
62. 49
62. 07
64.1 8
63. 84
65.5 0

4 2 .8
42.4
40 .6
4 2 .9
41 .4
42 .7
4 2 .5
4 3 .3

1.384
1.386
1.427
1.455
1.501
1.502
1.504
1.513

3 9 .3
3 8 .0
3 6 .3
3 7 .4
3 7 .4

1. 949
1. 943
1.941
1.932
1.947

65. 92
64.64

66.12

4 3 .0
42 .5
4 3 .5
4 2 .9
4 2 .3

1.533
1.521
1.520
1. 513
1.506

64.91
63.70

Iro n

$0. 708 $26.36
.7 4 7
29.26

C opp er

L ead an d z

3 5 .7
3 9 .0

$0.738
.7 5 0

$28. 08
30.93

4 1 .9
4 1 .8

$0.679
.7 4 9

$26.39
28.61

3 8 .7
3 8 .2

$0,683
.7 4 9

57.91
67. 41
55. 30
59. 21
60. 77
63. 66
61. 71
62. 45

42.1
41.5
40.3
41 .6
4 0 .4
4 2 .2
41.5
41.6

1.377
1.383
1.371
1.424
1.504
1.506
1.487
1.5 0 2

61.73
61.3 3
63. 99
67.6 2
64.67
66. 62
68 .2 6
70.36

4 5 .0
44.5
43.6
45.1
4 2 .8
4 4 .6
4 4 .8
4 6 .0

1. 373
1.3 7 8
1.468
1.4 9 8
1.513
1. 494
1.525
1.530

60.27
6 0 .4 2
53. 11
64. 95
63. 26
64.19
66.04
67.7 7

4 1 .8
41 .7
3 5 .3
4 2 .9
4 1 .4
41.5
42 .3
4 3 .3

1.442
1.449
1.505
1.515
1.529
1.544
1.560
1.5 6 9

63. 41
63. 29
63. 70
62. 49
62.25

4 2 .2
4 2 .2
4 2 .4
4 1 .7
41.3

1.504
1.500
1.502
1. 497
1.507

70.15
66.23
69.61
69. 61
65.75

45 .3
4 3 .5
45 .9
4 6 .2
44 .5

1.549
1.528
1.523
1.526
1.497

68.63
67. 72
69. 76
64. 78
65.81

4 2 .2
4 2 .2
43. 2
4 1 .0
4 1 .9

1.6 2 9
1.6 0 6
1. 615
1.5 7 8
1.570

MONTHLY LABOR

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

344

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries

Con.

NONMANUFACTURING—Continued
Public utilities

M ining—Continued
Quarrying and
nonmetallic

Crude petroleum and
natural gas production

Street railways
and busses 3

Electric light
and power

Telegraph s

T elephone4

Year and month
Avg.
w kly. wAvg.
kly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

39.2 $0. 550 $34.09
38.2 0. 576 33.99

1939: Average........... $21. 61
1941: January............ 22.06

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

45.9 $0. 714 $31.94
38.3 $0. 873 $33.13
.731 32. 52
33.63885 45.3
37.7 0 .

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. w kly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. w kly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

54. 73
55.38
55.83
58. 72
57. 82
59.08
57. 22
56.93

44.4
45.0
44.1
45.9
45.0
45.8
44.3
44.1

1.226
1.228
1.266
1.281
1.284
1.288
1.291
1.290

65. 88
64. 88
67.17
69. 59
67. 58
67.67
68.80
69.12

40.2
39.5
40.1
41.3
39.6
39.7
39.6
40.0

1. 646
1.636
1.676
1.682
1.711
1.716
1.734
1.730

60.32
61.21
62. 01
62. 68
62.29
63.40
62. 51
63. 26

46.8
46.8
47.0
47.5
46.3
46.4
46.1
46.4

1.302
1.315
1.328
1.327
1. 355
1.380
1.383
1.392

48.82
48.67
49.19
48. 35
49. 21
49.81
51.37
49. 95

39.4
39. 5
39.8
39. 4
39.4
39.5
39.4
38.7

1.240 $62.12
1.232 61.63
1. 237 63.10
1.229 62.59
1.250 61.83
1. 263 61.46
1.305 61. 44
1.290 61.20

1949: January...........
February------M arch_______
April............... .
M ay_________

55.36
54.81
54. 96
56. 91
58.81

42.5
42.2
42.5
43.2
44.1

1.299
1.297
1.297
1.318
1.332

72. 35
69. 72
68. 71
69. 65
70.56

41.2
40.0
39.6
39.9
41.1

1.770
1.758
1. 751
1.757
1.761

62. 91
62.93
62.62
62.36
62.95

45.6
45.8
45.8
45.7
44.9

1.414
1.415
1.413
1.427
1.442

49.91
51.02
51.00
50. 59
51.81

38.4
38.7
38.4
38.3
38.5

1.301
1.321
1.328
1.323
1.339

61.66
62.03
62. 27
63.34
63.73

$0.869
.903

$34. 38
35. 49

39.6
39.4

45.0 $1. 381
45.1 1.367
45.8 1.379
45.6 1.373
44.8 1.379
44.5 1.380
44.5 1.381
44.2 1.385

59.83
60. 41
61. 46
61.46
61.75
62. 38
62. 57
62. 72

41.7
41.8
41.8
42.1
41.6
41.6
41.8
41.9

1.444
1.455
1.483
1.472
1. 490
1.509
1. 508
1. SOS

1.388
1.390
1.392
1. 396
1.407

63.09
62.83
62.75
63.32
64.23

41.9
41.5
41.4
41.4
41.5

1.517
1. 520
1.523
1.539
1.557

39.1 $0. 822
.824
39.7

1948: M a y ..................
June_________
Ju ly ...................
August.............
September___
October..........Novem ber___
December........

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

44.4
44.6
44.7
45.4
45.3

Trade
Retail
Wholesale

1939: Average........... $29.85
1941: January............ 30.59

41.7 $0.715 $21.17
.756 21.53
40.6

43.0 $0. 536 $23.37
.549 23.78
42.9

43.9 $0.525 $17. 80
.537 18.22
43.6

Furniture and housefurnishings

Apparel

General merchandise

Food

Total: Retail

38.8 $0.454 $21. 23
.466 21.89
38.8

38.8 $0.543 $28.62
.560 27.96
39.0

44.5
43.9

$0.660
.666

1948: M a y ..................
June_________
J u ly .................
A ugust............
September----October............
November----December____

56.61
56.00
56.54
57.51
57.67
57. 54
57.60
57.69

41.2
41.1
41.2
41.3
41.2
41.0
41.2
41.3

1.363
1.353
1.365
1.379
1.378
1.381
1.383
1.380

39. 84
40.52
41.19
41.19
40. 48
40.32
39.67
40.62

39.9
40.3
40.8
41.0
40.2
39.7
39.6
40.2

1.064
1.070
1.077
1.080
1.086
1.080
1.084
1.072

47.08
48.52
49.44
49.35
48.86
48.15
48. 69
49.47

39.6
40.6
41.0
41.1
40.3
39.8
39.4
39.9

1.148
1.159
1.162
1.160
1.177
1.172
1.186
1.191

34.04
35.04
35.30
35.03
34.20
34.10
33. 77
35.69

35.2
35.8
36.5
36.5
36.5
35.9
35.7
37.3

.907
.915
.915
.914
.903
.902
.907
.894

38. 54
39.33
39. 48
39.17
38. 96
39.43
38. 81
39.68

36.5
36.9
37.2
37.1
36.8
36.3
36.2
37.1

1.040
1.049
1.045
1.043
1.050
1.063
1.060
1.058

50.96
50.86
51.31
51.33
50. 87
51.79
51.65
54.17

43.4
43.4
43.3
43.7
43.2
42.9
43.0
43.8

1.281
1.281
1.284
1.280
1.290
1.297
1.306
1.320

1949: January..........
February.........
M arch..........
April-----------M ay..................

58 41
57. 91
57. 48
58 12
58.92

41.1
40.8
40.7
40.9
41.2

1.402
1.397
1.395
1.404
1.423

41.79
41.56
41. 48
41.81
42.40

40.0
40.0
39.9
40.1
40.1

1.110
1.104
1.102
1.106
1.114

49.92
49.92
49. 72
49.91
50.20

39.5
39.3
39.3
39.4
39.2

1.226
1.230
1.229
1.227
1.236

35.54
34.19
34.22
34. 55
35.62

36.5
36.3
36.3
36.8
36.5

.921
.911
.909
.903
.923

40.20
39.03
38. 45
39.74
38.67

37.0
37.4
36.8
37. 1
36.8

1.063
1.039
1. 035
1.070
1.051

52.90
52.11
51.38
51. 74
52.62

43.0
43.0
43.2
43.3
43.6

1.332
1.312
1.313
1.313
1.315

See footnotes at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

345

T able C -l: Hours and Gross Earnings in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Industries

Con

NONMANUFACTURING-Continued
1

Trade—Continued

Finance

Service

Retail—Continued
Year and month

Automot ve
Avg.
Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Lumber and build­
ing materials
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Bro­
ker­
age

Insur­
ance H otels7 (year-round)

Avg. Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly. wkly. Avg.
earn- earn­ earn­ wkly.
infs
ings hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Power laundries

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Cleaning and dyeing

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

1939: A v e ra g e ....................... $27.07
1941: J a n u a ry ....................... 28.26

47.6 $0. 571 $26.22
46.8
.606 26.16

42.7 $0. 619 $36.63 $36.32 $15.25
41.7
.634 38.25 37. 52 15.65

46.6 $0.324 $17. 69
45.9
.338 18.37

42.7 $0. 417 $19. 96
42.9
.429 19.92

41.8
41.9

$0.490
' .488

1948: M a y _______________
June________________
Ju ly ............................
A ugust. ___________
September.....................
October____ ________
November__________
D e ce m b er ............ .......

54.49
54. 65
55. 03
56. 04
55. 87
55. 53
55. 99
56.44

45.5
45. 5
45.1
45.6
45.3
45.4
45.3
45.7

1.220
1.221
1.237
1.251
1.247
1.241
1.265
1.250

50.32
51.08
51.31
52. 51
52.00
52.68
51.92
52.85

42.8
43.2
42.8
43.4
42.4
42.7
42.0
42.5

1.193
1.202
1.216
1.220
1.231
1.233
1.235
1.230

71.15
69.35
68.12
65. 42
63. 59
66. 27
65. 38
66.97

56.22
54. 75
55. 22
55. 09
54. 35
53.97
55.12
56.10

31. 70
31.88
32.04
32.34
32.21
32.45
32. 52
33.06

44.2
44.1
44.0
44.9
43.9
44.2
44.1
44.1

.707
.711
.714
.709
.725
.726
.734
.739

34.22
34. 36
34.55
33.70
34. 56
34.16
34. 51
34. 72

41.8
41.8
42.2
41.1
41.8
41.3
41 5
41.7

.817
.823
.820
.822
.828
.829
.836
.836

39.13
40.14
39.02
37. 55
39. 36
39. 42
39.01
39. 97

42.0
42.4
41.7
39.8
41.1
41.0
40.9
41.4

.938
.947
.942
.951
.963
.970
.962
.968

1949: January____________
February.......................
March___ __________
April...............................
M ay___ _____ ______

56. 55
56.03
56. 76
58. 18
58. 71

45.5
45.8
46.1
46.0
46.0

1.260
1.250
1.264
1.288
1.300

53.09
53.09
52.98
52.98
54.09

42.0
42.1
42.4
42.5
43.1

1.254
1.262
1.265
1.271
1.278

66. 91
66.65
65. 06
66.21
66.59

57.20
56.99
56. 59
56.45
57.22

33. 30
33. 22
32. 88
33.11
33.69

43.9
43.8
43.9
43. 8
44.4

.748
.746
.739
.739
.743

35.25
34. 56
34. 55
34. 85
35.60

42.0
41.3
41.2
41.4
41.9

.841
.840
.840
.843
.850

39. 71
38. 57
39. 34
41. 49
42.27

41.1
40.1
40.6
42. 4
42.9

.969
.967
.970
.974
.987

1 These figures are based on reports from cooperating establishments cov­
ering both full- and part-time employees who worked or received pay during
the pay period ending nearest the 15th of the month. As not ail reporting
firms supply man-hour data, the average weekly hours and average hourly
earnings for individual industries are based on a slightly smaller sample
than are average weekly earnings.
For manufacturing, mining, power laundries, and cleaning and dyeing
industries, the data relate to production and related workers only. For the
remaining industries, unless otherwise noted, the data relate to all nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors. Data for 1939 and January
1941, for some industries, are not strictly comparable with the periods cur­
rently presented. All series, by month, are available upon request to the
Bureau of Labor Statistics. Such requests should specify the series desired.
Data for the two current months are subject to revision without notation.
Revised figures for earlier months are identified by an asterisk for the first
month’s publication of such data.
3 New series beginning with month and year shown below; not comparable
with data shown for earlier periods:
G l a s s p r o d u c t s m a d e f r o m p u r c h a s e d g l a s s .—M ay 1948; comparable
April data are $44.36 and $1,121.
A m m u n i t i o n , s m a l l - a r m s — June 1948; comparable M ay data are
$1,232.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3 Data include private and municipal street-railway companies and affil­
iated, subsidiary, or successor trolley-bus and motor-bus companies.
< Prior to April 1945 the averages of hours and earnings related to all em ­
ployees except executives; beginning with April 1945 theso averages reflect
mainly the hours and earnings of employees subject to the Fair Labor Stand­
ards Act. At the same time the reporting sample was expanded to include
a greater number of employees of “long lines.” The April 1945 data are
$40.72, 42.9 hours, and $0,952 on the old basis, and $37.50, 40.6 hours, and
$0,926 on the new basis.
5
Data relate to all land-line employees except those compensated on a com­
mission basis. Excludes general and divisional headquarters personnel,
trainees in school, and messengers.
« Data on average weekly hours and average hourly earnings are not avail­
able.
7 M oney payments only; additional value of board, room, uniforms, and
tips, not included.
N o t e : Explanatory notes outlining briefly the concepts,
methodology, size of the reporting sample, and sources
used in preparing the data presented in tables O -l
through 0 -5 are contained in the Bureau’s monthly
mimeographed release, “ Hours and Earnings—Industry
Report,” which is available upon request.

MONTHLY LABOR

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

346
T

able

C -2 :

Year and month

Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas1
Arkansas

State

State

State

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ hours
ings
ings

Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings

1948: June _______
July _
___
August
___
September___
October
November .
December____

$55.11
55. 51
55.97
57. 63
57. 49
57.12
56.88

1949: January_____
February____
March__ ____
April________
M ay________
June............. .

55.32
56.12
56.73
58.16
56.14
56.65

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.5 $1.328
41.0 1.354 $38.44
41.4 1.352 38.84
41.7 1.382 39.64
41.9 1.372 40. 46
41.3 1.383 38. 76
41.1 1.384 38.31
39.8
40.4
40.9
41.6
40.3
40.6

1.390
1.389
1.387
1.398
1.394
1.396

36. 77
36.31
37.15
37.00
36. 96
37.22

43.1 $0. 891
43.4
.895
43.2
.917
44.4
.912
.923
42.0
.922
41.6

$59. 69
59. 81
60.51
60. 36
61.72
60.54
61.35

.912
.910
.910
.917
.917
.911

61.45
61. 61
61.09
61.02
61.80
61.91

40.3
39.9
39.9
40.4
40.3
40.9

1948: -Trine ______ $47.37
July.
47. 75
August _____ 46. 62
September___ 46. 62
October_____ 48.24
N ovember, __ 49. 05
December____ 51.08
1949: January_____
February____
M arch,, ____
A pril.. __ _
M ay________
June.............

1. 269
1.285
1.264
1.257
1.258
1.252

61.49
60.76
58.64
56. 42
56. 82
58.17

40.7 $1.384 $41.20
40.6 1.419 41.44
40.7 1. 424 40.32
40.5 1. 422 41.13
41.1 1.429 41.17
40.4 1. 442 41.11
41.6 1.468 42.16
42.2
41.3
40.5
39.2
38.9
39.6

Massachusetts

Michigan

State

State

$51. 76
1948: June.
51.44
July
August__
52. 29
September
52.42
October_____ 50.74
November.
50.87
December___ 52.13
1949: January—
February____
March__ ____
April________
M ay____ June.................

40.5
39.6
39.3
38.2
37.7
38.9

51.38
50. 95
49.68
47.96
47.43
48. 67

51.48
51.69
51.41
50.65
50.38
50.86

................... —

$60. 81
62. 57
63.44
63.32
64.86
64.40
64.81

—

65.03
64. 64
61.60
62. 39
60.86
63.99

—

See footnote at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

39.0 $1. 532 $58. 75
38.8 1.542 59. 27
38.9 1.555 60.94
38.7 1. 558 59.83
39.6 1.560 60. 56
38.4 1.579 60.87
38.7 1.586 61.17
38.5
38.7
38.4
38.4
38.7
38.6

1. 596
1.592
1. 591
1.589
1.597
1.604

61.03
61.07
60.64
60. 02
60. 72
60.91

1.458
1.472
1.448
1.444
1.464
1.470

42.48
41. 72
41.44
40.61
41.55
41.38

39.0 $1. 507 $61. 20
39.0 1. 521 61.95
39.6 1. 538 61.17
38.6 1. 552 61.01
39.1 1. 550 64.37
39.1 1.558 61.99
39.0 1. 566 63.99
38.7
38.9
38.6
38.3
38.7
38.5

64.41
64.00
63.03
63.27
63.71
63.09

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

41.0
40. 5
40.9
41.0
41.0
40.6
41.0

59.81
59.44
58. 65
57. 83
58.10
58.58

40.4
40.1
39.7
39.0
39.2
39.4

.961
.960
.957
.960
.964
.990

Avg.
wkly.
hours

38.5 $1,590 $54. 51
38.6 1.604 54. 86
38.2 1. 600 56.02
38.3 1. 594 56. 33
39.9 1. 614 56. 64
37.6 1.648 56. 78
38.8 1. 651 57. 04

41.1
40.8
41.2
41.0
41.1
41.2
41.1

$1.33
1.34
1.36
1.37
1. 38
1.38
1.39

1.660
1. 658
1.650
1. 652
1.659
1.656

40.4
39.7
38.6
36.4
37.9
37.8

1.38
1.38
1.37
1.38
1.36
1.37

38.8
38.6
38.2
38.3
38.4
38.1

55. 96
54. 67
53.02
50. 02
51.74
51.72

Indiana
State

Chicago city
$1.41 $59.76
1.43 59.70
1.45 61. 51
1. 46 62.03
1. 47 62.06
1. 48 61.78
1.48 62.30

41.1
40.7
41.1
41.3
41. 2
40.9
41.2

61.20
60. 58
59.91
59. 00
59.29
59.70

40.5
40.1
39.7
39.0
39.2
39.3

1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48
1.48

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$1.45 $57.19
1. 47 57. 51
1.50 58.37
1. 50 57. 75
1. 51 69.93
1. 51 59.95
1. 51 60. 58
1. 51
1. 51
1.51
1.51
1.51
1.52

59.30
58.96
58.38
57.65
58.90
59.36

40.6
40. 2
40.6
40. 5
40.9
40.8
40. 9

$1.407
1. 431
1.436
1.427
1.466
1.470
1.480

40.2
40.1
39.7
39.1
39.5
39.8

1.476
1.471
1.469
1.475
1.490
1.493

Minnesota
Duluth

State

39.7 $1. 539 $52.46
39.9 1.568 53.78
40.1 1.584 53.07
39.4 1.610 53.70
40.4 1.608 54.87
39.7 1.636 55.79
40.3 1.611 56.14
39.9
40.0
38.6
38.8
38.1
39.6

1. 577
1.570
1. 571
1. 567
1. 569
1. 582

State

42.3 $0.974 $58.06
.973 57. 92
42.6
.981 59.26
41.1
.984 60.01
41.8
.992 60. 43
41.5
.965 60.05
42.6
.956 60.60
44.1
44.2
43.5
43.3
42.3
43.1
41.8

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­
ings
ings

Illinois

State

Wilmington

40.0 $1.183 $55.99
39.6 1.207 57.14
40.1 1.161 58.15
41.6 1.122 57.03
40.2 1.200 58. 78
39.3 1.248 58.35
40.2 1.269 61.07

Avg. Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings hours
ings

State

San Francisco Bay

Los Angeles

Florida

Delaware
State

Connecticut

California

Arizona

1.633
1.617
1.600
1.605
1.603
1.615

55.49
54. 96
55. 02
53. 77
53. 75
54.37

Minneapolis

St. Paul

40.7 $1.289 $52. 59
41.4 1.299 57. 43
40.7 1.303 58. 98
41.0 1.311 54. 78
41.0 1.338 57.14
41.5 1.344 56.04
41.5 1.353 57.11

39.9 $1,318 $53.42
41.5 1.384 53.99
42.1 1.401 54. 81
39.1 1.401 53.38
40.7 1.404 54.18
40.0 1.401 54. 54
40.3 1.417 54.81

40.5 $1,319 $52.32
40.5 1.333 54. 89
41.0 1.337 56.03
39.6 1.348 55.35
40.1 1.351 55. 50
40.4 1.350 55.73
40.6 1.350 55.23

40.0
41.0
41.2
40.7
40.6
40.8
40.4

$1.308
1.339
1.360
1.360
1.367
1.366
1.367

40.8 1.361
40.3 1.365
40.2 *1. 368
39.4 1.365
39.5 1.360
39.8 1.370

39.3
39.8
39.6
39.1
39.1
38.4

1.409 53.16
1.425 *54.80
1.430 54. 51
1.430 53.65
1.430 54.12
1.450 55.22

39.0 1.363 55. 74
*40.0 1.370 *55. 38
39.7 *1.373 56. 52
39.1 1.372 55.97
39.3 1.380 54.50
39.7 1.390 55.69

40.1
40.1
40.0
39.5
38.6
39.3

1.390
1.394
*1.413
1.417
1.410
1.420

55.37
56. 72
56. 43
55.87
55. 79
55. 72

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949
T

able

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

347

C-2: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for
Selected States and Areas1—Continued
Missouri

New Jersey

State

State

State

Avg.
wkly. wAvg.
kly.
earn­ hours
ings

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

New York
Albany-Schenectady-Troy

Year and month
Avg. Avg.
wkly. wkly.
earn­ hours
ings
1948: June........ .........
July............. .
August.............
September___
October............
N ovem ber___
December____

$49. 21
50.40
50. 42
50. 68
49. 85
51.19

1949: January...........
February.........
M arch..............
April.................
M ay.................
June...... ...........

