Full text of Monthly Labor Review : September 1917, Volume V, Number 3

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MONTHLY REVIEW
OF THE

U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
vol.

v —n o . 3

WASHINGTON

S e p t e m b e r , 1917

THE INDUSTRIAL DISPUTES INVESTIGATION ACT OF CANADA.1
BY B E N J A M IN M . SQ U IK E S .

IN T R O D U C T IO N .

Omitting administrative details, the essential features of the Ca­
nadian Industrial Disputes Investigation Act may be set forth in a
statement of purpose and scope. As expressed in complete title, the
act is intended to “ aid in the prevention and settlement of strikes
and lockouts in mines and industries connected with public utilities.”2
Although the title thus disclaims restriction of the right to strike or
lock out and limits the scope to disputes in industries affecting directly
the public welfare, the act provides that a strike or lockout in these
industrie« is illegal until the dispute has been reported on by a board
of conciliation and investigation and, further, that industries other
than those specified may be brought within the scope of the act by
agreement of both parties to the dispute, the right to strike or lock out
being suspended during an investigation. This restriction upon the
right to strike or lock out pending an investigation has caused the act
to be known generally as the “ Compulsory investigation act.”
It should be noted that the act applies only to disputes involving
10 or more employees in which the controversy has reached a stage
that, “ failing an adjustment of the dispute or a reference thereof
by the minister to a board, * * * a lockout or strike will be
declared * * * and that the necessary authority to declare such
lockout or strike has been obtained.” It is provided further that the
violation of privileges, rights, and duties of employers or employees
does not constitute a dispute in the meaning of the act if such viola­
tion is in itself an indictable offense. Subject to these limitations
and to the provision that for disputes in industries not specified in
the act both parties must concur in the application, it is possible for
disputes in all industries to be referred for adjustment.
1 A com plete rep o rt, of w hich th e p re se n t a rtic le is a sum m ary, w ill ap p e a r la te r a s a
b u lletin of th e B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s of th e U. S. D ep artm en t of Labor.
2 Scope extended M ar. 23, 1916, by o rd er of th e G overnor G eneral in Council to include
m u n itio n s of w ar in d u stries.


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The Canadian Industrial Disputes Investigation Act has been in
operation since March 22, 1907.1 I t need hardly be observed that the
people of the United States have been keenly interested in the results
of its administration. Several State legislatures have considered
measures embodying similar provisions and in one State, Colorado,
a law patterned closely after the Canadian act has been in operation
since 1915. Moreover, the principle of compulsory investigation has
been proposed as a means of adjusting disputes on railways engaged
in interstate commerce. With the industries of the country taxed
to the utmost during the continuance of the present war emergency,
it seems inevitable that there will be industrial unrest and that State
and National legislative measures seeking to avoid interruption to
industry will be enacted. I t is timely, therefore, to inquire frankly
as to the effectiveness of those provisions which serve to characterize
the Canadian act.
Numerous reports dealing with the operation of the Canadian act
have appeared as a result of official and personal inquiries. For the
most part these reports have dealt with the disputes referred to boards
for adjustment and, while directing attention to occasional violations
and to disputes in which strikes or lockouts were not averted by ref­
erence to a board, have not been concerned in large measure with
the question of illegal strikes and lockouts or the enforcement of the
penal provisions. In the report summarized herewith attention is
directed primarily to the effectiveness of the compulsory investiga­
tion provisions of the act. To this end an analysis has been made of
the following:
1. Strikes and lockouts in industries within the scope of the act.
2. Disputes referred for adjustment under the act:
a. Strikes and lockouts.
b. Disputes within the scope of the act, not resulting in strike
or lockout but in which statutory declaration of intent
to take such action was made.
c. Disputes not within the scope of the act referred for adjust­
ment by the concurrence of both parties to the dispute
under section 63, or in which application was made for
reference.
3. Strikes and lockouts in all industries during the period 19011916.
4. Prosecutions for violations of the restrictive provisions of the
act.
In the preparation of the report access was had to the files of
the Canadian Department of Labor containing correspondence inci­
dent to the applications for and establishment of boards of concili-


