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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS vol. v —n o . 3 WASHINGTON S e p t e m b e r , 1917 THE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES INVESTIGATION ACT OF CANADA.1 BY B E N J A M IN M . SQ U IK E S . IN T R O D U C T IO N . Omitting administrative details, the essential features of the Ca nadian Industrial Disputes Investigation Act may be set forth in a statement of purpose and scope. As expressed in complete title, the act is intended to “ aid in the prevention and settlement of strikes and lockouts in mines and industries connected with public utilities.”2 Although the title thus disclaims restriction of the right to strike or lock out and limits the scope to disputes in industries affecting directly the public welfare, the act provides that a strike or lockout in these industrie« is illegal until the dispute has been reported on by a board of conciliation and investigation and, further, that industries other than those specified may be brought within the scope of the act by agreement of both parties to the dispute, the right to strike or lock out being suspended during an investigation. This restriction upon the right to strike or lock out pending an investigation has caused the act to be known generally as the “ Compulsory investigation act.” It should be noted that the act applies only to disputes involving 10 or more employees in which the controversy has reached a stage that, “ failing an adjustment of the dispute or a reference thereof by the minister to a board, * * * a lockout or strike will be declared * * * and that the necessary authority to declare such lockout or strike has been obtained.” It is provided further that the violation of privileges, rights, and duties of employers or employees does not constitute a dispute in the meaning of the act if such viola tion is in itself an indictable offense. Subject to these limitations and to the provision that for disputes in industries not specified in the act both parties must concur in the application, it is possible for disputes in all industries to be referred for adjustment. 1 A com plete rep o rt, of w hich th e p re se n t a rtic le is a sum m ary, w ill ap p e a r la te r a s a b u lletin of th e B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s of th e U. S. D ep artm en t of Labor. 2 Scope extended M ar. 23, 1916, by o rd er of th e G overnor G eneral in Council to include m u n itio n s of w ar in d u stries. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 413 ) 1 2 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. The Canadian Industrial Disputes Investigation Act has been in operation since March 22, 1907.1 I t need hardly be observed that the people of the United States have been keenly interested in the results of its administration. Several State legislatures have considered measures embodying similar provisions and in one State, Colorado, a law patterned closely after the Canadian act has been in operation since 1915. Moreover, the principle of compulsory investigation has been proposed as a means of adjusting disputes on railways engaged in interstate commerce. With the industries of the country taxed to the utmost during the continuance of the present war emergency, it seems inevitable that there will be industrial unrest and that State and National legislative measures seeking to avoid interruption to industry will be enacted. I t is timely, therefore, to inquire frankly as to the effectiveness of those provisions which serve to characterize the Canadian act. Numerous reports dealing with the operation of the Canadian act have appeared as a result of official and personal inquiries. For the most part these reports have dealt with the disputes referred to boards for adjustment and, while directing attention to occasional violations and to disputes in which strikes or lockouts were not averted by ref erence to a board, have not been concerned in large measure with the question of illegal strikes and lockouts or the enforcement of the penal provisions. In the report summarized herewith attention is directed primarily to the effectiveness of the compulsory investiga tion provisions of the act. To this end an analysis has been made of the following: 1. Strikes and lockouts in industries within the scope of the act. 2. Disputes referred for adjustment under the act: a. Strikes and lockouts. b. Disputes within the scope of the act, not resulting in strike or lockout but in which statutory declaration of intent to take such action was made. c. Disputes not within the scope of the act referred for adjust ment by the concurrence of both parties to the dispute under section 63, or in which application was made for reference. 3. Strikes and lockouts in all industries during the period 19011916. 4. Prosecutions for violations of the restrictive provisions of the act. In the preparation of the report access was had to the files of the Canadian Department of Labor containing correspondence inci dent to the applications for and establishment of boards of concili- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 Am ended M ay 4, 1910. ( 414 ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 3 ation and investigation, and the operation of the act was discussed with the minister and deputy minister of labor and with other officials concerned with its administration. The following publications of the Canadian Department of Labor were used as sources in the compilation of disputes: 1. Annual reports of the Minister of Labor. 2. Annual reports of the Registrar of Boards of Conciliation and Investigation. 3. The Labor Gazette (Monthly Bulletin of the Department of Labor). 4. Reports on Strikes and Lockouts in Canada, 1901-1912. I t is axiomatic that social and economic conditions make for in dustrial peace or unrest irrespective of antistrike or lockout legisla tion. Any attempt, therefore, to compare, without correlation with other factors, the number of trade disputes resulting in strikes or lockouts during a period prior to the passage of measures for their adjustment, with strikes and lockouts during a subsequent period, is open to serious objection. Moreover, it is impossible to estimate the salutary eifect of antistrike or lockout legislation in making for vol untary negotiations and in preventing precipitate action whether or not the aid of such legislation is directly invoked. It is idle to speculate as to how many strikes or lockouts might have occurred in Canadian industries since the inception of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act had that act not been passed. I t is incorrect to assume that every dispute referred under the act would have resulted in a strike or lockout but for such reference even though a statutory declaration of intent to strike or lock out is required before a board can be constituted. D IS P U T E S IN IN D U S T R IE S W IT H IN T H E SCOPE OF A N D PR O C E E D IN G S U N D E R T H E C A N A D IA N ACT. Interpreting the compulsory investigation provisions of the act strictly, any strike or lockout occurring in industries within its scope before an investigation and report of a legally constituted board is a violation of the act. In a sense, however, for those strikes and lock outs commencing prior to an application for reference but terminat ing prior to the completion of the board, the matters in dispute be ing held in abeyance pending an investigation and report, the offense is palliated somewhat by the fact that after the act was recognized in a formal application the disputants became law-abiding. Strikes and lockouts occurring in industries within the scope of and without reference to the act are plainly flagrant violations. Strikes and lockouts commencing prior to an application for a board and con tinuing after the board is created, as well as strikes and lockouts commencing after an application for a board but before its report, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 415 ) 4 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. are indications not only of a disregard of the penal provisions but as well a lack of confidence in the act as a conciliatory measure. Even those strikes and lockouts which occur after the investigation and report of a board, and are therefore legal, should be charged to the discredit of the act since the sole purpose of the compulsory investigation feature is to avoid interruption to industry. During the period March 22, 1907, to December 31, 1916, there have occurred within the scope of the act 222 disputes resulting in strikes and lockouts, affecting 100,608 employees, whose time loss was 4,838,647 working days. In 44 of these, involving 44,086 em ployees and a time loss of 3,665,969 days, application was made for reference under the act. Of this number, 18 disputes, affecting 20,330 employees and occasioning a time loss of 1,822,805 days, did not result in strike or lockout until after the investigation and report of a board and consequently were legal. Thus there have beeh 204 illegal strikes or lockouts, affecting 80,278 employees whose time loss was 3,015,844 days. Of this number, 178 strikes, involving 56,522 employees and a time loss of 1,172,678 days, occurred without either party to the dispute seeking to invoke the aid of the act. A further analysis of the strikes and lockouts referred under the act shows that 9 strikes, involving 4,606 employees and a time loss of 38,070 days, began prior to the application for a board but terminated prior to the completion of the board and pending its investigation and report; 5 strikes, affecting 3,950 employees whose time loss was 46,650 days, began prior to the application for a board and were adjusted before a board was constituted; 5 strikes, affecting 11,034 employees whose time loss was 1,625,456 days, began prior to the application for a board and continued after the board was con stituted ; 7 strikes, affecting 4,166 employees and resulting in a time loss of 134,990 days, began after the application for a board but before its report. In addition to the 44 strikes and lockouts in the adjudication of which the act was invoked, 173 disputes affecting 141,295 employees, not resulting in strike or lockout but in which statutory declaration of intent to take such action was made, were referred to boards of conciliation and investigation under the act, or application was made for such reference and action taken by the Department of Labor con templating the establishment of such a board. In 36 of these dis putes, affecting 34,145 employees, a settlement was reported before a board was constituted; in 137 disputes, affecting 107,150 employees, boards were constituted. How many of these 137 disputes would have resulted in strikes or lockouts but for reference under the act is problematical. I t will be interesting, however, to examine those disputes in which application was made for reference, such applica https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis b le ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 5 tion being accompanied by the statutory declaration that, failing an adjustment or a reference, a strike or lockout would result, but for which boards were not constituted. Of the cases in which boards were not constituted, only those are reported in the official proceedings under the act in which action was taken by the Department of Labor looking to the establishment of a board. Of those reported, reference has been made to 5 strikes affect ing 3,950 employees and to 36 disputes not resulting in strike or lockout, affecting 34,145 employees, in which boards were not con stituted. Of the 5 strikes all began prior to the applications for boards and could not have been precipitated by a failure of reference. Of the cases not reported officially, 14 disputes affecting 8,247 em ployees were in industries not within the scope of the act, and for which the department was unable to grant boards owing to the lack of concurrence of both parties to the disputes. Of these 14 disputes, 6 disputes, affecting 6,465 employees, resulted in strikes prior to the applications for boards, consequently the inability of the department to apply the act could not be advanced as a reason for the strikes. One strike, affecting 96 employees, commenced the same day the application was received and presumably not until the other party to the dispute had refused to concur in the request for a board. Summarizing the figures of the preceding paragraph, it will be observed that there have been 55 disputes, affecting 46,342 employees, in which application was made for reference but boards not con stituted.1 In 11 of these disputes, affecting 10,415 employees, a strike occurred prior to the application for reference. In 44 disputes, af fecting 35,927 employees, a strike did not occur prior to the applica tion for reference and of these, 43, or 97.7 per cent of the disputes, affecting 35,831, or 99.7 per cent of the employees, were adjusted without the occurrence of a strike or lockout. It is recognized, how ever, that the formal action of applying for a board may in itself make for a resumption of negotiations between the parties to a dis pute and, too, that after the application is received the department is in a favorable position to serve as a conciliatory or mediatory agency and may aid in securing a settlement before a board is com pleted. It is recognized, too, that these disputes settled without boards and without strikes or lockouts may not have presented the same degree of difficulty in adjustment as the disputes referred to boards. To the extent, however, that the statutory declaration of intent to strike or lock out indicates the seriousness of the controversy, all dis putes are on a parity. Measured thus, it is apparent that of the 137 disputes not resulting in strikes or lockouts, referred to boards under 1 Other applications for reference, not reported officially, in which boards were re fused for technical or other reasons, or in which settlem ents were effected before action was taken by the departm ent, are not considered in this analysis. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 417 ) 6 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. the act, a considerable number even though not referred to boards would have been adjusted without the occurrence of strikes or lockouts. Viewed strictly as a conciliatory measure, the usefulness of the act should be reflected in the applications for reference under section 63, whereby disputes outside specified industries may be brought within the scope of the act by the concurrence of both disputants. During the period under consideration there were 26 applications under section 63, in disputes affecting 13,781 employees. In 12 of these disputes, affecting 5,534 employees, boards were constituted. As previously stated, in 14 disputes, affecting 8,247 employees, the department was unable to constitute boards because it did not have the joint consent of the disputants. During the same period there occurred a total of 691 strikes and lockouts, affecting 149,812 em ployees whose time loss was 3,254,332 working days, in industries not within the scope of the act but which might have been brought within its scope by agreement of both parties to the disputes. For the purpose of reflecting the development of public opinion for or against the act, the period March 22, 1907, to December 31, 1916, may be conveniently divided into two periods of approximately five years each. ¡Whether there were fewer or more disputes result ing in strikes or lockouts or in which the intent to take such action was declared, in one period than in the other, is not in itself conclusive. I t might be expected, however, that greater familiarity with the pur pose, scope, and operation of the act would lead to its application in a greater percentage of disputes arising in industries within its scope. It might also be expected that, with the greater undesirability of interruption to industry arising out of participation in the European conflict, the relative importance of a governmental agency for the adjudication of labor disputes would be augmented. It should be fruitful, therefore, to compare the periods 1907-1911 and 1912-1916 as to the proportion the disputes referred are of the disputes within the scope of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act. During the period March 22, 1907, to December 31, 1911, 118 strikes and lockouts, affecting 62,344-employees whose time loss was 3,620,346 working days, occurred in industries within the scope of the act. For the same period there were 92 statutory declarations of intent to strike or lock out, involving 70,175 employees, but in which such strike or lockout did not occur. During the period January 1, 1912, to December 31, 1916, there were 104 strikes and lockouts, affecting 38,264 employees and occasioning a time loss of 1,218,301 working days, and 81 statutory declarations of intent to strike or lock out not resulting in such action, affecting 71,120 employees, in industries within the scope of the act. Boards were constituted for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 418 ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 7 49.1 per cent of the disputes during the first period, as against 39.5 per cent during the second period. On the basis of employees affected, boards were constituted for 72.4 per cent during the first period, as against 47 per cent during the second period. Of the strikes and lockouts within the scope of the act, boards were constituted for 22.9 per cent of such strikes and lockouts, 56.5 per cent of the employees affected, and 93.7 per cent of the working days lost during the first period, as against 11.5 per cent of the strikes and lockouts, 12.9 per cent of the employees affected, and 18.5 per cent of the working days lost during the second period. Rela tively, then, a much smaller percentage of disputes within the scope of the act have been referred to boards during the period 1912-1916 than during the period 1907-1911. An analysis of disputes in the mining industry shows that of all mining disputes boards were constituted for 56.2 per cent during the first period, as against 30.5 per cent during the second period, and 69.2 per cent of the employees affected as against 23.3 per cent. If only strikes and lockouts are considered, the per cent is 39.1, as against 17.2 for such strikes and lockouts; 57.5, as against 8.3 for employees affected; and 96.8, as against 16.8 for working days lost. The act is conceded to have been most successful in its application to railway disputes, yet boards were constituted for 55.3 per cent of the railway disputes during the first period, as against 36 per cent during the second period, and 78.9 per cent of the employees affected, as against 52.7 per cent. Of all railway strikes and lock outs, boards were constituted for 23.4 per cent during the period 1907-1911, as against 12.5 per cent during the period 1912-1916, 71.2 per cent of employees affected, as against 20.7 per cent, and 87.7 per cent of the working days lost, as against 51.8 per cent. A comparison of illegal strikes and lockouts for the two periods shows that for the first period 90 per cent of the strikes and lockouts, affecting 71.2 per cent of the employees and occasioning 53.7 per cent of the total time loss, in industries within the scope of the act, were illegal as against 93.3 per cent of the strikes and lockouts, 93.7 per cent of the employees affected and 86.8 per cent of the total time loss of the second period. A similar analysis for mining shows that 84.8 per cent of strikes and lockouts, affecting 82 per cent of the em ployees and occasioning 60.2 per cent of the time loss, in mining were illegal during the first period, as against 89.7 per cent of strikes and lockouts, affecting 92.5 per cent of the employees and occasioning 85.1 per cent of the time loss during the second period. In railways, 90 per cent of the strikes and lockouts, affecting 37.2 per cent of the employees and occasioning 17.5 per cent of the time loss, in railways https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 419 ) 8 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. were illegal during the first period, as against 93.7 per cent of the strikes and lockouts, affecting 94.5 per cent of the employees and occasioning 95.8 per cent of the time loss, of the second period. ST R IK E S A N D LOCKOUTS IN C A N A D IA N IN D U S T R IE S , 1901-1916. Any consideration of the effects of the Canadian act leads natur ally to a comparison as between periods of time prior to and subse quent to its inception. It can not be overemphasized, however, that strike and lockout figures, uncorrelated with other factors, are in conclusive and may be misleading in estimating the effect of legis lative measures designed to avoid strikes and lockouts. The tide of industrial unrest is by no means regular in its ebb and flow and observation over a much longer period of time than that under con sideration would be necessary in order to establish a trend. It is apparent that accelerating influences in some industries have served to discredit the value of the Canadian act, whereas in other indus tries retarding influences have tended measurably to decrease the number of strikes and lockouts and give undue credit to its restrictive provisions. Thus the growth of unionism in the coal-mining in dustry has led to concerted strike action for the establishment of union principles, approximately 50 per cent of the time lost in mining strikes during the period 1907-1916 occurring in strikes for union recognition, for the principle of the closed shop, or for the reinstate ment of discharged union employees. In industries connected with the operation and maintenance of steam railways, on the other hand, unionism is more generally recognized and the principle of the work ing agreement more generally accepted. Measured solely by the number of strikes or lockouts, the number of employees affected or the time lost, it is probable that any legislation would have evidenced merit in the prevention of railway strikes, and failure in the preven tion of mining strikes. As previously stated, no degree of refinement of strike and lockout figures would show concretely the number of strikes and lockouts that might have occurred had the act not been passed, or the number of voluntary negotiations that have been entered into as a result of its passage. The periods 1901-1906 and 1907-1912 represent approximately six years before and six years after the inception of the act and are se lected for purposes of comparison. It is apparent that such a com parison should take into account the number of workers as well as the number of strikers, and the number of potential working days as well as the number of working days lost in strike or lockout. It may be estimated that the number of yearly workers in all in dustries during the period 1901-1906 were 12,108,204.1 Of this num1 Based on Canadian censuses of 1901 and 1911. Annual increm ent in number of workers is calculated a t one-tenth the increase of 1911 over 1901. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 420 ) M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 9 her, 203,520 were miners1 and 689,715 were transport workers. For the same period employees affected by strikes and lockouts aggre gated 149,146. Of this number 33,503 were miners and 21,148 were transport workers. The potential working time for the period may be estimated at 3,632,410,200 working days.2 Of this number, 61,056,000 may be credited to mining and 206,914,500 to transport. The time loss during the six-year period due to strikes and lockouts in all indus tries was 2,821,796 days of which 818,262 were in mining and 428,475 were in industries connected with general transport. A similar analysis for the period 1907-1912 shows an aggregate of 15,495,084 workers of which 300,546 were in mining and 1,182,154 were in transport. During this period there were 171,134 employees on strike, of which number 42,052 were miners and 28,250 were trans port workers. The potential working time for the period may be estimated at 4,648,525,200 days for all industries. Of this number, 90,163,800 days were in mining and 354,646,200 were in transport. The time loss during the period due to strikes and lockouts in all industries was 6,038,675 days, of which number 2,989,582 were in mining and 725,192 were in transport. In the following table, the figures shown above are reduced to percentages to show the ratio of workers in specific industries to workers in all industries and of employees affected in strike and lockout to all workers and to workers in specific industries. A simi lar comparison is shown between potential working time and time lost in strikes and lockouts during each period. It will be observed that mining workers were 1.9 per cent of all workers during the period 1907-1912 as against 1.7 per cent during 1901-1906 and that transport workers were 7.6 per cent of all workers during the second period as against 5.7 per cent during the first period. In both mining and transport, however, the percentage of employees affected by strike or lockout was less during the period 1907-1912 than during the period 1901-1906. Thus while mining and transport have grown in importance, in comparison with other industries, a smaller proportion of mining and transport workers have been affected in strike and lockout. In point of time lost, how ever, both mining and transport show an increase during the second period in the ratio of such time to the potential working time in all in dustries. But of the potential working time in transport, only 0.20 per cent was lost in 1907-1912 as against 0.21 per cent in 1901-1906. The relative importance of mining and transport strikes is appar ent from the fact that in the second period the time lost in mining 1 Exclusive of quarry and oil and salt well workers. 2 Number of working days per year per worker is estim ated a t 300. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 421 ) 10 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. strikes was 49.5 per cent of the time lost in all industries whereas the time lost in transport was but 12 per cent of the time lost in all industries. RATIO OF EM PLOYEES AFFECTED IN STR IK E OR LOCKOUT TO TOTAL W ORKERS, AND W ORKING TIME LOST TO POTENTIAL W ORKING TIME DURING THE PERIODS 1901-1906 AND 1907-1912. Items. 1901-1906 1907-1912 All workers in all industries................................................................................................. a. Mining........................................................................................................................ b. T r a n s p o r t....................................................................................................................................... Workers affected in strikes and lockouts: o. All industries......................................................................................................... b. Mining..................................................................................................................... c. Transport................................................................................................................ Percentage of mine workers affected in strike and lockout............................................. Percentage of transport workers affected in strike and lockout...................................... Employees affected in strikes and lockouts in all industries........................................... a. Mining........................................................................................................................ b. Transport................................................................................................................... Days lost in strikes and lockouts in all industries............................................................ a. Mining........................................................................................................................ b. Transport................................................................................................................... Potential working time in all industries............................................................................ Time lost in strikes and lockouts: a. All industries......................................................................................................... a. Mining..................................................................................................................... c. Transport.............................................................................................................. Percentage of potential working time in mining lost in mining strikes and lockouts.. Precentage of potential working time in transport lost in transport strikes and lockouts 100.0 1.7 5.7 100.0 1.9 7.6 1.23 .28 .17 16.5 3.1 100.0 22.5 14.2 100.0 29.0 15.2 100.0 1.10 .27 .18 14.0 2.4 100.0 24.6 16.5 100.0 49.5 12.0 100.0 .08 .02 .01 1.3 .21 .13 .06 .02 3.2 .20 Using the period 1901-1905 as a base, the relative increase or de crease in employees on strike and days lost in comparison with the increase in workers for all industries and for mining and transport is shown in the following table: 1901-1906 1907-1912 All workers: a. All industries.......................................................................... b. Mining........................................................................ c. Transport........................................................................ Employees affected in strikes and lockouts: a. All industries................................................................................. b. Mining...........•..................................................................... c. Transport.......................................................................... Days lost in strikes and lockouts: a. All industries................................................................................ b. Mining................................................................. c. Transport........................................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 125.0 147.6 171.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 114.7 125.5 133.6 100.0 100.0 100.0 214.0 365.4 169.2 It will be observed that the increase in employees affected in strikes and lockouts has not kept pace with the increase in the num ber of workers. The increase in working time lost, however, ex ceeds the increase in the number of workers except in industries con nected with general transport. P E N A L P R O V ISIO N S. It may be repeated that the chief interest in the act is not in its administration as a conciliatory measure, but in those restrictive provisions which have served to characterize it as the “ Compulsory investigation act.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 422 ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 11 Although it is impossible to measure the influence of the penal provisions of the act in restraining employers and employees from illegally interrupting industry or others from inciting such action, a comparison of prosecutions with violations will indicate the attempt made to enforce these provisions and the importance attached to them. During the period March 22, 1907, to December 31, 1916, there have been 11 prosecutions. Of these, one was to test the constitu tionality of the act and to restrain a board of conciliation and inves tigation from proceeding; one was to enforce an agreement entered into as a consequence of the recommendations of a board ; seven were prosecutions for illegal strikes or for inciting such action ; two were for illegal lockouts. In all, charges have been laid against nine em ployees for violating the provisions of section 60 in the encourage ment of strikes, and against eleven employees for violating the pro visions of section 56 in going on strike illegally. Charges have been laid against three employers for violating the provisions of section 56 in illegal lockouts. In the cases of eleven employees the charges were either dismissed or withdrawn ; in the cases of nine employees the charges were sustained. Charges against two employers were sustained; charges against one employer were dismissed. The aggre gate of fines imposed, exclusive of costs, was $1,660. As stated previously, there have been for the same period 204 illegal strikes and lockouts^ affecting 80,278 employees whose time loss was 3,015,844 days. Of this number two disputes, affecting 95 employees whose time loss was 390 days, may be considered lockouts. Undoubtedly there have been violations of section 60 in addition to those prosecuted. Assuming the minimum penalty of $10 per day per striking employee, it will be seen that more than $30,000,000 in uncollected fines have accumulated during the period stated. If the maximum penalty is assumed, the amount exceeds $150,000,000. In the face of this record of prosecutions and violations during a period of nearly 10 years it does not seem probable that a wholesome respect has been fostered for such provisions, nor that a fear of the imposition of penalties serves in any considerable degree as a re straining influence. On the contrary, there is a strong indication that whatever success has attended the administration of the act has been due to the conciliatory efforts of the Department of Labor through its fair-wage officers and its boards of conciliation and investigation ; to the dislike for publicity rather than to the fear of fine or imprison ment ; to the existence of a means of negotiation rather than a means of restriction. 8809°—17----- 2 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 423 ) CONFLICTS BETWEEN FEDERAL AND STATE JURISDICTIONS IN COMMERCE CASES.1 BTA. j . p il l s b u r y , c h a ir m a n o f in d u s t r ia l A CCID EN T C O M M IS S IO N OF C A LIFO R N IA . SY N O P SIS. The interest of the Federal Government in, and responsibility for, employees injured while in the service of commerce is incidental, indirect, and relatively immaterial, whereas that of the States in which they and their families reside is proximate, immediate, and vital to the social welfare of each Commonwealth. Our 48 free and independent State sovereignties differ one from another in spirit, habits, customs, standards of living and ways of viewing questions of domestic policy, and a compensation law that may fit comfortably in one State might chafe or gall in another. No one law could serve acceptably for all. The Federal Government is huge. Upon the National Capital focus the hundred thousand interests of a hundred million people, and it is impossible that such a government can legislate to fit the individual needs of the several States. All compensation laws are still in a state of flux and evolution, and needed amendments that, in any State, may be effected at any session of a legislature might conceivably involve 10 years of effort if dependent upon Congress. The crux of the issue has been missed by both sides to the con troversy. That crux is that compensation for industrial injuries, however and wherever suffered, has, and should have, no essential constitutional connection with commerce, either interstate or intra state, but is one department of, and belongs to, a general scheme of local, domestic, social insurance against the hazards of poverty, with which the Federal Government should have only an incidental con cern. Therefore it is neither feasible nor desirable that there be uni formity of compensation legislation throughout the United States in relation to injuries sustained while in the service of transportation by railroad or by water. Federal jurisdiction over injuries sustained in the service of trans portation by railroad can, without amendment of the Federal Con stitution, and by right ought to be relinquished to the States, and the same principle holds equally true of service in transportation by water if it can be legally effected. There are no practical difficulties in the way of such relinquish ment. The hindrances are all technical, artificial, legalistic. 1 S ubstance of a p ap er read a t m eeting of In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation of I n d u s tria l Acci d e n t B oards an d C om m issions a t B oston, A ugust, 1917. 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 424 ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 13 TWO F IE L D S OF CON FLICT IN S T E A D OF ONE. In a paper presented a year ago upon the subject of conflicts be tween Federal and State jurisdictions in commerce cases I confined myself wholly to such conflicts as arose out of transportation by railroad.1 At that time it seemed to me to be altogether unlikely that the jurisdictions of the several States over injuries happening upon their own navigable waters would be seriously interfered with. The fact that the doctrine that the jurisdiction of a State over its own ships follows them wherever they go on the high seas was also wrell established led me to the conclusion that the whole field was fairly covered by State jurisdiction. When, on February 3, 1917, the Supreme Court of California, in a very able opinion, sustained the jurisdiction of our commission in unequivocal terms, I felt that our assumption of jurisdiction was doubly assured. I had left the Supreme Court of the United States out of my reckoning. Its recent decision in the case of Southern Pacific Co. v. Jensen precipitated chaos where order was evolving. A fundamental necessity before any remedial action can be taken is to ascertain precisely the existing state of the law governing transportation by rail and by water, respective^. T H E LA W R E G A R D IN G T R A N SPO R T A T IO N B Y R A IL R O A D . The recent decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the two Winfield cases2 did not materially alter the status relating to transportation by railroad, but only cleared up a few not very doubtful points. The Federal statute is exclusive where, at the instant of the happening of an injury, the employee is engaged in an act of interstate commerce or one so closely connected with it as not to be separable from it. Where negligence can not be imputed no liability exists. The risks of the employment all rest upon the em ployees. On the other hand, where, at the instant of the happening of the injury, the employee is engaged in an act of intrastate commerce, or an act clearly separable from interstate commerce, the jurisdiction of the State is exclusive and plenary and Federal authority can not take cognizance of such injuries unless the Constitution of the United States is so amended as to permit it, which is so unlikely as to be well nigh unthinkable, or the United States Supreme Court reverses 1 A t th e m eeting of th e I n te rn a tio n a l A ssociation of I n d u s tria l A ccident B o ard s and Com m issions, held a t Colum bus, Ohio, Apr. 2 5-28, 1916. P a p e r re p rin te d in B ulletin 210 of th e U. S. B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s , pp. 33-55. 2 New York C e n tral R. R. Co. v. W infield, an d E rie R. R. Co. v. W infield, May, 1917. In th ese oases, th e Suprem e C ourt, w ith tw o ju stic e s d issen tin g , held t h a t w hen an em p loyee engaged in in te r s ta te com m erce w as in ju re d , h is only r ig h t to recover arose from th e provision of th e F ed eral em ployers’ liab ility a c t. T he pow er of th e S ta te s to su p p lem en t such leg islatio n w as denied. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 425 ) 14 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. a long line of its own decisions^ which is also extremely unlikely to happen. Therefore, while, in theory, all conflict between Federal and State jurisdictions is cleared up and a plain line of demarcation established, in practice it is frequently, if not usually, necessary to try each case in order to ascertain whether or not the tribunal undertaking to hear and determine the controversy has jurisdiction over the parties to the proceeding. The situation is absurd. Roughly speaking it may be said, however, that injuries to trainmen, and men employed upon maintenance of way, will fall under Federal authority, while shop men and office employees may be under the protection of State laws— with abundant exceptions to all such general rules for predetermining jurisdiction. T H E L A W R E G A R D IN G T R A N SPO R T A T IO N B Y W A T E R . In only one particular did the Jensen decision1 make clear and conclusive the exclusive character of Federal jurisdiction in water transportation, and that is with reference to injuries happening upon the high seas and navigable waters. Even then it concedes that the general body of maritime law may, to some extent, be changed, modified or affected by State legislation, but does not attempt to tell how far. Up to the time of the decision of the Jensen case the principle had been regarded as well established in admiralty law that juris diction over contracts depended upon the subject matter of the con tract, regardless of the locality of the transaction. I t had been equally well established that jurisdiction over torts depended wholly upon the locality where the tort was committed, to wit, upon the high seas or navigable waters. 1 S o u th ern P acific Co. v. Je n sen , May, 1917, fo u r ju stic e s d issen tin g . T he plain tiff in th is case w as th e widow of a stevedore engaged in unloading a ste am sh ip in New York h arb o r. T he vessel w as ow ned by a ra ilro a d com pany, w hich also o p erates a steam sh ip lin e p ly in g betw een th e p o rts of New Y ork a n d G alveston. An a w ard in th e c la im a n t’s fav o r h ad been m ade by th e S ta te w orkm en’s com pensation com m ission in O ctober, 1914, a n d w as ap proved by th e v ario u s c o u rts of th e S ta te . (Je n se n v. S o u th ern Pacific Co., 215 N. Y. 514, 109 N. E . 6 0 0 ; see B ui. 189, pp. 2 21-224.) T he New York co u rts h ad held t h a t th e case w as n o t covered by th e F e d e ra l s ta tu te gov ern in g in te r s ta te c a rrie rs by ra ilro a d , an d as no s ta tu te had been enacted by Congress g o verning c a rria g e by w ater, th e re w as no F e d e ra l leg islatio n applicable to th e case. T he decision of th e S uprem e C o u rt w as id en tical so f a r as th e a p p licatio n of th e F ed e ra l lia b ility law w as concerned, b u t an objection raised by th e com pany to th e decision of th e co u rt below t h a t th e com pensation law w as “ u n c o n s titu tio n a l in t h a t i t v iolates A rticle I I I , section 2, of th e C o n stitu tio n , co n ferrin g a d m ira lty ju ris d ic tio n upon th e co u rts of th e U n ited S ta te s,” w as upheld by th e Suprem e C ourt as reg ard s th e p a rtic u la r p o rtio n ap p ly in g th e law to m aritim e in ju ries. See M o nt h l y R evi ew of th e B u reau of L abor S ta tis tic s for Ju ly , 1917 (p. 101), for f u rth e r acco u n t of th is case. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 426 ) M O N T H L Y E EV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 15 Are proceedings under a workmen’s compensation act founded in contract or in tort? If in contract, then, under an elective law, at all events, the employment of a stevedore would, in the language of Mr. Justice McReynolds, be, “ maritime in its nature,” and jurisdic tion would vest in admiralty courts whether the injury happened on ship or on dock; but if founded in tort, admiralty jurisdiction exists only when the injury happens on ship and not on dock. Personally I am of the opinion that, at least in States where compensation is compulsory, claims therefor arise out of neither contract nor tort, but out of status, i. e., out of a condition which the law creates at the behest of the police power of government. If, as seems possible under this decision although not finally deter mined, a sailor or stevedore, injured upon a wharf, can not bring suit in admiralty for tort, because the injury did not happen on navigable waters, and also can not claim compensation because the “ work of a stevedore is maritime in its nature,” what can the man do? He is in a no-man’s land with no right of redress in any court or commission. In the Jensen case the accident happened upon a ship and, there fore, it was not indispensably necessary to a decision of the case at bar that the court indicate what would have been its decision if the accident had happened on the dock, and the point was passed with out at all considering that important difference. It can not have been the intention of the Supreme Court of the United States to create a twilight zone in which no right or remedy exists. Such a condition is as repugnant to law as a vacuum to nature. It would seem, therefore, that, in future decisions the court must do one of two things: 1. Decide that admiralty jurisdiction does extend to cover all in juries to sailors or stevedores without regard to whether the right be founded in contract, tort, or status, and without regard to whether the injury happens on ship, dock, dry-dock, or elsewhere, so that it be while in the performance of a service in transportation by water; or 2. I t can define admiralty jurisdiction as extending to injuries happening on shipboard or gangplank, leaving to the compensation or negligence laws of the several States the jurisdiction over all such injuries not so happening. It is not incumbent upon me at this time to venture any con jecture as to what attitude the Supreme Court will take when the point arises. I t is sufficient for the present to point out that a conflict of jurisdiction between Federal and State Governments as certainly exists relative to injuries sustained by employees engaged in transportation by water as by rail and entails great hardship upon https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 427 ) 1G M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. labor engaged in this dangerous occupation. The question for us to deal with at this time is, What are we going to do about it ? A STOP-GAP A R R A N G EM E N T. In California employers and their employees engaged in trans portation by water have tried our compensation law and like it. We claim jurisdiction, extraterritorial and all, and until the Jensen case upset us we had made it stick. Both sides wish to continue under the act. Our commission tendered its good offices to both sides in an effort to bring about an agreement whereby the parties may con tract that, in the event of injury, the injured employee will accept and the employer will pay compensation in accordance with the terms of our act just as though they were under it, they also mutu ally agreeing that in the event of controversy the issue shall be put up to the industrial accident commission for determination as heretofore, and that both sides will abide by the result. It is not doubted that such a contract can be enforced, and that any court of admiralty would recognize it, for there is in admiralty no prohibition against “ contracting out,” as there is in the Federal employers’ liability act. The only trouble is that in the event of death by injury the deceased employee can not, in his lifetime, bar the right of a dependent to sue in admiralty. This is not causing employers much uneasiness, inasmuch as whenever a sailor or steve dore loses his life as a result of injury the plight of his dependents is so serious that compensation in hand is far more attractive to them than an action for damages upon which nothing can be realized for years to come. I am hopeful that the arrangement here outlined may very gen erally be effected throughout the State of California, although we are just now in the throes of getting together. If it succeeds, other States may profit by our example. However, this device is intended to last only until order shall have been brought out of this chaos either through Federal legislation or judicial reinterpretation. W HO IS T H E PR O X IM A T E P A R T Y IN IN T E R E S T ? The very theory upon which free states federate in the formation of a nation is that the federal authority shall be supreme in all those functions of government which proximately concern the welfare of a nation as a whole, and that all other functions of government are reserved to and reside in the states severally and their subdivisions. Where, then, vests the proximate, immediate, and vital interest in the welfare of employees engaged in transportation, whether by rail or water? A freight train loaded with oriental commerce pulls out of the Oakland yard bound for markets in the Middle West or East. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 428 ) M O N T H L Y "REVIEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 17 There is a washout, the locomotive goes into the ditch and with the locomotive engineer. Is there any way by which the Federal Govern ment can be made responsible for or render aid to that engineer if crippled, or to his family if he is killed? Who must see to the edu cation of his children and, if poverty plunges them first into delin quency and afterward into criminality, is it the State or the Nation that proximately suffers? A ship steams out through the Golden Gate bound for the Alaska fisheries. A steam pipe bursts and a marine engineer is scalded. Is his dependent family within the keeping of the Nation or the State? Who pays the wife her widow’s pension that she may keep her family together ? Who supports the orphanages that care for her children if she can not? These questions all answer themselves. The interest of the Federal Government in the welfare of those engaged in transportation, whether by rail or ship, is but incidental and remote in compari son with the interest of the State and its subdivisions, which is immediate and proximate and vital. U N IF O R M IT Y NOT D E SIR A B L E . Upon reflection I have concluded that uniformity in compensation legislation throughout the United States touching transportation either by rail or water is neither necessary nor desirable. The Fed eral Government is huge. The concerns of a hundred million people with a million conflicting interests focus upon Washington. Federal legislation is difficult and costly. Compensation laws are in a state of evolution. No adequate law could be enacted at this time even if Congress were minded to take the issue in hand. Courts, in striving to make all new measures fit into old molds make holes in our acts which need to be plugged. We, in California, have had the major portion of our compensation law revised and reenacted, partly because of what the courts had done to it and partly because of what we were afraid they might do. This revision comprised the plugging of 11 holes which judicial interpretation had punched, the patching of 35 flaws developed by experience in the administration of the law and the taking of 23 forward steps in State policy regarding compensa tion. Such a revision of a Federal act might easily involve 10 years of agitation and continuous effort. We accomplished it in three months. Our 48 States of the Union constitute 48 differing civilizations, animated by differing spirits, habits, customs, standards of living, wages, and ways of looking at things. A compensation law that fits comfortably and works well in one State might not fit as comfortably or work as well in any other. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 429 ) 18 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. For three and a half years I have helped to administer a com pensation law that assumed jurisdiction over maritime injuries and, until the Jensen case introduced conflict into that jurisdiction, all went well. If it was a California ship our jurisdiction over it fol lowed it wherever it went. If it was not a California ship and was not manned in our ports, and any other State claimed jurisdiction, we did not. By the application of similar simple rules all conflict between the 48 sister States may easily be avoided. I t is only the assertion of Federal jurisdiction over industrial injuries that pro duces perplexity, contentiousness, and wrong. T H E W RONG FOOT F IR ST . The truth is that the cause of compensation for industrial injuries got off on the wrong foot first. There is nothing strange about this, inasmuch as human progress is always directed toward and seldom starts from correct principles. Compensation for industrial injuries is but one factor in a scheme of social insurance, and social insurance is a State problem rather than a Federal, although Federal authority might conceivably foster and encourage it among the States. Social insurance bears only an incidental and unimportant relation to com merce, either by rail or by water, interstate or intrastate, and its rela tion to master and servant is almost equally incidental. The obliga tion of the employer runs to the State to carry this insurance, not merely for the benefit of the employee, but primarily for the protec tion of the State against the menace of poverty. F E D E R A L JU R IS D IC T IO N SHO ULD B E R E L IN Q U IS H E D . Federal jurisdiction over industrial injuries out of the way, our problem becomes easy of solution and the burden light. The States will take care of it in due season. There are backward States in this Union. There are States in which labor has few rights and ambulance-chasing attorneys thrive. Shall all of the States be held back from doing justice and showdng mercy because of these? The way is now clear whereby Congress may at least exempt injury sustained in interstate commerce by railroad from its interstate character when it happens in any State desiring to enjoy such ex emption for the benefit of its citizens. The Webb-Kenyon Act, which divests liquors of their interstate character as commerce when they reach the boundaries of a prohibition State, has had its consti tutionality affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States. If it be so with liquors why not with industrial injuries? The power of Congress so to do is, it seems to me, no longer questionable. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 430 ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 19 W H A T A R E W E GOING TO DO A B O U T IT ? The existing chaotic condition in relation to conflicts between State and Federal jurisdictions over injuries sustained in transportation, whether by water or rail, is intolerable. What is the remedy? An article in the July R e v i e w of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics suggests the following possible solutions of the problem : 1. An amendment to the Constitution of the United States giving Congress jurisdiction over intrastate as well as interstate commerce, preparatory, it may be inferred, to enacting a comprehensive Federal compensation law covering all railroad employees. 2. The repeal of the employers’ liability law of 1908, 1910, relegat ing the whole problem, so far as the railroads are concerned, to the States. 3. The enactment of a Federal compensation law to be effective only in States not having such a law of standard type. The first remedy suggested might require a generation for its accomplishment; the second would leave the railroad men in the backward States in worse plight than they are at present; the third has more to recommend it, but, for reasons already explained, Con gress has not been minded to pass any compensation law at all in relation to interstate commerce. Mr. Justice Brandeis, in his dissenting opinion in one of the Win field cases, suggested that, “ I t would obviously have been possible for Congress to provide in terms that wherever such injuries or death result from the railroad’s negligence, the remedy should be sought by action for damages; and whenever injury or death results from causes other than the railroad’s negligence, compensation may be sought under the workmen’s compensation laws of the States.” While this solution would doubtless be acceptable to the railroad employees, the railroad companies would oppose such a measure, not withstanding the fact that in Great Britain every injured workman may take his compensation or sue for damages as he may elect, and notwithstanding the further fact that, whichever remedy the injured employee elects, he almost uniformly secures about what the compen sation statute would have given him. Juries, knowing no other scale by which to measure damages, choose the one furnished by the compensation law with which they are familiar. Another method has been suggested to me : Let Congress,, if it will, enact a compensation law covering interstate injuries and then confer upon industrial accident boards and commissions of the several States the administration of the act. If this can not be done directly the United States district courts could be authorized to refer all such cases to such boards or commissions for determination of the facts, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 431 ) 20 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. unless a jury were demanded, as such courts now refer such issues to special commissions or referees. Then, when a case comes before such commission, if the facts prove the injury to have been suffered in interstate commerce apply the Federal law, if in intrastate then apply the State compensation law. The suggestion is not without persuasive force. W H A T A B O U T T H E CONFLICT IN A D M IR A L T Y JU R ISD IC T IO N ? The remedy that does not resolve this conflict upon water as well as upon railroad will prove but half a remedy. What about that? The writer in the M o n t h l y R e v i e w , above referred to, affirms that, “ Only Congress can legislate as to injuries on high seas and navi gable waters of the country.” It has been as stoutly affirmed that Congress itself can neither add to nor take away from the jurisdic tion of the United States district courts over admiralty cases. If both of these propositions be true, and it is also true that admiralty jurisdiction does not extend to injuries happening upon the docks, then the conflict of jurisdiction between State and Federal authority over injuries happening in commerce by water is even more hopeless of remedy than by railroad, for no Webb-Ivenyon statute has been enacted and judicially upheld which can divest a maritime injury of its admiralty jurisdiction even when it happens in a State having an adequate compensation law. There are two sources of maritime law, the statutes of Congress and the general, judge-made, law maritime. Congress has enacted no employers’ liability law covering injuries suffered in the business of transportation by water, and the general law maritime, although far more liberal toward injured men than the old common-law liability doctrine, allows indemnity for injuries only where negli gence can be established and none at all in cases where the injuries result in death. Congress can enact a compensation law covering all maritime injuries, and the courts may hold that dock and dry-dock injuries are maritime, but if such a law were administered by the United States district courts the cost of it would consume the benefits and hoped-for relief would not result. Suppose that one of the five justices who voted for the Jensen decision had voted the other way what would have been the status of those engaged in commerce by water? That decision committed the court to two doctrines: 1. That the procedure followed by the Industrial Commission of New York did not constitute a common-law remedy within the mean ing of section 9 of the act of 1789, and 2. That the compensation law of New York is, in substance, in con travention of the general body of admiralty law. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 432 ) M O N T H L Y REVIEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 21 If one other justice had voted with the dissenting four the pro cedures of industrial accident boards and commissions would have constituted common-law remedies and, in pursuance of the act of 1T89, would have been “ saved to suitors,” and it would also have been held that such compensation laws were not in contravention of the general maritime law which itself would have been made subordi nate to the common-law remedy. Under such a decision the shipping interests would speedily place themselves under the protection of the compensation laws of the States having such laws and all would soon be well with the larger share of men who toil in commerce by water. So important is this decision that I should like to see the issue go back to the court from the dock side of it and shall do my best to see that such a case gets there. Our commission proposes to assume jurisdiction over acci dents happening on the docks. A PR A C T IC A L SO L U T IO N SOUGHT. A Federal compensation law governing transportation by railroad is not, in my opinion, practicable, because inelastic, not readily sus ceptible to amendment, can cover interstate injuries only, would attempt to deal with what is essentially a State problem, and, any how, can not be enacted without great difficulty. Concerted pressure should, in my judgment, be brought upon Con gress by all compensation States to relinquish the whole subject of injuries sustained in interstate commerce by railroad in States hav ing adequate compensation laws and fixing a standard of adequacy therefor, retaining the employers’ liability law in full force and effect in States falling below such a standard or having none at all. Such a measure could probably be put through Congress at this time. With reference to commerce bv water, it may be found advisable not to attempt Federal legislation at this time, but to bring new and more fully argued cases before the Supreme Court of the United States. Meantime, push along the California idea of getting sea faring employers and their employees to accept the compensation acts of the several maritime States, supplementing the acceptance with a waiver of the right to sue in admiralty where a basis of negligence might be laid. There is no statute prohibiting contracting out from under admiralty jurisdiction and there is every reason in the world why men who toil in shipping should wish to contract out from a law that does not afford them protection and under a law that does. Such a contract would bind all except the dependents of deceased employees and they would have nothing to sue for anyway except in States that have given a right of action in death cases. The general maritime law gives no such right nor does any Federal statute. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 433 ) 22 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OP T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. A T E N T A T IV E ST A N D A R D . I have spoken of a standard of adequacy to be imposed by the Federal Government as a condition precedent to relinquishing its authority over injuries happening in interstate commerce in States having compensation laws conferring equalized benefits approximat ing to the standard imposed. At a venture I took the statute affording “ compensation for in juries to civil employees of the United States,” approved September 7, 1916, and find that it affords the highest benefits of any compensa tion statute in the United States. If this were taken as the standard the law of no State would be adequate. The compensation laws of New York and Ohio would fall about 10 per cent lower. The com pensation laws of California, West Virginia, and Wisconsin would fall about 20 per cent lower, Illinois would be 30 per cent lower, and Maryland, Nebraska, and Oklahoma from 30 to 40 per cent lower. The compensation afforded by the laws of Connecticut, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, and Rhode Island would be between 40 and 50 per cent lower, and those of Vermont and Colorado would be more than 50 per cent lower. I did not continue the investigation further. In my judgment, those States affording compensation in excess of 30 per cent lower than the Federal compensation act above desig nated could reasonably be held to fall below the standard of adequacy. These figures were all computed according to the differentials em ployed by insurance actuaries in determining the relative benefits conferred by the several States as compared with the Massachusetts act of 1911. The rule is applied by all of the insurance carriers of the United States in determining rates in the several States and, I think, is accurate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 434 ) PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES. A presentation is here made of the prevailing hours of labor in the United States. The primary purpose of this article is to show the extent of the 8-hour day. The three sources of information available covering the country are: The Abstract of the Census of Manufac tures, 1914, published by the United States Census Office; Bulletin 214 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics relating to union scale of wages and hours of labor; and clippings from labor journals and newspapers. The sources of data have not been exhausted. Good material is published by several States, but lack of space prevents the inclusion of this material in this article. U N IT E D ST A T ES C E N SU S F IG U R E S, 1914 A N D 1909. The following census figures apply only to the manufacturing in dustries and do not cover agriculture, building construction, mining, domestic and personal service, etc. No attempt was made at the censuses of 1914 or 1909 to ascertain exactly the number of employees in manufacturing industries work ing a given number of hours per week. The schedule, however, con tained an inquiry calling for the number of hours normally worked by wage earners, the instructions being to enter under this heading the prevailing practice followed during the year in each establish ment. Occasional variations in hours in an establishment from one period to another were necessarily disregarded. Moreover, no atten tion was or could be given to the fact that a limited number of em ployees might have hours differing from those of the majority. In the tables the average number of wage earners employed during the year in each establishment is classified as a total according to the hours prevailing in that establishment, even though some employees worked a greater or a smaller number of hours. In most establish ments, however, all or practically all the employees work the same number of hours, so that the figure for a given group does show substantially the number customarily working the specified number of hours per week. The data as to prevailing hours of labor in 1944 and 1909 for the United States as a whole are summarized in the following table. Statistics of this character are not available for prior censuses. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 435 ) 23 24 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. NUM BER AND F E R CENT OF WAGE E A R N E R S W ORKING EACH NUM BER OF HOURS P E R W E E K IN 1914 AND 1909. S P E C IF IE D Wage earners in establishments with specified number of hours. Prevailing hours of labor per week. Average number. 1914 . 1909 Per cent of total. 1914 1909 T otal........................................................................... 7,036,337 6,615,046 100.0 100.0 48 and under........................................................................ Between 48 and 54............................................................... 54........................................................................................... Between 54 and 60............................................................... 60.. ............................................................ Between 60 and 72............................................................... 72........................................................................................... Over 72................................................................................. 833,330 945,735 1,818,390 1,543,018 1,487,891 247,798 104,294 55,881 523,652 481,157 1,019,438 1,999,307 2,017,280 344,011 116,083 114,118 11.8 13.4 25,8 22.1 21.1 3.5 1.5 .8 7.9 7.3 15.4 30.2 30.5 5.2 . * 1.7 1 The figures in this table indicate a growing tendency toward shorter hours of employment. In 1914 the establishments where the prevailing hours per week were less than 54 gave employment to 25.2 per cent of the wage earners reported for all establishments as com pared with 15.2 per cent in 1909, while the establishments in which more than 60 hours prevailed reported 5.8 per cent of the employees in 1914 and 8.7 per cent in 1909. Generally a 48-hour week means an 8-hour day, but in some in stances it may not. An establishment may be in operation more than 8 hours on a full working day, yet because of a Saturday half holiday the total hours per week may be 48 or less. This should be considered in attempting to convert hours per week into daily hours. The table on pages 26 to 32 shows for 1914, for the 340 industries for which separate statistics can be presented, the average number of wage earners in the United States classified according to the prevail ing hours of labor in the establishments where they were employed. In 25 industries the greatest number of wage earners were em ployed 48 hours or less per week; in 35 they were employed over 48 hours but less than 54 hours ; in 93 they were employed 54 hours. In 103 industries the prevailing hours were over 54 but less than 60 per week, and in 71 industries 60 hours per week. Only 13 indus tries show the greatest number of wage earners in establishments operating more than 60 hours per week. The table on pages 32 and 33 shows for all industries combined in each State, for 1914, and for each geographic division for 1914 and 1909, the number of wage earners classified according to the prevail ing hours of labor in the establishments in which they were employed. At the census of 1914 the establishments in the New England and Middle Atlantic States reported that the greatest number of wage earners were employed 54 hours per week. At the census of 1909 the greatest number reported for these States were employed in estab https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 436 ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 25 lishments operated over 54 and less than 60 hours per week. In the East North Central division the prevailing hours of work were over 54 but less than 60 in 1914, while in 1909 the largest number of wage earners was reported for establishments operated 60 hours per week. In the West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Cen tral, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions, at both censuses the largest number was reported for establishments operat ing 60 hours per week. From the table on pages 32 and 33, relating to States and geo graphical divisions, a table of percentages has been prepared and appears on pages 34 and 35. Considering the various State groups the highest percentage of employees having a week of 48 hours or less, 26 in 1914, was in the Pacific States. The lowest percentage, 19.1, was in the South Atlantic States. In these two groups of States the industries, of course, differ widely in character. More than 50 per cent of the wage earners in the District of Columbia and Wyoming were in establishments working 48 hours per week or less, and in four other States, California, Colorado, Oklahoma, and Utah, over 25 per cent of the wage earners were in establishments working 48 hours or less. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 437 ) 26 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STATISTICS, AVERAGE NUM BER OP WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PR E V A ILIN G HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM EN TS W H E R E EM PLOY ED, BY IN D U STR IES: 1914. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— Total. Aeroplanes and parts................... Agricultural im plem ents............. Aluminum ware........................... Ammunition................................. Artificial flowers.......................... Artificial limbs............................. Artificial stone products.............. Artists’ materials......................... Asbestos products, not includ ing steam packing..................... Automobile bodies and parts__ Automobile repairing.................. Automobiles................................. Awnings, tents, and sails............ Babbitt metal and solder............ Bags, other than paper................ Bags, paper, not including bags made in paper mills................. Baking powders and yeast......... Baskets, and rattan and willowware........................................... Bells.............................................. Belting and hose, rubber............ Belting and hose, w oven............ Belting, leather............................ Billiard tables and m aterials___ Blacking, stains, and dressings.. Bluing........................................... Bone, carbon, and lamp b lack... Bookbinding and blank-book making...................................... Boot and shoe cut stock, exclu sive of th at produced in boot and shoe factories..................... Boot and shoe findings, exclu sive of those produced in boot and shoe factories..................... Boots and shoes............................ Boots and shoes, rubber.............. Boxes, cigar.................................. Boxes, fancy and paper.............. Boxes, wooden packing............... Brass, bronze, and copper prod ucts............................................. Bread and other bakery products Brick and tile, terra-cotta, and fire-clay products.................... Brooms........................................ Brushes........................................ B utter.......................................... Butter, reworking...................... Buttons........................................ Candles.................................... ._ Canning and preserving, fish. . . Canning and preserving, fruits and vegetables........................ Canning and preserving, oysters Card cutting and designing....... Cardboard, not made in paper mills......................................... Carpets and rugs, other than rag. Carpets, rag............................. Carriage and wagon m aterials. . . Carriages and sleds, children’s ... Carriages, wagons, and repairs.. Cars and general shop construc tion and repairs by electricrailroad companies..................: Cars and general shop construc tion and repairs by steam-rail road companies......................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. 54. Be tween 54 and 60. 60. 51 4,559 235 1,879 1,685 222 2,825 183 77 25,258 2,374 8,613 112 47 1,054 187 16 11,539 1,871 519 39 55 4,191 93 28 3 171 8,030 7,009 25,771 1,050 5,830 1,220 19,963 10,782 28,573 722 2,252 489 117 110 553 1,478 3,520 2,730 168 48,459 4,614 11,493 4,808 488 10,255 604 2 4,461 3 195 714 80 1,684 60 22 2,632 131 287 2,239 81 485 72 962 47,785 12,562 79,307 5,073 1,035 9,358 130 1,284 1,607 13,033 943 39 101 3,505 2,270 229 295 374 717 2,246 163 4,574 445 5,115 '952 2,951 1,453 1,766 254 339 475 214 57 91 245 23 318 100 73 21,693 Be tween 60 and 72. 72. Over 72. 9 1 19 3 14 9 2 608 5,678 2,477 6,936 667 216 1,529 22 13 368 20 6 460 506 99 456 97 1,487 153 2,822 '236 1,558 120 87 5 1,458 202 1,202 76 122 41 341 38 51 2 73 528 279 489 31 23 937 33 1,091 476 495 990 531 80 21 9,195 5,814 5,053 1,593 38 7,819 106 1,246 2,383 3,847 211 6,714 191,555 18,687 5,835 45,311 38,548 392 4,966 646 2,257 3,252 23,263 79,699 77,854 338 14,859 3,490 906 626 ^875 2,158 5,451 8,585 17,771 11,186 858 3,155 5,251 15,421 166 5,773 40,306 124,052 1,851 14,556 6,680 6,887 7,545 48,579 17,401 6,669 10,334 37,365 160 4,508 1,084 739 100,182 5,642 7,213 14,149 304 14,511 387 9,069 10,883 820 263 1,334 30 388 11 1,826 4,489 936 1,188 243 10 2,506 6 82 18,186 1,151 3,340 1,859 17 5,130 89 2,702 13,844 51,046 1,466 1,247 2,109 310 6,106 1,131 6 232 4,978 1,508 43 238 196 3,937 1,457 22 169 108 50,325 2,087 517 4,555 615 253 1,821 233 83 8,758 192 132 5,677 27,190 165 872 49 1,159 31,309 2,130 11,087 5,900 41,304 23 320 471 88 2,738 593 276 2,099 23,235 245 540 514 1,272 619 1,640 4,846 8,508 26,384 1,665 1,638 339,518 74,431 6,160 133 1 3 61 59 51 26 1 179 352 3,085 3 206 1 320 6 1,715 363 10 185 9 246 175 5,685 644 5,265 1,934 15,721 115 267 380 3,510 1,619 9,448 1 2 53 25 18 6,640 6,040 3,857 23 361 16,767 46,466 270 3,834 50,616 100,759 46,375 ( 438 ) 270 2,139 13,511 4 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 27 AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PR E V A ILIN G HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E EK IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H E R E EM PLOY ED, BY IN D U STR IES: 1914—Continued. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— Total. Cars, electric-railroad, not in cluding operations of railroad companies.................................. Cars, steam-railroad, not in cluding operations of railroad companies.................................. Cash registers and calculating machines.................................... Cement......................................... Charcoal, not including produc tion in th e lumber and wood distillation industries.............. Cheese........................................... Chemicals...................................... China decorating, not including th at done in potteries.............. Chocolate and cocoa products, not including confectionery__ Cleansing and polishing prepara tions ........................................... Clocks............................................ Cloth , sponging and refinishing.. Clothing, horse............................. Clothing, men’s ........................... Clothing, m en’s, buttonholes__ Clothing, women’s ....................... Coffee and spice, roasting and grinding..................................... Coffins, burial eases, and under takers’ goods............................. Coke, not including gas-house coke............................................ Collars and cuffs, m en’s .............. Combs and hairpins, not made from metal or rubber................ Condensed milk and milk prod ucts, other th an butter and cheese......................................... Confectionery and ice cream....... Cooperage...................................... Copper, tin, and sheet-iron work. Cordage and tw ine....................... Cordials and flavoring siru p s.... Cork, cutting................................ Corsets........................................... Cotton goods................................. Cotton lace................................... Cotton small wares...................... Crucibles....................................... Cutlery and edge tools................. Dairymen’s, poultrymen’s, and apiarists’ supplies..................... Dental goods................................. Drug grinding............................... Druggists’ preparations............... Dyeing and finishing textiles, exclusive of th at done in tex tile m ills.................................... Dyestuffs and extracts................ Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies.............................. Electroplating.............................. Emery and other abrasive wheels Enameling.................................... Engines, steam, gas, and w ater.. Engravers’ m aterials................... Engraving and diesinking........... Engraving, steel and copper plate, including plate printm g. Engraving, wood......................... Envelopes..................................... Explosives.................................... 8809 °— 17— 3 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 3,840 Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. 892 54. Be tween 54 and 60. Be tween 60 and 72. Over 72. 1 7,790 8,139 5,409 4,942 132 874 5,553 180 2,311 60. 403 2,103 442 12,477 54,288 341 5,294 19,291 16,885 8,956 27,916 435 24 457 3 7,271 73 792 1,536 228 2,908 32,311 31 208 947 20 75 303 2 235 1,586 35 325 12,912 295 122 34 41 93 5 4,160 21 514 644 2,102 879 286 168 380 52 1,733 2,989 148 170 407 136 262 266 35,114 87,907 37,719 132 198 328 11,741 123,066 28,780 235 1,952 162 458 10,344 9 4,785 170 28 14 547 2,524 5 508 1,297 2,125 2,491 1,959 672 1,239 6,754 901 1,669 173,747 672 168,907 8,549 9,468 583 935 3,077 2,194 2,679 21,107 10,100 1,582 90 86 758 6,637 8,180 1,809 233 4,762 839 2,773 53 320 587 1,638 175 6,002 64,034 17,128 28,714 15,769 929 3,454 20,496 379,366 7,440 6,598 302 16,561 58 20 433 159 2,954 5,839 10,490 20,566 13,789 9,076 5,782 2,595 2,867 1,999 3,865 3,624 2,441 14,308 2,500 5,840 154 8,469 4,512 1,939 573 144 152 456 96 80 25 320 2,101 431 577 992 7,409 6,169 5,909 17 1,572 149,157 68,842 157,034 1,075 4,591 1,809 1 1,039 1,374 78 538 4,539 69 264 23 8 7 4,391 1,115 2,470 1,972 6,613 24 987 6,598 2,101 26 1,770 1,290 2,256 3,723 9 1 122 1 1,686 5,551 3,080 1,059 9,277 142 468 58 1,264 536 681 183 4,394 1,784 1,324 326 2,460 1,504 562 96 869 1,558 43 109 264 287 26 48,467 2,839 557 85 2,769 173 16,186 46 23,695 452 5,226 1,311 34 640 4,078 30,529 582 307 37 8 239 103 1,982 1,075 50 5 326 385 38,838 665 939 162 8,862 12 558 41,715 856 1,297 533 14,789 39 261 2,899 172 106 277 2,917 32 118,078 2,584 2,387 1,314 29,657 106 1,536 6,859 302 6,970 6,306 4,694 254 271 635 1,727 24 1,837 1,399 ( 439 ) 327 16 3,746 1,288 3 47 55 8 1,116 1,272 1 i, 624 27 2 3,171 122 149 5 402 6 28 M O N T H L Y E E V IE W OE T H E BU R E A U OF LABOB STATISTICS. AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EA R N ER S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PR E V A ILIN G HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM EN TS W H E R E EM PLOY ED, BY IND U STR IES: 1914—Continued. AVERAGE NUMBER OP WAGE EARNERS. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— INDUSTRY. Total. Fancy articles, not elsewhere specified..................................... Feathers and plumes................... Felt goods..................................... Fertilizers...................................... Files............................................... Firearms........................................ Fire extinguishers, chemical....... Fireworks...................................... Flags and banners........................ Flavoring extracts....................... Flax and hemp, dressed.............. Flour-mill and gristmill prod ucts............................................. Food preparations, not elsewhere specified..................................... Foundry a n d machine-shop products.................................... Foundry supplies......................... Fuel, manufactured..................... Fur goods...................................... Furnishing goods, men’s ............. F urniture.......................... .•.......... Furs, dressed................................ Galvanizing................................... Gas and electric fixtures.............. Gas, illuminating and heating... Gas machines and gas and water meters........................................ Glass.............................................. Glass, cutting, staining, and ornam enting.............................. Gloves and mittens, leather....... Glucose and starch....................... Glue, not eslewhere specified__ Gold and silver, leaf and foil__ Gold and silver, reducing and refining, not from the ore....... Graphite, ground and refined__ Grease and tallow, not including lubricating greases.................... Grindstones.................................. Haircloth...................................... Hair work..................................... Hammocks................................... Hand stam ps................................ Hardware...................................... Hardware, saddlery..................... H at and cap materials................ H ats and caps, other than felt, straw, and wool........................ Hats, fur-felt................................. Hats, straw .................................. Hats, wool-felt............................. Hones and whetstones................ Horseshoes, not made in steel works or rolling mills............... Hosiery and knit goods.............. House-furnishing goods, not else where specified.......................... Ice, manufactured........................ Ink, printing................................. Ink, writing.................................. Instrum ents, professional and scientific.................................... Iron and steel, blastfurnaces__ Iron and steel, steel works and rolling mills............................. Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, wash ers, and rivets, not made in steel works or rolling mills— Iron and steel, cast-iron p ip e ... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7,399 4,483 4,035 22,815 4,349 7,064 256 1,324 1,495 1,461 116 Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. 1,221 783 5 281 92 12 50 356 410 24 Be tween 54 and 60. 54. 1,810 2,444 96 500 48 4 11 24 541 259 5 2,513 1,252 1,239 2,656 2,385 2,001 41 429 347 440 42 60. 1,455 2 1,767 3,061 1,663 4,032 175 350 248 280 397 2 917 14,282 161 1,027 17 465 3 68 45 39,718 3,414 355 2,949 1,331 22,714 20,306 2,362 1,689 4,038 2,949 6,749 362,471 555 141 9,030 22,459 127,881 1,525 1,580 10,913 43,792 25,699 45,433 110,782 129,822 72 85 36 11 14 48 1 291 1,137 5,430 2,108 4,386 2,866 6,312 8,766 10,599 12,351 28,837 35,412 681 56 131 575 73 55 1,071 10 2,248 2,758 3,133 2,488 2,914 133 9,213 8,548 Be tween 60 and 72. 72. 11 1,312 596 Over 72. 127 4,601 4,261 93 138 525 1,856 49,326 1,377 5 346 28 50 3 61 129 238 40,444 82 338 Ì5 286 9,248 9,"692 4,972 74,502 57 12,205 830 27,975 985 11,394 3,026 7,458 74 10,743 2,550 8,067 ■10,668 4,509 3,129 1,135 899 1,030 47 24 156 2,440 2,229 24 279 1,469 4,063 9 156 172 2,609 3,044 16 489 498 650 301 2,903 1,775 30 790 619 456 250 60 101 41 225 41 29 204 5,106 686 595 1,193 285 1,321 41,213 2,511 1,775 257 67 3,494 679 95 303 14 410 4,471 249 399 605 7 499 490 144 447 7,512 306 316 473 1 364 10 251 3,465 124 80 24 97 205 21,459 1,634 857 12 20 6 4,279 198 123 7,322 21,318 9,483 1,249 170 634 3,511 591 18 4 4,258 12,377 1,596 257 1 1,633 3,615 1,785 554 16 728 1,560 4,741 219 39 69 255 770 201 110 588 150,520 106 3,673 16 7,860 179 87,549 220 34,260 67 16,515 6,935 23, Oil 1,391 512 654 548 61 30 2,284 58 405 273 1,222 664 336 51 7,107 29,356 563 11 1,843 80 248,716 19,972 10,658 12,557 2,462 171 1 26 18 ‘994 3,050 1,738 131 42 613 2,343 2,181 497 154 61 371 3,741 5,286 2,492 92 4 8,041 2,637 1,551 1,597 13 467 4,474 3,029 9,119 11,079 19,084 25,565 45,996 168 1,522 1,303 5,665 3,026 ( 440 ) 200 26 663 77,820 25,714 34,089 841 8,057 476 29 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. NUM BER OF WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREV A ILIN G P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H E R E EM PLOYED, BY IN D U STR IES: 1914—Continued. ’ AVERAGE NUMBER OF "WAGE EAENEES. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— INDUSTRY. Total. Iron and steel, doors and shutters 1,985 Iron and steel forgings, not made in steel works or rolling mills. 10,689 Iron and steel, nails and spikes, cut and wrought, including wire nails, not made in steel works or rolling mills................ 2,644 Iron and steel, wrought p ipe. . . . 8,845 Ivory, shell, and bone work, not including combs and hairpins. 795 Japanning..................................... 228 Jewelry.......................................... 28,289 Jewelry and instrum ent cases... 2,393 Jute goods..................................... 7,987 Labels and tags............................ 2,600 Lamps and reflectors................... 7,134 Lapidary work............................. 584 Lard, not made in slaughtering and meat-packing establish ments......................................... 19 Lasts.............................................. 2,094 Lead, bar, pipe, and sheet.......... 585 Leather goods, not elsewhere specified..................................... 7,071 Leather, tanned, curried, and finished...................................... 55,936 Lime.............................................. 12,429 Linen goods................................. 3,567 Liquors, distilled.......................... 6,295 Liquors, m alt.............. '................ 62,070 Liquors, vinous............................ 2,292 Lithographing........... ....... ......... 15,171 Locomotives, not made by rail road companies......................... 17,391 Looking-glass and picture frames 4,787 Lubricating greases...................... 476 Lumber and timber products. . . 479,786 Lumber, planing-mill products, not including planing mills connected w ith sawmills......... 96,214 M alt............................................... 1,989 Marble and stone work................ 54,981 Matches......................................... 3,800 Mats and matting, from cocoa fiber and grass.......................... 869 Mattresses and spring beds......... 11,747 Millinery and lace goods.............. 45,274 Mineral and soda waters.............. 15,506 Minerals and earths, ground....... 4,707 Mirrors, framed and unframed .. 3,184 Models and patterns, not includ ing paper patterns.................... 4,274 Motorcylces, bicycles, and parts. 6,680 Mucilage and paste...................... 700 Musical instruments and mate rials, not specified..................... 1,831 Musical instruments, organs....... 3,063 Musical instruments, pianos....... 23,877 Musical instruments, piano and organ materials......................... 10,616 Needles, pins, and hooks and eyes 5,339 Nets and seines............................ 1,058 Oakum .......................................... 116 Oil, cottonseed, and cake............ 21,810 Oil, essential................................. 249 Oil, linseed.................................... 1,488 Oil, not elsewhere specified......... 2,049 Oilcloth and linoleum, floor........ 4,428 Oilcloth, enameled....................... 1,223 Oleomargarine.............................. 917 Optical goods................................ 7,919 P am ts............................................ 13,349 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. 54. Be tween 54 and 60. 60. 246 278 929 504 28 1,339 1,482 2,268 4,923 434 481 33 121 124 958 608 866 4,469 218 3,611 79 19 3,275 111 6 474 413 253 45 67 5,041 674 59 1,038 1,659 241 314 14 9,635 1,302 6,153 821 1,658 46 286 83 9,837 259 1,409 249 3,091 44 71 45 465 47 341 18 251 8 3 101 85 3 1,066 58 2 804 356 14 115 83 Be tween 60 and 72. 72. Over 72. 243 34 2 19 62 511 2,032 2,287 2,040 197 4 909 220 90 775 44,209 104 12,622 3,241 237 10,355 1,142 1,616 1,605 10,160 252 528 22,205 1,750 1,846 309 2,154 424 20 19,209 7,257 15 2,398 2,817 1,379 91 15 1,275 2 87 461 677 319 56 250 46 9 33 107 243 2,258 68 1,910 189 5,594 1,285 360 547 1,153 78 96 44 12,850 10,923 21,615 10,323 1,463 1,260 4 177 75 6 24,638 355,548 52,192 1,138 14,173 763 24,728 725 11,349 330 8,566 30 25,402 353 7,956 2,105 16,605 28,213 287 140 4,764 8,288 718 '222 19 2,044 4,557 2,468 91 134 1,363 15,519 646 63 1,246 225 2,574 18,765 3,591 309 716 606 3,186 5,368 1,236 699 862 19 2,572 1,048 7,343 3,199 226 8 17 159 140 725 42 122 1,489 444 139 821 1,722 186 1,057 4,404 230 180 66 23 2 2 87 104 1,305 767 197 2,974 411 1,129 13,043 449 698 4,320 117 935 1,965 345 20 2 4 28 2 1 169 6 2,098 171 27 5,779 1,178 392 5 204 54 1,480 3,206 251 4 753 1 78 390 2,273 739 54 1,281 4,692 914 764 386 103 1,861 3,508 14,827 132 1 '33 732 825 115 1,269 73 730 109 1 1,665 861 113 437 547 454 26 150 439 85 2,894 1,646 ( 441 ) 400 441 326 20 3,197 3,788 400 116 679 882 9 63 55 185 8 21 270 175 58 150 30 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STATISTICS, A V E R A G E NUM BER OF WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREV A ILIN G ] HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM EN TS W H E R E EM PLOYED, BY IND U STR IES: 1914—Continued. ' AVERAGE NUMBER OE WAGE EARNERS. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— 4 Total. Paper and wood p u lp ................ Paper goods, not elsewhere specified.................................... Paper patterns............................ Patent medicines and com pounds. . . ................................ Paving materials........................ Peanuts, grading, roasting, cleaning, and shelling ........... Pencils, lead................................ Pens, fountain and stylographic Pens, gold.................................... Pens, steel.................................... Perfumery and cosmetics.......... Petroleum, refining.................... Phonographs and graphophones. Photo-engravingj not done in printing establishments......... Photographic apparatus............ Photographic materials............. Pickles, preserves, and sauces. . . Pipes, tobacco............................. . Plated ware........................ . ........ Plumbers’ supplies, not else where specified........................ . Pocket books............................... . P ottery........................................ . Poultry, killing and dressing__ Printing and publishing, book and jo b ..................................... Printing and publishing, music.. Printing and publishing, news papers and periodicals.".......... Printing materials...................... Pulp goods................................... Pulp wood................................... Pumps, not including power pum ps...................................... Pumps, steam and other power.. Refrigerators................................. Regalia and society badges and emblems.................................... Rice, cleaning and polishing....... Roofing materials ...................... Rubber goods, not elsewhere specified..................................... Rules, ivory and wood................ Saddlery and harness.................. Safes and vaults........................... Salt................................................ Sand and emery paper and cloth. Sand-lime brick.......................... . Sausage, not made in slaughter ing and meat packing estab lishments.................................. Saws............................................. Scales and balances.................... Screws, machine.......................... Screws, wood.............................. Sewing-machine cases................ . Sewing machines and attach m ents......................................... Shipbuilding, iron and steel___ Shipbuilding, wooden, includ ing boat building.................... Shirts....................... .................... Show cases.................................. Signs and advertising novelties. Silk goods, including throwsters Silversmithing and silverware.., Slaughtering and meat packing , Smelting and refining, copper.. Smelting and refining, lead....... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. 54. Be tween 54 and 60. 60. Be tween 60 and 72. Over 72. 72. 88,457 10,624 5,581 12,702 10,427 13,495 1,073 507 1,009 3,236 41 3,185 23 3,859 2,039 598 71 13,328 19,540 4,223 1,390 4,251 876 2,241 3,193 1,565 2,053 1,008 11,522 20 506 19 2,353 4,330 1,154 246 573 2,897 25,366 9,381 43 382 2,017 548 164 34 471 12,621 4,984 541 2,101 396 32 13 256 5G 2,960 1,010 177 2 886 1,241 28 375 35 174 39 525 1,249 848 1,409 6,211 2) 016 6; 658 12; 590 2,354 8,717 5,156 595 117 858 29 579 794 641 5,670 '708 1,615 l) 934 192 351 218 3,332 217 1,199 60 414 604 4,429 4S0 4,297 9 15 49 3,142 13 708 18,479 1)466 26,705 1,353 2,509 '212 6,207 21 2,093 '275 6,846 34 7,800 702 8,860 '196 3,539 '274 2,142 7 2,538 3 2,582 959 113,121 873 80,023 95 19,145 676 12,093 60 1,293 39 114,375 423 1,654 '421 80,130 105 121 20 7,977 69 17,057 181 380 12 2,134 6,188 5,617 147 183 270 101 848 517 2,010 1,253 4,088 312 28 561 480 18 142 50,220 408 12,969 2,972 5,089 681 557 3,216 9,621 1 598 295 2,244 4,560 4)467 3,643 4) 446 3,699 190 967 48 1,028 2,168 61 14,308 33)508 499 11,928 10,981 51,972 2,257 9)566 108,170 7)070 98,832 17,731 7,385 36 11 18,993 13,692 16,113 1 35 2,502 6,502 92 15 68 125 11 549 3 13 5 5,139 61 753 3,765 7 187 309 185 31 213 277 2,952 1,166 1,270 2,053 1,984 339 152 1,680 1,068 6 921 139 7 945 11 40 1,172 8,019 25,427 '313 83 4,040 4,518 522 1,844 772 '792 30 117 111 10 3,548 11 3,323 98 2,538 369 326 389 169 221 549 80 546 2,955 2,130 684 1,436 267 404 1,365 1)478 839 2,022 1,001 13 375 373 3 1,616 57 9,232 6,861 2,087 6)900 2,467 '928 23 6,393 2,802 596 777 5,420 4,051 12,562 27,222 7,363 '116 277 l) 036 513 2,568 3,097 2,360 1,372 1,169 4)916 56,632 43,243 76 '970 2) 449 3)575 4,728 3,263 13,188 8,734 864 11,170 336 2,225 727 5,073 72 1,378 '439 315 149 2,190 8 335 68,019 2,336 108 511 580 1,318 464 213 340 81 165 ( 442 ) 1 ..... 106 710 347 325 1,504 91 80 444 15 11 213 223 211 8 6 355 34 220 29 498 20 20 87 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 31 AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EA RN ERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO P R E V A ILIN G HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E EK IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H ER E EM PLOY ED, BY INDUSTRIES: 1914—Continued. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— INDUSTRY. Total. Smelting and refining, zinc......... Smelting and refining, not from the ore........................................ Soap............................................... Soda-water apparatus................. Sporting and athletic goods........ Springs, steel,_car and carriage, not made in steel works or rolling mills.............................. Stamped and enameled ware, not elsewhere specified............ Stationery goods, not elsewhere specified........... ....................... Statuary and art goods................ Steam fittings and steam and hotwater heating ap p aratu s......... Steam packing............................. Stencils and brands. ; ................. Stereotyping and electrotyping.. Stoves and hot-air furnaces......... Stoves, gas and oil....................... Structural'ironwork, not made in steel works or rolling mills.. Sugar, beet.................................... Sugar, cane................................... Sugar, refining.............................. Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids........................................... Surgical appliances...................... Suspenders, garters, and elastic woven goods.............................. Theatrical scenery....................... Tin foil.......................................... Tin plate and terneplate............. Tinware, not elsewhere specified. Tobacco, chewing and smoking, and snuff................................... Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes__ Tools, not elsewhere specified. . . . Toys and games........................... Trunks and valises...................... Turpentine and rosin................... Type founding............................. Typewriters and supplies........... Umbrellas and canes................... Upholstering materials, not else where specified.......................... Varnishes...................................... Vault lights and ventilators........ Vinegar and cider........................ Wall paper, not made in paper mills........................................... Wall plaster.................................. Washing machines and clothes wringers..................................... Waste............................................ Watch and clock materials.......... ■Watch cases.................................. Watches........................................ Wheelbarrows............................. W hips........................................... Windmills..................................... Window and door screens and weather strips........................... Window shades and fixtures....... Wire.............................................. Wire work, including wire rope and cable, not elsewhere speci fied ............................................. Wood carpet................................. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. 9,617 447 3,902 2,685 14,172 2,229 5,602 42 1,027 390 226 8 3,446 225 1,573 54. 176 1,514 1,267 2,049 Be tween 54 and 60. 60. Be tween 60 and 72. 2,048 2,043 1,107 259 6,371 294 1,705 618 1,814 53 49 314 72. 70 933 235 208 1,215 2,688 1,161 1,716 1,646 3,703 478 477 377 1,473 817 81 28,731 2,627 3,864 6,077 11,623 4,028 512 7,728 1,988 981 604 1,618 560 3,035 382 2,021 144 73 298 26,388 4,213 446 3,457 29,535 7, 790 3,983 196 53 3,045 2,957 2,613 1,689 1,086 276 171 3,046 286 3,810 756 72 222 11,182 1,401 7,203 1,558 27 6 7,549 2,379 9,703 394 18 13 4,801 1,111 47,167 7,997 3,632 11,253 1,533 8,596 3,610 614 13,905 180 82 19,523 2 591 14 1,498 '395 3,055 3,064 4,282 11 423 536 229 878 379 2,249 490 196 9,646 88 1,031 5,238 22,584 831 80 1 2,190 497 2,440 8 480 2,657 8,975 4,391 180 83 7 2,183 467 378 8,023 6 2,811 25,980 152,892 16,866 7,887 9,911 34,817 1,054 11,091 4,792 1,275 44,969 2,202 386 466 13,680 21 588 538 1,677 19,365 3, 455 1,000 1,589 2,770 736 2,995 1,052 4,952 46,856 2,519 2,619 2,498 728 263 5,891 1,617 16,478 30,936 7,936 3,304 3,566 780 34 1,616 1,547 1,582 8,392 754 578 1,758 15,995 4,426 2,734 601 1,229 130 340 205 76 346 1,117 170 17 808 272 91 400 1,226 717 104 123 1,825 278 31 5S9 91 1 9 19 3 4,738 5,389 59 127 14 185 498 909 1,853 555 2,314 2,895 140 578 2,302 2,966 670 3,514 12,390 323 1,163 1,955 107 50 7 481 123 138 121 185 4,212 57 798 904 322 1,875 4,124 97 829 801 838 930 44 357 300 436 944 176 616 4,054 32 208 516 136 109 337 3,194 4,077 17,600 160 946 669 168 498 4,396 1,398 1,729 333 678 326 4,561 790 574 6,824 2 817 2 12,126 166 1 410 166 1,389 2,107 5,244 | 2,976 1 17 1 1,804 ( 443 ) Over 72. 223 937 254 764 16 1,853 515 6 36 713 151 95 1 38 1 2 32 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. AVERAGE NUM BER OP WAGE EARN ERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E EK IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H ERE EM PLOYED, BY INDUSTRIES: 1914—Continued. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— INDUSTRY. Total. Wood distillation, not including turpentine and rosin.............. . 2,782 Wood preserving......................... 2,830 Wood, turned and carv ed.......... 11,615 Wooden goods, not elsewhere specified.................................... 6,418 Wool pulling................................ 708 Wool scouring.............................. 1,059 Wool shoddy................................ 2,145 Woolen and worsted goods.......... 158,692 All other industries1................... 357 Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. 103 47 294 51 1,405 227 125 387 12 7 1,062 157 2,223 159 54. Be tween 54 and 60. 60. 8 215 1,772 208 173 3,535 1,221 2,180 4,588 905 2,905 151 '153 190 516 516 498 88,305 56,928 1,994 267 353 731 10,126 5 Be tween 60 and 72. 706 98 4 72. 207 42 17 393 8 Over 72. 329 24 40 36 1Includes: Millstones; ordnance and accessories; pulp, from fiber other than wood; and whalebone cutting. AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO P R E V A IL IN G HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H E R E EM PLOY ED, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS FOR 1914 AND 1909 AND BY STATES FO R 1914. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— DIVISION AND STATE. Total. Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. U nited S tates: 54. Be tween 54 and 60. 60. Be tween 60 and 72. 72. Over 72. 1914................... 7,036,337 833,330 945,735 1,818,390 1,543,018 1.487,891 247,798 104,294 55,881 1909................... 6,615,046 523,652 481,157 1,019,438 1,999,307 2,017,280 344,011 116,083 114,118 * Geographic divs : New England— 1914...................... 1,140,233 89,694 113,217 477,074 378,977 69,250 9,744 1,261 1,016 1909...................... 1,101,290 51,613 48,576 159,383 674,662 147,915 13,015 3,296 2,830 Middle Atlantic— 1914....................... 2,355,940' 245,925 464,095 714,601 541,442 272,012 53,597 47,223 17,045 1909....................... 2,207,747 180,067 245,863 325,179 766,499 533,903 74,711 40,208 4i; 317 East North Central— 1914...................... 1,680,2811 238,165 241,560 335,575 416,935 364,630 51,653 19,538 12,225 1909...................... 1,513,764: 123,872 102,083 291,908 366,362 521,120 37,652 34,248 36', 519 West North Central— 1914...................... 381,595 66,810 35,832 91,301 49,023 114,354 17,189 3,919 3,167 1909...................... 374,337 44,763 23,837 72,480 61,556 145,948 15,138 4,738 5,877 South Atlantic— 1914...................... 685,342 62,100 53,411 66,091 84,619 350,620 50,558 12,253 5,690 1909...................... 663,015j 46,034 32,726 56,542 78,412 319,626 108,368 12,847 8,460 East South Central— 1914...................... 264,378' 25,332 13,646 39,366 35,331 113,058 23,062 8,332 6,251 1909...................... 261,772, 19,876 7,698 30,776 20,418 123,564 44,437 7,368 7,635 West South Central— 1914...................... 211,940 26,264 7,780 29,733 9,250 98,749 24,988 9, Oil 6,165 1909...................... 204,520, 15,137 4,889 24,743 6,130 105,470 32,104 9,771 6,276 Mountain— 1914...................... 81,113 17,867 5,595 11,259 17,306 19,220 7,100 1,618 1,148 1909...................... 75,435! 10,452 3,346 11,887 15,651 21,985 7,323 2:757 2; 034 Pacific— 1914...................... 235,515 61,173 10,599 53,390 10,135 85,998 9,907 1,139 3,174 1909....................... 213,166 31,838 12,139 46,540 9,617 97,749 11,263 850 3,170 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (4 4 4 ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 33 AVERAGE NUM BER OP WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PR EV A ILIN G HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM EN TS W H E R E EM PLOYED, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIV ISIO N S-FO R 1914 AND 1909 AND BY STATES FO R 1914—Contd. AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were—• DIVISION AND STATE. Total. N ew E ngland : Maine.......................... New Hampshire........ Vermont..................... Massachusetts............ Rhode Island............. Connecticut................ Middle A tlantic: New Y ork.................. New Jersey................ Pennsylvania............ E ast N orth Central : Ohio............................ Indiana....................... Illinois........................ Michigan..................... Wisconsin................... W est N orth Central : Minnesota................... Iow a............................ Missouri...................... North Dakota............ South Dakota............ Nebraska.................... Kansas........................ S outh A tlantic: Delaware.................... Maryland................... District of Columbia.. Virginia...................... West Virginia............ North Carolina........... South Carolina........... Georgia....................... Florida........................ E ast S outh Central : Kentucky................... Tennessee................. Alabama..................... Mississippi................. W est S outh Central : Arkansas.................... Louisiana................... Oklahoma.................. Texas.......................... Mountain : Montana..................... Idaho.......................... Wyoming................... Colorado..................... New Mexico............... Arizona...................... U tah........................... Nevada....................... 82,149 78,993 32,704 606,698 113,425 226,264 Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. 5,556 4,480 5,57f 49,358 5,871 18,850 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Be tween 54 and 60. 60. 3,799 5,021 4,727 68,223 3,52( 27,929 13,268 5,598 6,452 340,219 72,68] 38,856 39,68] 57,7ft 10,314 123,488 26, Oh 121,717 16,345 5,162 5,077 21,614 4,975 16,077 1,057,857 136,223 296,578 373,605 28,298 62,279 924,478 81,406 105,238 357,822 60,538 296,241 135,878 177,308 228,256 105,769 32,349 133,894 Be tween 60 and 72. 3,132 631 345 3,133 243 2,260 72. 292 232 182 157 21 377 Over 72. 76 105 28 508 101 198 16,476 5,137 3,976 7,051 3,523 2,259 30,070 38,563 10,810 510,435 197,503 506,943 271,090 194,310 69,975 29,358 79,601 31,326 27,905 78,201 23,549 99,322 31,353 9,135 116,627 29,299 113,574 57,614 18,461 126,649 50,232 102,074 75,878 62,102 89,552 55,02] 88,238 64,861 66,958 15,815 6,733 16,676 5,568 6,861 9,591 1,393 4,831 1,677 2,046 4,025 1,918 2,627 2,813 842 92,834 63,113 152,182 3,275 3,788 25,144 41,259 14,041 10,966 28,576 765 846 4,422 7,194 8,499 4,21C 19,252 116 172 2,268 1,315 18,116 12,484 47,528 560 953 5,077 6,583 13,753 7,662 20,480 472 87 1,706 4,863 35,563 22,80C 29,786 996 1,496 9,756 13,957 1,744 2,857 4,573 285 181 1,703 5,846 934 1,330 653 65 46 130 761 184 804 1,334 16 7 82 740 22,155 111,585 8,877 102,820 71,078 136,844 71,914 104,461 55,608 1,263 14,583 4,839 7,205 12,286 2,361 1,375 8,809 9,379 2,050 20,508 691 10,569 7,316 2,578 1,112 5,915 2,672 8,444 18,238 977 8,495 7,503 3,948 2,365 8,538 7,583 6,000 20,142 767 20,172 6,201 17,844 2,895 9,096 1,502 4,033 29,942 381 45,181 26,454 100,236 60,046 59,608 24,739 203 131 5,341 1,579 1,199 5 8,070 1,746 10,141 772 7,429 1,937 2,607 1,288 7,162 3,868 8,406 927 31 1,252 18 1,382 405 511 226 1,465 400 64,586 74,373 78,717 46,702 10,672 4,550 6,765 3,345 6,368 3,423 1,564 2,291 11,800 13,393 9,804 4,369 10,185 18,796 4,777 1,573 18,053 26,725 36,131 32,149 5,553 3,522 12,797 1,190 433 2,745 3,507 1,647 1,522 1,219 3,372 138 41,979 77,665 17,443 74,853 3,346 6,175 4,369 12,374 1,122 2,727 2,247 1,684 3,436 7,387 2,277 16,633 1,458 4,340 687 2,765 30,297 35,777 3,996 28,679 1,158 16,534 1.719 5,577 916 246 2,070 2,655 1,332 816 4,693 2,448 13,704 8,919 2,989 27,278 3,776 6,898 13,894 3,655 2,552 586 1,622 7,442 367 873 3,977 448 2,598 53 35 1,723 8 53 1,011 114 2,531 1,328 447 2,647 247 880 2,158 1,021 3,220 265 26 5,438 568 3,046 3,331 1,412 2,429 6,223 644 5,179 1,317 1,367 1,826 235 369 409 192 2,723 1,195 566 1,226 420 2 30 13 1,493 13 46 18 3 3 25 10 633 61 67 347 2 67,205 28,829 139,481 10,518 3,979 46,676 1,464 775 8,360 7,331 6,917 39,142 4,259 1,324 4,552 40,855 14,839 30,304 1,784 528 7,595 roi 518 420 476 47 2,651 P acific: Washington............... Oregon........................ California................... 54. ( 445 ) 34 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. P E R CENT OF WAGE E A RN ERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREV A ILIN G HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H ER E EM PLOYED, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS FOR 1914 AND 1909 AND BY STATES FOR 1914. [Computed from figures on pages 32 and 33.] Per cent of wage earners. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— Division and State. Total. United States: 1914....................... 1909....................... Be-* 48 and tween 48 and under. 54. 54. Be tween 54 and 60. 60. Be tween 60 and 72. Over 72. 72. 100.0 100.0 11.8 7.9 13.4 7.3 25.8 15.4 21.1 30.2 21.1 30.5 3.5 5.2 1.5 1.8 0.8 1.7 100.0 100.0 7.9 4.7 9.9 4.4 41.8 14.5 33.2 61.3 6.1 13.4 .9 1.2 .1 .3 .1 .3 100.0 100.0 10.4 8.2 19.7 11.1 30.3 14.7 23.0 34.7 11.6 24.2 2.3 3.4 2.0 1.8 .7 1.9 100.0 100.0 14.2 8.2 14.4 6.7 20.0 19.3 24.8 24.2 21.7 34.4 3.1 2.5 1.2 2.3 .7 2.4 100.0 100.0 17.5 12.0 9.4 6.4 23.9 19.4 12.9 16.4 30.0 39.0 4.5 4.0 1.0 1.3 .8 1.6 100.0 100.0 9.1 6.9 7.8 4.9 9.6 8.5 12.4 11.8 51.2 48.2 7.4 16.3 1.8 1.9 .8 1.3 100.0 100.0 9.6 7.6 5.2 2.9 14.9 11.8 13.4 7.8 42.8 47.2 8.7 17.0 3.2 2.8 2.4 2.9 100.0 100.0 12.4 7.4 3.7 2.4 14.0 12.1 4.4 3.0 46.6 51.6 11.8 15.7 4.3 4.8 2.9 3.1 100.0 100.0 22.0 13.9 6.9 4.4 13.9 15.8 21.3 20.8 23.7 29.1 8.8 9.7 2.0 3.7 1.4 2.7 100.0 100.0 26.0 14.9 4.5 5.7 22.7 21.8 4.3 4.5 36.5 45.9 4.2 5.3 .5 .4 1.4 1.5 New E ngland................... Maine.......................... New Ham pshire........ Vermont..................... Massachusetts............ Rhode Islan d............. Connecticut................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 7.9 6.8 5.7 17.1 8.1 5.2 8.3 9.9 4.6 6.4 14.5 11.2 3.1 12.3 41.8 16.2 7.1 19.7 56.1 64.1 17.2 33.2 48.3 73.1 31.5 20.4 22.9 53.8 6.1 19.9 6.5 15.5 3.6 4.4 7.1 .9 3.8 .8 1.1 .5 .2 1.0 .1 .4 .3 .6 0) .2 .1 .1 .1 ,i .1 ,i ,i Middle A tlantic................ New Y ork.................. New Jersey............. Pennsylvania............ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.4 12.9 7.6 8.8 19.7 28.0 16.7 11.4 30.3 33.8 16.2 32.0 23.0 12.8 47.5 24.7 11.6 10.0 8.7 14.5 2.3 1.6 1.9 3.3 2.0 .5 .9 4.2 .7 .4 .6 1.2 E ast North Central......... Ohio............................ Indiana...................... Illinois........................ Michigan.................... Wisconsin.................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.2 13.7 14.9 15.7 11.6 14.4 14.4 15.3 11.9 19.6 11.6 4.7 20.0 22.9 14.8 22.4 21.3 9.5 24.8 24.8 25.4 20.1 28.0 32.0 21.7 17.5 27.9 17.4 23.9 34.5 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.3 2.1 3.5 1.2 1.9 .7 1.0 .6 1.1 .7 .8 1.0 .5 1.0 .4 West North Central....... . Minnesota.................. Iowa.......................... Missouri.................... North Dakota.......... South Dakota........... Nebraska.................. K ansas...................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 17.5 15.1 17.4 18.8 23.4 22.3 17.6 17.4 9.4 9.2 6.7 12.7 3.5 4.5 9.0 3.2 23.9 19.5 19.8 31.2 17.1 25.2 20.2 16.0 12.9 14.8 12.1 13.5 14.4 2.3 6.8 11.8 30.0 38.3 36.1 19.6 30.4 39.5 38.8 33.8 4.5 1.9 4.5 3.0 8.7 4.8 6.8 14.2 1.0 1.0 2.1 .4 2.0 1.2 .5 1.8 South A tlantic................ Delaware.................. M aryland................. District of Columbia 7.8 9.1 100.0 9.3 5.7 100.0 18.4 100. 0 13.1 7.8 54.5 100.0 i Less than one-tenth 12.4 9.6 27.1 38.1 18.1 16.3 8.6 11.0 of 1 per cent. 51.2 18.2 26.8 4.3 7.4 .9 4.8 13.5 1.8 .6 1.4 .1 Geographic divisions: New E n g la n d 1914....................... 1909....................... Middle A tla n tic 1914....................... 1909....................... East North C e n tral1914....................... 1909....................... West N orth Central— 1914....................... 1909....................... South Atlantic— 1914....................... 1909....................... East South C en tral1914....................... 1909....................... West South Central— 1914..............•....... 1909....................... Mountain— 1914...................... 1909....................... Paciftc— 1914....................... 1909....................... 1914. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 446 ) .8 .2 1.3 .9 .5 .2 .3 l.S . 1.1 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 35 P E R CENT OF WAGE EARN ERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREV A ILIN G HOURS OP LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H E R E EM PLOYED, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS FOR 1914 AND 1909 AND BY STATES FOR 1914—Concluded. Per cent of wage earners. In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were— Division and State. Total. South Atlantic—Contd. Virginia...................... West Virginia............ North Carolina........... South Carolina........... Georgia....................... Florida....................... East South Central.......... Kentucky__ : .......... Tennessee................... Alabama..................... Mississippi................. West South Central......... Arkansas.................... Louisiana................... Oklahoma.................. Texas.......................... M ountain....................... Montana..................... Idaho.......................... Wyoming................... Colorado..................... New Mexico............... Arizona....................... Utah........................ Nevada....................... Pacific............................... Washington................ Oregon........................ California................... Be 48 and tween under. 48 and 54. 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 10.). 0 100. 0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 100. 0 100.0 100.0 54. Be tween 54 and 60. 60. Be tween 60 and 72. 72. Over 72. 7.0 17.3 1.7 1.9 8.4 16.9 10.3 10.3 1.9 1.6 5.7 4.8 8.3 10.6 2.9 3.3 8.2 13.6 19.6 8.7 13.0 4.0 8.7 2.7 43.9 37.2 73.3 83.5 57.1 44.5 7.9 14.3 5.4 3.6 6.9 15.1 1.7 1.1 1.4 1.8 3.7 1.7 .4 .3 1.4 .7 9.6 16.5 6.1 8.6 7.2 5.2 9.9 4.6 2.0 4.9 14.9 18.3 18.0 12.5 9.4 13.4 15.8 25.3 *6.1 3.4 42.8 28.0 35.9 45.9 6S.8 8.1 8.6 4.7 16.3 2.6 3. 2 .7 3.7 4.5 3.5 2.4 2.4 1.6 4.3 .3 12.4 8.0 8.0 25.1 16.5 22.0 3.7 2.7 3.5 12.9 2.3 6.9 14.0 8.2 9.5 13.1 22.2 13.9 4.4 3.5 5.6 3.9 3.7 21.3 46.6 72.2 46.1 22.9 38.3 23.7 11.8 2.8 21.3 9.9 7.5 8.8 4.3 2.2 2.7 7.6 6.3 2.0 3.4 4.7 3.3 1.4 18.6 6.6 54.3 27.3 9.7 12.7 28.6 12.3 19.0 .6 1.2 6.3 .2 .8 7.3 3.1 18.5 14.9 15.0 . 9.7 6.5 12.8 15.5 27.9 23.5 3.0 .9 19.9 15.0 44.2 24.0 38.6 17.7 69.8 21.6 19.0 34.9 19.8 13.1 6.4 2.7 4.6 6.4 10.0 31.7 8.2 8.8 11.5 0) .3 .4 5.5 .3 .7 .1 .1 26.0 15.7 13.8 33.5 4.5 2.2 2.7 6.0 22.7 10.9 24.0 28.1 4.3 6.3 4.6 3.3 36.5 60.8 51.5 21.7 4.2 2.7 1.8 5.5 .5 .8 1.5 .1 1.3 .6 2.9 .6 (l) .3 .3 2.3 1.6 1.0 2.5 .1 1.4 .7 .2 1.9 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. U N IO N SCALE OF H O U R S OF LA BO R IN TH E U N IT E D ST A T E S, MAY 15, 1916. Bulletin 214 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, soon to be issued, will show the union scale of wages and hours of labor in the principal occupations having time rates in 48 of the leading in dustrial cities of the United States. The hours of labor in the several trades and cities covered by the bulletin are presented in the table following. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 447 ) 36 ' ' M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. UNION SCALE OF HOURS OF LABOR P E R DAY IN T H E PRINCIPAL TRADES j Jacksonville. | Indianapolis. 1 Grand Rapids. j Houston. 1 Detroit. 84 J Fall River. 8 8 8 94 84 9 84 9 84 9 9 | Dallas. | Denver. j Columbus. | Cleveland. j Chicago. j Cincinnati. 1 | Buffalo. j Charleston, S.C. Line No. Trades. | Boston. J Bridgeport. | Atlanta. 1 Baltimore. • j | Birmingham. |From Bulletin No. 214 of the Bakery. Bakers Dr» Do Do ..................... 8 9 9 10 91 10 9| 94 Brewery and bottling house men. Bottlers........................................ Do Brewers__ ................................... Chauffeurs and drivers............... Do Do f!n e p e rs .......................\ . 8 8 9 8 8 10 8 9 8 8 9 8 9 8 8 Engineers..................................... Firemen........................................ 8 8 "Laborers Do Do M asters ................................... 8 8 8 8§8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8| 8 9 8! 8 8 9 10 8 10 8 8 10 O ile rs Stablemen.................................... Do W a s h e rs W a t eh m en 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 caisson work. 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 10 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 12 10 8 8 8 8 11 9 s 8 ..J 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ... 8 1 9 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 8? 8 8 8:: 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Painters........................................ 9 8 Do Carpenters................................... .9 8 8 8 8 8 layers. Cement workers: 8 F i n is h e r s F i n i s h e r s ’ h e lp e r s L a b o rers O o m p o s itio n ro o fe rs Do M a rb le s e t t e r s ’ h e lp e r s P a in te r s * F r e s c o 9 8 P l a s t e r e r s ’ la b o r e r s Plumbers and gas fitters............ 9 8 Sheet-metal workers................... 9 8 10 Do Do 8 Steam fitters................................ 9 8 8 Stone masons............................... 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ( 448 ) 8 8 s 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ...i 8 8 B u i ld i n g la b o r e r s https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 I Bricklayers................................... 9 Pain ter s * fti gn Plasterers.............................. .»... 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 9 9 9 10 8 9 9 10 9 8 10 9 10 1Ó 10 9 Building. A s b e s to s w o r k e r s Elevator constructors................. Elevator constructors’ helpers.. Engineers: Portable and ho'isting Do Hod carriers................................. Inside wiremen............................ Inside wiremen: Fixture hangers L athers......................................... Marble setters.............................. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 10 8 8 10 9 9 94 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 84 8 10 to 8 8 8 8 12 8 10 Washhouse m en.......................... 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 s 8 8 8 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 1 ! 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 10 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. * ' 37 IN R E P R E S E N T A T IV E CITIES OF TH E UNITED STATES, MAY 15, 1916. Bureau of Labor Statistics.] https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis a ¡3 I 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 5 9 19 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 IS 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 ( 449 ) 38 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. UNION SCALE OF HOURS OF L A B O R P E R DAY IN TH E PRIN CIPA L TRADES [From Bulletin No. 214 of the Fall River. I Grand Rapic 1 Houston. 1 Indianapolis. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 9 12 10 10J 11 HA 8 10 9 12 10 101 11 U* 10 11 10 12 10 10 10 11 6 8 10 9 12 10 11 | Detroit. 8 8 | Denver. 8 8 | Dallas. Cincinnati. 8 8 I Cleveland. 1 Columbus. Chicago. Buffalo. Charleston, S. Boston. Bridgeport. Atlanta. Baltimore. Birmingham. Trades. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 I Jacksonville. 73 ü Building—Concluded. Structural iron workers.............. 8 D o.. ............ Structural iron workers: Fin 8 ishers. Structural iron workers: Fin 8 ishers’ helpers. ......... Do Tile layers.................................... Tile layers’ helpers..................... 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 S Chauffeurs, teamsters, and drivers. 10 lOi 8 9 10 10111 Do.......................................... Do.......................................... Do.......................................... Do.......................................... Do .. ........................ Teamsters and drivers................ D o.......................................... D o ........................................ Do.......................................... Do.......................................... Do ........................................ Freight handlers......................... Do.......................................... 7 10 101 ll" 8 9 10 10i 11 9 10 10 10 81 10 10 10 Granite and stone. Granite cutters............................ 8 Stone cutters............................... 8 Do.......................................... 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 Metal trades. 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 B laeksmiths................................. D o.......................................... Blacksmiths’ helpers.................. Do . . r ........................ Boiler makers.............................. D o.......................................... Do ...................................... Boiler makers’ helpers................ D o.......................................... D o.......................................... Core makers................................. D o.......................................... Machinists.................................... Do.......................................... D o.......................................... D o.......................................... Machinists’ helpers..................... D o.............\ .......................... D o.......................................... Metal polishers and butlers....... Do.......................................... D o.......................................... D o.......................................... Molders: I ro n ............................. D o.......................................... P attern makers: W ood.............. Do.......................................... Do.......................................... Do.......................................... 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 8 8 9 9 9 9 8 9 10 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 8 9 10 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 8 8 8| 8 9 9 9 10 8 8f 9 9 8 9 8 .9 8 9 81 10 10 9 9 9 8 9 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 9 8 8 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 8 8 9 81 9 9 10 9 8 83 8£ 9 10 9Ï 9 9 8 9 9 8.1 9' 8 9 9 8 10 91 9 9 9 8 9 8 9 9 9 8 8 9 10 10 9 8 9 9 8 8 9 10 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 9 8 9 10 1 ! 9 9 9 9 9 10 1 1 1 1 8 9 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 8 9 Millwork. 117 Carpenters.................................. "Do........................................ I Painters: Hardwood fiinshers.. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 9 8§ 81 ( 450 ) 8 9 9 9 ...1 9 9 8 9 8 ... 8 9 8 9 9 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 8 8 8 8 s 8 8 10 10 8 8 9 9 10 10 10 8 8 8 8 8 g 8 8 Spokane. Line No. 8 8 8 8 64 8 8 66 I I Seattle. 8 o' O J 8 9 8 Washington. Worcester. 8 8 8 8 I Salt Lake City. San Francisco. Scranton. I I 1 St. Paul. 8 8 8 8 65 8 07 9 8 68 8 8 § 09 70 8 10 9 10 H J2 10 10 71 72 73 10 10 1U 8 y 10 12 Wi 10 10 10 11 ll 12 8 , 10 10" 77 78 79 80 St 10 10 12 103 12 12 10 9 10 10 11 10 12 9 10 11 12 8 ° 8 8 8 8 8 Q I 8 10 9 8 10 12 10 10 10 11 it) 8 8 8 8 8 8 I Richmond. I Rochester. St. Louis. 8 I 8 8 8 8 8 8 I 8 8 8 8 8 8 I Portland. Providence. J Í I S 8 1 Philadelphia. 1 Pittsburgh. 8 Omaha. 8 s I 8 V I Peoria. 8 I 8 I Manchester. Memphis. 8 Minneapolis. I Newark. I New Haven. I New Orleans. 1 New York. 8 8 Milwaukee. 8 8 I Little Rock. I Los Angeles. I Louisville. I Kansas City. 1 39 IN R E PR E SEN T A TIV E CITIES OF TH E UN ITED STATES, MAY 15, 1916—Continued. Bureau of Labor Statistics.] I 1 14 9 8 8 9 8 9 8 8 8 S 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 93 8 9 8 9 10 8 9 9 9f 9 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 1 1 8 9 8 9 91 ... 8 8 9 9 8 8 9 8 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 8 8 9 8 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 S 9 9 9 9 9 8 9 8 8 9 8 8 9 9 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 8 8 Í9 9 !10 8 10" 9 9 9 9 9 8] 9 8 9 .0 9 9 9 8 8-1 8f 9 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 8 10 9 9 9 9 10 9 9 9 9 8 9 9 10 10 9 8;< 8 1 (45 1 ) g 8 9 9 8 8 8 8 's ’ 8 9 q 8 8 q 8 8 9 8 q 8 8 9 9 10 8 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 q 8 « q q1 10 8 T 9 9 1 8 9 9 10 8 9 9 95 96 8 9 98 9 100 101 102 ! 8 s' 101 105 106 107 108 8 9 9 86 89 90 91 92 93 9 8 8 9 9 8 9 10 9 85 8 87 8 9 8 8 8 9 9 9 10 9 8 8 9 10 9 9 10 9 8 | 10 10 9 y 9 9 § 8 8 9 8 9 qa S3 9 9 91 9 9 9 i 8 9 1 8 9 8 8 8 9 9 I ! 8 8 9 10 9 8 8 9 9 8 ! 9 8 9 9 1 ... 9 8 9 9 8 ... 9 9 8 8 8 9 10 , 10 9 9 9 8 10 8 8 9 8 9 91 8 8 ] 10 10 9 10 9 ■i 9 8 g 9 1 8 8J 9 9 g 8 s jl 8 8 8 1 8 1 ... g 8 9 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 119 40 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. UNION SCALE OF HOURS OF LABOR P E R DAY IN THE PRIN CIPA L TRADES 8 © > P ©i A 8 8 8 8 8Î © y s A 1 Jacksonville. 8 3 fit a 1 'o 'c3 O A 1.Detroit. *o .s o 1 Cleveland. +3 c3 Trades. 1 Grand Rapids. [From Bulletin No. 214 of the ao 3o M 9 o c$ 3 .a pj 8 8 8 8 8 8 P rin tin g and publishing, book and job. 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 ,130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 Bindery women.......................... Bookbinders...... ......................... D o.......................................... Compositors................... ............ Do.......................................... Electrotypers: B attery men and builders. Electrotypers: Finishers and molders. Linotype operators..................... D o.......................................... D o.......................................... D o........................................... Machine tenders.......................... Machinist-operators.................... Press feeders............................... D o........................................ . Pressmen: | Cylinder................................ | D o................................. I D o................................. | Platen................................. 1Prin ting 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 8 8 8 8 83 8| 8 8f 8Ì 81 8 8 8-| 8§ 8 ... 8 74 8 8 8 | 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 83 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8f 8 8 8'J 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8:[ 91 8 8 8J 8 8 8| and publishing, news paper. Compositors: Daywork............................. D o................................. D o................................. D o................................. Night work.......................... D o................................. D o................................. Linotype operators: Daywork.............................. D o................................. Do................................. Night work.......................... D o................................. D o................................. Machine tenders: Daywork............................. D o.................................. D o.................................. Night work.......................... D o.................................. D o.................................. Machinist operators: Daywork............................. Night work.......................... D o.................................. Pressmen, web presses: Daywork............................. Night work.......................... Stereotypers: Daywork............................ Night work......................... S o ft 8 8 71 8 8 8 8J 81 drink 7 7 7 7 7 8 71 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 61 8 8 n 8 8 61 8 8 71 8 61 71 8 8 8 8 71 8 61 71 8 8 8 7 71 8 8 8 8 61 8 f" 8 71 8 8 8 8 8 8 | 8 8 8 8 71 8 1 8 | | 8 7 8 | I 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 7 8 8 7 n 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 7 establishment em ployees. 165 Bottlers................................. 166 D o................................... 167 Chauffeurs and drivers........ 168 Do................................... 169 D o................................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 8 9 10 ( 452 ) 8 10 9 9 1 1 8 I | r I-1 9 1 41 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8- 8 7 8 8 8 - 8 8 Y 8 8 T 8 8 Y 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 9 8 '8 Y 8 8 '8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7b 6 7 71 'n 8 87 's’ 8 9 8 8 8 8 Ö-4 8 8 8 8 8 8 s 8 8 9 8 8 8 8| 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8j 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 '8 ' '8 ' 8 9s 8 8 8 8 8 8 | ... 9| 8 8 8 8 8 7b 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8' T H ... 8 8 8: 85 8| 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 0000 00u- 0000 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6 6 8 8 71 88 6 8 8 8 71 8 7 8 8 8 6 6 7 6 9 9 9* .*! 6' 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 91- 126 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 6? 8 7§ 8 7 8 7 71 7 71 8 8 8 8 8 "8 * 8’ .. Y 7 ‘à’ 8 87 Y 8 8 61 8 6§ 61 71 7§ 7 71 7 71 8 8 8 8 8 7 7 71 7 8 8 7 71 7 8 7 ... 71Y ..J s '| 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 71 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 7 8 8 7 1 7 7 y 7 1 7 71 8 Y 8 ... 8 ! ...1 8 1 ... 1 1 1 1 8 .. .. 8 8 7 W 87 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 (458) 1 1 8 7 71 8 7 71 7 7 9 8 1 1 Ô" ' ô’i! 1 1 136 137 Y 'à’ 8 y Y Y Y Y . 8. . 71 ... 8 J 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 8 71 7 ::: -- 8 Y 8 8 - 8 8 8 8 6 8 123 124 125 8 8 7* 7j! 7* 8 7 8 8 8 8 871 7 7, ... ... ... 8 8 121 8 8 “m j '8 7b 1 Worcester. 1Seattle. 120 8 8 8 6 'n C 8 8 8 ’s’ 9 8 8 C P C 8 8 8 VI "8 P P a •5 P I03 cPo > *> ■ 8 7 6 8 8 8 71 71 8 8 8 7 8 n ... 8 's’ 'n s' Y "7bY 8 'Ü '8 ' Y Y Y Y 71*71Y 'h Y 8 f 8 8 7b 7 7$ 8 8 7J18 8 7§ 8 7 6 8 8 8 71 71 61 8 8 8 7 8 7 8 8 7-1 6 7f 7 7b 8 8 7§ 71 71 . .. f 71 71 J 7b 7§ 7 71 71 71 8 7b 7b, 7f 7-i 71 Y- Y 8 8 8 Y 8 C 122 8 8 8 8 Y +>pcace P K l ce -C K csCQ m C 8 8 8 8 8 8 8? 71 8 a nd fcP Pa 0 2> rP a P 0 t-k 2O Pcch J Ç 5 1St. Paul. CD P 8 8 1916-Concluded. 1San Francisco. 8 1New Haven. 1New Orleans. 1Milwaukee. 1Louisville. pc3 C ep tfoc3; a & C 8 8 £ 2c •§ c a Cj .51 'U 'S» ¡O S ac3 C cI 2r55 4 4--3 £ 0 Ph pH S 1Portland. 1 1 £Ù 3 J fcj |o •a § « p po a 3c C O 0p3 1œ O 4A M 3 8 !... 15, 1 IN REPRESENTATIVE CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, MAY Bureau of Labor Statistics.] ... 8 8 8 8 7 I 1 8 8 8 8 1 1 .. If If ,U .. U .. .. 42 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. From the above table the following summary table has been drawn. This summary shows the frequency of occurrence of the different working hours by industrial groups with all localities included in the report combined. In this summary each trade in each locality with a single statement of hours is given equal importance and counts as one in consolidating the figures for the industry, regardless of the number of union mem bers in the city. Further, when in any city some of the members work one schedule of hours, for example 8, and others work different hours, for example 10, each statement of hours in the city counts as one in its respective column in the table. This method has been followed for each occupation and the figures for the several occupa tions in an industry have been combined to form the total figures for the industry. Thus the 9-J hours of bakers in Baltimore counts as one in the classified group—■ “ Between 9 and 10 hours.” In Boston there are two statements of hours, 8 and 10; here the 8 hours counts as one in the classification group “ 8 hours ” and the 10 counts as one in the group “ 10 hours.” This summarization is crude, but it has not been practicable to make a summary based on the number of persons working each specified number of hours. From the actual numbers of the table percentages have been com puted. In the bakery trades in the majority of instances employees work 9 hours a day or over, 40.3 per cent of the instances falling in the 9-hour class. There is an 8-hour day in the majority of instances for the employees in brewing, building, granite and stone work, and printing. The predominating hours of work in the metal trades are 9 per day. NUM BER OF INSTANCES IN W HICH TRADES W ITH IN AN INDUSTRY W ORKED EACH SPEC IFIED NUM BER OF HOURS P E R DAY, MAY 15, 1916. Instances of occurrence. Per cent. Number. Industry group. Be Be Be Be tween tween tween tween Un Over Un 10 Over 9 9 der 8 8 10 9 9 8 der 8 10 10 8 hrs. and hrs. and hrs. hrs. 8 hrs. and hrs. and hrs. hrs. 10 9 hrs. 10 9 hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. hrs. 1 Bakery............................. Brewery and bottlinghouse men .................. ■Rnilrïing ...................... Chauffeurs, teamsters, 2 and drivers........... ...... Granite and stone.......... Metal trades.................... Mi 11work.......................... Printing and publishing, book and job................ 15 Printing and publishing, newspaper................... 200 Soft-drink establishment employees.................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 23 11 320 1,059 7 78 118 18 312 4 3 78 49 3 19 1 259 5 24 il 48 11 8 1 9 6 1.8 19.3 14.0 40.3 14.0 10.5 50 6 8 69.4 94.8 .9 16.9 .3 4.4 .2 10.8 .5 1.7 56 37 5.6 98.7 27.0 38.3 2.4 15.3 1.3 2.5 59.3 10.6 51.1 45.2 29.8 2.1 2.8 .8 40 3 3.9 80.2 12.3 9.2 39.3 60.7 309 6 1.6 9 2 ( 454 ) 5 27.3 40.9 9.1 22.7 f M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 43 R E D U C T IO N TO E IG H T H O U R S IN 1915, 1916, A N D T H E F IR ST S IX M ONTH S OF 1917. The following tables present information as to the reduction of hours of labor to 8 per day or 48 per week in manufacturing and other establishments in the United States during 1915, 1916, and the first six months of 1917, as reported by leading trade-union periodicals, labor papers, trade journals, daily papers published in various parts of the country, annual and other reports issued by officers of labor organizations, and by replies to inquiries made by the bureau. While the information is necessarily incomplete it is believed that the 534 reports from which data were obtained include no duplications. As indicated in the following summary, 302 of these reports show the number of establishments involved, the total reported being 3,477. The number of employees affected was shown in 193 reports, the total being 1,051,703. SUMMARY OF REPO RTS. 1915 Item. Total number of reports exam ined................................... Reports showing number of establishments involved: Number of reports........................................................ Number of establishments reported.......................... Reports showing number of emptoyees affected: Number of reports........................................ ............... Number of employees reported................... ............... Reports showing bottlestablishments involved and em ployees affected: Number of reports........................................................ Number of establishments reported......... ................. Number of employees reported................................... 1916 1917(6 months). Total. 121 210 203 534 99 224 134 3,027 69 226 302 3, 477 75 171,978 84 342,138 34 537,587 193 1,051,703 73 174 168,563 67 2,801 124,125 17 135 50,902 157 3,110 343'. 590 The following tables show by States and by industries the num ber of establishments and also the number of employees for which reports were obtained covering the periods specified. As indicated in the preceding summary table the sources of the data do not in all cases give both number of establishments and number of employees, hence the total number of employees shown can not be related to the total number of establishments given. 8809°—17 ----- 4 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 455 ) 44 MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS R E P O R T E D AS ADOPTING T H E 8-HOUR DAY IN 1915, 1916, AND T H E FIR ST SIX MONTHS OF 1917, BY STATES AND BY INDUSTRIES. [Based on 302 reports showing number of establishments involved.] By States. State or industry. Alabama.................. California................. Canal Zone............. Connecticut............. Delaware................. District of Columbia Illinois..................... Indiana.................... Iow a......................... Kansas..................... K entucky................ Louisiana................ Maryland................. Massachusetts......... Michigan.................. Minnesota................ Missouri................... New Hampshire__ New Jersey.............. New York................ 1915 1 1916 31 13 16 1 2 1 4 1 62 4 22 4 25 5 1 1 1 1 21 21 1 34 28 23 1917 Total. (6 mos.). 11 3 4 7 2 1 4 102 4 1 8 7 si 2,472 1 27 1 36 14 4 73 7 1 5 1 23 5 148 26 1 38 1 117 2,502 State or industry. North Carolina___ North Dakota____ Ohio........................ Oregon..................... Pennsylvania......... Porto Rico............... Rhode Island.......... Tennessee.............. Texas..................... U tah ........................ V erm ont.................. Virginia................... W ashington............ West V i r g i n i a ............ Wisconsin................ Wyoming................ Interstate................ Total.............. 1915 1 1 53 1916 1917 Total. (6 mos.). 2 2 40 1 2 17 1 1 154 1 179 5 2 2 27 $ 1 1 4 2 41 1 19 224 3,027 226 3,477 8 1 2 77 1 152 5 24 19 1 2 22 3 5 1 1 1 2 By industries. Aluminum manufacturing............. Bakers.................... Boots and shoes__ Bottlers and brewers....................... Brass workers....... Broom manufacturing.................. Building trades__ Carriages and automobiles............ Cement and conCrete ___ Chemicals.............. Clerks, store.......... Cooperage.. ......... Electric“ and gas lighting ......... Electrical supplies. Flour m ills............ Food and tobacco Foundry and machine shops......... Furnitur e ......... Garment workers.. Glass manufacturin g....................... Hardware and sto v e m anufaetu rin g .................. Hotel and restaurant workers....... 1 3 2 2 7 1 2 2 2 1 11 4 31 59 6 31 65 13 3 1 4 1 2 16 2 4 6 4 3 1 12 1 23 8 107 433 13 2,083 2 3 8 2 4 4 2 154 256 5 1,971 5 2 6 1 1 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 5 2 i 20 1 1 4 Iron and steel........ J ewelry.................. L aundry................ L um ber................. Metal polishers___ Mining................... Municipal and State employees. Munitions.............. Musical instrum ents.................. Oil workers............ Paper manufacturing....................... Plated ware........... Policemen.............. Printing and publishing....... .*........ Railroads............... Rubber goods........ Ship and boat building.............. Sporting goods....... Telephone and telegraph............ Textile workers__ Theatrical employees....................... Window cleaners.. Miscellaneous......... 20 ( 456 ) Total....... . i 2 6 1 200 1 5 39 38 1 5 4 18 2 200 2 10 43 56 4 8 3 2 9 16 1 2 4 4 1 3 4 11 28 1 1 2 2 3 30 5 5 5 23 13 1 2 3 1 3 1 11 1 20 1 2 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 300 1 1 224 3,027 226 1 1 1 7 1 3 4 1 300 2 3,477 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 45 NUMBER OF EM PLOYEES R E P O R T E D AS HAVING W ORKDAY REDUCED TO 8 HOURS IN 1915,1916, AND TH E FIR ST SIX MONTHS OF 1917, BY STATES AND BY INDUSTRIES. [Based on 193 reports showing number of employees affected.] 3y States. State or industry. 1915 1917 (6 1916 mos.). Alabama,.... ........... 350 California. _ . 350 3,300 finí orado 130 275 Conn noti m t _____ 37 783 16 250 Tipia,war a 20 Illinois _________ l ’075 20,393 8,150 Indiana 3,000 l' 300 ÏCansai? 90 TCpntnnky 4 50 Tmiisiana, _____ 2,330 Maryl and 17725 560 15,000 Massanb n softs 4'702 10 049 7,512 M ic h ig a n 9*510 '425 M i n n pso t a 300 1,200 Missouri. . . . . . . . . . . 21 M o n ta n a . . Total. 350 3,650 405 37,783 16,270 29,618 4,300 90 54 2,330 17,285 22' 263 9 ' 935 300 1916 1917 (6 mos.). Total. State or industry. 1915 New Jersey............ New York.............. North Carolina___ Ohio....................... Oregon................... Pennsylvania........ Porto Rico............. Rhode Island......... Tennessee.............. Texas..................... Washington........... West Virginia....... Wisconsin.............. In terstate............. 11,246 9,471 75 20,792 13,460 76,693 66,035 156,188 75 75 26,828 8,359 1,490 36,677 650 650 41,544 207,377 6,600 255,521 2,230 2,230 600 600 25 25 2,025 4Ò0 1,500 125 621 621 2,525 525 2,000 110 110 1.200 426.000 427,200 Total............ 171,978 342.138 537,587 1,051,703 '2 1 By industries. Aluminum manu 275 275 facturing ............. 1,471 1,471 Tiaknrs .................. 24,000 24,000 "Roots and shoes__ Bottlers and brew700 560 100 40 ers ................ . 2,060 Brass workers........ 2,060 28,676 610 29,286 Bui 1d ing trades__ Carriages and au1,000 32,085 t OTTIObiIPS............ 31,085 Cement and con 45 45 crete .................... 128 82 46 Chemicals___. . . . . 2,000 2,000 Clerks, store........... 13 13 Cooperage.............. 4,793 852 Electrical supplies. 3,941 300 300 Food and tobacco.. Foundry and ma chine shops......... 88,300 19,336 3,185 110,821 354 314 40 Furniture............... Garment workers.. 11,750 67,625 96,600 175,975 Hotel and restau125 125 rant workers. 300 300 Iron and steel. 3,000 3,000 Jewelry............ 35 35 L aundry................ 1,941 66 1,875 Lum ber................. 500 500 Metal polishers___ 184,"ÓÒÒ 2,000 186,000 Mining................... M u n ic ip a l and 4 4 State employees. 24.000 Munitions.............. 18,000 6 ,0 0 0 Musical i n s t r u 7,554 54 m ents.................. 7,500 7,830 300 350 Oil workers............ 7,180 P a p e r manufac 2,985 485 2,500 turing ................. 1,134 Plated ware........... Ì,"Ì34 102 102 Policemen.............. 1,300 400,400 401,700 Railroads............... 1,692 Ì92 1,500 Rubber goods___ Ship a n d b o a t 1,370 120 1,250 building.............. Telephone a n d 25,000 25.000 telegraph............ 250 250 Textile workers__ 875 75 800 Window cleaners.. 1,000 1,000 Miscellaneous........ Total 171,978 342,138 537,5871,051,703 Of the 534 reports examined, as shown in the table on page 43, the largest numbers were for the following six States in the order named: Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Con necticut; 312 in all, or 58 per cent of the total number of reports made. The largest numbers of establishments involved were found in the following six States in the order named: New York, Penn sylvania, Ohio, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois, 3,183 in all, oi 92 per cent of all the establishments involved. The largest numbers of employees affected were found in the following six States in the order named: Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Ohio, Illinois, Massachusetts; a total of 538,050, which, omitting the 400,000 rail road employees not included in any State in the above figures, is 83 per cent of all. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 457 ) 46 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. The industry in which the largest number of employees was affected by the introduction of the 8-hour day was the railroads where more than 400,000, or 38 per cent of all mentioned in the above tables, were affected. In the mining industry 11 reports were made, in 4 of which 56 establishments were involved and in 3 of which 186,000 employees were affected. For garment workers 28 reports were obtained, in 17 of which 2,079 establishments were involved and in 20 of which 175,975 employees were affected. In several industries the number of establishments involved and the number of employees affected were given in but few of the reports, as in the building trades, where 112 reports were found in which the 8-hour day had been adopted, but in only 12 of which were the number of establishments and of employees given, and in 13 re ports of bakers where only 4 contained the number of establishments involved and 6 contained the number of employees affected. The number of establishments involved and of employees affected as given in the reports of the first six months of 1917 is smaller than in either of the preceding years. This is due to the fact that few official reports of organizations for this period are as yet available, thus rendering it necessary to depend upon the more incomplete re ports found elsewhere. RULES FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE FEDERAL CHILD-LABOR LAW.1 Rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of an act of the Congress of the United States approved September 1, 1916, entitled “ An act to prevent interstate commerce in the products of child labor, and for other purposes.” R e g u l a t io n 1.— C e r tif ic a te t o f age. Certificates of age, in order to protect the producer, manufacturer, or dealer from prosecution, shall be either: 1. Federal age certificates issued by persons hereafter to be designated by the board for children between 16 and 17 years of age when employment in or about a mine or quarry is contemplated and for children between 14 and 16 years o f age when employment in a mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or m anufacturing establishm ent is contemplated. Such certificates shall contain the follow ing inform ation: (1) Name of child; (2 ) place and date o f birth o f child, together w ith statem ent of evidence on which this is based, except when a physician’s certificate of physical age is accepted by the issuing officer, in which case 1 U. S. D epartm ent of Labor. Children’s Bureau. Rules and regulations made by the board, consisting of the Attorney General, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of Labor, for carrying out the provisions of an a ct to prevent in terstate commerce in the products of child labor, and for other purposes, approved Sept. 1, 1916. Child Labor Division Circular No. 1, issued Aug. 14, 1917. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (458) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 47 physical age shall h e shown; (3) r e x and color; (4) signature of child; (5) name and address o f child’s parent, guardian, or custodian; (6) signature of issuing officer ; and (7) date and place of issuance; [or] 2. Employment, age, or working certificate, permit, or paper issued under State authority in such States as are hereafter designated by the board. R eg. 2.— P r o o f o f ag e. Persons authorized by the board to issue age certificates under the authority of this act shall issue such certificates only upon the appli cation in person of the child desiring employment, accompanied by its parent, guardian, or custodian, and after having received, ex amined, and approved documentary evidence of age showing that the child is 14 years of age or over if employment in a mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or manufacturing establishment is contemplated, or that the child is between 16 and 17 years of age if employment in or about a mine or quarry is contemplated ; which evidence shall con sist of one of the following-named proofs of age, to be required in the order herein designated, as follows : (a) A birth certificate or attested transcript thereof issued by a registrar of vital statistics or other officer charged with the duty of recording births. (b) A record of baptism or a certificate or attested transcript thereof showing the date of birth and place of baptism of the child. (c) A bona fide contemporary record of the date and place of the child’s birth kept in the Bible in which the records of the births in the family of the child are preserved, or other documentary evidence satisfactory to the Secretary of Labor or such person as he may desig nate, such as a passport showing the age of the child, a certificate of arrival in the United States issued by the United States immigration officers and showing the age of the child, or a life insurance policy; provided that such other satisfactory documentary evidence has been in existence at least one year prior to the time it is offered in evidence ; and provided further that a school record or a parent’s, guardian’s, or custodian’s affidavit, certificate, or other written statement of age shall not be accepted except as specified in paragraph (d ). (d) A certificate signed by a public-health physician or a publicschool physician, specifying what in the opinion of such physician is the physical age of the child ; such certificate shall show the height and weight of the child and other facts concerning its physical de velopment revealed by such examination and upon which the opinion of the physician as to the physical age of the child is based. A parent’s, guardian’s, or custodian’s certificate as to the age of the child and a record of age as given on the register of the school which the child first attended, or in the school census, if obtainable, shall be submitted with the physician’s certificate showing physical age. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (459) 48 MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. The officer issuing the age certificate for a child shall require the evidence of age specified in subdivision (a) in preference to that specified in any subsequent subdivision and shall not accept the evidence of age permitted by any subsequent subdivision unless he shall receive and file evidence that the evidence of age required by the preceding subdivision or subdivisions can not be obtained. R eg. 3.— A u t h o r i z a t io n o f a c c e p ta n c e o f S t a t e c e r tif ic a te s . States in which the age, employment, or working certificates, per mits, or papers are issued under State authority substantially in accord with the requirements of the act and with regulation 2 hereof may be designated, in accordance with section 5 of the act, as States in which certificates issued under State authority shall have the same force and effect as those issued under the direct authority of this act, except as individual certificates may be suspended or* revoked in accordance with regulations 4 and 8. Certificates in States so designated shall have this force and effect for the period of time specified by the board, unless in the judgment of the board the withdrawal of such authorization at an earlier date seems desira ble for the effective administration of the act. Certificates requiring conditions or restrictions additional to those required by the Federal act or by the rules and regulations shall not be deemed to be incon sistent with the act. R eg. 4.— S u s p e n s io n o r r e v o c a tio n o f c e r tif ic a te s . S e c t io n 1 . Whenever an inspector duly authorized under this act shall find that the age of a child employed in any mill, cannery, workshop, factory, manufacturing establishment, mine, or quarry as given on a certificate is incorrect, or that the time record is not kept in accordance with regulation 8, he shall notify the child, the employer, and the issuing officer that the certificate or the acceptance of a State certificate for the purposes of this act is suspended and indicate such suspension on the certificate or certificates. S e c . 2. A statement of the facts for which the suspension was made shall be forwarded by the inspector to the Secretary of Labor, or such person as he may designate, who will either (a ) revoke or withdraw the certificate or the acceptance of the certificate, or ( b ) veto the suspension according as in his judgment the facts of the case warrant. Due notice shall be sent to the child’s parent, guardian, or custo dian, to the employer, and to the issuing officer of the action taken in regard to a suspended certificate. S e c . 3. If the suspensi on of a certificate be vetoed, a new certificate shall be issued upon the surrender of the one suspended. If for any https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis v (460) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 49 reason such new certificate can not be obtained from a State issuing officer, the notice of the veto if attached to a suspended certificate shall be recognized and accepted as meeting the requirements of section 5 of the act. R eg. 5.— R e v o k e d o r s u s p e n d e d c e r tif ic a te s . A revoked or suspended certificate will not protect a producer, manufacturer, or dealer from prosecution under section 5 of the act after notice of such suspension or revocation, except as provided in regulation 4. R eg. 6.— H o u r s o f e m p lo y m e n t. In determining whether children between 14 and 16 years of age have been employed more than eight hours in any day the hours of employment shall be computed from the time the child is required or permitted or suffered to be at the place of employment up to the time when he leaves off work for the day exclusive of a single con tinuous period of a definite length of time during which the child is off work and not subject to call. R eg. 7.— D a y s o f e m p lo y m e n t. A child may not be employed for more than six consecutive days. R eg. 8.— T im e re c o r d . S e c t io n 1. A time record shall be kept daily by producers or manu facturers showing the hours of employment in accordance with regu lation 6 for each and every child between 14 and 16 years of age, whether employed on a time or a piece rate basis. S e c . 2. Certificates of age for children employed in any mine or quarry or in any mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or manufacturing establishment may be suspended or revoked for failure on the part of a manufacturer or producer to keep time records as required by this regulation or for false or fraudulent entries made therein. R eg. 9.— I n s p e c tio n . An inspector duly authorized under this act shall have the right to enter and inspect any mine or quarry, mill, cannery, workshop, fac tory, or manufacturing establishment, and other places in which goods are produced or held for interstate commerce; to inspect the certificates of age kept on file, time records and such other records of the producer or manufacturer as may aid in the enforcement of the act ; to have access to freight bills, shippers’ receipts, or other records of shipments in interstate or foreign commerce kept by railroads, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (461) 50 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. express companies, steamship lines, or other transportation companies so far as they may aid in the enforcement of the act. R eg. 10.— O b s tr u c tin g in s p e c tio n . S e c t io n 1. It shall be the duty of a producer or manufacturer to produce for examination by an inspector the certificates of age kept on file and any child in the employ of a manufacturer or producer whom the inspector may ask to see. Concealing or preventing or attempting to conceal or prevent a child from appearing before an inspector or being examined by him or hindering or delaying in any way an inspector in the performance of his duties shall be con sidered an obstruction of inspection within the meaning of section 5. Sec. 2. No owner, manager, or other person in charge of premises or records shall be subject to prosecution for obstruction of inspec tion if the inspector shall refuse upon request to submit his identi fication card for examination by such owner, manager, or other person. R eg. 11.— R e m o v a l. Withdrawal for any purpose of an article or commodity from the place where it was manufactured or produced constitutes a removal thereof within the meaning of the act; and the 30-day period within which employment of children contrary to the standards prescribed in section 1 of the act results in prohibiting shipment in interstate or foreign commerce shall be computed from that time. R eg. 12.— G u a r a n ty . S e c t io n 1. A guaranty to protect a dealer from prosecution under section 5 of the act shall be signed by and contain the name and address of the manufacturer or producer; it shall be specific, covering the particular goods shipped or delivered for shipment or trans portation, and shall not be a general guaranty covering ail goods manufactured or produced or to be manufactured or produced by the guarantor. It may be incorporated in or attached to or stamped or printed on the bill of sale, bill of lading, or other schedule that contains a list of the goods which the manufacturer or producer intends to guarantee. Sec. 2. A dealer shipping goods from a State other than the State of manufacture or production does not require a guaranty in order to be protected from prosecution. (See sec. 6 of the act.) Sec. 3. A guaranty substantially in accordance with the following forms will comply with the requirements of the act: For products of mines or quarries— (1 or w e), the undersigned, do hereby guarantee th a t the articles or com modities listed herein (or specify the sam e) were produced by (me or us) in a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (462) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 51 mine or quarry in which w ithin 30 days prior to removal th erefrom 1 no chil dren under the age of 16 years were employed or permitted to work. (Nam e and place of business of producer or m anufacturer.) (D ate of removal.) For products of a mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or m anufacturing estab lishment— (I or w e ), the undersigned, do hereby guarantee that the articles or com m odities listed herein (or specify the sam e) were produced or manufactured by (me or us) in a (m ill, cannery, workshop, factory, or m anufacturing estab lishm ent) in which w ithin 30 days prior to the removal of such goods there fro m 1 no children under the age of 14 years were employed or permitted to work, nor children between the ages of 14 years and 16 years were employed or permitted to work more than eight hours in any day or more than six days in any week, or after the hour of 7 o’clock p. m. or before the hour o f 6 o’clock a. m. (Name and place of business of producer or manufacturer.) (D ate of removal.) R eg . 13.— A l t e r a t i o n a n d a m e n d m e n t o f r e g u la tio n s . These regulations may be altered or amended at any time without previous notice by the board as constituted in section 2 of the act. [ P u b lic —No. 249—64th C o ng bess .] [H. R. 8234.] AN ACT To prevent interstate commerce in the products of child labor, and for other purposes. B e i t e n a c te d b y th e S e n a t e a n d H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f th e U n ite d S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a in C o n g r e s s a s s e m b le d , That no producer, manufacturer, or dealer shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any article or commodity the product o f any mine or quarry, situated in the United States, in which w ithin thirty days prior to the time of the removal of such product therefrom children under the age of sixteen years have been employed or permitted to work, or any article or commodity the product of any mill, cannery, workship, factory, or m anufacturing establishm ent, situated in the United States, in which w ithin thirty days prior to the removal of such product therefrom children under the age of fourteen years have been employed or per m itted to work, or children between the ages of fourteen years and sixteen years have been employed or permitted to work more than eight hours in any day, or more than six days in any week, or after the hour of seven o’clock postmeridian, or before the hour of six o’clock antem erid ian : P r o v id e d , That a prosecution and conviction of a defendant for the shipment or delivery for shipment of any article or commodity under the conditions herein prohibited shall be a bar to any further prosecution against the same defendant for ship m ents or deliveries for shipment of any such article or commodity before the beginning of said prosecution. 1 During the month of September, 1917, a m anufacturer or producer may substitute for the clause “ w ithin 30 days prior to the removal therefrom ” the clause “ on and a fte r September 1, 1917.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (463) 52 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. S ec . 2. That the Attorney General, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Sec retary of Labor shall constitute a board to make and publish from time to time uniform rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of this act. S ec. 3. That for the purpose of securing proper enforcement of this act the Secretary of Labor, or any person duly authorized by him, shall have authority to enter and inspect at any tim e mines, quarries, m ills, canneries, workshops, factories, m anufacturing establishm ents, and other places in which goods are produced or held for interstate commerce; and the Secretary of Labor shall have authority to employ such assistance for the purposes of this act as may from time to tim e be authorized by appropriation or other law. S ec . 4. T hat it shall be the duty of each district attorney to whom the Secretary of Labor shall report any violation of this act, or to whom any State factory or m ining or quarry inspector, commissioner of labor, State m edical instructor, or school-attendance officer, or any other person shall present satisfactory evidence of any such violation to cause appropriate pro ceedings to be commenced and prosecuted in the proper courts of the United States w ithout delay for the enforcement of the penalties in such cases herein provided: P r o v id e d , That nothing in this act shall be construed to apply to bona fide boys’ and girls’ canning clubs recognized by the Agricultural D epart ment of the several States and o f the U nited States. Sec . 5. That any person who violates any of the provisions of section one o f this act, or who refuses or obstructs entry or inspection authorized by section three of this act, shall for each offense prior to the first conviction of such person under the provisions o f this act, be punished by a fine of not more than $200, and shall for each offense subsequent to such conviction be punished by a fine of not more than $1,000, nor less than $100, or by imprisonment for not more than three months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court: P r o v id e d , That no dealer shall be prosecuted under the provisions of this act for a shipment, delivery for shipment, or transporta tion who establishes a guaranty issued by the person by whom the goods shipped or delivered for shipment or transportation were m anufactured or produced, resident in the United States, to the effect that such goods were produced or manufactured in a mine or quarry in which w ithin thirty days prior to their removal therefrom no children under the age of sixteen years w ere employed or permitted to work, or in a mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or m anufacturing establishm ent, in which w ithin thirty days prior to the removal of such goods therefrom no children under the age of fourteen years were employed or perm itted to work, nor children between the ages of fourteen years and sixteen years employed or permitted to work more than eight hours in any day or more than six days in any week or after the hour of seven o’clock postmeridian or before the hour of six o’clock antem eridian ; and in such event, if the guaranty contains any false statem ent of a m aterial fact, the guar antor shall be amenable to prosecution and to the fine or imprisonment provided by this section for violation of the provisions of this act. Said guaranty, to afford the protection above provided, shall contain the name and address of the person giving the sam e : A n d p r o v i d e d f u r th e r , T hat no producer, manufacturer, or dealer shall be prosecuted under th is act for the shipment, delivery for ship ment, or transportation of a product of any mine, quarry, mill, cannery, work shop, factory, or m anufacturing establishm ent, if the only employment therein, w ithin thirty days prior to the removal of such product therefrom, of a child under the age of sixteen years has been th at of a child as to whom the producer or m anufacturer has in good faith procured, at the time of employing such child, and has since in good fa ith relied upon and kept on file a certificate, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (464) M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF TILE B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 53 issued in such form, under such conditions, and by such persons as may be prescribed by the board, showing the child to be o f such an age that the shipment, delivery for shipment, or transportation w as not prohibited by this act. Any person who knowingly makes a false statem ent or presents false evidence in or in relation to any such certificate or application therefor shall be amenable to prosecution and to the fine or imprisonment provided by this section for violations of this act. In any State designated by the board, an employment certificate or other sim ilar paper as to the age o f the child, issued under the law s of that State and not inconsistent w ith the provisions of this act, shall have the same force and effect as a certificate herein provided for. S ec . 6. T hat the word “ person ” as used in this act shall be construed to include any individual or corporation or the members of any partnership or other unincorporated association. The term “ ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce ” as used in this act means to transport or to ship or deliver for shipment from any State or Territory or the D istrict of Columbia to or through any other State or Territory or the D istrict of Columbia or to any foreign co u n try ; and in the case o f a dealer m eans only t* transport or to ship or deliver for shipment from the State, Territory, or district of manufacture or production. S ec. 7. That this act shall take effect from and after one year from the date of its passage. Approved, September 1, 1916. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (465) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis THE “ WELFARE P L A N ” OF THE LAKE CARRIERS’ ASSOCIATION. B Y P A U L F . B K IS S E N D E N . At its convention, held in New York City, December 4 to 12, 1916, the International Seamen’s Union of America adopted a resolution requesting the United States Department of Labor “ to investigate the employment system, shipping offices, and so-called ‘ Welfare plan ’ of the Lake Carriers’ Association and to make public the results of such investigation.” The resolution charged that this welfare plan was virtually a strike-breaking and blacklisting system, the continua tion of which would almost certainly lead to a serious strike on the Lakes. A forthcoming bulletin of the Bureau of Labor Statistics will present the results of an inquiry into the nature and operation of this welfare plan. The Lake Carriers’ Association is composed of vessel owners and managers operating vessels upon the Great Lakes, principally such vessels as carry iron ore, coal, and grain—articles which make up the bulk of the tonnage on the Lakes. Its declared object is, among other things, “ to establish and maintain by contract or otherwise such amicable relations between employers and employed as will avoid the public injury that would result from lockouts and strikes in the Lake-carrying service.” The association has at the present time a membership of 64 vessel owners or managers and operates through them 414 boats. It carries about four-fifths of the total registered tonnage of the Great Lakes. The most important, and virtually the dominating member of the association is the Pittsburg Steamship Co., a subsidiary of the United States Steel Corporation. This com pany carries about one-fourth of the total tonnage of the association. As early as 1893 the association established shipping offices at the various lake ports, and in 1901 had drawn up a plan for estab lishing in the principal ports of the Great Lakes “ club rooms ” for the use of the seamen. “ Before the plan could be put 'into effect, however, some of the unions,” according to what is apparently an official statement of the association, “ proposed to undertake this feature of the work and the plan was laid aside.” Contracts were made with various unions to supply all men below the grade of officers, the unions promising to deal justly in cases of injury, dis ability, or death in service. “ The result of this experiment,” the statement concludes, “ was complete failure.” https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (467) 55 56 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. In the spring of 1908 the original plan was somewhat elaborated, definitely labeled “ The welfare plan,” and its provisions in substan tially their present form were put into effect in the lake ports and on the association’s vessels with the opening of navigation. At the same time the association announced its definite adoption of the “ open-shop principle.” The welfare plan provides for the maintenance of assembly rooms at the various lake ports. Sailors are given the privileges of these rooms upon the payment of an annual fee of $1. This entitles them to certification and membership in the welfare plan. Members are called welfare men by the association. If a sailor wishes to ship on an association boat he is asked to enroll under the welfare plan if he has not already done so. When labor is at a premium non members may be shipped, but the preference is given to welfare men. Each man registered under the plan is given a registration or record discharge book, called by the association a welfare book, in which is kept a serial record of his service on association boats. This book must be presented by the man when applying for work to the “ com missioner ” or shipping master in charge of the local assembly room or shipping office and to the captain or chief engineer of the boat on which he ships. The welfare book is kept in the possession of the captain or chief engineer until he signs up the sailor’s “ discharge record ” for the trip and returns the book to him. The official association text of the welfare plan gives some impor tant details regarding the use of the welfare or discharge books: “ The association record discharge book will be put in the hands of the holder, to be deposited by him at the time of signing articles with the master or chief engineer according to the department of service. In this book such executive officer will at the termination of the service on the ship, enter a discharge, and in the appropriate column a statement of the character of service. If this entry be ; good ’ or i fair,’ the book shall be returned direct to the man, but when, in the best judgment of the officer with whom the book is de posited, such entry can not justly be made and in every case of deser tion or failure to serve after engaging, the book shall be returned by the master to the secretary of the association, together with a state ment in explanation from the officer with whom the book was de posited. The association will thereupon take such action in such manner as it may deem wise and just as to canceling its outstanding certificate of membership.” On becoming a welfare man the sailor “ pledges that from engage ment on any vessel * * * in the Lake Carriers’ Association he will perform all his lawful duties regardless of whether any officer or member of the crew may or may not be a member of any union https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (468) M O N T H L Y EE V IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR, STA TISTICS. 57 or association of any kind.” The great majority of the welfare men are nonunion men and the union man who registers under the welfare plan ceases to be an active union man. At the present time there appears to be little or no formal discrimination against union men by the association’s commissioners. None the less, the evidence indi cates that the welfare plan has operated to diminish union activity and undermine the strength of the union. Active union propaganda, at least, is incompatible with welfare membership and such member ship is virtually a prerequisite to employment on most lake vessels. “ There is no requirement on the part of the Lake Carriers’ Asso ciation,” says one of its officials, “ that men shall belong to the wel fare plan in order to secure employment * * * other than that officers of the boats insist that men employed on their vessels be welfare men.” The association denies that the assembly rooms are shipping or employment offices on the ground that it is the captain of the boat and not the commissioner who does the actual hiring. As the scheme actually operates, however, the assembly rooms become clearing houses for the buying and selling of seafaring labor, which is vir tually engaged by the commissioner subject to the approval of the ultimate employer. They are comparable with the ordinary employ ment agencies, except that (1) the job seeker does not pay a specific fee for each job, and (2) the commissioner does not formally hire. It is worthy of notice that these association shipping offices put greater restriction on the freedom of purchase and sale of labor than do the ordinary employment agencies. The captain of an associ ation boat is not free to look where he will for sailors. Tie must go to one of these assembly rooms. The sailor’s freedom in seeking work is correspondingly restricted. He can not go directly to the ship captain; at any rate, he may not apply to him unless he has first become a welfare man. These restrictions are less rigidly enforced when labor is scarce. The union men insist that despite the general improvement of sanitary and living conditions aboard ship, the sailors are now really worse off than they were prior to the inauguration of the welfare plan in 1908. As the union sailors look at it, they are now less free than ever, being subject under the welfare plan to a system of virtual espionage and under constant apprehension of the blacklist. The average sailor is certainly no better satisfied with his job now than he has been in the past, as is.pretty clearly demonstrated by the continued high turnover of labor on the Lakes. The rate of turnover on the association’s boats in 1916 was more than 600 per cent. It is generally admitted that native American sailors are and have been for https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (469) 58 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. several years leaving the Lakes in increasing numbers to take jobs ashore. The association is making a systematic attempt to enforce a policy of neutrality toward the unions. There is no question of the sincerity of association officials on this point. The association is theoretically neutral and formally intent on being fair to union men. However, the interpretation and practical application of its open-shop principle and the actual operation of its welfare plan have undeniably had a damaging effect upon the lake unions. The welfare plan has cer tainly been a factor in reducing the membership and influence of the sailors’ unions. An official statement issued by the Lake Seamen’s Union declares that through this welfare system “ the seaman is to be held in con stant fear of an adverse opinion being rendered against him by any captain he serves under.” The statement continues: “Always he must dread that the master will refuse to return his book when the term of employment is ended. If he desires to quit when the cap tain does not want him to, he must hesitate—terror of being deprived of the book is relied upon to bind him to the ship. He must not dare resent ill treatment; he must not complain under constant espion age; he must live in fear, always in dread of the fatal mark. The continuous discharge-book system is far more cruel than any ordinary blacklist. The particular system chosen by the lake carriers is the most outrageous of any wTe have ever heard of. Might is to be made rig h t; fear is to be law.” The available evidence indicates that without the slightest impu tation of insincerity on the part of the association in its profession of a genuine neutrality toward the unions, the general effect of the welfare plan in the actual administration of its provisions by the general officers of the association, its commissioners, and those in authority on its boats, is discriminatory toward the unions. No mat ter how disinterestedly neutral the association has endeavored to be, the obvious result has been the elimination of union men, the use of strike breakers, and the virtual exercise of the power of the black list. The membership of the association has increased; that of the union has diminished. Undoubtedly many sailors exaggerate the situation and all of them are more or less affected psychologically by the fact that the most important member of the association is a subsidiary of the steel corporation. Perhaps also some of that “ dread of the blacklist,” of which union officials so often speak, is a product of the sailors’ imagination. Yet there seems to be no doubt that the welfare plan, whether or not so intended, is admirably suited to limit the employee’s freedom of activity. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (470) MEDICAL, HOSPITAL, AND SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR EMPLOYEES. BY A N IC E L . W H IT N E Y . A study of work for industrial betterment carried on by employ ers, covering a large section of the country and including many firms which are large employers of labor, was made recently by agents of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Schedules were taken for 431 establishments, 375 of which, with a total of 1,204,010 em ployees, reported some provisions for giving medical treatment. These establishments cover a great variety of industries, such as mining, foundries and machine shops, manufacturing of iron and steel, electrical supplies, automobiles, furniture, boots and shoes, textiles, and explosives; also steam and electric railroads, telegraph and telephone companies, electric light and power companies, and stores. The method of caring for the health of employees along strictly medical lines varies greatly with the needs of the industry and the individual ideas of employers. I t ranges from the most simple equip ment, consisting of first-aid cabinets located in the office or about the plant, to the most elaborate and up-to-date emergency hospitals. These hospitals often consist of a suite of rooms including doctors’ offices, operating rooms, and wards for men and women with doctors and nurses on duty throughout the working hours. This work has grown to large proportions in many industries be cause of the impetus which lias been given to the safety movement in the last few years. As a result of this work in the mining and iron and steel industries especially, crews of men are instructed in the principles and practice of first aid, and interest is stimulated and maintained among the employees by means of safety-first maga zines and bulletins and by contests among various first-aid teams for which prizes are given. In some cases the day on which these contests take place becomes the gala day of the year for the em ployees and their families. The participation in rescue and first-aid work is entirely voluntary on the part of employees, but each one before being allowed to enter the work must have a doctor’s cer tificate showing that he is physically fit to undertake it. Four to six men are assigned to each first-aid crew and the course consisting of lectures, demonstrations, and drills is usually completed in 12 lessons. This training by the company doctor goes on continually, and many 8809°—17----- 5 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (471) 59 60 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. new crews are added each year. Rescue crews consist of from five to eight men who are trained by special instructors to work with rescue helmets in a room filled wTith smoke or noxious gases. One company has a fully equipped, rescue car containing stretchers and stretcher racks with a capacity of from 16 to 20 men. There is also a small operating room with sterilizing equipment and a supply of drugs and dressings. In addition the car carries oxygen helmets, safety lamps, reels of life line, and two pulmotors, and is always ready with the necessary crew of men in case of emergency. In the mining industry, where much of the work is done by firstaid crews, there are first-aid boxes at the different mine levels and sometimes emergency and refuge chambers built of concrete. One company reports a special signal system in case of accidents, to call the first-aid men. Stretchers and usually pulmotors, or lung motors, are supplied. One company keeps first-aid boxes dry by use of elec tric-light bulbs. Pocket first-aid cases are also frequently furnished the men. Of the 375 establishments reporting provisions for medical treat ment 110 have first-aid equipment; of these, 77 have first-aid kits only, 16 have first-aid cabinets with stretcher or cot, 12 have first-aid kits in rest rooms, 5 have kit, stretcher, and pulmotor. In the mining and iron and steel industries, in foundries, ma chine shops, and other extrahazardous industries the emergency hospital equipment is often very elaborate. All the modern sanitary appliances, such as faucets, which are operated by foot or knee pres sure, glass cabinets for medicines and instruments, porcelain tables, electric sterilizers, and complete equipment for major and minor operations, are found. Forty-three of these establishments employ surgeons, so that accidents, even though very serious, may be cared for without the loss of time which is often so serious a factor in surgical cases. In order that there may be as little delay as possible in getting patients to the general hospital, eight establishments which are not equipped to care for very serious cases have their own am bulances, of which six are motors. There is a systematic endeavor in most establishments which possess good emergency equipment to have the employees report to the doctor or nurse for even the slightest injuries, and as a result there has been a great reduction in the number of cases of infection. In many cases severe penalties are imposed if workers endeavor to remove particles from the eyes of fellow workmen or bind up cuts or scratches, and sometimes this is considered sufficient cause for discharge. About 190 of the companies visited give free medical service to employees in addition to the accident work. In those industries in which accidents are rare and seldom serious much has been made of https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (472) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS. 61 the medical service, and in department stores and large offices, which almost uniformly have elaborate emergency equipment, employees are encouraged to report to the hospital for the most trivial com plaints. In these establishments often a large percentage of the em ployees are treated each month, while in those which confine them selves to accident work only, comparatively few usually receive treatment. Of the 375 establishments, 265 have hospital equipment varying from very ordinary to very elaborate, and 110 other estab lishments have first-aid kits only. Of these 375 establishments, 171 employ doctors, 84 have doctors on call, 99 have none, and 21 do not report. One hundred and twenty-two establishments employ 1 doctor each, 20 employ 2 doctors, 8 employ 3, and 16 employ numbers varying from 4 to 12. Two companies employ 14 and 22 doctors, respectively, each company having several plants; another employs 43, but this company covers a wide territory and much family work is included. One company has a hospital adjacent to the plant which was started by the firm but is now a public hospital at which all emergency cases are treated. One other does not report number of doctors. Of the doctors reported in the 171 establishments, 48 are reported as sur geons. Trained nurses are employed by 181 establishments, 165 have none, and 29 do not report. Of these 181 establishments, 104 have 1 trained nurse each, 39 have 2 nurses, 20 have 3, 12 have from 4 to 8; the 5 employing more than 8 have reported for more than one plant. In one establishment the nurses in the company hospital serve as emergency nurses. The management of one very large company employing many young women believes that the company should not take the respon sibility of treating its employees in any except the very simplest first-aid cases. It is the policy of this company to have a first-aid cabinet in the rest room in charge of one of the older employees, and if any sudden, serious case develops to send for a physician. As far as possible, however, the company works through the family physician, believing that a better feeling results on the part of em ployees and their families if this is done. This company also be lieves that a finely equipped emergency hospital encourages those with trifling ailments to think too much of them, and makes it too easy often to get medicine without which in the end the employee would probably be better off. The emergency hospital work is to a certain extent allied with that of the benefit association, and in a few instances is managed by this association, the employer giving space and equipment and usually making a contribution to the association funds. In the majority of cases, however, the employer pays for and controls the hospital work, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (473) 62 MONTHLY EEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. and the medical work in connection with the benefit association is incidental to the regular work of the hospital. It is quite a general practice to give applicants for employment a more or less comprehensive physical examination. This ranges from a few general questions to a thorough physical test, of which complete records are made and kept. It is also quite usual for such establishments to reexamine after absence from illness or other causes. It is to be understood that the main purpose of entrance examinations is to exclude those who are undesirables from the standpoint of the employer—that is, usually those suffering from tuberculosis or other contagious diseases—although occasionally firms having some outside work are willing to take tubercular people. In a very fewT instances, however, valuable assistance is given by the medical department in helping employees to correct minor defects revealed by the examinations. One firm employing a very large number of men gives advice to applicants who are rejected because of defective physical condition as to the correct treatment necessary for cure or help and recommends them to reliable physicians or hospitals. Where circumstances warrant the arrangements for hos pital care are made by the health director of the company. Only such applicants are rejected as are totally incapacitated or are suffer ing from contagious or infectious diseases. The claim is made by this firm that by means of this advice 25 per cent of the rejected are reclaimed and hired. Another place reports that of the T per cent rejected the proportion able to remedy their defects through proper attention is large enough to reduce the net rejections to less than 2 per cent. Periodic examinations are found less frequently than preliminary medical examinations. In occupations which are subject to occu pational diseases or in establishments which handle or manufacture food products, periodic examinations are either necessary for com pliance with the State or municipal law or are so manifestly a require ment of ordinary humanity and social protection that they can not be regarded as welfare work. Examinations given by steam and electric railroads are mainly for sight and hearing, and, therefore, are more for the protection of the public than for the benefit of the employees. In the comparatively few cases besides these in which periodic examinations are given general corrective work is done or a change of work is ordered in cases where it is found that employees are not physically capable of doing the work assigned to them. This, as well as leave of absence sometimes with and some times without pay, is often the method of dealing with the less serious cases. Employees who are found to be in a generally run down or anemic condition are frequently given egg and milk or https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (474) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 63 malted milk regularly, and the results of this diet are carefully noted by physicians or nurses. Special examinations and subsequent medi cal attention are given in a number of establishments upon request of the employee. Of the 49 establishments which report periodic examinations, 17 have annual examinations and of these 10 examine all employees, 1 examines heads of departments and assistants annually, the re maining employees being examined at the end of one year’s service and not thereafter, and G do not report the number examined each year. Six establishments have semiannual examinations, and of these 1 examines all employees, another all but the salaried force, 1 all male employees, while the others do not report classes of employees examined ; 2 of these establishments give semiannual dental exami nations. Of the other periodic examinations reported 4 (3 biennial and 1 every four years) are by railroads and 22 are for food handlers or for persons exposed to occupational diseases, and vary from weekly to bimonthly examinations. Nine establishments examine after absence on account of illness or for other causes and of these 1 examines every two years and also before promotion and reemployment, 1 establishment examines laborers after one year of service, 18 report special examinations in cases of suspected tuberculosis or other disease, and 3 give them on request of the employees. Fifteen report definite corrective work on the part of physicians as a result of examinations. Four give egg and milk or malted milk to employees in poor physical condition. Thirty-two firms will pay the entire expenses of employees who, after a reasonable length of service, develop tuberculosis, but if the employee is able to pay part of the expenses he is expected to do so. One firm maintains its own tuberculosis sanatorium in the mountains, to which all of its employees suffering from this disease are sent; a limited number of employees suffering from other diseases are also cared for at this place. Because of lack of local facilities for the care of tuberculosis another firm has established a special dispensary near the plant for the use of employees who either have contracted tuberculosis or are suspected of having it. These patients are under the constant oversight of a doctor, and a specially trained nurse who superintends their examination at the clinic and also visits them in their homes to teach the most modern methods of prevention and cure. The most serious cases are kept at the dispensary. In Chicago a number of firms are contributors to a tuberculosis sanatorium where employees of these firms may be treated at much reduced rates ; and in cases of necessity no payment at all is required. Thirty-two firms send employees to sanatoriums. Two establish ments have a joint fund given by employer and employees for sana- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (475) 64 MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. torium care of tubercular cases. Sixteen companies pay all expenses, 1 pays all after two years’ service, 1 after three years’ service, and another pays if employees are unable to do so. One company has its own sanatorium and several other firms send to a sanatorium which is maintained jointly. Change of occupation in cases of poor physical condition is re ported in 14 cases, and leave of absence either with or without pay for the purpose of recuperation is reported in 6 cases. Several companies have introduced dental service for their employees. One company having semiannual dental examinations for all employees has a suite of rooms consisting of dentists’ offices, a sterilizing room, and a radiograph room. The rooms are of white enamel with porcelain fittings, glass-topped tables and desks, and faucets op erated by foot pressure. Radiographs are made in all cases of sus pected blind abscess. General prophylactic work is done, and a report made to the patient of the teeth which need attention. Very complete records are kept of all cases. Another plant employing one dentist and two assistants has had a dental dispensary in operation for several years. The office is equipped with two chairs and two sets of instruments, so that no time is lost between patients, and one set of instruments is always sterilized and ready for immediate use. All employees in need of immediate attention are cared for, but only those who have been in the company’s employ for more than six months are entitled to re ceive extensive treatment. Nearly all kinds of dental work are done at no expense to the employees. This work costs the employer a little more than $4 a year per employee. Here, as in several other estab lishments, toothbrushes and powder are sold at cost. Still another place which provides general surgical work gives prophylactic treat ment for the preservation of the teeth and also treats pyorrhea. Others do regular dental work but charge for the cost of materials only. In one establishment, while the work is done on the com pany’s time, the charge to the employee is the actual cost of the work to the company. There are a few instances of employers providing the services of an ear, nose, and throat specialist or of an oculist who examines eyes free and furnishes glasses at cost. Out of 43 department stores included in this topic, 3 furnish chiropodists, owing to the prevalence of foot troubles caused by the strain of long standing. Five com panies employ oculists, 19 employ dentists, and 2 ear, nose, and throat specialists. Visits to the home by the doctor or visiting nurse are often of great value. One very large firm has an efficient method of keeping track of employees who are out because of illness. These employees are https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (476) MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OE LABOR STATISTICS. 65 reported every 12 days by the absentee department and a special investigation is conducted. In case the employee needs financial assistance, either for medical service or for the support of his family, he is given a regular weekly allowance from the “ aid-to-the-sick” fund which the company maintains. Another company has a systema tized method of caring for its employees who are absent because of illness or injury. Such employees are required to notify the health department within 24 hours. A trained nurse calls on the second day of absence, and every third day thereafter, to see that the patient is receiving proper medical attention. While this company does not attempt to do organized social supervision or give bed side care, the nurses try to instruct families in the essentials of American standards of living. Each nurse engaged in this work is assigned to a district and is encouraged to cooperate with public and private agencies that are concerned with the betterment of social conditions. In this establishment, as in others that employ visiting nurses, automobiles are furnished by the company for the use of the nurses. In several instances absences are investigated by the visiting nurse who gives advice and assistance, and in one case her report to the manager is the basis for help extended by the company. Of the establishments scheduled, 166, employing 429,871 male workers, report 102,701 male cases of illness and accident, or 24 per cent in an average month, while 90 establishments, employing 83,034 female employees, report 22,819 cases, or 27 per cent for a like period. Two hundred and sixty-one establishments, including several which do not report cases by sex, with a total of 770,889 employees, report 196,722 cases, or 26 per cent. For the establishments reporting the per cent varies in male cases from less than 1 to 70, in female cases from less than 1 to 74; in total male and female from less than 1 to 68 per cent. Included in the totals are 9 establishments showing a percentage running from 76 to 110. I t should be borne in mind that these are the per cents that the number of “ cases ” are of the number of employees, and may or may not be the per cents that the number of employees receiving treatment are of the total number of employees. This arises from the fact that the same em ployees may have received treatment at two or more distinct times during the month, and each treatment would be considered a “ case.” I t is also to be emphasized that the term “ illness and accident” as used here includes all cases reported to the hospital, many of them of a very minor character. While these per cents may have no definite value as showing the proportion of employees treated, they do show in a general way https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (477) 66 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. the great variation in the relation between the number of employees and the services rendered. For a company having a limited amount of space and wishing to install emergency equipment at a moderate cost, one room that was equipped at an approximate cost of $1,000 was almost a model of its kind. The floor of rubber tiling cost $350. The plumbing, which was of the most modern type, having knee-pressure faucets and all of the fittings of the best porcelain, cost $250. The rest of the equip ment, consisting of two medicine cabinets, an instrument cabinet, a porcelain operating slab, an electric instantaneous heater for use in case the other hot-water supply should fail, an electric warming pan, a sanitary cot, and a sanitary screen by which the cot can be entirely shut off from the rest of the room, was furnished at a cost of about $400. A description of elaborate emergency equipment which has been practically standardized by one large company and which may be modified to meet the needs of individual plants is as follows: All interior woodwork is finished with a sufficient number of coats of paint and enamel to give a finish which can be easily washed and kept clean. The operating, re-dressing, and bath rooms have a tile or vitralite wainscoting, and the floors are of marble chips set in white cement. This is preferable to a tile flooring, as tile where subject to rough usage becomes gray and porous and thus more difficult to keep in a sanitary condition. Steel enamel chairs and tables are used in preference to wood, as they are more sanitary and wear better. The re-dressing room is used for the re-dressing of all cases and for minor injury and medical cases. The equipment here consists of a washstand with knee or foot faucet attachments, a foot bath, medicine and instrument cabinets, bottle rack for antiseptic solutions, basin stands, instrument sterilizers, dressing carriage tables, chairs, and nurse’s desk, Justrite pail, and the necessary sur gical instruments. The operating room is equipped similarly to the re-dressing room with the addition of high-pressure steam, hot and cold water, instru ment and utensil sterilizer. The wards or recovery rooms are equipped with beds, tables, and chairs. Beds are furnished with electric warming blankets and heating pads. The X-ray and labo ratory room is used for diagnoses of fractures and of various diseases. 1 here is undoubtedly much valuable preventive and curative work done through the agency of these hospitals. In many cases em ployees who are too poor or too careless to take steps to secure the proper treatment for themselves or who do not realize that such treatment is necessary are advised and cared for in time, and much needless suffering is thereby avoided. I f the work is intelligently https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (478) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 67 and conscientiously carried out and the tendency to give medicine for too trivial causes is avoided, the results to the employee will be better health and increased earning power and to the employer a more efficient force of employees. ORGANIZATION UNDER THE ACT TO CONTROL FOOD AND FUEL. Immediately after the approval of the administration food-control bill (H. R. 4961) on August 10, the President formally appointed Mr. Herbert C. Hoover as Food Administrator. Previous to the enactment of the law granting the President this authority Air. Hoover had been designated by the Chief Executive to assume un officially, so far as authorization by Congress was concerned, the responsibility of mobilizing the food resources of the country, con serving the visible supply of farm products, and promoting through every practicable and economic means the stabilization of prices to the private consumer and the Government and the guaranty of fair returns to the producer. Now that it has been officially recognized, the food administration announces a threefold purpose: (1) So to guide trade in the fundamental food commodities as to eliminate vicious speculation, extortion, and wasteful practices, and to stabilize prices in the essential staples; (2) to guard our exports so that against the world’s shortage we may retain sufficient supplies for our own people and cooperate with the allies to prevent inflation of prices; and (3) to stimulate the saving of food in order that exports to our allies may be increased to a point which will enable them to provision their armies and to feed their peoples during the coming winter. The purpose of the recently enacted food-control law, under which the food administration is acting, is, according to the preamble, “ to assure an adequate supply and equitable distribution and to facilitate the movement of foods, feeds, fuel (including fuel oil and natural gas), and fertilizer and fertilizer ingredients, tools, utensils, imple ments, machinery, and equipment required for the actual production of foods, feeds, and fuel, hereafter in this act called necessaries; to prevent, locally or generally, scarcity, monopolization, hoarding, in jurious speculation, manipulations, and private controls, affecting such supply, distribution, and movement ; and to establish and main tain governmental control of such necessaries during the war. For such purposes the instrumentalities, means, methods, powers, authori ties, duties, obligations, and prohibitions hereinafter set forth are created, established, conferred, and prescribed. The President is https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (479) 68 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. authorized to make such regulations and to issue such orders as are essential effectively to carry out the provisions of this act.” Briefly summarized, the law authorizes the President : 1. To establish and m aintain Government control of all necessaries for the period of the war. 2. To requisition or commandeer any supplies that may he considered neces sary for the armed forces or the common safety of the United States, and to pay compensation therefor. 3. To license the importation, manufacture, storage, mining, or distribution of any necessaries if essential to carry into effect any of the purposes of the act, and to order any licensee making unreasonable, unjust, or unfair storage charges, commission or profit, to discontinue such practice. 4. To create and use any agency or agencies, to accept the service of any person w ithout compensation, to cooperate w ith any agency or person, to U tilize any department or agency of the Government, and to coordinate their activities so as to avoid any preventable loss or duplication of effort or funds. 5. To stop the practice of food destruction by speculators for the purpose of raising prices. 6. To requisition foods, feeds, fuels, and other supplies necessary to the support of the Army or the maintenance of the Navy, or any other public use connected w ith the common defense, and to requisition, or otherw ise provide, storage facilities for such supplies ; and he shall ascertain and pay a just compensation therefor. 7. To purchase, to store, to provide storage fa cilities for, and to sell for cash at reasonable prices, wheat, flour, meal, beans, and potatoes. S. To requisition and take over, for use or operation by the Government, any factory, packing house, oil pipe line, mine, or other plant, or any part thereof, in or through which any necessaries are or may be m anufactured, produced, prepared, or mined, and to operate the same. 9. To determ ine and fix, and to give public notice of w hat, under specified conditions, is a reasonable guaranteed price for w heat in order to assure pro ducers a reasonable profit, and to fix such guaranteed price for each of the official grain standards for w heat as established in the United States GrainStandards Act. “ The guaranteed prices for th e several standard grades of w heat for the crop of 1918 shall be based upon number one northern spring, or its equivalent, at not less than $2 per bushel at the principal interior primary m arkets.” 10. To prohibit the use of food, fruits, food m aterials, or feeds in the d istil lation of beverages after September 8, 1917. 11. To prohibit the im portation of distilled liquors. 12. To commandeer any or all distilled spirits in bond or in stock at the date of the approval of this act for redistillation, in so far as such redistillation may be necessary to meet the requirements o f the Government in the manu facture of munitions and other m ilitary and hospital supplies, or in so far as such .redistillation would dispense w ith the necessity of utilizing products and m aterials suitable for foods and feeds in the future m anufacture of distilled spirits for the purposes herein enumerated. The President shall determ ine and pay a just compensation for the distilled spirits so commandeered. 13. To regulate, curtail, or prohibit the m anufacture o f vinous or malt liquors. 14. To fix the price of coal and coke, wherever and whenever sold, either by producer or dealer, to establish rules for the regulation of and to regulate the method of production, sale, shipment, distribution, apportionment, or storage https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1480) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 69 thereof among dealers and consumers, domestic or foreign ; or if any dealer or producer fails to meet the prices or conform to the regulations prescibed, the President is “ authorized and empowered in every such case to requisition and take over the plant, business, and all appurtenances thereof belonging to such producer or dealer as a going concern, and to operate or cause the same to be operated in such manner and through such agency as he may direct during the period of the w ar or for such part of said tim e as in his judgment may be necessary,” and to pay “ a ju st compensation for the use thereof.” 15. To require any or all producers o f coal and coke * * * to sell their products only to the United States through an agency to be designated by the President, such agency to regulate the resale of such coal and coke and the prices thereof, and to. establish rules for the regulation of and to regulate the methods of production, shipment, distribution, apportionment, or storage thereof among dealers and consumers, domestic or foreign, and to make payment of the purchase price thereof to the producers thereof, or to the person or persons legally entitled to said payment. 16. To procure, or aid in procuring, such stocks of nitrate of soda as he may determine to be necessary, and find available, for increasing agricultural pro duction during the calendar years 1917 and 1918, and to dispose of the same for cash at cost, including all expenses connected therewith. Pursuant to the power granted him as to issuing licenses under cer tain conditions, as mentioned in No. 3 above, the President on August 14 issued a proclamation requiring all those engaged in the business of either storing or distributing wheat or rye as owners, lessees, or operators of warehouses or elevators, and all those engaged in the business of manufacturing any products derived from wheat or rye (except those operating mills and manufacturing plants of a daily capacity of 100 barrels or less and farmers and cooperative associa tions of farmers), to take out a Government license on or before September 1, 1917. Upon his appointment as Food Administrator, Mr. Hoover issued a statement, outlining his plan for controlling the 1917 wheat harvest and fixing the price, in which he announced the President’s approval of the appointment of a committee to be selected from representa tives of the producing sections and consuming elements in the com munity. The duty of this committee is to determine a fair price for the 1917 wheat harvest. In this connection Mr. Hoover says : Upon the determ ination of this fair basis it is the intention of the food admin istration to use every authority given it under the biil and the control of exports to effect the universality of this fair basis throughout the whole of the 1917 harvest year, w ithout change or fluctuation. It should thus be clear that it w ill not be to the advantage of any producer to hold back his grain in anticipation of further advance, for he w ill do so only at his own cost of storage and interest, and, if it is necessary for the Government to buy the entire wheat harvest in order to m aintain this fair price in protection of the producer, w e intend to do so. Furthermore, the holding of w heat or flour contracts by persons not engaged in the trade, and even when in the trade, in larger quantities than is necessary https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (481) 70 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. for the ordinary course of tlieir business, is unlaw ful under the act, and such cases w ill be prosecuted w ith vigor. W e would advise such holders to liquidate their contracts at once. This committee on prices was announced August 15, and is com posed of men chosen primarily for their character and ability and peculiar fitness for the duties resting upon them, without regard to the fact that they represent any particular organization or come from any particular section of the country. However, it will be observed by a careful study of the personnel of the committee that its members represent widely distributed geographical districts and are connected with organizations and enterprises having deep interest in the regulation of prices. Among the membership are four farmers, one capitalist, three college presidents, one banker, one professor of economics, and two representatives of labor. I t should be borne in mind that this committee is giving its first attention to determining a fair price for wheat this year, upon which basis future prices will be fixed, subject, of course, to the provision in the foodcontrol law establishing a minimum price for 1918 of $2 per bushel in the principal interior primary markets. The fixing of fair prices for other foodstuffs will be determined later. The personnel of the fair-price committee is as follows: Harry A. Garfield, chairman (college president and professor of political science), president of Williams College, Williamstown, Mass. Charles J. Barrett (farmer), president of Farmers’ Union, Union City, Ga. William N. Doak, vice president and national legislative represent ative of Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen at Washington, Roanoke, Va. Eugene E. Funk (farmer and member of firm of Funk Bros.’ Seed Co.), president of National Corn Association, Bloomington, 111. Edwin F. Ladd (college president and professor of chemistry), president of North Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo, N. Dak. R. Goodwin Rhett (banker and business man), president of Cham ber of Commerce of the United States, Charleston, S. C. J. W. Shorthill (farmer), secretary of National Council of Farm ers’ Cooperative Associations, York, Nebr. James W. Sullivan, representative of American Federation of Labor at Washington, Brooklyn, N. Y. L. J. Tabor (farmer), master of Ohio State Grange, Barnesville, Ohio. Frank W. Taussig professor of economics), chairman of United States Tariff Commission, Cambridge, Mass. Theodore N. Vail (capitalist), president of American Telephone & Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (482) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 71 Henry J. Waters (college president and professor of agricultural science), president of Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan, Kans. At the same time the fair-price committee was made public the formation of a $50,000,000 corporation under the grain division of the food administration was announced, to be used in connection with wheat purchasing, selling, and accounting, and the taking over of the entire 1917 wheat harvest, if necessary, to maintain the prices to be determined by the fair-price committee. The executive officers of this corporation consist of TI. C. Hoover, chairman; Julius Barnes, Duluth, Minn., president; Gates W. McGarrah, president of the Mechanics & Metals Bank, New York City, treasurer; F. G. Crowell, Kansas City, Mo., vice president; Edward Chambers, vice president of Santa Fe Railway, Chicago, 111., transportation director; Judge Curtis H. Lindley, San Francisco, Cal., counsel; J. W. Shorthill, secretary of National Council of Farmers’ Cooperative Associa tions, York, Nebr., secretary. Twelve men have been named by the Food Administration to repre sent the grain division in the purchasing of wheat at the various terminals. These men are as follows: George S. Jackson, Baltimore; Charles Kennedy, Buffalo; Howard B. Jackson, Chicago; P. H. Ginder, Duluth; D. F. Piazzek, Kansas City, Mo.; Frank L. Carey, Minneapolis; C. B. Fox, New Orleans; Charles T. Neal, Omaha; H. B. Irwin, Philadelphia; M. IT. Houser, Portland, Oreg.; R. A. Lewin, San Francisco; and Edward M. Flesh, St. Louis. The millers of the country, at the request of the Food Administra tion, have organized a committee to represent the entire trade, and this committee, as announced on August 15 at a conference held in Washington, is as follows: Chairman, James F. Bell, Minneapolis; secretary, A. P. Husband, Chicago; Northwest, Albert C. Loring, Minneapolis; Southwest, Andrew J. Hunt, Arkansas City, Ivans.; Southeast, E. M. Kelly, Nashville, Tenn.; St. Louis and Illinois, Samuel Plant, St. Louis; Ohio Valley, Mark N. Mennel, Toledo, Ohio; Chicago and Milwaukee, Bernard A. Eckhart, Chicago; Pacific Coast, Theodore B. Wilcox, Portland, Oreg. BOARD TO ADJUST LABOR DISPUTES IN PLANTS HAYING GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS. The Council of National Defense announces the creation of a laboradjustment commission, the personnel of which at this writing has not been determined, composed of three representatives of the Gov ernment, three representatives of employers, and three representatives of employees, to whom shall be referred all disputes concerning wages https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (483) 72 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. or conditions of employment in plants working on Government con tracts. This commission shall have power to appoint labor-adjust ment committees to hear and determine such labor disputes as the commission may assign to them, involving less than 1,000 workers (the commission itself handling those involving more than 1,000 workers), and the awards of the commission or of any committee appointed by it shall be binding upon employers and employees. In announcing the creation of this commission the Council of National Defense issued the following statement defining the functions of the new body : 1 First. There shall be created by the Council of National Defense a labor-adjustment commission to be composed of nine members— three members representative of the Government, three members rep resentative of employers, and three members representative of labor. Vacancies shall be filled by representatives of the same elements selected in the same manner. The commission shall have jurisdic tion over all disputes concerning wages or conditions of employment in all establishments having contracts with the Government in ac cordance with the eight-hour law of June 19^ 1912, or March 3, 1913, and shall hear and determine all labor disputes in which more than 1,000 workers are directly affected and may, in its discretion, hear and determine labor disputes in which less than 1,000 workers are directly affected. It shall also have authority to appoint from time to time labor-adjustment committees to hear and determine such labor disputes as may be assigned to them by the commission where less than 1,000 workers are directly affected, such committees to be representative of the same elements as the commission. The awards of the labor-adjustment commission or labor-adjustment committees appointed by it shall be made in each case not more than 30 days after the case has been submitted to the commission, and shall be binding upon the employers and the employees in the plant or plants affected for such period as may be expressed in the award, but not longer than 60 days after the close of the war. In all hearings before the commission or committees the employers and employees affected shall have the right to be represented in the presentation of their respective cases by such persons as they may select under such rules as the commission may prescribe. Second. That in every contract hereafter made by the Govern ment in accordance with the eight-hour law of June 19, 1912, or March 3, 1913, which may require or involve the employment of laborers or mechanics, there shall be included the following stipu lations: That wages of persons employed upon such contracts shall be computed on a basic day rate of eight-hours’ work, with overtime 1 Statem ent taken from the Official B ulletin for Aug. 10, 1917, p. 2. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (484) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 73 rates to be paid for at not less than time and one-half for all hours work in excess of eight hours. That whenever a labor dispute arises in any establishment under contract with the Government in ac cordance with the provisions of the eight-hour law of June 19, 1912, or March 3, 1913, which the employers and employees, or their repre sentatives, are unable to mutually adjust and a strike or lockout seems imminent, the Department of Labor may, on its own initiative or at the request of the employers, the employees, or the department whose contract is affected, appoint a mediator, who shall, on behalf of the Government, endeavor to bring about a mutually satisfactory aclj ustment of the dispute. If the mediator thus appointed is unable to bring the employers and employees to a mutual agreement, the ques tion or questions in dispute shall be submitted for adjudication to the adjustment commission created by the Council of National Defense, work to be continued pending its decision. Every contractor and subcontractor shall agree to accept and abide by the decision of the labor-adjustment commission or labor-adjustment committee, as the case may be, and every worker accepting employment in any plant within the jurisdiction of the adjustment commission shall do so with the definite understanding and agreement that he will accept and abide by the decisions of the adjustment commission or the ad justment committee, as the case may be, in the settlement of any ques tion affecting labor submitted to it for adjudication. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (485) METHODS OF MEETING THE DEMANDS FOR LABOR. BY C H A R L E S F . OSBORN. In the existing emergency arising from war conditions the need for additional labor in many industries has proved very great. This need has been met both by the creation of new employment agencies and by the extension and development of existing organizations. A large additional burden has been placed on the United States Civil Service Commission, especially in the furnishing of artisans, helpers, and additional laborers at naval establishments. In this article is given an account of the method now being used in securing this type of labor. The United States Department of Labor, through its Division of Information, has extended and amplified its Organization to meet existing conditions, and has also organized a new agency known as the United States Public Service Deserve. This unit oper ates under the supervision of the United States Department of Labor, and a description of its methods of work is also presented, together with a statement of the work now being done by the Division of Information of the United States Department of Labor. All of these agencies are in a general sense working cooperatively to the end that the man and the job may be brought together in the shortest possible time. METHOD OF E M P L OY M E N T OF C I V I L I A N M EC HA N IC A L FORCES AT N A V A L ESTABLISHMENTS. The civilian mechanical forces at navy yards and other naval es tablishments normally consist, in the aggregate, of about 22,000 artisans, helpers, and laborers. In the four months ending July 31 the total was increased to approximately 35,000. All such positions are filled through the United States Civil Service Commission, the usual procedure being to accept applications at the several yards and stations for the classes of work in which there is need for addi tional men. Under this usual method the applications are received and the ratings made by the local labor boards at the yards and stations ; the boards, with reference to the administration of the civilservice law and rules, are under the direct and sole control of the Civil Service Commission and each of them includes in its personnel the district secretary of the civil-service district in which the estab lishment is situated. 74 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (486) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 75 When it appeared certain, on account of the international situa tion, that a greatly augmented force of civil employees was neces sary, it also soon became evident that, owing to the industrial condi tions prevailing, the customary means of recruiting the navy-yard service would fail to meet the needs in certain trades, especially those connected with shipbuilding ; and it was plain that agencies in addi tion to the local labor boards mentioned must be employed if the tre mendously increased work at naval establishments was to be kept from lagging. Accordingly the Civil Service Commission promptly inaugurated a campaign both extensive and intensive designed to meet the situation. In a country of such broad expanse as the United States the task of bringing the man and the job together is more difficult than in a compact territory, such as England, for instance. The organization which the Civil Service Commission has been building up for years consists of approximately 3,000 local boards of examiners, made up exclusively of Federal employees, in every part of the country, and these local boards report to district secretaries in 12 civil-service dis tricts, all under the supervision and direction of the commission at Washington. In the existing emergency, the commission made an arrangement with the Navy Department to instruct the responsible officers at navy yards and naval stations to make daily reports to the department by telegraph of their respective urgent needs; that is, the needs which could not be met through the local filing of applications. This has been done from the beginning of the unusual demand. These telegraphic reports from the several sources are collected in the Navy Department and transmitted daily to the Civil Service Commission. The com mission in turn sends weekly, or more frequently when necessary, to each of its 3,000 district and local boards a compilation of these specified needs, and all of the commission’s representatives are in structed to use every proper effort to locate men with the qualifica tions desired who are willing and able to accept Government employ ment. The district and local boards disseminate the information by sending notices to newspapers, by enlisting the aid of local tradesunions, by keeping in touch with offices of the United States Employ ment Service of the Department of Labor, and by directly approach ing individuals when there is opportunity for personal interview. In all of this effort, however, care is exercised to avoid interference with employees of private plants engaged directly upon contracts for the Government. In the commission’s efforts to locate available workers, the Ameri can Federation of Labor, through its widespread organization, has rendered assistance of the greatest value. 8S09°—17 6 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (4S7) 76 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. As the result of all of this endeavor, the commission has been able to keep in advance of most of the calls for workmen by the Navy Department, and, with the exception of some of the shipbuilding trades, keep up with its regular work, notwithstanding the fact that the demand for skilled labor has been greater than the country has ever before known. In cases where men were not to be had the com mission is encouraging the special training of men in allied trades. Besides supplying immediate needs, represented by the 13,000 men employed since April 1, the commission has enrolled for possible future use the names of about 30,000 mechanics skilled in various occupations who have expressed their willingness to accept Govern ment employment if called upon to do so. The examinations given to applicants for mechanical trades and similar positions do not include scholastic tests. Each applicant is required to execute a formal application setting forth his training and experience in the occupation in which he seeks to be employed, and to undergo a physical examination. The two elements, (1) train ing and experience and (2) physical ability, determine the rating, the former having a weight of 60 per cent and the latter, 40 per cent. Invariably confidential inquiries are made of persons by whom or under whom the applicant has been employed, or of fellow workmen of the applicant, and the result of these inquiries may affect the rat ing for training and experience or cause the applicant to be rejected as morally or otherwise unfit for the Government service. Appli cants for positions as ordinary unskilled laborers are required to undergo a physical examination only. In their case, also, character vouchers are required. In many cases of urgent need the commission arranges for a dis trict secretary or other representative to call upon the prospective applicant and receive his application, have him examined physically, call upon his references, and give him a rating on the spot. If he is found eligible, the examiner may arrange upon specific authority from the commission to send the man at once to a naval establish ment which is in immediate need of his services. The commission is authorized by the Navy Department to employ men urgently needed at naval establishments with the understanding that the expense of their transportation to the place of employment will be borne by the Government if they agree to serve or actually do serve for six months. When appointment is made under this provision the offer of em ployment so indicates. The men who have qualified in accordance with the commission’s regulations and who have accepted employment offered are furnished with credentials in the form of a letter or telegram from the office of the commission or of an employment card given directly by the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (488) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 77 district secretary or other representative of the commission. When a man thus duly authorized appears for work report is made to the commission by the labor board at the naval establishment in which he is employed. The greater part of the appointments resulting from the commis sion’s extra effort have been made in the navy yards at Portsmouth, N. H., Philadelphia, Pa., Washington, D. C.: Norfolk, Va., and Charleston, S. C., and the naval station at Key West, Fla. The latest report available showed only 897 vacancies in the entire navy-yard service coming within the class of “ urgent needs ” which were unfilled on fhe date of the report, the total being made up as follows: Four angle smiths, 30 boat builders, 13 boiler makers’ helpers, 4 calkers (wood), 3 calkers and chippers (iron), 3 canvas workers, 33 coppersmiths, 1 diesinker, 1 galvanizer, 1 loftsman, 1 puncher and shearer, 1 rivet heater, 18 sailmakers, 130 ship fitters, 19 ship joiners, 16 ship smiths, 6 ship smiths’ helpers, 64 shipwrights, and 49 shipwrights’ helpers. This list of vacant positions does not mean, of course, that workmen in other trades are not in demand; the enumeration covers only the workmen reported as immediately and urgently wanted at the time the report was compiled. W O R K OF U N I T E D ST A T E S P U B L IC SE R V IC E R E SE R V E . Another agency which has been organized to provide adult male workers in the present emergency is the United States Public Service Reserve, which has been formed under the supervision of the United States Department of Labor. The purpose for which the organiza tion was formed is stated in the following extract, taken from one of its leaflets: The United States Public Service Reserve is an official national organization of adult males who desire to find their place for effective service to the country in the war emergency and to make it easy for the Government to locate them when it needs help from men of their capacities. It has been organized and is conducted by the United States Departm ent of Labor, which is the Federal de partment to which such m atters belong and to which all branches o f the Gov ernment look for assistance in finding men. Enrollment in its ranks does not excuse anyone from the obligation to bear arms when his day for such service arrives. Its purpose is to enable those who are not called into the Army or Navy to play their part in realizing the ideal o f a whole nation organized to war for the safety of our country and the preservation of the civilization and the future peace of the world. It is a common m eeting ground where men of all degrees of capacity and attainm ent may unite in devoting them selves to the service of our country and mankind. Prospective employees are enrolled either in a voluntary or wage earning capacity. Certification is then made of such available em ployees to the Government or to private concerns as need certain kinds of labor. The Public Service Reserve now lias in its files more https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (4S9) 78 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. than 10,000 offers of service which have been received from all parts of the country. A large clerical force is busy communicating with persons who have made the offers referred to, with a view to getting more specific data as to aptitude for service and enlistment in the reserve. The form of application used by the Public Service Reserve is reproduced below (see Exhibit A), and under inquiry 17 will be found a list of occupations especially useful at this time in service necessary in the Government and with many private em ployers. E x h i b i t A. To the U nited States P ublic Service R eserve , Department of Labor, Washington, D. C. I hereby apply for membership in the U nited ,S tates P ublic S ervice R ese r v e And ask it to register in its records the accompanying description of my training, experience, aptitudes, and capacity for service. Whenever the U. S. Public Serv ice Reserve learns of a need in public or private employment, for service in the national interest of a man of m y qualifications, I request it to notify me with full particulars including duties and compensation, and thereby afford me an opportunity to assist under the auspices of the Reserve. I make this applica tion because I desire a practical opportunity in this war emergency to contribute personal service by doing work that will aid the general welfare. Name.................................................................................................................... Residence......................................................................................... ................... (Street address.) (City or town.) (State.) Business address....... ............................................................................. Telephone (Home)................................................................................. (Business)............................................................................ I n f o r m a t io n C o n c e r n i n g A p p l ic a n t 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. (Please answer all questions.) W hat is your age?......................................................................... Of what country are you a citizen?............................................. Country of birth............................................................................. Country of birth of parents: F ather..........................M other... Physical disabilities, if a n y .......................................................... Number and relationships of dependents, if a n y ....................... 7. Education: Check schools you have attended: Common------- . High--------. Business--------. Trade or Industrial------- . Technical High—----- . College--------. Technical College--------. Professional School------- . If college, technical college, or professional school give names, courses, dates and degrees.......................................................... ................................................ 8. W hat command of foreign languages have you?. 9. W hat is your present occupation?......................................................................... W hat is your special line of work in that occupation?........................................ Name of your employer, if a n y .............................................................................. His address..................................................................................................... (Street.) (City or town.) (State). Ilis business................................................................................................... 12. Are you willing to work anywhere, in this country or abroad?...................... . 13. If not, state limitations............................. ........................................._.................. 14. Are you willing to devote all your tim e?.............................................................. 15. If not, state between what dates you can work........ ............ ............................ 16. Are you in a position to work for the Government without compensation?__ 10. 11. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (SEE ALSO QUESTION 17, PAGE 4 .) (490) M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OE LABOR STA TISTICS. V ery I m po rta n t. List here the -principal positions you have held or things you have done, w ith approximate time spent in each (including length of time in your present position). State specific branch of the trade, vocation, or profession in which you are most proficient. Give the names and addresses of two or more persons who can, if asked, give information as to your qualifications. SEE N E X T PAG E. 17. State the kind of work other than that in which you are now engaged, th at you are willing to undertake, circumstances perm itting, if it should he desirable for the public good. Select, if possible, from the following list of occupations espedaily useful at this time, and state training and experience, if any. Specify as definitely as possible the particular kind of work you have in mind. Plumber. Railroad—(steam or trolley). Construction. Operation. Maintenance of way. Sailor. Saddler. Sheet-metal worker. Ship worker: Boilermaker. Calker (wood). Carpenter. Draftsman. Driller. Fitter. Holder. Patternmaker. Rigger. Riveter. Smith. Wright. Shipping clerk. Stenographer. Structural steel worker. Shoemaker. Tailor. Testing materials—(specify kind). Tinner. Teamster. Telegraph operator. lineman. Typewriter. Toolmaker. Veterinary surgeon. Wheelwright. Wood worker (machine). Accountant. Aviator mechanic. Ambulance driver. Automobile mechanic. Automobile truck driver. Baker. Blacksmith. Butcher. Banner. Carpenter. Clerk—General. Statistical. Draftsman. Electrician. Engineer—(specify kind). Farmer—expert. Farm worker. Foreman—construction. Harness maker. Helper—(specify kind). Horseshoer. Inspector—(specify kind). Instrum ent maker. Laborer—(unskilled). Loftsman or tem plet maker. Lumberman. Machinist. Machine hand. Mason. Metallurgist. Miner. Munition worker. Navigator. Nurse—Trained. Helper. Painter, W rite answer to question 17 here. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (491) 79 80 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. F E D E R A L EMP L OY M E N T W O R K OF T H E D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR. (D ivision of In fo rm atio n , B ureau of Im m ig ratio n .) The United States Employment Service of the Department of Labor was placed on a nation-wide basis by order of Hon. W. B. Wilson, Secretary of Labor, on January 8, 1915. Previous to that time the Division of Information of the Bureau of Immigration in said department had been conducting in a limited way an employ ment service through its one branch office in New York City. The authority of law under which the service operates is found in section 30 of the act of February 5, 1917, which superseded a similar act of February 20, 1907, supplemented by the act creating the Depart ment of Labor. The pertinent parts of said acts are as follows: It shall be the duty of said division to promote a beneficial distribution o f aliens admitted into the United States among the several States and Terri tories desiring immigration. Correspondence shall be had w ith the proper officials of the States and Territories, and said division shall gather from all available sources useful inform ation regarding the resources, products, and physical characteristics of each State and Territory, and shall publish such information in different languages and distribute the publications among all adm itted aliens at the immigrant stations of the United States and to such other persons as may desire the same. The purpose of the Department of Labor shall be to foster, promote, and develop the w elfare of w age earners of the United States, to improve their working conditions, and to advance their opportunities for profitable employ ment. The following list shows the organization in effect on July 31, 1917, including zones, headquarters, names and titles of officers in charge, and subbranches where such exist. U n it e d S t a t e s E m p l o y m e n t S e r v ic e . W illiam B. W ilson , Secretary of Labor. L ouis F. P ost, Assistant Secretary of Labor. A. Camtnetti, Commissioner General. T. V. P owdekly, Chief, Division of Information. W a s h i n g t o n , D. C., J u l y 31, 1917 . Zone. Headquarters. Name and title of officer in charge. Maine....................... Portland: Customhouse....... Timothy Elliott, inspector in charge of employment. New Hampshire__ Vermont.................. Massachusetts......... Boston: 1151 Washington St. H. J. Skeffington, acting director of employment. Rhode Island........... Providence: 222 F e d e r a l James A. Sullivan, inspector in Building. charge of employment. Connecticut............. New York............ New York: Room 8, U. S. P. A. Donahue, director of em Barge Office. ployment. New Jersey.............. Newark: 9 Franklin St., Women and Girls’ Divi sion. Pennsylvania. ......... Philadelphia: 132 S o u t h Third St. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Thomas J. Bum s, director of employment. Margaretta Neale, acting super intendent. J. L. Hughes, acting director of employment. (492) Subbranch. New Bedford. Buffalo (Room 8, Federal Build ing). Jersey City. Orange. Pittsburgh (Berger Building). M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. Zone. Headquarters. Name and title of officer in charge Delaware.................. Wilmington: Old Federal Building. Maryland................. Baltimore: Stewart Building, Women and Girls’ Di vision. District of Columbia Washington: Department of Labor Building, Women and Girls’ Division. 81 Subbranch. A. G. Benkhart, acting director of employment. Geo. A. Mahone, director of em ployment. Nannie Irvine, in charge. T. V. Powderly, acting director of employment. Grace Porter Hopkins, acting superintendent. Virginia................ Norfolk: 119 West Main S t.. W. R. Morton, inspector in charge. West Virginia___.. 1 North Carolina___ South Carolina........ Charleston: Custom house... W. V. Howard, acting director of employment. Georgia................... Savannah: Customhouse Edgar T. W hatley, inspector in charge of employment. Florida................ Jacksonville: Federal Build- Gideon B. Travis, inspector in Miami. ing. charge of employment. Alabama................ Mobile: Federal B uilding... Henry C. Brownlow, inspector in charge of employment. Mississippi........ Gulfport: Post-office Build H unter M. Course, inspector in ing. charge. Louisiana............. New Orleans: City H all___ H. A. M. Jacobsen, inspector in charge. Tennessee......... Memphis: Post-office Build J. H. Ware, inspector in charge.. ing. Arkansas....... Little Rock: 27 Post-office Robert B. Keating, inspector in Building. charge of employment. C l e v e l a n d : Post-office J. A. Fluckey, acting director of Ohio...................... Building. employment. Kentucky................ Indiana................... Indianapolis: 319 Federal John S. Sherman, director of em Building, Women and ployment. _ Girls’ Division. Morria Hickman, in charge. Illinois.................... Chicago: 845 S. Wabash P. L. Prentis, acting director of Ave., Women and Girls’ employment. Division. Michigan............ Detroit: Old Post-office Benjamin J. Sand, acting direct Sault Ste. Marie. Building. or of employment. Wisconsin............ Madison: Capitol Building.. J. C. Hise, inspector in charge of employment. Minnesota............ Minneapolis: Federal Build Chas. W. Seaman, acting direct ing. or of employment. North D akota......... South D ak o ta.____ Iow a.................. Missouri (eastern St. Louis: 19 N. Eighth S t .. W. R. King, acting director of district). employment. Missouri (western Kansas City: 804 Grand A. L. Barkman, director of em district). Ave. ployment. Nebraska............... Omaha: County courthouse. M. A. Coykendall, inspector in Lincoln. charge of employment. Kansas..................... Oklahoma................ Texas (southern Galveston: American Na James B.'Bryan, acting director Brownsville. district). tional Insurance Co.Build of employment. Eagle Pass. ing. Houston. Laredo. San Angelo. San Antonio. (Western district) El P a so .................................. Perry P. Young, inspector in Del Rio. charge of employment. (Northern dis- Fort W orth.......................... Wm. H. Robb, inspector in Amarillo. triet). charge of employment. Big Spring. New Mexico............ Sante F e................... Karl W. Greene, acting director Albuquerque. of employment. Tueumcari. Deming. Colorado.................. Denver: 355 Federal Build H. H. Moler, inspector in charge. ing, W'omen and Girls’ Katherine M. Herring, clerk in Division. charge. U tah........................ Salt Lake City: Federal D. Arthur Plumly, acting direc Building. tor of employment. Wyoming................ M ontana................. Helena: Power Building__ Chas. K. Andrews, acting direc tor of employment. Idaho....................... Moscow...................... Wm. J. McConnell, inspector in charge of employment. W ashington............ Seattle: First Ave. and Lawrence Wood, acting director Spokane. Union St. of employment. Walla Walla. Tacoma. Aberdeen. Everett. Bellingham. North Yakima. Friday Harbor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (493) 82 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. Zone. Headquarters. Washington (con.).. Seattle: First Union St. Ave. Name and title of officer in charge. and Lawrence Wood, acting director of employment. Oregon..................... Portland: 249 Ankeny S t... R. P. Bonham, director of employment. San Francisco: 2 Apprais- William Greenblatt, acting ers’ Building. director of employment. Women and Girls’ Division, Estelle Barfield, acting superin 108 Customhouse. tendent. (Southern dis- Los Angeles: Post-office Charles T. Connell, inspector in trict.) Building. charge. California (northern district). N evada.................... Reno....................................... Arizona.................... Phoenix........................... Neil McGee, inspector in charge of employment. Frank Brown, acting director of employment. Subbranch. Nooksack. Lynden. Custer. Port Townsend. Port Angeles. Astoria. Sacramento. Fresno. Eureka. Monterey. San Diego. Santa Ana. Santa Barbara. San Luis Obispo. Bakersfield. San Bernardino. Calexico. Indio. Tucson. Douglas. Naco. Nogales. Phoenix. Yuma. •The activities of the employment service are given publicity through newspapers, through notices posted in post offices, and by other means. Many newspapers give free space to the bulletins of opportunities furnished them by the Division of Information in Washington through the local officers. Arrangement of close cooperation between the Department of Labor and the Post Office Department is an effective means of mak ing known to wage earners the fact that opportunities for employ ment may be found by applying at the nearest office of the United States Employment Service. Applicants for employment are registered in two ways (1) in the ordinary manner by calling at an employment office and filing an application in person, (2) by utilizing the cooperative arrangement with the Post Office Department mentioned in the preceding para graph. Under this plan each postmaster in the United States is sup plied with the application blanks of the Department of Labor, and any applicant seeking employment or any employer in need of help has but to call at the post office and request a blank upon which to file an application, fill out and sign the same, and return it to the postmaster, whereupon it is mailed without postage to the head quarters of the employment zone in which the post office is located. The nature of the questions that applicants for employment are required to answer, together with the experience acquired by place ment officers, tends to the selection of workers who possess the neces sary qualifications. In the same wav the questions asked of em ployers and the watchfulness of those in charge of the Government https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (494) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 83 employment offices minimize the likelihood of workers being sent to localities where labor troubles exist or are threatened. Prior to this country’s becoming involved in the world war, prac tically the entire machinery of the United States Employment Serv ice was utilized in directing wage earners to private employment. Inasmuch, however, as need for artisans in navy yards, arsenals, and other Government establishments has since that time become very great, a joint agreement was entered into between the Depart ment of Labor and the Civil Service Commission whereby the Em ployment Service renders effective assistance in directing help to Government workshops. The service has also been assisting in the securing of ship carpenters, calkers, ironworkers, and men experi enced along other lines in ship construction for work in building vessels contracted for by the United States Shipping Board Emer gency Fleet Corporation. Cooperation has also been arranged with the Department of Agriculture, under which a shortage of men in any farming community is certified to the United States Employ ment Service by the field agents of that department, so that the em ployment service may direct the required number from the nearest point at which they are available. In many of the States formal agreements have been made between representatives of the United States Department of Labor and State commissioners of labor or other State officials, under the terms of which cooperative employment offices are established. In some cases cooperation has been effected in a similar manner with municipalities. Through the Women and Girls’ Division of the United States Em ployment Service cooperation has been effected with a great number of national women’s organizations with a combined membership of approximately 7,000,000. Under this plan organizations of women are invited to cooperate by the creation of a woman’s federated coun cil on employment, composed of representatives of each of said or ganizations in the locality where an employment office or a Women and Girls’ Division is established by direction of the Department of Labor. Such councils have been organized in a number of large cities and have been found to be effective aids in securing the place ment. of women and girls. The plan also provides for information as to industry, vocational guidance, and industrial training. The placement of girls is limited to those over 16 years of age. The Young Men and Boys’ Division established on similar lines as those of the Women and Girls’ Division is also supplemented by men’s federated councils having similar functions as those possessed by women’s federated councils, and placing boys over 16 years of age. The men’s councils also aid adults in employment matters. An im portant feature of the activities of the service is the work done in https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (495) 84 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. conjunction with the bureau of registration and information of tin National League for Woman’s Service. This organization is en gaged in registering wage-earning women and girls who are ready to serve their country in factories and mills which are supplying the needs of the Army and Navy. In an undertaking of so large a scope as that of the United States Employment Service it is manifestly impossible to reduce to figures all the results accomplished. For instance, each year thousands of men are notified by bulletins of localities in which they may obtain work in the harvest fields, but as they did not come into direct contact with representatives of the Employment Service no record could be kept of the number securing work in this way. The following table, however, summarizes the activities since the beginning of the fiscal year 1915 so far as it has been possible to procure accurate d ata: Fiscal year. 1915___ 1918___ 1917L.. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Number of Number of Number of Number to opportu men called appl icants referred employ for. nities. for work. ment. i 2,409 25,645 189,491 17,427 107,331 418,810 90,119 184,032 413,649 i 8,883 84,963 363,189 1 Figures are for months of May and June oniy. 2 The figures for fiscal year 1917 are incomplete. (496), Number actually placed. 