50. 51
50.81
50. 52
50.18
51.50
52.10

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

39.7 $1. 240
40.1 1.258
39.5 1.278
39.7 1.276
38.7 1. 289
39.6 1. 292
38.8
39.2
39.0
38.6
38.7
39.2

1.301
1.296
1.297
1.302
1.330
1.328

$57.38
57.73
58.57
59.25
59. 01
59.03
59. 97
59.07
58. 89
58.68
56. 84
57.28
58.70

40.9 $1. 403 $56. 97
40.7 1.419 57. 57
40.8 1.435 58.36
40.9 1.448 59.39
40.6 1. 452 57.47
40.5 1.457 59. 42
40.9 1.465 59.73

39.5
39.4
39.4
39.6
38.4
39.5
39.6

1.467
1.463
1,467
1.464
1.460
1.467

38.9
38.9
38.6
37.5
38.0
38.1

40.4
40.2
40.0
38.8
39.2
39.7

59. 22
59.13
58.69
56.42
56.71
56.99

1948: J u n e ................
July...................
August.............
September___
October______
November___
December____

$60.09
61.61
62.39
63. 22
58.86
62. 59
62.63

37.8
37.9
37.9
37.9
35.6
37.7
37.9

1949: January_____
February........
M arch.^.........
April........... .
M a y ................
June.................

62.79
63.40
63.08
58. 96
59.76
60.53

37.5
37.6
37.5
35.9
36.9
37.1

Rochester

$1.59 $57. 74
1.64 57. 39
1.66 57.61
1.68 58. 37
1.66 57.88
1.67 58.56
1.66 58.25
1.69
1.70
1.69
1.64
1.62
1.64

58.04
57. 88
57. 47
56. 87
56. 58
56.36

40.1
40.1
39.9
40.2
39. 7
40.0
39.6

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

$1.44 $55.95
1.46 56.56
1.48 58.54
1.50 59.91
1.50 58.04
1.51 61.10
1.51 61.96

$1.40 $53.47
1.44 53.69
1.46 52.58
1.48 52.83
1.46 54.41
1.48 54.91
1.50 56.74

$1.36 $58.32
1.37 59.34
1.38 60.70
1.38 61.61
1.39 61. 71
1.40 61.71
1.41 62.13

1.52
1.52
1.52
1.50
1.49
1.49

59.81
57. 81
57. 93
57. 45
57.66
56.71

40.0
39.3
40.1
40.5
39.8
41.3
41.2
40.3
39.8
39.1
38.6
38.8
38.5

1.49
1.45
1.48
1.49
1.49
1.47

39.7
39.4
39.0
38.6
38.5
38.3

1.46
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47
1.47

56.28
55.78
55.87
53.86
53.81
53.92

42.0
40.6
40.9
41.5
41.0
40.7
39.9
40.6
40.3
40.3
39.2
39.0
39.3

55.19
54. 72
53.46
52. 52
52.86
52.90

$1.33 $54. 82
1.35 55.18
1.36 54.50
1.38 54.51
1.39 56.12
1.38 55. 46
1.40 54.41
1.39
1.38
1.39
1.38
1.38
1.37

53.98
53. 90
52.19
51.94
50.12
51.37

40.5
40.5
40.0
39.5
40.4
40.0
39.4

39.4
39.1
38.1
39.1
39.3
39.2
40.1
38.9
38.7
37.8
36.9
37.4
37.1

1.42
1.42
1.41
1.42
1.41
1.43

60. 90
60. 81
60.60
59. 77
60.88
61.35

Avg.
hrly.
earn
tags

40.2
40.5
40.7
40.5
40.5
40.6
40.7

$1.45
1.47
1.49
1.52
1.53
1.52
1.53

39.9
39.9
39.7
39.1
39.5
39.8

1.53
1.52
1.53
1.53
1.54
1.54

Oklahoma

State «

State

$1.35
1.36
1.36
1.38
1.39
1.39
1.38

38.9
39.1
37.8
37.7
36.7
37.5

Avg.
wkly. Avg.
earn­ wkly.
ings hours

North Carolina
Utica-Rome-Herkimer-Little Falls

Syracuse
$1.44 $55. 72
1.43 54.62
1.45 55. 78
1.45 57.24
1.46 56.78
1.46 56.42
1.47 55.87

Buffalo

Avg. Avg.
hrly. wkly. Avg.
earn­ earn­ wkly.
ings
ings hours

New York--Continued
New York City

Binghamton-Endicott-Johnson City

1.39
1.38
1.38
1.38 $38.05
1.36 37. 77
1.37 39.09

$53.15
53.03
55.30
55.70
54. 74
54.15
55.46

42.5
41. 5
42. 7
42. 2
42.6
41. 7
42.3

$1.250
1.277
1. 296
1.320
1.286
1. 297
1.310

54.82
54.87
53.56
35.1 $1.086 352.33
34.7 1.088 351.52
35.9 1.089 351.83

41.0
41.2
40.5
3 40.4
3 40.3
3 41.3

1.337
1.332
1.324
31.296
3 1.279
31.257

Pennsylvania
State
1948: June....... ...........
July-------------August______
September___
October...........
November___
December........

$50.38
50.25
oz. zu
52. 73
53.39
53.24
53.39

1949: January_____
February.........
March_______
April________
M a y ...............
June.............

52.92
52.80
52. 58
50.98
51.50
50.93

Erie

Harrisburg

Johnstown

Lancaster

39.8 $1.267 $51.15
39.2 1.282 51.78
39.5 1.320 52.88
39.5 1.335 54.06
39.9 1.339 54.65
39.7 1.342 53. 77
39.7 1.344 53.44

38.8 $1.349 $56.58
38.4 1.372 56. 28
38.5 1.392 56.57
38.8 1.407 60.05
39.5 1.386 61.54
38.8 1.392 62. 26
38.7 1.385 59.74

42.4 $1.334 $47.90
41.7 1.373 48.84
40.0 1.410 49.41
43.3 1.403 51.49
43.2 1.426 51. 51
43.1 1.445 50.29
41.6 1.438 51.55

39.4 $1. 235 $51.42
38.8 1.267 53.62
38.8 1.290 55.45
39.5 1.324 57.64
39.8 1.302 59.63
38.3 1.320 59.28
40.5 1.306 57.21

36.7 $1.407 $48.45
37.1 1.474 47. 53
36.7 1.498 48.19
37.6 1.540 49.08
39.0 1.534 50. 84
38.4 1.547 51.42
37.2 1.541 52.78

41.1
40.6
40.3
40.7
41.8
41.3
42.1

$1.187
1.189
1.197
1.211
1. 217
1.245
1.256

39.2
39.2
39.0
37.9
38.4
38.1

38.9
38.6
38.2
37. 1
37.8
36.8

42.3
41.1
39.7
39.3
37.9
38.5

40.8
39.4
39.6
38.5
38.9
38.7

38.9
38.2
38.0
38.2
37.5
35.6

41.0
40.7
40.2
38.7
39.7
39.5

1.241
1.243
1.225
1.220
1.222
1.224

See footnote at end of table.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Allentown-Bethlehem

1.350
1.346
1.349
1. 344
1.342
1.338

54.34
53.17
52.84
52.12
53. 07
51.52

1.406
1.383
1.385
1.406
1.406
1.404

61.03
59.40
57.66
57. 22
54. 70
55.16

1.445
1.446
1.453
1.458
1.445
1.434

53.35
51.01
51.04
50.19
50.55
50.32

1.315
1.303
1.299
1.313
1.308
1.311

60.95
58.63
57.87
58. 56
57.18
53. 66

1.570
1.539
1.527
1.539
1.529
1.509

50. 79
50. 51
49.33
47.20
48. 66
48.39

348

G: EARNINGS AND HOURS

MONTHLY LABOR

T able C-2: Hours and Gross Earnings of Production Workers in Manufacturing Industries for

Selected States and Areas1—Continued
Pennsylvania
P ittsb urgh

Philadelphia

R eading-Lebanon

Scranton

Y ork-Adams

Y ear and m onth
Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
w kly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
w kly.
earn­
ings

1948: J u n e ................................. $55. 44
J u ly ------------------------- 55.60
A u g u st_____________
56. 88
Septem ber..................... 57.37
57.42
O ctober________ ____
N ovem ber__________
57. 78
D ecem ber__________ .
57. 96

40.1
39.9
40.0
40.1
39.9
40.2
40.2

$1. 364
1.374
1. 404
1.415
1. 422
1.438
1.443

$58. 55
58.07
62. 34
62. 32
63. 46
62. 51
62.73

39.7
39.1
40. 0
39.2
40.3
39.6
39.7

$1.455
1. 490
1. 566
1. 586
1. 575
1. 578
1.580

$53. 43
51.71
53. 74
54. 26
55.39
50.23
54.80

40.7
39.5
39 7
39.4
40.1
40.4
39.6

$1.317
1.324
1 3fi2
1.393
1. 388
1.396
1.390

1949: Jan u a ry ........................ . 57.17
F e b ru a ry ............ ........... *56. 88
M a r c h . ___________ 57.34
A p ril.......................... .
55.50
M a y ________________ 56.36
J u n e - - ----------- -------- 56.09

39.4
*39.1
39. 3
38.0
38.6
38.8

1. 451
1. 453
1.461
1.461
1.459
1.443

62. 74
62. 67
62.05
60.86
60. 54
58.34

39.5
39.6
39.2
38.6
38.6
37.6

1. 586
1. 582
1.583
1.575
1.568
1.550

52. 95
53. 93
54. 26
51. 39
52. 28
51.58

38.8
39.4
39.5
37.3
38.2
38.0

1.374
1. 376
1.380
1.384
1.374
1.363

Avg.
wkly.
hours

Avg.
hrly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
w kly.
earn­
ings

Avg.
wkly.
hours

$43. 48
43. 82
44 OQ
44. 22
44. 49
43. 78
42.43

39.4
39.6
aa a
38.9
39.1
38.2
37.6

$1.109
1.107
1 143
1.149
1. 139
1. 147
1.129

$46. 34
46.26

41.9
41.2

$1.132
1.147

45. 49
47. 33
46. 87
47.43

40. 5
42.0
41.3
40.9

1.136
1.146
1.156
1,179

40.79
42. 46
41. 94
40.08
41. 73
41.94

36.4
38.1
37.7
36.4
37.6
37.8

1.120
1.114
1.112
1.102
1.111
1.111

47.17
46. 48
46.12
43. 65
43. 74
43.63

40.3
40. 5
40.4
38.6
38.8
39.0

1.189
1.172
1.162
1.160
1.141
1.134

R hode Island

Tennessee

Texas

U tah

W isconsin

S tate

State

S tate

State

S tate

Avg.
hrly.
earn- ings

1948: J u n e ................................ $49. 82
J u ly ------------------------- 49. 52
August. ____________
47.85
Septem ber__________
48.37
O ctober_____________
44. 87
N ovem ber_________
47. 57
D ecem ber-.......... ........... 49.18

40.1
39.9
39 0
39.0
36.1
37.9
39.2

$1. 241
1.242
1.228
1. 242
1. 244
1.254
1.254

$42.03
43.13
43.09
42. 85
43.63
43.80
43.98

40.3
40. 5
40. 5
39.9
40.4
40.0
40.2

$1.043
1.065
1.064
1.074
1.080
1.095
1.094

$53.05
51. 54
53.39
53. 71
55.09
53.11
53.93

43.7
42.7
43.3
42.8
43.9
42.8
42.9

$1. 214
1. 207
1.233
1. 255
1. 255
1.241
1.257

$53.09
51.73
53.28
53. 45
53. 73
56. 99
56.56

40.9
40.1
41.3
40.8
39.8
41.3
40.4

$1.32
1.29
1.29
1.31
1.35
1.38
1.40

$56.69
54. 97
56. 46
55. 74
58. 04
58.16
58.15

42.1
41.6
41.9
41.5
42.0
41.9
41.7

$1.347
1.320
1.346
1.342
1.384
1.388
1.396

1949: Jan u a ry _____________
F eb ru ary ____________
M arch ______________
A p ril.. _____________
M a y ________________
Ju n e------------------------

38.8
38.8
38.8
38.2
38,4
38.8

1.245
1. 245
1.233
1.236
1.242
1.227

43.80
42.90
43.51
43. 33
42.94
43.77

39.5
39.0
39.2
39.0
38.9
39.5

1. n o
1.110

53.42
53.13
53.17
53.25
53.05
53.30

42. 5
42.0
41.8
41.8
42.0
42.0

1.257
1. 265
1.272
1. 274
1.263
1.269

58.87
56.63
57. 25
58.34
58.09
56.66

40.6
39.6
40.6
40.8
41.2
39.9

1. 45
1.43
1. 41
1.42
1.41
1.42

57.30
57.14
56.40
54.98
56.10
56.28

40.9
40.9
40.4
39.3
40.0
40.2

1. 401
1. 398
1,397
1.399
1.403
1.400

48. 26
48. 29
47.90
47.24
47. 73
47.65

l. n o

l.m
1.104
1.108

W isconsin—Continued
K enosha city

LaCrosse city

M adison city

M ilw aukee county

Racine city

1948: J u n e ________________ $62. 89
J u ly ....... ......................... 65. 92
A ugust-.........................
61.38
61. 79
Septem ber__________
O ctober. ___________
61.73
N ovem ber__________
60. 72
D ecem ber-..................... 61.22

41.1
40. 1
39. 5
40.0
39.7
39.2
39.3

$1. 531
1. 644
1.552
1.545
1. 554
1.548
1.558

$49. 67
50.13
53. 35
54. 32
52. 61
53.92
55. 24

39.5
39.6
39.2
39.7
38.7
39.4
40.1

$1.257
1. 267
1. 362
1.369
1.361
1.369
1.378

$58.12
54.70
54.15
52.56
54. 55
56. 27
57.98

42.0
39.7
39.5
38. 5
40. 1
41. 2
40.9

$1.385
1.377
1.372
1.364
1.362
1.364
1.416

$60.20
60. 92
61.44
61.81
63.09
62. 69
62.54

41.2
41 1
41.3
40.8
41.5
41.3
41.2

$1. 461
1.481
1. 489
1.515
1.521
1. 516
1.516

$63. 35
63. 46
65. 39
65. 18
65.28
65. 78
64.83

42.1
42.0
42.1
41. 6
41.4
41. 5
40.9

$1. 504
1. 509
1. 554
1. 568
1. 575
1. 585
1.586

1949: J a n u a ry .........................
Feb ru ary ____________
M a rc h .. ___________
A pril_______

38.2
39.2
39.1
34. 3
37.9
41.6

1.554
1. 557
1. 559
1. 547
1.556
1.610

55. 25
55. 66
56. 79
55 84
57.16
58.86

39.9
39.8
40.0
39 4
39.5
40.0

1. 385
1. 400
1.418
1 417
1.448
1.470

55.16
53.46
54. 68

39.3
38.5
39.0

61.57
60. 96
59. 44

40. 5
40.2
39.4

1. 520
1.517
1. 510

65.07
64.81
63. 74

40.9
40. 7
40. 2

54. 25
54.22

38.5
37.6

1.403
1.389
1.403
1 2Q2
1.410
1.443

59.04
61.15

38.9
40.0

1.519
1.529

61. 94
63.08

39.3
40.0

1.593
1.591
1. 587
1. 579
1.576
1.577

May___________

Ju n e________________

59. 30
61.03
60.90
53. 03
58.89
66.97

1
State and area hours and gross earnings are prepared by various cooper­
ating State agencies. Owing to differences in methodology the data may
not be strictly comparable among the States or with the national averages.
Variations in earnings among the States and areas reflect, to some extent,
differences with respect to industrial composition. Revised data for all ex­
cept the two most recent months are identified by an asterisk for the first
months publication of such data. A number of States also make available


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

fi4

more detailed industry data, as well as information for earlier periods which
may be secured directly upon request to the appropriate State agency as
listed in footnote 1, table A-5.
3 Series now based on 1945 Standard Industrial Classification. Compar­
able hours and earnings data for months prior to April 1949 are not yet
available3 Not strickly comparable with data for earlier months.

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

349

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

T able C-3: Average Hourly Earnings, Gross and Exclusive of Overtime, of Production

Workers in Manufacturing Industries 1
All manufacturing
Year and month

January 1941_____
January 1945_____
July 1945_________
June 1946________
1941:
1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:
1946:
1947:
1948:

Average.........
Average.........
Average-........
Average____
Average,........
Average____
Average.........
Average..........

Durable goods

All manufacturing

Nondurable goods

Gross

Exclud­
ing
over­
time

Gross

Exclud­
ing
over­
time

Gross

$0. 683
1.046
1.033
1.084

$0.664
.970
.969
1.053

$0. 749
1.144
1.127
1.165

$0. 722
1.053
1.052
1.134

$0.610
.891
.902
1.003

$0.601
.840
. 854
.972

.729
.853
.961
1.019
1.023
1.084
1.221
1.327

.702
.805
.894
.947
». 963
1.049
1. 182
1.287

.808
.947
1.059
1.117
1.111
1.156
1.292
1.401

.770
.881
.976
1.029
» 1.042
1. 122
1. 250
1.357

.640
.723
.803
.861
.904
1.012
1.145
1.247

.625
.698
.763
.814
».858
.978
1.109
1. 211

Exclud­
ing over­
time

1 Overtime is defined as work in excess of 40 hours a week and paid for at
time and one-half. The computation of average hourly earnings exclusive of
overtime makes no allowance for special rates of pay for work done on holi­
days. See Note, table 0 -1.

Durable goods

Nondurable goods

Gross

Exclud­
ing
over­
time

Gross

Exclud­
ing
over
time

Gross

1948: M ay................
June_______
July________
August_____
September__
O cto b er........
N ovem b er...
December . . .

$1.301
1.316
1.332
1.349
1.362
1.366
1.372
1.376

$1,262
1. 275
1.295
1.309
1.323
1.323
1. 333
1.334

$1.366
1.385
1.407
1.431
1.448
1.452
1.454
1.456

$1,324
1.841
1.369
1.385
1.408
1.403
1.411
1.410

$1,230
1.242
1.252
1. 262
1. 272
1.271
1.282
1.287

$1.194
1. 204
1. 216
1. 228
1. 235
1.236
1.247
1.251

1949: January..........
February.......
M arch...........
April...............
M ay............ .