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ation and investigation, and the operation of the act was discussed
with the minister and deputy minister of labor and with other officials
concerned with its administration. The following publications of
the Canadian Department of Labor were used as sources in the
compilation of disputes:
1. Annual reports of the Minister of Labor.
2. Annual reports of the Registrar of Boards of Conciliation and
Investigation.
3. The Labor Gazette (Monthly Bulletin of the Department of
Labor).
4. Reports on Strikes and Lockouts in Canada, 1901-1912.
I t is axiomatic that social and economic conditions make for in­
dustrial peace or unrest irrespective of antistrike or lockout legisla­
tion. Any attempt, therefore, to compare, without correlation with
other factors, the number of trade disputes resulting in strikes or
lockouts during a period prior to the passage of measures for their
adjustment, with strikes and lockouts during a subsequent period, is
open to serious objection. Moreover, it is impossible to estimate the
salutary eifect of antistrike or lockout legislation in making for vol­
untary negotiations and in preventing precipitate action whether
or not the aid of such legislation is directly invoked. It is idle to
speculate as to how many strikes or lockouts might have occurred
in Canadian industries since the inception of the Industrial Disputes
Investigation Act had that act not been passed. I t is incorrect to
assume that every dispute referred under the act would have resulted
in a strike or lockout but for such reference even though a statutory
declaration of intent to strike or lock out is required before a board
can be constituted.
D IS P U T E S IN IN D U S T R IE S W IT H IN T H E SCOPE OF A N D PR O C E E D IN G S U N D E R
T H E C A N A D IA N ACT.

Interpreting the compulsory investigation provisions of the act
strictly, any strike or lockout occurring in industries within its scope
before an investigation and report of a legally constituted board is
a violation of the act. In a sense, however, for those strikes and lock­
outs commencing prior to an application for reference but terminat­
ing prior to the completion of the board, the matters in dispute be­
ing held in abeyance pending an investigation and report, the offense
is palliated somewhat by the fact that after the act was recognized
in a formal application the disputants became law-abiding. Strikes
and lockouts occurring in industries within the scope of and without
reference to the act are plainly flagrant violations. Strikes and
lockouts commencing prior to an application for a board and con­
tinuing after the board is created, as well as strikes and lockouts
commencing after an application for a board but before its report,


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are indications not only of a disregard of the penal provisions but
as well a lack of confidence in the act as a conciliatory measure.
Even those strikes and lockouts which occur after the investigation
and report of a board, and are therefore legal, should be charged to
the discredit of the act since the sole purpose of the compulsory
investigation feature is to avoid interruption to industry.
During the period March 22, 1907, to December 31, 1916, there
have occurred within the scope of the act 222 disputes resulting in
strikes and lockouts, affecting 100,608 employees, whose time loss
was 4,838,647 working days. In 44 of these, involving 44,086 em­
ployees and a time loss of 3,665,969 days, application was made for
reference under the act. Of this number, 18 disputes, affecting 20,330
employees and occasioning a time loss of 1,822,805 days, did not
result in strike or lockout until after the investigation and report
of a board and consequently were legal. Thus there have beeh 204
illegal strikes or lockouts, affecting 80,278 employees whose time loss
was 3,015,844 days. Of this number, 178 strikes, involving 56,522
employees and a time loss of 1,172,678 days, occurred without either
party to the dispute seeking to invoke the aid of the act.
A further analysis of the strikes and lockouts referred under the
act shows that 9 strikes, involving 4,606 employees and a time loss of
38,070 days, began prior to the application for a board but terminated
prior to the completion of the board and pending its investigation
and report; 5 strikes, affecting 3,950 employees whose time loss was
46,650 days, began prior to the application for a board and were
adjusted before a board was constituted; 5 strikes, affecting 11,034
employees whose time loss was 1,625,456 days, began prior to the
application for a board and continued after the board was con­
stituted ; 7 strikes, affecting 4,166 employees and resulting in a time
loss of 134,990 days, began after the application for a board but before
its report.
In addition to the 44 strikes and lockouts in the adjudication of
which the act was invoked, 173 disputes affecting 141,295 employees,
not resulting in strike or lockout but in which statutory declaration
of intent to take such action was made, were referred to boards of
conciliation and investigation under the act, or application was made
for such reference and action taken by the Department of Labor con­
templating the establishment of such a board. In 36 of these dis­
putes, affecting 34,145 employees, a settlement was reported before a
board was constituted; in 137 disputes, affecting 107,150 employees,
boards were constituted. How many of these 137 disputes would have
resulted in strikes or lockouts but for reference under the act is
problematical. I t will be interesting, however, to examine those
disputes in which application was made for reference, such applica­