111, 871 75,156 283,799 DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT MANAGERS’ ASSOCIATIONS. BY PRO F. J . H . W I L L I T S , S E C R E T A R Y , P H I L A D E L P H I A A S S O C IA T IO N D IS C U S S IO N FO R T H E OF E M PL O Y M E N T PR O BLEM S. Considerable significance attaches to the tendency among execu tives of .soundly managed industrial concerns to form themselves into associations for the discussion and interchange of experience on problems having to do with the selection and dealing with the per sonnel. This tendency may now’ be said to have attained the pro portions of a national movement, which can not fail to have more or less influence on management and on labor, and in fact on the whole question of industrial relationships. Although the first of these associations vTas formed only about five years ago, associations, wdiich in general have been remarkably successful, have been organized in 10 cities, including Boston, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Newark, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Rochester, and San Francisco. Nearly one thousand of the larger industrial concerns are enrolled as members in these associations, and, since most of these organizations have a minimum size requirement for admission to membership, the very small firms, whose personnel problems are distinctly different from those of their larger neigh bors, are eliminated. Each of the associations attempts to bring together the personnel and employment executives to discuss their common problems, pool their common experiences, and endeavor to work out a method of selecting and dealing with the employees in plants in a wray that is at once practical, scientific, and human. The reduction of high labor turnover, the training of employees, training of foremen, selec tion of employees, and medical service and nurse work are sample topics of discussion. That man or firm which has made the most successful attempts to develop ideal personnel conditions is usually chosen to lead the discussion. On April 2 and 3, 1917, a national conference of employment man agers vTas held in Philadelphia. This conference was attended by 500 personnel and employment executives, chiefly, representing each of the 10 local associations, and many outsiders as well. At this conference a national employment managers’ committee was formed of delegates from each personnel and employment managers’ asso ciation to organize a permanent national committee which v’ould serve to correlate the independent local organizations. The follow- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (497) 85 86 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS'. ing committee was appointed: Chairman, Joseph H. Willits, secre tary Philadelphia Association for the Discussion of Employment Problems; vice chairman, John C. Bower, secretary Pittsburgh Em ployment Managers’ Association; secretary-treasurer, Ralph G. Wells, secretary of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston; Mark M. Jones, president of the Newark Society; C. L. Miller, sec retary Employment Managers’ Group Detroit Executives’ Club; W. H. Winans, Employment Managers’ Group, Manufacturers and Wholesale Merchants’ Board, Cleveland; Dr. E. B. Gowin, New York Society; C. R. Beard, Chicago Employment Advisers’ Club; Lewis B. Ermeling, Rochester Employment Managers’ Group; F. Dohrmarin, president of the San Francisco Society. This committee met on the 17th day of May, 1917, at Rochester, and decided that its purpose should be to bring about a closer cooperation between organizations devoted to the study of employment problems, to arrange for national conferences, and to assist in the interchange of reports of meetings, investigations, and information of interest to local associations. Where all this will lead can not now safely be predicted. That these organizations will prove permanent can hardly be questioned in view of the interest which is continually increasing among respon sible employing concerns in problems of personnel. What their effect will be on labor is difficult to predict. By enlightening selfish ness they will undoubtedly serve to improve the physical and mental conditions of employment. At present, unions are not discussed in meetings. While this may tend to indicate what the industrial democrats call a paternalistic policy, nevertheless such a policy is a good deal more broad minded and democratic than getting together chiefly to condemn and combat unions. Individual employers are not referred to by name. There is no pooling of interests in case of strikes, as in some other employers’ associations. In short, there is here a new association—a new employers’ association, but an em ployers’ association that is different. Some idea of the type of business house that finds it worth while to join in the discussion afforded in these groups is found in the following list of a few of the members of most of the associations, each firm being located, except as indicated, in the city giving its name to the local association: B o sto n A sso c ia tio n . —W. F. Schrafft & Sons; Dennison Manufacturing Co., Framingham, Mass.; Cheney Bros., South Manchester, Conn.; Jordan Marsh Co. C hicago A s so c ia tio n . —Sears, Roebuck & Co.; Chicago Typothetie School of Printing; Commonwealth Edison Co.; Marshall Field & Co.; Armour & Co.; Selz, Schwab & Co. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (498) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 87 D e t r o i t A s s o c i a t i o n . —Detroit Gear & Machine Co.; Packard Motor Car Co.; Dodge Bros. ; Solvay Process Co. ; Michigan State Telephone Co. ; Detroit Steel Products Co. ; Detroit Fuse & Manufacturing Co. N e w a r k A s s o c i a t i o n . —Weston Electrical Instrument Co. ; The Celluloid Co. ; L. Bamberger & Co.; Edison Affiliated Interests (Inc.), Orange, N. J. ; Hyatt Roller Bearing Co., Harrison, N. J. N e w Y o r k A s s o c i a t i o n . —American Metal Co. (Ltd.) ; Equitable Life Assur ance Co. ; R. H. Macy & Co. ; Crocker-Wheeler Co. ; American Telephone & Telegraph Co. ; Champlain Silk Mills. P h i l a d e l p h i a A s s o c i a t i o n . —Fayette R. Plumb (Inc.); John B. Stetson Co.; Strawbridge & Clothier ; The American Pulley Co. ; The Barrett Co. ; Curtis Publishing Co. ; The A. M. Collins Manufacturing Co. ; New York Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, N. J. P i t t s b u r g h A s s o c i a t i o n . —Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East Pittsburgh, Pa. R o c h e s t e r A s s o c i a t i o n . —Rochester Railway & Light Co. ; Eastman Kodak Co. ; Yawman & Erbe Manufacturing Co. ; Taylor Instrument Co. LABOR LAW ADMINISTRATION IN NEW YORK STATE. A comprehensive study of the administration of labor laws in New York State1 has just been issued by the American Association for Labor Legislation.2 Administration of labor laws through a single industrial commis sion with extensive quasi-legislative and judicial powers, in addition to its administrative authority, is a recent development in the field of labor-law enforcement. Wisconsin, in 1911, was the first State to establish such a commission. Several other States have folioVved Wis consin’s lead, New York adopting this form of administration in 1915. To study and appraise this new commission form of adminis tration, with special reference to administrative methods and prob lems, was the chief purpose of this investigation. The report contains 14 chapters. It traces the development of agencies for administering labor legislation in New York, states the huge problem confronting the industrial commission, discusses the functions and administrative methods of the commission as a whole and of each bureau in detail, and offers suggestions and recommenda tions for the improvement of administration. The first State agency dealing with labor problems was the bureau of labor statistics, which was created by legislative enactment in 1 This investigation was conducted under the joint supervision of the Bureau of Municipal Research of New York City and the American Association for Labor Legisla tion. The field work and preparation of the first d ra ft of the report was made under the direction of Mr. Herschel II. Jones of the bureau. The report covers a period of 13 months, from June 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916. 2 The American Labor Legislation Review for June, 1917. Labor law adm inistration in New York. Published by the American Association for Labor Legislation, 131 E ast T w enty-third Street, New York. Price, $1. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (499) 88 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 1883. But this bureau possessed no enforcing authority, being lim ited to the collection of statistical information. However, the factory act of 1886, which provided for factory inspection and for the first time set an age and hour limit on the employment of children, es tablished also the State’s first enforcing authority in the labor legis lation field. In the same year the board of arbitration was created. The apparent wastefulness of maintaining these three independent agencies, all dealing with labor questions, led in 1901 to their consoli dation into the New York State Department of Labor. A bureau of mercantile inspection was added in 1908, a bureau of industries and immigration in 1910, and the division of industrial directory in 1911. The development of the department, handicapped by lack of funds, was slow until 1906, when an increased appropriation permitted an enlarged inspection staff and marked the beginning of continuous and rapid growth. The records of the department show that between 1907 and 1913 it grew from an office with 96 employees and a yearly expenditure of $151,798 to an arm of the government commanding the services of 227 persons and expending annually the sum of $505,610. In 1913 this department was reorganized and to it were added an industrial board and a division of industrial hygiene for technical research. In 1911 the workmen’s compensation commission was created, a State bureau of employment was authorized, and a legal bureau to give advice and assistance in prosecuting cases was established. This gradual multiplicity of agencies again brought the State face to face with waste and duplication in the administration of its labor law. Accordingly, in 1915, all these activities were brought together under an industrial commission of five members, appointed by the governor. The number of employees of the commission is now over 600 and the appropriation for 1917 was $1,225,000. Those who advocated the enforcement of the labor law through an industrial commission hoped through it to secure economy in inspection and the avoidance of friction because of rival boards of inspectors, elimina tion of duplicate reports and statistics of accidents, consolidation of all interests for efficient accident and disease prevention, and the general substitution of cooperation for prosecution in the adminis tration of the labor law. The report outlines the problem confronting the industrial com mission when it took office on June 1 , 1915, involving the enforce ment of laws affecting the lives, health, and welfare of approxi mately 3,000,000 wage earners in the largest industrial State in the Union, where more than 1,000 industrial accidents occur every work ing day and in which the number and diversity of establishments and differences of race and language constitute a problem of almost https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (500) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S, 89 inconceivable magnitude. The commission exercises supervision of the administration and enforcement of labor laws through eight large bureaus, as follows: Inspection, fire hazards, mediation and arbitration, statistics and information, industries and immigration, industrial code, employment, and workmen’s compensation. It also has, power to make and amend rules and regulations for carrying into effect the provisions of the labor law, to grant variations from the law in special cases, and to determine the awards in workmen’s compensation cases. The functions of the commission are therefore not only executive, but in part legislative and judicial. The report gives a comprehensive description of the activities of each bureau and at the end of each chapter summarizes its conclu sions and submits recommendations for reorganization or improve ment or development of the particular agency under discussion. These recommendations are designed to aid in overcoming the diffi culties against which the commission is contending, the more im portant ones dealing with further improvement in civil-service methods, larger appropriations, and a larger force for many depart ments of the commission's work, more careful differentiation be tween procedure in making modifications or orders and in granting variations from the law or code, more energetic prosecutions, expan sion of the industrial council to include representatives of the gen eral public, the desirability of abolishing home work, and diminish ing the amount of routine work of commissioners. The right to modify or amend the labor law or to grant exemptions from compliance with its provisions with respect to the physical requirements of buildings and devices for preventing accidents should be particularly noted as an important power of the commission, for it opens the way for securing safety without compelling compliance with requirements which are unreasonable and impracticable in par ticular circumstances. These variations are granted on petition after public hearing, and while they occasion an enormous amount of work for the commission and the various bureaus operating under it, they seem to have brought about a more equitable and just administration of the law and a better feeling on the part of those subject to its restrictions. Referring to the industrial commission as an administrative body, it is suggested that much of the detailed work now brought before it should be disposed of in other ways in order that it might have more time and energy for considering general policies, initiating plans for extension and reorganization of work in the various bureaus, and promoting the establishment of codes; and that there should be more direct contact between the bureau heads and the commission in order that each might become familiar with the work of the others and https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (501) 90 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. develop more of a spirit of pulling together in the interests of the department as a whole. A feature of the reorganized labor department under the industrial commission is the industrial council composed of five members repre senting employers and five representing employees, to whom the com mission shall submit all questions of general policy in connection with the labor laws, including the workmen’s compensation act, as well as all proposed rules and regulations for the industrial code, the council to give its advice on these matters and on the appointment of employees to positions requiring special knowledge or training and to cooperate with the civil service commission in conducting examinations and preparing eligible lists for such positions. This council, however, according to the report, has failed to prove an important factor in the administration of the labor laws, and in order that it might have greater opportunity to demonstrate its possibilities for usefulness it is recommended that the commission .should refer to it more matters of general policy, that greater use should be made by the commission of the council as a means of ex tending its educational activities, that the commission should bring the council into closer touch with the initial preparation of new codes and amendments to cedes, and that the council should contain one or more employer representatives of the large industries centered in New York City. Another interesting feature in the enforcement of labor laws in New York, pointed out by the report, is the establishment of a “ de partmental ” or municipal term court in New York City for review ing violations prosecuted by the industrial commission. One day a week is regularly assigned to the commission for the adjudication of its cases. Not only, states the report, is there a great saving in time which the inspectors must devote to appearing in court, but there is also a great gain in both the efficiency and the uniformity of the administration of the law, because the judge assigned to this court soon becomes familiar with the technical and other perplexing problems involved. Although the bureau of workmen’s compensation is but one of the eight bureaus constituting the industrial commission, more than onehalf of the entire time of the members is devoted to the administra tion of the workmen’s compensation law. The section of the report dealing with this subject, however, is relatively small and less com prehensive than the importance of the subject demands. Many important aspects of the compensation law have been inadequately treated or not even mentioned. The experience of the commission in dealing with such matters as voluntary agreements, delay in compen sation, payments, failure or delay in accident reporting, lump-sum https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (502) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 91 settlements, informal conferences as a method of settling disputed cases, impartial physicians and medical examinations, physicians’ and hospital fees, self-insurance, revision of benefits, etc., would be extremely valuable. I t is to be hoped that a more exhaustive study of the workmen’s compensation law will be undertaken at some future date. The report concludes that on the whole the operation of the indus trial commission act, after making due allowance for the exceptional difficulties and circumstances of the first year of its administration, confirms the opinion that the act is one of the most beneficial pieces of labor legislation ever adopted by the New York Legislature. Not only have its fundamental principles been vindicated, declares the report, but under its provisions the enforcement of the State’s labor laws has been improved. The act is regarded as a progressive piece of legislation creating new conditions as the result of its opera tion, and it is believed that if modifications in its terms or in its methods of administration, necessitated in part by these new condi tions themselves, are required from time to time, it is not a cause for discouragement but rather furnishes a new opportunity to the forward-looking worker for industrial betterment. WHOLESALE PRICES IN THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY TO JUNE, 1917. The mounting cost of living in the United States is reflected in statistics of wholesale prices collected by the Bureau of Labor Statis tics of the United States Department of Labor for the first six months of 1917. Notable increases during this period are shown for the principal farm products, foodstuffs, and metals and metal prod ucts. Among lumber and building materials and fuels the increase since the first of the year has also been quite pronounced. For all commodities included in the bureau’s investigation, aggregating 29-1 distinct articles or price series, the increase for June over January was 23 per cent. In the following table are shown the bureau’s weighted index num bers for the first six months of 1917 by groups of commodities. The table also shows the number of articles or price series in each group, together with the per cent of increase for June as compared with January. 8 S0 0 °— 17------7 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (503) 92 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. IN D EX NUMBERS OF W HOLESALE PRICES, JANUARY TO JU N E, 1917. [Aggregate value of commodities exchanged in 1916=100.] Commodity group. Index numbers. Number of articles or price Janu Febru March. April. series, ary. included. ary. May. Per cent ofincrease in June compared June. with January. Farm products.............................. Food, etc......................................... Cloths and clothing . ......... .......... Fuel and lighting.......................... Metals and metal products........... I,umber and building m aterials.. Drugs and chemicals..................... House-furnishing goods................. Miscellaneous................................. 30 91 66 15 25 30 10 6 21 120 119 127 147 124 105 101 116 114 123 127 127 154 128 107 103 117 115 132 127 128 157 134 109 106 117 116 147 144 132 154 140 113 109 137 120 160 151 130 162 146 116 115 137 123 160 148 140 167 161 126 116 148 127 33.3 24.4 10.2 13.6 29.8 20.0 14.9 27.6 11.4 All commodities...................... 294 122 126 130 139 .147 150 23.0 RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES. According to reports received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics the retail price of food declined J per cent from June 15 to July 15, 1917. This decline in food prices was largely due to the marked decline in the price of flour and potatoes, which articles form a large part of the diet of the average family. These two articles de creased 10 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively. Onions also de creased considerably during the month—27 per cent. A table showing the course of prices in the United States in June and July, 1917, is given herewith: AVERAGE MONEY R E TA IL PRICES AND R E L A T IV E R E T A IL PRICES OF FOOD ON JU N E 15 AND JU L Y 13, 1917. [The relative price shows the per cent th at the average price on the 15th of each month was of the average price for the year 1916.] Average money price. Article. Sirloin steak___ Round s te a k ... Rib roast........... Chuck roast___ Plate beef.......... Pork chops....... Bacon................ H am .................. L ard .................. H ens.................. Salmon, canned. B u tter............. Cheese.............. M ilk................ B read............... Flour................ Corn m eal....... Rice................... Potatoes........... Onions............. Beans, n a v y ... Prunes............. Raisins, seeded Sugar............... Coffee............... T ea.................. Unit. P ound___ .. .do.......... .. .d o .......... .. .do.......... .d o .......... .. do......... .. .do.......... ...d o .......... .. .do.......... ... do.......... .. .d o .......... Dozen....... P ound___ .. .d o .......... Q uart....... 16-oz.loaf!. [■-barrel bag Pound___ ... .do.......... Peck......... P ound__ .do.......... ... do.......... do.......... .. .d o ......... .. .d o ......... .. .d o .____ June 15, 1917. $0.328 .301 .261 .222 .170 .309 .425 .391 .280 .288 .263 .409 .469 .338 .106 .085 1.973 . 055 .108 .960 .070 .195 .157 . 146 .093 .302 .568 All articles combined https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1 16 ounces, weight of dough. (504) July 15, 1917. SO.327 . 306 .257 .219 .165 .316 .429 . 396 .274 .280 .266 .420 . 459 .330 .111 .088 1.766 . 059 .106 .645 .051 .195 .160 .148 .091 . 306 .599 Relative price. • June 15, 1917. Juiv 15, 1917. 120 123 L3 129 133 136 1-18 133 160 122 130 109 119 131 116 131 183 162 119 237 142 177 117 113 116 101 104 120 125 121 127 129 139 149 135 157 119 132 112 117 128 122 135 164 174 116 159 104 177 119 115 114 102 110 133 128 93 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. In tlie year from July 15, 1916, to July 15, 1917, prices of food as a whole advanced 32 per cent. Onions was the only article which was lower. Flour made the greatest jump—91 per cent. Potatoes were 83 per cent higher in July, 1917, than in the same month of the pre vious year. Corn meal was 81 per cent higher, and beans 67 per cent higher. Of the meats, pork advanced more than beef. Comparing prices on July 15, 1914, just prior to the present war, with prices on July 15, 1917, food as a whole advanced 42 per cent. In July, 1917, flour was 125 per cent higher—that is, two and onefourth times the price in July, 1914. Cornmeal was 89 per cent higher, lard was 78 per cent higher, sugar 75 per cent higher, and potatoes and bread each 59 per cent higher. A table showing the average and relative retail prices in July of each year from 1913 to 1917 is given herewith: AVERAGE MONEY R E T A IL P R IC E S AND R E L A T IV E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF FOOD ON JU LY 15 OF EACH YEAR, 1913 TO 1917. [T h e re lativ e price show s th e per cent th a t th e av erage price on th e 15th of each m onth w as of th e average price for th e y ear 1916.] Average money price July 15. Article. 1913 Sirloin steak............ Round steak........... Rib roast................. Chuck roast............. Plate beef................ Pork chops.............. B a c o n .................... H am ......................... T.ard......................... Hens......................... Salmon, canned___ Eggs, strictly fresh.. B utter...................... Cheese...................... Milk.......................... Bread....................... Flour........................ Corn m eal................ Rice.......................... Potatoes................... Onions..................... Beans, navy............ Prunes..................... Raisins..................... Sugar....................... Coffee....................... T ea........................... Relative price July 15. Unit. Pound. .. . .do........ I- - do........ d o ........ do........ .do. .do. .do. do - - .d o......... . . . do......... Dozen....... P ound__ ...d o ......... Q uart....... 16-oz.loaf h J-bbl. bag. P ound___ . . . do.......... Peck......... P ound___ ...d o .......... ..d o ......... .. do......... . .d o......... . .d o ......... ..d o ......... 1914 j 1915 I 1916 | 1917 SO.270 SO.265 SO.287 SO.327 215 .240 .260 . 306 20.8 .206 .220 .257 175 .167 .179 .219 127 .123 .132 .165 222 .211 .234 . 316 273 .270 .429 .290 279 .265 .323 .396 154 .145 .274 .208 219 .208 .211 .280 .198 .200 .266 .278 .319 .420 .343 .355 .459 .232 .213 .330 .087 .088 .111 .063 .062 .088 1.003 .927 1.766 . 033 .033 .059 .091 .091 .106 405 288 .223 .352 . 645 .035 .053 .051 .076 .117 . 195 .135 .134 .160 .125 .128 .148 054 052 .070 .087 .091 .299 .299 .306 .546 .516 599 All articles combined. 1913 1914 1915 1916 99 97 98 97 97 96 93 91 90 83 105 106 104 104 103 103 101 110 119 102 99 85 90 94 67 95 100 98 102 99 98 95 95 88 93 80 87 97 85 73 92 100 68 65 SO j 1917 98 74 87 90 96 97 93 96 100 55 72 69 101 97 87 100 100 96 100 87 109 108 100 99 109 100 100 120 125 121 127 129 139 149 135 157 119 132 112 117 128 122 135 164 174 118 159 104 177 119 115 114 102 110 88 S7 128 88 86 1 16 ounces, weight of dough. A table is given below showing average prices of food on June 15 •and July 15, 1917, in Atlanta, Ga.; Boston, Mass.; Chicago, 111.; Denver, Colo.; New York, N. Y .; Philadelphia, Pa.; St. Louis, Mo.; San Francisco, Cal.; and Seattle, Wash. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (505) 94 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF THE PRIN CIPA L ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR NINE SELECTED CITIES FOR JU NE 15 AND JU LY 15, 1917. [The average prices shown below are computed from reports sent monthly to the bureau by retail dealers. As some dealers occasionally fail to report, the num ber of quotations varies from month to month.] York, Atlanta, Ga. Boston, Mass. Chicago, 111. Denver, Colo. New N. Y. Article. Unit. Sirloin steak........... Round steak......... Rib roast................ Chuck roast_____ Plate beef.............. Pork chops............ Bacon, sliced......... Ham, sliced........... L ard ......... H ens.. Salmon, canned. . . Eesrs. strietlv fresh. B u tter.................... Cheese.................... Milk........................ B read..................... F lour...................... Corn m eal.............. Rice........................ Potatoes..... ........... Onions................... Beans, navy........... P runes___............. Raisins................... Sugar................... Coffee.................... T ea............... June 15, 1917. July 15, 1917. June 15, 1917. July 15, 1917. June 15, 1917. July 15, 1917. June 15, 1917. July 15, 1917. July 15, 1917. P ound__ $0,314 $0.310 $0. 412 $0. 432 $0.303 $0.302 $0.311 $0. 325 SO. 323 $0.337 .410 .277 .440 ...d o ......... .282 .269 .266 .294 .303 .325 .337 .. .d o ......... .242 .233 .290 .308 .251 .246 .245 .249 .276 .279 .264 __d o .......... .204 .192 .220 .245 .217 .220 .218 .219 .219 . 168 . 165 . 151 .. .d o ......... . 164 . 158 . 151 .202 .199 .314 .320 .330 . . .d o ......... .303 .279 .292 .308 .311 .322 .326 . . .d o ......... .430 .427 .418 .420 .436 .450 .446 .439 .420 .422 .391 .426 .. .d o ......... .391 .426 .416 .414 .445 .448 1 .285 1.285 .282 .282 .278 .d o ......... .281 .263 .258 .292 .289 .273 .274 .d o ......... .238 .240 .317 .313 .276 .253 .283 .273 .298 .287 .. .d o ......... .225 .230 .287 .292 .270 .248 .250 .269 .300 .303 Dozen....... .407 .498 .504 .353 .396 .406 .407 .417 .447 .478 .485 .478 .470 .434 P ound__ .505 .432 .433 .433 .456 .453 . .d o ......... .344 .338 .330 .323 .336 .346 .346 .339 .338 .328 .135 .110 .120 .100 Q uart....... .139 .100 .093 .098 .109 . 114 .090 .081 16-oz. loaf2 .087 .082 .101 .101 .091 .090 .088 .088 J-bbl. bag. 1.867 1.725 2.166 1.990 1.917 1.713 s 3.244 32.894 2.028 1.870 .051 P ound__ .049 .068 .068 .057 .058 .048 .050 .067 .070 .. .d o ......... . 101 .108 .112 . 102 .105 . 114 .111 .117 .105 .105 41.068 4.808 41.033 4.645 41.002 4 .744 »6.000 54. 683 6.079 «.044 .070 .067 P ound__ .092 .057 . 053 .042 .068 .053 .059 .047 . . .d o ......... .181 . 188 . 192 .191 .203 .198 .201 .199 .090 .188 .164 .d o ......... .167 .173 .166 .160 .162 .172 .177 .159 .161 .. .d o ......... .151 .150 .147 .148 .145 .147 .143 .147 .141 .142 .d o ......... .101 .098 .089 .088 .088 .086 .092 .092 .084 .084 .d o ......... .296 .295 .345 . 345 .287 .311 .293 .309 .263 .262 .d o ......... .769 .780 .643 .636 .560 .574 .571 .570 .509 .520 Philadelphia, St. Louis, Mo. SanFran cisco, Seattle, Wash. Pa. Cal. Sirloin steak........... Round steak.......... Rib roast................ Chuck roast........... Plate beef............... Pork chops............ Bacon, sliced......... Ham, sliced........... I ¿ard....................... H ens....................... Salmon, canned. . . Eggs, strictly fresh. B u tter.................... Cheese................... Milk........................ B read..................... Flour...................... Corn m eal.............. Rice........................ Potatoes................. Onions.................... Beans, n av y ._____ P runes................... Raisins................... Sugar...................... Coffee..................... T ea......................... June 15, 1917. P o u n d __ $0,365 $0,389 $0.315 $0,321 $0.225 $0.228 $0,270 $0.265 -. -do.......... .337 .365 .310 .221 .305 .219 .258 .252 .. .d o .......... .278 .298 .259 .256 .216 .223 .233 .230 .217 .. .d o .......... .240 .253 .217 .155 .153 .195 .187 .. .do .. .164 .162 .170 .161 .148 .161 .149 .157 .. .d o .......... .342 .343 .291 .308 .306 .326 .316 .328 .421 .. -do.......... .413 .441 .461 .423 .418 .436 .461 .411 .412 .407 - - -do.......... .450 .459 .418 .418 .405 __d o .......... .279 .243 .275 .253 .285 .285 .279 .280 .. .d o .......... .308 .256 .249 .261 .313 .260 .263 .258 ...d o .......... .240 .248 .268 .234 .263 .240 .248 .252 Dozen....... .433 .377 .404 .445 .370 .371 .392 .430 .512 .457 P ound___ .528 .436 . 455 .439 .473 .448 .. .do .361 .356 .334 .301 .297 .329 .311 .303 Quart. .. .090 .110 .100 .100 .100 .110 .113 .120 16-oz. loaf2 .079 .079 .092 .092 .090 .083 .083 .091 i-bbl. bag. 2.000 1.696 1.854 1.609 33.571 33.313 33.372 33.235 P ound__ .049 .054 .054 .050 .065 .065 .063 .065 .102 . ..do - .. .108 .110 .099 .099 .100 .103 .104 41.107 4 .604 4 .942 4 .587 M.188 52.925 55.246 53.982 P o u n d __ .063 .053 .063 .046 .030 .046 .020 .032 .184 .192 .205 .197 .184 - - -do.......... .183 .203 .199 .152 .167 .169 .. -do......... .153 .145 .148 .139 .140 .134 .. -do.......... .134 .170 .168 .141 .138 .140 .140 .080 .090 .087 .081 .092 - - -do.......... .083 .083 .093 .. .d o .......... .274 .282 .278 .280 .300 .300 .308 .308 __d o ........ .566 .583 .591 .610 .519 .521 .508 .512 i Whole. 216 ounces, weight of dough. 8 Per one-quarter barrel bag. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 4 Per peck. 8 Per 100 pounds. 6 Per pound. (506) MONTHLY BE VIEW OF THE BUBEATJ OF LABOB STATISTICS. 95 WASTE IN FOOD DISTRIBUTION IN NEW YORK. The large economic waste connected with the distribution of food products in New York State, particularly in New York City, con tributing directly to the high cost of living, is set forth in the Third Annual Report of the Department of Foods and Markets for the year ending December 31, 1916, which was transmitted to the legislature on February 28 of this year. The report opens with a brief account of how the department succeeded, in some instances, in lowering to the consumer the price of certain foods and at the same time assuring a fair price to the producer, who now, it is stated, re ceives only 35 cents out of every dollar paid by the consumer for the articles he produces. In the case of apples and fruits prices were re duced by selling large quantities at auction in the city wholesale markets, while the price of eggs was forced down by the issuance of an order requiring each egg taken from cold storage to be so stamped, making it impossible for them to be sold as fresh eggs at a high price, as had been the practice. A more economical method of dis tributing the milk supply is recommended, it being pointed out that excessive profits are being made by the dealers who buy and sell the milk at prices fixed by themselves. Three general and fundamental reasons are given for the high cost of food, namely, (1) cheap money, (2) decreased supply in food products, and (3) waste, the last-named being accomplished through loss at the farm, loss in transit, loss in the city, and loss through credit, all of which must be made up by the consumer. A fruitful source of high prices, it is stated, is the cost of distribution, which represents approximately 65 per cent of the total cost of food paid by the consumer. “ The middleman is an economic agency so long as he performs a legitimate and a useful service; * * * but in our system we have developed a practice of manipulation, speculation, and control by middlemen in the distribution of food that operates to the detriment of both producer and consumer.” The situation is not considered hopeless because the possibilities of saving on distribution are encouraging enough to promise material reduc tion in the cost of food to the city consumer. To accomplish this saving efforts must be begun at the farm, and the department outlines a plan briefly as follows: The plan of the department is to establish rooms for assem bling food at the railroad station in the local producing centers throughout the State. The pro ducers, under this system, would organize into cooperative associations under the encouragement of the State, and they would own the market or assembling rooms. The farmer w ould bring his product to these local packing houses, as it comes from the tree or ground, and an employee in charge of the packing house would grade and pack the produce and, if located in a village or city, would supply the local needs and ship the balance in carload lots straight to a https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (507) 96 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. term inal w holesale market in the city. The food would be received in this term inal m arket by licensed and supervised agents of the State, who would w eight it, cause an inspection of it, make an open sale, keep an open record of the receipts of the goods, of its condition, of its weight, of its price, and of the person who bought it. The sales would be made in quantities to accommodate the retailer so that he could buy h is supply direct from the agent of the pro ducer and, of course, the housew ife would be supplied daily from the retail stores. The country assem bling plant would have to be large or sm all, cheap or expensive, to suit the needs o f the neighborhood. To be complete, it would have canning facilities so that all of the tender and overripened produce of the farm s could be brought to the station and preserved in standard packages and quality for future use. Surplus would be taken care of in the sam e way. In prosperous neighborhoods the plant should also have refrigerating facilities, so that perishable produce could be precooled and properly prepared for m arket; and staple products, such as apples, pears, eggs, dressed poultry, and other products, could be stored in time of surplus for distribution in seasons of scarcity. The report suggests the urgent necessity for several large terminal markets in New York City, established and supported by the State, located where full carloads of food coming to the city over any rail road could run straight into the market and discharge without the expense of extra handling or cartage, and provided with ample cold storage and common storage facilities so that food could be handled economically and absolutely without waste. This food would then be distributed to the retailer in whatever quantities required. Thus, it is claimed, all the unnecessary expense of useless middlemen and speculators would be eliminated. It is believed that while the initial cost would be considerable, such market could be operated at profit to the State and benefit to producers and consumers. In connection with the present article it should be stated that a women’s organization in New York is making a noteworthy effort to stop the waste of food which has been embargoed at piers and ter minals.1 There is a law in New York City which is being enforced very strictly and which results in a tremendous waste of good food. All the fruit and vegetables destined for the markets of the city must be examined at the piers and terminals by representatives of the board of health. Food must be embargoed if a certain percentage is bad, and frequently the badness is due merely to injury in transportation. Sometimes 80 per cent of the food is perfectly good, yet, with labor at 50 cents an hour, it does not pay the commission merchants to have it looked over, and so the good is thrown away with the bad. Oranges, grapefruit, and lemons will pass if not more than 19 per cent is damaged, berries 21 per cent, and vegetables 15 per cent. When the percentage of damaged food is greater than the allowance, 1 K ittre d g e, M abel H., F ood S alvage in New York. Aug. 12, 1917, pp. 4 3 -45. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (508) T he New R epublic, New York, MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 97 an embargo is put cn it by the inspector and it must be sorted before any of it is allowed to enter the city markets. If it does not pay the commission merchants to assort an embar goed shipment, they can turn it back on the railroad, which can sort it to earn the freight charge. If, however, an embargoed shipment is not sorted, it is ordered to the dump on Barren Island. There are no municipal storehouses to which it can be sent, no municipal markets where it can be sorted and sold, and the dock and pier space must be cleared for the morrow’s shipments. The only space for sorting food is the middle of the street. The city canning and drying kitchen, instituted by women of the Women’s University Club and the Mayor’s Committee of Women on National Defense, and of the Junior League, was established to salvage food that could not be otherwise disposed of. All of these organizations are giving personal service, and the work was under taken only after a thorough study of the conditions and the assur ance by the board of health that a very large quantity of perfectly good food might still be saved. The operation as conducted by the women of the city kitchen is as follows: The work on the pier is in charge of one woman who, with the consent of the board of health, the railroad officials, and the dock superintendent, moves freely among the commission merchants, waiting to salvage food that finds no buyer because its overhauling is not profitable, or facilities to salvage are unavailable, or labor is too high. The volunteer labor which the kitchen is able to command makes it possible for the women to sort, with the aid of Boy Scouts, food which it would not pay a commission merchant to handle. After all the possible purchasers finish their labors the salvage for the kitchen begins. The food salvaged may be potatoes or other fresh foods which need no canning, and these are sold at once at a little below the wholesale price. If the salvaged food needs canning it is transported to the city kitchen under Williamsburg Bridge, where it is preserved for use next winter. Sterilized glass jars are ready, and the work begins at once when the food reaches the kitchen. The cold-pack preserving method is used wdien possible, and 20 per cent more sterilization than the schedule demands is allowed. Noth ing is rejected that is in good condition. Cabbages are turned into sauerkraut; vegetables are packed into kegs with salt. If there is little food value a relish may be made that will take the place of butter or act as an appetizer to an otherwise dull meal. The filled jars are stored in the same building. The cost is care fully calculated, glass jars, labor, transportation, ingredients, etc., added, and the food will be sold direct to the public. The plant is a one-story public-school building, which, of course, is city property, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 509) 98 M O N T H L Y REV IEW O F T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. and there is no expense for rent. The truck is also loaned by the city and after unloading at the kitchen such food as can be cared for in one day, it carries the remainder to many a grateful institution. Fuel is paid for, and the paid labor in the kitchen is at present limited to an organizer, two canning experts, a bookkeeper, and five women for unskilled labor. There are from 30 to 40 volunteer work ers a day. Each volunteer receives a card marked off in squares rep resenting an hour’s work, and the worker’s card is punched a c c o r d i n g to her hours of labor. Shei can obtain fresh food at cost as an equivalent of her work, or preserved food can be had next winter, the food to be stored by the kitchen until wanted. The volunteer labor is handled from an uptown office, largely by telephone, the woman in charge being in touch with clubs, settle ments, and similar organizations, and with individuals anxious to help. Many volunteer laborers are foreigners; these are encouraged to introduce their own methods of preserving foods and have con tributed many valuable recipes. At present the women are working in only a few of the 125 termi nals in the city, but the following are some of the recent daily re ports of' food salvaged by the city canning kitchen: July 16.—S00 pounds of cabbage, 1,500 pounds of cucumbers, 400 pounds of apricots, and 200 pounds of vegetables (unclassified). July 17.— Out of 65 barrels (9,650 pounds) of cucumbers, 4,000 pounds were saved. B ecause of lim ited space the kitchen had to refuse on that day 3S bar rels of cucumbers. July 18.:—1,000 pounds of pineapple, 150 pounds of grapefruit, 1,200 pounds of cabbage, 300 pounds of turnips, and 5 barrels of beans. Beginning with July 13 the kitchen has salvaged daily about 3,000 pounds of good potatoes which are at once sold at 1 cent a pound to people who are the greatest sufferers from the present high prices. The women fully realize that they are not solving any economic problem, for the matter of labor does not have to be considered, except in a very small way; but what they are trying to do, is to solve one of the problems of food conservation. Certainly they are saving food, which in these war times is a matter of great importance. AMERICAN SEA POWER AND THE SEAMEN’S ACT. Mr. Andrew Furuseth, president of the International Seamen’s Union of America, has prepared a pamphlet on the subject “Ameri can sea power and the seamen’s act,” in which he undertakes to defend the provisions of the act and to show primarily that it is not a vio lation of international law. Some of the considerations ’which https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (510) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 99 prompted Congress to pass the seamen’s law are mentioned, one of these being an impression that it would provide national seamen for national emergencies that might arise. The author, however, states that there is no chance of getting from the merchant marine as now manned the necessary men to man and then to reman the fighting Navy. He cites figures to show that, based upon the membership of the seamen’s union, the total number of men, organized and unor ganized, employed on the lakes and seagoing vessels under the Ameri can flag is approximately 07,600, and that of this number about 19,260 are Americans.1 This number, however, is believed to be too large, since there is a much larger proportion of foreigners among the unorganized than among the organized seamen. I t is stated that out of 27,250 sailors (estimated, since the number of unorganized sailors is unknown) there are about 5,000 Germans (18.3 per cent), while the combined number of sailors born in Holland, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway (neutrals) is about 10,800, or 39.6 per cent. Of the 27,250 sailors, approximately 6,300, or 23.1 per cent, are said to be Americans. Another thought which prompted the passage of the act, according to the author, was the safety of the traveling public. The increase in the number of lives lost at sea from 1,018 in the period 1860 to 1864 to 5,445 in the period 1910 to 1914 (4 years and 5 months) would seem to indicate an apparent loss of skill among seamen. The author ascribes the decadence of the merchant marine to economic causes arising from the fact “ that the United States is a high-wage country” ; and since the wages of seamen depend upon the wages of the port in which they are hired, American ships have not been able to compete with the low wages paid to seamen sailing from other ports. It is stated that the seamen’s act is not enforced, “ but to the extent that it is permitted to operate it is equalizing the wages in all vessels leaving American ports.” It w as further expected by the legislators that the equalization in w age cost would not stop in ports of the United States. The same instinct that would cause the seamen to quit their vessels to get higher pay would cause foreign shipowners to so pay and so treat their men that the men would remain in their vessels voluntarily, and so there would autom atically come a practical equality in the wage cost of operating merchant vessels throughout the world. No one who has studied the law has any doubt that this w ill be the result if the law is given a fair chance. The seamen’s law is quoted liberally in order to show how its various sections were drawn with the one purpose of making the 1 T his figure is based on th e assum ption t h a t th e per cent of A m ericans am ong the un o rg an ized seam en is th e sam e as am ong those who a re m em bers of th e seam en’s union, an d is necessarily only approxim ate. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (511) 100 MONTHLY EE VIEW OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. seamen economically free, of promoting safety at sea, and of equal izing the wage cost in foreign and domestic vessels. The attitude of shipowners toward the measure is commented upon, the opinion being expressed that they have been quite successful in nullifying the lawTand are now before the courts contesting the act, presumably on the grounds of comity of nations, international law, and that Congress exceeded its powers in passing it. It is pointed out that Congress had all possible objections to the bill before it when it wTas considering the proposed legislation, and that the President was fully aware of them when he was about to approve it. Yet the bill was passed and signed by the Chief Executive. The author believes that the seamen’s law should be given a fair opportunity to demon strate its value. GOVERNMENT INSURANCE FOR UNITED STATES SOLDIERS AND SAILORS. On August 10 a bill was introduced in the Senate (S. 2758) by Senator Simmons, of North Carolina, and in the House of Repre sentatives (IT. R. 5723) by Congressman Alexander, of Missouri, to provide insurance for American soldiers and sailors, separation al lowances for families of men in the military and naval services, indemnification for disabilities incurred, and a system of reeduca tion and rehabilitation of injured men at Government expense. This action is in pursuance of the plan developed cooperatively by the committee on compensation for soldiers and sailors and their depend ents, authorized by the Council of National Defense, and a commit tee of insurance men appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, an account o f which appeared in the M o n t h l y R e v ie w for August (p p . 100-101). In submitting the plan to the President, whose approval was given on August 7, the Secretary of the Treasury explained the operation o f the proposed law, which is really an amendment to the present act to authorize the establishment of a Bureau of War-Risk Insurance in the Treasury Department, approved September 2, 1914, in a letter from which the following excerpts are taken: The bill * * * provides not only for the man, but for liis fam ily. It aim s to accomplish these ends by granting a reasonable measure of indemnity against the risk of loss— (1) Of support of the breadwinner. (2) Of life and limb. (3) Of present insurability at ordinary rates. The risk of dependency, in the case of an enlisted man’s fam ily, is indemnified against by allotm ent of part of the pay of the enlisted man, supplemented by a fam ily allowance granted and paid by the Government. For w ife and children up to 18, or if incapable of pursuing a substantially gainful occupation because of mental or physical infirmities, then without age https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (512) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 101 lim it, allotm ents are compulsory unless w aived or exempted under regulations. For other dependents they are voluntary. The compulsory allotm ent must equal the fam ily allowance, w ith a minimum, however, of $15 and a minimum of oneh alf pay. The monthly fam ily allowance ranges from $5 to $50 maximum, de pendent upon the size of the fa m ily ; and, as to other kindred than w ife and children, further dependent upon their actual needs and upon the amount ordi narily contributed by the man for their support, a voluntary allotm ent to these kindred, sim ilar to the compulsory allotm ent for w ife and children, is re quired as a condition to the a llo w a n ce; but if the compulsory allotm ent is being made, then as to the additional allotment, a minimum of $5 and a maximum of one-seventh pay is a condition to the Government grant. The fam ily allowance continues only for the war emergency. To illu str a te : A private gets $33 a month for service abroad. If he has a w ife and two children he must allot to them at least $15 out of his pay. The Gov ernment supplements this by giving the fam ily an allowance of $32.50. This fam ily’s minimum income, therefore, would be $47.50. The father can allot as much more as he pleases. I f there is another child, the Government w ill allow $5 additional. I f that man should have a mother or father actually dependent upon him and to whom he has been accustomed to contribute, say, $15 a month, he can secure an allotm ent of $10 a month from the Government for the parent by alloting $5 more of his pay. Thus, the private w ith a w ife, three children, and a mother actually dependent upon him, by giving $20 out o f his $33 a month, would get from the Government for his fam ily $47.50 a month, giving the fam ily an income of $07.50, and still leave the man $13 a month for spending money. If there are more children, or if there is also a dependent father, the Government would give up to $50 in all, over and above the man’s own allot ment. i|: * * * * * * To instill thrift, to enable a man to build up a fund out of which he can pay the insurance premiums, and above all, better to preserve equality and democ racy among the members of our own forces and between them and the allies, provision is made enabling the W ar Departm ent and the Navy Department, by regulation, to compel men who do not allot one-half of their pay to deposit so much of the half pay as is not allotted, these deposits to bear interest at 4 per cent per annum, compounded sem iannually. * * * $ $ $ $ The risk of disability or death as to officers, men, and nurses w hile in active service as part of the m ilitary or naval forces of the United States is indemni fied against by compensation on the analogy of the workmen’s compensation act rather than through a pension system. The sacrifice of and loss to the fam ily is, however, taken into consideration by varying the amount of com pensation, both after death and during disability, w ith the size of the fam ily. * He ^ If total disability results from personal injury suffered or disease contracted in the course of the service, the compensation, based on the percentage of pay, but w ith a minimum of from $40 to $75 per month, according to the size of the fam ily, may increase for the higher officers to a maximum of $200 per month. Compensation, however, is not payable w hile the officer receives retirement allowance. Partial disabilities are compensated for on the basis of percentages of the compensation for total disability, dependent upon the average impairment of earning capacity resulting from such injuries in civil occupations. Provision is made for commutation under regulations, but of a part only of the compen sation. (513) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 102 MONTHLY REVIEW OF TRIE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. Medical, surgical, and hospital treatment, supplies, and appliances are given. Compensation is a helpful measure of justice, but rehabilitation and reeduca tion, fitting him for a life of activity and usefulness, either in his former or some other vocation, is an obligation fundam ental both to him and his fellow men. The bill does not attempt to cover the matter of m eans and methods of effect ing this. A study of European experience, both as to the victim s of w ar and of industry, is essential therefor. Two principles are, however, established in the bill : (1) The man’s obligations to avail him self of such opportunities as the Gov ernment may provide or cause to be provided under penalty of loss of compen sation during any period of unreasonable refusal. (2) A man’s right to disability compensation regardless of his individual economic recuperation. T his is an essential spur to the fu ll development of his potentialities. To illustrate some of these provisions and to contrast them w ith the pension provisions by practical exam ples: Assume that a man were totally disabled by losing both legs and both arms in battle. Under the existin g pension system he would receive $100 a month, regardless of the size o f his fam ily. Under the compensation provisions of this bill, if he were a private and unmarried he would receive $40 per month, and if, as is most probable, he needed a nurse or attendant, up to $20 additional. I f he had a widowed mother dependent upon him for support he would get another $10. I f he subsequently married his monthly compensation would be at once increased by $15. I f later on he had children the compensation would again be increased $10 a month for each of the first two children, a possible maximum of $105 a month. In addition to this monthly payment, under either system he would be fitted w ith artificial limbs and would have treatment. ITis compensation or pension would not be affected by any increased earnings. Furthermore, if he wanted to set up as a sm all storekeeper, under the compensation system he would be allowed to commute $20 a month of his compensation ; this m ight give him $1,000 or more and still leave him protected to some extent. I f death results from the injury or disease incurred or contracted in the course of the service, compensation is paid to the widow, children, and de pendent widowed mother. The amount, based upon percentage of pay, ranges from a minimum, according to the size of the fam ily, of $15 to $60 per month, to a maximum for the higher officers of $200 per month. Burial expenses of not exceeding $100, as may be fixed by regulations, are allowed. T his com pensation ends for widows two years after remarriage ; for children, on reach ing 18, unless they are physically or m entally incapable of follow ing a substan tially gainful occupation. To give the young man returning in maimed condi tion the opportunity to secure the care, love, and comfort that only w ife and child! en can g i\e , the fam ily statu s a.t the tim e of each monthly payment, and not at the tim e of the injury or discharge, determ ines the amount of the grant. D eath or disability resulting from injury suffered or disease contracted in the course of the service is covered, irrespective of the date when disability or death occu rs, but if it occurs after discharge or resignation it is compensated for only if a certificate has been obtained w ithin one year after discharge or l esignation that the person w as suffering from injury or disease so incurred or contracted likely to result later in death or disability. To illustrate again : I f the man above referred to died as a result of his in ju iies, leaving the w ife, two children, and widowed mother, under the pen sion system the fam ily would receive, ordinarily, $16, at best $24, a month; https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (514) 103 MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. even an officer’s fam ily would receive only $34 a month. Under the compensa tion system the fam ily would continue to receive $60 a month. On the death of the mother this would be reduced to $50. If the w ife remarried it would continue at this rate for two years, and would then be reduced to $25 until the first child reached 18, thereafter to $15, term inating when the second child reached 18. Risk of noninsurability at ordinary rates is indemnified against by the issu ance o f Government insurance, covering total disability and death, to officers, men, and Army nurses w hile in active service as part of the m ilitary or naval forces in an amount of $1,000 to $10,000. ^ Hi ❖ ❖ % H* The cheapest form of insurance, costing during the war on an average of $8 per $1,000 of insurance, and thus bringing even the maximum of $10,000 insur ance w ithin the reach of practically every private, is provided for. A fter the war the insurance may be converted into other forms w ith earlier m aturity, the premiums to be based, however, on the same m ortality tables and w ithout “ load ing.” All insurance is to be payable in installm ents, to be nonassignable and free from the claim s of creditors either of the insured or of the beneficiary. It is to be lim ited to w ife, children, and other specified kindred. It must be ap plied for w ithin 120 days after the terms are promulgated or subsequent enlist ment or entrance into the service. For those who are totally disabled or die before they have had an opportunity to insure w ithin the prescribed period of 120 days, insurance in the sum of $5,000 is deemed to have been applied for and granted. # * ❖ * * ❖ * On the adm inistrative side the bill provides for a division of the War Risk Bureau into two sections— one on marine and seam en’s insurance, the other on m ilitary and naval insurance. Each division is to have a commissioner under the direction of the bureau. * sji ❖ * ❖ * * In his letter the Secretary of the Treasury submits the following estimate of the cost for the first two years of the operation of the proposed law : ESTIMATED COST OF FIR ST TWO YEARS OF OPERATION OF PROPOSED LAW TO PROVIDE INSURANCE FOR SOLDIERS AND SAILORS. F irst year. Item. Family allowances............................... Death indem nities.„............................ Compensation for total disability....... Compensation for par tial disability.. Insurance against deathand disability §141,000,000 3,700,000 5,250, 000 3,200, 000 25,000,000 Total............................................ 170,150,000 Second year. $190,000,000 22,000,000 35.000. 000 21.000. 000 112,500,000 380,500,000 MEDICAL CARE OF INJURED FEDERAL EMPLOYEES.1 Under the terms of the “Act to provide compensation for employees of the United States suffering injuries while in the performance of their duties,” approved September 7, 1916, reasonable medical and surgical treatment shall be furnished, upon application and without 1 D ata taken from United States Public H ealth Reports, July 20, 1917, pp. 1125-1127. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (515) 104 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. charge, by all medical officers at first, second, and third class relief stations of the United States Public Health Service. Officers in charge of the second and third class relief stations are directed by the Surgeon General to obtain letters signed by the proper authori ties of the local contract hospitals to the effect that civil employees of the United States, injured while in the performance of their duties, will be received at said hospitals and furnished quarters, sub sistence, nursing, and necessary medicines during the fiscal year end ing June 30, 1918, at the same rates as named in their proposals sub mitted for the care of seamen during said fiscal year; the services to be the same as that furnished seamen. The rules for caring for injured Federal employees, as prescribed by the Surgeon General, are as follows: 1. An injured civil employee of tlie United States, in order to receive treat ment shall present to the medical officer a certificate stating that he is a Gov ernment employee and that he was injured on a certain date while in the per formance of his duties. Such certificate must be signed by the employee’s su perior officer, or by the medical officer, United States Employees’ Compensation Commission. 2. An injured civil employee of the United States, in order to obtain the bene fits of the service, must apply in person (or by proxy if too seriously injured so to do) at the local office of the Public Health Service, or to a medical officer of said service. 3. At marine hospitals no charge shall be made for services or supplies fur nished injured civil employees of the United States. Expenditures incurred at said hospitals for the care and treatment of such injured employees are pay able from appropriations for the Public Health Service. 4. At second and third class relief stations of the service, expenditures in curred on account of either office or hospital treatment furnished injured civil employees of the United States' shall be taken up in special vouchers ren dered against the United States Employees’ Compensation Commission. The rates charged for the care of seamen, as approved by the department, shall be charged for the care of injured Government employees at all contract hospitals of the service, and vouchers for such care should be rendered against the above-named commission. All vouchers for services or supplies furnished in the treatment of said injured employees will be paid direct by the United States Employees’ Compensation Commission, and such vouchers should be forwarded to the bureau for refernce to the proper officer of that commission, unless other wise instructed. In preparing said vouchers, the words “ employees’ compen sation fund ” should be written in at the station after the word “ appropria tion ” appearing on voucher forms, and stubs attached to such vouchers should be altered to show that payment is made on account of the United States Com pensation Commission. Until further notice, vouchers for said services or sup plies should be rendered on blanks issued by the Public Health Service, Forms 1926 and 1949. Expenditures payable from the above-mentioned fund should not be listed among the expenditures noted in monthly schedules of incum brances, Form 1955. No charges shall be made for professional services fur nished said injured employees by medical officers of the service, nor shall any charge be made for supplies i n s t o c k furnished such persons. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (516) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 105 5. Treatment furnished injured employees of the United States, in accord ance with the above-mentioned act of Congress, shall be taken up in monthly reports of patients admitted to and discharged from hospital treatment at first and second class relief stations, and relief certificates and hospital per mits shall be issued in case of treatment furnished such patients at third-class relief stations of the service. On such reports the class of patients should be designated or shown and authority for said treatment should be cited as “ act of September 7, 1916.” Treatment furnished said patients shall also be taken up in “ Medical officers’ monthly report of relief, Form 1922,” and in annual reports of medical and surgical relief furnished office and hospital patients, Forms 1923, 1924, and 1925. 6. Upon the termination of both office and hospital treatment, a copy of the clinical record of treatment furnished injured employees of the United States shall be forwarded, through the bureau, to the medical officer, United States Employees’ Compensation Commission. Such clinical records shall include the history, diagnosis, treatment, and other information connected with each case, and shall be prepared on service forms 1946, A, B, C, and D. 7. When it is in the interest of economy and to the welfare of injured em ployees of the United States, the above-mentioned commission will order the transfer of such patients from one station to another, including authority for the necessary expenses involved in such transfers. No injured employees should be so transferred without special authority from the United States Employees’ Compensation Commission. Upon the transfer of an injured em ployee from a second or third class relief station to a marine hospital, for the purpose of receiving further treatment, a copy of the clinical record should be forwarded to the medical officer in charge of said marine hospital; and upon discharge of the employee from the marine hospital a complete clinical record (covering his treatment at both the contract relief station and marine hospital) shall at once be forwarded, through the bureau, to the medical officer, United States Employees’ Compensation Commission. HOODS FOR REMOVING DUST, FUMES, AND GASES. A special bulletin, issued in May, 1917, under the direction of the New York Industrial Commission,1 gives the results of a careful study of various types of hood for removing dust, fumes, and gases, showing the inadequacy of certain kinds in use in some plants and describing, with supplemental illustrations, hoods that are so con structed and adapted as to prove highly effective in accomplishing the purpose for which they are intended. The bulletin mentions the well-known classification of dusts to which workers are exposed, namely, (1) mineral, (2) metallic, (3) vegetable, (4) animal, and (5) combination of two or more of these, but in describing the physical effects of dusts this classification is discarded and the different forms are considered according to their effects, as follows: 1 New York. D ep artm en t of L abor. I n d u s tria l Com m ission. H oods fo r rem oving dust, fum es, an d gases. Special B ulletin No. 82, May, 1917, p rep ared by th e division of in d u s tria l hygiene. A lbany, 1917. 23 pp. Illu s tra te d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (517) 108 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 1. Irritating dusts which have only a mechanical action and act directly upon the parts most exposed, such as the eyes, nose, throat, and skin. These dusts are found in metal grinding, stonecutting, emery grinding, and in the handling of wool, hemp, cotton, jute, tobacco, fur, feathers, and hair. 2. Poisonous dusts which, when entering the system, cause a gen eral poisoning or have an affinity for certain parts of the body, such as the blood, bones, and the nervous system. These include lead, arsenic, and salts of mercury, the most common being lead dust, to which the worker is exposed in many trades. This enters the system by being inhaled or through the stomach by eating food contaminated by lead-laden hands. The tissues chiefly affected are the arteries, nerves, brain, muscles, and also the blood. 3. Infected dusts which carry pus germs. Dangerous fumes, vapors, and gases, it is stated, usually show their effects immediately on account of the rapidity with which they enter the blood and are carried to all parts of the body, and are classified as follows: 1. Irritating fumes and vapors which act locally upon the eyes, the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, larynx, bronchial tubes, and the lungs, such as ammonia, chlorine, nitric and sulphuric acid. 2. Poisonous intoxicating fumes and gases, such as benzol, wood alcohol, carbon disulphide, benzene, anilin, and lead, which affect the blood, heart, and circulation, the nervous system and digestive organs. 3. Others, such as wrood alcohol, affecting the optic nerve and caus ing blindness; chromic acid which causes ulceration and perforation of the partition separating the nostrils; phosphorus which affects the jawbone; and mercury which particularly affects the teeth and lower jaw. Irritating fumes, such as ammonia, cause intense inflammation of the trans parent membrane covering the eyes. The fum es of nitric acid have been known to cause intense inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes, and later, when the worker has apparently recovered from the effects, inflam mation of the lungs appears, causing death in a few hours. Intoxicating fumes, such as carbon disulphide, benzol, dinitrochlorbenzol, and benzene, cause headache, dizziness, nausea, and w eakness in the legs. Poisonous fumes, such as anilin, may cause attacks varying in severity -with the amount inhaled. Those unaccustomed to the fum es are particularly susceptible. In mild attacks there w ill be headaches, dizziness, pain in the eyes, a feeling of fullness in the head, and great w eakness in the knees. The speech is slow and uncertain which, w ith the staggering walk, gives the ap pearance of drunkenness. The worker’s face is pale at first, later blue, and he breathes with difficulty. If treated at this time, by inhalations of fresh air and heart stim ulants, he recovers in a couple of days. But should the worker be so unfortunate as to fa ll and be unnoticed in some secluded part of the plant, he w ill continue to absorb the anilin fumes, and death w ill occur very https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (518) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 107 shortly. Very frequently the worker apparently recovers, returns home, and during the night or the follow ing day the symptoms r e cu r; the pulse becomes feeble; breathing is slow and difficult; unconsciousness and convulsions w ill occur, followed by death. Lead fum es arising from improperly hooded metal pots in the composing rooms of the printing industry frequently cause anemia and lead poisoning among the printers. Wood alcohol is used frequently in the preparation of varnish and shellac, in the m anufacture of hats, artificial flowers, and for dissolving dyes. In poisoning from the fumes, the worker suffers w ith cramps, nausea, vomiting, headache, and dizziness. H is flesh is tender to the touch, his temperature is low, and he complains of great chilliness and weakness. The symptoms very much resemble those of ptom aine poisoning. In addition the sight is affected, varying in degree from dim ness of vision to complete blindness. In fatal cases death occurs from paralysis of the heart. Wood alcohol possesses a particularly harmful effect upon the optic nerve, causing blindness, even in mild cases of poisoning. Mercurial vapors are met w ith in the manufacture of several scientific instru ments and mercurial salts. W hile mercury is one of the heaviest of metals, it is known to volatilize or evaporate at ordinary temperatures. Ifor this reason all operations should be performed under hoods. The fum es, when inhaled, affect the blood and nervous system- particularly the teeth, gums, and jawbone. Since these clangers confront workmen in factories where dust, fumes, and gases result from manufacturing processes it becomes imperative to provide adequate protection for those exposed. The report suggests that there are three methods practiced in removing dust, fumes, and gases—the downward, lateral, and upward move ment of air currents through hoods, the upward system being the one most generally in use. The passage of the air through these hoods may be effected by natural or mechanical means. The report notes experiments conducted with air currents moved by mechanical means in connection with a hood 42 inches in diameter at its base, inclosed on three sides, having an opening in front measuring 30 inches square placed over a pot of lead alloy, the temperature of which was 505° F., the surface of which measured 706 square inches, equal to 30 inches in diameter. Into this hood, which was connected with a pipe 10 inches in diameter, the air current passed at a velocity of 115 feet per minute, or 719 cubic feet per minute. A chemical analysis of the air 3 feet from the hood failed to reveal the presence of lead. A hood constructed as above gives fairly good results in removing heated air and lead dross. Hoods or pipes, as described, placed above forge fires or metal pots where the pipes are vertical, in which there is an aspiration of 1,000 feet per minute, would be considered as satisfactory. It appears from the report that one of the most effective types of hood is that constructed with a double wall, with an allowance of 1 inch between the inner wall and the outer wall, at the edges of which there should be a minimum air velocity of not less than 1,000 8S09°'—17----- S https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (519) 108 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U REA U OP LABOR STA TISTICS. feet per minute and 200 feet per minute over the central area of the hood. This hood is thus further described: The opening at the apex of the hood together w ith the area at the base between the inner and outer w all of the hood should equal the area of the pipe or branch pipe from the top of the hood. The mouth of the hood should extend over the furnace, vat, or machine at least 6 inches in every direction if the hood is not elevated more than 2 feet. For each additional 2 feet of elevation such hoods must be increased 6 inches in all directions. The farther away from the vat the less effective the hood w ill be. The outer w all of the hood should be extended an inch or an inch and a h alf below the inner shell, whereby rising fum es are more readily caught than if the w alls are the same length. It is of course necessary to provide m echanical air movement instead of relying on natural aspiration. Air currents from w indows and doors do not affect the upward movement of air in these hoods as readily as the single type. Still it must be remembered that sufficient openings should be provided in the workroom to allow for the removal of air through the hoods, as a partial vacuum is naturally created in the removal of air from the workroom. Chemical tests of air were conducted whereby large quantities of air were used taken 5 feet from the hoods to determ ine the effect of this style of hood, resulting in mere traces of m aterial being found in the vapors given off from the vats. As the sam pling w as done covering an hour’s time, w ith the sm all traces found it is safe to judge such hoods efficient. Another type of hood found to be efficient is that inclosed on four sides and having a sliding door in front provided with hand or arm holes to enable the operative to work and observe what he is doing without lifting the hood. Attention is drawn to the advisability of insulating the ducts lead ing from hoods in order to prevent radiations of heat into the work room. The importance of using hoods to carry off the poisonous fumes resulting from painting by using spraying brushes, and from heating soldering irons is emphasized. I t is also suggested that the proper removal of products of combustion and oxides of antimony and lead from type-metal pots, in connection with linotype machines and monotype casters, is an important factor toward keeping the air of composing and monotype rooms ventilated and preventing lead poisoning of employees. It is very essential that hoods be provided to remove the shavings and sawdust from machines found in the woodworking trades. Here the removal is by downward, lateral, and upward suction, and an air velocity of not less than 5,000 feet per minute should be maintained to be effective. Taking up the matter of pipe construction the report states that the area of any main duct, into which any number of branch pipes enter, should not be less, at any place in it, than the combined areas of the branches entering it, plus 20 per cent; that no branches from any hood should enter the main duct at an angle greater than 45 de grees or be placed directly opposite one another; and that care https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (520) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 109 should be exercised that fumes or gases from different hoods entering a common main do not chemically react on each other and form ex plosive mixtures. INFECTIONS FOLLOWING INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS IN OHIO. Many of the accidents occurring from day to day in the industrial world would not terminate fatally nor would they be recorded even as of a serious nature were it not for the fact that the wounds pro duced become infected as a result of lack of immediate attention on the part of the injured employee or of carelessness in protecting them until the services of a physician may be obtained. Following every industrial accident it is of prime importance that infection be prevented in order to reduce the suffering of workmen, lessen the number of cases of permanent partial disability, and save human lives. A recent bulletin issued by the Ohio Industrial Commission1 states that of 73,525 industrial accidents for which awards were made by the commission for the 12 months ending June 30, 1915, infection was reported in connection with 7,073 accidents. Thus, approximately 1 out of every 10 industrial injuries became infected. Of this number, 39 cases resulted fatally, 1G1 resulted in permanent partial disability, and 6,873 cases resulted in prolonged temporary disability. Many of this latter number might undoubtedly have suffered comparatively little inconvenience had the proper care and precaution been taken on the occurrence of the injury. That too much importance can not be attached to the necessity of exercising care even after the most trivial injuries is illustrated by the follow ing instances cited in the bulletin : Deceased scratched finger on nail in a barrel from which he w as taking sal soda. Gangrene developed and the arm w as amputated. Injured October SO, 1914 ; died November 8, 1914. Ran splinter in hand w hile handling boards. Blood poisoning set in. In jured April 24, 1915 ; died May 1, 1915. Thirty of the fatalities occurred in connection with very trivial injuries, cuts, scratches, abrasions, lacerations, and punctures. Of the 39 cases of death, 7 died within the first week, 13 died within the second week, and 8 died within the third week after the accident. These 39 cases represent 8.3 per cent of the total fatalities (482) for which awards were made by the commission. Awards were made in 1,643 cases of permanent partial disability, infection being contributory to the disastrous result in 161 (9.8 per cent) of these cases. As to the type of disability, particular atten1 Ohio. In d u s tria l Com m ission. D ep a rtm e n t of In v e stig a tio n an d S ta tistic s . R ep o rt No. 29. In fe c tio n s follow ing in d u s tria l accidents in Ohio. Colum bus, M ar. 1, 1917. 12 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (521) 110 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T IIE BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. tion is called to the fact that of 255 accidents which resulted in total or partial loss of vision in one or both eyes, 46, or 18 per cent, were due to infection. Approximately 31 per cent of the cases of infec tion in this group were caused by falling and shifting objects, while nearly 30 per cent were caused by machinery. The balance of the awards (71,400) were made in temporary dis ability cases, the number of infections among these cases, as already noted, being 6,873, or 9.6 per cent. In this group the largest number of infections, 5,533, or 80.5 per cent, resulted from trivial wounds, while the next largest number, 519, or 7.6 per cent, resulted from foreign bodies in the eyes. Here, also, falling and shifting objects were responsible for the largest number of infections (3,292, or 47.9 per cent), the next largest number (1,271, or 18.5 per cent) being caused by machinery. Considering infections by industry class, nearly one-half (3,071, or 43.4 per cent) occurred to workers in the metal trades. The bulle tin concludes with the following warning: Don’t neglect sm all cuts, scratches, and punctures. T hirty men lost their lives w ithin one year follow ing infection from cuts, scratches, abrasions, lacerations, and punctures. Don’t neglect eye injuries. Even slight injuries to the eye may result in loss of vision. Infections follow ing accidents caused 23 men total loss of vision in one or both e y e s ; 8 men, more than one-half loss of v is io n ; 9 men, one-half loss of v is io n ; and 6 men, less than one-half loss of vision w ithin one year. Don’t neglect injuries. Infection w as allowed to develop w ithin one year in more than 7,000 injuries follow ing accidents or in approxim ately one out of every 10 accidents. Infection may develop from the use of tobacco or cobwebs to stop bleeding; use of a pin or dirty penknife to remove splinters, use of a dirty toothpick, dirty handkerchief, or dirty fingers of a fellow employee in attem pting to re move a sm all particle from the eye. W ait and have it removed by a doctor or nurse. Don’t hesitate. Give im m ediate aseptic dressing to the sm allest wound, be cause neglect may lead to serious consequences. WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN MARYLAND. Under the Maryland workmen’s compensation law employers are required to insure in the State fund or in a stock company, unless they are able satisfactorily to convince the industrial-accident com mission that they are in position to carry their own risk. According to the second annual report of the commission for the year ending October 31, 1916,1 it appears that nearly 9 per cent of the emplojTrs 1 Second a n n u a l re p o rt of th e S ta te In d u s tria l A ccident Com m ission fo r th e y ear end in g Oct. 31, 1916. B altim ore. [1917.] 62 pp. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (522) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. I l l insured in the State fund, but the report adds that so far as has been ascertained only three or four companies were ahead of the State fund in volume of business as measured by the amount of premiums received. It is estimated that less than 1 per cent of the employers were self-insured. While a majority of employers effected insurance, it appears from the report that many did not, and several reasons are advanced for this state of affairs. Some employers have a more or less vague knowledge of the scope of the law and are either indifferent or purposely neglect to inform them selves; others, w hile seem ingly aw are of its application, have frankly taken a chance of an accident or of their neglect being discovered in some other way, w hile instances have developed of employers who are plainly defying the law. As to the administrative expense the report states that “ a rather liberal cost accounting for the past two years indicates that the cost of administration of the fund has not exceeded 10 per cent, this to be compared with cost for stock companies ranging from 30 per cent to 40 per cent.” During the year 31,324 accidents were reported to the commission, 207 of which were fatal. Awards were made in 93 of the 150 claims filed in fatal cases and in 4,282 of the 4,636 claims filed in nonfatal cases. These awards, as well as the total number of accidents re ported, are classified according to the character and cause of injury, and the occupation, age, sex, marital condition, and wages of the workmen. The following table shows the benefits which accrued to workmen or their dependents during the year covered by the report: B E N E FIT S D ERIV ED BY BE N E FIC IA R IE S OF T IIE MARYLAND W O R K M EN ’S COM PENSATION LAW DURING T H E Y EA R ENDING OCT. 31,1916.1 Compensation. Num ber of awards. Paid. Outstanding. Fatal accidents........................................ Perm anent total disability.................... Permanent partial disability................ Temporary total disability................... Temporary partial disability................ Medical service in compensation cases. Medical service in cases th at did not reach compensation............................. 108 5 324 4,360 6 2 $30,862.22 906.60 43,016.24 201,783.42 153.00 $261,945.67 24,093.40 31,821.49 Total............................................... 4,803 276,721.48 317,860.56 Paym ents made for— Medical service. $47,134.24 Total. 2 $292,807.89 25,000.00 74,837.73 201,783.42 153.00 47,134.24 63,223.10 63,223.10 110,357.34 704,939.38 1 The report states th at payments noted in this table are included on awards made since Nov. 1,1916, for compensation due prior zo Nov. 1,1916, and this probably accounts for the apparent discrepancy in some of the figures as compared with those noted elsewhere. 2 Includes $8,819.37 paid for funeral expenses. The report of the State accident fund shows a total of 1,095 acci dents, for which compensation amounting to $19,784.18 1 and medical benefits amounting to $7,278.541 were paid, with $26,760.09 estimated 1 T h is does n o t agree w ith th e am o u n t show n in th e follow ing sta te m e n t. ta k e n from th e re p o rt and th e reason fo r th e discrepancy does n o t ap p ear. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (523) B oth are 112 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. as outstanding. The following is a statement of the condition of the fund as of date October 31, 1916: A SSETS. Cash on deposit, State treasury_______________________$36, 058. 87 Stocks and bonds_____________________________________ 59, 625. 00 Accrued interest on above to Oct. 31, 1916_____________ 706. 67 Policyholders’ accounts_________l___ __________________ 5, 762.20 Total assets_______________________________________________ $102,152. 74 L IA B IL IT IE S . Reserve R eserve Reserve Reserve for for for for losses___________ ___ :_____________________ unearned premium____ __________________ special su rp lu s1_____________ ____________ surplus__________________________________ 31, 659. 34 2, 824. 33 11,847.56 55, 821. 51 Total reserves___________________ _________________________ 102,152. 74 IN C O M E A N D D I S B U R S E M E N T S . In c o m e . N et premiums w ritten________________________________ Interest on deposits__________________________________ Interest on investm ents_______________________________ 71, 646. 82 670. 61 880. 00 Total income______________________________________________ 73,197. 43 D is b u r s e m e n t s . Losses Losses Losses Losses Losses Losses paid, paid, paid, paid, paid, paid, medical_______________ _______________ ■ ____ temporary total disab ility_______________ permanent total disab ility_______________ permanent partial disab ility_____________ death (dependency)_____________________ death ( no dependency) __________________ 7,158. 60 12,188. 76 54. 80 3, 264. 45 2,482.11 883. 50 Total losses paid___________________________________________ R eserve for losses (accidents, Nov. 1, 1915, to Oct. 31, 1916)_______________________________________________ 26,760.09 R eserve for unearned premiums______________________ 2, 824. 33 R eserve for special su rp lu s1 (prem iums w ritten Nov. 1, 1915, to Oct 31, 19 1 6 )_____________________________ 7, 164. 68 Reserve for surplus (additional account business Nov. 1, 1915, to Oct. 31, 1916)______________ ___________ 10,416.11 26, 032. 22 Total reserves________ _________,___________________________ 47,165 .21 Total losses and reserves___________________ ______________ 73,197.43 The report indicates a purpose on the part of the commission to encourage and promote plans for accident prevention, in a gen eral way through its cooperation with insurance carriers and em1 As provided in sec. 23, ch. 800, acts of 1914. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (524) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 113 ployers, and particularly in connection with the State accident fund, which is administered by the commission. Attention is called to the fact that on November 6, 1916, a merit-rating plan for the State accident fund was adopted by which credit is given for good accident experience and a charge is made for bad accident experience, by a reduction or an advance, as the case may be, in the premium rate. COMPULSORY WORK LAWS AND LAWS TO PREVENT INTER FERENCE WITH EMPLOYMENT. A law enacted by the West Virginia Legislature declares it the duty of every able-bodied male resident of the State between 16 and 60 years of age to be habitually and profitably employed, the act to be in effect during the period of the present war and for six months thereafter. This act was reproduced in the M o n t h l y R e v i e w for August. Not all the labor legislation of the year has as yet come under review by the bureau, but in at least two other States laws have been enacted which bear upon the subject of compulsory employment; another State enacted an emergency law relating to em ployment, while in two other States the legislatures have sought to prevent interference with employment by a new type of legislation addressed to a situation of recent development in this country. A law quite similar to the West Virginia statute was passed by the Maryland Legislature at its extra session of this year (ch. 33, approved June 28, 1917). This act applies to able-bodied male per sons between the ages of 18 and 50 years, and is to come into effect whenever the governor of the State determines that it is necessary, because of the existence of a state of war, for the protection and wel fare of the State that all persons described in the act “ be employed in occupations carried on by the State, the counties or the city of Baltimore, or any of their agencies, or be employed in occupations carried on by private persons, firms or corporations, whether agri cultural, industrial, or otherwise.” The occupations referred to are to be such as the governor finds to be essential and requiring resort to this act for their successful conduct. On proclamation of the act every able-bodied male between the ages fixed, “ not then or there after regularly or continuously employed or engaged in any useful business, trade, or profession of any kind,” must register with the clerk of the court for his county or city. The lists thus procured are to be furnished to the governor, who shall then assign or cause to be assigned such persons to the occupations and employments indicated, the term of any single assignment not to exceed six continuous months. Necessary reassignments are authorized, and all assign ments must have regard to the physical capacity of the persons to do https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (525) 114 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. the work contemplated. The governor is to declare and publish necessary rules and regulations, and “ persons similarly circum stanced shall, as far as it is possible to do so, be treated alike.” Per sons able to support themselves by reason of ownership of property or income, and those supported by others, are required to register under the act. Students and all persons fitting themselves to en gage in trade or industrial pursuits are exempt. The wages to be paid shall not be less than the wage or salary paid to others engaged in the same nature of work. Public employ ment shall be paid for out of the appropriation made for the under taking; while private employers are required to execute a bond to the State to guarantee the payment of earnings as they fall due. If the employer fails to make payment, the workman shall be paid by the State, the latter then to proceed to recover on the bond of the defaulting employer. The hours of work are limited to the number that lawfully constitutes a day’s work in the occupation. Enforcement is placed in the hands of the sheriffs of the counties, the police department of Baltimore City, and in general of officers, city, county, or municipal, charged with enforcing law. Penalties are provided for failure to register and for failing or refusing to do the work assigned. The law does not apply to persons temporarily unemployed by reason of differences with their employers, nor to persons engaged or employed in seasonal occupations carried on in Baltimore city or Allegany County. The Kansas Legislature enacted a law (ch. 1GT, approved Mar. 10, 1917) looking toward the enforcement of suitable employment, but differing from the above in being permanent, as well as in a number of other respects. In fact, it is only a rather drastic vagrancy law and may be fairly assumed to have its origin not in the emergency created by the war but rather in the industrial conditions that affect considerable portions of the West. This law applies to “ any person engaged in any unlawful calling whatever, or who shall be found loitering without visible means of support within a community, or who, being without visible means of support, shall refuse to work when work at fair wages is to be procured in the community, or who shall threaten violence or personal injury to fellow workmen or to employers of labor.” Such persons are to be deemed vagrants and are subject to penalties of fine or imprisonment. Not falling exactly within the same category as the laws already noted but arising out of the current emergency is. an act of the Legislature of New Hampshire (ch. 146, approved Apr. 12, 1917) forbidding any person, during time of war or invasion, to influence or coerce or attempt to influence or coerce, any person or persons not to work in shops, mills, factories, munition plants, or other industries https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (526) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S. 115 or establishments whatever. It is also made unlawful to instigate or encourage, or attempt to instigate or encourage, strikes or lock outs so long as the industry or establishment is engaged in manufac turing, making, or delivering sustenance, clothing, weapons, muni tions, material, or other supplies for the Army or Navy of the United States or the military or naval service of the State. The remaining lawrs noted here are of a novel type and are based entirely on industrial conditions developing practically independ ent of the war, though doubtless stimulated to some extent by the conditions which it has produced. Like the Kansas statute noted above, they undertake to regulate modes of interference with em ployment by threats or other unlawful acts. The Legislature of Idaho (ch. 115, approved Mar. 14, 1917) enacted a law defining criminal syndicalism as “ the doctrine which advocates crime, sabot age, or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing Industrial or political reform.” The advocacy of such a doctrine is declared a felony, to be punished by imprisonment for not more than 10 years, or a fine of not more than $5,000, or both. The same penalty attaches where two or more persons assemble for the purpose of advo cating or teaching the doctrines of criminal syndicalism, and every person voluntarily participating in such assemblies by his presence, aid, or instigation is subject to the penalty. Persons owning or hav ing charge of buildings which they willfully and knowingly permit to be used for such an assemblage are also punishable by imprison ment for not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than $500, or both. The offenses enumerated include advocating or teaching, either by word of mouth or in writing, the necessity or propriety of crime, sabotage, violence, or other unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing industrial or political reform ; the printing, publication, circulation, or display of books, papers, or written mat ter advocating or teaching the doctrine; openly, willfully, and cleliberately justifying the commission of the forbidden acts with intent to encourage the doctrine of criminal syndicalism; and organizing or helping to organize or joining or assembling with any society or group of persons formed to teach or advocate the doctrines of crim inal syndicalism. A practically identical law was passed by the Legislature of Min nesota (ch. 215, approved Apr. 13, 1917). This act defines sabotage as meaning “ malicious damage or injury to the property of an em ployer by an employee.” The penalties for individual offenders are reduced in the Minnesota statute to imprisonment for five years as a maximum, or a fine not exceeding $1,000, or both; the punishment for assemblages, however, is the same as in Idaho, as is that for permit ting the use of buildings or rooms for such assemblages. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (527) 116 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. MINIMUM WAGES FOR WOMEN IN MERCANTILE ESTABLISH MENTS IN CALIFORNIA. The Industrial Welfare Commission of California, under date of July 6, 1917, issued an order (effective Sept. 6, 1917) fixing minimum wage rates for all female workers in the mercantile industry. By the terms of the order no experienced woman worker may be employed at a rate of wages less than $10 per week ($43.33 per month). For learners a graded wage scale is provided, the minimum being $6 per week ($26 per month) for a beginner under 18, with 50 cents per week increases at six-month intervals until the full $10 weekly wage is obtained. Moreover, it is provided that the total number of learners in any establishment shall not exceed 25 per cent of the total number of women and minors employed. This is the second industry covered by the Industrial Welfare Commission, wTages and hours for women in the canning industry having been established in February, 1916, and revised in June, 1917.1 The order regarding mercantile establishments was dated at San Francisco, July 6,1917, and its full terms are as follows: 1. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ, or suffer or permit an expe rienced woman to be employed in the mercantile industry in California at a rate of w ages less than $10 per week ($43.33 per month.) 2. The wages of learners may be less than the minimum rate prescribed for experienced workers p rovided: ( a ) T hat learners entering employment under IS years of age be paid an initial w eekly w age of not less than $6 per week ($26 per month) for the first six months of em ploym ent; for the second six months not less than $6.50 per week ($28.17 per month) ; for the third six months not less than $7 per week ($30.33 per month) ; for the fourth six months not less than $7.50 per week ($32.50 per month) ; and for the fifth six months, or when 18 years of age, not less than $8 per week ($34.67 per m onth). ( b) That learners entering employment 18 years of age and under 20 years of age be paid an initial w eekly wage of not less than $8 per week ($34.67 per month) for the first six months of employment, not less than $8.50 per week ($36.83 per month) for the second six months, not less than $9 per week ($39 per month) for the third six months; not less than $9.50 per week ($41.17 per month) for the fourth six months, and thereafter shall be deemed experienced workers and shall be paid not less than the minimum rate Un experienced workers. (c) T hat learners entering employment 20 years o f age or over be paid an initial w eekly w age of not less than $8 per w eek ($34.67 per month) for the first six months of employment, for the second six months not less than $8.50 per week ($36.83 per m onth), for the third six months not less than $9 per w eek ($39 per m onth), and thereafter shall be deemed experienced workers and shall be paid not less than the minimum rate for experienced workers. 3. The total number of adult and minor learners in any establishm ent shall not exceed 25 per cent of the total number o f women and minors employed. In 1 See M o n t h l y R e v ie w for July, 1917, p. 57. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (528) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 117 computing the total number of women and minors “ temporary ” and “ special ” workers shall not be included. 4. Where payment of wages is made upon a commission or bonus system w ages shall be computed weekly and the time wage plus the bonus or commis sion shall be not less than the minimum rate for the w age group in which the worker belongs. 5. All adult “ special ” women employees shall be paid not less than $1.67 per day. All minor “ special ” employees shall be paid not less than $1.25 per day. 6. All “ part-time ” workers, except w aitresses,1 shall be paid not less than the minimum rate for an eight-hour day. (a) Students attending accredited vocational, continuation, or cooperative schools may be employed a t part-time work on special permits from the com mission, and at special rates to be determined by the commission. 7. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ or suffer or permit a woman or minor to work in the mercantile industry more than eight hours in any one day or more than 48 hours in any week. 8. All women and minors now employed in the mercantile industry must be rated and paid in accordance w ith their experience and age as in the abovementioned regulations. 9. A license may be issued by the commission to a woman physically disabled by age or otherw ise authorizing the employment of such licensee for a wage less than the legal minimum w a g e ; and the commission shall fix a special min imum for such a woman. 10. The commission shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over all questions arising as to the adm inistration and interpretation of these orders. A “ temporary ” worker is a person employed during the holidays for a period not to exceed four (4) weeks. A “ special ” worker is one who works less than six (6) days a week. A “ part-tim e” worker is one who works less than eight (8) hours per day. A “ le a r n e r ” is a woman or minor who (1) is employed in learning the m ercantile industry by an employer who provides the learner w ith reasonable fa cilities for such learning, and (2) has received a certificate or has been registered as a learner by the commission. Provided that an employer may employ a learner for a period not to exceed one week pending application to the commission for a certificate and registra tion of such learner. This order shall become effective sixty (60) days from the date hereof. EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN MAINE.2 A published excerpt from the third biennial report of the Maine department of labor and industry contains a chapter on employ ment of women in stores which presents the results of a study of their conditions, surroundings, scale of wages, health, and treat ment, and considers somewhat the inducements, if any, offered by the vocation of saleswoman. The inquiry covered all of the larger de1 Special minimum rates for “ part-tim e ” work of w aitresses will be determined when the orders are made in the hotel and re stau ra n t industry. 2 Excerpt from th ird biennial report of the departm ent of labor and industry, State of Maine, 1915-1916. W aterville, 1917, pp. 50-75. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (529) 118 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. partment, clothing, dry goods, specialty, and 5 and 10 cent stores in the State and included all occupations in which women are engaged in these stores—office work, bundlers, cashiers, stenographers, book keepers, messengers, fur sewers, millinery makers, seamstresses, wait resses, and sales people. In all about 1,500 women and many em ployers were interviewed. Much of the statistical data was secured through schedules returned by employees, although facts as to the 5 and 10 cent stores do not appear in the report. In general, the investigation revealed the fact that, not including the 5 and 10 cent stores, 481 per cent of those interviewed were earning less than $8 per week “ which would probably be a fair minimum wage for these occupations if such a thing is established in the State,” and also that wages are relatively lower in the towns than in the cities, but are not enough higher in the cities to make up the extra cost of living or for the necessity of a more up-to-date appear ance than is required in the small community. The following table gives the wages earned by 1,243 women, by age groups: AVERAGE W E EK L Y EARNINGS OF 1,243 WOMEN, BY AGE GROUPS, STATE OF MAINE. Number of workers earning— Age group. Under $3. $3 to $6. 14 and under 16 years................................... 16 and under 18 years..................... ............. 18 and under 20 years................................... 20 and under 25 y ears.................................. 25 and under 30 years......... ......................... 30 and under 35 years................................... 35 and under 40 years................................... 40 and under 45 years................................... 45 and under 50 years................................... 50 and under 55 years................................... 55 and under 60 years................................... 60 and under 65 years................................... 65 and over................................................... 1 1 i 1 Total.................................................... Per cent.......................................................... 4 0.32 and $6 to $8. $8 to $10. 310 to $15. $15 over. 5 26 37 56 18 3 3 1 1 1 1 152 12.22 15 43 146 72 43 30 37 14 9 14 8 3 15 64 65 55 39 24 13 15 2 2 2 1 8 9 5 3 433 34.83 307 24.71 266 21.40 81 6. 44 7 5 20 48 51 52 32 32 20 8 4 2 4 u 24 u The report suggests the difficulty encountered in making an esti mate of living expenses of these women, since many paid no board, others paid very little board, and still others stated that they paid board, whereas conversation with them indicated that this was not tru e; those living away from home, it was found, paid from $3.75 to $8 for board and room, A study of the relationship between wages and education showed that those with a high-school education averaged higher wages than those graduated from the ninth grade. Considering the bearing that 1 This is the per cent given in the text of the report. following table, also taken from the report, is 47.37. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (530) The per cent indicated in the M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 119 experience has upon wages it is shown that the peak of earning capacity was reached after about 20 years of service. An investigation of welfare work and comfort provided for em ployees was made in Portland, Lewiston, and Bangor, and the report states that no lunch room was found where meals were actually prepared for the girls, and that in no case was a real rest room or recreation room with couches, books, and good toilet facilities to be found. The existence of one employees’ benefit association is noted, the money being raised by taxation and by an annual fair in which employees participated. In the stores in these three cities the wages in the same departments were found to be practically uniform and to vary from an average of less than $7 per week paid to clerks in the art, stationery, etc., department to about $25 per week paid to buyers of coats and suits. Referring to child-labor conditions in the State, the report asserts that on December 31, 1916, there were employed only 743 minors between the ages of 14 and 16 years in all industries, a decrease of 13 per cent from the preceding year. Those desiring to work must obtain permits from the superintendent of schools. Tables are given showing that the number employed between the ages of 14 and 16 is greatly increased in the months of the summer-school vacation, this in itself indicating “ that gratifying results have been obtained in keeping children who have not received a primary education out of the factories and other employments while schools are in session.” WAGES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES. AUSTRIA.—WAR BONUSES FOR STATE EMPLOYEES.1 An Austrian imperial order published on June 2 grants special financial aid to State employees in view of the continued increase in the cost of living. This is the fourth measure of the kind taken during the war, earlier grants (or revisions of grants) having been made in August, 1915, and February and December, 1916. Despite the short time which has elapsed since the order of December last, its provisions have already become inadequate in view of the in creased dearness and scarcity of foodstuffs and other necessary commodities. The new order grants an additional bonus for the period from June 1 to December 31, 1917, payable in a lump sum during the month of June, and varying according to the family circumstances, to State officials (including State railway officials) already drawing 1 From The Labour Gazette of the B ritish M inistry of Labor, July, 1917, p. 240. (T h e inform ation for this article was taken from Neue Freie Presse and Die Zeit, June, 1917.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (531) 120 MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS. war bonuses, whose annual salary does not exceed £200 [$973.30], and all other State servants drawing war bonuses. The amount of the bonus granted is £5 [$24.33], £7 10s. [$36.50], £10 [$48.67], or £12 10s. [$60.83], according to the family circumstances of the em ployee. It is officially stated that this special bonus will represent from 43 to 90 per cent of the bonuses payable under the order of December 4, 1916, for persons in receipt of an annual salary of £200 [$973.30], from 87 to 107 per cent for officials with lower salaries, and from 78 to 116 per cent for other persons entitled to it, i. e., technical employees, etc. In the case of workmen (as distinguished from “ officials”) em ployed on State railways and in other State concerns, the bonus is fixed at 100 per cent of that already payable for the period from June 1 to December 31, 1917, under the order of December 4 last. It is officially stated that the grant in the near future of a special bonus to retired State servants and their relicts is contemplated. AUSTRIA.—-IMPROVED CONDITIONS FOR WAR WORKERS IN VIENNA ,1 As the outcome of an agitation for higher pay and better conditions of work which broke out among war workers at Vienna in May, a permanent committee, composed of representatives of employers and workmen, was formed on the 26th of the month for the purpose of endeavoring to arrive at a settlement of the points involved. An agreement was at length reached under which all the principal de mands of the workers were conceded. It was agreed that a limitation of the normal working hours to 531 per week was urgently necessary. Overtime was to be reduced as soon as possible and was to be limited to the first five days of the week, so that work should in any case cease at midday on Saturday. War bonuses were granted to men over 17 years of age. The amount of bonus depends upon the weekly earnings, the limits being 20 kronen (16s. 8d.) [$4.06], bonus for those earning 50 kronen (£2 Is. 8d.) [$10.15] for a full week’s work, and 7.50 kronen (6s. 3d.) [$1.52] for those earning not more than 100 kronen (£4 3s. 4d.) [$20.30], In addition to these, family bonuses were to be paid, viz, 2s. 6d. [61 cents] per week for a wife and Is. 8d. [41 cents] per week for every child under 14, but such family bonus is in no case to exceed 12s. 6d. | $3.04]. A war bonus of 4s. 2d. [$1.01] was granted to women work ers over 18 years of age earning not more than £2 Is. 8d. [$9.90] per week. Minimum weekly time wages are to be payable as follows: Trained workers with at least two years’ experience, 54s. 2d. [$13.18]; work1 From The Labour Gazette of the B ritish M inistry of Labor, July, 1917, p. 240. (The inform ation ’for th is article was taken from Die Zeit of May 30 and Arbeiter-Zeitung of June 5.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (532) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 121 ers over IT with less than two years’ experience, 50s. [$12.17] ; un trained auxiliary workers, 41s. 8d. [$10.14] ; women over 18 with at least six weeks’ experience, 29s. 2d. [$7.10] ; women workers with less than six weeks’ experience, 25s. [$6.08]; boys under 17, 25s. [$6.08]; girls under 18, 20s. [$4.87]; apprentices in their first year of appren ticeship, 8s. 4d. [$2.03]; in their second, 16s. 8d. [$4.06]. The agreement is to be regarded exclusively as a war agreement. It came into force with the first payment of wages after May 29, and is to remain in force until two months after the conclusion of peace. FR A N C E .— IN C R E A SE IN WAGES OF RAILWAY WORKERS. The United States vice consul in St. Etienne, France, reports, under elate of June 27, 1917, that the wages of railway workers in France, which were advanced in 1916, have again been increased, and that these increases affect a large number of railway workers of the low and medium salary grades. The report says: 1 The increases that took effect in June are as follows: Wages up to 1.200 francs [$231.60] advanced 30 per cent; from 1,200 to 1,800 francs [$231.60 to $347.40] advanced 30 per cent for the first 1,200 francs [$231.60] and 15 per cent for the amount from 1,200 to 1,800 francs; wages above 1,800 francs [$347.40] advanced 30 per cent for the first 1,200 francs [$231.60], 15 per cent for the amount from 1.200 francs to 1,800 francs [$231.60 to $347.40], and 10 per cent for the amount from 1,800 to 3,600 francs [$347.40 to $694.80]. Cer tain further augmentations of wages to employees having dependent children above a stated number which were allowed in the 1916 schedule are to remain in force. Wages for certain employees of the State in the post, telegraph, and telephone departments have also been recently increased 360 francs [$69.48] to workers receiving up to 3,600 francs [$694.80] per annum, and 240 francs [$46.32] to those receiving 3,600 to 5,000 francs [$694.80 to $965] in addition to 100 francs [$19.30] more for each of the first two dependent children, and 200 francs [$38.60] for each child above this number. GERMANY.—WAGES OF GERMAN MINERS, 1314-1917.2 The Deutscher Keichsanzeiger for June 19 contains a statement giving statistics of wages of German miners during the first quarter of 1917. From a comparison of these figures with similar data from the corresponding statement for the second quarter of 1914 it is possible to get some idea of the movement of wages in industry 1 U. S. D e p artm en t of Commerce. B u reau of F oreign an d D om estic Commerce. m erce R eports. No. 171. W ashington, J u ly 24, 1917, p. 293. 2 F ro m th e L ab o u r G azette of th e B ritish M in istry of L abor, J u ly , 1917, p. 240. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (533) Com 122 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. during the course of the war. In the table below the comparison is limited to adult male workers. I t should be borne in mind, how ever, that the composition of the classes of workmen to which the figures relate has undergone considerable change between the two periods. A large proportion of hewers and trammers has been called up for service in the Army, and their places have been filled by less skilled men. As a consequence the output of coal, etc., per shift (and consequently the shift earnings) in the latest quarter was less than would have been the case had this change not taken place. The following table shows the average sum earned per shift in the first quarter of 1917 by men employed in the various branches of the mining industry in Germany and the percentage of increase in earnings between the second quarter of 1911 and the first quarter of 1917: Underground workers Hewers and tram mers. Mining district. Surface workers. Others. Net Per cent Net Net Per cent Per cent of in earnings earnings of in earnings of in per per per crease crease crease shift, shift, over shift, over over first first second first second second quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter of 1914. of 1914. of 1914. of 1917. of 1917. of 1917. Coal. Tipper Silesia.................... ............................. Lower Silesia................................................. D ortm und..................................................... Saarbrücken (State m ines).......................... Aix-la-Chapelle............................................. Lower Rhine, left h an k ............................... $1.71 1.28 2.23 1. 09 1. 79 2.19 47.0 35.6 50.7 39.4 38.3 49.0 $1.20 1.13 1. 48 1.32 1.33 1.65 41.7 34.7 36.5 33.7 28.4 38.1 $1.10 .96 1.41 1.26 1.23 1.42 41.7 26.2 35.0 57.0 25.0 35.1 Lignite. Hallo............................................................... Rhine, left h an k ............................................ 1.32 1.52 32.1 36.6 1.09 1.39 38.4 32.3 1.12 1.34 34.1 37.4 1.73 89.3 1.56 71.8 1.40 62.7 1.75 1.83 1.24 1.56 1.23 77.2 50.6 40.5 45.1 39.3 1.62 1.36 1.10 1.20 1.04 69.0 37.0 31.3 27.4 36.9 1.23 1.31 1.07 1.20 1.02 60.9 34.7 33.9 41.4 40.7 1. 48 1.52 30.7 27.5 1.24 1.26 25.4 26.0 1.18 1.17 27.2 23.2 Metalliferous ores. Copper: Mansfield........................................ Other: Oberharz................................................. Siegen...................................................... Nassau and W etzlar.............................. Other Rhine, right b an k ....................... Other Rhine, left bank.......................... Salt. n a lle ............................................................... Claus th al........................................................ Among coal miners, hewers, and trammers show the highest rate of increase between the two periods; in Dortmund the rise for these workers amounted to over 50 per cent, and on the left bank of the Rhine to 49 per cent. Taking the industries as a whole, the greatest increase is shown by metal miners and the least by salt miners. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (534) M O N T H L Y L E V IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 123 As regards the actual level of earnings in the first quarter of 1917, coal miners stand first as a class. HOLLAND.—WAGES AND COST OF LIVING DURING WAR FERIOD: REPORT.1 OFFICIAL The following particulars are taken from the concluding portion of a report2 upon economic conditions in Holland issued by the Dutch ministry of agriculture, commerce, and industry on May 11. They are based on data collected by the factory inspection depart ment. (1) Wages .—Out of 336,000 work people employed in private in dustrial undertakings, 76,750 had their wages increased by (or re ceived war bonuses amounting to) 1 to 10 per cent, 133,700 by 11 to 20 per cent, 73,150 by 21 to 30 per cent, and 34,000 by over 31 per cent. The general average increase among these 336,000 industrial work people is estimated at 13 per cent. The following table shows the number of persons covered by the inquiry in each group of trades and the percentage of these who re ceived increases (or war bonuses) of varying amounts: Trade group. Building................................... Mining and turf getting......... Metal........................................ Textile...................................... Clothing and cleaning............ P rinting.................................. Paper making.......................... W oodworlting.......................... Chemical.................................. Pottery, glass, etc................... Baking..................................... Flour milling........................... Dairying............................... .-. Tobacco.................................... Other food.............................. Gas and electricity................. . Leather, oilcloth, and rubber. Diamond working.................. A rt........................................... Total Per cent of workpeople whose wages were increased Number by 0r who received war bonuses amounting to— of work people ------------------------------------------------------------------covered 1 to 10 11 to 20 21 to 30 Over 31 by the per cent per cent per cent per cent Total. returns. of wages. of wages. of wages. of wages. 84,500 30,000 44,700 29,900 22,300 15,700 4,200 18,400 7,000 22,500 3,700 500 2,900 17,800 11,200 6,000 6,200 8,000 '500 30.8 54.4 14.1 35.1 22.4 7.6 11.9 9.2 37.2 24.0 16.2 10.0 10.3 25.3 30.4 8.3 1.6 100.0 20.0 43.4 24.4 58.7 27.4 16.7 40.8 28.6 30.1 67.6 80.0 55.2 59.5 39.3 83.4 32.3 11.8 40.0 24.2 33.4 7.2 54.8 64.3 24.5 17.1 10.7 8.1 10.0 27.6 15.2 19.6 8.3 43.5 20.0 20.0 336,000 22.8 39.9 21.7 0.6 60.0 6.0 6.7 5.4 10.2 20.1 15.7 3.6 3.5 9.8 19.4 10.1 97.6 100.0 87.7 99.6 93.7 100.0 92.9 94.6 98.6 68.4 91.9 100.0 96.6 100.0 99.1 100.0 96.8 100.0 60.0 94.5 The difference between the figure shown in the u total ” column and 100 indicates the proportion of the 336,000 workpeople who either re ceived no increase in wages (or war bonus) or whose wages were reduced. The number of these was 18,400, or 5.5 per cent of the total. 1 From The Labour Gazette of the B ritish M inistry of Labor, July, 1917, p. 238. 2 Nota betreffende den economischen toestand, No. 440. Session 1916-17. The Hague. 8S09°— IT 'D https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (535) 124 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. The report states that, on the average, agricultural wages have in creased by 50 per cent since 1014. In some localities the increase has even attained-lOO per cent for certain occupations. It may be stated that, according to the Dutch census of 1909, the populations employed in industry and agriculture formed respec tively 36 and 27 per cent of the total occupied population. (2) Cost of living .—According to the same report, the cost of living of the working classes in the large towns has increased during the war period by from 15 to 25 per cent. In the Provinces the ad vance has been about 50 per cent on the average, and in some places as much as 100 per cent. SWITZERLAND.—WAGES OF WOODWORKERS.1 In March, 1917, the Woodworkers’ Federation of Switzerland undertook a statistical inquiry into the current average wages of woodworkers in the various sections of the federation. The results of this inquiry were published in the official organ of the federation. Below are shown the wages thus ascertained in a number of the larger towns: AVERAGE WAGES P E R HOUR OF W OODW ORKERS IN SW ITZERLAND, MARCH, 1917. Name of town. Basel........................ Berne....................... Biel.......................... Brugg........................ '............................... Baden.............................. Chur............................ Davos............................. E ngadin............................... Herisau................................. Kreuzlingen........................ Lucerne...................... Oerlikon..................... ---------------------------------- Average rate of wages per hour. Cents. 1 5 .6 14 .6 1 3 .5 1 4 .6 1 2 .6 1 2 .5 1 4 .2 1 3 .8 1 2 .2 1 3 .5 1 4 .2 15.4 Name of town. Rorschach Rhein t,a1 Rhein fold on R o m a n sh orn Ranperswil Solothurn St. Gallen SchalThanscn U zwil W interthur Zug Zurich Average rate of wages per hour. Cents. 13 .0 11.4 11.3 1 1 .7 1 2 .2 1 3 .2 14.3 13 .8 1 4 .5 1 4 .5 1 3 .2 1 7 .5 The preceding wages are in the main those of carpenters and joiners. >In a number of towns the inquiry included also special branches of woodworking, and it was found that the average wage of inlaid-floor makers was 19.3 cents in Basel and 22.3 cents in Berne and Zurich; that the average wage of lathers was 17 cents in Berne and 23.3 cents in Zurich, and of upholsterers 16.9 cents in Berne, 16.5 cents in St. Gallen, and 19.1 cents in Zurich. Basket makers and-sawyers receive the lowest wages, averaging from 10.2 to 11.8 cents per hour. In the smaller towns the average wages of carpenters and joiners are lower than those shown in the above i Data from Bulletin der Internationalen Union der Holzarbeiter. Berlin, May, 1917. No. 3/14, p. 40. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (53G) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S. 125 table. Hence the Holzarbeiter-Zeitung on the basis of the above fig ures comes to the following conclusion: (1) That the average current wages are not in proper relation to the present high cost of living; (2) that technical and mechanical development of the Swiss wood working industries is making rapid progress, more and more elimi nating the skilled craftsman; (3) that therefore, besides shorter hours of labor, the woodworkers’ most important demand must be for the fixing of an average wage; and (1) that a strong trade-union organization is a vital question for each individual woodworker. RESTRICTIONS UPON THE FREEDOM OF LABOR MOVEMENT IN GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE WAR. Among the most interesting provisions of British war legislation affecting labor are those designed'to promote continuity of employ ment. During the war a workman is not free to sell his labor in the market of his own choice, nor is the employer free to engage labor where he can find it. Both are subject to close governmental control. Such control was considered necessary in order to prevent indis criminate migration of labor, whether it took place spontaneously or in consequence of inducements held out by rival employers. The war itself fostered such migration on a large scale, the heavy enlistments in the army causing a labor shortage in munitions work at a time when labor was imperatively needed. REGULATION OF APRIL, 1915, The first attempt of the Government to interfere "with the free movement of labor was an order in council dated the 29th of April, 1915, making a regulation under the Defense of the Realm Acts in the following terms: The occupier of a factory or workshop the business carried on in which con sists wholly or mainly in engineering, shipbuilding, or the production of arms, ammunition, or explosives, or of substance required for the production thereof, shall not, nor shall any person on behalf of the occupier of such a factory or workshop, either directly or Indirectly, by canvassing, advertisement, or other wise, take any steps w ith a view to inducing—■ ( a ) Any person employed in any other factory or workshop, being a person engaged on work for any Government department or otherwise serving w ar purposes, to leave his em ploym ent; or ( b ) Any person resident in the United Kingdom at a distance of more than 10 miles from the occupier’s factory or workshop, to accept employment therein, otherw ise than by notifying vacancies to a Board o f Trade labor exchange; and in the event of any person contravening the provisions of this regulation he shall be guilty of an offense against these regulations. (D efense of the Realm (Consolidated) Regulations SB.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (537) 126 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. Three points of interest emerge so far as this regulation is con cerned : 1. By the regulation the offense could be committed only by em ployers in a limited number of trades, i. e., “ engineering, shipbuild ing, or the production of arms, ammunition, or explosives, or of sub stances required for the production thereof.” It was the employers in these trades who were supposed to be likely to steal labor. 2. The practice struck at by the regulation was enticement. I t was hoped that if there were no enticement the man would effectu ally be prevented from leaving his employment. 3. It was the employer, not the workman, who was made liable to the penalty. It was felt that any direct attempt to prevent the work man from seeking or obtaining employment would be resented as an interference with the liberty of the subject. I t appears that, on the whole, the regulation failed of its effect. In the first place it was found that the enumeration of trades was not sufficient and that the leakage from the establishments covered by the regulation into the building and other outside trades was so great as to constitute a serious defect. A second difficulty, of even greater importance, was that the regu lation could not readily be enforced. Not only was the idea of “ in ducement ” not understood by the employers but the offense could not be proved before the courts. Finally it was found that employers were bringing men from a dis tance to within the 10-mile radius although overt negotiations were only begun within this area. The principle of creating an offense for the employer only was believed to be a sound one and it was adopted in the legislation which followed. But the regulation itself was of limited effect, and it was to correct its ineffectiveness that the system of “ leaving work ” cer tificates was introduced as part of the Munitions of W ar Act of 1915. LEAVING C E R T IF IC A T E S UNDER T H E ORIGINAL ACT. The terms of section T of the Munitions of War Act of 1915 were as follows: (1) A person shall not give employment to a workman who has w ithin the last previous six weeks or such other period as may be provided by order of the Minister of Munitions as respects any class of establishment, been employed on or in connection w ith m unitions work in any establishm ent of a class to which the provisions of this section are applied by order of the M inister of Munitions, unless he holds a certificate from the employer by whom he w as last so employed that he left work w ith the consent of his employer or a certifi cate from the m unitions tribunal that the consent has been unreasonably w ith held. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (538) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 127 (2) If any workman or his trade-union represetative complains to a munitions tribunal in accordance w ith rules made w ith respect to those tribunals that the consent of any employer has been unreasonably w ithheld that tribunal may, after exam ining into the case, if they think fit, grant a certificate which shall, for the purpose of this section, have the same effect as a certificate from the employer. (3) If any person gives employment in contravention of the provisions of this section, he shall be guilty of an offense under this act. The act became law on the 2d of July, 1915, and the order which was necessary to bring the section into operation was signed by the minister on July 14. By the order the provisions of the section were applied to the establishments which had already come under the regulation; that is to say, to “Any establishment being a factory or workshop the business carried on in which consists wholly or mainly in engineering, shipbuilding, or the production of arms, ammunition, or explosives, or of substances required for the production thereof.” As the order and the regulation were so intimately connected the administration of the latter was transferred on August 13 from the Board of Trade Labor Exchange and Unemployment Insurance Department to the Ministry of Munitions. Before breaches of the section could be prevented it was necessary to bring the munitions tribunals into operation. The first general tribunal met on July 21 and the first local tribunal on August 0. During August 36 workmen applied for certificates, and August 21 the first complaint was heard by one employer against another. In the following month 217 cases were heard b}7 the local and 13 by the general tribunals. At the end of August, 1915, the department issued memoranda for the guidance of workmen and employers. From the beginning there arose certain difficult questions of inter pretation. Thus where the regulation had used the word “ person ” the section used “ workman.” A demand for skilled clerical workers, and in particular for draftsmen, was a natural concomitant of the demand for workmen, and the need of retaining their services was equally urgent; but the word “ workman ” had to be interpreted in its usual sense—a man or woman who was mainly a manual worker. This did not cover foremen whose chief occupation was supervision. Another difficulty of interpretation concerned the meaning of the words “ munitions work.” It was felt that this term must not be interpreted loosely, for while the great bulk of the work carried on in the country had an indubitable relation to the war it was not desired to restrict the liberty of the industrial population generally. A definition of munitions work, as “ the manufacture or repair of arms, ammunition, ships, vehicles, aircraft, or other articles required for use in war, or of the metals, machines, or tools required for that manufacture or repair,” was included in section 3. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (539) 128 m o n t h l y r e v ie w of t h e b u r e a u of la bo r s t a t is t ic s . OPPO SITIO N OF LABOR. Xo section of the act of 1915 appears to have been less liked by the workpeople than section 7. They complained that in many cases their abilities were wasted. All over the country factories were beingbuilt for munitions work or were installing new munition plants. There were not e n o u g h experienced foremen and managers to be had, and employers, therefore, turned to skilled workmen accustomed to working this type of machinery. In many cases, however, their employers and the tribunals refused to release them, and in this way, the men claimed, used the provisions of the act against the national advantage. It was also complained that skilled men who had been put for some temporary reason onto unskilled or semi skilled work were being held to it and prevented from taking their proper jobs again. Difficulties also arose in cases where men were suspended from work as a disciplinary measure or where employees unable to leave suffered ill treatment, while attention was drawn by labor critics to the contract between the inability of the workmen (except under the penalty of six weeks’ idleness) to change his employment with the unrestricted right of the employer to dismiss him. It was also a ground for complaint that employers in granting leaving certificates indorsed them with observations on the men’s conduct, and so rendered reemployment more difficult to obtain. Ex ception was also taken to the legal atmosphere of the tribunals and to the variation in judgments which under the original act there was no appellate machinery to remedy. Apart from these grievances it had become clear that an amending act was necessary owing to interpretation difficulties which had arisen, notably in connection with the definition of munitions work. Ac cordingly, in the munitions of war (amendment) act of 1916, the opportunity was taken to remedy defects of which the workpeople complained. LEAVING CERTIFICATES UNDER THE AMENDED ACT OF 1916, The Munitions of War (Amendment) Act became law on January 27, 1916. Section 7, with the exception of subsection 3 of the origi nal act was replaced by the new section 5, the principal provisions of which are as follows: A person shall not give employment to a workman who has w ithin the last previous six weeks, or such other period as may be provided by order of the M inister of M unitions as respects any class of establishm ent, been employed on or in connection w ith munitions work in any establishm ent of a class to which the provisions of ths section are applied by order of the M inister of Munitions, unless he holds a certificate from the employer by whom he w as la st so em ployed or from a munitions tribunal th at he is free to accept other employment. If any workman or his trade-union representative complains to a munitions tribunal, in accordance w ith rules made w ith respect to those tribunals, that https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (5401 129 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. an employer has unreasonably refused or neglected to issu e such a certificate as aforesaid, that tribunal may, after exam ining into the case, if it thinks fit, itself issue such a certificate or order the issue o f such a certificate by the employer. Where a workman employed on or in connection w ith m unitions work in any establishm ent of a class to which the provisions of section 7 of the prin cipal act are for the time being applied by an order made thereunder is dis missed or discharged by his employer, the employer shall forthw ith give him such a certificate as aforesaid, and if he fa ils to do so, a m unitions tribunal may, in addition to issuing or ordering the issue to him o f such a certificate, order the payment to him by the employer of such sum, not exceeding 5 pounds, as the tribunal may think fit, unless the tribunal is o f opinion that the workman w as guilty of misconduct for the purpose of obtaining dism issal or discharge. This subsection shall apply to a workman who applies for a certificate on the ground that he has for a period o f more than two days been given no oppor tunity of earning wages, or who leaves his employment on account of conduct on the part of the employer, or any agent of the employer, which would ju stify the im mediate term ination by the workman of his contract of service, in like manner as if he had been dism issed or discharged by his employer. Where a contract of service w ith a workman employed on or in connection w ith munitions work in any establishm ent of a class to which the provisions of section 7 of the principal act are for the tim e being applied by an order made thereunder is term inated by dism issal, and less than one w eek’s notice, or w ages in lieu of notice, has or have been given, the employer shall, subject to the provisions of this subsection, w ithin 24 hours o f giving notice of dism is sal to the workman report the m atter in such manner as may be prescribed by rules made by the Minister of M unitions, and such rules shall provide for the determ ination by a m unitions tribunal (in case of difference) o f the amount, if any, and not in any case exceeding 5 pounds ($24.33), which is to be paid by the employer to the workman in lieu of notice, and for the payment of the sum so determined to the workman, unless the tribunal is of opinion that, owing to the discontinuous or temporary nature of the employment or misconduct of the workman, the employer had reasonable cause for dism issing the workman w ithout a week’s notice. ^ # ❖ & ;ji ¡J* jj. The Minister of M unitions may make rules for carrying section 7 of the principal act as amended by this section into effect, and in particular may by such rules provide— ( a ) For the issue, form, custody, duration, delivery up, and replacement in case of loss or destruction, of certificates; ( b ) For the issue of certificates to persons not engaged on or in connection w ith munitions w o rk ; (c) For prohibiting the insertion in a certificate issued by an employer of any matter other than the prescribed particulars; and may provide for any breach of such rules being punishable as an offense under the principal act with a fine not exceeding 5 pounds ($24.33). DIFFICULTIES REMEDIED. It will be seen that points regarding which chief complaint had been made were dealt with. The attempt was made to secure work men against neglect on the part of the employer to issue a certificate, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (541) 130 MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. and against the possibility of not being employed because they bad not come under the section at all. They were given a right to a cer tificate on dismissal, and to compensation not exceeding £5 ($24.33) if it was improperly refused. Suspensions were put an end to by allowing men a certificate who had been given no opportunity of earning wages during a period of more than two working days, or Avliose employer had been guilty of grave misconduct. Dismissed workmen were to have a week’s notice or compensation up to £5 unless owing to the discontinuous or temporary nature of their em ployment or their misconduct the tribunal did not think this reason able. Ship repairers were exempted from this subsection, and the minister was empowered to exempt other classes of workers if the nature of their employment seemed to warrant it. Provision was also made for the employment of war munition volunteers who had been allotted without a certificate to a controlled establishment by the Minister of Munitions, for workmen who desired to undertake work where their abilities would be of greater national service, and for apprentices who had served their term and wished to obtain the full rate of wages for skilled workmen in their trade. The minister had power to make rules under the section and their breach could be punished by a fine. The new act (section 12) cleared up the difficulty which had ex isted with regard to the word “workman.” The new rules also made it impossible for employers to mark certificates, and generally pro vided that the policy of the department with regard to the issue of certificates should be carried out, In spite of these changes, however, the leaving-certificate system has been strongly criticised and opposed and at present (August, 1917) there is a widespread movement for its abolition. PROPOSED JOINT STANDING INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS IN GREAT BRITAIN. The subcommittee of the reconstruction committee on the relations between employers and employed in Great Britain has submitted to the Prime Minister an interim report on joint industrial councils.1 It is proposed that these councils shall be formed in the various industries where they do not already exist, composed of representa tives of employers and employed, regard being paid to the various sections of the industry and the various classes of labor engaged, for the purpose of considering appropriate matters affecting the indus1 Great Britain. Reconstruction committee. Subcommittee on relations between em ployers and employed. Interim report on joint standing industrial councils. London, Mar. 8, 1917. 8 pp. Price, Id. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (542) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 131 try and particularly the establishment of a closer cooperation be tween employers and workers. I t is suggested that the question of demobilization is one that will call for early attention. One of the chief factors in the problem, as it at first presents itself, con sists of the guarantees given by the Government, with parliamentary sanction, and the various undertakings entered into by employers, to restore the tradeunion rules and customs suspended during the war. While this does not mean that all the lessons learned during the war should be ignored, it does mean that the definite cooperation and acquiescence by both employers and employed must be a condition of any setting aside of these guarantees or undertakings, and that, if new arrangements are to be reached, in . themselves more satisfactory to all parties but not in strict accordance with the guarantees, they must be the joint work of employers and employed. The national industrial councils, in the opinion of the subcom mittee, should not be regarded as complete in themselves. Not only should there be cooperation between the trade organizations, but the activity and support of employers and employed in the districts and in individual establishments should be enlisted. “ What is needed is a triple organization—in the workshops, the districts, and nationally.” To this end it is proposed that each national industrial council should consider the advisability of creating or developing out of the existing machinery for negotiation in its particular indus try, district councils representative of trade-unions and of the em ployers’ association in the industry, and of instituting in particular plants works committees representative of the management and of the workers employed, to act in close cooperation with the district and national machinery. It is regarded as essential, in the formation of these committees and district councils, that the support of trade-unions and em ployers’ associations be secured if workpeople are to have a greater share in the consideration of matters affecting their industry as con templated by the establishment of these industrial councils. Among the questions with which the national councils should deal or assign to district councils or works committees, the report suggests the following: 1. The better utilization of the practical knowledge and experience of the workpeople. 2. Means for securing to the workpeople a greater share in and responsi bility for the determination and observance of the conditions under which their work is carried on. 3. The settlement of the general principles governing the conditions of employment, including the methods of fixing, paying, and readjusting wages, having regard to the need for securing to the workpeople a share in the in creased prosperity of the industry. 4. The establishment of regular methods of negotiation for issues arising between employers and workpeople with a view both to the prevention of differ ences and to their better adjustment when they appear. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (543) 132 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 5. Means of insuring to the workpeople the greatest possible security of earnings and employment without undue restriction upon change of occupation or employer. 6. Methods of fixing and adjusting earnings, piecework prices, etc., and of dealing with the many difficulties which arise with regard to the method and amount of payment apart from the fixing of general standard rates, which are already covered by paragraph 3. 7. Technical education and training. 8. Industrial research and the full utilization of its results. 9. The provision of facilities for the full consideration and utilization of inventions and improvements designed by workpeople and for the adequate safe guarding of the rights of the designers of such improvements. 10. Improvements of processes, machinery, and organization, and appropriate questions relating to management and the examination of industrial experi ments, with special reference to cooperation in carrying new ideas into effect and full consideration of the workpeople’s point of view in relation to them. 11. Proposed legislation affecting the industry. The report emphasizes the necessity of adequate organization on the part of employers and employed if there is to be permanent improvement in their mutual relations. The proposals outlined for joint cooperation throughout the several industries depend for their ultimate success upon their being such organization on both sides, and such organization is necessary also to provide means whereby the arrangements and agreements made for the industry may be effectively carried out. Suggestions as to profit sharing, copartnership, or particular systems of wages are omitted, since the committee is convinced “ that a permanent improvement in the relations between employers and employed must be founded upon something other than a cash basis. What is wanted is that the workpeople should have a greater oppor tunity of participating in the discussion about and adjustment of those parts of industry by which they are most affected.” The schemes recommended in this report are intended not merely for the treatment of industrial problems when they have become acute, but also, and more especially, to prevent their becoming acute. We believe that regular meetings to discuss industrial questions, apart from and prior to any differ ences with regard to them that may have begun to cause friction, will materially reduce the number of occasions on which, in the view of either employers or employed, it is necessary to contemplate recourse to a stoppage of work. It is explained that copies of this report have been sent to em ployers’ associations and to trade-unions in the organized industries in order to get their general criticisms and suggestions, and that if the scheme is adopted by the Government each of the trades affected will be invited to discuss the best method of putting it into operation. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (544) M O N TH LY REVIEW OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 133 NEW APPRENTICESHIP SCHEME IN GLASGOW.1 The Glasgow Master Wrights’ Association at a recent date adopted a new scheme of apprenticeship, which, in conjunction with the local education authority, will be put into effect. The scheme makes pro vision for suitable boys to start to learn a trade under practical condi tions as soon as they leave the day school, and the Employees’ Trade Union is to be interested in the scheme if possible. The period of apprenticeship will extend over six years—four years of which the boys will serve as apprentices and two years as improvers. In the case of a boy who has satisfactorily completed a course at a day tech nical school and has obtained a certificate of proficiency, the period so spent shall be reckoned as the two first apprenticeship years, and the apprentice shall start at the third-year rate of wages. Before entering the period of apprenticeship the boy shall be employed on trial for a period of not less than eight weeks at the recognized rate of pay. The training shall be of two kinds: I. The employer shall undertake that every opportunity shall be given the boy to learn the trade to which he is apprenticed. II. All the apprentices who have not obtained certificates of pro ficiency from a day technical school shall be bound, during the first four years, to attend, during the employer’s time, a day continuation school, for a minimum of 12 school hours per week, at such times as may be found most convenient to the employer, and without deduc tion from wages. All apprentices shall be encouraged to qualify for the committee’s certificate and bonus. Holidays shall be given, without deduction of wages, on all holi days and at such other times as the employers’ works are closed. Overtime by apprentices shall be discouraged. The following is the proposed table of wages: Apprentices, first year, 8s. 6d. ($2.07) per week; bonus 2s. ($0.49). Apprentices, second year, 10s. 6d. ($2.56) per week; bonus 2s. ($0.49). Apprentices, third year, 14s. ($3.41) per week; bonus 2s. 6d. ($0.61). Apprentices, fourth year, 18s. ($4.38) per week; bonus 3s. ($0.73). Improver, fifth year, 26s. ($6.33). Improver, sixth year, 34s. ($8.27). The sums above mentioned as bonuses are to be applied in whole or in part payment to such apprentices as shall have satisfied the ex amining committee, as regards the progress made in continuation school work, and also in the employers’ workshop, due consideration being given in the latter instance, to a certificate from the employer. An apprenticeship committee shall be formed of three representa tives from the Master Wrights’ Association, and a representative ap1 From The Christian Science Monitor, Boston, July 18, 1917. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (545) 134 MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. pointed by the Joiners’ Trade Union. A subcommittee shall likewise be formed, as above, but having added thereto one representative from the local education authority, for the purpose of adjudicating on the work done by the apprentices, which work shall be examined periodically. WOMEN’S WAR-TIME WORK IN GERMAN METAL TRADES. In the months of August and September, 1916, an investigation was made by the federation of German metal workers to determine the conditions of women’s war-time work in the German metal trades, and some of the results of the inquiry are made available through publication in Soziale P raxis1 of April 19, 1916, as reviewed in the British Labor Gazette2 for July, 1917. The inquiry covered 2,594 establishments located in 207 towns and villages and employing 266,530 women and girls, an increase of 202,960, or 319.3 per cent over the number employed before the war. Sixty-five per cent of the factories, employing 82.2 per cent of the females, were engaged on war work. In the case of 97,000 women who worked on the single-shift system it was found that 79 per cent worked from 11 to 12 hours per day, that in 1,017 establishments over time was worked by 69,427 women, of whom 87.5 per cent were engaged on war work, and that in 364 establishments performing Sunday work 34,712 women were so employed, 98 per cent of them being on war work. The length of shifts worked was ascertained in respect of 98.8 per cent of the factories and of 98.1 per cent of the workers, the basis taken being the number of hours worked per week, since in most concerns a system of multiple shifts prevailed. The result is set forth in the following table, in which the establishments and workers are designated as those engaged on war work and those not so engaged : P E R CENT OF W ORKERS EMPLOYED EACH SPEC IFIED NUMBER OF HOURS PER W E EK IN GERMAN METAL TRADES. Per cent of establishments. Per cent of workwomen. Hours per week. Up to 48................................................................................ 48to 51.................................................................................. 51 to 54.................................................................................. 54 to 57................................................................................. 57 to 60.................................................................................. 60 hours................................................................................. Various................................................................................. War industry. Peace industry. War industry. 6.4 2.1 14.1 24.0 33.3 11.1 9.0 2.8 3.2 33.7 27.8 26.7 4.4 1.4 12.0 3.2 13.3 14.9 26.8 8.6 21.2 Peace industry. 1 Soziale Praxis und Archiv fur Volkswohlfahrt. Berlin, Apr. 19, 1916. 2 The Labour Gazette of the British Ministry of Labour, July, 1917, pp. 235, 236. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (546) 2.4 2.0 34.7 23.9 28.8 5.1 3.1 MONTHLY EE VIEW OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOE STATISTICS. 135 That the wages of women workers appear to be low is indicated by the following quotation: In consequence of women’s lack of training in trade-union usages many of them have to put up with strange deductions from their wages. Thus in one establishment there is a custom that piecework wages must not exceed the average time wages by more than 75 per cent. Should a woman, through diligence and skill, earn a larger sum, the piecework rate is reduced in her case. The result is that women workers avoid earning more than 75 per cent above the standard time rate. As to wages received by women performing the same work as that done by men, the inquiry disclosed that in 57.2 per cent of the con cerns listed covering 73.2 per cent of the workwomen, only about 9 per cent were paid the rates corresponding* to those obtained by men for identical work. It was found that the work being done by the women was extremely severe, the data obtained in this connection being gathered from 897 “ war ” factories and 601 “ peace ” fac tories. In 20.8 per cent of the former and 11.9 per cent of the latter the work was declared to be too hard for the women, as the follow ing excerpt from the report indicates: Even for men, and still more for women, work at flanging machines is too hard. * * * At these machines projectiles weighing from 22 pounds to 82 pounds have to be lifted breast high from the floor and clamped to the bed; then unclamped and placed again on the floor. This entails a great physical strain. * * * In order to earn a wage of 3 marks ($0.71) a day a woman must perform this strenuous operation 75 or even 100 times. * * * The women complain very much of abdominal pains caused by frequently having to lift (without any tackle) shells weighing 52 pounds. * * * In the foundry women must do any work that may need to be done. They have, for instance, to push the casting pans about—work that overtaxes their strength. One woman sustained a rupture of the groin through performing this work. * * * At steam hammers the persons employed are chiefly women, although plenty of men are available. Women have to draw bomb castings (weighing about 88 pounds) in a state of incandescence from the furnace to the hammer. A con tinuous effort is made to employ women at the hardest and most dangerous jobs—at steam hammers, shaping machines, core making, pneumatic lifts, transporting heavy cores, casting with pans and with hand ladles. * * * One result of the hard work in this establishment is that of 42 women nearly one-third have been disabled by illness. An effort was made to ascertain whether, and if so, to what extent, the authorities had made concessions to employers in regard to com pliance with the ordinary regulations for the protection of health and the avoidance of accidents. Sixty-eight per cent of the concerns made reply to this question; 611- answered in the affirmative, and 1,148 answered in the negative. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (547) 136 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OP LABOR STA TISTICS. LABOR IN THE TEXTILE TRADES IN GERMANY AND CERTAIN ADJACENT NEUTRAL COUNTRIES.1 GERMANY. The effects of the war upon employment in the textile industries in Germany are partially revealed by the monthly returns on unem ployment furnished to the German Department of Labor Statistics by the largest of the federations of textile workers’ unions. These returns are summarized below in such a way as to allow of a com parison of four periods, viz, (a) the first seven months of 1914; (b) the year 1915; (c) the year 1916; and (cl) the first quarter of the present year. Mean percentage of textile opera tives unemployed. Period. Males. January to January to January to January to July, 1914____ December, 1915 December, 1916 March, 1917__ Females. 1.6 1.0 3.7 7.0 5.8 9.9 17.9 11.9 Both sexes. 1.3 7.0 13.4 9.7 The shortage of raw materials did not reach proportions calculated to produce anxiety in Germany until about the middle of 1915. As regards the cotton industry in particular, a writer in the Frankfurter Zeitung of January 11, 1917, states that “ when war broke out there was no real shortage of raw materials * * * large quantities of cotton continued to enter the country, and army orders were so ex tensive that for a long period the mills worked overtime.” With the tightening of the blockade the situation changed, and by an order dated August 12, 1915, the Federal Council limited the number of days to be worked per week in textile factories to a maxi mum of 5, while the daily working time was not to exceed the average daily hours worked in June, 1915, but in no case 10 hours. The factories affected by this order were those making articles of cotton, wool, artificial wool, flax, hemp, and jute. The whole of the loss of employment resulting from this measure is not reflected in the above table, which relates only to total unemployment. Moreover, a special inquiry made early in 1916 as to the extent of unemploy ment in the textile trades in Germany showed that the majority of textile factories were working much shorter time than the permissible maximum.1 The same inquiry showed that the factories that were not adapted for army work, e. g., embroidery, machine knitting and velvet, were almost at a standstill. 1 F ro m th e B ritish B oard of T rad e L abour G azette, Ju n e , 1917, p. 197. 2 D er A rb eitsn achw eis fu r D eutschland, J a n . 20, 1916. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (5IS> M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 137 Immediately after the publication of the order for restricting out put a scheme was elaborated by the imperial authorities for granting relief to persons thrown out of employment in consequence. Under this scheme the burden of the cost of such relief is borne in fixed proportions by the Imperial Treasury, the Federal States, the com munes, and the employers. The above-named Federal order restricting work in textile fac tories was only one of a series, of which the general effect has been to bring by degrees under State control the distribution of all stocks of textile materials, whether raw, semimanufactured, or finished. The various measures adopted by the authorities for the purpose of re lieving unemployment in the trades affected have failed to prevent the development of great distress in the chief centers of the textile industry, more especially in those dependent on export business, viz, Saxony and Thuringia. The Vossische Zeitung of March 11th re ports concerning a meeting of Saxon textile workers held at Dres den to discuss grievances'. With regard to the unemployment relief, it was complained that the authorities were taking the view that the operations of the national civilian service law rendered such relief unnecessary, and that it was being denied to textile workers who were employed for five days per week on national service work. Another grievance was that textile workers were officially classified as “ light workers,” and therefore rationed on the lowest scale. Under the operation of the national civilian service law steps have been taken for the compulsory closing down of all except the largest factories in the textile trades and for the compulsory fusion of the latter. According to the Eheinisch-Westfalische Zeitung of Feb ruary 20, less than 100 out of a total of 2,000 cotton-weaving mills were to be allowed to continue working. As to the extent to which this process has by now been carried no information is yet available. HOL LAND. Employment in the textile trades in Holland throughout the course of the war has been subject to considerable fluctuations. The monthly returns made to the Dutch Government Statistical Office by tradeunions and municipal unemployment funds connected with the tex tile trades show that the percentage of workpeople unemployed in the textile trades, which was 0.1 or 0.2 in the early months of 1914, did not fall below 10 per cent from the outbreak of the war until Novem ber, 1915, and in two months—September and October, 1914—was above 40 per cent. By June, 1916, the percentage had fallen to 0.5, but in recent months it has risen rapidly. In November, 1916, the unemployed percentage in the textile trades was 2.1, in December 8.9, in January (1917), 18.1, in February 26.7, and in March 35.4. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (549) 138 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E BU R EA U OE LABOR STATISTICS'. According to an official Dutch report on the condition of the various branches of the textile industry in 1915, the lack of raw materials was severely felt throughout the whole of that year. How far the improvement shown by the unemployment figures for 1916 is due to the removal of this difficulty does not appear from the cor responding report for that year, which simply refers to the diffi culty as one that had to be encountered “ more or less everywhere.” I t is clear that the position has changed very much for the worse since the beginning of the present year, and a Report of the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, and Commerce on the Economic Situation of Holland in February, 1917,1 states that the textile in dustry is experiencing serious obstacles by reasons of the fact that the import of raw cotton and of cotton yarns has practically come to an end. From the same report it appears that among a total of 29,900 textile workers as to whom information was obtained con cerning changes in wages during the period of the war, 10,500 obtained advances ranging from 1 to 10 per cent, 7,300 obtained advances ranging from 11 to 20 per cent, 10,000 obtained advances ranging from 21 to 30 per cent, and 2,000 obtained advances exceed ing 30 per cent. Of the remaining 100 it was recorded that their wages had either been reduced or remained unchanged. DENMARK. In Denmark, until quite recently, the effects of the war on employ ment in the textile industries have on the whole been favorable, and at the end of last year unemployment among Danish textile opera tives was practically nonexistent, the percentage of unemployment among members of the Danish Textile Operatives’ Union in the last quarter of 1916 being only 0.5. I t would appear that up to that time supplies of raw material were adequate. Since the beginning of 1917, however, the situation has changed for the worse, and, according to the Danish press, it had become alarming in the latter part of February, owing to the lack of raw materials caused by the German submarine campaign. The change for the worse is reflected in the unemployment returns of the textile workers’ unions, the percentage reported out of work being 2.9 in February, 7.3 in March, 13.1 in May, the last of these figures being obtained by means of a special inquiry carried out by the Government Statistical Office independently of the usual monthly collection of data from the trade unions. 1 Nota betreffende den economischen toestand, Zitting, 1916-17. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (550) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 139 SW EDEN. From, such statistical information as is available, it would appear that up to the end of 191G employment in Swedish textile trades ¡was, on the whole, free from serious interruption due to failure of supplies of raw materials or fuel resulting from the war. The monthly returns on unemployment furnished by the trade unions of textiles operatives to the Swedish Department of Labor Statistics show that after the setback in the latter part of 1911 consequent upon the outbreak of war a recovery took place, and the average monthly level of unemployment in 1915 and 1916 was not very dif ferent from that in the first seven months of 1911, being 3.7 in January-July, 1911; 3.8 in 1915; and 3.1 in 1916. The fluctuations in the monthly percentages were, however, very considerable, and in 1916 ranged from 0.6 in February to over 11 in August and Novem ber, the percentage for December being 1.1. Later figures are not available, but since the beginning of 1917, work in the textile trades has been seriously hampered by interruptions in the supply of raw materials and fuel. With regard to the movement of wages during the war, a special investigation made last autumn by the Swedish Department of Labor Statistics showed that the increase in average earnings in July, 1916, as compared with July, 1911, averaged 11.7 per cent in cotton spinning and weaving, 9 per cent in flax and jute spinning and weaving, and 10.5 per cent in wool spinning and weaving. AMENDMENT OF THE AUSTRIAN SICKNESS INSURANCE LAW. The Austrian workmen’s sickness insurance law of March 30, 1888, has been radically amended by an imperial decree promulgated Janu ary 1, 1917 (Keichsgesetzblatt No. 6),1 and came into force three months after the date of its promulgation. The amending decree extends the scope of the insurance and substantially increases the benefits of the insured. A brief outline of the principal changes made in the law is given below.2 The most radical changes were made in article 6 of the original law, giving the scope of the insurance and the minimum benefits. The original text in describing the scope of the law did not mention the granting of maternity benefits as coming within its scope, although maternity benefits were paid in the form of sick benefits. 1 B u lletin des In te rn a tio n a ie n A rbeitsam tes. Vol. 16, Nos. 3 to 5. Je n a , 1917. pp. 49-5 8 . 