1.380
1.377
1.374
1.374
1.373

1.344
1.342
1.343
1.348
1.344

1. 460
1.459
1.456
1. 457
1.457

1.419
1.421
1. 423
1. 428
1.426

1.293
1.289
1. 287
1.285
1.286

1.262
1. 258
1.258
1. 261
1.257

Year and month

Exclud­
ing
over­
time

* Eleven-month average; August 1945 excluded because of VJ-day holiday period,

T able C-4: Gross Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in Selected Industries, in Current

and 1939 Dollars 1
Al! manufacturing Bituminous-coal
mining

. T a n n e r y 1945

July 1945
June 1946________
1939:
1940:
1941:
1942:

A v era g e____
Average____
Average____
Average____

1942- A vers? ¡7«

1944: Average____
1945: A verage____
194H: A v e r a g e

1947: Average____
1948: Average_____

Electric light and
power »

Year and month

Year and month

January 1941-..........

All manufacturing Bituminous-coal
mining

Electric light and
power *

Current
dollars

1939
dollars

Current
dollars

1939
dollars

Current
dollars

1939
dollars

$26. 64
47. 50
45. 45
43.31

$26.27
37.15
34.91
32.30

$26.00
54.11
50.66
64. 44

$25. 64
42.32
38.92
48.06

$35. 49
48. 90
50.34
52.07

$35. 00
38. 24
38. 67
38.83

23.86
25.20
29.58
36. 65
43.14
46.08
44.39
43.74
49.25
53.15

23. 86
25.00
27.95
31.27
34.69
36.50
34.36
31.21
30. 75
30.86

23. 88
24. 71
30.86
35.02
41.62
51.27
52. 25
58.03
66.86
72.57

23.88
24. 51
29.16
29. 88
33.47
40.61
40. 45
41.41
41. 75
42.13

34.38
35.10
36. 54
39.60
44. 16
48.04
50.05
52.04
57.12
60.85

34.38
34.82
34.53
33. 79
35. 51
38.05
38. 75
37.13
35.66
35.33

1 These series indicate changes in the level of weekly earnings prior to and
after adjustment for changes in purchasing power as determined from the
Bureau’s consumers' price index, the year 1939 having been selected for the
base period. Estimates of World War II and postwar understatement by


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Current
dollars

1939
dollars

Current
dollars

1939
dollars

Current
dollars

1939
dollars

1948: M a y ..............
June_______
July................
August...........
Septem ber...
October_____
November__
December__

$51.86
52.85
52. 95
54.05
54.19
54.65
54.56
55.01

$30. 23
30.60
30.30
30. 79
30.87
31.29
31.49
31.90

$74.08
73. 87
67. 62
78.10
75.51
76. 40
73.52
75.79

$43.195
42. 76
38. 70
44. 49
43.01
43. 75
42.44
43.95

$59.83
60.41
61.46
61.46
61.75
82.38
62. 57
62.72

$34. 88
34.97
35.17
35.01
35.17
35. 72
36.12
36. 37

1949: January_____
February___
M arch...........
April
M ay............

64.51
54.12
53.59
52. 62
52.86

31.70
31.83
31.43
30.82
31.05

76.84
74.31
68. 41
72.70
73.70

44.69
43.71
40.12
42. 58
43.30

63.09
62. 83
62.75
63.32
64.23

36. 69
36.95
36.80
37. 09
37.73

the consumers’ price index were not included. See M onthly Labor Review
March 1947, p. 498. See N ote, table C -l.
* Data relate to all nonsupervisory employees and working supervisors.

350

C: EARNINGS AND HOURS

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able C-5: Gross and Net Spendable Average Weekly Earnings of Production Workers in

Manufacturing Industries, in Current and 1939 Dollars 1
N et spendable average weekly
earnings
Gross
average
weekly
earn­
ings

Year and month

Worker with no
dependents

N et spendable average weekly
earnings

Worker with
three dependents

Current
dollars

1939
dollars

Current
dollars

$26. 64
47.50
45.45
43.31

$25.41
39. 40
37.80
37.30

$26.06
30.81
29. 04
27.81

$26.37
45.17
43. 57
42. 78

$26.00
35.33
33. 47
31.90

1939: Average_____ ____ ___
1940: Average______________
1941: Average...........................
1942: Average............................
1943: Average............................
1944: Average.......................... .
1945: Average____ _________
1946: Average______________
1947: Average.. ___________
1948: Average............................

23.86
25.20
29. 58
36. 65
43. 14
46.08
44.39
43. 74
49. 25
53.15

23. 58
24.69
28.05
31. 77
36.01
38. 29
36. 97
37.65
42.17
46.60

23. 58
24.49
26. 61
27.11
28. 97
30.32
28. 61
26. 87
26. 33
27.05

23. 62
24.95
29. 28
36.28
41.39
44.06
42.74
43.13
47. 65
52.34

23.62
24. 75
27. 67
30.96
33.30
34.89
33.08
30.78
29. 75
30.39

1 N et spendable average weekly earnings are obtained by deducting from
gross weekly earnings, social security and income taxes for which the specified
type of worker is liable. The amount of income tax liability depends, of
course, on the number of dependents supported by the worker as well as on
the level of his gross income. Net spendable earnings have, therefore, been
computed for two types of income-receivers: (1) A worker with no dependents:
(2) A worker with three dependents.
The computations of net spendable earnings for both the factory worker
with no dependents and the factory worker with three dependents are based

able

Year and month

1939
dollars

January 1941______________
January 1945______________
July 1945______ ____ _______
June 1946_________________

T

Gross
average
weekly
earn­
ings

Worker w ith no
dependents

Worker with
three dependents

Current
1939
dollars dollars

Current
dollars

1939
dollars

1948: M ay------ ------------------June_________________
July......... .............. ...........
August_________ _____
September___________
October_______ ______
November___________
D ecem ber.......................

$51.86
52. 85
52.95
54. 05
54.19
54.65
54. 56
55.01

$45. 51
46. 35
46. 48
47.35
47. 47
47.86
47.78
48.16

$26.53
26.83
26.60
26.97
27.04
27.40
27.58
27.93

$51.25
52.08
52. 22
63.09
53.21
53. 60
53. 52
53.90

$29. 88
30.15
29.88
30.24
30.31
30.69
30.89
31.26

1949: January............................
February..........................
M arch ______________
April..................................
M a y ............ ...................

64.51
54.12
53. 59
52. 62
52.86

47.74
47.41
46.97
46. 15
46.35

27.77
27.88
27.54
27. 03
27.23

53.48
53.15
52.71
51.89
52.09

31.11
31.26
30.91
30. 39
30.60

upon the gross average weekly earnings for a l l production workers in manu­
facturing industries without direct regard to marital status and family com­
position. The primary value of the spendable series is that of measuring
relative changes in disposable earnings for two types of income-receivers.
That series does not, therefore, reflect actual differences in levels of earnings
for workers of varying age, occupation, skill, family composition., etc. See
Note, table 0 -1 .

C-6: Earnings and Hours of Contract Construction Workers, by Type of Contractor 1
Building construction
All types of con­
tractors

Special building trades
Total building

General contractors
All trades *

Year and month

Plumbing and heat­
ing

Painting and deco­
rating

Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age hourly
age hourly
age hourly
age hourly
age hourly
age hourly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
earn­ hours earn­ earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
earn­
ings 8
ings
ings * hours ings
ings 1 hours ings
ings 8 hours ings
ings* hours ings
ings 8 hours ings
1948: Average..........June............ .
July...................
August______
September___
October........ .
November___
December........

$68. 25
68. 88
69. 84
70. 47
71.07
70. 51
68.28
71.65

1949: January......... .
February____
M arch_______
April.................
M a y .................
June 4_______

70.14
69. 96
69. 22
69.86
71.70
71. 37

38.1 $1. 790 $68. 85
38.9 1.770 69. 53
38.9 1.793 70. 47
39.1 1.803 70.91
38.9 1.827 71.29
38.6 1.826 70. 59
37.1 1.840 69. 39
38.5 1.862 72.33

37.3 $1. 848 $64. 64
37.9 1.836 65.49
37.8 1.862 66. 38
37.8 1.874 66. 87
37.6 1.895 67.07
37.3 1. 892 66. 53
36.4 1.906 64. 97
37.8 1.915 68.60

36.6 $1. 766 $73. 87
37.3 1.756 74.44
37.2 1. 785 75. 32
37.3 1.793 75.88
37.0 1.813 76.23
36.7 1.815 75.51
35.6 1.824 74. 72
37.4 1.835 76.86

38.0 $1. 946 $76.83
38.5 1.935 78.23
38.5 1.956 78.15
38.4 1.976 79.31
38.3 1.992 78. 68
38.0 1.988 77. 49
37.3 2.006 76. 34
38.1 2.017 80.71

39.2 $1. 960 $69. 77
39.9 1.959 70. 74
39.3 1.989 71.49
39.2 2. 024 71.09
38.8 2.030 71. 77
38.7 2.004 71.15
38.0 2.010 70.61
39.7 2.031 71.59

36.3
36.8
37.1
36.6
36.8
35.9
35.3
35.9

$1. 925
1.923
1.927
1.944
1. 951
1.982
2.003
1.991

37.5
37.3
36.9
37.3
38.5
38.5

37.0
36.5
36.1
36.4
37.2
37.1

36.5
36.1
35.8
35.9
36.8
36.7

37.5
37.1
36.5
36.9
37.7
37.7

39.1
38.8
38.6
38.3
38.5
38.6

34.4
34.9
35.5
35.5
36.6
36.9

1.985
1.974
1.964
1.965
1.963
1.956

See footnotes at end of table.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1.809
1.877
1.875
1.872
1.864
1.855

70. 88
70.53
69. 83
70.33
71.81
71.44

1.918
1.930
1.933
1.934
1.930
1.923

66.84
66.84
66. 69
66. 88
68.34
67. 70

1.833
1.853
1.864
1. 862
1.858
1.846

75.50
75.13
73. 87
74.84
76. 29
76.44

2.012
2.027
2.022
2.027
2.023
2.026

79. 08
78.16
77.33
76.93
77. 75
77.95

2.022
2.014
2.003
2.009
2. 018
2.022

68.33
68.92
69.73
69. 66
71.93
72.18

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949
T

able

O: EARNINGS AND HOURS

351

C-6: Earnings and Hours of Contract Construction Workers, by Type of Contractor1—Con.
Building construction—Continued
Special building trades—Continued
Electrical work

Year and month

Plastering and
lathing

Masonry

Roofing and sheet
metal

Carpentry

Excavation and
foundation

Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­ Aver­
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age
age hourly
age hourly
weekly weekly
weekly weekly
weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly weekly age hourly
earn­ hours earn­ earn­
earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­ earn­ weekly earn­
hours
ings *
ings ings 8
ings ings 2 hours ings ings ‘ hours ings ings 8 hours ings ings 5 hours ings
1948: Average______
June______ __
July____ ____
August______
September___
October______
November___
December........

$83.01
81.91
82. 68
84.37
84.35
84. 68
85.11
87. 58

39.8 $2.084 $69.61
39.8 2.057 71.19
39.8 2. 078 75.14
40.2 2. 100 73. 70
39.5 2.135 74. 21
39.6 2.138 73. 87
39.2 2.172 73.44
40.4 2.171 72. 76

35.4 $1.969 $78. 52
36.0 1.977 82.83
37.6 1.997 82. 25
36.9 1.997 80. 80
36.9 2.009 82.68
36.3 2. 033 79. 82
36.1 2.036 75. 91
35.9 2.027 78. 77

36.1 $2.175 $67.98
37.4 2. 212 70. 49
37.3 2.207 69. 59
36.6 2.206 70.36
36.8 2.248 70.25
35.5 2. 248 69. 87
34.0 2.231 67.78
35.3 2.233 69. 92

37.9 $1. 792 $62. 47
39.5 1.783 63. 46
39.3 1. 772 64.90
39.7 1. 774 65.53
38.6 1. 821 66. 88
37.8 1.848 65.98
37.2 1. 824 65. 36
38.2 1.831 65. 46

36.5 $1. 710 $66. 44
37.1 1.712 67. 87
37.5 1. 729 67.06
37.9 1.729 68. 67
38.0 1.759 70. 85
37.6 1. 754 70.25
37.0 1. 766 69.00
36.9 1. 776 65.93

38.9
40. 6
39.9
39.8
40.2
40.3
38. 2
37.7

$1. 709
1. 674
1.682
1. 724
1.761
1.744
1. 807
1. 749

1949: January_____
February____
M arch_______
April________
M ay 4................
June 4_______

87.49
86.35
85. 67
86.84
87.01
87.02

40.0
39.2
38.8
39.3
39.2
39.3

34.5
32.2
32.1
33.4
35.2
35.0

34.4
35.4
34.6
35.2
34.7
35.8

37.9
35.9
35.7
36.7
38.1
38.0

35.5
33.6
33.6
35.3
36.9
36.9

36.5
37.4
36. 6
37.1
39.0
38.9

1.767
1.818
1. 807
1.793
1.803
1.842

2.186
2.201
2.205
2.209
2.220
2.215

70. 08
65.83
65. 44
68. 04
70.97
70.30

2.030
2.044
2. 038
2.036
2.018
2.009

76. 82
78. 66
77. 51
80. 27
79.88
83. 73

2. 230
2. 221
2. 241
2.283
2.303
2.338

68. 98
64.95
64.41
65.00
67.09
67.00

1.821
1.810
1.802
1.773
1.763
1.763

62.71
58.91
58.80
61.50
63. 99
64.20

1.768
1.754
1. 748
1.740
1.735
1.739

64.53
68. 00
66.11
66. 51
70.28
71.67

Nonbuilding construction

Year and month

Total nonbuilding
Average Average
weekly
weekly
earnings8 hours

Highway and street

Average Average Average
hourly
weekly
weekly
earnings earnings8 hours

H eavy construction

Average Average Average
hourly
weekly
weekly
earnings earnings8 hours

Other

Average Average Average
hourly
weekly
weekly
earnings earnings8 hours

Average
hourly
earnings

1948: Average_______________
June__________________
July_____ ____________
A ugust_______________
September____________
October______________
N ovem ber. . ________
December_____________

$66.61
67.28
68. 33
69. 40
70.56
70. 40
65. 31
69. 64

40.6
41.7
41.8
42.3
42.4
42.1
39.1
40.7

$1.639
1.614
1.634
1.639
1.663
1.672
1.671
1.712

$62.41
62. 75
64.47
65. 70
67.30
67.42
61.54
62.62

41.6
42.1
43.1
43.8
44.1
43.7
40.6
40.7

$1. 500
1.489
1.494
1.501
1.526
1.541
1.514
1.538

$69.69
71.15
70. 83
72. 57
73. 66
73.18
67. 53
74.47

39.9
41.5
40.6
41.1
41.0
40.7
37.5
40.6

$1.746
1.715
1. 744
1.665
1.795
1.799
1. 803
1.833

$66.16
66. 36
69. 36
69. 59
69. 82
69.74
67.00
69.03

40.4
41.0
42.0
41.9
41.9
41.7
39.8
40.6

$1.637
1.619
1.652
1. 662
1. 666
1. 671
1.683
1.702

1949: January______________
February____ ______
M arch________________
April_________________
M ay___ ______ _____
June 4___ _____ _ ____

67. 54
68.06
67. 25
68. 47
71. 42
71.19

39.5
39.7
39.5
40.1
41.7
41.8

1.710
1.714
1.703
1.709
1.712
1.702

59. 98
61.17
61.96
62.44
67.17
66. 52

39.2
39.8
40.4
40.2
42.9
42.3

1.530
1.536
1.534
1. 555
1.567
1.574

73.00
72.34
70. 78
73. 96
75.47
76. 37

39.7
39.6
38.8
40.2
40.8
41.6

1.839
1.827
1.826
1.842
1.851
1.834

67.52
67.88
67. 57
67.69
71.07
69.67

39.6
39.9
39.8
39.6
41.3
41.0

1.705
1.701
1. 698
1.710
1.722
1.699

1 Covers contract construction firms reporting to the Bureau during the
months shown (over 14,000), but not necessarily identical establishments.
The data cover all employees engaged on-site or off-site in actual construction
work (including pre-assembly and pre-cutting operations) on both privately
and publicly financed projects. Excluded are all nonconstruction workers,
on or off the site. This series revised in coverage, effective with January
1948 data. See M onthly Labor Review, June 1949, p. 666.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

2 Includes types not shown separately.
‘ Hourly earnings, when multiplied by weekly hours of work, may not
exactly equal weekly earnings because of rounding.
4 Preliminary.

MONTHLY LABOR

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

352

D: Prices and Cost of Living
T able D -l: Consumers’ Price Index1 for Moderate-Income Families in Large Cities, by Group of

Commodities
[1935-39=100]

Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration3
Year and month

All items

Food

Apparel

Rent
Total

Other
fuels

Ice

G)
G)

G)
G)

G)
G)

G)
G)
G)
G)
99.1
95.2
101. 9
108.3
105. 4
113.1

50.9
52.0

G)
G)
G)
G)
100.2
100.0
100. 4
104.1
100.3
105.1

121.2
169.7
111.7
85. 4

83.1
100.7
104.6
101.7

101.3
100.6
100.5
107.3
100.2
116.8

100.7
100.4
101.1
104.0
101. S
107.7

115.1
120.7
126.0
128.3
131.0

110.0
114.2
115.8
115.9
115. 8

122.2
125.6
136. 4
145.8
146.0

110.9
115.8
121.3
124.1
124.5

92. 4
92.1
91.8

136.9
133.0
142.6

115.9
115.1
117.9

159.2
156.1
171.0

128.8
127.9
132.5

121.1
127.8

92.0
92.6

156.1
171.1

125.9
129.8

184.4
191.4

139.9
144.4

117.4
117.3
117.7
118.5
118.7
118.8
119.5

133.9
134.8
136.8
137.3
137.8
137.9
137.8

94.3
94.4
94.5
94.6
95.4
95.4
95.3

183. 4
185.0
190.1
191.0
191.4
191.6
191.3

135.2
136. 5
137.3
137.6
137.9
138.0
138.4

195.8
195.9
196.3
198.1
198.8
198.7
198.6

149.9
150.8
152.4
152.7
153.7
153.9
154.0

119.7
119.9
120.1
120.3
120.4
120.6
120.7

138.2
138.8
138.9
137.4
135. 4
135.6
135.6

95. 5
96.1
96.1
96 8
96.9
96.9
96.9

191.8
192.6
192.5
187.8
182.7
183.0
183.1

139.0
140.0
140 4
140.5
140.1
140.0
139.9

196. 5
195.6
193.8
191.9
189. 5
187.3
186.8

154.1
154.1
154.4
154.6
154.5
154. 2
154.3

79.9
81.7

69.3
69.8

92.2
92.2

61.9
62.3

December______________
J u n e._________________
Average________________
A verage...------- ------------

118.0
149. 4
122.5
97.6

149.6
185.0
132.5
86.5

147.9
209.7
115. 3
90.8

97.1
119.1
141.4
116.9

90.4
104.8
112.5
103.4

1939: Average_______________
August 15____________
1940: Average________________
1941: Average ______________
January 1__________ ___
December 15---------------

99.4
98.6
100.2
105.2
100.8
110.5

95.2
93.5
96.6
105.5
97.6
113.1

100.5
100.3
101.7
106. 3
101.2
114.8

104.3
104.3
104.6
106.2
105. 0
108.2

99.0
97.5
99.7
102.2
100.8
104.1

G)
G)
G)
G)
98.9
99.0
98.0
97.1
97.5
96.7

1942:
1943:
1944:
1945:

Average___________ ____
Average_______________
Average________________
Average_______________
August 15___ ________

116.5
123.6
125.5
128. 4
129.3

123.9
138.0
136.1
139.1
140.9

124.2
129.7
138.8
145.9
146.4

108.5
108.0
108.2
108.3
G)

105.4
107.7
109.8
110.3
111.4

96.7
96.1
95.8
95. 0
95.2

1946: Average._______________
June 15_____________
November 15__ . _____

139.3
133.3
152.2

159.6
145.6
187.7

160.2
157.2
171.0

112.4
110.5
114.8

1947: Average________________
December 15__________

159.2
167.0

193.8
206.9

185.8
191.2

108.6
108.5
(')
111.2
115.4

1948: A verage.. . . . _______
July 15_____ _________
August 1 5 ___________
September 15_________
October 15 _________
November 15_________
December 15____ _____

171.2
173.7
174.5
174.5
173.6
172.2
171.4

210.2
216.8
216.6
215.2
211.5
207.5
205.0

198.0
197.1
199.7
201.0
201.6
201.4
200.4

1949: January 15____________
February 15___________
March i5_____________
April 15........... .................
M ay 15.. . __________
June 15....... ......................
July 15-----------------------

170.9
169.0
169.5
169.7
169. 2
169.6
168.5

204.8
199.7
201.6
202.8
202.4
204.3
201.7

196.5
195.1
193.9
192. 5
191.3
190.3
188.5

1918:
1920:
1929:
1932:

1The “ Consumers’ price index for moderate-income families'in large cities,”
formerly known as the “ Cost of living index” measures average changes in
retail prices of selected goods, rents, and services weighted by quantities
bought in 1934-36 by families of wage earners and moderate-income workers
in large cities whose incomes averaged $1,524 in 1934-36.
Bureau of Labor Statistics Bulletin 699, Changes in Cost of Living in Large
Cities in the United States, 1913-41, contains a detailed description of methods
used in constructing this index. Additional information on the consumers’
price index is given in a compilation of reports published by the Office of
Economic Stabilization, Report of the President’s Committee on the Cost
of Living.
Mimeographed tables are available upon request showing indexes for each
of the cities regularly surveyed by the Bureau and for each of the major
groups of living essentials. Indexes for all large cities combined are available
since 1913. The beginning date for series of indexes for individual cities


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Miscella­
neous 3

59.1
60.8

70.7
71.7

1913: A verage..____ __________
1914: J u ly ..------- ------------------

Housefurnishings

Gas and
electricity

varies from city to city but indexes are available for most of the 34 cities since
World War I.
»The group index formerly entitled “Fuel, electricity, and ice” isnow des­
ignated “ Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration” . Indexesare comparable with
those previously published for “ Fuel, electricity, and ice.” The subgroup
“ Other fuels and ice” has been discontinued; separate indexes are presented
for “ Other fuels” and “Ice.”
3 The miscellaneous group covers transportation (such as automobiles
and their upkeep and public transportation fares); medical care (including
professional care and medicines); household operation (covering supplies and
different kinds of paid services); recreation (that is, newspapers, motion
pictures, and tobacco products); personal care (barber- and beauty-shop
service and toilet articles); etc.
4 Data not available.
* Rents not surveyed this month.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

T

able

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

353

D-2: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City,1 for Selected Periods
11935-39=1001
C ity

i
July 15 June 16, M ay 15, Apr. 15, Mar. 15, Feb. 15, Jan. 15, Dec. 15, Nov. 15, Oct. 15, Sept. 15, Aug. 15.
1949
1949 1 1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1948
1948
1948
1948
1948 '

j

Average.

168.5

169.6

169.2

169.7

169.5

169.0

170.9

171.4

Atlanta, Oa______ _______
Baltimore, M d....... ..............
Birmingham, A la ...............
Boston, M ass____________
Buffalo, N . Y ____________
Chicago, 111.......... ..................
Cincinnati, O hio..________
Cleveland, Ohio....................
Denver, Colo_____________
Detroit, M ich........................
Houston, T e i___________

0
0
171.0
162. 6
169.4
173. 9
168. 7
167.8
170. 4
170.4

(2)
174.2
172.1
163.3
(2)
175.9
170.5
00
0
172.0
170.5

170.5
(2)
171.4
162.2
(2)
174.2
169.1
171.5
(2)
171.6
170.6

(2)
(2)
171.6
162. 4
168.3
175.0
170.7
(2)
169.9
171.1
171.0

(2)
173.9
171.8
162.5
(2)
174.5
170.7
(2)
(2)
170.8
170.2

170.1
(2)
171.7
161.4
(2)
172.9
169.7
172.5
(J)
170.7
170.2

(2)
(2)
173.7
163.9
169.8
174.9
172.0
(2)
171.0
171.6
172.6

173.7
0
174.0
0
174.8
175.0
164.7
166.7
«
0
175.4
175.9
172.2
173.8
* 176. 2
(J)
(2)
0
172.8
173.1
173.8
173.9

Indianapolis, Ind........
Jacksonville, F l a .. .. ..
Kansas City, M o . . . . .
Los Angeles, C a lif..______
Manchester, N . H .............. .
M emphis, T enn...........
Milwaukee, W is_____
Minneapolis, M in n ...
M obile, Ala....... ....... _.
N ew Orleans, L a__
New York, N . Y .........

171.0
0
162.1
167. 2
170.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
167.1

(2)
174.9
(2)
168.7
(2)
173.5

171.9
(2)
163.3
171.2
170.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
0
168.1

(2)
174.3
(2)
171.0
(2)
173.3
(2)
169.3
171.1
(2)
167.4

(2)
(2)
(2)
8 171.3
(2)
(2)
168. 7
(2)
(2)
173.2
166.8

173.6
(2)
165.1
172.7
172.3
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
169.2

(3)
176.2
0
172.7

170.3
(2)
107.0

(2)
(2)
0
169.6
(2)
0
169.3
(2)
(2)
172.5
166.8

Norfolk, Va..............................
Philadelphia, P a__________
Pittsburgh, Pa.........................
Portland, M aine.—................
Portland, Oreg____________
Richmond, Va...... ..................
8t. Louis, M o_____ _______
San Francisco, Calif._______
Savannah, Oa____________
Scranton, P a...................... .
Seattle, W ash___ _________
Washington, D . C .................

(2)
167. 5
171.9
(2)
175. 3
164.4
(2)
0
173.3
(2)
(2)
(2)

0
169.2
173.1
165.8
(2)
(2)
169.8
173.7
(2)
(3)
(2)
(2)

170.3
169.9
172.9
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
168.4
172.5
165.3

(2)
169.0
173. 0
(2)
177.6
164.2
(2)
(2)
174.9
(2)
(2)
(2) I

0
169. 0
172.7
165. 0
(2)
(2)
169.0
174.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

170.6
168. 5
172.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
166.8
174. 3
164.1

(2)
170.4
174.6
(2)
178.6
166.5
(2)
(2)
176.7
(2)
(2)
(2)

V)

0
169.1

1The indexes are based on time-to-time changes in the cost of goods and
services purchased by moderate-income families in large cities. They do not
indicate whether it costs more to live in one city than in another.
*Through June 1947, consumers’ price indexes were computed monthly for


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0
0
170.8
174.3

173.5

0

169.2

0

170.6
174.9
167.1

0
0

171.1
176.7
0
0

0

0

172.2

173.6

1948 ’

JunelS, Aug. 15,
1946
1939

174.5

174.5

173.7

133.3

0
0
176.9
167.8
172.7
178.1
175.5
0
171.0
174.6
174.7

0
179. 2
178. 6
169.0
0
179. 4
176.3
0
0
175.4
175.4

176.2
0
179.3
168.7
0
178.8
175.7
179.3
0
176.1
175.2

0
0
177.0
168.6
173.1
178. 6
175.9
0
172. 5
175. 9
173.7

133.8
135.6
136.8
127.9
132.6
130.9
132.2
135.7
131.7
136.4
130.5

0
0
0
172.2
0
0
171.2
0
0
176.6
171.0

178.0
0
167.5
171.8
176.5
0
0
0
0
0
171.7

(*)
179.1
0
171.0
0
177.1
0
173.8
177.3
0
173.3

0
0
0
171.0
0
0
174.5
0
0
179.8
173.3

176.5
0
166.3
170.3
178.1
0
0
0
0
0
172.6

131.9
138.4
129.4
136.1
134.7
134.5
131.2
129.4
132.9
138.0
135.8

174.0
171.7
175.9
0
0
C2)
0
0
0
169.4
174.3
167.1

0
174.1
177.1
0
180.1
170.0
0
0
178.4
0
0
0

0
174.8
178.3
170.7
0
0
175.0
177.1
0
0
0
0

176.2
174.8
178.3
0
0
0
0
0
0
174 7
176.2
169.2

0
172.9
177.8
(>)
180.3
168.9
0
0
180.2
0
0
0

135.2
132.6
134.7
128.7
140.3
128.2
131.2
137.8
140.6
132.2
137.0
133.8

21 cities and In March, June, September, and December for 13 additional
cities; beginning July 1947 indexes were computed monthly for 10 cities and
once every 3 months for 24 additional cities according to a staggered schedule
* Corrected.

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

354

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able D -3: Consumers’ Price Index for Moderate-Income Families, by City and Group of

Commodities1
[1935-39=100]

Fuel, electricity, and refrigeration
Food

Housefumishings

Rent

Apparel

Miscellaneous

Gas and electricity

Total

City

July 15 June 15 July 15 June 15 July 15 June 15 July 15 June 15 July 15 June 15 July 15 June 15 July 15 June 15
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
1949
201.7

204.3

Atlanta, Oa_________
Baltimore, M d_____
Birmingham, Ala-----Boston, Mass_______
Buffalo, N. Y _______
Chicago, 111-------------Cincinnati, Ohio. - .....
Cleveland, Ohio_____
Denver, Colo________
Detroit, Mich_______
Houston, Tex_______

198.3
211.5
198.6
194.2

200.5
216.2
201.4
195.9
199.6

Indianapolis, Ind-----Jacksonville, F la------Kansas City, Mo-----Los Angeles, Caiif___
Manchester, N. H -----Memphis, Tenn-------Milwaukee, Wis_____
Minneapolis, Minn—
Mobile, Ala________
New Orleans, La____
New York, N. Y .........

195.7
207.0
188.5
202.3
200. 3
217.1

Norfolk, V a--_............
Philadelphia, Pa. ___
Pittsburgh, Pa______
Portland, Maine_____
Portland, Orpg_______
Richmond, Va____ ..
St. Louis, Mo_______
San Francisco, Calif...
Savannah, Oa_______
Scranton. Pa......... ......
Seattle, Wash_______
Washington, D. 0 ___

202.0

Average................. ......

200.2
207.4
200.5
208.9
204.5
197.9

211.0

201.6
190.6
205.8
214.0
204.1

195.2
205.3
194.7
214.0
195.8
206.8

212.6
210.2
202.7
205.8
200.4

211.6
204.2
211.2
208.2
201.5

211.8

188.5

190.3

(H

(9

G)

195.5
177.3
188.1
192.9
185.6
0)
184.6
183.5
199.8

186.3
197.0
180.1
(9
195.2
187.8

G)

0)
185.9
202.9

200.5
208.3
190.5
206.6
205.2
215.3
205.6
194.3
207.9
215.2
203.4

182.9

187.1

184.3
G)
205.6
0)
194.7
192.3
(>)
.188.9

206.9
198.7
208.8
197.2
219. 4
197.5

G)

(9

212.8

215.5
217.1
204.1
208. 5

202.2

G)

180.8
183.3
181.3

(0

G)
G)
C1)
G)

183.9
220.3

(9
189.9

G)

(9

187.7
222.3
191.9
0)

(9

195.5
186.1

188.4
188.7
(>)
186.4

(9

G)

(9

(9

(9
G)
(9
(9

120.6

135.6

135.6

96.9

96.9

186.8

(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
124.6
(2)
(2)
(2)
124.8
128.2
(2)

(2)
117.8
(2)
116.9
(2)
139.3
116.1
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)

143.8
147.5
131. 1
149.1
138.3
128.0
142.4
143.1

143.8
146.9
130.1
147.5
137.5
128. 7
142.4
143.1

145.9
98.2

148.4
99.4

83.4
131.3
79.6
118.2
101.3
83.5
101.9
105.6
69.2
91.7
81.5

83.4
129.7
79.6
118.4
101.3
83.5
101.9
105. 6
69.2
91.5
81.5

182.9
177.1
190.4
172.2
178.6
G)
204.2
196.7
186.1

130.8
(2)
125.0
(2)
114.0
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
(2)
108.9

(2)
128.7
(2)
(2)
(2)
130.8
(2)
131.7
126.5
(2)
(2)

156.1
146.4
126.3
94.6
147.9
140.0
144.6
138.8
129.0
113.4
133.0

155.9
146.4
126.1
94.6
149.1
140.0
144.6
139.0
129.0
113.4
133.0

(2)
(2)
(2)
113.9
(2)
(2)
119.9
116.4
(2)
(2)

151.0
142.7
137.7
141.3
132.4
143.5
130.7
82.7
148.6
142.3
127.6
135.4

151.0
142.4
137.8
144.1
132.3
143.5
130.5
82.7
150.7
141.6
127.6
135.1

120.7

(2)
(2)
120.9
(2)
126.3
114.8
(2)
(2)
118.0
(2)
(2)
(9

1 P r ic e s o f a p p ar el, h o u se fu r n ish in g s, a n d m is c e lla n e o u s g o o d s and ser v ic e s
are o b ta in e d m o n t h ly in 10 c itie s a n d o n c e e v e r y 3 m o n th s in 24 a d d itio n a l
c itie s a cc o rd in g to a sta g g ered s c h e d u le .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(2)
(2)

112.1

112.0

86.6

100.5
67.2
89.3
99.6
77.0
110.9
78.9
83.9
75.1

102.1
102.6
108.9
103.4
108.2
94.1
109.4
88.4
72.7
108.6
91.8
92.3
98.6

86.6

100.5
67.1
89.3
99.9
77.0
110.9
78.9
83.9
75.1

102.2
102.6
108.9
103.4
108.3
95.2
109.4
88.4
72.7
108.6
91.8
92.3
98.6

0)

G)

178.0
(‘)
180.3
181.4
193.4

G)
G)
G)
G)

187.3

G)

195.0
183.9
179.5

G)

174.0
182.1

G)

(0

197.0
187.0

G)
G)

176.8
179.8
(>)
168.5
0)
182.8
167.5

G)

154.2
154.5
147.7

G)

0

(')
166.7
153.5

G
)
162.1

0154.7

G)

144.9

G)
152.7
146.8
151.9

G)

(')
152.8
146.7
(')
159.9
145.9

G)

156.6

G)

168.2
156.7

0)

161.3

150.6
145.9
0156.3
)
155.7

G)

(')
190.8
191.8
187.3
(>)

G)

G
)
154.2

G)

G)
192.0

G)

00

150.4
146.4
159.5
155.8
155.5
0)
151.8
166.5
155.6

G)

G)
177.2

0)
194.2

154.2

0)
0)

«
176.3

194.6
(J)
179.9
198.8

154.3

0)

G)

G)

G)
157.9

G)

G)
0)
C1)
C)

159.9
145.7
158.1

G)
G
)
144.5

166.0

G)
G)
G)
G)

* R e n t s are s u r v e y e d e v e r y 3 m o n th s in 34 la r g e c itie s a c c o r d in g to a sta g g ered s c h e d u le ,

REVIEW, SEPTEMBER 1949

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

355

T able D -4: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods,1 by Group, for Selected Periods
11936-39-100]

Y e a r a n d m o n th

1923:
1926:
1929:
1932:
1939:

A ll
food s

C ere­
M e a ts ,
a ls
p o u land
b a k e ry
S i
p ro d ­
T o ta l
fish
u c ts

M e a ts
B eef
an d
veal

F r u its a n d v e g e ta b le s

Eggs

L am b

D a ir y
p ro d ­
u c ts

C h ic k en s
Pork

F is h

B ever­
ages

F a ts
and
o ils

T o ta l

F r e sh

C an­
n ed

136.1
141. 7
143 8
82 3
91.0
90.7
93.8

169. 5
210 8
169 0
103 5
94.5
92.4
96.5

173 6
226 2
173 5
105 9
95.1
92.8
97.3

124.8 176 4
122 Q 162 4
124 3 1 71 n
91. i
91 2
9 2 !3
9 3 .3
91.6
90.3
92.4 100.6

131 6 126 2
I7n 4 146 n
164 R 127 2
112 6
71 1
96! 6
87.7
84.5
94.9
82.2
92.6

D r ie d

Sugar
and
sw e e ts

124.0
137.4
132.5
86.5
95.2
93.5
96.6

105.5
115.7
107.6
82.6
94.5
93.4
96.8

101.2
117.8
127.1
79.3
96.6
95.7
95.8

96.6
95.4
94.4

101.1
99.6
102.8

88.9
88.0
81.1

99.5
98.8
99.7

93.8
94.6
94.8

101.0
99.6
110.6

129.4
127 4
131.0
84.9
95.9
93.1
101.4

1941: A v e r a g e _______ 105.5
D e c e m b e r .......... 113.1
1942: A v e r a g e _______ 123.9
1943: A v e r a g e _______ 138.0
1944: A v e r a g e _______ 136.1
1945: A v e r a g e ---------- 139.1
A u g u s t ..............
140.9

97.9
102.5
105.1
107.6
108.4
109.0
109.1

107.5
111.1
126.0
133.8
129.9
131.2
131.8

106.5
109.7
122.5
124.2
117.9
118.0
118.1

110.8
114.4
123.6
124.7
118.7
118.4
118.6

100.1
103.2
120.4
119.9
112.2
112.6
112.6

106.6
108.1
124.1
136.9
134.5
136.0
136.4

102.1
100.5
122.6
146.1
151.0
154.4
157.3

124.5
138.9
163.0
206.5
207.6
217.1
217.8

112.0
120.5
125.4
134.6
133.6
133.9
133.4

112.2
138.1
136.5
161.9
153.9
164.4
171.4

103.2
110.6
130.8
168.8
168.2
177.1
183.5

104.2
111.0
132.8
178.0
177.2
188.2
196.2

97.9
106.3
121.6
130.6
129.5
130.2
130.3

106.7
118.3
136.3
158.9
164.6
168.2
168.6

101.5
114.1
122.1
124.8
124.3
124.7
124.7

94.0
108.5
119.6
126.1
123.3
124.0
124.0

114 3
R9* 6
loo! 6
95.6
96.8
?" K
106.4
114.4
126.5
127.1
126.5
126.5
126.6

1943: A v e r a g e .............. 159.6
J u n e ..................... 145.6
N o v e m b e r ____ 187.7

125.0
122.1
140.6

161.3
134.0
203.6

150.8
120.4
197.9

150.6
121.2
191.0

148.2
114.3
207.1

163.9
139.0
205.4

174.0
162.8
188.9

238.2
219.7
265.0

165.1
147.8
198.5

168.8
147.1
201.6

182.4
183.5
184.6

190.7
196.7
182.3

140.8
127.5
167.7

100.4
172.5
251.6

139.6
125.4
167.8

152.1
126.4
244.4

143.9
136.2
170.6

1947: A v e r a g e _______ 193.8

155.4

217.1

214.7

213.6

215.9

220.1

183.2

271.4

186.2

200.8

199.4

201.5

166.2

263.5

186.8

197.5

180.0

1948: A v e r a g e _______

170.9
171.0
170.8
170.7
170.0
169.9
170.2

246.5
261.8
267.0
265.3
256.1
246.7
241.3

243.9
263.0
269.3
265.9
254.3
243.1
235.4

258.5
280.9
286.2
280.8
269.8
262.4
256.1

222.5
233.8
246.1
247.9
233.9
214.4
206.2

246.8
275.0
266.6
256.6
249.4
246.6
238.6

203.2
209.3
207.8
209.4
204.0
200.5
208.0

312.8
301.6
304.4
314.9
325.9
328.1
328.1

204.8
209.0
211.0
208.7
203.0
199.5
199.2

208.7
204.3
220.2
226. 6
239.0
244.3
217.3

205.2
213. 4
199.6
195.8
193.5
189.4
192.3

212.4
223.2
204.8
199.6
197.3
192.4
196.2

158.0
167.7
157.8
159.0
158. 9
159.4
159.4

246.8
248.0
249.2
249.1
238.1
230.6
229.8

206.0
205.2
205.3
205.6
205.9
206.4
207.8

195.5
200.8
197.8
196.8
193.0
189.4
184.4

174.0
170.9
172.3
173.2
173.1
173.3
173.0

170.5
170.0
170.1
170.3
170.1
169.7
169.5

235.9
221.4
229.6
234.4
232.3
240.6
236.0

228.2
212.3
222. 5
228.5
228.0
239.3
234.4

244.5
220.5
230.3
233.3
235.2
247.8
245.3

203.1
196.3
206.4
209.5
203.9
216.0
209.8

234.4
228.4
240.7
271.0
275.5
278.4
265.5

208.9
199.0
198.9
201,2
190.5
184.4
182.8

331.7
327.2
325. 9
321.3
315.4
312.6
307.7

196.0
192. 5
190.3
184.9
182.6
182.0
182.2

209.6
179.6
180.1
183.8
190.9
198.0
204.1

205.2
213.7
214. 5
218.6
220.7
217.9
210.2

213.3
224.9
226.0
231.5
234.6
231.1
221.2

159.2
158.6
158.0
157.1
156.3
155.3
154.2

228.4
224.6
227.9
228.3
227.5
227.3
228.1

208.7
209.0
208. 5
208.2
207.2
207.6
208.2

174.7
159.8
165.1
149.8
144.4
142.9
141.0

173.4
174.3
175.6
176.2
176.1
176.5
176.2

A v e r a g e -............
A v e r a g e .............
A v e r a g e .............
A v e r a g e ..............
A v e r a g e ..............
A u g u s t ---------- 1940: A v e r a g e ..............