2 F o r th e p ro v isions of th e o rig in al law , see T w en ty -fo u rth A nnual R e p o rt of th e Com m issioner of L abor, vol. 1. W ashington, 1911, pp. 225 ff. 8809°— 17-----10 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (551) 140 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. The amended text explicitly states that the granting of maternity benefits is one of the objects of the insurance. In its present form the law provides the following minimum benefits: 1. From the beginning of the sickness free medical treatment, in clusive of obstetrician’s and midwife’s aid as well as free medicines and therapeutical appliances. 2. If the sick person is unable to work, beginning from the third day of sickness a daily pecuniary sick benefit amounting to : 0.60 crown ($0.12) in wage class 1 ; 1 0.90 crown ($0.18) in wage class 2 ; 1.20 crowns ($0.24) in w age class 3 ; 1.50 crowns ($0.30) in w age class 4; 1.80 crowns ($0.37) in wage class 5; 2.10 crowns ($0.43) in w age class 6 ; 2.50 crowns ($0.51) in w age class 7; 3 crowns ($0.61) in w age class 8 ; 3.60 crowns ($0.73) in w age class 9 ; 4.20 crowns ($0.85) in w age class 10; 5 crowns ($1.02) in w age class 11. Sundays or holidays are not to be counted as first or last day of sickness. The benefits shown under Nos. 1 and 2 are to be granted as long as the sickness lasts, not to exceed 26 weeks. The pecuniary sick benefit is payable at the end of each week of sickness. 3. Women in confinement receive, while not working at their employment, a maternity benefit equal to the daily pecuniary sick benefit for a period not to exceed six weeks( formerly four weeks) after delivery. 4. Women in confinement who themselves wet-nurse their chil dren in addition receive a nursing premium equivalent to half the daily pecuniary siotk benefit for a period not to exceed 12 weeks after delivery. (This benefit is entirely new.) 5. In case of the death of the insured his survivors receive a funeral benefit equivalent to 30 times (formerly 20 times) his average daily earnings, but not less than 60 crowns ($12.18) or, if there are no sur vivors, the sick fund defrays the actual burial costs. The first day of sickness is to be considered the day on which the insured reports himself or is reported to the fund as being sick. Sick benefits may not be claimed for periods preceding the date of this report by two weeks or more. For periods preceding the report by less than two weeks sick benefits may be granted only if the in sured was prevented from making a report in time and if he can prove disability caused by sickness and that he was under medical treatment. The decree further provides that it may be made obligatory for sick fund members to apply to specified physicians for medical treatment and that the sick funds in such a case shall be justified in declining to pay the costs of treatment if other physicians’ services 1 F or description of wage classes, see p. 141. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (552) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 141 than those designated by the fund have been obtained by the insured. The individual sick funds or federations of sick funds are to con clude written agreements with the physicians appointed for the treat ment of members which must state the rights and duties of both parties and the compensation of the physicians for their services. Sick funds which have not made contractual arrangements with phy sicians may be permitted to increase the pecuniary benefit by at least 0.75 crown ($0.15) a day as a substitute for free medical treatment. Disputes between sick funds and their physicians arising out of the interpretation of contracts are to be decided by special boards of con ciliation, and the decisions shall be binding only if accepted by both parties. In case of failure of conciliation the dispute is to be finally decided by the arbitration court of the accident insurance institute having jurisdiction over the district of the sick fund or federation of sick funds in question. For the purposes of the insurance the decree divides the insured into 11 wage classes, according to the following scheme: Earnings. Wage class. 1.................................. 2.................................. 3.................................. 4 ................................. 5 ................................. 6.................................. 7 ................................. 8.................................. 9................................... 10................................. 11................................. Daily Weekly. Monthly. Not over $0.254............ Over $0,254 to $0.355... Over $0,355 to $0.457... Over $0,457 to $0.558... Over $0,558 to $0.660... Over $0,660 to $0.761... Over $0,761 to $0.914... Over $0,914 to $1.117... Over $1,117 to $1.320... Over .$1,320 to $1.523... Over $1,523 ............ Not over 81.52 Over 81.52 to $2 13 Over 82.13 to $2.74 Over $2.74 to $3 37» Over $3 35 to $3 96 Over $3.96 to 84 57 Over $4.57 to $5.48....... Over $5 48 to 86 70 Over $6 70 to 37 9? . Over 37.92 to 39 14 Over $9.14 ............ Over $6.34 to 8,8.88 Over $8.88 to $11.42__ Over $11.42 to $13.96... Over $13.96 to $16.49... Over $16.49 to $19.03... Over $19.03 to $22.84... Over $22.84 to $27.91... Over $27.91 to $32.99... Over $32.99 to $38.06... Over $38.06 ........... As aver age daily earnings are con sidered. SO. 203 .305 .406 .508 .609 * .711 .836 1.015 ]. 218 1.421 1.685 Regularly granted shares of profits, premiums (bonuses), and com pensation in kind are also to be considered as earnings. Apprentices and learners who are not in receipt of a salary or money wages belong in wage class 1. To what wage class an insured person is to be assigned is governed by his time wages. If compensation is paid on a piecework or contract basis, the usual average weekly or monthly earnings govern the assignment to a wage class. The decree makes it permissible that sick funds may provide in their by-laws higher sick benefits than the legally prescribed mini mum benefits within the following limits: (1) The daily pecuniary sick benefit may in wage class 1 be increased up to 0.80 crown ($0.16) and in the other wage classes up to 90 per cent of the lowest daily earnings in each class, but not beyond 5.50 crowns ($1.12). The funeral benefit may be increased to 45 times the average daily earnings. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (553) 142 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. (2) A special wage class with a daily pecuniary sick benefit of 6 crowns ($1.22) may be introduced for insured persons earning in excess of 9 crowns ($1.83) daily or 54 crowns ($10.96) vTeekly or 225 crowns ($45.68) monthly. (3) The period during which sick benefits are granted may be extended beyond 26 weeks up to one year. (4) Female insured persons who are in the last stage of preg nancy and on account of their condition abstain from wage work may be granted the daily pecuniary sick benefit before delivery dur ing a period not in excess of four weeks. (5) The granting of wet-nursing premiums may be extended for a period not to exceed 26 weeks. (6) Sick persons or women in confinement remaining under care at home may with their consent be furnished trained nurses. Women in confinement may with their consent be placed in a lying-in hospital or some similar institution. In these instances the costs may be deducted from the pecuniary sick benefit up to one-lialf the amount of the latter. The by-laws of a sick fund may grant a claim of sick benefits (family insurance) to such members of the family of insured persons as are not themselves subject to insurance. Family insurance may include medical treatment, funeral, and maternity benefits. Family insurance may not be obtained by insured persons with a taxable annual income in excess of a specified amount—4,800 crowns ($974.40) in Vienna, 4,200 crowns ($852.60) in first-class cities, etc. In certain districts family insurance may be made obligatory for sick funds within these districts. The decree further provides that special funds may be created for purposes connected with sickness insurance. The resources of such funds may be used for extraordinary optional benefits, such as care in reconvalescent homes and in the preventive combating of tuberculosis, alcoholism, venereal diseases, etc. Special contributions may be assessed from the insured for the accumulation of such funds. The collection of contributions from employers for this purpose is permissible only if a majority of the representatives of the latter have voted in favor of such contributions at the general meeting. Other matters which the decree leaves to regulation through the by-laws of the individual sick funds are the following: (1) That sick insured persons wTho during their sickness live out side of the district of their sick fund may in place of medical care be granted an increase of the daily pecuniary sick benefit, this increase to amount to 0.75 crown ($0.15). (2) That insured persons who purposely make themselves sick or become sick through their participation in brawls or as the conse- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (554) M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 143 quence of inebriety may be entirely or partially deprived of the pecuniary sick benefit. (3) That the pecuniary benefit of an insured person who, in addi tion to the sick fund, is insured elsewhere against sickness and does not notify his sick fund of this other insurance relation within three days after being taken sick may be reduced by an amount which, combined with the pecuniary benefit received by him from some other insurance, will not exceed his money wages. (4) Ih a t insured persons who have a claim on their employer for payment of full wages or salary during sickness may be excluded from receiving a pecuniary sick benefit or be granted only a part of it, in which case the contributions for such insured persons shall be correspondingly reduced. (5) That only such women in confinement be granted a maternity benefit as within the 12 months preceding delivery were employed at least 6 months in an occupation subject to insurance. Now, as before, the means for the support of the various sick funds are to be procured by assessments levied in the form of a percentage of the wages of the insured persons. The workman’s and employer’s share of the assessment have been left unchanged by the decree, the workman paying two-thirds and the employer one-third of the rate fixed by the fund. The entire weekly assessment for an insured per son may not exceed four-tenths of the average daily earnings in the wage class to which he has been assigned. The contributions of insured persons and employers may be used only for the defraying of the benefits fixed by the decree and the by-laws of the individual funds, costs of administration, maintenance of a reserve, and pos sible contributions to a federation of sick funds. Contributions of insured persons in the various wage classes are to be assessed in equal proportion to the average earnings. In determining the contribu tions the costs of medical care may, however, be computed without reference to wage classes. The decree permits, however, that the by-laws may grade the con tributions according to groups of members in which experience has shown that the sickness risk varies considerably. Such a grading may be effected by sex, occupation, industry groups, and for tem porarily employed persons and apprentices. Higher contributions may be assessed for persons employed in construction work on roads, railroads, canals, rivers, and dams. Grading of contributions ac cording to age is permissible only in the case of voluntarily insured persons. Article 27 of the original law is amended by the decree to provide that for persons employed in an establishment the equipment of which does not correspond with existing sanitary regulations, the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (555) 144 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. sickness insurance contributions may be increased up to 50 per cent during the period in which the insanitary conditions exist. This in crease is to be borne by the employer alone. The order for such an increase is to be issued by the directorate of the sick fund and may be appealed within 14 days to the supervisory insurance authorities. The latter may ex officio order such an increase. If the establish ment in question is an industrial establishment, the factory inspector shall be heard before an increase of contributions is ordered. Other amendments contained in the decree deal with the reserve— which is to be accumulated to the amount of the average expendi tures of the last three years and maintained at that amount—with other financial matters, and with the dissolution of district sick funds. The decree makes no change in the organization of the various kinds of carriers of the insurance, but provides that sick funds which have their headquarters within the administrative district of the same political provincial authority may for common purposes com bine into federations or join such federations, provided this has been resolved by the funds’ general meetings. In the case of establish ment and miners’ sick funds the consent of the employer is also re quired. As common purposes the decree enumerates the conclusion of common agreements with physicians, pharmacists, and hospitals, the acquisition of curative and therapeutic appliances, the common supervision of sick members, the erection and operation of common hospitals, sanitariums, convalescent homes, and pharmacies, the em ployment of common administrative and supervisory officials, and the compilation of statistics. Such federations of sick funds are to be subject to the supervision of the provincial political authorities and in the next instance to the ministry of the interior, who also approves the by-laws of federations. In connection with the amendment of the sickness insurance law with respect to maternity benefits there has also been amended article 94, paragraph 5 of the Industrial Code (Imperial decree of Jan. 4, 1917, It. G. Bl. No. 7). In its amended form this paragraph provides that women in confinement may not be admitted to regular industrial employment until six weeks (formerly four weeks) after delivery. MINIMUM COST OF LIVING OF WORKMEN’S FAMILIES IN BASEL, SWITZERLAND, Under date of June 14, 1917, the United States consul in Basel, Switzerland, reports that one of the largest ribbon manufacturers in that city, employing about 1,000 adult and juvenile workers of both https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (556) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 145 sexes, lias worked out a table showing the minimum cost of living of workmen’s families. This was done with the object of ascertaining what unemployment benefits would have to be paid to workers if, in case of shortage of raw materials, the factories were compelled to close down. The minimum annual budgets computed by this manu facturer for families of various sizes have been accepted by the municipal authorities for use in case a long suspension of work should compel workers to seek governmental aid. It is generally understood that the funds required to meet the actual needs of the workers during unemployment will be divided between the employers and the Swiss Government. In arriving at the figures shown in the following table, the amount and cost of only the cheapest articles necessary to sustain life and provide comfort were considered. MINIMUM ANNUAL FAMILY BUDGET OF W ORKM EN’S FAM ILIES IN BASEL, SW ITZER. LAND, COMPUTED ON TH E BASIS OF PRICES CU R REN T MAR. 31,1917. Expense item. One One One couple couple couple with 2 w ith 3 One One with 1 children children married single child (2 of 6 and 8 of 6,8,and couple person (2 bread adult years (2 10 years (female). winners). bread adult (2 adult bread winners). bread winners). winners). One couple with 4 children of 8,12,14, and 16 y ears(2 adult and 1 juvenile bread winners). 6.95 854.04 179.10 6.95 2.90 5.79 5.79 15.44 27.02 1.54 2.70 19.30 854.04 212.30 6.95 2.90 5.79 5.79 17.37 28.95 1.54 2.70 19.30 869.48 244.33 8.68 3.86 7.72 9.65 19.30 34.74 1.54 2.70 25.09 869.48 277.92 9.65 4.83 8.6 8 9.65 21.23 36.67 1.54 2.70 27.02 884.92 301.47 11.58 6.75 10.61 10.61 25.09 44.39 1.54 6.17 28.95 179.87 320.57 357.63 427.09 469.37 532.08 R ent ................................................................................... Fnnri (.5 meatless days weekly)................... Sick funds...................................................... W a sh in g ....................................................... Gas ................................................................ W ood and coal............................................... Shoes.............................................................. Clothing......................................................... N ewspapers.................................................... Income ta x ..................................................... Sundries....................... .................................. 846.32 92.25 3.47 1.93 4.83 5.79 6.75 11.58 Total per a n n u m ........................................... WORK OF THE FEDERAL, STATE, AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYMENT OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND PROVINCIAL EMPLOY MENT BUREAUS IN CANADA. Data are presented in the table below for the operations of public employment offices for the month of July, 1917. Following the plan adopted in the M o n t h l y R e v i e w for July, 1917, Federal employment offices are combined in the same table with State and municipal employment offices. Data presented for the United States represent Federal employment offices in 28 States and the District of Colum bia; Federal-State employment offices in 2 States; Federal-Statecounty-municipal employment offices in 1 State; Federal-municipal offices in 1 State; State employment offices in 17 States; State- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (557) 146 M O N TH LY REVIEW OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. county-municipal offices in 1 State; State-municipal offices in 3 States; municipal employment offices in 6 States; municipal employ ment offices in T States, and municipal private employment offices in 1 State. Data for 2 Canadian employment bureaus are shown. OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JU LY, 1916, AND JULY, 1917. U N ITE D STATES. State, city, and kind of office. Alabama: Mobile (Federal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Persons applying for work. Applica Persons asked for tions from em by em New reg Re ployers. ployers. istra newals. tions. P) P) Arkansas: Little Rock (State)— July, 1917.......................................... California: Fresno (municipal)—3 July, 1917.......................................... Los Angeles (Federal)— J u ly ,1916.......................................... J u ly ,1917.......................................... Los Angeles (State-municipal)— July, 1916 3........................................ July, 1917 3........................................ Oakland (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Sacramento (Federal)— July, 1917.......................................... Sacramento (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Sacramento (municipal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... San Diego (Federal)— July, 1916........................................ . J u ly ,1917.......................................... San Francisco (Federal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... San Francisco (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Santa Barbara (Federal)— July, 1917.......................................... 104 P) 0) 2 10 28 1,207 436 P) P) C1) P) 2 0) P) P) P) P) 35 466 501 P) P) P) P) P) P) 102 C1) 3 3 2,647 4,291 4,401 9,409 2,159 2,962 0) 0) 4,478 8,521 4,070 7,637 729 1,319 994 2,476 541 1,232 322 C1) 958 1,554 737 1,227 (U P) 259 C1) 831 1,168 3 3 2 21 340 555 959 1,532 801 1,137 191 266 379 410 63 71 335 702 778 1,331 193 567 P) 379 P) 777 1,067 P) C1) P) 373 21,017 875 (U P) 803 1,259 767 971 412 1,711 21,248 2 1,570 C) C1) 654 1,359 378 1,091 1,295 3,125 2,439 5,857 2,306 4,732 P) 2,416 5,428 1,725 4,064 P) P) P) 0) P) 345 Total: July, 1916................................... July, 1917................................... P) <10,519 s 12,295 Colorado: Colorado Springs (State)— July, 1916.......................................... 1,242 1,025 P) July, 1917.......................................... 771 986 986 Denver (Federal)— July, 1916.......................................... 2 27 3 3 July, 1917.......................................... 2 136 P) P) Denver No. 1 (State)— July, 1916......................................... 374 355 p) July, 1917.......................................... 963 963 648 Denver No. 2 (State)— July, 1916.......................................... 270 346 P) July, 1917.......................................... 893 893 437 Denver (county-municipal)— July, 1917.......................................... (l) P) P) 1Not reported. 3 Includes Los Angeles district, 8 counties, 2 Number applying for work. i One office not reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Posi tions filled. 2 103 P) 3 P) Persons referred to posi tions. (558) 5 8,454 * 16,433 0) 858 P) (!) 8 136 P) 339 P) 249 P) 0) P) (U ) 0 G) 0) C1) P) C1) P) 687 13C 574 394 P) 3Four offices not reported. M O N TH LY REVIEW OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, 147 OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JU LY , 1916, AND JU LY , 1917—Contd. U N ITE D STATES— Continued. State, city, and kind of office. Colorado—Concluded. Pueblo (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... J?4KSons applying for work. Applica Persons tions asked for from em by em New reg ployers. ployers. Re istra newals. tions. Persons referred to posi tions. * G) 502 673 673 533 609 497 G) 0) G) G) July, 1916................................... July, 1917................................... Connecticut: Bridgeport (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Hartford (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... New Haven (State)— July, 1916.......................................... J u ly ,1917.......................................... Norwich (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... W aterbury (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Posi tions filled. 1 951 ¿136 600 (1) 2 391 G) 0) 978 744 31,190 3 885 0) G) G) G) 875 667 G) 0) 776 1,105 31,027 3 1,408 G) G) G) G) 553 889 G) 0) 741 882 3 907 31,103 G) G) G) G) 601 762 (l ) (l ) 230 316 3 248 3 379 G) G) G) G) 224 305 0) (l) 156 189 3159 3196 G) G) G) G) 109 139 (i) G) 2 ,362 July, 1916................................... Julyi 1917................................... 2,762 Delaware: Wilmington (Federal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... 21 15 524 248 3 101 3 147 G) G) 27 119 13 100 District of Columbia: Washington (Federal)— July. 1917.......................................... 177 548 3 427 G) 345 246 200 3 732 3 20 G) G) 515 3 14 3 31 0) (0 2 7 2 7 517 16 517 106 50 106 38 Florida: Jacksonville (Federal)— July, 1916.......................................... July. 1917......................................... Miami (Federal)— J u ly ,1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... G) 1 0) 1 4 2 8 9 July, 1916................................... July, 1917................................... Georgia: Savannah (Federal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Idaho: Boise (municipal)— July. 1917......................................... Moscow (Federal)— . July. 1917......................................... 2 1 106 2,000 3 362 3180 G) ('■) 515 ( i) 47 ■ C) (B 0) G) G) G) 29 29 325 0) 25 25 220 464 1,702 2,708 3 1,096 3 2,203 G) G) 1.050 1,907 1,022 1,716 8,275 3 9,586 G) G) 13,317 13,322 1,304 13,814 3 Number applying for work. 4 One office not reported. 7,781 11,012 July, 1917................................... Illinois: Chicago (Federal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... Chicago (State)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917..................................... 1 Not reported. 2 Four offices not reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0) 4,502 (559) 148 M O N TH LY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JU LY , 1916, AND JU LY , 1917—Contd. U N ITE D STA TES— Continued. State, city, and kind of office. Illinois—Concluded. E ast St. Louis (State)— July, 1916......................................... J u ly ,1917.......................................... Peoria (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917......................................... • Rock Island-Moline (State)— J u ly ,1916.......................................... J u ly ,1917......................................... Rockford (State)— J u ly ,1916......................................... J u ly ,1917.......................................... Springfield (State)— J u ly ,1916......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Persons applying for work. Applica Persons tions asked for from em by em New reg Re ployers. ployers. istra newals. tions. 824 1,518 2,069 2 1,576 492 0) 922 1,246 1,521 2 S23 297 0) 569 767 1,198 779 (>) 544 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 930 1,095 879 828 (l) 1,069 759 1,050 2 702 573 ri) 320 ri) 826 608 756 1,080 1,532 2 895 811 ri) • 233 0) 857 763 791 795 68 L 2 721 495 ri) 347 ri) 670 654 624 ? 1,050 20,073 12,682 16,828 C) ri) 0) ri) 381 355 799 776 460 72 62 154 857 1,031 2S66 2 1,503 677 1,476 766 1,562 566 1,428 279 135 878 608 174 322 ri) 115 672 485 744 737 1,040 660 946 113 125 559 1,558 576 1,484 389 675 39 30 392 600 316 549 211 82 293 293 2,263 44)235 2,037 44'016 40 260 213 0) 79 58 61 53 (’) 364 195 364 195 282 328 145 146 646 523 509 341 627 542 Iowa: Des Moines (State)— July, 1916........................................ July, 1917.......................................... 34 92 105 428 54 235 Kansas: Topeka (State)—■ July, 1910.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... 60 63 72 70 90 81 364 203 364 203 ri) 159 285 408 ri) ri) 0) 360 162 12 27 617 350 Total: July, 1916.............................. July, 1917................................... Louisiana: New Orleans (Federal)— July, 1917......................................... i Not reported. 2 Number applying for work. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 60 1,118 2 273 3 Six offices not reported. (560) ri) 575 744 Total: July, 1916................................... July) 1917................................... Kentucky: Louisville (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917........................................ L oui^ille (municipal-private)— July, 1916....... ............................. July, 1917...................................... Posi tions filled. 468 Total: July, 1916................................... July, 1917................................... Indiana: Evansville (State)— July, 1917......................................... Fort Wayne (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917......................................... Indianapolis (Federal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Indianapolis (State)— July, 1910.......................................... July, 1917............ ............................ South Bend (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917...................................... . Tèrre Haute (State)— July, 1917.......................................... Persons referred to posi tions. ri) 11 4 One office not reported. MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, 149 OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JU LY, 1916, AND JU LY, 1917—Contd. U N ITE D STATES— Continued. S t a t e , c i t y , a n d k i n d o f office. P e r s o n s a p p ly i n g fo r w o r k . A p p lic a P e rso n s a s k e d fo r t io n s f ro m e m b y e m N e w re g R e p lo y e r s . p l o y e r s . istra n e w a ls . tio n s . P erso n s re fe rre d t o p o s i t io n s . P o s i t io n s fille d . M a in e : P o r tla n d ( F e d e ra l)— J u ly , 1917...................................................... 3 8 i 2 (2) 2 M a r y la n d : B a l ti m o r e ( F e d e r a l) — J u l y , 1916........................... .......................... J u ly , 1917...................................................... 42 64 110 205 i 156 285 (2) ( 2) 192 346 180 266 7 138 141 1,427 i 54 i 2 ,7 4 0 (2) (2) 14 1,509 14 609 2,065 2,0 1 6 2,309 2,368 3 1,185 8 1 ,6 8 9 (2) (2) 4 3 ,052 4 3,774 1,396 1,496 (2) (2) (2) (2) 990 1,004 1,282 1,492 3 665 783 (2) (2) 4 1,598 4 1,768 981 1,068 975 972 1,246 1,258 3 507 3 630 (2) ( 2) 4 1,210 4 1,350 639 713 5,8 7 4 * 8, 401 5 3 ,880 (2) ( 2) 128 275 126 275 (2) (2) 116 101 109 88 M a s s a c h u s e tts : B o s lo n ( F e d e r a l ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... B o s to n ( S ta te ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1 9 1 7 .................................................... N e w B e d f o r d (S e d e r a i ) — J u l y , 1917...................................................... S p r in g f ie ld ( S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... W o r c e s te r ( S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1 9 1 7 ................................................... T o t a l: J u l y , 1916 .......................................... J u l y ’ 1917............................................. M ic h ig a n : B a t t l e C re e k ( S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... B a y C i ty ( S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... D e tro it ( F e d e ra l)— J u l y , 1916........................... i . ..................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... D e tro it ( S ta te ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... F l in t ( S ta te ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... G ra n d R a p id s ( S ta te ) — J u l y , 1916..................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... J a c k s o n ( S ta te ) — J u l y , 1916..................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... K a la m a z o o ( S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... L a n s in g ( S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... M u sk eg o n ( S ta te ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... S a g in a w ( S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... S a u l t S te . M a rie ( F e d e r a l ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... (2) (2) 3 ,0 3 0 110 99 293 275 i 146 275 62 73 250 237 i 116 117 153 26 1,269 2S9 i 1,072 4G0 (2) (2) 1,063 106 1,044 103 1,179 1,200 5 ,196 6 ,409 i 5,151 6 ,880 (2) (2) 5,151 (2) 5,151 6 ,434 437 644 1,028 1,246 i 918 137 (2) ( 2) 918 (2) 918 834 512 747 929 898 i 1,008 858 (2) (2) 994 (2) 991 819 341 472 837 793 i 806 694 (2) (2) 806 676 793 654 464 210 480 347 i 464 397 ( 2) (2) 464 321 464 301 88 134 247 448 i 216 356 (2) (2) 204 341 197 341 40 49 337 212 i 220 151 (2) (2) 220 127 204 127 156 129 1,018 650 i 861 488 (2) 861 488 861 (2) 8 81 125 (2) (2) 64 63 34 33 10,987 8 10,497 10,924 3 l 77 57 ' 488 T o t a l: J u l y ' 1917............................................. 4 Number of offers of positions, s One office not reported. 6 Three offices not reported. 1 Number applying for work. 2 Not reported. 3 Number who were registered. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (561) 2,329 150 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. O P E R A T I O N S O F P U B L I C E M P L O Y M E N T O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1 9 1 7 - C o n t d . U N IT E D S t a t e , c it y , a n d k i n d o f office. M in n e s o ta : D u lu th ( S ta te ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... M in n e a p o lis ( F e d e r a l ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... M in n e a p o lis ( S ta t e ) — J u l y , 1917...................................................... • S t. P a u l ( S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... S T A T E S — C o n tin u e d . P e r s o n s a p p ly i n g fo r w o rk . A p p lic a P e rso n s t io n s a s k e d fo r f ro m e m b y e m N e w reg p lo y e r s . p lo y e r s . R e istra n e w a ls . tio n s . (l ) 0) 0) 6) C1) (l ) 118 21 128 21 2 70 17 0) 0) P erso n s re fe rre d t o p o s i t io n s . 60 3 0) 0) 0) (») C1) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) 0) (0 0) (0 0) 0) T o t a l: J u l y , 1916............................................. J u l y , 1917............................................. M is s o u ri: K a n s a s C i ty ( F e d e r a l- S t a te ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... S t. J o s e p h ( S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... S t. L o u is ( F e d e r a l - S t a t e ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... 1 1 1 6 2 47 2 36 C) C) 511 1,012 1,550 2 ,792 2 1,428 1,354 0) C1) 1,293 1,288 1,615 21,020 1,005 0) 14 342 117 6 ,406 2 200 2 2,267 0) . (*) 300 0) 3 60 3 ( ') 1,351 1,058 3 go 33 0) 1 4 712 2’ 374 0) 1,047 4 2,169 826 2 ,008 010 0) 1,613 1,019 1,101 50 2 ,0 1 2 45 1,997 5 1 097 5 ,7 9 6 b, 106 1 son 350 439 450 2 526 6) (1) 0) 3 2 27 0) 0) (D 0) 0) (*) (l ) (l ) « ( ') 0) 0) C1) 0) 1 968 T o t a l: J u l y , 1916............................................. J u l y , 1917............................................. M o n ta n a : B u t t e ( m u n i c ip a l ) — J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... H e l e n a ( F e d e r a l) — J u l y , 1916.................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... 1.203 1,313 0) G) 0) M is s is s ip p i: G u lfp o rt ( F e d e ra l)— J u l y , 1916...................................................... J u l y , 1917...................................................... P o s i t io n s f ille d . 460 8 350 379 T o t a l: J u l y , 1916............................................. J u l y , 1917............................................. N e b ra sk a: L i n c o ln ( m u n i c ip a l ) — J u l y , 1917...................................................... O m a h a ( F e d e r a l - S ta t e - c o u n ty - m u n ic i P a l) ~ J u l y , 1917.................................................... t 878 1,537 735 104 745 2 S16 440 1,192 952 690 681 T o ta l: J u l y , 1916............................................. J u ly , 1917............................................. N evada: R e n o ( F e d e ra l)— J u l y , 1917...................................................... 0) 1 N o t re p o rte d . 2 N u m b e r a p p l y i n g fo r w o r k . 3 T w o offices n o t r e p o r t e d . \ N o t i n c l u d i n g 3,371 h a r v e s t h a n d s r e f e r r e d t o p o s it io n s b y t h e K a n s a s C i ty o ffice a n d i t s a g e n ts in M itc h e ll, S . D a k .; S io u x C i ty , I o w a ; a n d W i c h i t a , K a n s . 5 O n e o ffice n o t r e p o r t e d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (562) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. O P E R A T IO N S O F P U B L IC 151 E M P L O Y M E N T O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n td . UNITED STATES— C ontinued. State, city, and kind of office. New Hampshire: Manchester (Federal)— July, 1917.......................................... New Jersey: Jersey City (Federal)— July, Ì917......................................... Newark (Federal)— July, 1917.........: .............................. Orange (Federal)— J u ly ,1917......................................... Persons applying for work. Applica Persons asked for tions from em by em New reg Re ployers. ployers. istra newals. tions. 0) (!) C1) O Persons referred to posi tions. Posi tions ffiied. (0 0) (>) (B C1) 0) (l) 0) (’) 0) (!) C1) 0) 0) 0) 0) (]) 0) 0) 0) ! J u ly ,1917................................... New Mexico: Albuquerque (Federal)— J u ly ,1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... New York: Albany (State)— J u ly ,1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... Buffalo (Federal)— J u lv ,1916...................................... J u ly ,1917......................................... Buffalo (State)— J u ly ,1916...................................... J u ly ,1917......................................... New York City (Federal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917................. ....................... New York City (State)— J u ly ,1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... New York City (municipal)— July, 1916...................................... July, 1917......................................... Rochester ( State)—• J u ly ,1916......................................... J u ly ,1917......................................... Syracuse (State)— J u ly ,1916......................................... J u ly ,1917...................................... Total* J u ly ,1916............................... July, 1917................................... Ohio: Akron (State-municipal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Athens (State-municipal)— July, 1917.......................................... Canton (State-municipal)— J u lv ,1917...................................... Chillieothe (State-municipal)— J u ly ,1917...................................... Cincinnati (State-municipal)— July, 1916.................................... J u ly ,1917.......................................... Cleveland ( Federal)— J u ly ,1916.......................................... J u ly ,1917.......................................... Cleveland (State-municipal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Columbus (State-municipal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917.......................................... 1 Not reported. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 0) (0 23 0) (') 0) 545 807 770 1,145 452 572 93 1.217 850 1, OSS 2 698 2 1,550 836 1,240 1,564 1,660 917 1,367 245 4,187 956 7,639 2 1,128 7,807 1,287 1,798 1,863 2,917 1,166 1,703 1,944 2,150 2,157 2,350 1,079 1,871 554 1,357 (B (») 176 298 0) 0) 651 880 384 606 694 2,128 517 1,594 1,402 2,103 1,052 1.598 510 5,407 494 3,809 475 739 1,984 2,869 1,085 1,934 2,18.8 2,598 O) 1,730 3,048 3.279 1,800 2,042 1,860 2, 882 717 1,481 114 417 1,335 2,398 663 1,491 703 1,852 399 940 56 252 616 1,648 501 1,251 10 240 20,772 6,496 14,325 1,573 2,370 1,311 2, 061 1.951 3,240 0) O) 0) 0) 627 1,174 (B U) 61 172 (') 0) 1,314 1,796 (i) 144 109 48 90 75 0) 531 613 277 595 351 (>) 7,595 8,034 57 7,370 7,124 0 ) 1.564 2, 210 1,221 2,892 2,509 3, 787 1.387 2,191 932 1,504 201 217 2 125 2 129 88 87 12 30 7, 297 8,042 2,809 3,811 6,335 7,528 5,202 5,966 2,227 2, 732 1,827 2,217 0) 21 34 (i) O) 0) 0 ) 6,661 8,018 892 1,892 2,826 1,168 2,595 3,243 2 Number applying for work. (0 0) (563) 152 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS, O P E R A T IO N S O F P U B L IC E M P L O Y M E N T O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n td . U N IT E D S T A T E S— C o n t i n u e d . State, city, and kind of office. Ohio—Concluded. Dayton (State-municipal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... Hamilton (State-municipal)— July, 1917......................................... Lima (State-municipal)— J u ly ,1917........................................ Mansfield (State-municipal)— J u ly ,1917.......................................... Marietta (State-municipal)— July, 1917.......................................... Marion (State-municipal)— July, 1917.......................................... Portsm outh (State-municipal)— July, 1917.......................................... Springfield (State-municipal)— July, 1917.......................................... Steubenville (State-municipal)— J u ly ,1917......................................... Tiffin (State-municipal)— July, 1917........................................ Toledo (State-municipal)— July, 1 9 1 6 ................................... July, 1917................................ Washington C. IT. (State-municipal)— July, 1917.......................... Youngst'own (State-municipal)— July, 1916...................................... J u ly ,1917................................... Zanesville (State-municipal)— July, 1917....................................... Central office (State-municipal)— July, 1917............................... Persons applying for work. Applica Persons tions asked for from em by em New reg ployers. ployers. Re istra newals. tions. 1,069 1,786 (l) C) 677 1,813 1,032 1,738 130 358 31 127 88 521 557 141 463 399 G) 187 201 67 174 119 0) 207 221 106 193 149 G) 388 396 169 331 196 G) 280 929 167 231 106 C) 350 603 160 222 161 (>) 711 393 311 581 466 0) 268 208 111 201 155 0) (■) 5,118 3,675 1,386 1,794 1,747 3,154 2,438 3,333 2,068 2,711 G) 194 222 117 175 138 G) G) 1,240 2,124 685 1,197 1,034 1,514 1,183 2,028 1,051 1,852 (') 153 292 91 141 80 6) 29 1,839 108 29 26 2 16 145 32,868 27'453 0) (l) 236 272 225 0) 146 289 266 (0 0) 298 263 582 G) 325 G) G) 318 178 256 239 588 809 (B 688 0) 0) 685 4^6 612 905 870 1 917 0) 1,586 0) 0) 1,373 767 1,227 (i) 2,612 1 653 2’320 0) 6) 258 16 134 70 (!) 13 11 1,224 2,218 2,589 6,766 3 2,512 3 4,978 (') (D 2,454 5,041 2,309 4,789 0) 2,757 2,589 6,817 266 83 (M G) 0) (l) 2,401 5,484 July, 1916................................... July, 1917................................... 4 2,454 4 5*054 1N o t r e p o r t e d . 2F i f t e e n o ffic es n o t r e p o r t e d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis <817 1,479 G) TotalJuly, 1916................................... July, 1917................................... Oregon: Astoria (Federal)— July 3917................... Portland (Federal)— Ju ly ,1916.......................... . July, 1917............................ Portland (municipal)— July, 1916................................... July, 1917................................... 914 1,674 Posi tions filled. 0) Total: July, 1916............................. . J u ly ,1917.............................. Oklahoma— Enid (State)— July, 1916................................. July, 1917......... ............................... Muskogee (State)— July, 1916................... July, 1917................................... Oklahoma City (State)— July, 1916................................. July, 1917..................................... Tulsa (State)— July, 1916.......................... July, 1917.................................... Persons referred to posi tions. s N u m b e r a p p l y i n g fo r w o r k . O n e o ffic e n o t r e p o r t e d . 4 (564) 4 710 10,284 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. O P E R A T IO N S O F P U B L IC E M P L O Y M E N T O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n td . U N ITED STATES— State, city, and kind of office. Pennsylvania: Altoona (State)— July, 1916.......................................... J u ly ,1917.......................................... Harrisburg (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.. ..................................... Johnstown (State)— July, 1916......................................... Julyj 1917.......................................... Philadelphia (Federal)— J u ly ,1916.......................................... July' 1917 ........................................ Philadelphia (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Pittsburgh (Federal)— J u ly ,1916.......................................... July' 1917.......................................... Pittsburgh (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July' 1917.......................................... C o n tin u e d . Persons applying for “work. Applicar Persons lions asked for from em by em New reg ployers. ployers. Re istra newals. tions. 21 238 90 47 50 493 465 546 93 86 213 Posilions filled. 37 77 32 58 159 405 72 115 191 477 181 453 226 199 41 108 15 12 49 117 45 98 588 2,062 2 302 2 1,253 288 1,047 224 933 323 591 1,099 787 1,222 551 1,059 507 956 15 54 196 1,250 2 505 2 360 273 330 246 205 219 2,233 1, OOS 749 459 168 137 562 501 512 460 ________ 1,951 3,608 1,747 3,163 (0 G) G) Total: July, 1916................................... July, 1917................................... _____ Rhode Island: Providence (Federal)— J u ly ,1917.......................................... Providence (State)— July, 1916.......................................... July' 1917.......................................... G) Persons referred to posi tions. 53 G) 6) 153 G) (!) 199 359 G) 6) 151 39 547 483 321 223 311 346 194 281 South Carolina: Charleston (Federal)— July, 1916.......................................... Julyi 1917.......................................... 1 38 2 97 0) 169 169 South Dakota: Huron (Federal-State)— July, 1916.......................................... July' 1917.......................................... 60 3,691 1,270 '132 G) G) 1,270 120 1 270 126 G) 1,257 948 393 350 393 281 Tennessee: Memphis (Federal)— July, 1917.......................................... Texas: Dallas (municipal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917........................................ El Paso (Federal)— July, 1916.............................'........... Julw 1917......................................... Fort W orth (municipal)— J u ly ,1918........................................ July, 1917......................................... Galveston (Federal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917......................................... Houston ( Federal)— July, 1916............ .......... ................. Julyj 1917......................................... 1 1,700 2 1,284 177 157 393 301 46 72 re p o rte d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 6) 118 137 7 10 G) 47 21 373 548 330 1,311 5 3 6 3 234 33 G) G) 29 G) 6) G) G) 0) 0) G) G) G) 315 347 307 342 11 13 9 11 G) G) 8 719 8 710 2 N u m b e r a p p ly i n g fo r w o r k . (565) 108 311 346 G) G) G) G) G) 121 112 Total: July, 1916................................... July' 1917.............................. 1N ot n i1) G) 0) 0) 0) 8 T w o offices n o t r e p o r t e d . G) G) 8 709 8 634 -—=3 154 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. O P E R A T I O N S O F P U B L I C E M P L O Y M E N T C F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n c lu d e d . UNITED STATES— State, city, and kind of office. Persons applying for work. Applica Persons asked for tions from em by em New reg Re ployers. ployers. istra newals. tions. Virginia: Norfolk (Federal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917......... ............................... Richmond (municipal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Total: July, 1916............................... July, 1917.................. Washington: Aberdeen (Federal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... Bellingham (Federal-municipal)— July, 1916......................................... J u ly ,1917......................................... Everett (Federal)— July, 1917.............. Everett (municipal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... Kennewich (Federal)— July, 1917................... ...................... North Yakima (Federal)— July, 1916......................................... J u ly ,1917......................................... Seattle (Federal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... Seattle (municipal)— J u ly ,1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... Spokane (Federal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917......................................... Spokane (municipal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917.................................... . Sumner (Federal)— July, 1917......................................... Tacoma (Federal-municipal)— July, 1916..... ................................... July, 1917......................................... Walla Walla (Federal)— J u ly ,1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Total: July, 1916................................... July, 1917................................... Wisconsin: La Crosse (State-municipal)— July, 1916.......................................... J u ly ,1917.......................................... Madison (Federal)— July, 1917................... ...................... Milwaukee (State-county-municipal)— July, 1916......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Oshkosh (State-municipal)— J u ly ,1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Superior (State-municipal)— July, 1916.......................................... July, 1917.......................................... Total: July, 1916................................... July, 1917.................................. 1N u m b e r a p p ly in g 2N o t re p o rte d . https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C o n tin u e d . Persons referred to posi tions. Posi tions filled. 17 20 182 1217 i 114 137 (2) (2) 42 85 22 18 288 324 691 453 711 472 (2) (2) 795 554 396 232 837 639 418 250 20 6 92 23 i 226 i 37 (2) (2) 92 23 92 23 198 174 334 780 i 297 i 407 (2) (2) 289 348 255 328 60 (2) (2) (2) C-) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) 438 272 (2) (2) (2) 538 549 925 1,257 i 883 1 1,590 (2) (2) 728 1,107 696 1,034 150 186 S29 1,308 i 1,317 i 1,949 (2) (2) 456 791 416 762 3,347 4,050 6,471 6,819 (2) (2) 6,497 6,824 6,009 6,143 74 111 580 654 (2) (2) 511 631 511 627 2,229 1,890 4,610 2,570 (2) (2) 4,075 2,524 3,929 2,422 (2) (2) i 639 i 743 (2) (2) (2) 70 760 i 654 (2) 654 654 530 608 2,529 1,840 i 1,165 i 1,664 (2) (2) 1,08a 1,860 1,065 1,821 209 555 390 775 i 490 i 1,040 (2) (2) 382 601 375 560 313,030 313 503 1 12 721 4 12 825 198 199 72 115 175 193 293 210 i 262 255 (2) (2) 1,392 6,170 i 4,774 (2) 4,725 4,267 1,998 2,415 3,775 5,160 i 2,697 i 4,474 (2) (2) 2,627 4,627 2,009 3,354 164 60 305 165 i 181 i 162 (2) (2) 152 135 123 103 439 533 1,331 1,644 i 907 i 1,496 (2) (2) 988 1,626 674 873 3 965 11312 2 878 8’ 712 fo r w o r k . a O n e o ffice n o t r e p o r t e d . < T h r e e o ffic es n o t r e p o r t e d . • (566) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 155 O P E R A T I O N S O F P U B L I C E M P L O Y M E N T O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n c lu d e d . CANADA. State, city, and kind of office. Quebec: Montreal (provincial)— July, 1917..................... ............ Quebec (provincial)— Julv, 1916...................................... July, 1917.......................................... Persons applying for work. Applica Persons tions asked for from em by em New reg ployers. ployers. Re istra newals. tions. 330 (2) (2) 874 1 422 (2) 622 214 409 152 260 (2) (2) 141 ISO Total: Julv, 1916.................................. July," 1917................................... 1 Number applying for work. Persons referred to posi tions. 3141 802 2 Not reported. Posi tions filled. 528 (2) (2) (2) 8 528 3 One office not reported. FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES. The proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the American Association of Public Employment Offices, held in Buffalo, July 20 and 21, 1916, have just appeared as Bulletin 220 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. The purpose of this association is to study the administrative details of the employment business, and seek to improve methods and secure uniformity and cooperation among the employment offices of the country. The association is composed of men actively engaged in managing or administering employment business. Through its efforts systems of records and methods of management have been improved and made more uniform, and in some cases the officers of the association have assisted in drafting public employment office laws. Two important developments of the fourth annual meeting were (1) the adoption of two resolutions, one placing the association on record in favor of the establishment of a national employment bureau, and the other requesting the United States Commissioner of Labor Statistics to edit and publish as a bulletin the proceedings of the meeting; and (2) the selection of a committee on standardization, with the United States Commissioner of Labor Statistics as chair man, for the purpose of drawing up a system of uniform records and formulating standard definitions of terms and methods of work which can be used in all the offices throughout the country, to the end that there shall be uniformity in the figures and reports from all the States. It is the duty of this committee to select from all the systems and methods now in use the best and most efficient, and its report at the next annual meeting at Milwaukee on September 20 and 21, 1917, will be the most important matter on which the associa tion will have to act. 8S09°—IT- 11 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (567) 156 M O N TH LY REVIEW OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. An address was made by Hon. Royal Meeker, United States Com missioner of Labor Statistics, on “ What records should be kept by public employment offices and how they should be used.” He em phasized the necessitiy of keeping such records as, when published, will give the public accurate and complete information as to the work done by the public employment offices throughout the country and the cost of conducting these offices. At present this is difficult, owing to lack of standardization of methods of keeping records. The desirability of uniform definitions, standards, and forms was strongly urged. The Secretary of Labor, Lion. AY. B. AYiIson, in an address on a national system of employment offices, discussed the urgent need for public employment offices and showed the advantage which could be secured by a national employment bureau cooperating with State and municipal bureaus, and helping to coordinate the work between the different States and cities of the country. Other addresses at the conference dwelt upon the importance of business efficiency in public employment offices; the desirability of cooperation among Federal, State, and city employment bureaus; the advantages to be gained by creating a national labor reserve board to organize all the employment offices in the country into one system of labor exchanges and put into effect the remedies that may be found for unemployment; the needs of the women’s department of public employment offices and the special problems to lie met therein; and the relation between labor organizations and public employment offices and how they may be mutually helpful. Yocational education and its bearing upon employment problems were given consideration in addresses covering such subjects as vocational education and juve nile placement departments, vocational guidance as a public school function, vocational guidance and the juvenile placement work of a public labor exchange, and cooperation between employers and the schools in vocational guidance. WORK OF FREE LABOR EXCHANGES IN OHIO, 1915-18. The work of the seven free labor exchanges of Ohio for the year ending June 30, 1916, is recorded in the report No. 27 of the depart ment of statistics and information of the Ohio Industrial Commission, issued at Columbus under date of December 15, 1916. This report states that the fiscal year covered by the data presented has been one of unusual industrial activity, that the number employed by the industries of the State has been increased by many thousands, that wages, particularly for the unskilled and transient workers, have https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (568) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 157 advanced, and that unemployment, as a serious problem, has been reduced to a minimum. The daily average number of persons seeking employment through the free labor exchanges during' the year ending June 30, 1916, was 1,141, as compared with a daily average of 1,101 for the year ending .Tune 30, 1915. Of the 1,141 applicants, approximately one-third (an average of 363) were new registrations. Employers requested through the free labor exchanges an average of 674 persons per day, as compared with a daily average of 248 applications for help for the year ending June 30, 1915. During the period covered by this report an average of 566 per day were referred to positions and 463 were placed at work, as com pared with an average of 240 referred and 203 placed during the fiscal year 1914-15. The total figures showing the work of the seven offices and the per cent of increase during 1915-1916 as compared with the figures for the preceding year are as follows: W ORK OF TH E SEVEN F R E E LABOR EXCHANGES IN OHIO FOR T H E YEARS ENDING JU N E 30,1915 AND 1916, SHOWING P E R CENT OF INCREASE IN T H E L A TTER PER IO D . Year ending June 30— Item. 1915 New registrations........................................................................... Renewals........................................................................................... Total applicants for work............................................................ Number requested by employers.................................................... Number referred to positions".......................................................... Number reported placed................................................................... 93,780 243,068 336^ 848 75,840 73,523 62,237 1916 110,749 2371244 347,993 2051558 17ll 520 1411253 Per cent of increase. 18. J 12.4 3.3 171.0 133.3 127.0 1 Decrease. In this connection attention is directed to the fact that there was a large increase during the year 1915-16 in the number requested by employers, but no corresponding increase in the number of appli cants. The 141,253 reported placed is 40.6 per cent of the total num ber of applicants for work and 68.7 per cent of the number requested by employers, while in the preceding year only 18.6 per cent of the total number of applicants were placed, this number equaling 82.1 per cent of the number requested by employers. Approximately 74 per cent of the applicants were males and 26 per cent were females, but of those reported placed, 66.2 per cent were males and 33.8 per cent were females. The report notes a slight in crease as compared with the preceding year in the per cent of skilled workers and factory employees and a decrease in the per cent of laborers and day workers reported placed in positions. Tiius in 1914—15, 15.1 per cent of the males reported placed were skilled workers and factory employees and 73.4 per cent were laborers and day workers, while during the year following the per cents were 16.8 and 69.6, respectively. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (569) 158 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. Among females the per cent of those placed in general housework decreased from 12.3 in 1914-15 to 7.7 in 1915-16, while the per cent of those placed as factory workers and in sewing trades decreased from 8.8 per cent to 6.4 in the same period. There was a slight in crease in the number placed as hotel and restaurant workers and as day workers, including laundresses—from 66.7 to 70.4 per cent. Beginning in March, 1916, a record of the better grade permanent placements was kept in each office, and during the four months ending June 30, 1916, a total of 681 males were reported as having been placed in positions paying 35 cents or more per hour, $18 or more per week, or $75 or more per month; and 175 females were reported as having been placed in positions paying 174 cents or more per hour, $9 or more per week, or $40 or more per month. Of the men the largest number, 284, or 41.7 per cent, were placed in building trades, and of the women, 56, or 32 per cent, were given employment as book keepers, stenographers, and office clerks. The salaries of the men so placed ranged up to $2,400 per year; those of the women up to $960 per year. The following summary statement shows for the full year the number and per cent of the total placed in each occupation as taken from the regular daily reports: Of the 93,537 males placed— 51,385, or 54.9 per cent, were laborers. 12,517, or 13.4 per cent, were day workers (men employed on odd jobs lasting only a few days, a day, or part of a day). 4,2S0, or 4.6 per cent, were employed in skilled building trades. 2,953, or 3.2 per cent, were farm and dairy hands and gardeners. 2,351, or 2.5 per cent, were employed in skilled metal trades. Of the 47,716 females placed— 33,607, or 70.4 per cent, were day workers and laundresses. 4,239, or 8.9 per cent, were engaged in hotel and restaurant work. 3,690, or 7.7 per cent, were engaged in general housework. 3.072, or 6.4 per cent, were engaged in factory work, including the sewing trades. The report notes 38 private employment agencies in operation on June 30, 1916, and states that 20 prosecutions were brought for abuses in connection with employment. Ten of these cases were for operating offices without licenses and the other 10 were for job selling, that is, a practice by which an applicant is required to pay a foreman a fee for employment and in many instances to continue such payments during employment so that the job may be retained and desirable work secured. A report on job selling in industrial establishments in Ohio has been issued by the Industrial Commission (Rept. No. 24) and was reviewed in the M onthly R eview for October, 1916 (pp. 411-415). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (570) M O N TH LY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 159 EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN JULY, 1917. The figures presented have been compiled by the Bureau of Labor Statistics from reports from representative establishments in 13 industries. A comparison of the figures in the first table below shows that there were increases in the number of employees in 7 and decreases in 6 of the 13 industries in the month of July, 1917, as compared with July, 1916. The iron and steel industry shows an increase of 12 per cent, which was the largest increase, and the silk industry shows the greatest decrease, which was 4.2 per cent. The other industries show changes between these two extremes. Each industry covered by the inquiry shows a greater amount of money paid to employees in July, 1917, than in July, 1916. Iron and steel leads with an increase of 40.7 per cent, closely followed by automobile manufacturing with an increase of 33.4 per cent. The following table shows the facts for each industry: COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS IN JULY, 1916, AND JU LY, 1917. Industry. Estab lish ments to which in quiries were sent. Boots and shoos................ Cotton manufacturing. . . . Cotton finishing................ Hosiery and underwear... W oolen............................... Silk..................................... Men’s ready-made clothing................................... Iron and steel.................... Car bunding and repairing Cigar manufacturing......... Automobile inanufacturing................................... Leather m anufacturing. . . Paper making.................. 85 89 19 82 56 64 86 142 78 104 67 44 82 Estab lish ments rePeriod port of pay ing for roll. July, both years. 70 59 16 51 48 36 1 week.. ....d o __ __ do__ __ do__ __ do__ 2 weeks. 39 1 week.. 104 i month. 22 __ do__ 54 1 w eek.. Number on pay roll in July— 1916 1917 61,539 48,521 11, 352 27, 872 40,162 11,813 59,284 49, 275 11,316 27,461 41,163 11,322 26,141 28,013 176,921 198,184 22,082 22,057 16,429 16,962 36 __ do__ 90,942 31 __ do__ 14,799 43 ___do__ 22,135 92,354 14,596 22,953 Per cent of in crease ( + ) oxde crease (-). Amount of pay roll in July— Per cent of increase (+ ) or de crease (-). 1916 1917 797,683 447,502 130,497 255,729 475,132 227,447 833,025 562,204 154,495 329; 929 611', 543 238; 201 + 4.4 +25.6 + 18.4 + 29.0 + 28.7 + 4.7 + 7.2 386, 732 477,371 + 12.0 5,902,301 8,304,098 - . 1 877,545 '935;514 + 3.2 171,331 201,422 +23.4 +40. 7 + 6.6 + 17.6 + 1.6 1,615,257 2,154,737 - 1.4 198,872 221,671 + 3.7 300,491 358,209 +33.4 + 11.5 + 19.2 - 3 .7 + 1.6 - .3 - 1.5 + 2.5 - 4.2 The number of employees actually working on the last full day of the reported pay-roll period in July, 1917, and July, 1916, was re ported by a comparatively small number of establishments and this fact should be borne in mind when studying the next table. Six of the 13 industries reporting show increases, while 7 show decreases. Here iron and steel leads, the increase being 15.1 per cent, while the greatest decrease, 14.9 per cent, is shown by cotton finishing. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (571) 160 M O N TH LY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. COMPARISON OF EM PLOYM ENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS ON LAST FU LL DAY’S OPERATION IN JU LY, 1916, AND JULY, 1917. Establish ments re porting for July, both years. Industry. Boots and shoes.................. Cotton manufacturing....... Cotton finishing.................. Hosiery and underwear__ Woolen................................ Silk...................................... Men’s ready-made clothing. I ro n a n d s te e l.. .............. . Car building and repairing. Cigar manufacturing........... Automobile manufacturing Leather manufacturing__ Paper m aking..................... 16 36 9 13 31 19 5 80 20 17 16 13 11 Period of pay roll. 1 week__ ...d o ......... . . .d o ......... . . .d o ......... .d o ......... 2 w eeks... 1 week__ * m o n th .. . . -do......... 1 week__ ..- d o ......... .. .d o ......... .. -do......... N u m b e r a c tu a lly working on last full day of reported pay Per cent of increase period in July— (+ ) or de crease ( —). 1916 1917 8,766 26,417 6,136 10,126 30,483 6,950 617 123,656 16,733 3,935 46,141 8,974 7,160 7,655 27,681 5,221 10,698 32,354 6,571 601 142,306 16,759 3,666 47,584 8,410 7,127 -12.7 + 4.8 -14.9 + 5.6 + 6.1 - 5.5 - 2.6 + 15.1 + .2 - 6.8 + 3.1 - 6.3 - .5 In comparing the figures for July, 1917, with those for June, 1917, an increase in the number of employees is shown in 5 and a decrease in 8 of the 13 industries reporting. The decreases here are probably m part due to the July pay-roll period including vacation and stock taking time. The greatest increase is 3.1 per cent shown by car building and repairing, and the greatest decrease is 5.5 per cent, shown by automobile manufacturing. An increase in the amount of the pay roll is shown in three of the industries reporting and a decrease is shown in ten of them. Men’s ready-made clothing shows the greatest increase, which is 4.8 per cent, and boots and shoes and cotton finishing show a decrease of 7.4 per cent, which is the greatest decline. COMPARISON OF EM PLOYM ENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS IN JU N E, 1917 AND JU LY, 1917. Industry. Establishments to which inqui ries were sent. Es tab lishments re port ing for June and July. 85 89 19 82 56 64 86 67 58 16 51 45 37 38 Boots and shoes................ Cotton m anufacturing___ Cotton finishing................ Hosiery and underwear... Woolen........................... . Silk..................................... Men’s ready-made clothmg. , Iron and steel.................... Car building and repairing Cigar manufacturing......... Automobile manufacturmg. Leather m anufacturing... Paper m aking................... https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 142 78 104 07 44 82 Number on pay roil in— Period of pay roll. June, 1917. July, 1917. 1 w eek.. . - .d o ___ -. .do ___ . - -do___ .. .d o ___ 2 weeks. 1 w eek.. 58,904 57,193 47,635 47,838 14,211 13,679 28,193 27,772 40,743 40,784 13,112 13,092 29,370 -28,076 108 4 month. 25 - - .d o ___ 61 1 w eek.. 34 ...d o ___ 207,133 208,860 23,703 24,516 19,852 19,877 99,606 93,985 30 . . .d o ---- 14,307 43 . . -do___ 23,664 (572) 14,139 22,953 Ter cent of in crease (+ ) or de crease (-)• Amount of pay roll in— Per cent of in crease (+ ) or de crease (-)■ June, 1917. July, 1917. 856,472 545,159 212,269 314,567 601,276 304,930 457,333 792,750 546,279 196,654 308,496 606,396 287,423 479,305 + + + 7.4 .2 7.4 1.9 .9 5.7 4.8 + .8 9,453,681 8,817,749 +3.4 885,193 825, 701 245, 801 242, 737 - 5 .5 2,280,063 2,194,602 - 6.7 6.7 1.2 3.7 - 2 .9 + .4 - 3 .7 - 1 .5 + .1 - .2 -4 .4 - 1 .2 - 3 .0 222,228 369,436 215,283 358,209 - 3.1 - 3.0 M O N TH LY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 161 Only 54 per cent of the establishments reporting stated the number of employees actually working on the last full day of the pay-roll period which should be considered when studying the table below. COMPARISON OP EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS ON LAST FU L L DAY’S OPERATION IN JU N E, 1917, AND JU LY , 1917. Industry. Boots and shoes.................. Cotton m anufacturing....... Cotton finishing.................. Hosiery and underwear__ Woolen................................. Silk....................................... Men’s ready-made clothing. Iron and steel...................... Car building and repairing. Cigar manufacturing.......... Automobile manufacturing Leather manufacturing__ Paper m aking..................... Establish ments reporting for June and July. 24 41 11 13 38 22 8 85 25 23 18 12 11 Period of pay roll. N u m b er a c tu a lly working on last full day of re ported pay period in June, 1917. July, 1917. 13 278 31,598 9,340 10,602 33,362 9,253 11,390 147,835 21,427 5,514 57,355 8,354 6,856 12,722 31,629 8,320 10,528 33,358 8,692 11,319 153,617 21,934 5,499 54,818 7,960 7,127 1 week__ - ..d o ......... .. .do.......... ...d o ......... - - -do......... 2 weeks. . . 1 week___ J m onth... - - -do......... 1 week___ ...d o .......... .. -do......... . . .do......... Per cent of increase (+ ) or de crease ( —). - 4.2 4- . 1 -10.9 - .7 -(i) - 6.1 - .6 + 3.9 + 2.4 - .3 - 3.9 - 4.7 + 4.0 1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. CHANGES IN W AGE R A TE S. Changes in wage rates during the period of June 15 to July 15, 1917, were reported by 54 establishments in 12 of the 13 industries covered. Many of the establishments reporting failed to answer the inquiry as to whether any changes in wage rates had been made dur ing the period. Of the 54 changes indicated, 53 were increases and 1 was a slight decrease. Out of 108 establishments in the iron and steel industry reporting volume of employment data for the months of June and July, 1917, 21 reported that increases had been made in wages during the period. One establishment reported an increase of 22 per cent to two-thirds of its employees; one reported 20 per cent increase to all employees; four reported 14.6 per cent to about one-third of their employees; four reported 10.9 per cent to 43, 45, 47, and 54 per cent of all employees, respectively; one reported 10 per cent to all employees, while another reported 10 per cent to all tonnage men, which con stituted about 40 per cent of the entire force ; one reported 9 per cent to all employees; five establishments reported increases ranging between 5 per cent and 7 per cent to various parts of their forces, while one reported 3.7 per cent to all unskilled labor. One estab lishment reported an increase of 25 cents per turn for the furnace men, mechanics, locomotive crews, and locomotive crane crews, and 15 cents per turn for laborers. One reported an increase of 2^ cents per hour for all laborers and mechanical department employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (573) 162 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. Four establishments out of a total of 59 reporting in cotton manu facturing show changes in the wage rates. One establishment re ported an increase of 10 per cent and one an increase of 5 per cent for all employees; one establishment reported a 10 per cent bonus for full time and one changed a 5 per cent bonus to a regular increase. Four of the 36 establishments reporting in the automobile indus try report changes in the wage rates. Three of the reports were in definite as to both the per cent of increase and the part of the force affected; one establishment reported a slight decrease in the average hourly wages. Of the 25 establishments reporting for the car building and repair ing industry, 4 show changes in wage rates. One establishment re ported an increase of 22.3 per cent for 96 per cent of the force; one reported an increase of 3 cents per hour for about 97 per cent of the force and $2 per week for 3 per cent; and two reported an increase of 2£ cents per hour to 60 per cent of the force. Of the 39 establishments in the men’s ready-made clothing industry, 7 show changes in wage rates. Four reported an increase of 10 per cent for 70, 90, 95, and 100 per cent, respectively, of the force; one reported an increase of 10 per cent to a small part of the force; one reported an increase of 10 per cent to time workers and 20 per cent to piece workers, and one reported an increase of 5 per cent but did not state the part of the force affected. Of the 36 establishments in the silk industry, 4 show changes in the wage rates. One reported an increase of 10 per cent and one 5 per cent for all employees; one reported 10 per cent increase for 40 per cent of the force; and one reported 10 per cent increase for “ some departments.” Of the 43 establishments in the paper-making industry, 3 show changes in the wage rates. Two reported an increase of 10 per cent for all employees, vchile one reported a u bonus ” of 25 per cent for the entire force for the period ending July 6. Of the 51 establishments in the hosiery and underwear industry, but two show changes in the wage rates. One reported 10 per cent increase for ail employees, while one reported a bonus ranging from 40 cents to $1.25 per week for full time. One establishment in each of four other industries reported a change in the wage rates. One establishment in the boot and shoe industry reported an increase in piece rate for cutting women’s shoes, which was said to equal 5 cents per hour; one cigar factory reported an indefinite increase for all employees; one plant in the leather manu facturing industry reported a 5 per cent increase for the entire force; and one woolen mill reported an increase of 5 per cent for all employees. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (574) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 163 EMPLOYMENT IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK IN JULY, 1917. The bureau of statistics and information of the New York State Department of Labor has issued the following summary of the labor market in that State: M ANUFACTURING A C T IV IT Y IN JU LY . [As reported by 1,600 representative firms w ith over 600,000 employees, or more than one-third of the factory workers in the State, and a weekly pay roll of more than §9,000,000.] M anufacturing activity in N ew York State in July, 1917, w as somewhat less pronounced than in June, which in turn showed a slight decline as compared w ith May. As compared w ith June, the number of employees decreased onehalf of 1 per cent and the total aggregate of w ages decreased slightly more. The vacation season, which is utilized for inventory purposes and for making repairs, w as chiefly responsible for this decline. Labor disputes likew ise played a part. These results are indicated by returns received from a large number of leading factories, including all of the im portant m anufacturing industries and localities in the S tate and covering the last three years. As compared w ith June, 6 of the 11 industrial groups reported in July decreases in both number of employees and in amount of w ages paid out. In three of the groups there were increases in employees and in wages. A new high record in w ages w as established for each of these three. July, 1917, w as much more active than the corresponding month in either of the three preceding years. The increase in employees as compared w ith July of la st year was 5 per cent and in w ages 20 per cent. Corresponding increases over July, two years ago, were 22 and 54 per cent, respectively, and over July, three years ago, 22 and 59 per cent, respectively. The average per capita earnings of all employees, including both sexes, for one week in July, 1917, were $16.17, as compared w ith $16.20 in the previous month. The corresponding sum for July of la st year was $14.11; for July, two years ago, $12.66; and for July, three years ago, $12.54. The s to n e , e ia y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts group reported in July, 1917, a decrease of nearly 1 per cent in number of employees and more than 6 per cent decrease in wages as compared w ith June. Lime, cement, and plaster m ills were more active. There were seasonal decreases in the brick-tile-pottery and in the glass groups. As compared w ith July of last year the group as a whole had 22 per cent more employees and paid out 41 per cent more In wages. - T his increase w as due in large part to the fact that one large concern, which w as idle in July, 1916, on account of a strike, w as operating to capacity in July of this year. The m e ta ls , m a c h in e r y a n d c o n v e y a n c e s group, which has a much larger number of employees and pays out much more in wages than any other group included in these returns, reported in July a decrease of 1 per cent in number of employees and of l i per cent in amount of w ages as compared with June. Only 3 of the 11 industries in the group reported increased wage payments. The machinery industry, the w eightiest in the group, reported an increase, as did also sheet-metal work and hardware, and cooking, heating, and ventilating apparatus. The most important decrease w as in brass, copper, and aluminum manufacture. Labor disputes reduced production in boat and ship building. As compared w ith July one year ago, the group had 6 per cent more employees and paid out 23 per cent more wages. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (575) 164 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. The w o o d m a n u f a c tu r e s group reported in July a negligible decrease as com pared w ith June in employees and in amount of wages. The decrease was m ainly in the m anufacture of musical instrum ents. Saw and planing m ills were more active. The group had 2 per cent more employees and paid out 16 per cent more w ages than in July of la st year. The f u r s , l e a th e r , a n d r u b b e r g o o d s group employed in July 1 per cent fewer workers and paid out 1 per cent less in w ages than in June. The m anufacture of furs and fur goods reported a seasonal increase. All other industries, except rubber and gutta-percha goods, reported decreases. A s compared w ith July of last year, the group had 3 per cent more employees and paid out 17 per cent more wages. The c h e m ic a ls group reported in July a negligible increase in employees and 1 per cent more w ages were paid out, establishing new high records in both respects. The anim al and mineral oil industry and the m anufacture of paints, dyes, and colors were more active. A s compared w ith July, 1916, the group had 7 per cent more workers and paid out 25 per cent more wages. The p a p e r industry reported in July a decrease of more than 1 per cent in number of employees, and also in amount o f wages, as compared w ith June. The number of employees w as 9 per cent greater, and the amount of wages paid w as 21 per cent greater than in July one year ago. The p r i n t i n g a n d p a p e r g o o d s group reported alm ost no change in July as compared w ith June. As compared w ith July of la st year, the group employed 1 per cent few er w orkers and paid out 6 per cent more wages. The t e x t i l e s group reported in July nearly 1 per cent decrease in employees and a 'negligible increase in w ages as compared w ith June. Cotton goods and m iscellaneous textiles each reported gains. Other industries reported losses. The greatest decline, both as compared w ith la st month and w ith July of last year, w as in the m anufacture of woolen carpets. As compared w ith last year, the group had nearly 1 per cent fewer employees, but paid out 15 per cent more wages. The c lo th in g , m il l in e r y , a n d la u n d e r in g group in July employed 11 per cent few er workers than in June. The decrease in amount o f w ages paid w as negli gible. Of the seven industries in the group, two only— women’s clothing and laundering-cleaning-dyeing— reported increases. The decreases were seasonal, being most pronounced in men’s shirts and furnishings and in women’s under wear. A s compared w ith July o f last year, the group employed 6 per cent more workers and paid out 20 per cent more in wages. The fo o d , liq u o r s , a n d to b a c c o industry in July had 4 per cent more workers and paid out nearly 3 per cent more w ages than in June, establishing a new high record in the latter respect. F ruit and vegetable canneries, now in the full sw ing of the season, reported the largest gain. M iscellaneous groceries reported the next largest gain. Flour and cereals reported the only loss of importance. As compared w ith July of la st year, the group had 5 per cent more employees and paid out 19 per cent more wages. The w a t e r , lig h t, a n d p o w e r industry employed in July 4 per cent more em ployees and paid out 5 per cent more wages than in June, thereby establishing new high records in both respects. As compared w ith July one year ago, there were 12 per cent more employees and 21 per cent more wages were paid. B U IL D IN G A C T IV IT Y IN P R IN C IP A L CIT IE S. [As reported by building departm ents.] Slackening in building activity in N ew York State w as pronounced in July, 1917, both as compared w ith la st month and w ith July of last year. Returns https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (576) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 165 received from the 10 first and second class cities show that the estim ated cost of building operations for which permits were issued in the month of July w as 42 per cent less than in June and 85 per cent less than one year ago. Consider able increases over June were reported from Bingham ton and Schenectady and slight increases from Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. As compared w ith July, 1916, Syracuse reported an increase of importance. There were marked decreases in other cities w ith the exception of Binghamton and Schenectady. CONCILIATION WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, JULY 16 TO AUGUST 15, 1917. Under tlie organic act of the department, which gives the Secre tary of Labor the authority to mediate in labor disputes through the appointment, in his discretion, of commissioners of conciliation, the Secretary exercised his good offices between July 16 and August 15, 1917, in 73 labor disputes. The companies involved, the number of employees affected, and the results secured, so far as information is available, were as follows: STATEMENT SHOWING NUMBER OF LABOR D ISPU TES HANDLED BY T H E DEPA RT MENT OF LABOR, THROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, SUBSEQUENT TO JU LY 15, 1917. Workmen affected. Name. Result. Directly. Controversy between the W ater Front Employers’ Union of Puget Sound and longshoremen. Strike, Dudlo Manufacturing Co., Fort Wayne, In d ............. Strike of molders and other employees, Black & Clausen Paper & Pulp Mill, Hamilton, Ohio. Indirectly. Pending. 160 1 43 290 i 307 Adjusted. Molders’ strike ad justed; machin ists’ strike un able to adjust. 75 Adjusted. 05 Strike of employees, Union Electric & Power Co., St. Louis, Mo. Controversy between the Pennsylvania Smelting Co. and its employees, Carnegie, Pa. Strike a t Lawley Shipyards, Boston, Mass....... '__ ! ............. 350 350 Strike a t the foundry and machine works of J. Thompson & Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Strike of pattern makers, Indianapolis, In d ........................... Threatened strike of machinists, Newport News Shipbuild ing Co., Newport News, Va. Strike at Sanderson & Porter Mills, Raymond, W ash.......... Threatened strike, ship and lumber yards: Grays Harbor Shipbuilding Co., Aberdeen Shipbuilding 800 Co., Mathews Shipbuilding Co., Aberdeen, Wash. 500 Olvmpia Ship Yards Co., Sloan Ship Yards Co., Olympia, Wash. Strike, National Shipbuilding Co., Orange, Tex.................... Strike of metal polishers, Remington Arms Co., Bridgeport, 6ÖÖ 12,500 Conn. 1,000 Strike of packing-house employees, Swift and Armour plants, Denver, Colo. Strike of carmenj Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R. Co., Ivorydale, Ohio. 100 300 Strike of leather workers, Wallace Smith Co., Milwaukee, Wis. Controversies in California chemical plants affecting produc tion of chemicals used in preservation of California fruit crop. 15 500 Strike of street railway employees, Pittsburg, Kans............ 105 ................. . Strikes of boilermakers, Williams, Mound & Co. and F. John son & Son, Omaha, Nebr. 1 Number of men affected applies to molders only. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (577) Do. Do. Pending. Do. Do. Do. Do. Do. Adjusted. Do. Do. Do. Unable to adjust. Adjusted. Do. Do. 166 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. STA TEM EN T SHOW ING NUM BER OP LABOR D ISPU TES H A N D LED BY T H E D E PA R T MENT OF LABOR, TH ROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, SUBSEQUEN T TO JU LY 15,1917—Continued. Workmen affected. Name. Result. Directly. Strike of coal miners of the New River district, W. V a __ Strike at textile mills of C. A. Masland & Sons, Philadel phia, Pa. Strikes involving the lumber and shingle industry of the Northwest. Controversy between Smith, Kline & French Co., wholesale druggists, and their teamsters, Philadelphia, Pa. Strike of street-car men, Seattle and Tacoma, W ash....... Strike at Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis, Minn. Controversy between Freeport Sulphur Co. and its em ployees, Freeport, Tex. Controversy between metal trade mechanics and Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. Co., Denison, Tex. Controversy, Long-Hargrove Overall Co., Tyler, T e x .......... Controversies between General Refractories Co., The Harbison-Walker Co., and employees, Olive Hill, Ky. Controversy between the United States Cartridge Co. and machinists, Lowell, Mass. Strike of linemen, Berkshire Street Ry. Co., Pittsfield, Mass. Strike of tannery men, Morris Packing Co., Westover, P a .. Strike at Slater Cotton Mills, Webster, Conn.......................... Sundry strikes in hat factories. Danbury, Conn................... Controversy between Maine Central R. R. Co. and its clerks, Portland, Me. Controversy between Barber Steamship Lines and its engi neers, New York, N. Y. Controversies in fruit-packing plants of California................ Strike at the Mount Vernon-Woodberry Mills, Baltimore,Md. Controversy between Universal Shipbuilding Co., Midland Bridge Co., Panama Shipbuilding Co. and employees, Houston, Tex. Strike of miners, Buffalo & Susquehanna Coal Co., Dubois, Indirectly. Pending. Do. Do. 20,000 Adjusted. Do. Unable to adjust. 1,000 200 G) Adjusted. Pending. Do. Adjusted. 600 Do. ( 2) 6,000 Pending. Do. Adjusted. Do. Pending. Do. ( 3) Adjusted. Strike of employees, Shuler & Benninghofen Co., Hamil 300 Pending. ton, Ohio. Controversy between Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. Co. Adjusted. and its car departm ent employees, Denison, Tex. Controversy between bricklayers and employers, Peters 50 100 Pending. burg, Roanoke, and Norfolk, Va. Controversy between Reading Iron & Steel Co., and em 3 ,5 0 0 Unable to adjust. ployees, Reading, Pa. Strike of grain handlers, Philadelphia, Pa.: Furness, W ithy Steamship Co............................................... 200 Adjusted. 3 ,0 0 0 Philadelphia Ceiling & Stevedoring Co. and stevedores... Pending. Strike of ship carpenters, Orange, T ex.................................... 28 Adjusted. Controversy between Philadelphia Electric Co. and its Pending. employees, Philadelphia, Pa. Controversy between Edison Electric Light Co. and its Do. employees, Boston, Mass. Controversy between American Sheet & Tin Plate Co., ( 4) E lw ood,Ind. Strike at plant of Louis W alther Co., Philadelphia, P a ........ Adjusted. Strike of terminal clerks, Kanawha & Michigan Railroad, ' Do. Charleston, W. Va. Strikes of machinists, Battle Creek, Mich........................... Pending. Strike of tim ber workers, Menominee River Lumber Mills, 600 Do. Marinette, Wis. Strike of trainmen, Pittsburg, Lisbon & Western Railroad, Adjusted. Lisbon, Ohio. Controversy between the Solid Drawn Forging Co., and Pending. employees, Ellwood City, Pa. Strike at mills of John and James Dobson, Philadelphia,Pa. Do. Controversy between Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh R . R . Do. Co. and its maintenance of way employees, Dubois, Pa. Lockout, Peru Electric Manufacturing Co., Peru, In d .......... Do. j i Commissioner learned company had not discriminated against men. Mr. Mims, representing company, stated they had no objections to men belonging to labor organizations. Plant had made slight increases in salary. Willing to hire men at any time there was a vacancy. 2 All men who struck are working at other work. Superintendent claims to have sufficient help to keep up output. 3 Commissioner reports th at no controversy existed. 4 Commissioner requested to adjust m atter of wages, b ut learned union had not requested advance in wages. Commissioner therefore withdrew from case pending request on their part. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (578) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 167 STATEM ENT SHOWING NUM BER OF LABOR DISPU TES H ANDLED BY T H E D EPA RT. MENT OF LABOR, THROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, SUBSEQUENT TO JU LY 15, 1917—Concluded. Workmen affected. Name. Result. Directly. Strike at Portage Hosiery Mill, Portage, W is......................... Controversy between the Woolen and Carpet Yarn W orkers’ Union and employers, Philadelphia, Pa. Strike at plant of De Laval Steam Turbine Co., Trenton,N. J. Strike in the forge shop of Jennings & Johnston Co., Cleve land, Ohio. Strike of street-car men, Kansas City, Mo.............................. Strike at Niles-Bement Works of .Niles-Bement-Pond Co., Philadelphia, Pa. Controversy between Alabama coal miners and operators. . . Controversies between carpenters and contractors on various Government projects at New York City and vicinity. Controversy between Southeastern railroads (14 in number) and their shopmen. Controversy between Chicago & Alton R. R. and its elec trical workers, Bloomington, 111. Strike of longshoremen on docks of Mallory & Clyde lines, New York. Strikes of surgical knitters, Chesterman & Streeter; Leeland Surgical Co.; Hastings & McIntosh; James R. Ken drick Co., and Wm. M. Horn, Philadelphia, Pa. Controversy between the Great Northern R. R. Co. and its boiler makers, St. Paul, Minn. C o n t r o v e r s y of shipbuilders, Portland. Ores'.......................... S t r i k e r.f m a c h i n is t s , Fay & Scott Co., Dexter, Me............... Indirectly. Pending. Do. 300 Unable to adjust. Pending. Adjusted. Pending. 6,500 42,000 48,000 Do. Adjusted. Do. Pending. 1,500 Adjusted. Pending. Do. Do. Do. The following* cases have been disposed o f: Controversy between International & Great Northern Ry. Co. and shopmen, Houston, Tex. Adjusted. Controversy between General Electric Co. and electrical workers, Pittsfield, Mass. Adjusted. Threatened strike of electrical workers, Atlanta, Ga. Adjusted. Threatened strike, Ostby & Barton, Providence, R. I. Commissioner w ith drew from case, as company refused to treat w ith strikers, but would reem ploy such of them as they chose as fa st as vacancies occurred. Strike at jew elry works, Goldsmith, Stern & Co., New York, N. Y. Unable to adjust. Threatened strike, Charleston Navy Yard, Charleston, S. C. Recommenda tions filed by commissioner. Strike of maintenance of w ay employees, M ississippi R iver & Bonne Terre It. R. Adjusted. Strike of miners, Kennecott Copper Co., Kennecott, Alaska. Adjusted. Threatened strike of carmen, C. I. & L. R. R., Lafayette, Ind. Adjusted. Strike, N iles Tool Works, Ham ilton, Ohio. Four days after case adjusted, men again went out on strike. Commissioner unable to do anything further looking to adjustment. Strike of miners, Leadville, Colo. Adjusted. Strike of mine workers, Madeira H ill Coal Mining Co., Houtzdale. Adjusted. Threatened strike of machinists, M etal Produce Co., Beaver F alls, Pa. Strike averted. Strike, E ast Iron & Machine Co., Lima, Ohio. Adjusted. Controversy between Banning Co. and Longshoremen’s union, San Pedro, Cal. Adjusted. Lockout, N ational Lead & Steel Package Co., Granite City, 111. Adjusted. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (579) 168 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. Strike, at 5 mines, Madeira H ill, Pa. Adjusted. Controversy between Michigan Central R. R. and machinists, Jackson, Mich. Adjusted. Strike of molders, Norfolk Navy Yard, Norfolk, Va. Recommendations filed by commissioner. Threatened strike, drop forge companies, Cleveland, Ohio. All cases adjusted. Controversy, Alberger Pump & Condenser Co., Newburgh, N. Y. Adjusted. Strike at D ahlstrom M etallic Door Co., Jam estown, N. Y. Unable to adjust. Controversy, W agner Electric Co., St. Louis, Mo. Complaint no longer per tinent, in that construction work w as completed. Bakers’ strike, Denver, Colo. Unable to adjust. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis LIST OF OFFICIALS OF BUREAUS OF LABOR, EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, INDUSTRIAL COMMISSIONS, COMPENSATION COM MISSIONS, WAGE BOARDS, FACTORY INSPECTION BUREAUS, AND ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION BOARDS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA. U N ITED STATES. D epartm ent of L abor : Hon. W illiam B. W ilson, Secretary. A ddress: W ashington, D. C. B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s : Dr. Royal Meeker, commissioner. A d d ress: W ashington, D. C. B ureau of I m m ig r a t io n : Anthony Caminetti, commissioner. B ureau of N a t u r a l iz a t io n : Richard K. Campbell, commissioner. C h i l d r e n ’s B ureau : Julia A. Lathrop, chief. U n it e d S t a t e s E m p l o y e e s ’ C o m p e n s a t io n C o m m is s io n : R. M. Little, chairman. Mrs. Frances C. A xtell, vice chairman. John ,T. Keegan. Charles H. Verrill, statistician. Arthur H. Deibert, secretary. Address of com m ission: Union Trust Building, W ashington, D. C. U n it e d S t a t e s B o a r d o f M e d ia t io n a n d C o n c il ia t io n : Martin A. Knapp, chairman. W illiam L. Chambers. G. W. W. Hanger. W illiam H. Smith, secretary. Address of b oard : 920-927 Southern Building, W ashington, D. C. ALABAMA. I n s p e c t o r o f .T a i l s , A l m s h o u s e s , C o t t o n M il l s , a n d W illiam M. Dinsmore, M. D., chief. F a c t o r ie s : B ox 282, Montgomery. ALASKA. (No special labor officials except mine inspector.) ARKANSAS. B u r ea u of L abor a n d S t a t is t ic s : B. D. Brickhouse, commissioner, Markham & Ridgeway, L ittle Rock. Free employment b u rea u : W. G. Sprague, manager, 522 Pine Street, Pulaski H eights, L ittle Rock. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (581) 169 170 M O N T H L Y E EV IE W OP T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. M in im u m W a g e C o m m is s io n : Miss Lula Scruggs, 202 W est Ninth Street, Argenta. Miss Nora McCabe, 2115 Arch Street, L ittle Rock. CALIFORNIA. B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s : John P. McLaughlin, commissioner, 948 Market Street, San Francisco. Public employment offices: C. B. Sexton, superintendent of bureaus, 525 Market Street, San Fran cisco. (B ureaus located at Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, and San Francisco.) I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n : A. J. Pillsbury, chairman, Piedmont, Cal. W ill J. French, San Francisco. Meyer Lissner, Los Angeles. II. L. W hite, secretary, San Anselmo. John R. Brownell, superintendent of safety. Dr. M. II. Gibbons, medical director, San Francisco. Address of comm ission: Underwood Building, 525 Market Street, San Francisco. I n d u s t r ia l W e l f a r e C o m m is s io n : Hon. Frank ,T. Murasky, judge of superior court, chairman. Mrs. K atherine Philips Edson, executive officer. A. B. C. Dohrmann. A. Goldstein. W alter G. Mathewson. Address of com m ission: 525 Market Street, San Francisco. C o m m is s io n of I m m ig r a t io n a nd H o u s in g : Simon J. Lubin, president. Most Rev. E. J. Hanna, D. D., vice president. Mrs. Frank A. Gibson. J. II. McBride, M. D. Paul Scharrenberger, secretary. George L. Bell, attorney and executive officer. Address of C om m ission: Underwood Building, San Francisco. COLORADO. B ureau L abor of S t a t is t ic s : W. L. Morrissey, deputy commissioner of labor and chief factory in spector, Denver. Public employment offices: W. L. Morrissey, deputy commissioner of labor, etc., Denver. (B ureaus located at Colorado Springs, Denver, and Pueblo.) I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n : Hiram E. H ilts, chairman. George W. Densmore. A. N. Parrish. W. E. Schwed, secretary. Address of com m ission: State capitol, Denver. M in im u m W a g e C o m m is s io n : (According to an act passed by the 1917 legislature and effective July 20, 1917, the State Industrial Commission is also made a minimum w age com m ission.) (582) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OE LABOR STA TISTICS. 171 CONNECTICUT. D epartm ent of L abor a n d F actory I n s p e c t io n : W illiam S. Hyde, commissioner, Hartford. Public employment offices : W illiam S. Hyde, commissioner, Hartford. (Bureaus located at Bridgeport, Hartford, New Haven, Norwich, and W aterbury.) W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n s a t io n C o m m is s io n : Frederick M. W illiam s, chairman, L illy Building, Waterbury. George E. Beers, 42 Church St., New Haven. Edward T. Buckingham, 1024 Main Street, Bridgeport. George B. Chandler, Pearl Street, Hartford. Dr. Jam es J. Donohue, Norwich. S tate B o a r d o f M e d ia t io n and A r b it r a t io n : Lucius E. Whiton, New London. Hugh C. Shalvoy, Danbury. Edward W. Broder, Hartford. DELAWARE. L a bo r C o m m is s io n : Charles Warner, chairman, I. O. O. F. Building, W ilmington. John H. Hickey, 1225 W est Fourth Street, Wilmington. Thomas C. Frame, Dover. George A. H ill, Bridgeville. Miss Helen S. Garrett, secretary, 1505 Broome Street, W ilmington. Address of commission : W ilmington. Child-labor division : Charles H. Grantland, chief, 491 Du Pont Building, W ilmington. Women’s-labor division : Idabelle Stevenson, assistant, 491 Du Pont Building, W ilmington. I n s p e c t o r o f C a n n e r ie s : Dr. W illiam R. Messick, Lewes. I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d : (Compensation act creating industrial accident board passed by the 1917 legislature, but no appointments have yet been made.) FLORIDA. O f f ic e o f S t a t e L a b o r I n s p e c t o r : J. C. Privett, State labor inspector, Room 6, B aldw in Building, Jack sonville. GEORGIA. D epa rtm en t of C om m erce and L a bo r: H. M. Stanley, commissioner, Atlanta. H AW AII. D e p a r t m e n t o f I m m ig r a t io n , L a b o r , a n d S t a t is t ic s : Ralph Kearns, commissioner, Honolulu. 8S09°—17— 12 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (583) 172 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B oards : County of H aw aii : H. B. Elliot, chairman, Hilo. County of Maui : W illiam A. McKay, chairman, W ailuku, Maui. County of Oahu : A. J. Campbell, chairman, Oahu. County of Kauai : J. M. Lydgate, chairman, Kauai. IDAHO. B u r e a u o f I m m ig r a t io n , L a b o r , a n d L S t a t is t ic s : (No appropriation for past five years; m atters in its jurisdiction handled by farm-markets department, the address of which is Boise.) a b o r C o m m is s io n (for the adjustm ent of labor disputes) : W. J. A. McVety, Boise. A. W. Laird, Potlatch. I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n . (Created by act of 1917. Three commissioners, to take office Jan. 1, 1918, not yet appointed.) M in im u m W a g e C o m m is s io n : Harry W. Fulton, chairman, Boise. Mrs. Theresa Graham, Coeur dAlene. George E. Hill, Rigby. ILLINOIS. D e pa r t m e n t of L abor : Barney Cohen, director. Address of departm ent: Springfield. Free employment offices: W. G. Lewman, superintendent, Danville. (B ureaus located at Chicago, E ast St. Louis, Peoria, Rock Island, Moline, Rockford, and Springfield.) Industrial board: Charles S. Andrus, chairman. Peter J. Angsten, representing the employer, O. N. Custer, Robert Eadie, ] representing the employee. J. A. Culp, Address of board: City Hall Square Building, Chicago. (Formerly an independent commission of three members; increased to five members.) D ivision of factory in sp ection : Robert S. Jones, chief, Chicago. (Departm ent of labor created by consolidation bill of Gov. Lowden, effective July 1, 1917, which consolidates the bureau of labor statistics, the free employment offices, supervision of private employment agencies, depart ment of factory inspection, the industrial board, and the board of arbi tration. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis M O N T H L Y REVIEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 173 INDIANA. B u r e a u o f S t a t is t ic s : Henry A. Roberts, chief, Indianapolis. Public employment bureaus: Henry A. Roberts, chief, bureau of statistics, Indianapolis. (B ureaus located at E vansville, Fort W ayne, Indianapolis, South Bend, and Terre H aute.) I n d u s t r ia l B oard : Samuel R. Artman, chairman. Edgar Perkins, member. Charles R. Hughes, member. H owe S. Landers, secretary. Address of board: Rooms 31-34, State capitol, Indianapolis. Factory-inspection departm ent: John J. W alsh, chief factory inspector, Indianapolis. IOWA. B ureau of L abor S t a t is t ic s : A. L. Urick, commissioner, Des Moines. Public employment b u reau : John C. Nietzel, chief clerk, Des Moines. W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n s a t io n S e r v ic e : A. B. Funk, industrial commissioner. Cliesla C. Sherlock, secretary. Dr. Oliver J. Fay, medical advisor, Equitable Building, D es Moines. A d dress: Statehouse, Des Moines. KANSAS. D epa rtm en t of L abor a n d I n du stry : P. J. McBride, commissioner, statehouse, Topeka. Free employment office: P. J. McBride, director, statehouse, Topeka. I n d u s t r ia l W elfa re C o m m is s io n : P. J. McBride, chairman. Mrs. A. C. Mitchell, 821 M ississippi Street, Lawrence. John Craddock, Weir. Miss Linna E. Bresette, Topeka. Address of com m ission: State capitol, Topeka. KENTUCKY. D epartm ent of A g r ic u l t u r e , L a b o r , a n d S t a t is t ic s : Mat S. Cohen, commissioner of agriculture and labor, Frankfort. Jack Nelson, State labor inspector, Paducah. W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n s a t io n B oard : R. T. Caldwell, chairman, Gaylord Building, Ashland. S. W. Hager, U. S. Trust Building, Louisville. R. C. P. Thomas, Neale Building, B owling Green. Alexander Gilmour, secretary, Frankfort. Dr. Milton Board, medical director, 54 U. S. Trust Building, Louisville. Address of b oard : Frankfort. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (585) 174 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. STATISTICS. LOUISIANA. B ureau L abor of I n d u s t r ia l S t a t is t ic s : Frank E. Wood, commissioner, suite 626 Audubon Building, New Orleans. Mrs. Martha D. Gould, factory inspector of Orleans Parish, room 11, City Hall, New Orleans. MAINE. D epartm ent of L abor a n d I n dustry : Roscoe A. Eddy, commissioner of labor and industry and State factory inspector, Augusta. I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n : Eben F. Littlefield, chairman. E. .T. Carter (ex officio insurance com m issioner). It. G. Eddy (ex officio). H. H. Thurlough, secretary. Address of com m ission: Augusta. S t a t e B o a r d o f C o n c il ia t io n and A r b it r a t io n : Maj. Frederick Bogue, chairman, E ast Machias. Reginald Ingalls, Bar Harbor. Alden M. Flagg, secretary, Auburn. Address of board : Auburn. MARYLAND. S tate B oard o f L abor a n d S t a t is t ic s : Charles J. Fox, chairman, Orangeville, Baltim ore County. Dr. Samuel A. Keene, advisory member, 914 North Fulton Avenue, Baltimore. Harry C. W illis, advisory member, Worton. Address of com m ission: 300 Equitable Building, Baltimore. (S tate board of labor and statistics created by legislature of 1916. Took over powers and duties of bureau of statistics and informa tion, women’s ten-hour bureau, and arbitration of disputes.) S t a t e I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n : John Milton Reifsnider, chairman. Charles D. W agaman. Jam es Higgins. Howard C. H ill, secretary. Dr. Robert P. Bay, chief medical examiner, The W albert, Baltimore. Address of com m ission: Equitable Building, Baltimore. MASSACHUSETTS. B ureau of S t a t is t ic s : Charles F. Gettemy, director, Boston. Free employment offices: Charles F. Gettemy, director, Boston. (Bureaus located at Boston, W orcester, and Springfield.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (5S6) MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OE LABOR STATISTICS. S ta te B oard of L abor and 175 I n d u s t r ie s : Alfred W. Donovan, chairman. John F. Tobin. Mrs. D avis R. Dewey. Sam uel Ross. A lfred H. Quessy, M. D. Edwin Mulready, comm issioner of labor and executive officer of board. Address of b oard : N ew Albion Building, 1 Beacon Street, Boston. I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d : W illiam W. Kennard, chairman. Frank J. Donahue. D avid T. Dickinson. Joseph A. Parks. Thomas F. Boyle. Chester E. Gleason. John H. Cogswell. Robert E. Grandfield, secretary. Francis D. Donoghue, M. D., medical advisor. Address of b oard : N ew Albion Building, 1 Beacon Street, Boston. S tate B oard of C o n c il ia t io n a nd A r b it r a t io n : W illard Howland, chairman, Chelsea. Charles G. Wood, Concord. (Term expired in June; successor not yet appointed.) Frank M. Bump, Raynham. Bernard F. Supple, secretary, Boston. Address o f b oard : Room 126, Statehouse, Boston. M in im u m W a g e C o m m is s io n : Edwin N. B artlett, chairman. Mabel Gillespie. Arthur N. Holcombe. Ellen N athalie M atthews, secretary. Address of com m ission: Room 911, New Albion Building, 1 Beacon Street, Boston. MICHIGAN. D e pa r t m e n t o f L abor : R. H. Fletcher, commissioner, Lansing. Public employment b u rea u s: R. H. Fletcher, commissioner, Lansing. (Bureaus located at B attle Creek, B ay City, D etroit, Flint, Grand Rapids, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Muskegon, and Saginaw .) I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o ard : W illiam M. Smith, chairman, St. Johns. Thomas B. Gloster, member, Detroit. James A. Kennedy, member, Lansing. Gilbert W. Dickson, secretary, Detroit. Address of board : Lansing. C o m m is s io n e r of M e d ia t io n and Herbert E. Powell, Ionia. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis C o n c il ia t io n : 176 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. MINNESOTA. D epartm ent of L abor a n d I n d u s t r ie s : W. P. Houk, commissioner, St. Paul. Public employment b u reau s: Don D. Lescoliier, director o f employment. (Employment bureaus located at Duluth, Minneapolis, and St. P aid.) Bureau of women and ch ild ren : Agnes L. Peterson, superintendent, St. Paul. S t a t e B o a r d o f A r b it r a t io n : Robert P. Pack, 15 F ifth Street south, Minneapolis. Raymond P. Schroeder, 47 Courthouse, St. Paul. (One vacancy.) M in im u m W a g e C o m m is s io n : (Minimum w age act held unconstitutional by district court Nov. 23, 1913, and the commission w as restrained from perform ing any official act. Terms of original members expired Jan. 1, 1915, and no new appoint m ents have been made.) MISSOURI. B ureau of L abor S t a t is t ic s : W illiam H. Lewis, commissioner. Address o f b u rea u : Jefferson City. Free employment departm ent: W illiam H. Lewis, commissioner. (Conducts free employment bureaus in St. Louis, K ansas City, and St. Joseph.) D epartm ent of F actory I n s p e c t io n : A. Sidney Johnston, chief inspector, Boatmen’s B ank Building, St. Louis. S t a t e B o a r d o f M e d ia t io n a n d C o n c il ia t io n : (Provided for by law , but no board appointed and no appropriation.) MONTANA. D epartm ent of L abor a n d I n du stry : W. J. Swindlehurst, commissioner, Helena. I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d : A. E. Spriggs, chairman. R ufus G. Poland (ex officio), State auditor. W. J. Swindlehurst (e x officio). G. G. W att, secretary. Address o f board : Helena. NEBRASKA. D epartm ent of L abor: George E. Norman, deputy commissioner o f labor and deputy compen sation commissioner. Address o f departm ent: Lincoln. F ree employment b u reau : George E. Norman, deputy commissioner o f labor. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (588) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. B o a r d o f M e d ia t io n and 177 I n v e s t ig a t io n : Robert Cowell, Omaha. T. P. Reynolds, Omaha. A. J. Sawyer, Lincoln. M in im u m W a g e C o m m is s io n : George E. Norman, Lincoln. Anna L. Hawes, Lincoln. NEVADA. L abor C o m m i s s i o n e r ’s O f f ic e : W illiam E. W allace, labor commissioner, Carson City. I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n : George D. Smith, chairman, Carson City. H. A. Lemmon, commissioner, Reno. W illiam E. W allace, commissioner, Carson City. Dr. Donald McLean, chief medical adviser, Carson City. Address of com m ission: Carson City. NEW HAM PSHIRE. B ureau of L abor : John S. B. Davie, labor commissioner, Concord. S t a t e B o ard o f C o n c il ia t io n a n d A r b it r a t io n : John H. Neal, chairman, Portsmouth. George A. Tenney (em ployers’ representative), Claremont. Michael F. Connelly (representative of labor), 97 B ridge Street, Man chester. NEW JERSEY. D epartm ent of L abo r: Lewis T. Bryant, commissioner, Trenton. Employment b u reau : Joseph Spitz, director, Trenton. (Bureaus established at Newark, Jersey City, and East Orange.) Bureau of industrial sta tis tic s : Jam es T. Morgan, chief, Trenton. Bureau of electrical equipm ent: Rowland H. Leveridge, chief. Bureau of hygiene and sanitation: John Roach, chief. Inspection b u reau : John I. Holt, assistant commissioner, Trenton. Bureau of structural in sp ection : Charles H. W eeks, chief, Trenton. Workmen’s compensation bureau: W illiam E. Stubbs, secretary. Address of b u rea u : Statehouse, Trenton. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (589) 178 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. NEW YORK. I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n : John Mitchell, chairman, Mount Vernon. Louis Wiard, B atavia. Henry D. Sayer, Richmond H ill. Edward P. Lyon, Brooklyn. James M. Lynch, Syracuse. W illiam S. Coffey, secretary. Address of com m ission: General offices, State capitol, Albany; executive offices, 230 F ifth Avenue, N ew York. Industrial cou n cil: Henry D. Sayer, chairman. Edward J. Barcalo, Buffalo. Carleton A. Chase, Syracuse. Richard H. Curran, Rochester. G. E. Emmons, Schenectady. Jam es P. Holland, N ew York City. Richard C. Stofer, Norwich. Thomas M. Gafney, Syracuse. Melinda Scott, N ew York City. M. H. Christopherson, Yonkers. W illiam S. Coffey, secretary. Bureau of em ploym ent: Charles B. Barnes, director, 230 F ifth Avenue, N ew York. (Employment bureaus established at Albany, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse.) Bureau of statistics and in form ation : Leonard W. Hatch, chief statistician, State capitol, Albany. Bureau of industries and im m igration: Marian K. Clark, chief investigator, 230 F ifth Avenue, New York. Bureau of inspection : Jam es L. Gernon, first deputy commissioner, State capitol, A lbany; 230 F ifth Avenue, New York. Bureau of workmen’s com pensation: W illiam C. Archer, second deputy commissioner. Dr. Raphael Lewy, chief medical examiner, 230 F ifth Avenue, New York. Bureau of mediation and a rb itration : Frank B. Thorn, third deputy commissioner, State capitol, Albany. Bureau of industrial c o d e: Richard J. Cullen and T. C. Eipper, deputy commissioners. NORTH CAROLINA. D epartm ent of L abor a n d P r in t in g : M. L. Shipman, commissioner, Raleigh. NORTH DAKOTA. D epartm ent of A g r ic u l t u r e and L abor : J. N. Hagan, commissioner, Bismarck. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (590) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 179 OHIO. I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n : (Vacancy.) Herbert L. E liot. • T. J. Duffy. Robert S. H ayes, secretary. Address of comm ission: Columbus. D ivision of workshops and factories : Thomas P. Kearns, chief deputy. Victor T. Noonan, director of safety. D ivision of statistics and mediation : George F. Miles, chief. Public employment offices : C. H. Mayhugh, director. ( Offices in Akron, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Toledo, and Youngstown. In addition to the State branch of the National Council of D efense m aintains employment offices in Athens, Canton, Chillicothe, Ham ilton, Lima, Mansfield, M arietta, Marion, Portsmouth, Springfield, Steubenville, Tiffin, W ashington Court house, and Zanesville.) W orkmen’s compensation : H. H. Hamm, director o f claims. E. E. W atson, chief actuary. W. H. W hite, M. D., chief medical examiner. OKLAHOMA. D e pa r t m e n t of L abor : W. G. Ashton, commissioner, Oklahoma City. Employment bureaus : W. O. Hudson, statistician. (B ureaus at Enid, Muskogee, Oklahoma City, and Tulsa.) I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n : A. A. McDonald, chairman. W. C. Jackson. M. J. W illiams. W. P. Miller, secretary. Dr. LeRoy Long, medical advisor, 608 Colcord Building, Oklahoma City. Address of commission : Oklahoma City. S t a t e B o a r d o f A r b it r a t io n : (No appointments made.) OREGON. B u r e a u of L abor : O. P. Hoff, commissioner and factory inspector, Salem. B o a r d o f I n s p e c t o r s o f C h il d L a b o r : Stephen G. Smith, chairman, 65-67 Broadway, Portland. Mrs. M illie R. Trumbull, secretary, courthouse, Portland. Mrs. Sarah A. Evans, Portland. Mrs. Turner Oliver, La Grande. Miss Pauline Kline, Corvallis. Address of board : Courthouse, Portland. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (591) 180 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. S t a t e I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n : H arvey Beckwith, chairman. W illiam A. Marshall. W ilford Allen. Address of commission : Salem. I n d u s t r ia l W e l f a r e C o m m is s io n : E. B. MacNaughton, chairman. Miss Margaret E. Howatson. Amedee M. Smith. O. P. Hoff (ex officio), secretary. Address of com m ission: 64&-G4S Courthouse, Portland. PENNSYLVANIA. D e pa r t m e n t of L abor a n d I n d u str y : John Price Jackson, commissioner, Harrisburg. Bureau of em ploym ent: Jacob Lightner, director. (Employment bureaus at Altoona, Harrisburg, Johnstown, Pliila delphia, and Pittsburgh.) Address of b u rea u : 143 North Fourth Street, Harrisburg. Industrial b oard : John Price Jackson, chairman. Otto T. Mallery, Philadelphia. Mrs. Samuel Semple, T itusville. W illiam Young, Philadelphia. A. L. Garver, M. D., Roaring Springs. W illiam Lauder, secretary, Riddlesburg. Address of b oard : Masonic Temple, Harrisburg. Bureau of statistics and information : (V acancy), chief. W ilson I. Fleming, assistan t chief. Address of b u reau : State capitol, Harrisburg. D ivision of hygiene and en gin eerin g: F. D. Patterson, M. D., chief, Bureau of in sp ection : Lew R. Palmer, chief, State capitol, Harrisburg. Bureau of workmen’s com pensation: Harry A. Mackey, chairman, Philadelphia. Jam es W. Leech, Ebensbui'g. John A. Scott, Indiana. John Price Jackson, commissioner, Harrisburg. Lee Soloman, secretary, Philadelphia. Address of b u reau : Masonic Temple, Harrisburg. Bureau of mediation and arb itration : Patrick Gilday, chief, State capitol, Harrisburg. PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. B ureau of L abor: Bernardino G. Monreal, director. Faustino Aguilar, assistant director. Address of b u reau : Manila. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (592) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 181 PORTO RICO. B ureau L abor : of Carmelo Honoré, acting chief, San Juan. W o r k m a n ’s R e l ie f C o m m is s io n : Chas. F. H ill, chairman. Manuel Camuñas, chairman pro tempore. W. F. Lippitt, member. Dr. A. Martinez Alvarez, secretary. Address of com m ission: San Juan. » RHODE ISLAND. B ureau of I n d u s t r ia l S t a t is t ic s : G. O f f ic e H. Webb, commissioner, Providence. F a c to r y I n s p e c t o r s : of J. Ellery Hudson, chief inspector. A d d ress: Statehouse, Providence. SOUTH CAROLINA. D epartm ent of A g r ic u l t u r e , C o m m e r c e , and I n d u s t r ie s : E. J. W atson, commissioner. Address o f departm ent: Columbia. B oard of C o n c il ia t io n and A r b it r a t io n : John A. Law, chairman, Spartanburg. John L. D avis, secretary, Columbia. I. H. Hunt, Newberry. SOUTH DAKOTA. C o m m is s io n e r of I m m ig r a t io n and S t a t e I n d u s t r ia l C o m m i s s i o n e r : Charles McCaffree, Pierre. TENNESSEE. D epartm ent of W orkshop and F a c to r y I n s p e c t io n : W. L. Mitchell, chief inspector, N ashville. TEXAS. B ureau of L abor S t a t is t ic s : C. W. Woodman, commissioner, Austin. I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B oard : T. H. McGregor, chairman. J. H. Fowler. J. H. Fricke. Charles E. McMordie, secretary. Address of board : Austin. UTAH. I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n : P. A. Thatcher, chairman. Harrison E. Jenkins, commissioner. W. M. Knerr, commissioner. F. D. Brown, secretary. Address of commission : Capitol Building, Salt Lake City. (E stablished by an act passed March 8, 1917. Takes over duties of the Bureau of Im migration, Labor, and S tatistics and of the Board o f Labor, Conciliation, and Arbitration.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (593) 182 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. VERMONT. C o m m is s io n e r I n d u s t r ie s : of Robert W. Simonds, Montpelier. (Created in lieu of industrial accident board and factory inspection office by legislature of 1917.) S t a t e B oard of C o n c il ia t io n a n d a r b it r a t io n : Henry C. Brislin, Rutland. George O. Gridley, Windsor. VIRG INIA. B ureau of L abor and I n d u s t r ia l S t a t is t ic s : J. B. Doherty, commissioner, Richmond. WASHINGTON. B ureau of L abor : C. H. Younger, commissioner, Olympia. I n d u s t r ia l I n s u r a n c e D e p a r t m e n t : John M. W ilson, chairman. J. W. Brislawn. H. L. Hughes. P. Gilbert, secretary. Dr. J. W. Mowell, chief medical advisor, Olympia. Address of departm ent: Olympia. I n d u s t r ia l W e l f a r e C o m m is s io n : Mrs. Jackson Silbaugh, chairman, 1313 Sunset Ave., Seattle. M. H. Marvin, 908 South F ifth Street, Tacoma. Mrs. W. H. Udall, 817 South L Street, Tacoma. C. II. Younger, commissioner of labor and ex-officio member of the com mission, Olympia. (One vacancy existing.) Mrs. Frances K. Ileadlee, secretary. Address of com m ission: Olympia. WEST VIRG INIA. B ureau of L abor : Samuel B. Montgomery, commissioner, Charleston. S t a t e C o m p e n s a t io n C o m m is s io n e r : Lee Ott, commissioner. C. L. Topping, secretary. M. V. Godby, chief medical examiner, Charleston. WISCONSIN. I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n : George P. Hambrecht, chairman. Thomas F. Konop. Fred M. Wilcox. E. E. W itte, secretary. Address of commission : Madison. (Public employment offices are m aintained in M ilwaukee, La Crosse, Osh kosh, and Superior.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (594) M O N T H L Y REVIEW' OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 183 WYOMING. C o m m is s io n e r of L abor and S t a t is t ic s : Ed. P. Taylor, commissioner, Cheyenne. C o m p e n s a t io n C o m m is s io n e r : State treasurer, Herman B. Gates, Cheyenne. Miss Eunice Andersen, secretary, B o s 617, Cheyenne. THE DOMINION OF CANADA. D epartm ent of L abor : Hon. T. W. Crothers, Iv. C., M. P., minister. F. A. Acland, deputy m inister, editor of Labor Gazette. Bryce M. Stewart, chief o f statistics and associate editor of Labor Gazette. A d dress: Ottawa. (Adm inisters the conciliation and labor act, the industrial disputes investigation act, 1907, the combines investigation a c t ; fixes fair w age schedules to be inserted in Government con tracts; collects and classifies statistical and other inform ation relating to con ditions of labor, and publishes monthly The Labour Gazette and periodically special bulletins on trade and labor conditions, prices, labor legislation, etc.) THE PROVINCES. ALBERTA. B ureau of L abor : (Under the auspices of the department of agriculture, Edmonton.) B R I T I S H COLUMBIA. D epartm ent of L abor : Hon. J. W. de P>. Farris, minister, Victoria. (Departm ent is now in the process of organization.) F a ctory I n s p e c t o r : C. R. Gordon, chief inspector, courthouse, Vancouver. W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n s a t io n B oard : E. S. H. Winn, chairman, Victoria. Parker W illiam s, Victoria. Hugh B. Gilmour, Victoria. M A NIT O B A. B ureau of L abor: E. McGrath, secretary, W innipeg. Factory inspectors: John Carroll. Ida H. Bauslaugh. F a ir W ag e B oard : S. G. Oxton, chairman, deputy m inister of public works, Winnipeg. W. .T. Davidson, Winnipeg. George Armstrong, Winnipeg. W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n s a t io n B o a r d : H. G. Wilson, commissioner, W innipeg. W illiam Neill, secretary, Winnipeg. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (595) 184 M O N T H L Y REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OP LABOR STA TISTIC S. NEW BRUNSWICK. F a c t o r y C o m m is s io n : Kilgour Skives, Campbellton. Emma S. Fiske, St. John. Michael K elly, St. John. Charles McDonald, St. John. I n s p e c t io n of F a c t o r ie s and H otels : James Kenny, St. John. N O V A SCOTIA. F a c to r y M in e s and I n s p e c t io n (u n d e r d e p a rtm e n t o f p u b lic w o r k s ) : IT. Donkin, C. E., deputy minister, H alifax. Phillip Ring, factory inspector, department o f public works, Halifax. W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n s a t io n B o a r d : V. J. Baton, K. C., chairman, H alifax. Fred W. Armstrong, H alifax. John T. Joy, H alifax. ONTARIO. T rades L abor B r a n c h (departm ent of public works) : W alter A. Riddell, M. A., Ph. D., superintendent, Toronto. and F actory and A c c id e n t I n s p e c t io n : Factory, shop, and office inspection b ran ch : Jam es T. Burke, chief inspector, Toronto. W o r k m e n ’s C o m p e n s a t io n B oard : Samuel Price, chairman, Toronto. A. W. W right, vice chairman, Toronto. George A. Kingston, commissioner. J. M. McCutcheon, secretary, Toronto. QUEBEC. I n s p e c t io n of I n d u s t r ia l E s t a b l is h m e n t s and P u b l ic B u il d in g s (under de partm ent of public works, Hon. L. A. Tascliereau, m inister) : Louis Guyon, ch ief inspector, 9 St. John Street, Montreal. R e g is t r a r of B oards of C o n c il ia t io n and A r b it r a t io n : F elix Marois, department of public works, Quebec. SASKATCHEWAN. B ureau of L abor ( u n d e r d e p a r t m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r e ) : Thomas Molloy, secretary, Regina. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (596) B U R E A U S OF LA B O R IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IES, Country. Name of bureau. Argentina---- Departamento del Trabajo. Australia, New South Wales. Queensland A ustria......... Belgium........ Brazil............ Canada.......... O ntario___ Chile.............. Denm ark___ E cuador........ Finland......... France........... Germany...... Great Britain Greece........... Italy.............. Mexico........... Ne Tierlands.. New Zealand. Norway......... P eru .............. Porto P ic o ... Portugal....... Roum ania__ Nacional L abor and In d u s tria l B r a n c h ( B u r e a u of Census and Statistics, Department of Home Affairs). Department of Labor and Industry. Chief official. Location of bureau. Title of publi cation. Frequency of issue. Presidente.. B u e n o s Aires. C o m m o n wealth S ta tis ti cian. .Boletín del De Monthly. partam ento n a c i o n a l del Trabajo. Melbourne.. Labour B ulletin... Quarterly. Minister of Sydney....... Labor and Industry. Department of Labor........ Director...... B risbane.... K. K. Arbeitsstatistisches Vorstand__ Vienna........ Amt im Handelsminis terium. Brussels....... Office du Travail (Minis D irecteu r Générai. tère de l’Industrie et du Travail). Ministerio da Agricultura, Ministro__ _ Rio de Ja neiro. Industria e Commercio. Department of Labor........ Minister of O ttaw a........ Labor. Bureau of Labor (Depart Secretary__ Toronto....... ment of Public Works). Oficina de Estadística del Jefe.............. Santiago___ Trabajo. Direktoratet for arbejds, D irektor___ Copenhagen. og fabriktilsynet. Departamento de Obras D i r e c t o r general. Públicas. Industristyrelsen (Kej ser- D irektor___ Helsingfors.. liga Senaten). Office du Travail (Minis Directeur__ Paris............ tère du Travail et de la Prévoyance Sociale). New South Wa'es Industrial Gar zette. Monthly. S oziale Rundschau Do. Revue du Travail. Do. Labour Gazette. . . Do. Boletín de la Ofi cina del Trabajo. Do. A rb e tss ta tistisk Bimonthly. Tidskrift. Bulletin du Minis Monthly. tère du Travail et de la Prévoy ance Sociale. Reichsarbeitsblatt. Do. Berlin.......... Abteilung für Arbeitersta Präsident. . . tistik, Kaiserliches Sta tistisches Amt (Minis terium des Innern). London....... Board of Trade Do. Department of Labor Sta Director. Labour Gazette. tistics (Board of Trade). Athens......... Division of Labor and Social Welfare (Depart ment of Industry) (Tmema Ergasias Kai Koinonkes Pronoias— Upourgeio tes Ethnikes Oikonomias). Monthly, Ufficio del Lavoro (Minis D i r e t t o r e Rom e........... B o l l e t t i n o se m idell’ Ufficio del tero per l’Industria, il Generale. monthly. Lavoro. Commercio e il Lavoro). Ufficio Provinciale del La D e p u t a t o Milan........... Provin voro. ciale. Mexico City. Boletín del De Monthly. Departamento del Trabajo partamento del Trabajo. Directie van den Arbeid D i recteur The Hague.. ( D e p a r t e m e n t van Generaal. Landbouw, Nijverheid en Handel). Department of Labour___ Minister of Wellington.. J ournal of thè Monthly. Department of Labour. Labour. Socialavdeligen (De- D irektor___ Christiania.. Sociale Meddelelser Bimonthly partementet for Sociale Saker, Handel, Industri og íiskeri). L im a........... Dirección de Obras Públi Director. cas, Ministerio de Fo mento. San .Tuan__ B oletín.................. Irregular. Negociado del Trabajo. . . . Jefe Do. Lisbon......... Boletim do TraIíepartigáo do Trabalho balho Industriai. industrial (Direccáo geral do Comercio e indust r i a ) , Ministerio do Fo mento. 0 ) ........................................................ - - - - i A general ministry oi commerce and industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (597) 185 186 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. B U R E A U S OF LABO R IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S—Concluded, Country. Serbia Name of bureau. Chief official. Section for I n d u s t r y , Trade, and Social Leg islation (Ministry of Po litical Economy) (Min istar Narodne Privrede). Location of bureau. Title of publi cation. Frequency of issue. Belgrade South Africa... 0 ) ..................................................................................................... Spain............... Instituto de Reformas S e c r e tario General. Sociales. Madrid........ Boletín del Insti Monthly. tuto de Refor mas Sociales. Do. Dirección General de Co- Director___ ___ do.......... Boletín Oficial de Do Comercio, In m e r c i o , Industria y Trabajo. dustria y Tra bajo. Do. K. K. Socialstyrelsen........ Direktor___ Stockholm.. Sociala MeddelanSweden den. Switzerland__ Secrétariat Ouvrier Suisse Secrétaire. . . Zurich............................................ (semiofficiai). Uruguay.......... Oficina del T r a b a jo ...................... Montevideo. Boletín de la Ofi Quarterly. cina del Trabajo. (Ministero de Industrias, Trabajo e Instrucción Publica). Irregular. International.. International Labor Office. Director___ Basel, Swit Bulletin zerland. i Only a public employment office (labor department) in the ministry of mines and industry. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (598) VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE HANDI CAPPED, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CRIPPLED SOLDIERS. [A N A N N O T A T E D LIS T OF R E F E R E N C E S . ] An account of the year’s work at the M assachusetts hospital school, Canton, Mass. American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 276-292. E xtracts from the 9th annual report of the M assachusetts Hospital School, 1915-16. Adamson, R. A. E. Workshop for the handicapped. Survey, July 8, 1916. v. 36: 392-393. Baltim ore community workshop. Adler, E. XT., and Marshal, S. G. Self-support for the handicapped. Survey, April 30, 1910. v. 24: 180-185. Contains considerable m aterial embodied in unpublished theses pre sented at the N. Y. School of Philanthropy. Aid for the war cripples of France. American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 3, no. 1, 1916. p. 44-45. Organization and scope of work of the American committee for train ing maimed . . . soldiers of France. Alden, Percy. W hat France is doing for her disabled soldiers and sailors. Progress (B ritish institute of social service), January, 1917. Based on the confidential report of Sir Henry Norman for the Right Honorable Lloyd George, Secretary of State for War. Reprinted in the U nited States Bureau of Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v ie w , June, 1917. v. 4 : 851-867. Alexander, J. Farm labour for the blind. B raille Review, August, 1915, p. 4-6. A lfassa, Maurice. L’emploi en industrie et en agriculture des blessés et m utilés de guerre et la loi sur les accidents. Correspondent, July 25, 1915, p. 243-256. Amar, Jules. Appareils de prothèse du membre supérieur. L’Academie des Science., Comptes rendus, 1916. v. 162: 401 ff. ------ Care of the wounded in France : M ethods and instrum ents for aiding men who have lost hands or arms. Scientific American Supplement, Nov. 25, 1916. v. 82: 348-350. ------ Organisation de l ’apprentissage des estropiés de la guerre. 1915. Travail du Laboratoire des recherches du conservatoire N ationale des arts et metiers. ------Organization of the training of the disabled. Canada. M ilitary H ospitals Commission. Special bulletin. Ottawa, 1916. p. 29-50. Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, December, 1916. v. 3:176-183, and 12 plates. ■ -- La Prothèse et le T ravail des M utilés. Paris, 1916. ■ -- Reeducation of members partly amputated. Scientific American Supplement, Feb. 17, 1917. v. 83: 101. SS09°—17---- 13 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 1S7 (599) 188 m o n t h l y r e v ie w of t h e b u r e a u of l a b o r s t a t is t ic s . Amar, Jules. La rééducation professionnelle des blessés et des m utiles de la guerre. Journal de Physiologie et de Pathologie générale. July, 1915. ------ La rééducation professionnelle des m utilés de guerre. Société d’encouragement pour l ’industrie nationale. B u lletin Jan.-Feb., 1917. v. 127 : 94-124. ------ Technique d’éducation sensitive pour amputés et aveugles. Academie de Paris. Compte rendu, 1916. v. 163:335-338. Mr. Amar is director of the Laboratoire des Recherches sur le Travail professionnel in Paris. Angelucci, A. La protezione degli occhi dei soklati e la rieducazione dei ciechi di guerra. Arehivio di oftalm ología Napoli, 1916. v. 28: 177-205. A rbeiterschaft und Kriegsbeschädigtenfürsorge. Soziale P raxis, Aug. 12, 1915. v. 24: 1080-1082. Arends. Arbeitsverm ittlung für Krüppel. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1914. v. 7 : 202-207. ------ Der Krüppel als Handwerker. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1914. v. 7: 186-202. Armitage, T. R. Education "and employment of the blind; w hat has been done. 2d. ed. London, Harrison, 1886. 216 p. An artist’s work in war orthopedies. Modern Hospital. August, 1916. v. 9, no. 2. p. 92-95. Miss Grace Gassette and her remarkable work in restoring to wounded soldiers the use of their limbs. Aus der Arbeit—für die Arbeit. 1. Ertüchtigungsspiele der Kriegskrüppel. 2. Lazarettbeschäftigung. M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe. Leipzig, 1915. v .l : 42-44, Autobiographies of cripples. A ustralia. Parliam ent. War Committee. The war. Returned soldiers ; recom mendations. . . . reemployment. Melbourne, 1915. 3 v. A ustrian provision for war cripples. American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 2, no. 1,1915. p. 47-48. Manual training school in Vienna, specially adapted to needs of onearmed soldiers, supported chiefly by private charity. Brief. Batiffol, Louis. Les m utilés de la guerre sous l ’aneien régime. Revue hebdomadoire, May 26, 1917. no. 21. p. 456-489. B easley, W. L. Training the sig h tless; the Lighthouse. (P aris.) Scientific American, May 17, 1913. v. 108 : 448. Beer, Berthold. Entkrüppelungstellen. Zur H eilung scheinbar dauernd Ver krüppelter. Österreischische Rundschau, Dec. 1, 1914. v. 41: 243-2 8. B elgian school for crippled soldiers. Journal of American Medical Association, Sept. 30, 1916. v. 67:1031. B rief history of organization and equipment. Belot. J. and Privat. Reeducation of disabled soldiers. Paris médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 498 ff. B elyea, Jessie I. Care of the industrially handicapped. N ational Magazine, October, 1915. v. 43:167-173. B eratungstelle für K riegsverletzte in München. Der A rbeitsnachweis in D eutschland, July 20, 1915. v. 2 : 215, https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (600) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 189 Bernhard, L. I. D ie geschäftliche Organisation des W erkstätten—Betriebes im Kgl. orthopädischen Reserve Lazarett Nürnberg. Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 29-34. Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4:197-200. B eschäftigung von K riegsbeschädigten in der Staatsbahnverwaltung. Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, July 20, 1915. v. 2 : 215. Best, Harry. The deaf : Their position in society and the provision for their education in the United States. New York, Crowell, 1914. 340 p. Bestrebungen zur Fürsorge für Kriegsinvalide. D er Arbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, Jan. 15, 1915. v. 2: 62-66. Cooperation o f employment exchanges in w elfare work for war cripples. B iesalski, Konrad. D ie ethische und w irtschaftliche Bedeutung der K riegs krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1915. 23 p. The ethical and economic significance of w elfare work for war cripples, and its organization in connection w ith the entire war aid work, outlining how war cripples can be made self-supporting workers. ------H ilfsm ittel und A ussichten der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1915. v. 8:133-142. ------ - Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. Ein Aufklärungswort zum Tröste und zur Mahnung. Leipzig, 1915. A booklet by the director of a large home for crippled children, showing in text and illustrations how cripples w ith the aid of artificial limbs and other therapeutic aids can learn useful trades and become self-supporting. —— Praktische borschäge für die Inangriffnahm e der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. Reprint : Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1915. v. 8, lift. 1. ------ D ie Stellung des Arztes in der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. Z eitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung, Jena, 1915. v. 12: 353-359. ------ W ie helfen w ir unseren Kriegskrüppeln? Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1914. v. 7: 277-2S8. (D ie) Bisherige Entw icklung der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. 1. D ie R ichtlinien der Arbeit. 2. Ausstellungen. M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 1-3 ; 25-27. Bittard, A. L. Les blessés au travail. La revue, Mar. 1916. v. 114: 464-482. (T he) Blind soldier. Lancet, Dec. 16, 1916. v. 191: 1017-1018. Reeducation in walking. (T he) Blind at work. Outlook, Sept. 21, 1907. v. 87: 137-138. Bois-Reymond, R. du. Zur Verwundetenfürsorge. Berliner klinische W ochenschrift, June 14, 1915. v. 52, no. 24. Farm colonies for wounded soldiers. Böttger, Hugo. D ie soziale K riegshilfe und die Kopfarbeiter. M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 34-37. An appeal for special social war w elfare work of a higher standard for invalided intellectual workers, i. e., men w ith an academic education. Borne. De la réadaptation et de la rééducation au travail des blessés et des m utilés de la guerre. P aris Médical, 1915. No. 15-16. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (6011 190 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. Borne. De la rééducation et de la réadaptation au travail des blessés et des m utilés de la guerre. Ilevue d’H ygiene et de Police Sanitaire, Paris, 1915. v. 37 :8 1 -1 1 2 ; 159-161; 372-401. ------ Rééducation et la réadaptation au travail des blessés et m utilés de la guerre. Société d’Encouragement pour l ’Industrie N ationale. B ulletin. J u ly August, 1915. p. 64-86. ------ Ateliers-écoles professionels. Revue d’Hygiene et de Police Sanitaire, Paris, 1915. v. 37,: 161-171. Bourillon. Functional réadaptation and professional reeducation of the dis abled victim of the war. American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 3, no. 1, 1916. p. 23-28. Includes suggestive methods of dealing w ith problem. Reprinted from “ The provision of employment for members of the Canadian ex peditionary force on their return to Canada.” Ottawa, 1915. Pari., 6 Geo. V, sess. paper 35a, p. 30-37. ——— Méthodes de rééducation professionnelle des amputés. Paris médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 487 ff. — — La rééducation professionnelle des invalides de la guerre. Revue Philanthropique, Paris, 1915. v. 36: 351-366 ; 1916, v. 37: 24-35. ------■Vocational reeducation of disabled soldiers. Canada. M ilitary hospitals commission. Special bulletin, April, 1916, p. 75-89. Abridged translation of article in La R evue Philanthropique for January, 1916, giving account of methods adopted in the training of disabled soldiers at the V acassy Institute. Braun, Adolph. Arbeiter- und K riegs-invalidenfragen. Neue Zeit. v. 33 : 545-550. Breeman, J. Van. Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. Nosokômos, Amsterdam, 1916. v. 16: 733-739. Breton, Jean. A l ’arrière. Paris, D elagrave [1916] 174 p., 3d ed. Souvenirs et récits de la guerre, 1914-1916, a l ’école des m utilés. ------ A l ’école des m utilés. Revue de Paris, 1916, année 23, tome 1, 585-598. Brettner, Dr. E s gibt keine Krüppel mehr. Über Land und Meer, 1915. no. 32: 590-592. Bridge, A. H. E lectrical training for disabled men. England. E lectrical R ailw ay and W estern Electrician, May 26, 1917. v. 70:87£ B rieux as a big brother to blind soldiers. R eview of Reviews, November, 1916. v. 54 : 555-557. Letters to soldiers urging care in the choice of a vocation. Brisac, Jules. La guerre et 1’ assistance au x blessés de la tuberculose. Revue Scientifique, Feb. 12-19, 1916. p. 100. ff. ------ Les services d’assistance et les oeuvres de guerre. Revue Philanthropique, February, 1916. v. 37: 65-96. Brock, L. G. The reeducation of the disabled. Nineteenth Century, October, 1916. v. 80 : 822-835. Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, March, 1917. v. 4 :1 9 -3 6 . Buck, N. M. Work for the deformed. Craftsman, May, 1907. v. 12 : 193-204. Bullock, W. B. Massaging— new vocation for the blind. Technical World, August, 1913. v. 19: 904-905. (602) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 191 Burkard, I. Uber die Schulung Kriegsinvalider. Wiener klinische W ocheschrift. Vienna. Jan. 27, 1916. v. 29, no. 4. Burkhardt, G. Der Lazarettunterricht fiir K reigsverstiim m elte in Freiburg i. Br. Frankfurter Zeitung, 7 Februar, 1915. Burritt, O. H. Education o f the blind. Outlook for the Blind, January, 1917. v. 10: 107-112. Concerns principally education o f children and high-school pupils. Cabot, R. C. Arequipa sanatorium, where a tuberculosis patient can be cured w ithout expense to him self. (Arequipa, Cal.) Survey, Dec. 7, 1912. v. 29: 311-314. Tuberculosis patients trained in the m anufacture of pottery. ------ Substandard workers ; Dr. H a ll’s attack on their problem. Survey, Oct. 3, 1914. v. 33 :1 5 -1 8 . D escription of Dr. H a ll’s workshop at Marblehead, Mass., where patients suffering from nervous disorders are trained to make salable articles, and receive w ages for their product. Camus, J. Rééducations functionnelle et professionnelle. Paris Médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6 : 470 ff, 504 ft. Rôle of the physician in deciding when and in w hat the disabled sol dier should be trained, and the placing of them after training. Canada. H ouse of Commons. Care of returned soldiers. Its Debates, Feb. 5, 1917. v. 51, no. 14, p. 483-500. Canada, M ilitary H ospitals Commission. Provision of employment for mem bers of the Canadian expeditionary force on their return to Canada, and the reeducation of those who are unable to follow their previous occupations be cause of disability . . . together w ith appendixes dealing w ith sim ilar work in England and the continent of Europe. Ottawa, 1915. 53 p. (Pari. sess. paper no. 35a, August, 1916.) •------B ulletin 1, 2, and 3, March, June, and December, 1916. Ottawa, 1916. Arocational training for disabled soldiers in Canada. R eviewed in United States Bureau of Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v i e w , June, 1917. v. 4: 867-874. ------ Special bulletin. Ottawa. April, 1916. 108 p. Compilation of papers on European activity. Analyzed in this bibliography under authors’ names. Canada. Parliam ent. H ouse of Commons. An act to assist returned soldiers in settling upon the land and to increase agricultural production . . . July 25, 1917. (B ill 116.) (Canadian M ilitary H ospital Commission, appointment and duties.] Canada. Department of Labour. Labour Gazette. November and Decem ber, 1915. v. 16 : 529, 663. Canadian Pacific R ailw ay Company o f Canada, Department of natural re sources. Returned veterans’ colonies, 1916. Cannon, I. M. Social work in hospitals. N. Y. Survey associates, 1913. 257 p. (R ussell Sage Foundation.) Medical social problems, relief, employment for the handicapped, medi cal advice to social agencies, p. 80-105. [Care for w ar cripples.] American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. At Naples. Italy, 363-4 ; at Port Villez, France, 367-8 ; at Rome, p. 36S-371. Carle, M. Les écoles professionelles de blessés. Preface de M.Edouard Herriot. 2d ed., Lyon, 1915. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (C 0 3 ) 192 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. Carmine, Pietro. Beneficenza moderna. Le scuole e le ease di lavoro per gli storpi e i m utilati. Nuova Antologia, Roma, 1908. 5a ser., v. 135: 7-20. Chesterton, G. K. Crusade of cripples. Living Age. July 15, 1916. v. 290: 179-181. Cincinnati. H ospital social service association. Work for the handicapped. In its annual report, 1913-14, p. 26-37. Committee to teach blinded soldiers. Survey, July 24, 1915. v. 34: 368. Conference on w ar relief and personal service, London, 1915. Conference on war relief and personal service, organized by charity organization societies and guilds of help. Caxton H all, W estminster, June 10-12, 1915. London, Longmans, 1915. 240 p. (L e) Corps de rééducation physique au grand palais. La Nature, Sept. 23, 1916.. v. 44, pt. 2, p. 193-196; Courson, Comtesse de. Broken men of Prance. Living Age. Apr. 15, 1916. v. 289: 157-164. Cripples in the leather trades, a survey by the employment bureau for cripple» (N ew York C ity). American Journal of Care for Cripples, March, 1917., v. 4, no. 1, p. 13-15. Cripples made by th e Avar. Journal of American Medical Association. Chicago, 1915. v. 64:923. Cripples of Prance. Outlook, March 8, 1916. v. 112 : 543-544. B rief review of article in the Ncav York Tribune on t h e education of French w ar cripples, by Mr. Arthur Gleason. Czarnomska, I. I. Workshop for industrial education of cripples at M axmilian H ospital at St. Petersburg, 12 years o f acti\Tity. Reprinted from Archives of Surgery, St. Petersburg, 1910. \r. 26: 10251033. Dam. L’assistance aux estropiés et les écoles d’estropiés. Progrès médical, Belge, B ruxelles, 1914. v. 16: 25-29. Dantin, Ch. La rééducation professionelle des m utilés de la guerre. Génie civil, Aug. 28, 1915. v. 67: 129-134. Davis, Richard Harding. Blinded in battle but not made useless. New York Times Sunday Magazine, Feb. 27, 1916, p. 10-11. Deltenre, Armand. The Anglo-Belgian hospital at Rouen. Canada. M ilitary H ospitals Com. Special bulletin. April, 1916, p. 51-74. Organization and Avork, Avith some account o f special appliances for m echanotherapeutic treatment. Denzer, Hans. Werkunterricht,. Arbeitserziehung und H andfertigkeitsunter richt. Jahresbericht. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1911. v. 4: 50-55. Dermietzel. D ie H ilfstätigk eit der Arbeitsnaelnveise.. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Hamburg, 1915. v. 8:173-176. Deshon, G. D. A farm for crippled and disabled workers on the Panama Canal. American Journal of Care for Cripples, Dec., 1915. v. 2, no. 4, p. 168-170. Corozal farm. D eutschee Vereinigung für Krüppelfürsorge. Aus der Deutschen Vereinigung, Berlin, August, 1914. Devine, E. T. Preparation for war cripples. Survey, June 30, 1917. v. 38: 291. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (604) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 193 Dew, L. E. Making cripples into workingmen. Technical World, August, 1914. v. 21:842-843. D ietz. B isherige Leistungen in der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. 1. K riegshilfe in Hessen. M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipsig, 1915. v. 1 :1 7 -1 9 . A brief description of m easures for the aid and vocational training of war invalids taken in the Grand Duchy of H esse up to the fa ll of 1915. D iscussion d’une proposition de loi tendant a l ’obligation de la rééducation professionnelle des blessés et des m utilés de la guerre. Journal officiel de la République Française, Apr. 15, 1916. p. 933 ff. Donoghue, F. D. R ehabilitation of crippled workmen. M assachusetts Industrial Accident Board, 3d annual report. 191L-15. p. 82-101. Dow, J. J. Organization for aiding the adult blind to become self-supporting. M innesota school for the blind, 1915, 16 p. Driesm ans, Heinrich. Krüppelfürsorge. Österreichische Rundschau, Apr. 15, 1915. v. 43: 49-56. Dumont-Wilden, L. The future of our crippled heroes. Everyman, July 21, 1916. v. 8 ; Belgian Supplement, p. liii-liv . Dynamographic platform ; a device for teaching w ar cripples to walk. Scientific American Supplement, Jan. 13, 1917. v. 83: 29. Eberts, E. M. von. Functional reeducation and vocational training of soldiers disabled in war. Canadian Medical Association Journal, March, 1917. v. 7:193-200. Education of the left hand o f disabled sailors and soldiers. Lancet, April 7, 1917. v. 192: 553. Egan, Eleanor F. War time schools for Belgians. Saturday Evening Post, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 189 : no. 23, p. 26. Brief. Einarm ige in der Landwirtschaft. D er A rbeitsnachweis in D eutschland, Aug. 20, 1915. v. 2 : 241. L’emploi des m utilés dans les establissem ents industriels et commerciaux. France. M inistère du travail. Bulletin, Jupe, 1916. v. 23: 225-231, Employment and education of w ar cripples. Journal American M edical Association, v. 65, 1915. Circular letter sent out by French Government, p. 348. Institute for cripples, p. 1124. War cripples and watch making, p. 1124. School at Roehampton, London, p. 1474. Employment for disabled soldiers and sailors : Summary of report of Sir George Murray’s committee. B rittanic Review, October, 1915. v. 2 : 410 t412. (T he) Employment of partly disabled soldiers in German street and engineering works. A Krupp company scheme. Iron and Coal Trades Review, Jan. 14, 1916. v. 82: 377. Employment of returned soldiers. Canada, Department of Labour, Labour Gazette, April, 1917. v. 17: 284-285. Organization and work in Canada. Employment of tuberculous patient. Journal of the Outdoor Life, December, 1912. v. 9 : 295-301. D eals w ith problem of employment w ithin the sanatorium, and w ith suggestions for occupation after discharge. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (605) 194 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. Employment results in Philadelphia (ed itorial). American Journal of Care for Cripples, May, 1916. v. 3: 42-44. The Pennsylvania State Bureau of Employment lias recently created a handicapped department and states results in three w eeks’ work, total sixty men and women. Erhard, Auguste. 1916. Les oeuvres de l ’hotel de V ille pendant la guerre. Lyon, European reeducation of the deaf. Volta Review, August, 1917. v. 19: 411-412. B rief article dealing w ith necessity of work, and some of the peculiar problems to be met. Factory w ith blind workmen. W orld’s Work, August, 1903. v. 6 : 3817-3818. Farm ing w ithout eyes. Technical World, April, 1914. v. 21: 218-219. Feilchenfeld, W. and Bauer. Kriegsblindenfürsorge. D eutsche Medizinische W ochenschrift, Leipzig, 1916. v. 42 : 1324. Felton, Howard C. H elping crippled soldiers ; how the disabled victim s o f the great war are restored to a life of useful work and healthful play. Munsey’s Magazine, 1916. v. 57 : 240-250. Ferenczi, E. Programm für eine system atische Invaliden-Fürsorge in Ungarn. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 253-259. The resolutions adopted by the H ungarian Society for the Combating of Unemployment w ith respect to a system atic program for the care, vocational training, and employment of w ar invalids. Finding work for men crippled in war. R eview of Reviews, Feb., 1916. v. 53: 226-228. Work of the official national employment bureau for war invalids in Vienna. Fischer. Allgem eines über die Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge in Nürnberg. Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 1-8. Flemming, E. W ie Kriegsbeschädigte und U nfallverletzte auch bei Verstümme lungen ihr Los verbesseren können. Saarbrücken, 1915. Fontane, E. La responsabilité des oeuvres des m utilés de guerre au point de vue des accidents. Paris Médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 496 if. Fontane suggests that public and private organizations engaged in training of disabled take out accident insurance policies to protect them selves in case of accident to men under their charge for whom they are legally responsible, the sam e as a proprietor of a factory. Forbin, V. L ’enseignement professionnel des blessés de la guerre. La Nature, Apr. 8, 1916. v. 44: 236-238. Forster, A. M. Problem of employment. Journal of the Outdoor Life, October, 1910. v. 7: 291-294. Advocates establishing a farm colony in connection w ith hospital and sanatorium (for tuberculosis patients) graduates of which might be colonized in the W est and form self-supporting communities. Förster, Flans. D ie Selbsthilfe. M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (606) v. 1: 47-48. MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 195 France. Conseil Generale de la Seine. Rapport au nom de la Comité m ixte de travail et du chômage, relativem ent aux mesures à prendre pour procéder à l ’organisation du travail au moment de la démobilisation, présenté par Henri Sellier et Émile Deslandres. Paris, 1916. 59 p. Employment of soldiers after the war, not confined to the disabled. France. M inistère de l ’intérieur. Dir. de l ’assistance et de l ’hygiène publiques. Conditions d’adm ission dans les centres de rééducation professionnelle. Cir culaire no. 16, Feb. 16, 1916. France. M inistère du travail et de la prévoyance sociale. B ulletin, v. 22, 1915, to date. See index under “ actes et documents officiels.” Each number contains official acts and documents relative to the establishm ent and work of a national commission for employment of returned soldiers. France. M inistère du travail. La rééducation agricole des m utilés de guerre (B elgique). Its B ulletin, A vril-M ai, 1917. v. 24:198-199. France. Rapport fait au nom de la commission du travail chargée d’examiner : 1. La proposition de loi de M. Adrien Pressem ane et plusieurs de ses collègues, tendant à assurer l ’emploi obligatoire des m utilés de guerre ; 2. La proposition de loi de Maurice V iolette tendant à créer un office national pour le placement des réform és de la guerre, par M. Durafour, député. (In Documents parlem entaires, Chambre, sess. ord. Oct. 15, 1916, p. 1429-1444. ) France’s crippled soldiers. Outlook, June 7, 1916. v. 113: 299-300. Franceschini, Giovanni. Per la rieducazione dei m utilati. Il methodo italiano di protesi con movimenti. Nuova Antologia, Rome, 1916. ser. 6, v. 181: 412-421. Franz, S. I. Reeducation and rehabilitation of cripples maimed and otherwise disabled by war. Volta Review, August, 1917. v. 19: 385-387. Résumé of w hat has been done and recommendations. Frassdorf. D ie B eteiligung der Arbeitnehmer. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8:169-172. Friedman, H. M. Occupational specialization in the defective. New York Medical Journal, Sept. 23, 1916. Fryer, C. E. Returned soldier in Canada. New Republic, Feb. 3, 1917. v. 10: 13-15. Fiirsorge fiir unsere K riegsverletzten. Technik und W irtschaft. Berlin, v. 8 :148-157. Future of disabled soldiers. Modern H ospital, Aug., 1917. v. 9 :1 2 4 —125. Recommendations of the conference called by the General Medical Board of the Advisory Committee of the Council of N ational Defense. F uture of the incom pletely recovered wounded soldier. Lancet, July 17, 1915. v. 189: 152-153. Plea for Government school workshops. Gallison, Mrs. H. H. Germany in w ar time. Outlook, Dec. 13, 1916. v. 114: 828-831. Popular article on German reeducation of soldiers. Galsworthy, John. Remade or marred? A great national duty. Times (London), Oct. 14, 1916. p. 9, col. 4. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (607) 106 M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. Gautrelet, J. Les bases scientifiques de l’éducation professionnelle des mutilés. B ulletin de l ’Académie de médecine, Paris, 1915. 3d ser. v. 73: 663-668. Application of Taylor’s principles of scientific management in training crippled soldiers. Gauvain, H. G. L’hôspital et collège d'Alton. Lord Mayor T reloar’s Cripples’ H ospital and College à Alton, Ham pshire (E ngland). Orthopédie et Tuberculose Chirurgicale, Paris, 1914. y. 1: 46-53. Geîfert, R. Der Geistliche als Führer der Gemeinde. M onatsblatter ftir Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 10-12. A short essay em phasizing the duty of the priest or pastor to imbue the invalid soldier w ith w ill power to overcome the handicap o f being a cripple. Gerhardt, Karl. D ie K riegsbeschadigtenffirsorge in der Provinz Brandenburg. Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8: 259-266. A brief description of the preparatory measures taken in the Prussian province of Brandenburg for the care, vocational training, and em ployment o f w ar invalids. Gilbreth, F. B. Motion study for the crippled soldier, 1916. S p. Published also in Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Dec., 1915. v. 37: 669-675 ; and Scientific American Supplement, Dec. 25, 1915. v. 80: 402-403. Paper presented at m eeting of the American Association for the Ad vancement of Science, Columbus, Ohio, 1915-16; reviewed in Literary D igest, Jan. 22, 1916. v. 52: 169-170. * ---and Gilbreth, L. M. Conservation of the world’s teeth ; a new occupation for the crippled soldier. Scientific American Supplement, June 9, 1917. v. 83: 357-358. Trained Nurse and H ospital Review , July, 1917. v. 59: 5-11. (Sam e article. ) * ---How to put the crippled soldier on the pay roll. Trained Nurse and H ospital Review, May, 1917. v. 58: 255-260. Literary D igest, March 10, 1917. v. 54:617-618. ------ Problem of the crippled soldier. Scientific American Supplement, Apr. 28, 1917. v. 83: 260-261. Ginestores and Dominique. Reeducation of the blinded soldier. Le Progrès Médical, Oct. 20, 1916. v. 31: 199. Gradenwitz, A. Educating invalid soldiers. Scientific American, Sept. 11, 1915. v. 113: 229. Graham, P. Anderson. Reclaim ing the w aste : B ritain ’s most urgent problem. London, 1916. Pamphlet. Great Britain. Board of A griculture and Fisheries. Committee on land settle ment for sailors and soldiers. F inal report of departm ental committee ap pointed by the president of the board to consider the settlem ent or employ ment on the land in England and W ales of discharged sailors and soldiers. London, 1916. (Cd. 8182, 8277, 8347.) 3 v. Early volum es reviewed in United States Bureau of Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v i e w , April, 1936. v. 2: 329-331. Volume 3 reviewed in United States Bureau o f Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v i e w , Sept., 3916. v. 3:369-372. ------ - Local government board. Report of the committee appointed by the presi dent of the board upon the provision of employment for sailors and soldiers disabled in the war. London, 1915. 9 p. (7915). https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (608) M O N T H L Y HE V IEW OP T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 197 Great B ritain. Local government board. Report of committee, etc.— Continued. Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 :2 1 2 225; Reviewed in Great B ritain Board of Trade Labour Gazette, Slay, 1915. p. 161. “ We regard it as the duty o f the State to see th at the disabled man shall be, as far as possible, restored to health, and that assistance shall be forthcom ing to enable him to earn h is living in the occupa tion best suited to his circum stances and physical condition.” ------ Royal Commission on blind and d ea f and dumb. Report. 4 v. London. 1899. ------ War Office. Guide to civil employment for ex-soldiers. 1913. London, 1913. 63 p. List of agencies of the national association for employment of ex-soldiers, p. 8-10. Other m ilitary agencies, p. 11. D etails regarding certain employ ment not under Government, p. 41-63. Guédy, Claire. W hat Lyons is doing for the wounded and the refugees. Outlook, Nov. 24, 1915. v. I l l : 737-743. Vocational school for cripples. Haggard, Sir II. Rider. The after-war settlem ent and employment of ex-service men in the oversea dominions . . . London Published for the royal colonial institute, 1916. 67 p. H all, Herbert J. H andicrafts for the handicapped. New York, Moffat, 1916. 155 p. D etailed description of suitable occupations w ith directions for carrying them on. ------ Out-patient workshops— a new hospital department. Modern Hospital, Oct., 1913. v. 1 :1 0 1 —103. Proposals that hospitals may provide work for th e handicapped ; fam ilies may remain intact ; careful selection of work required. ------ The work of our hands : A study o f occupation for invalids. New York, Moffat, 1915. 211 p. W hat is actually being done in providing system atic work for invalids.* Suggests possibilities. Ham ilton, J. P. N ecessity of public provision for employment of the blind. N ational Conference o f Charities and Corrections, Proceedings, 1907. 489-494. Hannan, Thomas. Technical schools for maimed soldiers; L’École Jofire at Lyon. Contemporary Review, July, 1916. v. 110: 105-112. “ The School at Lyons is organized on the model of L'École des acci dents du travail, which existed at Charleroi before the war and which w as founded for the purpose o f retraining, those who had suf fered m utilation through accidents in industrial employment.” Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, March, 1917. v. 4, no. 1, p. 3-12. Hardy, Grace F. A course in basketry and cane-seating. American Journal of Care for Cripples. N ew York, 1914. v. 1 : 45-47. Hare, J. H. T raining for blind soldiers,. Leslies Weekly, Sept. 23, 1915. Account of life at St. D unstan’s, London, and of Sir Arthur Pearson’s work for blind soldiers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (609) 198 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. Harper, G. S. Two cases crippled in industrial accidents ; a comparison of methods of after-care. American Journal of Care for Cripples, December, 1915. v. 2:145-155. Intensive study o f two cases, w ith vocational results. Hartmann, Konrad. D ie Fürsorge für Kriegsbeschädigte. Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, June 20, 1915. v. 2:177-181. A brief essay on the task s of w elfare work for crippled soldiers : advice in the choice of and adaptation for an occupation, vocational train ing, and procuring of employment. Heiden, Johannes. Fürsorge für die K riegsinvaliden und die Hinterbliebnen Gefallener. Sozialistiche M onatshefte, Berlin, 1915. 1. Jahrgang xxi, 292-298. Heldenheim oder A rbeitZeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 62-64. H êlys, M. La rééducation et le placem ent des m utilés et des avengles. Le Correspondant, Paris, 1916. v. 88:1083-1100. Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 : 168-178. Henriquez-Phillipe, M. Les M ultilés de la guerre— pourront reprendre leurs occupations anterieures. La Nature, Apr. 29, 1916. v. 44, pt. 1. p. 286-288. H ei’bst, Dr. D ie Fürsorge für die Kriegsbeschädigten. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jan., 1916. v. 106:104-144. An essay showing the economic significance of w elfare work for war cripples. The system of such work, its organization in the federal states and large cities, its centralization and m ost recent develop ment. Pline, L. W. Industrial training for deaf mutes ; a practical school where an opportunity is furnished for them to become desirable, self-supporting citizens. Craftsman, Jan., 1908. v. 13 : 400-408. Holt, W inifred. The lighthouse for blinded soldiers. (P aris.) Survey, Oct. 14, 1916. v. 37: 43-44. Hum an salvage. Literary D igest, Jan. 8, 1916. v. 52: 63-64. Summary of an article by H. M. Kohler in American Industries, Dec., 1915, on w hat is being done for crippled soldiers. H utt, C. W. Education of the left hand of soldiers and sailors. Lancet, April 7, 1917. v. 192: 553. ----- - Future of the maimed soldier and sailor. Lancet, Oct. 7, 1916. v. 191: 629-632. Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 123-138. Industrial training for the maimed ; the use o f motion study. Tim es (London), E ducational Supplement, Dec. 29, 1916. p. 197, col. 2. Irvin, Clara. Employment for the handicapped. Journal of the Outdoor Life. Aug., 1911. v. 8: 205-207. Irwin, W ill. F lashes from the war zone. Saturday E vening Post, July 15, 1916. p. 12, 13, 70. Account of blind soldiers in the Lighthouse, Paris. Italia. Decreto luogotenenziale, n. 490, in data 1° maggio, 1916, recante provvedim enti a favore degli im piegati delle aziende private richiam ati in servizio https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (610) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 199 Italia— Continued. militare. Italy. Ufficio del Lavoro. Bollettino. Maggio-Giugno, 1916. v. 25: 321-325. R eview ed in Canadian Labour Gazette, Oct., 1916. v. 16:1603. Jaeger, C. H. Trade training for adult cripples. American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1914. v. 1: 67-72. “ The trade school of the H ospital of Hope for Crippled and Injured Men, 159th St. and Mott Ave., is the only one of its kind in N. Y. City which offers opportunities for adults to learn trades suited to masculine inclinations and abilities.” Jandon, Henri. Pour les m utilés agriculteurs. Revue bleu, Apr. 14-21, 1917. v. 55 : 239-243. Janeway, T. C., and Carstens, C. C. Special employment bureau for the handi capped ; the need for a new piece of constructitve charitable work in Greater N ew York. Charities and Commons, Feb. 2, 1906. v. 15: 5S2-5S5. Plea for an employment bureau w ith suggestions for development and work. Jarrott, Thos. L. Problem of the disabled soldiers. U niversity Magazine (M ontreal), April, 1917. Reprinted in American Journal o f Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 226-243. Also published separately, 1917. 18 p. Reviewed i n U. S. Bureau of Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v i e w , Aug., 1917. v. 5 :111-113. Jeanbreau, Emile. L ’école d’apprentissage pour estropiés et accidentés de Charleroi. Montpelier Médical, 1910. v. 53 : 529-538. Jensen, Otto. D ie Blinden und der Krieg. Neue Zeit. v. 33 : 726-738. Jew elry trade class for cripples. Survey, May 20, 1911. v. 26: 318-319. Class started in 1909 in the Rhinelander school, N. Y., supported by the Brearly league, which m aintains other industrial classes for cripples. Jones, G. C. Treatment of Canadian wounded in England. Canada, M ilitary H ospitals Commission, special bulletin, Ottawa, 1916, p. 103-108. Jones, Sir Robert. Orthopaedic surgery and the war. Recalled to life, June, 1917. In which stress is laid on the effect of the curative workshop on the wounded man’s mental outlook. Joteyko, Josefa. L’usage de la main gauche chez les m utilés. Revue scientifique Paris, 1916. v. 2 : 494-499. Joyce, R. S. Industrial education of cripples. R ailw ay Surgical Journal, Chicago, 1911-12. v. IS : 382-384. Keller. B isherige Leistungen in der Kriegskriippelftirsorge. 2. K riegshilfe in Sachsen. M onatsblatter ffir Invaliden- und Kriippelhilfe. Leipzig, 1915. v. 1 : 37-42. A brief description of the work of State and local committees for the care of war invalids and of private societies and foundations in Saxony up to the fall of 1915. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (611) 200 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. Kellogg, P. U. Canadian city in war time. IV. The battle ground for wounded men. Survey, Apr. 7, 1917. v. 38: 1-10. Work of m ilitary hospitals commission. Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. Keogh, Sir Alfred. Treatment of the disabled, a memorandum prepared . . . for the Anglo-Beigian committee Recalled to Life, no. 1, June, 1917, p. 5-42. Includes : Modern curative workshops ; A fter care of the blind ; The Paris conference; Summary of work carried out in the electrical department of the m ilitary orthopaedic hospital. Definite, detailed account of w hat is actually being done in England. Kimmins, Grace T. The coeducation of cripple boys and wounded soldiers. The Child, London, 1916. v. 6 : 487-493. ------ The Princess Louise m ilitary wards and educative convalescence for crip pled and wounded soldiers, in connection w ith the H eritage craft schools for cripples, Chailey, Sussex, England. American Journal of Care for Cripples, September, 1915. v. 2: 125-128. Kirchner. Der Staat und die Fürsorge für unsere heimkehrenden Kreiger. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürserge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 150-160. On the work of the State in caring for returning soldiers. Kohler, A. D ie staatliche K riegsinvaliden-Füsorge. Leipzig, G. Thieme, 1916. 148 p. “ Literatur ” ; p. 143-148. Konstam, E. M. Debt to the disabled. N ineteenth Century, March, 1917. v. 81: 679-688. Kouindjy, P. and Rodiet A. Rééducation chez les blesses de la guerre, et la rôle de la suppléance. B ulletin de l ’Académie de Médecine, Paris, July 27, 1915. v. 74, no. 30. Kramer, Theodor Von. D ie bayerische Landesgewerbeanstalt Nürnberg und die Ausbildung kriegsinvalider Handwerker. Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 46-48. Kriegsbeschädigten-fürsorge. R eichsarbeitsblatt, Jan. und Mar. 1916. v. 19: 60-66, 231-242. K riegsinvalide in der Zigarrenindustrie. Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, May 20, 1915. w 2 : 169-170. Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge. D arstellung der in Nürnberg getroffenen Massnah men. Würzburg, 1915. Kuh. R. Blinded soldiers as masseurs. Münchener Medizinische W ochenschrift, Sept. 7, 1915. v. 62 : no. 36. D ie Blindenmassage, by F. Kirchberg, in same for Oct. 5, 1915, v. 62, no. 40. (W arning against training soldiers to be m asseurs.) Kusterman, O. W isconsin workshop for the blind. N ational Conference of Charities and Correction, Proceedings, 1907. p. 495-500. Laqueur, B. Kriegsverletzungen und Seelenleben mit besonderer Berücksich tigung der sogenannten Entartungsfrage. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8: 247-253. A medical treatise on the influence of “ war neurosis ” (a disease of the nerves caused by the w itnessing of the horrors of w ar) upon war invalids. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (612) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OE LABOR STA TISTIC S. 201 Lasker, Bruno. Back to the land from the trenches. Survey, June 24, 1916. v. 36: 327-328. Literary Digest, July L 1916. v. 53: 13-14. ------ German monuments of to-morrow, garden cities planned for the crippled men from the European battle fields. Survey, April 1, 1916. v. 36: 27-30. ------ Rebuilt men, new trades, and fresh courage for French war cripples. Survey, Apr. 7, 1917. v. 3 8 :11-14. Lauwick, Marcel. L’In stitu t M ilitaire belge de rééducation professionelle des mutilés.. Le Correspondant, Paris, 1916. v. 88:1132-1139. Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 179-187. Leigh, Garrett. Blinded soldiers and sailors ; Sir C. A. Pearson’s work at St. D unstan’s. The Treasury, London, June, 1916. p. 190-195. L ight through work. Outlook, Apr. 6, 1907. v. 85: 782. Work of New York A ssociation for the Blind. Brief. Lighthouse for blinded soldiers. Survey, Oct. 14, 1915. v. 37 : 42-44. School for the blind in Paris. Lighthouse- for the blind in France. Outlook for the blind, October, 1916. v. 10, no. 3, p. S2-S3. Account of founding of the institution. Lipson, E. A griculture after the war. Fortnightly Review, January, 1917. v. 107: 100-113. Logé, Marc. The physical reeducation of disabled soldiers. A visit to the Grand Palais, in Paris. W orld’s Work (London), Dec., 1916. v. 29: 27-35. London. County council. Education committee. Trade training of the blind in Germany. London. The Council, 190S. 17 p. Loomis, J. S. Occupations for the blind. T hesis submitted in the New York School of Philanthropy, 1906-07. (N ot published.) Liittjohann, Heinz. Die Aufgaben des Seelsorgers in der Kriegskrfippelpflege. M onatsblatter ftir Invaliden- und Kriippelhilfe. Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 31-34. M’Carthy, W. S. He refused to be downed. American Magazine, December, 1916. v. 82 : 50-51. B rief biography of a man who lost a hand and a foot. d MacDonald, E. S. Helping them to help them selves ; the work of the physically handicapped and the native art of the emigrant. H ouse Beautiful, December, 1916. v. 41: 16-19. Description of some of the work done at the cement shop of the Massa chusetts General H ospital and the industries carried ou by the M assachusetts Commission for the blind. McMurtrie, D. C. Farm for crippled workers on the Panama Canal. American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 2, no. 2, 1915. p. 94—102. Hospital Farm at Corozal, Canal Zone, for laborers who become dis abled and insane in employ of Isthm ian Canal Commission and Panama Railroad. Includes report o f adm inistration committee as to organization of work, conditions of employment, etc. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (613) 202 M O N T H L Y REV-IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. McMurtrie, D. C. German care for war cripples. A preliminary report. American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 2, no. 1, 1915. p. 39-40. General statem ent of organization of work in Germany. ------ Industrial school for the crippled and maimed at Charleroi, Belgium. Maryland Medical Journal, Baltimore, 1912. v. 51: 21-23. ------ An industrial school for crippled soldiers at Lyon, France. American Journal of Care for Cripples, December, 1915. v. 2:156-158. ------ Measures for the care of war cripples in Germany; plans for economic rehabilitation. American Journal of Care for Cripples, September, 1915. v. 2: 129-138. ------ Industrial training for cripples in Russia. R eprint: Journal of Missouri State Medical Association, St. Louis, 1912. v. 9:181-183. ------ Industrial training for war cripples. Illustrations of educational work in France and Germany. American Journal of Care for Cripples, March, 1917. v. 4: 16, and 8 plates. ------ Notes on the inception of care for war cripples in England and France. American Journal of Care for Cripples, 1915. v. 2 : 86-89. ------ Placem ent of the crippled and handicapped by the Pennsylvania State Bureau of Employment. American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 253-264. ------ Provision for cripples in Belgium. American Journal of Care for Cripples, September, 1916. v. 3: 121-125. Industrial schools and colony at Charleroi, Belgium. ------ Provision for war cripples in Germany. Canada. M ilitary H ospitals Commission, special bulletin, April, 1916. p . 93-98. -— — Provision for war cripples in Germany. New York, Wood, 1915. 12 p. Reprinted from M edical Record, New York, July 31, 1915. v. 88: 184-187. ------ A R ussian industrial training school for cripples. American Journal of Care for Cripples. December, 1916. v. 3: 184-189. Reprint from Journal of Missouri State M edical Association, St. Louis, 1916. v. 13 : 78-81. Cripples 14-30 years of age are taught m anufacturing of orthopedic apparatus, cabinet making, weaving, saddlery, tailoring, etc. ------ T raining for crippled boys and soldiers. Illustrations from the day’s work at the H eritage School of Arts and Crafts, Chailey, Sussex, England. American Journal of Care for Cripples, December, 1916. v. 3:169-170, and 12 plates. Mansfield, Charlotte. Blind heroes and w hat we owe them. Outlook for the Blind, October, 1916. v. 10: 79-82. Teaching soldiers at St. D unstan’s, London. Marin County (C al.). Arequipa sanatorium. Annual report. No. 1, 1911-12 to date. Sanatorium where tubercular patients are taught to make pottery. Mark, C. H. Special employment bureaus for the handicapped. Charities and the Commons, Feb. 2, 1907. v. 17: 816-820. At the time this article w as w ritten Chicago and New York were the only cities in the United States in which special bureaus for the handicapped were conducted, and both of these have since been dis continued. Marlow, F. W. Invalided soldiers, medical problems in classification, treatment, and final disposition of. Canadian Practitioner and Review. October, 1916. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (614) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 203 M assachusetts Board of Education. Special report relative to training for injured persons. February, 1917. 62 p. (H ouse No. 1733.) Reviewed in Survey, May 12, 1917, p. 145-146. M assachusetts, Commission on the adult blind. Report. Boston, 1906. 32 p. (H ouse doc. 275). Continuation of investigation begun in 1903. Recommends a permanent Board for improving the condition of the blind, and among other things that the “ Board shall serve as a bureau o f industrial aid, to find new forms of employment for the blind, to aid them in finding work, and to develop home industries among them .” For résumé see Charities and the Commons, v. 15, p. 618-620, Feb. 3, 1908. •------Commission to investigate condition o f adult blind. Report. Boston, 1904. 14 p. (H ouse doc. 187.) M attutat, Hermann. K riegsinvalidenffirsorge und soziale Gesetzgebung. Sozialistisclie M onatshefte, Berlin, 1915. 1. Jahrgang, xxi, 487-491. Medical treatm ent for disabled soldiers. Nature, Dec. 14, 1916. v. 98: 293. Men who come back from the front. Survey, Aug. 5, 1916. v. 36: 487. Milligan, L. E. Industrial education of the deaf, blind, and feeble-minded. N ational Education Association. Proceedings, 1909. p. 885-889. Mills, J. C. Profitable employment for the blind : M ichigan employment in sti tution for the adult blind. World To-day, September, 1909. v. 17: 943-948. Mohring, W alter. Lazarettw erkstatten. Kriegsinvalidenffirsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 24—28. Monatschau ffir Kriegskrfippelffirsorge. Z eitschrift ffir krfippelffirsorge. 1915. v. 8: 240-244, 266-268. R eview of noteworthy developments during September, 1915, in the w elfare work for invalid soldiers. Monrad, Margaret. R econstructing the cripple : a pioneer institution in Copen hagen, Denmark. American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4:110-119. Moore, H. E. Farm work for discharged soldiers. London, King, 1916. 31 p. H ow soldiers may be assisted to secure livelihood in agricultural work, and method by which State could aid. Morgan, J. L. Factory run by crippled men. Technical World, August, 1912. v. 17: 710-711. Factory in K ansas City operated entirely by cripples who make arti ficial limbs. Mosny, E. La rééducation professionnelle et la réadaptation au travail des estropiés et des m utilés de la guerre. B ulletin Académie de Médecine, Paris, Apr. 20,1915. 3d ser. v. 73 : 458-472. Devoted principally to school at Lyon, France. Moulton, R. H. Blind wizard of medicine and surgery. Technical World, December, 1913. v. 20: 543-544. Mugdan. D ie M itarbeit der Ârzte. Zeitschrift ffir Krfippelffirsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8:181-183. On the cooperation of the physician by more intensive study of orthopedia and its application to war cripples coming under his care. Muskat, Gustav. Copenhagen institution for cripples. American Journal of Care for Cripples, September, 1914. v. 1:115-118. SS09°—17----- 14 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (615) 204 MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS. Les M utilés dans la vie agricole. La Nature, May 5, 1917. v. 45 : pt. 1. p. 278-283. N ational school for m utilated soldiers. Journal of the American M edical Association, 1915. v. 64: 923. Nepper, H. and Vallée. Reeducation of disabled soldiers. Paris Médical, December 2, 1916. v. 6 : 501 ff. New York (C ity) Charity organization society. Reports of special employ ment bureau for the handicapped. Its Annual reports, 1905-6 to 1911-12. The Bureau w as established April, 1906, and its work brought to a close June 30, 1912. ------ United Hebrew Charities. Employment bureau for the handicapped. Its Annual reports, 1909-10 to date. Norman, Sir Henry. Report for the R ight Eton. D. Lloyd George, Secretary of State for War, upon the treatm ent and training of disabled and discharged soldiers in France. Paris, Oct. 12, 1916. (Confidential.) An article by Mr. Percy Alden, based on this report, w as published in “ P ro g ress” (B ritish Institute for Social Service) for January, 1917, and reprinted in the U. S. Bureau of Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v ie w for June, 1917. v. 4 : 851-867. New York (S ta te) Charities Aid Association. N ew York City V isiting Com mittee. Annual reports, 1903-4 to date. Its committee on employment has done much work in teaching handi crafts, etc., to inm ates of the city homes and hospitals. Noppel, Constantin. K riegsbereitschaft und Friedensarbeit in der Krtippelfiirsorge. Stimmen der Zeit, March, 1915. v. 88: 534-545. Novê-Josserand and Bouget. Rééducation fonctionnelle des amputés du membre supêrior pour les travaux de cultivateurs. Paris Médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 479 ff. Illustrated description o f devices in use to facilitate work on farms, showing how the stump o f an arm can be utilized. Nyns, A. Rééducation professionnelle d’apres les variétés d’impotences. Paris Médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 493 ff. D ie Organisation der K riegsverletztenfürsorge. Soziale P raxis und Archiv fiir Volkswohlfahrt. Berlin, 1915. v. 24 : 630-631. A brief description of the organization o f w elfare work for war cripples, w ith special reference to employment in various German States. Orr, H. W. Industrial education of the crippled and deformed. American Journal of Orthopedic Surgery, Phila., 1912-13. v. 10:195-200. Published also in W estern M edical Review, Omaha, Nebr., 1912. v. 17: 241-243. Otis, E. O. The physically defective. Journal of Sociologie Medicine, June, 1917. v. 18:191-210. Résumé of the situation in the U. S., w ith some methods of dealing w ith the problem. Painter, C. F. Orthopedic hospitals and vocational training for cripples. Lancet-Clinic, Cincinnati, 1913. v. 110: 226-230. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (616) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S. 205 P aris conference on the war cripple. Lancet, May 19, 1917. v. 192: 776-778. Organization and plan of work for war cripples. Lancet, July 21, 1917. v. 193: 93-95. L iteral translation of the resolution on which the sections of the con- ference agreed. Pastur, Paul, and Caty, Louis. L’assistance aux estropiés par la creation d’écoles d’apprentissage et d ’ateliers. Abonnement Germinal, 4th année, no. 5, Gand, 1907. Paterson, A. Problem of the discharged soldier. 19th Century, May, 1915. v. 77:1029-1040. Pearson, Sir Arthur. The guiding and self-guidance of the newly blinded ; Our blind soldiers ; Training as shorthand writers, etc. B raille Review, A pril-June, July and November, 1915. Account of the work at St. D unstan’s, London. Peirson-Webber, Francis P. Profitable poultry farming. Outlook for the Blind, April, 1915. v. 9: 5-6. A soldier, blinded in war, gives an account of his success at poultry farming. Perrin. Professional reeducation o f maimed soldiers. P aris Médical, July 29, 1916. v. 6: 96 f f .. Persons, W. F. Special employment bureau. New York (S ta te) Conference o f Charities and Correction. Proceedings, 1908. p. 93-103. Le placem ent public en Grande-Bretagne pendant la guerre. Circulaire du Secrétariat Général, no. 25, June 1, 1915. Published by the A ssociation F rançaise pour la lutte contre la chômage. Planning futures of maimed soldiers. Survey, Sept. 11, 1915. v. 34:527-528, Plucky cripple A v h o overcomes obstacles. Illustrated World, 1915. v. 24: 237. Pour les m utilés de l ’ouie. L’A ctualité Scientifique, Oct. 15, 1915. p. 173 fit. Preparation for war cripples. Survey, June 30, 1917. v. 38: 291, 297. Institute for crippled soldiers, established in N. Y. by the gift of Jeremiah Milbank. Proceedings of the Federation of A ssociations for Cripples. M eeting of the board of directors, June 12, 1917. American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 : 335-344. Includes report of employment secretary. P rofessional classes war relief council, London, 1915. 22 p. Progress made by jewelry-working class for cripples, started at N ew York and supported by the Brearley League. Jew eler’s Circular, 1911. v. 62: 63. Providing for the maimed and crippled. R eview of R eview s, October, 1916. v. 54: 439-440. Brief, general article concerned w ith the kind o f training soldiers should be given. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (617) 206 M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. Putnam, Mary L. Occupational provision for one type of the physically handi capped— cardiac convalescents. American Journal of Care for Cripples, 1915. v. 2: 41-43. Trade school for cardiac convalescents, Sharon, Conn. Quelques méthodes de rééducation auditive. Revue Générale de l ’Enseignem ent des Sourds-Muets, July-Septem ber, 1915. Continued in the October and December issues. Raschen, J. F. L. W hat Germany is planning to do w ith her crippled war veterans. Journal of Sociologie Medicine, 1915. v. 16: 118-121. R eeducation and rehabilitation of maimed, crippled, and otherw ise disabled soldiers. Journal of the American M edical A ssociation, June 30, 1917. v. 68: 1993. Continued in the issue of July 7, 1917. v. 69: 63-64. Reeducation of crippled soldiers. Journal of the American M edical A ssociation, v. 64. 1915. N ational school at St. Maurice, France, p. 923. Training of one armed persons ( Germany ), p. 1515-1516. Care of w ar invalids, training, and employment (G erm any), p. 1341. Société de rééducation des blessés . . . Pau, France, p. 1671. R esults obtained at Lyon, p. 2152. Journal of the American M edical A ssociation, v. 67, 1916. School established by Union of Foreign Colonies, France, p. 297. Maison Blanche, p. 891. School of clock making, p. 892. School at Tipperary, Ireland, p. 892. B elgian school, p. 1031. School at Troyes, p. 1173. Training of the left hand of cripples, p. 1173. Queen Mary’s Hospital, Roehampton, London, p. 1612. Reeducation of wounded soldiers in Canada. Manual Training, May, 1917. v. 18: 389-390. La rééducation professionnelle des invalides de la guerre. Revue Politique et Littéraire, R evue Bleue, Dec. 11-18,1915. v. 53: 609-621. D iscussion by Leon Bourgeois, Brieux, and Dr. Bourillon at Les Con ferences de la Guerre. Reeducating the wounded. Literary D igest, Feb. 24, 1917. v. 54: 468-469. Reeves, Edith G. Care and education of crippled children in the United States. 1914. 252 p. Handwork and vocational training, p. 62-90. D ie Regelung der Fürsorge fur Kriegsbeschädigte in Brandenburg, W estfalen und Bayern. Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, Mar. 20, 1915. v. 2: 101-106. A Compilation of governmental regulation early in the war (up to March, 1915) of w elfare work and vocational training in Branden burg, W estphalia, and Bavaria. Regnier, P. Organisation scientifique de la rééducation professionnelle des m utilés. Revue Scientifique, Paris, 1916. v. 2 : 458-460. Reidinger, J. Über Kriegs-Krüppelfürsorge mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Prothesenfrage. Archiv für Orthopädie, Mechanotherapie, und U nfallchirurgie, W iesbaden, 1915. v. 14: 132-188. (618) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 207 R itschl. Kriegskrüppel-Fürsorge. Allgem eine Zeitung, Jan. 30, 1915. v. 118: 72-73. •------Orthopädisches in der Verwundeten Behandlung. Medizinische Klinik, Wien, 1915. v. 11: 12L-126; 159-162. ------ Zwölf Gebote zur Verhütung des Krüppeltunis bei unseren K riegsver wundeten. Medizinische Klinik, Wien, 1915. v. 11: 162-163. Roorbach, Eloise. Making pottery on the California h ills ; art as a tonic. Craftsman, June, 1913. v. 24: 343-346. Work at the Arequipa sanatorium, Marin County, California. St. D unstan’s H ostel for blinded soldiers and sailors. Reports. Report for year ended Mar. 31, 1917, reviewed in The Blind for July 20, 1917. v. 4: 571. Savage, G. H. Mental disabilities for w ar service. Journal of Mental Science, October, 1916. Schasse, W. Schule und Handwerkstuben des Krüppelheims in Verbindung m it der ärztlichen Tätigkeit. Berliner K linische W ochenschrift, 1912. v. 49 : 1378. Schellman, F. Kriegsbeschädigtenfürsorge und Arbeitsnachweis. Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, Apr. 20, 1915. v. 2: 125-128. Scholl, H. Praktische Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge. Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift, Munich, Jan. 11, 1916. Continued in the follow ing number. School for war cripples in France. American Journal of Care for Cripples, 1915. v. 2 : 46-47.' B rief article on N ational convalescent institution, St. Maurice, France, to be devoted to instruction of soldiers prevented by loss of limbs from follow ing their former trades. Schools and workshops for the blind . . . Papers by M. Anagnos and others. n. p., 1905. A compilation. Schools for soldiers w ith brain injuries. Journal of the American M edical Association, Mar. 25, 1916. v. 66:969. Brief. D ie Schule für Kriegsverw undete in Düsseldorf. Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, May 20, 1915. v. 2:171-172. Schweining. D ie Fürsorge der H eeresverwaltung für die verkrüppelten Krieger. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8:142-149. Paper read during the special congress of the German aid society for w ar cripples in Berlin, Feb. 8, 1915, on the work done by the adminis tration of the army for the w elfare of crippled soldiers. Settlem ents for B ritish soldiers. Plan. Survey, May 19, 1917. v. 38:171. Concerning the setting aside of 4,000 acres of land for disabled soldiers. Shairp, L. V. Reeducation of disabled soldiers. Edinburgh Review, January, 1917. v. 225:119-138. E xtracts from this article are reprinted in the American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 : 201-211. Sharon (Conn.) Trade school for cardiac convalescents. 1st annual report, 1913-14. The convalescent home is now housed in one of the buildings of the W ini fred M asterson Burke foundation at W hite Plains, N. Y., and the work shop for graduates is located at 84 Lexington Ave., N. Y. City. Later reports of the work are incorporated in the reports of the W inifred M asterson Burke foundation. (619) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 208 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. Shinn. Economic care of mental defectives. Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey, November, 1916. Shorthand machine for the blind. Technical World, June, 1914. v. 21: 551. Sight to the blind. Outlook, May 13, 1911. v. 98: 48-49. Silberstein, Adolf. D as Kgl. Orthopädische R eserve-Lazarett Nürnberg. Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915, p. 9-13. Translated and reprinted in American Journal o f Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4:188-191. ------ Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge. Würzburger Abhandlungen aus der Praktischen Medizin, 1915. v. 15, lieft 6, p. 119-130. ------ K riegsinvalidenfürsorge und der staatliche Unfallfürsorge. Würzburger Abhandlungen aus Praktischen Medizin, 1915. v. 15:135-148. Silex. Neue W ege in der Kriegsblindenfürsorge. Der Blindenfreund, Feb. 15, 1916. v. 36: 25-32. Six representative undertakings (for the b lin d ). Charities and Commons, Feb. 3, 1906. v. 15: 624-645. Includes : Industrial in stitu te for the adult blind in Connecticut ; In dustrial home for the blind, Brooklyn ; W isconsin workshop for the blind, M ilwaukee ; M ichigan employment institution for the blind, Saginaw ; Indiana industrial home for blind men, Indianapolis ; E x periment station for the trade training of the blind. Boston. Smith, K. How I made hands of my feet. L adies’ Home Journal, Mar. 1. 1911. v. 2 8 :1 9 . Solder, P., and Chartier, C. La rééducation motrice individuelle, collective et mutuelle dans les impotences de guerre. P resse Médicale, Paris, May 11, 1916. v. 24, no. 27. Reeducation in the use of limbs. Something to do— the new medicine. Survey, Jan. 13, 1917. v. 37 : 431-432. Committee on occupations is undertaking to provide teachers of handi crafts for the inm ates of the public hospitals and city homes of the N. Y. Department of Public Charities. Spiecker, D. D ie Aufgaben der Arbeitgeber. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 165-168. Spitzy, H. D ie Invalidenschulen. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, 1915. v. 8 : 71-74. ------ Organisation und Aufbau des Orthopädischen Spitales und der Invaliden schulen. M edizinische Klinik, Berlin, Apr. 16, 1916. v. 12, no. 16. Statem ent of the B ritish Columbia Returned Soldiers’ Commission, Victoria Branch, showing number of soldiers reported, number applying for positions, and number receiving employment. Canada. Dept, of Labour. Labour Gazette, October, 1916. v. 16: 1604. Brief. D ie Stellenverm ittlung für K riegsinvalide in Freiburg im Breisgau. Der A rbeitsnachweis in D eutschland, Aug. 20, 1915. v. 2: 223, 226. Sténographie mécanique pour aveugles. La Nature, Mar. 10, 1917. v. 45:159-160. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 620 ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S. 209 Strauss, M. Paul. Rapport fa it au nom de la commission de l ’armée chargée d’exam iner la proposition de loi adoptée par la chambre des députés, tendant ä l ’obligation de la reeducation professionnelle des blessés et des m utilés de la guerre appelés a bénéficier de la loi sur les pensions m ilitaires. (No. 261 Senat, Année 1916, Session ordinaire.) Contains general review of the whole situation surrounding the return of soldiers to civilian life and the law s under which th at return w ill be ad ministered. Sudek, Richard. A rbeitsverm ittlung an Kriegsinvalide. Oesterreichische Rundschau, W ien, 1915. v. 45: 49-55. Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 : 269-275. Survey o f employment for war cripples. American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 3, 1916. p. 103. B rief notice o f W innipeg and other cities in Canada survey w ith view ' of finding employment for crippled soldiers. Syrup, Friedrich. D ie Fürsorge für K riegsverletzte gewerbliche Arbeiter. Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, September, 1915. v. 105: 339-363. Taylor, D. Three poor devils. N ew Republic, Jan. 6, 1917. v. 9 :263-265. A visit to a French hospital. Terrien, F. Remarques sur la rééducation des eveugles. P aris Medical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 490 if. Farm work for the blind. Todd, J. L. A report on how France returns her soldiers to civilian life, Apr. 20, 1916. 281 mimeographed p. (N ot yet printed.) Report to Gen. G. C. Jones, director o f medical services, Canadian con tingents. L ist of authorities, Appx. G, p. 270-279. R eviewed in U. S. Bureau o f Labor S tatistics Monthly Review, August, 1917. v. 5: 105-110. ------ and Kidner, T. B. Retraining of disabled men. American Medicine, May, 1917, n. s., v. 12: 380-384; 405-408. Also published separately, 1917. 17 p. Tompkins, Gilbert. Food growing for crippled workers— suggested plan. American Journal of Care for cripples, v. 2 : 90-93. Gardening by aid of movable working seats. Trade education of maimed soldiers. B ritish Medical Journal, June 10, 1916. p. 825-826. School and Society, July 22, 1916. v. 4 :1 4 7 . Account of the school of reeducation and the various organizations for the assistance of m utilated soldiers, established in Bordeaux. Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 251-252. Trade schools for war cripples. Journal of American Medical A ssociation, Jan. 8, 1916. v. 66:131. Mentions briefly a number of schools w ith trades taught. Training classes for the disabled being held in in stitu tes in London, Scotland, and the provinces. Recalled to life, June, 1917, p. 199-284. Training cripples to be independent. The industrial home at Kensington. Reprint: Charity Record, September, 1915. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (621) 210 m onthly r e v ie w oe t h e bureau o p l a b o r s t a t is t ic s . Training of disabled soldiers and sailors for electrical substation work. Engineer (London), May 4, 1917. v. 123: 399. Training of maimed soldiers. Engineer (London), June 9, 1916. v. 121:472-^73. Training of the w ar’s maimed, halt, and blind. Scientific American, Nov. 6, 1915. v. 113: 401 if. Treatm ent of men discharged from the army on account of neurasthenia. Lancet, May 19, 1917. v. 192:778-779. (B rief.) Training on agricultural tractors. American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 : 361-362. T raining soldiers to run automobile plows, Troyes, France. Tyng, Katharine. Survey of the Bellevue experim ent in preventive work for cardiacs. N. Y. (C ity) B ellevue and allied hospitals. Social Service Bureau. Re port, 1914. p. 13-37. Ulbrich, Martin. D ie B erufsw ahl der Krüppel. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, 1912. v. 5:159-167. ------ W as muss ein Pfarrer von der K riegsbeschädigtenfürsorge wissen? Hamburg, 1915. ------ W ie ich ein Handwerkheim für verkrüppelte Lehrlinge bauen würde. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, 1913. v. 6:110-116. TJlbrich, Martin. Zur Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 77-81. Outline of occupations for which war invalids may be trained. U. S. Adjutant General’s Office. Guide to civil employment for ex-soldiers. W ashington, 1916. 124 p. U. S. Bureau of the Census. The blind in the United States. W ashington, 1917. Occupations, p. 61-6 ; occupations and economic status, p. 141-151. Appendix A, institutions for blind in the U. S., workshops, p. 318. Valentin, Bruno. D ie W erkstätten im Kgl. Orthopädischen Reserve-Lazarett Nürnberg. Würzburger Abhandlungen aus dem Praktischen Medizin, 1915. v. 15: 149-165. Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4:192-196. Vaughan, Ernest. La rééducation professionnelle des soldats aveugles. Taris, 1915. Villey, P. La réadaptation des soldats m utilés et aveugles a la vie utile. Revue des D eux Mondes, Paris, 1915. 6. per. v. 29: 652-673. Vitoux, Georges. L’A ssistance aux m utilés de la guerre. Le P etit Parisien, Jan. 19, 1915. Vocational reeducation of the Belgian war cripple. Lancet, Mar. 17, 1917. v. 192: 430. B rief description of the Belgian M ilitary In stitu te of Professional Reeducation at Port Villerz. Von den Invalidenschulen in W ien und Keidelberg. Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, June 20, 1915. v. 2:199-200. Von den Krüppeln— für die Krüppel. Monatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 22-34 ; 44-47. Series of articles w ritten by cripples who have become successfully reeducated. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (622) M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. 211 Vulpius, O. Anmerkung zu den zw ölf Geboten von Prof, ititschl. M edizinische Klinik, Wien, 1915. v. 11: 190. W ait, W. B. Scotoic labor, or labor in the dark. Charities, Oct. 20, 1906. v. 17:140-153. Employment of the blind. (T he) War Cripple; The M inistry of Pensions scheme. Lancet, Mar. 10, 1917. v. 192: 393. War cripples in A ustria and Germany. Engineer (L ondon), Jan. 21, 1916. v. 121:64-65. Account of the village known as “ Cripples Town,” on the outskirts of Vienna. Originally a school for war invalids, it has grown to such proportions that it has been taken over by the A ustrian war office. Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4:244-250. W arstat, W. D ie Zurückführung Kriegsbeschädigter ins tätige Leben als letztes Ziel der Kriegsbeschädigtenfürsorge. D ie Grenzboten, Berlin, 1915. v. 74: 214-219. Weidner, Albert. Fürsorge für verstüm m elte Krieger in Würzburg. München-Augsburger Abendzeitung, Jan. 21, 1915. ------ D ie Soziale R ettung der Kriegskrüppel. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8: 50-53. W eiss, Konrad. K riegsinvalidenfürsorge und schulische Massnahmen. Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 36-45. W hat I faced in my life. L adies’ Home Journal, February, 1913. v. 3 0 :1 3 . Autobiography of a crippled girl. Work for the cripple to do. Scientific American, June 30, 1917. v. 116: 638. W ilden, Josef. Kriegsverletztenfürsorge des Handwerks. Soziale P raxis und Archiv für Volks W o h lfa h rt, München, 1915. v. 24: 646-647. W illiam s, John. Industrial training for crippled boys. American Journal o f Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 293-297. Training for boys over 16 years of age, at Northampton Institute, London. W innie, A. J. Comp, history and handbook o f day schools for the deaf and blind. Madison (W is.), 1912. 130 p. H istory of W isconsin schools. W itowski. D ie M itwirkung der Arbeiterversicherung. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. 1915. v. 8: 161-165. On the cooperation of the social insurance system in making crippled soldiers useful members of society. Woldt, Richard. Der Industrielle Kriegskrüppel. N eue Zeit, Apr. 2, 1915. v. 33: 26-30. Work in France and Germany. Recalled to Life, no. 1, June, 1917. p. 130-186. Report by the Intelligence Department of the Local Government Board. Workshop for the crippled. Journal of the American Medical Association, May 26, 1917. v. 68:1568. B rief account of the Union of the Foreign Colonies of France and the institution for crippled soldiers at Grand Palais. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (623) 212 M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. Wüi'tz, Hans. D ie Erwerbschule. M onatsblätter für invaliden und krüppelhilfe, 1915. hft. 1, p. 6-10. ------ Krüppeltum und Lebensfreude. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Hamburg, 1913, v. 6: 83-93. A pedagogic treatise showing the necessity of instilling the cripple above all w ith love for life and work in order to make him a useful member of society. ------ D as K ünstlerische Moment im U nterricht und in der Ausbildung der Krüppel. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Hamburg, 1912. v. 5 :167-174. ------ D ie Selbsttätigkeit als Prinzip in der Krüppelerziehung. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Hamburg, 1913. v. 6: 182-199. ------ D ie Schulabteilung der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Krüppel-Heil und Er ziehungs-Anstalt. Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Hamburg, 1913. v. 6 :1 3 9 ,1 4 6 . -------Der W ille siegt. Ein pädagogisch-kultureller B eitrag zur Kriegskrüppel fürsorge. Berlin, 1915. Zichy, Geza Graf. D as Buch des Einarmigen. R atschläge zur Aneigung der Fähigkeit, mit einer Hand selbständig zu werden. 3. Aufl. Stuttgart, 1915. Zehrfeld. W ohlfahrtseinrichtungen; soziale und w irtschaftliche Fragen der Kriegsbeschädigtenfürsorge. Soziale Kultur, August-Septem ber, 1915. v. 35 : 488-491. G E N ER A L R E F E R E N C E S. Charities and Commons, Feb. 3, 1906. Devoted principally to problems o f employment of the adult blind. T he American Journal of Care for Cripples. “ The literature on the subject is scanty and scattered and much of it avail able only in foreign languages. T his Journal aims to make available significant and authoritative literature dealing w ith provision for war cripples. T he foreign m aterial w ill appear in English translation.”— (Statem ent by the editor, D. C. McMurtrie, in the June, 1917, issue.) The most pertinent articles, v. 1, June, 1917, are included in this bibli ography. Recalled to Life. No. 1, June, 1917, to date. London, Bale. A journal devoted to the care, reeducation, and return to civil life of dis abled sailors and soldiers, edited by Lord Charnwood. Current numbers of th e follow ing periodicals contain much pertinent m aterial ; Lancet. 1917. See index. Almost every number contains paragraph or more on progress of movement. Journal of American Medical Association. A ssociation N ationale des M utilés de la Guerre. B ulletin. Paris. Der Blindenfreund. Issues since the war have been devoted alm ost exclusively to the subject. Outlook for the Blind. The Beacon. The Survey. Volta Review. American Annals of the Deaf. Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (624) INDUSTRIAL NOTES. M ore W o m e n T h a n M e n a t W o rk i n G e r m a n y .— A special census the first of March showed that in classified industries in Ger many the number of men at work was 3,962,625 and the number of women at work was 3,973,457, as compared to an overplus of men in January of 10,050. — U n ite d S t a t e s C o m m e r c ia l A t ta c h é a t C o p e n h a g e n , J u n e 23, 1917. M olders ’ U n i o n .— In the quarterly report con tained in the official journal of this organization for June, 1917, it is stated that from the first of the year to the end of June 5,077 members were initiated and 4,158 were reinstated. The death rate among members is said to be unusually high, and on the subject of sickness the report is as follows: I n t e r n a t io n a l Trade conditions were never better and w ages were never so high as during the months of April, May, and June, 1917, yet, notw ithstanding these facts, w e have paid to our members during the past three months the very large sum of $50,657.80. This is the largest amount which has ever been paid in the same months of the year, w ith the exception of April, May, and June, 1904, in which quarter we paid out $52.448, or $1,790.20 more than in the quarter just past. For the first six months of this year the total sick benefits paid to our members is $101,989.60, which makes the grand total paid since January 1, 1S96, $2,927,798.65. — I n te r n a t io n a l M o ld e r s ' J o u r n a l, A u g u s t, 1917. v I n t e r n a t io n a l T y p o g r a p h ic a l U n i o n .— The following statistics are taken from the annual reports of the officers of the International Typographical Union for the year ending May 31, 1917: Gross earnings of members, 12 m onths___________ $66, 652, 431. 00 Increase over preceding year_____________________ 3, 940, 626. 00 Average earnings per member, 12 months_________ 1, 086. 43 Increase over preceding year_____________________ 4 5 . 25 Old-age pensions paid, 12 months________________ 351, 505. 00 Mortuary benefits paid, 12 m onths_______________ 298, 476. 88 Mortuary benefits paid beneficiaries of 42 members killed in the w ar_____________________________ 12, 225.00 Cost of maintenance of Union P rinters’ Home, 12 m on th s-----------------------------------------------------------123, 146.76 New buildings,repairs, and im provements_________ 32, 239.61 Expenditures for strikes and lockouts during the year----------------------------------------------------------------4, 684.50 — B u lle tin , I n te r n a t io n a l T y p o g r a p h ic a l U n io n , A u g u s t, 1917. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (625) 213 214 M O N TH LY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS* I n c r ea sed E a r n in g s i n t h e P r in t i n g T ra d e .—Based on the oldage pension and mortuary assessments of the union, which are paid at the rate of a certain per cent on the earnings of the members, the average annual earnings per member of the International Typo graphical Union for the years 1909 to 1917 are computed to be as follows: 1909, $897; 1910, $953; 1911, $974; 1912, $992; 1913, $1,023; 1914, $1,042; 1915, $1,026.51; 1916, $1,041.18; 1917, $1,086.43. — S u p p le m e n t to T y p o g r a p h ic a l J o u r n a l, A u g u s t, 1917. E ig h t - H ou r D a y fo r A l a s k a .— The Territory of Alaska has gone beyond any other State or Territory of the Union in the limitation of the hours of labor, an act of May 5, 1917, providing that “ a period of employment for all wage earners and salary earners in the Terri tory of Alaska shall not exceed eight hours within any one calendar day, except in cases when life or property is in imminent danger.” D is p u t e s I n v e st ig a t io n fo r H e l e n a , M o n t .— An agreement has been signed by the Employers’ Association and the unions compos ing the Helena Trades and Labor Assembly and the Building Trades Council which provides that all grievances and disputes between employers and employed thereunder shall be referred to a committee of 12 men, representing equally the two sides, before any strike, boy cott, secondary boycott, or similar action shall be taken or declared by either side and before any person or place shall be bannered or picketed. The parties affected shall enter into agreements governing working conditions and wage scales, ratified by the unions and the branch of the Employers’ Association under which they come, and when so ratified the agreements shall be binding on all the members of the unions and the association affected. -— A m e r ic a n F e d e r a ti o n i s t , J u ly , 1917. -M e t h o d s .—The addresses deliv ered by Mr. James H. Thomas and Mr. C. IV. Bowerman, prominent members of the British Commission to the United States, before the Committee on Labor of the Council of National Defense, are printed in full in the American Federationist (Washington, D. C.) for June. They describe the mobilization of labor for war service, labor con ferences with the Government, the safeguarding of trade-union standards, and other phases of the cooperation which exists. Following the addresses the members of the committee were given the oppor tunity to ask questions, and Mr. Thomas, spokesman for the dele gation, answered them at length. A verbatim report of this business of the meeting is appearing in subsequent issues of the magazine. S t a te C o n t ro l of C oal T r a n spo r t i n G r ea t B r it a i n .— On the 8th of September there goes into effect in Great Britain a system of transporting coal by public railway for inland consumption, under L abor W ar P https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis r o b lem s — B r it is h ( 626 ) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 215 the direction of the controller of coal mines, which, it is estimated, will effect a saving in railway transport of not less than 700,000,000 ton-miles annually. As an organization designed to relieve trans port, the scheme is based on the issues (1) that the consumption of coal should take place as near as possible to the producing point; (2) that the movement of traffic should follow the main trunk lines wherever possible and be in well-defined directions ; (3) that an area producing less coal than suffices for its own needs should not send any to other areas; and (4) that one producing more than it requires should distribute it to adjacent or convenient areas. -— E c o n o m is t { L o n d o n ) , J u l y U/, 1917. M e r c h a n t S h i p b u il d in g i n A u s t r a l ia .— I t is probable that Aus tralia will build its own merchant ships. The prime minister and the minister for the navy have had a conference with representatives of the industrial organizations interested in shipbuilding, and pro posals made by the Government have been submitted to the labor unions. The most important questions to be decided have to do with piecework and the dilution of labor, that is, the employment of un skilled labor where necessary on account of shortage. There is now on hand in Australia about 140,000,000 bushels of wheat, and the amount for the next three or four years in excess of Australia’s requirements will fluctuate between 120,000,000 and 240,000,000 bushels. — C h r is tia n S c ie n c e M o n ito r , A u g u s t 9, 1917. I n c r ea sed S a l a r ie s fo r G o v e r n m e n t E m p l o y e e s i n F r a n c e .— A general demand for an augmentation of salary or an allowance to meet the increased cost of living during the war was made recently by the employees in the Government offices of France. The commis sion charged with the matter has drawn up a schedule based on the following scale: 1. Employees receiving less than 3,600 francs ($694.80) per annum shall receive a daily allowance of 1.50 francs ($0.29) a day for a period of one year; 2. Employees receiving be tween 3,600 and 5,000 francs ($694.80 and $965) shall receive an annual increase of 360 francs ($69.48). The first of these increases will affect 354,000 employees and the second 16,000. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis — A n n a l is t ( N e w Y o r k ) , A u g u s t 13, 1917. (6 2 7 ) OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. U N IT E D ST A T ES, C o n n e c t ic u t ( H a r t f o r d ) . — J u v e n ile C o m m is s io n . E i g h t h a n n u a l r e p o r t to th e m a y o r a n d c o u r t o f c o m m o n c o u n c il o f th e c i t y o f H a r t f o r d , C on n ., f o r th e y e a r e n d in g A p r i l SO, 1917. H a r t f o r d , 1917, 48 p p . Suggests very briefly the work being done by the comm ission in the interests o f the children of Hartford. An appendix contains three addresses delivered at the annual conference relating to vocational education, held in Hartford on January 2, 1917, the subjects being, “ Providing democratic opportunities in the high school,” “ Continuation classes in the H artford public high school,” and “ Work among children in H artford.” M a i n e .— D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr ie s . E x c e r p t f r o m n ia l r e p o r t, 1 9 1 5 -1 6 . W a t e r v il l e , 1917. 83 p p . th e th i r d b ie n This report covers the work of the departm ent from July 1, 1914, to July 1, 1916. It states that 10,923 industrial accidents were reported to the industrial accident commission since January 1, 1916, a special report of which w ill be published la t e r ; that the M aine “ peonage ” law should be repealed since “ under its provisions hundreds of men have been convicted and forced to serve a sen tence in jail for no offense other than being in d e b t; ” that complaints have been received of employment agencies collecting fees in excess o f those au thorized by law for procuring em ploym ent; th at progress since 1914 in im proving factory conditions as respects danger of loss o f life in case of fire or other disaster has been “ very u n sa tisfa cto ry ; ” th at there have been only a few strikes of organized labor, and that the “ w age earners of Maine have been employed more continuously at rem unerative w ages during the last two years than ever before.” A summary of six m anufacturing industries shows a total of 73,368 males and 26,297 fem ales employed in 1916, w ith a pay roll amounting to $23,502,254.55. D uring the two-year period ending July 1, 1916, 2,057 industrial accidents (35 fa ta l), in which the disability exceeded six days, were reported by a large number of employers. More than h alf of the accidents as reported occurred in the paper and pulp industry, the number being 1,052 (51.1 per cen t), w hile 12.6 per cent occurred in foundries, iron, steel, and metal products, 12 per cent in tex tile industries, and 11.7 per cent in the lumber industry. Frac tures, bruises, crushings, lacerations, sprains, dislocations, burns, and scalds were responible for about 72 per cent o f all accidents reported. About 59 per cent of those injured were in the 21 to 40 age group. The report contains a directory of trades-unions and sim ilar organizations, the results of a study of employment o f women in M aine stores, and a state ment of child-labor conditions in the State (both of these latter being noted more fully on pages 117 to 119 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v i e w ) , and a report of the State board o f arbitration and conciliation, which presents a brief history of certain industrial disputes but gives no summary o f its activities. 216 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (628) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 217 M a r y l a n d .— I n d u s t r i a l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n . S e c o n d a n n u a l r e p o r t f o r th e y e a r N o v e m b e r 1 , 1915, to O c to b e r 81, 1916. B a l ti m o r e [1 9 1 7 ]. 62 p p . T his report is noted on pages 110 to 113 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v i e w . ------ S t a t e B o a r d o f L a b o r a n d S t a t i s t i c s . I n d u s t r i a l d i r e c t o r y , 1917. B a l t i m o r e , [1 9 1 7 1 . 1 8 3 pp . A list of the m anufactories o f the State by counties and B altim ore City, giving the names, street location, or post-office address of those engaged in the various m anufacturing industries. The list includes 4,797 establishm ents in B altim ore employing an average o f 111,585 w age earners and 2,295 establish m ents in the counties employing an average of 37,816 w age earners. T he total value of the products of these factories is given as $540,326,000. M a s s a c h u s e t t s .— B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s . 1 6 th A n n u a l R e p o r t o f D i r e c t o r o f L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n s in M a s s a c h u s e tts , 1917. L a b o r B u l l e t i n N o. 1 1 9 ( b e in g p a r t 1 o f th e A n n u a l R e p o r t o f th e S t a t i s t i c s o f L a b o r f o r 1 9 1 7 ) . B o s to n , M a r c h 1 s t, 1 9 1 7 . 62 p p . This edition consists of four d ivisions: (1) N ational and international organ izations, having one or more affiliated local unions in the United S tates; (2) State, district, and trade councils, consisting of organizations composed of delegates from local organizations w ithin a particular trade or group of trades, or w ithin a definite district comprising more than a single city or tow n; (3) central labor unions and local councils, composed of delegates from local unions in the sam e locality; (4) local trade-unions, composed of w age earners in a single locality directly associated in w hat may be called the “ unit body ” of organization. N e v a d a .— T h e L a b o r L a w s , c o m p ile d b y th e la b o r c o m m is s io n e r . 1 917. 52 p p . C a r s o n C ity , Contains all labor law s enacted up to March 27, 1917, w ith citations, and is issued in the belief th at “ this publication w ill give all interested in the work of this department an opportunity to acquaint them selves w ih the satutory provisions affecing the relation of employer and employee.” There is an index. N e w J e r s e y — T h i r t e e n t h a n n u a l r e p o r t o f th e b o a r d o f t e n e m e n t h o u se s u p e r v is io n o f N e w J e r s e y f o r th e y e a r 1916. T r e n to n , 1917. 45 p p . I l l u s tr a te d . This report covers the year ending October 31, 1916. The report notes an increased w illingness on the part of owners to comply w ith the tenement-house law, as shown by the fact that in 1915 service of final orders to secure compli ance w ith the law w as required in 65 per cent of the cases, w hile in 1916 such service w as required in only 47 per cent of the cases, although the number of original notices w as 46 per cent greater than in the preceding year. A state ment of the outstanding activities of the board during the year includes the fo llo w in g : Approved 556 plans for the construction or conversion of tenem ent houses and 230 plans for alterations. Supervised the construction of 698 tenem ent houses constructed in accordance w ith the provisions of the tenement-house law. These buildings were erected at a cost of $9,852,000, and furnish living accommodations for 6,240 fam ilies, or approxim ately 31,200 persons. Made 19,462 inspections and reinspections of new-law tenem ent houses in process of construction. Served 1,440 notices and 930 orders directing the removal of violations found in the construction of new-law tenements. Made 56,772 inspections in the removal of old-building violations. Served 17,477 notices and 9,008 orders for the removal of violations found to exist in old tenem ent houses. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (629) 218 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. Secured the removal of 62,717 violations charged against existing tenement houses. Caused the complete removal o f 87 back-yard privy vaults and the installa tion of 859 sanitary w ater closets. Installed sash windows, measuring 3 by 5 feet, in the cross partitions of 3,811 interior rooms, so that dark rooms might borrow some degree of light and air from the adjoining rooms. Caused lights to be kept burning in the halls of 320 tenem ent houses. Caused the placing of sinks and running w ater in 491 tenem ent houses, the sink in each case being placed directly w ithin the apartment. Forced the cleaning of 1,670 back yards and the removal of rubbish therefrom ; the cleaning of 68 stables and 10 chicken houses. Brought about the cleaning and painting or w hitew ashing of the w alls and ceilings of halls and stairs of 7,952 tenem ent houses, and the cleaning of the wood work of the halls and stairs of 6,030 houses. Caused the erection of fire escapes on 72 old tenem ent houses and 227 new tenem ent houses, a total of 299 tenem ent houses equipped w ith fire escapes during the year. Investigated 1,666 com plaints in all parts of the State. Referred to the attorney general for prosecution 16 cases in which the owners o f tenement houses had neglected or refused to comply w ith the law ; in 8 of the cases judgm ent w as secured. Collected and turned over to the State treasurer $200 in fines and $41.87 in costs, a total of $241.87. The board recommends the enactm ent of legislation to strengthen the tenementhouse law by providing, among other things, that the minimum floor area per m itted in the living room of a new tenem ent house shall be 90 square f e e t ; that sinks w ith running w ater shall be required w ithin each ap artm en t; that the minimum penalty prescribed for violations of the act shall be $50; that, with certain exceptions, fire escapes shall be required on all tenement houses three stories or more in height. It is also proposed to extend the provisions of the act respecting the removal of privy vaults, school sinks, etc., to houses occupied by two fam ilies, and to make the terms of the act applicable to all buildings occupied or intended to be occupied by three or more fam ilies. N e w Y o r k .— D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r . I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n . H o o d s f o r r e m o v in g d u s t, f u m e s , a n d g a s e s . S p e c ia l b u lle tin N o. 82, M a y , 1917, p r e p a r e d b y th e d i v is io n o f i n d u s t r i a l h y g ie n e . A lb a n y , 1917. 23 p p . I l l u s tr a te d . This bulletin is noted on pages 105 to 109 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v ie w . O h i o .— I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n . D e p a r t m e n t o f i n v e s ti g a t io n a n d s t a t i s t i c s . R e p o r t N o . 27. W o r k o f th e f r e e l a b o r e x c h a n g e s o f O h io f o r th e y e a r e n d in g J u n e 30, 1916. C o lu m b u s , D e c e m b e r 15, 1916. 60 p p . This report is noted on pages 156 to 158 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v ie w . ------- I n d u s tr ia l C o m m is s io n . D e p a r tm e n t o f in v e s ti g a t io n a n d s t a t is ti c s . R e p o r t N o . 29. I n f e c tio n s f o llo w in g in d u s t r i a l a c c id e n ts in O h io. C o lu m b u s, M a r c h 1, 1917. 12 p p . T his report is noted on pages 109 and 110 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v i e w . FO REIG N C O U N TR IES. A u s t r a l ia ( N e w S o u t h W th e y e a r 1916. a l e s ).-— D e p a r tm e n t o f M in e s. A n n u al re p o rt fo r According to this report the total aggregate value of the m etals and minerals produced in 1916 w as £10,975,742 ($53,413,448.44), which is an increase of 9.1 per cent over the preceding year. The largest single mineral produced was coal, being 8,127,161 tons, valued at £3,336,419 ($16,236,683). It is estimated th at 31,304 persons found employment in and about the mines in 1916; of this number 16,892, or 54 per cent, were employed in connection w ith coal mines. Thirty-four fatal accidents are recorded—three less than in 1915. Of this https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (630) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 219 number 13 occurred at coal and shale mines and 14 a t silver, lead, and zinc mines. E ighty-six persons were seriously injured (55 at coal m in es). The number killed per 1,000 persons employed w as 0.77 in coal mines and 1.46 in other mines, the fatality rate for all mines being 1.09. The accident rate for all mines w as 3.83. A report of the miners’ accident relief fund show s 22,497 contributors during the year. The income amounted to £56,965 12s. 6d. ($277,223.21), of which 38.5 per cent w as received from employees, 19.8 per cent from owners, 19.8 per cent from the Government, and 21.8 per cent from other sources. The accidents reported to the fund during 1916 were 44 fa tal and 3,939 nonfatal. This is 10 more fatal accidents than is reported as having occurred in mines during the year, the explanation probably being th at these 10 actually occurred in the preceding year. The expenditures for the year included funeral allowances, £516 ($2,511.11), relief paid to relatives of deceased persons, £18,726 ($91,130.08), and relief paid to persons disabled, £32,239 ($156,891.09). The al low ances payable on December 31, 19.16, in respect of fa ta l accidents and cases of permanent disablement were at the rate of £33,995 ($165,436.67) per annum. C a n a d a ( A l b e r t a ) . — D e p a r t m e n t o f P u b lic E d m o n to n , 1 9 1 7 . 455 p p . I l l u s t r a t e d . W o rk s. A nnual r e p o r t, 1916. One report included in this volume is that of the chief inspector of m ines made under date of February 15, 1917. It is stated that the quantity of coal produced in 1916 by 279 m ines exceeded the output in 1915 by 1,213,713 short tons, or an increase of 3.5 per cent. There were 7,570 employees in 1916, making a total of 614 tons mined per capita, which is an increase of 15.4 per cent over 1915. The report notes 20 fatal, 51 serious, and 34 slight accidents during 1916, a total o f 105, or an increase of 25 per cent over the preceding year. For each fatal accident recorded 232,430 tons of coal were mined. These figures indicate an accident frequency rate o f 13.87 and a fatality rate of 2.64 per 1,000 men employed. Seven of the fa ta l accidents are ascribable to haulage, w hile 20 of the nonfatal were due to haulage and 31 were due to falls of rock and coal. Sixty per cent of all accidents were due to these two causes. There were 38 prosecutions under the mines act and 36 convictions were secured, the penalties am ounting to $460. G r e a t B r i t a i n .— B o a r d o f T r a d e . L o n d o n , 1917. 4 PP- P r i c e I d . O u tp u t o f c o a l in th e U n ite d K in g d o m . T his leaflet shows the estim ated quantities of coal raised in the United King dom in each quarter of 1916 as compared w ith particulars for the corresponding periods of 1915 and 1914, the amount of tim e lost at coal mines through general holidays in 1914, 1915, and 1916, and the output, exports, and consump tion of coal during 1913, 1914, 1915, and 1916. The total number of tons raised in 1916 w as 255,S46,000 as compared w ith 253,179,000 in 1915 and 265,643,000 in 1914. In 1916, 42,013,000 tons were exported. ------ H o m e D e p a r tm e n t. S u m m e r tim e c o m m itte e . R e p o r t o f th e c o m m it te e a p p o in te d b y th e S e c r e ta r y o f S t a t e f o r th e H o m e D e p a r tm e n t to in q u ir e in to th e s o c ia l a n d e c o n o m ic r e s u lt s o f th e s u m m e r tim e a c t, 1916, a n d to c o n s id e r ( i ) iv h e th e r i t is a d v is a b le t h a t s u m m e r tim e s h o u ld be r e in tr o d u c e d in 1917 a n d in s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s , a n d i f so ( i i ) w h e t h e r a n y m o d ific a tio n s in th e a r r a n g e m e n ts a r e r e q u ir e d , a n d (H i) b e tw e e n w h a t d a te s s u m m e r tim e s h o u ld b e m a d e o p e r a tiv e . L o n d o n , F e b r u a r y 22, 1917. 2 8 p p . P r ic e 3 d . This report relates to the experience in Great B ritain of the daylight-saving plan in operation in 1916 and concludes, from the evidence received from em ployers and from work people, that such plan is desirable, is beneficial to busiSS09°—17-----15 https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (631) 220 M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. ness and to tlie home life from the standpoint of health and economy, and should be continued. Among the farm ers only w as there conflict of opinion as to the value of the daylight saving scheme, but in spite of the difficulties re corded, it appears that a very large m ajority o f them favored the act. In fact, the committee sums up the evidence submitted to it by statin g that the “ vast preponderance of opinion throughout Great B ritain is enthusiastically in favor of summer tim e and of its renewal— not only as a war measure, but as a per manent institution,” and suggests that the period of operation should be from the second Sunday in April to the third Sunday in September of each year. G b e a t B r i t a i n .— R e p o r t s o f th e c h ie f r e g i s t r a r o f f r i e n d l y s o c ie t i e s f o r th e y e a r e n d in g 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r , 1915. P a r t B : I n d u s tr ia l a n d P r o v i d e n t S o c ie tie s . L o n d o n , 1917. x , 120 p p . P r i c e 5s. ------ R e p o r t s o f t h e C h ie f R e g i s t r a r o f F r i e n d l y S o c ie tie s f o r t h e y e a r e n d in g 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r , 1 916. P a r t A : G e n e r a l r e p o r t . L o n d o n , 1917. v i i , 138 p p . P r ic e I s . 3 d ., n e t. N e t h e r l a n d s .— D e p a r t m e n t v a n L a n d b o u w , N i j v e r h e i d e n H a n d e l. O v e r z ic h t v a n d e r V e r s la g e n d e r K a m e r s v a n A r b e i d o v e r 1916. T h e H a g u e , 1917. L X I V , 5, 59 p p . Annual report issued by the D utch Departm ent of Agriculture, Commerce and Industry, relative to the number of and membership in workmen’s and em ployers’ associations in Netherlands for the year 1915. UNOFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR. A s s o c ia t io n o f C h a m b e r s o f C o m m e r c e o f t h e U n it e d K in g d o m . M o n th ly p r o c e e d in g s . R e p o r t o f m e e tin g o f e x e c u t i v e c o u n c il, F e b r u a r y 7, 1917. P a r l ia m e n t M a n s io n s , V i c t o r i a S t ., L o n d o n , S ¥ . , F e b r u a r y , 1917. p p . 359 to 3 8 8 . ------ R e p o r t o f p r o c e e d in g s a n d r e s o lu tio n s a d o p t e d a t th e 5 7 th a n n u a l m e e tin g , M a r c h 2 0 a n d 2 1 , 1917. P a r l ia m e n t M a n s io n s , V icto ria . S t., L o n d o n , S W ., 1 917. 1 3 6 p p . The first contains the letter and resolutions on im perial preference, sub m itted to the prime m inister by the comm ittee on commercial and industrial policy, Lord Balfour, of Burleigh, chairman. The second is the report of the annual m eeting of the association, represent ing more than 100 chambers of commerce, and constitutes a consideration of present and after-the-war problems from the employer’s standpoint. Among the subjects dealt w ith are the follow ing: Cooperation between capital and labor, excess profits duty, taxation after the war, Government contracts and wage increases, preservation of trade secrets, and the national service act, the la st of which is intended to provide labor for depleted industries. The report includes addresses by the m inister of labor, the president of the board of trade, and the adm inistrator of th e national service act. B r o c k , F r it z H a n s o n . s h r i f t f o r p o l it i k , 1 4 5 -1 6 3 .) K a m p e n m o t a r b e t s l o s h e t e n ( I n S t a t s v e t e n s k a p l i g tid s t a t i s t i k , e k o n o m i. L u n d , V o l. 20 , J u n e , 1917. p p . A discussion o f “ the fight against unemployment,” appearing in the Swedish Economic Journal, o f June, 1917. The author states that there has been a tardy recognition of the problems o f unemployment and consequently of m easures to combat its evils, and that an intelligent understanding of the fluctuations of the labor market is required. H e also advocates the establishm ent of labor exchanges, the adm inistration of which is highly important, as “ unemploy ment is the most difficult problem in adm inistrative technique and of social p o litic s; ” unemployment in su ran ce; well-regulated relief works and the pur- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (632) M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. 221 chase of public supplies at times of ordinary d ep ression ; greater application of industrial education in the direction of less specialization. The ideas of Kropotkin (Fields, factories, and workshops, 1913) for alternating work in the petty workshop and in the fields are quite suggestive in this connection. B u t l e r , C. V. D o m e s tic s e r v ic e . A n in q u ir y b y th e W o m e n ’s I n d u s t r i a l C o u n c il. L o n d o n , G. B e ll & S o n s, L td . 1916. U /S p p . P r i c e I s . 3d . n e t. A report compiled from 708 schedules received from employers, 566 schedules received from domestic servants, and some hundreds o f letters in an attempt to weigh im partially the “ frequently conflicting accounts and opinions ” of this vexed question from both the personal and the industrial aspect. Under the first head the personal drawbacks most often urged against service, both by employers and servants and their relatives, appear to be lack of liberty, o f companionship, and of outside interests, together w ith the loss of caste which it is said to involve. “Among the m istresses and m aids who w rote to the W omen’s Industrial Council there w as a general feeling that lack of companion ship, or lack of congenial companionship, w as one of the great drawbacks of service as compared w ith other occupations, especially among the very young and the middle-aged workers. To a certain exten t this w as felt to be inevitable. To a much larger exten t it w as thought to be remediable.” The “ social stigm a ” is in theory an entirely unnecessary stumblingblock to service. It can not, however, be moved by lo ftily ignoring it, for “ working girls ” choose their occupation in life at the age at which girls of any class in life are apt to care most about w hat “ people,” namely, their own equals, think. The remedy lies partly in fostering public opinion. * *■' * B ut the status of the servant w ill be raised much more effectively by improvement from within, by better methods of training, by establishing a standard of efficiency for the servant in the middle-class house; still more by recognizing the servants’ right to a definite time to them selves. Under industrial aspects of domestic service are considered its organization, standards of efficiency, and wage-earning power, together w ith its prospects. Lady W illoughby de Broke contributes a chapter from the standpoint of the som ewhat liberal employer. C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s . p a y r o lls . W a s h in g to n , D . C. M a y 31, 1917. R e p o r t o f c o m m itte e 071 w a r 8 pp . The report of an investigation, made at the request of the Council o f National Defense, as to the best means of dealing w ith the problem of the maintenance of soldiers’ and sailors’ fam ilies. Appended are the schedules of separation allowances in Great B ritain and Canada. C o m m o n w e a l t h C l u b o f C a l if o r n ia . T h e h e a lth i n s u r a n c e a m e n d m e n t. T r a n s a c tio n s , v o l. X I I , N o. 4- S a n F r a n c is c o , 1917. pp . l l f t - 2 0 2 . At the request of the State Commission on Social Insurance, th e Common w ealth Club o f California assisted in the investigation of the subject of health insurance which resulted in the constitutional amendment that is to be passed upon at the general election in November, 1918. The arguments for and against, from the standpoint of employer, of employee, and of taxpayer, presented to the club in May of the present year, have been published as the pamphlet of 56 pages, here noted. F is h e r , I r v in g . T h e r a t i o c h a r t f o r p l o tt i n g s t a t i s t i c s . R e p r i n t e d f r o m Q u a r t e r l y P u b lic a tio n s o f A m e r ic a n S t a t i s t i c a l A s s o c ia tio n , J u n e , 1917. p p . 577 to 601. The ordinary chart is adapted to d if f e r e n c e comparisons rather than to r a tio comparisons, whereas the statistician is usually concerned w ith the latter far more than w ith the former. The object of this article is to make clear the con struction and to point out in some detail the various uses and advantages of the https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (633) 222 M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. ratio chart, whose “ extrem e sim plicity,” the author believes, is not yet realized. The pamphlet contains 18 illustrations and a bibliography. G r a y , H e r b e r t B., a n d T u r n e r , S a m u e l . C o. ( L t d , ) , 1916. 316 p p . E c lip s e o r e m p ir e ? L on don , N is b e t & An appeal to the B ritish man in the street to make his country once again “ the workshop of the world ” by the study and application of science, by tech nical education, by increased individual effort. In a glossary of 178 pages are given brief histories of various articles of manufacture, showing how the value and u tility of ideas and inventions have been more quickly “ appreciated, appro priated, and applied ” in other lands than Great Britain. The authors urge above everything else a new system of education, on which “ vested interests, tradition, and prejudice have for many generations laid heavy and paralyzing hands.” H ahn, J u l i u s . I la n d b u c h d e r K r a n k e n v e r is c h e r u n g n a c h d e r R e ic h s v e r is c h e r u n g s o r d n u n g , d e n N e b e n g e s e tz e n u n d d e n A u s f iih r u n g s v o r s c h r if te n . V o l. 1 , B e r lin , 1915. X X X V I , 881 p p . A detailed commentary on those parts of the German W orkmen’s Insurance Code which relate to sickness insurance. The present volume of this work com m ents on the provisions of books 1 and 2 of the Insurance Code dealing w ith general insurance jirovisions and sickness insurance respectively. A second volume, w hich w ill cover the rem aining parts of the code dealing w ith sickness insurance, is still in preparation. H ew es, A m y , a n d W a l t e r , H e n r ie t t e R . W o m e n a s m u n itio n m a k e r s : a s t u d y o f c o n d itio n s in B r i d g e p o r t , C on n . M u n itio n w o r k e r s in E n g la n d a n d F r a n c e ; a s u m m a r y o f r e p o r t s is s u e d b y th e B r i t i s h M i n i s tr y o f M u n itio n s . N e w Y o r k , R u s s e ll S a g e F o u n d a tio n , 1917. 158 p p . 75 c e n ts n e t. A brief investigation conducted during the summer of 1916 among the women employed in the largest m unitions plant in Bridgeport, Conn., for the purpose of discovering the effect upon them of the changed conditions of living and working. The questions covered working conditions, hours, w ages, and home conditions. One hundred and eighteen girls and women were interview ed and certain inform ation w as obtained for 47 others. Evidence show s that the working conditions of the women interview ed in Bridgeport during the summer of 1916 were sim ilar in many respects to those under which English women worked for the first year or more of the war w ith such bad effects upon them selves and upon efficiency of production. * * * It is in the hope that this country may avoid a breakdown in the health of its women workers and a sacrifice of hard-gained labor law s to protect them, as w ell as the results to health and morals of congested living, that this study is offered. The second h alf of th is volume is devoted to a summary of the B ritish reports on munition workers in England and France. H o ffm a n , F r e d e r ic k L . A plea \ a n d a; p la n f o r th e e r a d i c a t i o n o f m a la r ia th r o u g h o u t th e W e s t e r n H e m is p h e r e . N e w a r k , N . J ., P r u d e n t i a l P r e s s , 1917. 65 p p . D ia g r a m s . Address to the N ational Committee (o f the United States) on M alaria Eradi cation, of w hich the author is a member, organized in accordance w ith the re quest of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, held in 1916, that “ the American Republics inaugurate a well-considered plan of m alaria eradication based upon the recognition of the principle that the disease is preventable to a much larger degree than has thus far been achieved.” J o u rn a l des R e v i e i o M e n s u e lle d e la S c ie n c e E c o n o m iq u e e t d e Y v e s - G u y o t, E d i t o r i n c h ie f. 7 6 A n n é e . J u n e 15, 1917. É c o n o m is t e s . la S t a t i s t i q u e . 3 2 1 -^ 8 0 p p . T his issue contains discussions on the follow ing subjects: Control of manu factures for war, economic aspects of “ dumping,” the B ritish Trade Corpora- https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (6341 MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. 223 tion, German estim ate of German public w ealth, an inventory of the resources of B ritish colonies, French-Italian economic cooperation, increase in railroad freight rates, financial and economic situation in U ru g u a y ; and under the title “ Review of the Academy of Moral and P olitical Science ” the follow ing sub jects are review ed : The European war and the economic relations of Sw itzer land w ith its neighbors, economic life in R ussia, w ar statistics, etc. K S. A d o l p h u s . M a t e r n i t y in s u r a n c e a s a m e a n s to le s s e n th e d is e a s e a n d d e a th r a t e o f m o th e r s a n d c h ild r e n . R e p r i n t e d f r o m th e M e d ic a l R e c o r d , M a y 26, 1 9 1 1 . N e w Y o r k , W i l li a m a n d W o o d Co. 1917. IS p p . n o pf, ------ P r e v e n t i v e m e d ic in e a n d b ir th c o n tr o l. 81 F u lto n S t r e e t , N e w Y o r k , A p r il, 191 7 . R e p r i n t f r o m th e M e d ic a l T im e s , 15 p p . A brief for birth control presented to the Society of M edical Jurisprudence New York. Dr. Knopf is a professor in the New York Postgraduate Medical School and H ospital, and is visitin g physician to the R iverside Hospital-Sana torium for the Consumptive Poor of the H ealth Department o f N ew York City. N a t io n a l A m a l g a m a t e d U n io n of L abor ( U n it e d K in g d o m ) . R e p o r t a n d b a l a n c e s h e e t f o r q u a r te r e n d in g M a r c h 31, 1917. N e w c a s tle - o n - T y n e , R ic h a r d M a y n e , 1917. 78 p p . The general secretary’s report discusses briefly th e organization of women, and voices the objections of unskilled labor to the “ trade-card ” scheme of exem ption from m ilitary service of skilled labor needed in industry. — — T w e n f y - s e v e n th a n n u a l r e p o r t a n d f in a n c ia l s t a t e m e n t f o r th e y e a r e n d in g D e c e m b e r 3 1, 1916. 106 p p. N e w c a s tle - o n - T y n e , C o o p e r a tiv e P r i n t in g S o c ie ty , 1917. Illustrative of the fact th at measures adopted since the outbreak of Avar for the settlem ent of industrial disputes have very largely reduced their number and, consequently, the amount expended in union benefits, is the statem ent that in 1916 this union spent less than £173 ($841.90) on lockout benefits, in con trast to amounts close upon £10,000 ($48,665) expended in certain earlier years. N a t io n a l F ir e P r o t e c t io n A s s o c ia t io n . P r o c e e d in g s o f 2 1 s t a n n u a l m e e tin g , W a s h in g to n , D . C., M a y 8 to 10, 1917. E x e c u ti v e office, B o s to n , 87 M ilk S t., 1 9 1 7 . 4 2 8 p p . Includes among others tim ely articles on ammunition manufacture, as fol low s : Processes and hazards of artillery and small-arms ammunition manu facture, by W. D. Milne, Inspector U nderw riters’ Bureau of Neiv E n glan d ; State regulation of ammunition storage and manufacture, by Francis D. P atter son, chief division of industrial hygiene and engineering, Department of Labor and Industry, P en n sy lv a n ia ; and Transportation of explosives, by B. W. Dunn, chief inspector, Bureau of E xplosives, NeAV York. N a t io n a l U n io n o f W o m e n W o r k e r s . H a n d b o o k a n d r e p o r t o f th e N a tio n a l C o u n c il a n d U n io n o f W o m e n W o r k e r s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d I r e la n d . L o n d o n , P a r l ia m e n t M a n s io n s , V i c t o r i a S t r e e t S W ., 1 9 1 6 -1 7 . 191 p p . P r ic e , I s . n e t. Largely taken up w ith lists of committee members and subscribers, consti tutions, and standing orders, but containing much interesting m aterial on the work done by the various comm ittees of this organization of women. O h io S t a t e U n iv e r s i t y . C o l l eg e o f E n g in e e r i n g . C o n g r e s s o f h u m a n e n g i n e e r in g . P r o c e e d in g s . O h io S t a t e U n iv e r s i t y B u lle tin , V o l. X X I , N o . 12. J a n u a r y , 1 9 1 7 . 160 p p . The addresses delivered at a three days’ conference in October, 1916, called by the College of Engineering of the Ohio State U niversity “ to bring together some of the noted men of the country who have made a study of the human factor in industry in contradistinction to the m aterial side.” The speakers included employers, labor leaders, teachers, and social workers. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (635) 224 M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS. I. M. M e d ic a l b e n e fits u n d e r w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n . I n J o u r n a l o f P o li t ic a l E c o n o m y ( U n iv e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s ) , J u n e ( p p . 5 8 0 -6 2 0 ) a n d J u l y ( p p . 7 0 4 - 7 4 1 ) , 1017. R u b in o w , A compensation law may best be judged by the degree in which it accom plishes its purpose to compensate the injured workman or his dependents. In the belief that the tim e has come for a comparison of the “ essential, organic provisions ” of the acts in force in the various States, since “ their effects upon the economic status of the working class are beginning to be fe lt,” the present careful study of their provisions for medical benefit has been made. Though the movement for accident compensation started in this country only after some 20 years of European experience w as available, the legislation enacted is “ of such bewildering variety that hope for uniform ity seems farther removed now than it w as seven years ago.” That some progress has been made is evi dent from the fact that 8 of the 37 acts in force at the close of 1918 granted medical aid w ithout any tim e lim it and w ithout any money limit. S e t o n -W a t s o n , It. IV., a n d o t h e b s . Th e w a r a n d d e m o c r a c y . L o n d o n , M a c m illa n , 1 9 1 6 . 390 p p . M a p s a n d b ib lio g r a p h ie s . P r ic e , 2 s. n e t. Instructive essays on the causes and possible results of the war, first pub lished in 1914, by It. W. Seton-W atson, author of various books on the races of E u rop e; J. Dover W ilson, late lecturer In the U niversity of H elsingfors, F in land ; Alfred E. Zimmern, late fellow and tutor o f N ew College, O xford ; and Arthur Greenwood, lecturer in economics at the U niversity o f Leeds. D e voted largely to international politics, but contains a chapter of about 50 pages by Mr. Greenwood on the social and economic aspects o f the struggle, in which are described the large measures of control by which the B ritish Gov ernment averted a commercial deadlock and adapted the country to a condition of war. In a month B ritain came nearer than ever before to being a cooperative commonwealth. It has been realized th at industry and commerce are not pri marily intended as a field for exploitation and profit, but are essential national services in as true a sense as the army and navy. The com plexity of the modern economic world and the large individual gains which have been made in it have obscured the fact that the economic structure ex ists to serve'th e needs of the community. It w as recognized by the Government, at any rate to some ex tent, that the success of our armies in the field would be nullified if, in the economic sphere, the production of commodities and services w ere seriously dim inished and if their interchange were hampered in a large degree. People have felt that the spinner, the miner, the weaver, the m achinist are all by fol low ing their occupations perform ing a valuable service to the community. How far this attitude of mind w ill persist after the war, when normal conditions in industry and commerce gradually return, remains to be seen. T iix y a k d , F r a n k a n d H a m n e t t , F . H . L e g a l h in ts f o r s o c ia l w o r k e r s . 4 th e d itio n . L o n d o n , N a tio n a l U n io n o f W o m e n W o r k e r s , P a r l ia m e n t M a n sio n s , W e s t m in s t e r , 1 9 1 6 . 64 PP • P r ic e , 6d . A revision by F. H. Ham nett, member of Poor Man’s Lawyer, Toynbee Hall, London, of an earlier work by Frank Tillyard, lecturer on industrial law at the U niversity of Birmingham. The pamphlet gives inform ation as to w here legal advice and assistance for the poor may be obtained, the courts in which the poor may secure legal remedies, and methods of friendly intervention, com promise and arbitration. It contains a brief summary of the main provisions of the law on m atters of most practical interest to social workers. T r u m b u l l , F r a n k . A m e r ic a n is in g i n d u s t r i a l w o r k e r s v i t a l l y i m p o r ta n t t a s k o f to -d a y . R e p r i n t f r o m M a n u f a c tu r e r s R e c o r d , A p r i l 5, 1917. 3 p p . An appeal for a w iser, a safer, and a more humane method of m eeting the problem of the alien, by the chairman o f the im migration comm ittee of the Chamber of Commerce of the United States. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis ( 686) MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS. W 225 , W i l l i a m F. a n d o t h e r s . T h e s y s t e m o f fin a n c ia l a d m in is tr a t io n o f G r e a t B r i t a in . P u b lis h e d f o r th e I n s t i t u t e f o r G o v e r n m e n t R e s e a r c h . N e w Y o r k a n d L o n d o n , A p p le to n , 1917. 362 pp . il l o u g h b y This is the first volume in the series of “ Studies in administration ” con templated by the Institute for Government Research. It comprises the ex haustive report of a study of the British system of financial administration made under the auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation by a commission com posed as follows: William F. Willoughby, professor of jurisprudence and politics, Princeton University ; Westel W. Willoughby, professor of political science, Johns Hopkins University ; and Samuel McCune Lindsay, professor o f social legislation, Columbia University. https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis (637) SER IES OF BULLETINS PUBLISH ED BY THE BU R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS. [T h e p u b lic a tio n o f th e A n n u a l a n d S p e c ia l R e p o r ts a n d o f th e b im o n th ly B u lle tin has b e e n d is c o n tin u e d , a n d s in c e J u ly , 1912, a B u lle tin h a s b e e n p u b lis h e d a t ir r e g u la r in te r v a ls . E ach num ber c o n ta in s m a tte r d e v o te d to o n e o f a s e r ie s o f g e n e r a l s u b je c ts . T h e s e B u lle ti n s a r e n u m b e r e d c o n s e c u tiv e ly in e a c h s e r ie s a n d a ls o c a r r y a c o n s e c u tiv e w h o le n u m b e r , b e g in n in g w ith N o . 101. A lis t o f th e s e r ie s , to g e th e r w ith th e in d iv id u a l B u lle tin s fa llin g u n d e r e a c h , is g iv e n b e lo w . A l i s t o f t h e R e p o r ts a n d B u lle tin s o f t h e B u r e a u t o J u l y 1 ,1 9 1 2 , w ill b e f u r n is h e d o n a p p lic a tio n .] W holesale No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Prices. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1912. (Bui. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1913. (Bui. Index numbers of wholesale prices in tries. (Bui. 173.) No. 4. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1914. (Bui. No. 5. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1915. (Bui. No. 6. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1916. (Bui. is s u e d p r io r 114.) 149.) the United States and foreign coun 181.) 200.) 226.) [In press.] R etail Prices and Cost of Living. No. 1. Retail prices, 1890 to 1911 : Part I. (Bui. 105 : Part I.) Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part II— General tables. (Bui. 105: Part II.) No. 2. Retail prices,1890 to June, 1912: Part I. (Bui. 106: Part I.) Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912 : Part II—General tables. (Bui. 106 : Part II.) No. 3. Retail prices,1890 to August, 1912. (Bui. 108.) No. 4. Retail prices,1890 to October, 1912. (Bui. 110.) No. 5. Retail prices,1890 to December, 1912.' (Bui. 113.) No. 6. Retail prices, 1890 to February, 1913. (Bui. 115.) No. 7. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. (Bui. 121.) No. 8. Retail prices, 1890 to April, 1913. (Bui. 125.) No. 9. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. (Bui. 130.) No. 10. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1913. (Bui. 132.) No. 11. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1913. (Bui. 136.) No. 12. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1913. (Bui. 138.) No. 13. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1913. (Bui. 140.) No. 14. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1914. (Bui. 156.) No. 15. Butter prices, from producer to consumer. (Bui. 164.) No. 16. Retail prices, 1907 to June, 1915. (Bui. 184.) No. 17. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1915. (Bui. 197.) No. 18. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1916. (Bui. 228.) [In press.] W ages and Hours of Labor. No. 1. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1890 to 1912. (Bui. 128.) No. 2. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries, 1890 to 1912. (Bui. 129.) No. 3. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, 1907 to 1912. (Bui. 131.) No. 4. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and knit goods industries, 1890 to 1912. (Bui. 134.) No. 5. Wages and hours of labor in the cigar and clothing industries, 1911 and 1912. (Bui. 135.) No. 6. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad cars, 1890 to 1912. (Bui. 137.) No. 7. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1913. (Bui. 143.) No. 8. Wages and regularity of employment in the dress and waist industry of New York City. (Bui. 146.) No. 9. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry. (Bui. 147.) No. 10. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1913. (Bui. 150.) No. 11. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry in the United States, 1907 to 1912. (Bui. 151.) https://fraser.stlouisfed.org Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis [i]