210.2
J u ly ...................... 216.8
A u g u s t _______ 216.6
S e p te m b e r ____ 215.2
O c to b e r ............... 211.5
N o v e m b e r ____ 207.6
D e c e m b e r ____ 205.0

1949: J a n u a r y _______
F e b r u a r y _____
M a r c h ________
A p r i l . . ............
M a y ................
J u n e .....................
J u ly ___________

204.8
199.7
201.6
202.8
202.4
204.3
201.7

1 T h e B u r e a u of L ab or S ta tis tic s re ta il food p rices are o b ta in e d m o n th ly
d u r in g th e first th ree d a y s of t h e w e e k c o n ta in in g th e fifte e n th of th e m o n th ,
th r o u g h v o lu n ta r y reports from c h a in an d in d e p e n d e n t reta il food d ea lers.
A r tic le s in c lu d e d are s e le c te d to r e p r ese n t fo o d sa les to m o d e r a te -in c o m e
fa m ilie s.
T h e in d e x e s , b a se d on th e re ta il prices o f 50 fo o d s, are c o m p u te d b y th e
flx e d -b a se -w e ig h te d -a g g r e g a te m e th o d , u sin g w e ig h ts r e p r ese n tin g (1) rela­
t i v e im p o r ta n c e o f ch a in an d in d e p e n d e n t sto re sa les, in c o m p u tin g c it y a v e r ­
a g e prices; (2) food p u r c h a se s b y fa m ilie s o f w a g e earners a n d m o d era te-


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

176 4

in c o m e w o rk ers, in c o m p u tin g c it y in d ex es; a n d (3) p o p u la tio n w e ig h ts , in
c o m b in in g c ity a g g re g a te s in o rd er to d e r iv e a v er a g e p rices a n d in d e x e s for »11
c itie s co m b in e d .
In d e x e s o f re ta il food prices in 66 large c itie s c o m b in e d , b y c o m m o d it y
g ro u p s, for t h e y ea r s 1923 th r o u g h 1947 (1935-39—100), m a y b e fo u n d in B u lle tin
N o . 938, ‘‘R e ta il P r ices o f F o o d - 1 9 4 6 a n d 1947,” B u r e a u o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s ,
U . S. D e p a r tm e n t of L a b o r, ta b le 3, p . 42. M im e o g r a p h e d ta b le s o f t h e s a m e
d a ta , b y m o n th s , J a n u a r y 1935 to d a t e , are a v a ila b le u p o n re q u e st.

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

356
T

able

M ONTHLY LABOR

D-5: Indexes of Retail Prices of Foods, by City
[1935-39-100J

C ity

United States................
Atlanta, Ga_________
Baltimore, Md______
Birmingham, Ala..........
Boston, Mass................
Bridgeport, Coca........ .
Buffalo, N. Y .... .............. .
Butte, Mont.......... ......
Cedar Rapids, Iowa »__
Charleston, 8. O_____
Chicago, 111____________
Cincinnati, Ohio_____
Cleveland, Ohio______
Columbus, Ohio_____
Dallas, Tex_________
Denver, Colo.......... .
Detroit, Mich...............
Fall River, Mass_____
Houston, Tex.... ...........
Indianapolis, Ind......... .
Jackson, Miss.1.............
Jacksonville, Fla....... .
Kansas City, Mo_____
Knoxville, Tenn.1_____
Little Rock, Ark.... ......
Los Angeles, Calif.........
Louisville, Ky_______
Manchester, N. H____
Memphis, Tenn______
Milwaukee, Wis______
Minneapolis, Minn___
Mobile, Ala..................
Newark, N. J............. .
New Haven, Conn____
New Orleans, La ...........
New York, N. Y „ ...........
Norfolk, Va____ _____
Omaha, Nebr................
Peoria, 111__________ . . . .
Philadelphia, Pa_____
Pittsburgh, Pa..............
Portland, Maine_____
Portland, Oreg_______
Providence, R. I....... ....
Richmond, Va_______
Rochester, N. Y............
St. Louis, Mo........... .
St. Paul, Minn............
Salt Lake City, Utah__
San Francisco, Calif___
Savannah, Ga._...........
Scranton, Pa.................
Seattle. Wash_______
Springfield, 111...................
Washington, D. O____
Wichita, Kans1...........
Winston-Salem, N. C.L..

Ju ly
1949

June
1949

M ay
1949

Apr.
1949

M ar.
1949

Feb.
1949

Jan.
1949

D ec.
1948

Nov.
1948

Oct.
1948

Sept.
1948

201.7

204.3

202.4

202.8

201.6

199.7

204.8

205.0

207.5

211.5

215.2

198.3
211.5
198.6
194.2
200.3

200.5
216.2
201.4
195.9
205.0

197.0
213.0
198.5
192.4
201.7

197.5
212.4
198.3
191.3
198.8

198.3
212. 9
197.4
190.9
197.9

194.7
210.3
195.8
187.8
194.9

202.1
213.5
202. 0
194.1
200.0

203.3
214.6
204.8
194.2
201.0

205.9
218.7
205.4
199.2
205.9

208.3
224.5
210.8
202.6
209.3

214.2
228.7
216.3
207.2
212.7

200.2
202.1
205.1
190.3
207.4

199.6
206.7
211.2
195.4
211.6

198.9
202.6
208.1
191.3
207.0

195.5
204.6
209.0
195. 2
208.5

195.0
201.3
207.8
193.8
205.9

191.4
201.5
206.8
190.8
202.7

197.9
205.0
211.5
196.9
207.3

200.0
205.7
211.8
197.1
208.2

201.6
209.3
214.4
198.9
211.9

206.4
214.9
218.0
204.9
218.0

210.1
214.5
220.2
207.7
221.4

200.5
208.9
182.9
204.8
204.5

204.2
211.2
185.4
204.9
208.2

200.3
208.1
184.3
204.4
206.6

203.2
209.2
185.6
204.4
208.1

201.9
210.2
184.3
202.0
207.0

199.7
207.2
182.3
200.7
204.5

205.5
212. 8
188.6
207.1
209.6

205.2
213.0
189.4
208.2
211.0

209. 4
217.0
193.1
212 7
207.7

214.4
220.9
197.2
214.7
208.3

197.9
199.3
211.0
195.7
207.8

201.5
201.1
211.8
200.5
205.5

200.0
197.0
211.3
197.3
204.7

197.0
199.4
212.6
196. 7
203.1

195.1
199.6
209.6
197.9
203.7

194.5
195.3
208.0
195.5
205.4

197.3
199.8
215.7
200.9
209.5

198.7
200.4
218.1
204.8
213.8

199.9
202.5
217.6
206.8
212. 7

207.0
188.5
222.3
196.8
202.3

208.3
190.5
226.0
204.2
206.6

205.6
189.0
223.2
201.9
208.7

206.6
189.8
220.5
201.2
212.1

206.0
189.8
222.1
198.0
211.2

201.2
189.2
221.3
197.2
210.8

210.6
194.6
230.0
199.8
215.5

209.9
194.7
233.9
201.6
214.9

189.4
200.3
217.1
201.6
190.6

194.1
205.2
215.3
205.6
194.3

189.4
199.4
215.6
204.9
193.5

187.6
199.7
214.9
205.8
193.1

187.7
199.3
211.9
203.2
192.4

189.2
196. 4
212.2
200.8
190.1

193.9
201.8
217.1
206. 5
195.3

205.8
198.5
194.7
214.0
204.1

207.9
199.6
198.5
215.2
203.4

204.6
198.5
194.3
210.1
202.2

203.9
199.7
194.3
212.4
203.7

206.9
197.6
193.6
211.0
202.4

207.4
196.3
190.9
210.2
200.0

202.0
196.2
214.6
195.2
205.3

206.9
201.1
218.9
198.7
208.8

204.9
196.9
212.4
198.1
208.0

205.2
196.4
211.1
197.9
206.1

203.5
196. 5
210.8
196.7
204.6

194.7
214.0
209.7
195.8
197.5

197.2
219.4
208.9
197.5
199.3

191.1
218.8
206.5
195.0
198.3

190.0
221.6
206.8
195. 5
194.3

206.8
189.1
204.9
212.6
210.2

212.8
192.3
207.5
215.5
217.1

207.8
191.6
206.6
215.3
213.2

202.7
205.8
208.4
200.4
210.7
198.9

204.1
208.5
214.0
202.2
216.4
200.6

202.6
209.3
207.8
201.2
214.0
197.8

July
1948

June
1948

216.6

216.8

145.6

93.5

215.7
228.9
219.3
208.8
214.6

212.4
227.7
218.0
210.2
214.4

141.0
152.4
147.7
138.0
139.1

82.5
94.7
90.7
93.5
93.2

213.0
215.1
222.2
203.0
223.6

212.9
216.6
224.4
211.4
224.7

140.2
139.7
148.2
140.8
142.8

94.5
94.1
95, i
92.3

218.0
225.6
200.8
217.3
210.5

218.1
229.0
202.2
215.2
213.1

220.4
226.2
201.9
213.3
217.0

141.4
149.3
136.4
142.4
145.3

90 4
93 6
88.1
91.7
92.7

204.4
209.1
220.8
211.8
218.6

207.6
211.6
223.7
216.0
220.7

210.1
213.5
223.8
217.1
220.6

213.2
214.1
222.1
212.6
220.8

145.4
138.1
144.0
141 5
150.6

90.6
95 4
97.8
90.7

212.6
198, 5
233.9
202. 4
213.7

217.5
201.1
236.7
206.5
213.1

219.3
204.4
241.6
212.0
212.1

220.7
205. 4
244.6
212.4
212.7

222.8
204.4
241.7
213.4
213.1

150.8
134.8
165. 6
139.1
154.8

85.8
91.5
94.0
94.6

196.6
203.6
217.9
205.0
195.6

198.9
204.8
219.0
207.5
197.8

201.7
210.4
223.7
211.2
202.2

207.2
215.5
227.8
216.3
206.0

207.4
217.8
227.1
218.8
209.2

206.8
218.4
229.8
218.3
208.2

135.6
144 4
153. 6
144.3
137.5

92.1
94.9
89.7
91.1
35.0

214.5
200. 1
195.1
» 213. 2
205.3

211.8
201.2
194.5
216.1
204.3

211.3
203.9
199.6
218.0
208.7

213.8
205. 8
203.5
220. 5
211.5

222.1
211.1
205. 3
227. 7
216.2

222.7
212.6
205.6
228.5
216.9

222.5
212.8
208.3
233.2
217.9

149.8
147.9
140.4
157.6
149.2

95. 5
95.8
93.7
97.6
95,8

202.0
195.7
207.9
195.0
202.2

208.7
198. 0
215.7
200.4
208.0

209.8
203.1
216.8
199.3
208.0

211.8
205.6
218.0
202.0
211.0

217.1
210.2
222.1
208.4
215.1

220.2
210.3
230.3
212.0
219.5

220.5
211.1
230.8
212.5
220.9

216.9
208.6
224.9
210.9
222.3

146.0
139.5
151.3
143.5
147.1

93.6
92.3
93.4
93.0
92.6

191.5
222.5
206.4
197.1
193.3

189.7
220.4
202.9
193.5
192.1

194.3
224.2
210.1
200.3
195.5

195.0
223.5
209.2
201.5
196.5

198.0
222.9
211.7
203.6
196.7

204.1
227.7
218.4
209.7
200.7

207.0
231.4
223.8
214.1
207.3

209.8
234.1
227.2
211.7
209.7

209.7
233.7
224.9
209.4
211.2

138.4
158.4
144. 9
138.4
142.5

95.9
96 1
93 7
02.2
92 3

207.5
191.0
206.6
222.1
212.2

207.6
190.4
207.3
216.3
212.4

207.1
188.9
207.4
219.3
208.5

212.4
192.9
211.8
223. 2
215.3

212.2
192.1
209.8
221.1
216.0

213.1
194.8
208.8
219. 5
215. 0

217.4
199.7
211.2
223.0
219.2

223.0
203.1
214.7
224.2
222.4

225.3
204. 5
216.0
224.3
223.3

224.2
204. 7
217.1
223.2
228.3

147.4
137.3
151 7
155 8
158.5

93 8
94,3
94 8
93.8
96.7

202.2
212.8
208.0
200.1
215.3
198.3

201.1
213.5
207. 5
198.8
215.1
197.8

196.0
213.6
200.0
195.2
213.0
195.6

201.6
214.4
214.0
202.4
219.0
203.7

201.1
211.8
214.4
201.8
220.4
206.6

202.8
213. 4
215. 2
203.5
222.2
206.1

209.2
217.5
219.5
209.2
220.0
212.7

213.2
221.0
226.4
212. 9
223.0
215.6

217.3
221.9
227.0
214.9
224.7
215.8

218.2
223.4
224.9
215.1
226. 7
212.9

144.0
151.6
150.1
145.5
154.4
145.3

92.1
94.5
94.1
94.1

1 June 1940=100.
1 E stim ated index based on half th e usual sample of reports.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Aug.
1948

Rem aining

reports lost in the mails,
prices for N ew Orleans.

Aug.
1939

—

Index for Feb. 15 reflects the correct level of food

T

Commodity

able

D-6: Average Retail Prices and indexes of Selected Foods
Averprice
July July
1949 1949

Cereals and bakery products:
Cents
Cereals:
Flour, wheat_______ 6 pounds.. 47.4
Corn flakes________ 11 ounces.. 16.9
Com meal___________ pound.. 8.7
Rice 1__ ____________ do__ 18.7
Rolled oats *________20 ounces.. 16.4
Bakery products:
Bread, white_________ pound.. 14.0
Vanilla cookies_________ do---- 44.6
Meats, poultry, and fish:
Meats:
Beef:
Round steak________ do__ 88.9
Rib roast__________ do__ 68.2
Chuck roast________ do__ 66.0
Hamburger *________ do---- 61.7
Veal:
Cutlets____________ do__ 99.7
Pork:
Chops....... ............ ..... do__ 77.3
Bacon, sliced. ______ do__ 64.5
Ham, whole________ do__ 65.4
Balt pork...___ ____ do---- 34.0
Lamb:
Leg______________ do__ 76.5
Poultry. . . . ____________do__
Frying chickens: 9
New York dressed 9___do__ 46.1
Dressed and drawn 7......do__ 59.1
Fish:
Fish (fresh, frozen) >......... .do. — (9)
Salmon, pink*____ 16-ounce can.. 57.6
Dairy products:
Butter................ —............. pound.. 70.2
Cheese___ ______________ do__ 51.2
Milk, fresh (delivered)............quart— 20.6
Milk, fresh (grocery)________do__ 19.4
Milk, evaporated___ 14J4-ounce can— 12.8
Eggs: Eggs, fresh..... ....................dozen— 70.7
Fruits and vegetables:
Fresh fruits:
Apples_____________ pound.. 13.0
Bananas ___ ________ do__ 17.0
Oranges, size 200____ _—dozen— 61.0
Fresh vegetables:
Beans, green...................pound— 18.4
Cabbage___ ______ __ —do---- 6.3
Carrots_____________ bunch.. 10.0
Lettuce________ ______head— 12.9
Onions___ ___ _____ pound.. 7.7
Potatoes__________16 pounds.. 84.2
Bpinach.. ............. .......pound.. ('!)
Bweetpotatoes__________do__ (»)
Canned fruits:
Peaches_________ No. 2%can.. 31.2
Pineapple......... ............ —do__ 40.0
Canned vegetables:
Corn_____________No. 2 can.. 19.3
Peas....... ...................... ...do__ 14.8
Tomatoes__ _______ __ do__ 15.4
Dried fruits: Prunes______ pound— 23.3
Dried vegetables: Navy beans....do__ 16.4
Beverages: Coffee_____________do__ 52.2
Fats and oils:
Lard___________________ do__ 17.9
Hydrogenated veg. shortening 10„do__ 33.9
Salad dressing__________ __ pint— 34.0
Margarine..__________ ...pound— 28.7
Sugar and sweets:
Sugar---- ------------------------------- do----- 9.5

Indexes 1935-39=100
June May Apr. Mar.
1949 1949 1949 1949

Feb.
1949

Jan.
1949

Dec. Nov.
1948 1948

Oct. Sept. Aug.
1948 1948 1948

Juiy
1948

Aug.
1839

183.9
179.0
181.7
104.9
149.0
164.2
190.8

184.9
178.7
181.7
104.6
149.2
164.3
190.9

186.3
178.6
184.6
106.6
149.3
163.8
194.0

186.0
178.2
184.7
107.5
150.0
164.0
194.5

186.3
178.0
185. 1
307. 3
151.8
163.5
194.4

186.4
177.8
186.4
107.4
152.2
163.3
194.3

187.0
177.4
189.0
107.2
155.5
163.2
195.6

185.7
177.8
194.9
107.6
155.8
163.0
194.9

184.0
177.6
199.5
109.4
155.2
162.8
194.1

184.2
177.2
210.5
112.1
155.5
162.7
193.0

184.9
177.1
214.0
121.1
155.6
163.1
192.4

185.7
177.1
215.2
121.5
155.4
163.1
191.7

186.9
176.8
215.5
120.6
155.2
163.1
192.1

82.1
92. 7
90.7
P)
(*)
03.2
(4)

263.1
237.0
249.6
167.2
249.7
234.6
169.4
222.5
163.1
269.7
182.8

264.6
239.6
252.0
168.4
254.7
252.4
168.4
218.6
161.9
282.8
184.4

246.8
228.2
236.6
162.7
248.1
229.5
166.9
211.3
161.4
279.8
190.5

240.7
226.5
237.3
161.8
251.5
229.6
176.8
221.2
167.5
275.3
201.2

234. 5
224.1
235.0
361.9
250.0
223.5
178 8
217. 2
169.7
244.5
198.9

218.5
213.8
224.3
156.8
251.9
201.6
179.5
213.3
171.1
232.1
199.0

248.3
241.7
257.7
175.9
248.7
203.4
190.0
222.5
191.6
238.1
208.9

261.1
253.1
276.8
181.7
248.7
204.6
195.8
233.3
211. 6
242.4
208.0

269.3
262.0
291.5
184.6
248.4
219.7
200.7
227.2
200.1
250.4
200.5

277.3
267.2
301.1
193.7
253.6
254.1
207.0
239.4
200.2
253.4
204.0

292.5
277. 6
315.0
199.2
258.5
278.6
207.2
253.3
196.1
260.7
209.4

299,5
283.1
322.2
202.5
259.6
276.5
206.3
251.1
194.1
270.8
207.8

294.4
276.6
316.5
199.3
258.1
252.7
204.5
244.2
196.0
279.4
209.3

102,7
97,4
97,1
(4)
101.1
90.8
80.9
92.7
69.0
95.7
94.6

(4)
(4)
267.2
466.3
203.6
234.0
177.5
182.4
200.2
179.6

(4)
(4)
272.4
468.3
205.9
245.8
179.9
185.7
204.6
209.6

(4)
(4)
268.1
467.0
205.7
246.6
185.3
191.4
210.0
244.3

«
(4)
270.2
452.6
212.7
259.0
186. 0
191.1
216.9
239.0

(4)
(4)
264.0
429.2
232.7
264.1
185.4
189.4
220.8
226.6

(4)
(4)
254.4
417.1
245.6
268.6
182.0
187.8
218.3
220.2

(4)
(4)
253.9
408.1
252.0
262.1
177.1
182.1
212.8
204.3

(4)
(4)
98.8
97.4
84.0
92.3
97.1
96.3
93.9
90.7

275.5
272.7
165.7
222.0
179.2
196.7
220.2
153.9
237.9
259.4
220.9
168.4
182.6
159.4
117.0
178.3
220.9
226.4
208.6
133.2
187.1
156.1
186.7
175.1

(4)
(4)
268.5
466.0
207.6
246.8
184.5
189.4
208.0
217.3
5%-'* ^
255.7 241.5
267.7 269.3
168.4 153.7
234.6 173.3
163.7 142.5
199.9 184.2
185.9 170.8
155.7 156.9
225. 5 208.3
202.3 163.2
211.4 198.1
169.0 168.2
180.4 181.3
160.2 160.4
117.1 117.2
179.6 180.0
218.9 216. 6
239.1 246.2
208.3 207.4
163. 2 181.0
197.2 202.8
159.3 162.7
199.0 208.6
174.2 173.8

229.1
270.6
151.0
224.9
133.7
184.3
158.9
154.6
199.1
155.1
181.9
168.2
178.1
159.7
117.5
181.4
211.6
255.7
206.0
191.4
204.9
163. 7
213.4
174.2

220.7
269. 9
192.1
155.1
139. 7
191. 6
163.0
147. 8
202. 4
161.2
181.1
166. 5
176.2
160.2
116.7
181.3
209.1
278.2
205.5
196.1
205.6
165.7
220.4
174.0

216.7
269.3
187.2
172.0
136.5
190.8
156.2
154.2
210.8
183.9
196.2
165.1
174.4
169.3
116.9
183.2
205.6
311.5
205.2
198.5
207.3
168.6
229.8
174.0

225.1
270.7
183.3
176.0
139.2
183.6
143.1
176.3
223.5
205 0
235.5
163.0
170.0
158.8
115.8
182.6
204,7
312.9
204.9
197.3
209.6
168.3
235.3
173.2

265.3
269.3
169.2
187.7
155.1
202.1
177.8
251.9
248.4
174.7
286.9
161.6
168.5
158.6
113.5
184.7
204.9
309.7
204.8
198.1
220.3
168.4
240.1
171.8

81.6
97.3
86.9
61.7
103.2
84.9
97.8
86.8
91, 9
118.4
115. 7
92.3
96.0
88.6
89.8
92.6
94. 7
83.0
93.3
65.2
93.9
(4)
Ö3.6
95.6

251.1
439.0
192.9
225.8
168.4
172.2
179.2
204.1

252.2
454.4
193. 2
226.4
167.9
171.6
180.5
198.0

254.5
458.4
194.6
226. 5
168.4
171.6
181.9
190.9

261.4
460.7
197.0
227.5
170.1
174.4
186.5
183.8

(4)
(«)
266 8
462.7
201 8
230 9
176. 2
179. 8
192.5
180.1

248.1
280.7
215.5
168.5
164.2
187.2
156.5
186.6
233.5
177.2
322.6
161.6
183.7
155.7
113.5
171.8
228.9
223.1
207.8
120.1
163.7
140.2
157.7
177.1

309.9
284.3
209.0
175.0
170.0
188.9
131.8
204.3
259 7
143.8
330.4
163.5
182.5
155.7
113. 8
174.5
226.9
223.9
207.2
121. 4
165.4
143.0
159.0
177.4

311.4
274.1
194.2
186.8
214.3
187.4
163.6
187.8
271.6
154.2
312.4
166.8
182.2
156.9
113.8
175.2
226.2
225.7
206.8
121.2
167.1
145.9
161.3
176.9

306.2
272.8
173.2
209.4
197.8
181.0
243.2
155.3
246.5
190.4
268.5
168.4
182.5
158.8
115.0
175. 4
226.4
227.4
207.8
125.0
174.9
149. 2
170.5
177.1

289.8
275 2
175.8
194.3
211.9
184.3
223.3
148.1
237.2
213 8
234.2
168.2
182.5
159 8
115.3
177.1
224.0
230 0
208.1
131.2
176.9
151.6
181.9
176.5

• July 1847=»100.
1Index not computed.
• February 1943“ 100.
• Not priced in earlier period.
»New specifications introduced in April 1949, in place of roasting


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

357

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

R E V I E W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

9Priced in 29 cities.
7Priced in 27 cities.
«1938-39=100.
1Average price not computed.
79Formerly published as shortening in other containers.
11Inadequate quotations.

358

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able D-7: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group of Commodities, for Selected Periods
[1926=100]

Year and month

1913; Average____
1914; July______
1918: November__
1920: May______
1929: Average____
1932: Average____
1939: Average.___
August_____
1940: Average____
1941: Average____
December__
1942: Average____
1943: Average____
1944: Average___
1946: Average____
August_____
1946: Average____
June__ ____
November__
1947: Average. __
1948: Average___
July______
August____
September__
October____
November__
December__
1949: January____
February......
March.........
April______
May______
June______
July---------

Hides Tex­
All
and
com­ Farm
tile
prod­
Foods
leather
modi­ ucts
prod­ prod­
ties 3
ucts
ucts

Fuel Metals
Chem­ House- Mis.
Semiand
icals
cella- Raw manuand Build­
fur- neous
light­ metal
ing
and nishmate­ facing prod­ mate­ allied ing
com­ rials tured
mate­ ucts
modi­
3 rials prod­
articles
rials
ucts goods ties

69.8
71.6
67.3
71.4
136.3 150.3
167.2 169.8
95.3 104.9
64.8
48.2
77.1
65.3
75.0
61.0
78.6
67.7
87.3
82.4
93.6
94.7
98.8 105.9
103.1 122.6
104.0 123.3
105.8 128.2
105.7 126.9
121.1 148.9
112.9 140.1
139.7 169.8
152.1 181.2
165.1 188.3
168.8 195. 2
169.8 191.5
168.9 189.9
165.4 183.5
164.0 180.8
162.4 177.3
160.6 172.5
158.1 168.3
158.4 171.5
156.9 170.5
155. 7 171.2
154.4 168.5
153.4 165. 8

61.3
90.8
56.7
55.7
79.1
52.9
114.3 143.5 101.8
169.8 155.5 164.4
83.0 100.5
95.4
70.3
80.2
71.4
73.1
94.4
90.5
72.6
93.2
89.6
71.7
95.8
94.8
76.2
99.4 103.2
78.4 103.3 107.8
78.5 103.8 110.2
80.8 103.8 111 4
83.0 103.8 115.5
84.0 104.7 117.8
84.8 104.7 117.8
90.1 116.5 132.6
87.8 112. 2 129.9
94.5 130.2 145. 5
108.7 145.0 179.7
134.2 163.6 199.1
135.9 162.2 200.0
136.4 171.0 203.8
136.9 172.0 204.1
137.3 172.4 203.7
137.6 173.3 203.1
137.2 173.8 202.2
137.1 175.6 202.3
135.9 175.5 201.5
134.3 174.4 200.0
132.0 171.8 196. 5
130.1 168.4 193.9
129.9 « 166. 6 191.4
129.9 167.4 189.1

64.2
62.9
128.6
147.3
99.9
61.0
70.4
67.2
71.3
82.7
90.5
99.6
106.6
104.9
106.2
106.4
130.7
112.9
165.4
168.7
179.1
188.3
189.8
186.9
178.2
174.3
170.2
166.8
161.5
162.9
162.9
163. 8
162.4
161.3

68.1
69.7
131.6
193.2
109.1
72.9
95.6
92.7
100.8
108.3
114.8
117.7
117.5
116.7
118.1
118.0
137.2
122.4
172.5
182.4
188.8
189.2
188.4
187.4
185.5
186.2
185.3
184.8
182.3
180.4
179.9
179.2
178.8
177.6

57.3
55.3
142.6
188.3
90.4
54.9
69.7
67.8
73.8
84.8
91.8
96.9
97.4
98.4
100.1
99.6
116.3
109.2
131.6
141.7
149.8
150.8
150.4
149.3
148.3
147.4
146.7
146.1
145.2
143.8
142.2
140.5
139.2
138.2

1BL8 wholesale price data, for the most part, represent prices in primary
markets. They are prices charged by manufacturers or producers or are
prices prevailing on organized exchanges. The weekly index is calculated
from 1-day-a-week prices; the monthly index from an average of these
prices. Monthly indexes for the last 2 months are preliminary.
The Indexes currently are computed by the fixed base aggregate method,
with weights representing quantities produced for sale in 1629-31. (For a
detailed description of the method of calculation see “Revised Method of
Calculation of the Bureau of Labor Statistics Wholesale Price Index,” in
the Journal of the American Statistical Association, December 1637.)
Mimeographed tables are available, upon request to the Bureau, giving
monthly indexes for major groups of commodities since 1890 and for subgroups
and economic groups since 1913. The weekly wholesale price indexes are


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

80.2
56.1
93.1
77.9
66.7
88.1
178.0
99.2 142.3
173.7 143.3 176.5
94.0
94.3
82.6
73.9
75.1
64.4
76.0
86.3
74.8
74.2
85.6
73.3
77.0
88.5
77.3
84.4
94.3
82.0
90.4 101.1
87.6
95.5 102.4
89. 7
94.9 102.7
92.2
95.2 104.3
93.6
95.2 104.5
94.7
95.3 104.6
94.8
101.4 111.6 100.3
96.4 110.4
98.5
118.9 118.2 106.5
127.3 131.1 115.5
135.7 144.5 120.5
135.7 144.5 120.3
133.2 145.4 119.7
134.5 146.6 119.9
135.5 147.5 119.0
134.4 148.2 119.2
131.1 148.4 118.5
126.3 148.1 117.3
122.8 148.3 115.3
121.1 148.0 115. 7
117.7 147.0 115.6
118.2 146.2 113.5
116.8 0 145.1 « 111.0
118.1 143.2 110.2

Manu­
fac­
tured
prod­
ucts 3

All
com­
modi­
ties
except
farm
prod­
ucts 3

All
com­
modi­
ties
except
farm
prod­
ucts
and
foods 3

68.8
74.9
69.4
69.0
70.0
67.3
67.8
66.9
65.7
65 7
138.8 162.7 130.4 131.0
129.9
163.4 263.0 157.8 165 4 170 6
97.5
93.9
94.5
93.3
91.0
55.1
59.3
70 9
70.3
68.3
70.2
77.0
80. 4 79.5
81 3
66.5
74 5
80 1
79 1 77.9
71.9
79.1
81.6
80.8
83.0
83.5
86.9
89.1
88.3
89 0
92.3
90.1
94.6
93.3
93 7
100.6
92.6
98. 6 97.0
95 5
112.1
92.9 100.1
96 Q
98. 7
113.2
94.1 100.8
99.6
98.5
116.8
95.9 101.8 100.8
99 7
116.3
95.5 101.8 100.9
99.9
134.7 110.8 116.1 114.9
109.5
126.3 105.7 107.3 106.7
105.6
153.4 129.1 134.7 132 9 120 7
165.6 148.5 146.0 145.5
135.2
178.4 158.0 159. 4 159.8
151 0
184.3 157.5 162. 7 162.8
151 4
182.3 161.2 164.6 164.7
153 3
181.0 160.4 164.0 164.1
153 6
177.0 160.0 160.3 161.2
153 4
175.2 161.0 158.8 160.1
153 6
172.2 160.8 157.6 158.9
153.1
169.3 160.4 156.2 157. 8 159 9
165.8 159. 6 154.0 155. 7 151. 8
167.3 156. 9 154.1 155. 3 150. 7
165.8 153.1 153. 0 153. 7 148 9
165.9 «149.4 151. 5 152.1
146 8
164.3 «146. 5 « 150.5 «151.0 «145 4
163.0 146.0 149.7 150.5
145.0

available in summary form since 1947 for all commodities; all commodities
less farm products and foods; farm products; foods; textile products; fuel and
lighting materials; metals and metal products; and building materials.
Weekly indexes are also available for the subgroups of grains, livestock,
meats, and hides and skins.
3Includes current motor vehicle prices beginning with October 1946. The
rate of production of motor vehicles in October 1946 exceeded the monthly
average rate of civilian production in 1941, and in accordance with the an­
nouncement made in September 1946, the Bureau introduced current prices
for motor vehicles in the October calculations. During the war, motor
vehicles were not produced for general civilian sale and the Bureau carried
April 1642 prices forward in each computation through September 1946.
0 Corrected,

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

D: PRICES AND COST OF LIVING

359

T able D-8: Indexes of Wholesale Prices,1 by Group and Subgroup of Commodities
[1926=100]
1949

1948

Group and subgroup
¡--•¿li.

JS*-] i > : .■ ■

All commodities *_______ _
Farm products................. .It
Grains...............................
Livestock and po u ltry «
Livestock.................
Other farm produ cts...
Foods.______ ___________
Dairy products_______
Cereal products______
Fruits and vegetables..
M eats, poultry, and
fish r............................ .
T M eats.........................
Other foods__________ _
Hides and leather products.
Shoes.................................
Hides and skins..............
L eather............................
Other leather products..
Textile products.....................
C loth in g .........................
Cotton goods...................
Hosiery and underwear.
Rayon and nylon r .........
Silk r..................................
Woolen and worsted___
Other textile products...
Fuel and lighting materials.
A n th racite............. .........
Bituminous coal..............
Coke.................... ..............
Electricity.........................
Gas.....................................
Petroleum and products
Metals and metal products2.
Agricultural machinery
and equipm entr_____
Farm machinery r._.
Iron and steel.................
Motor vehicles r______
Passenger cars r___
Trucks r_________
Nonferrous metals____
Plumbing and heating.
Building materials................
Brick and tile.................
Cement______________
Lumber______________
Paint and paint mate­
rials___ ______ ____
Prepared paint____
Paint materials____
Plumbing and heating.
Structural steel..............
Other building mate­
rials..........................

Chemicals and allied prod­
ucts........ ................ .....
Chemicals________ I
Drug and pharma­
ceutical materials___
Fertilizer materials___
Mixed fertilizers_____
Oils and fats.......... .....
Housefumishing goods.......
Furnishings................
Furniture1............ .....
Miscellaneous_________
Tires and tubes »_____
Cattle feed................
Paper and pulp______
Paperboard______
Paper__________
Wood pulp........ .
Rubber, crude______
Other miscellaneous__
Soap and synthetic
___
detergents r____
1See footnote.l, table D-7

Apr.

July

June

M ay

153.4
165.8
154.1
188.4
209.3
154.4
161.3
149.2
146.1
145.3

154.4
168. 5
154.9
193.3
212.6
156.1
162.4
145.5
145.6
157.5

155.7 156.9
171.2 ~ 170. 5
159.9 163.8
191.5 189.0
207.7 202.4
160.8 160.0
163.8 162.9
145.9 147.2
145.1 145.3
167.3 158.1

212.2 215.5 215.2
227.3 230.3 227.0
130.5 127.8 128.5
177.6 178.8 179.2
183.8 184.1 184.0
182.4 186.0 188.2
175.4 177.1 177.4
144.4 144.4 144.6
138.2 139.2 140.5
144.8 145.6 146.0
167.8 169.7 172.6
98.5
99.6 100.4
39.6
39.6
40.8
49.2
49.2
50.1
157.9 159.7 159.7
178.8 177.7 179.1
129.9 129.9 130.1
135.4 «134. 2 ” 133. 7
188.9 188.6 188. 9
222.0 222.4 222.7
68.2
(3)
(3)
90.9
90.1
(3)
110.2 110.4 110.7
167.4 ”166. 6 168.4
144.2
146.7
164.2
176.0
183.9
141.0
132.1
154.7
1.39.1
101. 5
133.6
277.6
145.2
138.5
155.3
154.7
178.8
168.8

216.0
224.9
127.6
179.9
186.9
183.4
177.8
144.7
142.2
146.4
176.2
101.2
41.8
50.1
160.9
180.9
132.0
135.0
190.7
222.8
67.9
92.3
113.3
171.8
144.3 144.3 144.3
146.7 146. 7 146.7
”164.7 ”165.1 166.2
174.7 175.0 175.8
182.2 182.4 183.3
141.0 142.0 142.1*
”128. 8 ”138. 2 156.4
”154.7 ”154. 8 154.9
191.4 193.9 196.5
160.8 160.8 160.8
134.3 134.3 134.3
280.8 285.2 290.6
153.6 157.4 157.9
151.3 151.3 151.3
159.0 167.1 168.1
”154.7 ”154.8 154.9
178.8 178.8 178.8
168.5 170.5 173.8

118.1
118.1

116.8
116.9

124.7
120.7
108.3
118.5
143.2
149.1
137.1
110.2
60.6
204.7
156.8
146.4
151.5
190.5
35.1
121.5

124.3
”117. 5
108.3
116.9
”145.1
”150. 9
”139.3
”111.0
”62.1

199.3
159.6
146.9
152.9
205.4
34.5
121.9

128.5 1 131.3


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

118.2
116.9

117.7
117.2
123.0
119.7
108.3

Mar.

Feb.

Dec.

Jan.

160.66
5

50.1
161
189
137.1
137.7
196.5
220. 5
67.7
88.1
121.3
174.4 175.5 175.6
144.2 144.2 144.1
146.7 146.7 146.6
168.3 169.1 169.1
175.2 175.8 175.8
182.5 183.2 183.2
142.4 142.4 142.4
168.4 172.5 172.5
155.3 156.1 156.9
200.0
201.5 202.3
162.4 162.4 162.5
134. 3 134.3 134.1
294.7 296.9 299.5
162.3 165.3 166.3
151.3 151.3 151.3
177.4 183.8 185.8
155.3 156.1 156.9
178.8 178.8 178.8
i '■ i .
178.3 179.1 179.1
121.1

118.4
123.6
142.4
118.9
119.6
108.3
108.3
127.0 121.2
129.3
146.2 147.0 148.0
151.9 152.4 153.9
140.3 141.6 142.1
113.5 115.6 115.7
64.5
64.6
64.6
213.8 231.9 209.2
163.3 165.1 167.2
149.3 153.9 155.5
155.7 156.6 158.4
216.8 219.2 223.7
37.4
38.9
40.0
122.4 124.2 125.6
131.3 134.9 140.4
1See footnote 2, table D-7.

122.8

119.5
148.9
120.8
108.3
131.7
148.3
154. 2
142.3
115.3
64.7
190.4
168.0
157.6
158. 4
227.3
38.8
126.4
143.0

126.3
122.2

150.4
120.8
108.7
146.1
148.1
153.4
142.8
117.3
65.5
212.0
168.3
159.0
158.4
227.3
39.5
128.1
149.fi

162.4
177.3
171.1
204.6
221. 7
161.4
170.2
171. 2
150.0
139.8
220.8
230.8
140.9
185.3
188.0
197.2
186.5
148.6
146.7
148.8
189.2
103.7
41.8
46.4
159.6
190.0
137.2
136.4
195.4
219.0
67.7
91.1
122.0
173.8
144.0
146.5
165.4
175.7
183.3
142.0
172.5
157.3
202.2
160.5
133.4
305.9
161.2
142.9
184.3
157.3
178.8
176.9

Nov.

Oct.

164.0 165.4
180.8 183.5
171.1 170.4
213.4 223.4
234.1 246.9
162.6 162.0
174.3 178.2
170.7 174.9
150.5 149.6
139.6 137.1
227.4 239.8
240.0 255.0
149. 4 150.4
186.2 185.5
188.1 189.7
206.0 202.0
183.8 180.4
148.6 148.6
147.4 148.3
149.1 148.8
191.2 195.0
104.0 104.3
41.8
41.8
46.4
46.4
159.6 159.6
190.5 190.5
137.6 137.3
13e. 4 136.4
195.1 195.1
219.0 i 218.7
67.3
66.5
92.6
90.9
122.8 122.8
173.3 172.4
143.6 142.5
146.1 144.9
165.0 164.5
175.3 175.3
183.2 183.2
140.3 140.3
171.4 167.0
157.3 157.3
203.1 203.7
160.4 160.1
133.6 133.6
311.2 315.4
161.4 160.1
142.9 142.9
184.6 182.0
157.3 157.3
m .8
J78.8
175.6 174.8

131.1 134.4 135.5
123.4 125.8 128. 5
151.5 152.0 ■152. 7
120.1 119.5 117.2
108.3 107.9 107.9
179.4 195.1 .194. 5
148.4 148.2 147.5
153.6 153.6 152.5
143.1 142.8 142.6
118.5 119.2 119.0
66.2
66.2
66.2
217.1 217.9 195.4
169.5 169.9 170.2
161.7 162. 2 164.0
158. 4 158.4 158.4
233.6 236.0 236. 0
38.9
40.4
45.0
129.5 130.5 131.1
153.7 157.0 157.2
»Not available.

1946

1939

June

Aug.

Sept.

Aug.

July

168.9
189.9
176.9
244.2
268.8
159.6
186.9
179.9
153.3
139.4
266.5
2/7.4
149.1
187.4
190.0
210.5
181.9
148.6
149.3
148.6
199.8
104. 5
41.8
46.4
158.9
189.3
136.9
136.5
195.1
217.5
66.3
90.7
122.2
172.0
140. 5
142.7
164.0
175.0
182.9
140.2
166.4
157.0
204.1
159.5
133.2
317.4
160.0
142.9
181.7
157.0
178.8
174.8

169.8
' 191. 5
179.2
250. 0
273.3
158.7
189.8
185.1
154.0
140.5
273. 7
279.6
148.2
188.4
189.4
212.1
186.0
148.6
150.4
148.7
205.3
104.7
41.6
46.4
158. 4
186.6
136.4
136.0
194.6
217.4
65.5
86.9
122.1
171.0
135.5
137.6
163.2
174.1
181.9
139.7
165.9
153.9
203.8
159.2
133.0
319.9
158.4
142.9
178.3
153. 9
178.8
173.4

168.8
195.2
190.6
250.8
272.8
161.9
188.3
182.9
154.5
151.2
263.8
277.2
148.4
189.2
186.3
220.3
189.2
149.9
150.8
148.2
209.3
104.7
40.7
46.4
156.4
184.5
135.9
131.6
193.1
212. 3
66.4
90.4
122.1
162.2
134.1
136.3
153.2
168.2
175.0
137.3
153. 7
145.5
200.0
158.5
132.1
318.5
157.7
142.9
176.8
145.5
159.6
167.1

112.9
75.0
140. 1
61. 0
151.8
51. 5
137.4
66. 0
143.4
67.7
137.5
60.1
112.9
67.2
127.3
67.9
101.7
71.9
136.1
58.5
110.1
73.7
116.6
78.1
98.1
60.3
122.4
92.7
129. 5 100. 8
121.5
77. 2
110.7
84.0
115.2
97.1
109.2
67.8
120.3
81.5
139.4
65.5
75.8
61.5
30.2
28.5
(¡0
44.3
112.7
75.5
112.3
63.7
87.8
72.6
106.1
72.1
132.8
96.0
133.5
104.2
67.2
75.8
79.6
86.7
64.0
51.7
112.2
93.2
104.5
93.5
104.9
94.7
110.1
95.1
135.5
92.5
142.8
95.6
104.3
77.4
99.2
74.6
106.0
79.3
129.9
89.6
121.3
90.5
102.6
91.3
176.0
90.1
82.1
108.6
99.3
92.9
120.9
71.8
79.3
106.0
120.1
107.3
118.4
89.5

135.7
128.8
153.7
115. 0
104.4
199.7
144.5
148.6
140.4
120.3
66.2
239.6
166.8
172.2
150.9
238.9
49.6
130.0
159. 8

96.4
74.2
98.0
83.8
109.4
77.1
82.7
65.5
86.6
73.1
102.1
40.6
110.4
85.6
114.5
90.0
108.5
81.1
98.5
73.3
65.7
59.5
197.8
68.4
115.6
80.0
115.6
66.2
107.3
83.9
154.1
69.6
46.2
34.9
81.3
101.0
101.3
78.9
rRevised.

134.5 133.2
127.0 127.2
152.7 153.4
116.2 114.9
107.8 105.9
193.6 185.1
146.6 145.4
151.5 149.3
141.6 141.6
119.9 119.7
66.2
66.2
201. 7 198.4
170.9 169.0
165.6 169.7
158.4 154.7
238.9 238.9
46.4
48.1
132.1 132.2
158.2 158.6
0Corrected.

360

E: WORK STOPPAGES

M ONTHLY LABOR

E: Work Stoppages
T

able

E -l: Work Stoppages Resulting From Labor-Management Disputes 1
Number of stoppages

Workers Involved In stoppages

Man-days idle daring month
or year

M onth and year
Beginning
in month or
year

1947—
.........
1948......................

2,862
4, 750
4,985
3, 693
3,419

1948: July............
August----September.
October__
November.
December-

394
355
299
256
216
144

1935-39 (average).
1945*......................
1946—

............

Beginning
in month or
year

In effect dur­
ing month

In effect dur­
ing month

1.130.000
3, 470, 000
4, 600,000
2.170.000
1.960.000
614
603
553
468
388
283

218,000
143.000
158.000

307.000
232.000
267.000
194.000
189.000
93,100

110.000
111,000

40, 500

Percent of
estimated
working time

Number

16, 900,000
38, 000,000
116,000, 000
34, 600.000
34,100,000

0.27
.47
1.43
.41
.37

2,670, 000

.36
.26
.33
.27
.26
.09

2 , 100,000

2, 540, 000
2, 060, 000
1,910,000
713,000

.11

225
1949: January8. .
Pebruary 8.
225
March 8__
275
A p ril8___
400
M ay 8........
450
Jun e8..........
375
July 8____
300
> All known work stoppages, arising out of labor-management disputes,
involving six or more workers and continuing as long as a full day or shift
are included in reports of the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Figures on “work­
ers involved” and “man-days idle” cover all workers made idle for one or

400
70, 000
110,000
800,000
350
80,000
120,000
650,000
.10
400
500, 000
540,000
3,600,000
.46
500
175.000
225, 000
1, 800, 000
.25
600
250,000
320,000
3, 200,000
.45
550
575, 000
660, 000
4. 600,000
.61
525
110,000
225,000
2,100,000
.31
more shifts in establishments directly Involved in a stoppage. They do not
measure the indirect or secondary effects on other establishments or indus­
tries whose employees are made idle as a result of material or service shortages.
8 Preliminary estimates.

F: Building and Construction
T

able

F -l: Expenditures for New Construction1
[Value of work put in place]
Expenditures (in millions)
1949

Type of construction
Aug.8 July3
•
Total new construction4_________ ____ _

June'

M ay

1948

Apr.

Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

Nov.

Oct.

Sept.

Aug.

1947

Total

Total

$1,902 $1,853 $1,745 $1,585 $1,378 $1,267 $1,172 $1,293 $1, 447 $1,646 $1,814 $1,901 $1,934 $18, 775 $14,324

Private construction____________________ 1,336
Residential building (nonfarm)---------660
264
Nonresidential building (nonfarm)1___
Industrial......... ...................................
71
85
Commercial------ -----------------------Warehouses, office and loft
24
buildings_______ _________
Stores, restaurants, and garages______________________
61
Other nonresidential building_____
108
31
Religious ---------- -----------------22
Educational. _______________
Social and recreational_______
23
18
Hospital and institutional.........
14
Remaining types 1___________
75
Farm construction_______ ______ ____
337
Public utilities------------ -------------------36
Railroad-------- ------ -------------------Telephone and telegraph_________
55
Other public utilities____________
246
566
Public construction___________ ____ _____
21
Residential building_________________
Nonresidential building (other than
152
military or naval facilities)7.................
74
Educational----- ------ ------------------43
Hospital and institutional.................
35
All other nonresidential...................
9
Military and naval facilities--------------225
H ig h w a y s________ _____ ______ _____
51
Sewer and water. __________________
Miscellaneous public service enter8
prises 8___________________________
81
Conservation and development______
19
All other public
...................................

1,309
650
269
72
91

1,239
600
268
76
92

1,117
530
257
82
83

997
445
251
89
76

951
420
262
96
79

905
400
271
104
78

1,002
475
285
110
82

1,129
547
305
114
93

1,256
615
325
116
106

1,355
670
327
116
110

1,427
707
331
116
119

1,454 14, 563
720 7,223
329 3; 578
113 1,397
123 1,224

11,179
5 , 260
3,131
1,702
'835

24

24

23

23

25

27

29

31

32

32

32

31

323

216

67
106
30
21
23
17
15
60
330
37
56
237
544
19

68
100
28
20
22
15
15
50
321
36
62
223
506
17

60
92
26
19
20
14
13
40
290
34
60
196
468
15

53
86
24
19
19
12
12
30
271
31
60
180
381
14

54
87
24
20
19
11
13
18
251
27
57
167
316
10

51
89
25
21
19
11
13
10
224
25
46
153
267
8

53
93
26
22
20
10
15
12
230
27
45
158
291
8

62
98
27
24
21
10
16
13
264
33
56
175
318
7

74
103
28
25
23
10
17
22
294
36
60
198
390
7

78
101
27
25
23
10
16
39
319
39
61
219
459
7

87
96
25
24
22
10
15
63
326
38
61
227
474
7

92
■93
23
23
22
10
15
82
323
36
63
224
480
7

901
957
236
239
211
116
155
500
3,262
'379
713
2,170
4,212
85

619
594
118
164
92
107
113
450
2,338
318
510
1,510
3 ,145
186

148
72
40
36
9
210
51

144
71
39
34
9
185
51

141
70
36
35
9
160
49

134
68
34
32
8
100
46

122
64
31
27
9
68
42

108
60
27
21
7
52
39

110
60
28
22
7
68
41

110
61
27
22
9
83
42

116
62
27
27
11
131
45

115
60
26
29
11
186
47

109
57
25
27
11
200
49

103
53
23
27
12
220
47

1,057
567
219
271
137
1,585
481

505
275
81
149
204
1,300
331

9
79
19

8
74
18

9
67
18

9
56
14

8
45
12

5
39
9

6
40
11

5
50
12

7
58
15

10
66
17

10
71
17

10
65
16

108
597
162

117
386
116

i
Joint estimates of the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of
Labor, and the Office of Domestic Commerce, TJ. S. Department of Com­
merce. Estimated construction expenditures represent the monetary value
of the volume of work accomplished during the given period of time. These
figures should be differentiated from permit valuation data reported in the
tabulations for urban building authorized and the data on value of contract
awards reported in table F-2
8 Preliminary. »Revised.
* Includes major additions and alterations, except for private residential
building which covers new construction only.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Mar.

1948

8 Expenditures by privately owned public utilities for nonresidential build­
ing are included under “ Public utilities.”
8 Hotels and miscellaneous buildings not elsewhere classified.
7 Excludes expenditures to construct facilities used in atomic energy projects.
8 Covers primarily publicly owned electric light and power systems and
local transit facilities.
> Covers construction not elsewhere classified such as airports, navigational
aids, monuments, etc.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

T

able

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

361

F-2: Value of Contracts Awarded and Force-Account Work Started on Federally Financed
New Construction, by Type of Construction1
Value (in thousands)
Conservation and
development

Building

Period

Total
new con­
struc­
tion *

Nonresidential
AirTotal

dential

Total

Educational4

Hospital and
institutional

Total
1936..
1939..
1942 .
1946.. .
1947..
1948.. .

$1,533, 439
1,586,604
7,775, 497
1,450,252
1,294,069
1,690,182

1948: July............
August___
September.
October___
November.
December..

147,286
133,698
130,985
143,856
107,157
165,208

1949: January..
February.
March__
April........
M ay.........
June 9___
July 10....

87,542
94, 727
169, 357
117, 506
220,963
264, 597
109,009

( 7)

5, 211

3,568
2,535
1,039
(8)
( s)
( s)

$561,394
669,222
6,130,389
549,656
276,514
332,793

$63,465 $497,929 («1
(8)
(8)
$189,710
(8)
(8)
o)
231,071 438,151 (»)
(«)
(8)
225,423
(8)
(8)
(s)
549, 472 5,580, 917 n
0)
(8)
217,795
(8)
(8)
(8)
435,453 114,203 ( ' )
(')
(8)
300, 405
(8)
(8)
(*)
51,186 225,328 $47,692 $101,831 $96,123 $5, 708 $31,159 $44,646 308,029
8,328 324,465 1,417 246,242 168,015 78, 227 28,797 48,009 494,604

15,442
11,599
24.053
41, 449
12,470
20, 425

254
120
66
785
2,374
1,855

15,188
11,479
23,987
40,664
10, 096
18,570

0
4
31
0
84
0

36,810
39,110
35, 908
27,054
44,061
98,351
10, 966

87
1,970
1, 773
2,801
6,245
14, 730
140

36, 723
37,140
34,135
24, 253
37,816
83, 621
10, 826

148
635
0
0
17
0
0

i Excludes projects classified as “secret” by the military, and all construc­
tion for the Atomic Energy Commission. Data for Federal-aid programs
cover amounts contributed by both the owner and the Federal Government.
Force-account work is done, not through a contractor, but directly by a gov­
ernment agency, using a separate work force to perform nonmaintenance
construction on the agency’s own properties
9 Includes major additions and alterations.
» Excludes hangars and other buildings, which are included under “ Other
nonresidential” building construction.
4 Includes educational facilities under the Federal temporary re-use educa­
tional facilities program.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Vet­
erans’ Other

Admin­
Total
istra- Other
nontion
resi­
and dential
gen­
eral «

10,556 1,493 9,063
8,628
872 7,756
15,933 13,273 2,660
34,475 6,481 27,994
7,408
436 6,972
95 13,471
13,566
8,122
359
10,023 5, 468
25, 571 9,410
18, 779
575
18, 335
750
53,924 14, 648
7,130
0

7,763
4,555
16, 161
18, 204
17, 585
39, 276
7,130

1,177
1,041
2,674
3,231
844
1,521

Rec­
lama­
tion

River,
har­
bor,
and
flood
control

$73,797
115,612
150, 708
169, 253
77, 095
147, 921

$115,913
109,811
67,087
131,152
230,934
346,683

High­
ways

All
other4

$511,685 $270,650
355, 701 331,505
347,988 500,149
535, 784 49, 548
657,087 27,794
769,089 43, 978

3,455
1,806
5,349
2,958
1,760
3,483

41,947
22,423
29,091
37,166
35, 402
66,901

1,327
4,269
2,959
19,488
13,895
22,558

40, 620
18,154
26,132
17,678
21,507
44, 343

78,428
91,310
65,965
55,747
51,672
74,085

6,258
1,786
3,617
5,926
5,078
2,758

24, 784 3, 669
22, 615 3, 867
1, 637 6, 927
930 4, 544
13, 607 5, 857
10,418 19, 279
1,596 2,100

14,977
23, 966
84, 332
35, 541
88, 553
78, 249
21, 357

7, 596
3,079
22, 530
18, 778
61, 537
26, 563
6,806

7, 381
20, 887
61, 796
16, 763
27,016
51,686
14,551

34, 465
28,961
41,619
52,057
83, 750
79,390
75, 420

1, 290
2, 690
7,498
2,854
4, 599
8,607
1, 266

«Includes post offices, armories, offices, and customhouses. Includes
contract awards for construction at United Nations Headquarters at. New
York City as follows: September 1948, $497,000; January 1949, $23,810,000.
4 Includes electrification projects, water-supply and sewage-disposal sys­
tems, forestry projects, railroad construction, and other types of projects no7
elsewhere classified.
7 Included in “All other.”
4 Unavailable.
9 Revised.
79 Preliminary.

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

362

M ONTHLY LABOR

T able F-3: Urban Building Authorized, by Principal Class of Construction and by Type of Building1
Number of new dwelling units—House­
keeping only

Valuation (in thousands)

Privately financed

N ew residential building
Housekeeping

Period
Total all
classes1

NonPublicly house­
Privately financed dwelling units
financed keep­
dwell­
ing 4
ing
M ulti­
1-family 2-family3 family
Total
4 units

1942................................... $2,707,573 $598,570 $478,658
1946.............. ................... 4, 743, 414 2,114, 833 1,830, 260
1947................ ................. 5,561, 754 2, 892, 003 2,362, 600
1948............................— - 6, 961, 820 3, 431,664 2, 747, 206

$42,629
103, 042
156,757
184,141

N ew
nonresi­
dential
building

Addi­
tions,
altera­
tions,
and
repairs

Pub­
licly
fi­
2-fam­ M ulti­ nanced
ily 3 family 4

Total

1-fam­
ily

$77,283 $296, 933 $22. 910 $1, 510,688 $278, 472
181,531 355,587 43,369 1, 458, 602 771, 023
35,177 29, 831 1,712, 817 891, 926
372, 646
500,317 136,459 38,034 2,354,314 1,001,349

184,892
430,195
503, 094
517,112

138, 908
358,151
393, 720
392, 779

15, 747
24,326
34,105
36,650

30,237
47, 718
75, 269
87, 683

95,946
98,310
5,100
14, 760

1948: June___________
July......... .............
August...................
September______
October_________
N ovem ber______
December.............

705, 851
658,309
653, 520
592, 984
590, 922
477, 462
432, 979

366, 417
324,595
349, 753
268, 806
258, 238
215, 081
168, 483

301,690
264, 596
264, 725
228, 003
217, 735
178, 348
135,189

16, 501
15, 928
13, 489
14, 157
11, 834
9,143
10, 043

48, 226
44, 071
71, 539
26, 646
28, 669
27, 590
23, 251

4,138
11, 739
9, 215
17, 295
13, 779
23, 913
29,712

4, 710
3,167
3,186
3,163
2, 728
1,490
1, 940

224,321
222, 990
197, 059
218,121
235,891
167, 666
166, 872

106, 265
95, 818
94. 307
85, 599
80, 286
69,312
65, 972

54, 260
47,515
46, 993
39, 466
38, 465
32, 584
25, 549

42,110
36,666
35, 913
31, 750
31,189
25, 642
19,225

3,343
2,974
2, 332
2,837
2,393
1, 729
1,995

8,807
7, 875
8,748
4,879
4, 883
5,213
4,329

521
1,260
958
1,750
1,541
2, 205
3, 277

1949: January.................
February...........
March................. .
A p r il_____ ____
M ay 8__________
June 7__________

409,729
387,181
586,940
635, 111
665, 644
736,306

143, 359
153, 593
272,325
322, 063
359,364
356, 715

111,019
118, 452
222, 811
254, 245
254, 546
256,020

9, 607
6,507
11,915
13, 782
13, 446
10,547

22,733
28, 634
37, 599
54,036
91,372
90,148

32,910
23, 439
39, 602
24,021
30,497
27,810

1,120
1,626
2, 529
6, 397
3, 084
3,850

171, 911
147, 725
192,648
199,181
186,151
251,529

60, 429
60, 798
79,836
83, 449
86,548
96, 402;

23,411
24,839
42. 229
50, 800
54,199
55,327

16, 730
18, 331
32,905
37, 538
36,563
36,879

1,919
1,345
2,381
2,862
2,580
2,131

4,762
5,163
6,943
10, 400
15,056
16,317

3,660
2,480
4,162
2,738
3,110
3,281

i Building for which building permits were issued and Federal contracts
awarded in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken
in some smaller urban places that do not issue permits.
The data cover federally and nonfederally financed building construction
combined. Estimates of non-Federal (private, and State and local govern­
ment) urban building construction are based primarily on building-permit
reports received from places containing about 85 percent of the urban popula­
tion of the country: estimates of federally financed projects are compiled from
notifications of construction contracts awarded, which are obtained from other
Federal agencies. Data from building permits are not adjusted to allow for
lapsed permits or for lag between permit issuance and the start of construc­
tion. Thus, the estimates do not represent construction actually started
during the month.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Urban, as defined by the Bureau of the Census, covers all incorporated
laces of 2,500 population or more in 1940, and, by special rule, a small mim ­
er of unincorporated civil divisions.
1 Covers additions, alterations, and repairs, as well as new residential and
nonresidential building.
3 Includes units in 1-family and 2-family structures with stores.
4 Includes units in multifamily structures with stores.
3 Covers hotels, dormitories, tourist cabins, and other nonhousekeeping
residential buildings.
6 Revised.
7 Preliminary.

R E V IE W , S E P T E M B E R 1949

T able F-4:

F: BUILDING AND CONSTRUCTION

363

New Nonresidential Building Authorized in All Urban Places, 1
by General Type and by Geographic Division 2
Valuation (in thousands)

Geographic division and
type of new nonresi­
dential building

1949
June 3 M ay 4

Apr.

Mar.

1948
Feb.

Jan.

Dec.

N ov.

Oct.

Sept.

All types_____________ $25i, 529 $186,151 $199,181 $192, 648 $147, 725 $171,911 $166,872 $167, 666 $235,891 $218,121
N ew England_____
13,855
8,485 15,672
8,026
6, 229
4,607
8,092
8,288 12, 737
9, 577
34, 593 26, 378 28,400 26,848 16, 777 47, 775 28,386 29, 254 43, 850 30, 241
M iddle Atlantic___
East North Central. 65,33l 38,941 37,251 46,191 21, 264 40, 516 34, 82£ 32, 256 54, 209 55, 258
W est North Central. 17,610 12,255 17,178 18, 663
8, 535 10,812 11,345 11, 624 22, 623 14,832
South Atlantic____
26, 943 31, 298 26, 965 22, 220 39,158 17, 961 16, 581 18, 709 26, 463 24,372
East South Central. 14,655
8,897
9,621 10, 231
8, 048
5, 394
9, 89C
5,197 15,399 10, 613
West South Central. 32, 531 14,088 19, 910 20, 537 21,203 17,869 17, 726 26, 047 16, 476 25, 526
M ountain.................. 17,451
7,360
6,647
7,042
3, 510
4,840
4, 751
3,310
5, 697 18, 289
Pacific_____ ______ 38, 559 38,450 37, 537 32, 890 23, 001 22,135 35, 27C 32,979 38, 436 29,415
Industrial buildings8__ 16,138 14,358 19, 829 15,836 16, 855 26,085 19,961 20,387 33, 631 21,120
New England_____
367
623
972
1,019
858
378
1,445
1,483
2, 569
914
M iddle Atlantic___
1,945
2,410
4,416
3,478
3, 862
4,128
5,083
7,347
4, 955
3,035
East North Central.
6, 959
4,889
5.009
4, 012
4, 568 16,013
7,600
4,393
8,137
9, 423
West North Central.
1,995
1,122
2,063
1,112
1,746
996
860
882
822
756
South Atlantic_____
1,241
910
2,475
2,088
2,682
1,173
1, 454
2,010
6,972
1,262
East South Central.
612
570
1, 664
644
60C
826
843
458
1,506
507
West South Central.
532
703
560
537
557
244
751
786
1,431
980
M ountain_________
994
329
493
439
197
551
380
69
413
367
Pacific_________ _
2,489
1,806
2,177
2, 506
1,785
1,405
1,919
2, 959
6, 826
3,876
Commercial buildings #. 65,859 65,862 64, 539 61, 786 57, 527 55, 268 53, 528 66, 917 84, 905 94, 015
New England_____
3,195
2,956
3,878
2,848
3, 817
2, 282
2, 692
3,918
2,453
5, 689
M iddle Atlantic___
8,297
9,315 14,109
8, 068
6, 699 14,861
6,933 13,072 15,100 10,970
East North Central. 13,037 12,616 11, 625 13, 340
8, 205 10, 330 11, 498 11, 907 23,614 20,923
West North Central.
4,240
4, 541
4,802
4,955
3, 437
1,456
3, 381
3,666 10, 263
9,391
12, 883 10,092
South Atlantic____
8,447
8, 528
8,965
7,343
8,125
9,261
8, 789 10, 954
East South Central.
3,268
3,207
4,949
4,333
2,129
2,002
2, 674
3,191
3,016
3,502
West South Central.
9,705
5, 594
6,777
6, 424
9, 888
5,354
6,804 10, 684
8,342 17, 793
M ountain_________
2,436
2,688
1,827
2,829
1,936
2,632
1,414
1,523
2, 640
2,183
P a c ific ......................
8, 798 14,853
8,124 10, 461 12, 451
9,007 10, 007
9, 695 10, 688 12, 610
Community buildings 7. 132,145 68, 573 71,78u 89, 276 34, 679 49,152 72,192 56, 648 88, 646 68, 575
New England_____
8,203
3,445
3,171
3, 077
487
1,651
1,741
1, 505
5, 822
1,580
18,841 10,360
M iddle Atlantic___
7,427 12, 506
3, 717
3,314 14, 051
7, 279 20,166 11,588
East North Central. 29, 895 14,273 13,376 23, 532
5,323 11,145 13,035 11,143 1 6 , 675 11,429
West North Central.
9,859
4,649
8,274
5, 531
2. 900
6, 590
5,139
5, 405
7, 798
3,050
South Atlantic____
11,421
8,007
9,172 10, 261
3, 493
4,476
5, 605
5,326
8, 523
8,003
East South Central.
5,280
4, 488
2,688
4, 517
2,247
5, 483
1,610
1,215
9,110
4,811
West South Central. 17, 339
6,706 10, 766 12, 042
9, 902 10, 099
8,873 11,577
3,531
4,735
M ountain_________ 13,936
2,351
2, 446
3, 768
1,245
1,505
1,809
805
2,113 14,174
Pacific.______ _ . . . 17,370 14,296 13,138 15, 364
5,365
7, 779 17, 675 12,157 14, 908
9.205
Public buildings 8_____
11,662 13,277 11,046
6,654 22, 843 28,096
5,274
1,882
4,452
6,699
New England_____
698
55
340
431
138
300
9
20
453
166
M iddle Atlantic___
991
575
453
145
457 24,010
201
140
640
1, 756
East North Central.
208
1,149
111
17
158
50
184
136
15
15
West North Central.
273
55
74
4,317
0
1,054
459
251
25
45
South Atlantic____
228 10, 712
194 22,028
2,103
1,234
1,159
431
633
1,441
East South Central.
5,115
0
0
268
721
0
32
961
80
1,280
W est South Central.
1,731
42
75
0
8
674
364
211
121
' 782
M ountain_________
47
39
82
276
3
44
803
260
37
877
Pacific____________
2,372
649
7,716
1,097
158
1,514
439
364
1,567
337
Public works and utility
buildings ' __________
13, 838 10,635 20,304
7,963 10, 540
9,398 11, 853 11,953 15, 425
8,571
New E ngland..........
778
790
6,459
131
729
145
1,584
371
456
273
Middle Atlantic___
2,653
2,127
274
1,093
1,225
1,178
605
262
1,423
1,280
East North Central.
1,813
1,158
3,714
2,726
2,420
2,157
1,339
2,148
2,274
9,801
W est North Central.
208
569
745
953
234
1,202
223
620
2,327
325
South Atlantic_____
798
645
3,889
535
1,383
2,265
787
893
779
1,946
East South Central.
20
402
24
98
2,875
763
3
36
534
270
West South Central.
2,431
257
1,021
769
383
596
1,044
2, 240
2,241
579
M ountain_________
177
838
40
494
0
5
131
148
66
139
Pacific____________
4,960
3,850
4,138
1,164
1,292
833
3,109
6,135
812
1,853
All other buildings10___ 11,887 13,446 11,684 11,134
5,282
4,739
6,516
9,977 12,303 12,289
New Eneland_____
613
616
761
610
200
277
766
420
984
955
M iddle Atlantic____
1,867
1, 591
1,721
1, 559
817
858
940
1,154
1,566
1,612
East North Central
3, 420
4,857
3,416
2,565
699
688
1,193
2,529
3, 494
3,667
West North Central.
1,035
1, 319
1, 221
1,796
218
552
245
800
1,388
1,265
South Atlantic____
703
601
879
614
607
416
513
788
767
766
East South Central.
360
230
296
370
196
161
166
217
272
243
West South Central.
793
787
764
710
467
397
395
549
810
657
M ountain
526
450
437
558
129
102
214
505
428
549
Pacific...... ..................
2,571
2,996
2,244
2,298
1,948
1, 597
2,121
2,669
2,594
2,575
1 Building for which permits were issued and Federal contracts awarded
in all urban places, including an estimate of building undertaken in some
smaller urban places that do not issue permits. Sums of components do not
always equal totals exactly because of rounding.
3 For scope and source of urban estimates, see table F-3, footnote 1.
* Preliminary.
* Kevised.
! Includes factories, navy yards, army ordnance plants, bakeries, ice plants,
industrial warehouses, and other buildings at the site of these and similar
production plants.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Aug.

July

June

1948

1947

Total

Total

$197,059 $222, 990 $224,321 $2,354,314 $1,712,817
10, 533 15, 723 21, 234
33,027 30, 777 33, 605
49, 368 58, 209 5 6 ,373
17,026 12,173 13! 671
18, 773 35, 759 24, 991
9, 905
6, 779
8, 883
15, 019 27,156 20! 360
8, 776
7,779
4, 429
34, 630 28, 634 40, 773
27,043 24,351 33, 059
546
3, 526
2,365
7,220
5,119
5! 165
9, 511
9,217 15! 602
1,957
' 713
2,039
1,670
1,180
2! 159
' 452
1,023
l! 465
1, 799
1,836
l! 023
119
' 248
65
3,198
2, 243
2, 993
79, 596 9 2 ,101 83! 343
4, 718
7,307
5, 780
12,987 13, 221 14, 446
15, 725 17,174 17, 903
7,128
6,575
4, 647
10, 426 13, 501 10, 360
3, 864
3, 202
3, 232
7,076 12,324
8,120
4, 965
4,192
2! 761
12, 707 16,132 14, 567
60,377 71,048 69, 058
4,137
3,827
9! 502
9,185
8; 658
8, 753
13,394 21, 795 15, 246
3, 521
2, 736
3! 994
5,538 11,420
6,667
3! 665
2, 636
2, 592
4, 617 10, 736
8! 876
2,788
566
2, 825
13, 532
6, 415 12,962
5,155
5, 734 14,936
100
54
613
498
337
2,463
3,385
1,276
3,700
138
96
' 753
47
914
1,449
0
45
l ! 230
286
260
1,467
73
68
475
654
234
5,210

147,633
392! 348
506, 435
172, 407
266, 635
IO2 ! 763
271,383
82, 603
4 1 2 ! 106
299! 371
19, 840
65, 934
100, 034
16,058
27', 776
9, 054
15! 863
2, 769
42,043
925, 954
5 5 , 468
132! 703
177,322
72,809
121, 571
39! 391
126, 054
35, 275
165,361
778,045
47,004
153! 109
149, 667
53, 460
78,034
38,392
102, 937
34,081
121,361
71,953
5,901
8,681
11,173
4, 815
I , 661
8,936
6', 112
3,605
15,069

109, 977
272, 026
371 948
182,168
200, 058
78 009
193, 221
58,162
301,658
322, 230
26, 098
58 189
118, 667
19, 890
20, 549
13, 426
17, 519
2, 852
45, 090
686, 282
32, 853
91, 206
118, 839
57, 240
106, 788
34, 680
91, 548
26! 855
126! 273
406! 920
25, 759
8 0 ! 190
62, 542
34! 639
40,172
16, 913
65,309
18,366
63, 030
41.049
3, 418
4, 712
8,372
l! 696
6, 285
830
4, 579
2, 416
8,741

11,872
291
1,587
3, 584
3,103
388
865
413
334
1,307
13,014
741
1,550
3, 769
i; 179
704
488
854
497
3, 232

150, 020
11, 439
16, 656
35, 809
13, 574
22, 204
3, 751
1 2 ; 811
2,055
31, 721
128, 970
7,981
15, 265
32, 430
11, 691
9,389
3, 239
7,606
4, 818
36, 551

143, 824
15,085
24! 968
35,972
8, 737
19! 046
4,154
7, 647
3, 520
24, 695
112,512
13, 764
27,412
9, 556
3! 961
7,213
3,006
6! 618
4,153
33,829

17, 846
1,736
1,923
3, 279
'882
7,845
193
1,494
'209
285
11,909
800
1,519
3, 044
1,171
899
251
480
420
3,325

9,306
530
1,252
2, 549
1,082
3,051
11
322
8
501
14,617
917
1,526
3, 797
l! 156
1,405
'353
552
371
4,540

8
Includes amusement and recreation buildings, stores and other mercantile
buildings, commercial garages, gasoline and service stations, etc.
7 Includes churches, hospitals, and other institutional buildings, schools,
libraries, etc.
8 Includes Federal, State, county, and municipal buildings, such as post
offices, courthouses, city halls, Are and police stations, jails, prisons, arsenals,
armories, army barracks, etc.
• Includes railroad, bus and airport buildings, roundhouses, radio stations,
gas and electric plants, public comfort stations, etc.
10
Includes private garages, sheds, stables and bams, and other buildings
not elsewhere classified.

F: BUrLDING AND CONSTRUCTION

364
T

able

M ONTHLY LABOR

F-5: Number and Construction Cost of New Permanent Nonfarm Dwelling Units Started,
by Urban or Rural Location, and by Source of Funds1
Number of new dwelling units started

Estimated construction cost
(in thousands;
Publicly financed

Privately financed

All units
Period
Urban

Rural
nonfarm

Total
nonfarm

Urban

Rural
nonfarm

Total
non­
farm

Urban

Rural
non­
farm

0 $4, 475,000 $4,475,000
285,446
285,446
0
21,800 2,825,895 2,530, 765
483, 231
495,054
100
0 3, 769, 767 3,713,776
5,
617,425
0 5,642,798
3,200 7,199,161 7,028,980

0
0
$295,130
11,823
55, 991
25,373
170,181

1925 » ....................................................
1933
............................................—
1941
.................................................
1944
.................................................
1946........................................................
1947.......................................................
1948.......................................................

937,000
93,000
706,100
141,800
670, 500
849,000
931,300

752,000
45,000
434,300
96, 200
403,700
479,800
524,600

185,000
48,000
271,800
45, 600
266,800
369, 200
406, 700

937,000
93,000
619, 500
138, 700
662, 500
845, 600
913,500

752,000
45,000
369, 500
93,200
395,700
476,400
510,000

185,000
48,000
250,000
45,500
266,800
369,200
403, 500

0
0
86,600
3,100
8,000
3,400
17,800

0
0
64,800
3,000
8,000
3,400
14, 600

- First quarter______________
January ______________
February______________
March ______________
Second quarter____________
April....................................
M a y ..................................

138,100
39,300
42,800
56,000
217, 200
67,100
72,900

Third quarter_____________
J u ly ...................................

261, 200
81,100
86,300
93,800
232, 500
94,000
79,700
58,800

81,000
24, 200
25,000
31,800
119,100
37, 600
39,300
42, 200
142, 200
44,500
47, 400
50,300
137,500
53,200
48,000
36,300

57,100
15,100
17,800
24, 200
98,100
29, 500
33, 600
35,000
119,000
36, 600
38,900
43, 500
95,000
40,800
31,700
22,500

137,000
38,200
42,800
56,000
217,000
67,100
72,900
77,000
260, 700
81,100
86,100
93, 500
230,900
93,500
78,900
58, 500

79,900
23,100
25,000
31,800
118,900
37,600
39,300
42,000
141,700
44,500
47, 200
50,000
135,900
52,700
47,200
36,000

57,100
15,100
17,800
24,200
98,100
29, 500
33, 600
35,000
119,000
36, 600
38,900
43,500
95,000
40,800
31,700
22, 500

1,100
1,100
0
0
200
0
0
200
500
0
200
300
1,600
500
800
300

1,100
1,100
0
0
200
0
0
200
500
0
200
300
1,600
600
800
300

180,000
53, 500
50,100
76, 400
297, 600
99, 500
100,300
97,800
263, 800
95, 000
86,600
82, 200
189, 900
73, 400
63,600
52,900

102,900
30,800
29,000
43,100
166,100
55,000
56, 700
54, 400
144,100
52,300
47, 600
44,200
111, 500
41,300
38,000
32,200

77,100
22, 700
21,100
33,300
131, 500
44, 500
43, 600
43,400
119,700
42, 700
39,000
38,000
78, 400
32, 100
25.600
20, 700

177,700
52, 500
48,900
76,300
293,900
98,100
99, 200
96, 600
259,300
93, 700
85,100
80,500
182,600
71,900
61,300
49,400

100,800
29,800
28, 000
43,000
164, 600
54, 600
56,100
53, 900
140, 100
51,000
46.600
42, 500
104, 500
39, 800
35. 800
28,900

76,900
22, 700
20,900
33,300
129, 300
43, 500
43,100
42, 700
119, 200
42, 700
38, 500
38, 000
78,100
32, 100
25, 500
20,500

2,300
1,000
1,200
100
3,700
1,400
1,100
1,200
4, 500
1,300
1,500
1,700
7,300
1,500
2,300
3, 500

2,100
1,000
1,000
100
1,500
400
600
500
4,000
1,300
1,000
1,700
7,000
1,500
2, 200
3,300

169, 800
50,000
50, 400
69,400
283, 300
88, 300
95, 000
100,000

94. 200
29, 500
28,000
36, 700

75,600
20, 500
22,400
32, 700

75,300
20, 500
22,300
32, 500

300
(7)
100
200

46, 700
(10)
(10)

38,300
(10)
(10)

10, 400
3, 700
2,600
4,100
10, 900
3,300
3, 400
4,200

10,100
3,700
2,500
3, 900

49, 500
(i°)
(10)

159, 400
46,300
47,800
65,300
272, 400
85,000
91, 600
95, 800

84,100
25, 800
25, 500
32,800

CO
0°
O
O
oo

Total
nonfarm

2,800
(10)
(10)

600
(10)
(10)

1947

n \ 200

September------------------Fourth quarter____________
October - _____________
N o v em b er____________
December_____________
1948

* Ffrst qu arter_____________
January
_____ _______
February ____________
Second quarter____________
April.........— ....................
M a y ................... ..............
Third quarter........................ .
July...................................September____________
Fourth quarter____________
October
___________
November__ __________
December______ ______

1

Q4Q: First, quarter______________
January _____________
F eb ru ary_____________
March _______________
April 8_ .--------------------M ay 8 ------- ------ --------June 8_____ ____ ______

(1°)
0°)

1 The estimates shown here do not include temporary units, conversions,
dormitory accommodations, trailers, or military barracks. They do include
prefabricated housing units.
These estimates are based on building-permit records, which, beginning
with 1945, have been adjusted for lapsed permits and for lag between permit
issuance and start of construction. They are based also on reports of Federal
construction contract awards and beginning in 1946, on field surveys in non­
permit-issuing places. The data in this table refer to nonfarm dwelling units
started, and not to urban dwelling units authorized, as shown in table F-3.
AM of these estimates contain some error. For example, if the estimate of
nonfarm starts is 50,000, the chances are about 19 out of 20 that an actual
enumeration would produce a figure between 48,000 and 52,000.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Total

Privately
financed

Publicly
financed

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

808, 263
223,577
244,425
340, 261
1,361,677
418,451
452, 236
490,990
1,774,150
539,333
589, 470
645,347
1, 698, 708
678,687
584,731
435, 290

800, 592
215,906
244,425
340, 261
1,360.477
418,451
452, 236
489, 790
1,770, 475
639,333
587, 742
643,400
1,685,881
675,197
578,324
432,360

7,671
7,671
0
0
1,200
0
0
1,200
3,675
0
1,728
1,947
12,827
3,490
6,407
2,930

200

1,315,050
383,563
368, 915
562,572
2,286, 758
748,848
769,093
768,817
2,111,278
750,843
719,080
641,355
1,486,075
573, 888
498,040
414,147

1,296,612
374,984
359,420
562,208
2,252,961
736,186
758,635
758,140
2,065, 770
738,659
703,066
624,045
1,413,637
560,347
471,336
381,954

18,438
8, 579
9,495
364
33, 797
12,662
10, 458
10, 677
45,508
12,184
16,014
17,310
72, 438
13, 541
26,704
32,193

1, 285,835
373, 940
382,684
529, 211
2,133, 225
666,383
724, 734
742,108

1,189,640
340, 973
357, 270
491,397
2, 031, 295
637,170
689,770
704,355

96,195
32, 967
25,414
37,814
101,930
29, 213
34,964
37,753

C)

200
(7)
2,200
1,000
500
700
500
(7)
500
(7)
300
(7)
100
200

2 Private construction costs are based on permit valuation, adjusted for
understatement of costs shown on permit applications. Public construction
costs are based on contract values or estimated construction costs for in­
dividual projects.
* Housing peak year.
< Depression, low year.
» Recovery peak year prior to wartime limitations.
* Last full year under wartime control.
2 Less than 50 units.
* Revised.
* Preliminary.
10 N ot available.

a.

i. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1949