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tion being accompanied by the statutory declaration that, failing an
adjustment or a reference, a strike or lockout would result, but for
which boards were not constituted.
Of the cases in which boards were not constituted, only those are
reported in the official proceedings under the act in which action was
taken by the Department of Labor looking to the establishment of a
board. Of those reported, reference has been made to 5 strikes affect­
ing 3,950 employees and to 36 disputes not resulting in strike or
lockout, affecting 34,145 employees, in which boards were not con­
stituted. Of the 5 strikes all began prior to the applications for
boards and could not have been precipitated by a failure of reference.
Of the cases not reported officially, 14 disputes affecting 8,247 em­
ployees were in industries not within the scope of the act, and for
which the department was unable to grant boards owing to the lack
of concurrence of both parties to the disputes. Of these 14 disputes,
6 disputes, affecting 6,465 employees, resulted in strikes prior to the
applications for boards, consequently the inability of the department
to apply the act could not be advanced as a reason for the strikes.
One strike, affecting 96 employees, commenced the same day the
application was received and presumably not until the other party to
the dispute had refused to concur in the request for a board.
Summarizing the figures of the preceding paragraph, it will be
observed that there have been 55 disputes, affecting 46,342 employees,
in which application was made for reference but boards not con­
stituted.1 In 11 of these disputes, affecting 10,415 employees, a strike
occurred prior to the application for reference. In 44 disputes, af­
fecting 35,927 employees, a strike did not occur prior to the applica­
tion for reference and of these, 43, or 97.7 per cent of the disputes,
affecting 35,831, or 99.7 per cent of the employees, were adjusted
without the occurrence of a strike or lockout. It is recognized, how­
ever, that the formal action of applying for a board may in itself
make for a resumption of negotiations between the parties to a dis­
pute and, too, that after the application is received the department
is in a favorable position to serve as a conciliatory or mediatory
agency and may aid in securing a settlement before a board is com­
pleted. It is recognized, too, that these disputes settled without boards
and without strikes or lockouts may not have presented the same
degree of difficulty in adjustment as the disputes referred to boards.
To the extent, however, that the statutory declaration of intent to
strike or lock out indicates the seriousness of the controversy, all dis­
putes are on a parity. Measured thus, it is apparent that of the 137
disputes not resulting in strikes or lockouts, referred to boards under
1 Other applications for reference, not reported officially, in which boards were re­
fused for technical or other reasons, or in which settlem ents were effected before action
was taken by the departm ent, are not considered in this analysis.


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the act, a considerable number even though not referred to boards
would have been adjusted without the occurrence of strikes or
lockouts.
Viewed strictly as a conciliatory measure, the usefulness of the act
should be reflected in the applications for reference under section 63,
whereby disputes outside specified industries may be brought within
the scope of the act by the concurrence of both disputants. During
the period under consideration there were 26 applications under
section 63, in disputes affecting 13,781 employees. In 12 of these
disputes, affecting 5,534 employees, boards were constituted. As
previously stated, in 14 disputes, affecting 8,247 employees, the
department was unable to constitute boards because it did not have
the joint consent of the disputants. During the same period there
occurred a total of 691 strikes and lockouts, affecting 149,812 em­
ployees whose time loss was 3,254,332 working days, in industries
not within the scope of the act but which might have been brought
within its scope by agreement of both parties to the disputes.
For the purpose of reflecting the development of public opinion
for or against the act, the period March 22, 1907, to December 31,
1916, may be conveniently divided into two periods of approximately
five years each. ¡Whether there were fewer or more disputes result­
ing in strikes or lockouts or in which the intent to take such action was
declared, in one period than in the other, is not in itself conclusive.
I t might be expected, however, that greater familiarity with the pur­
pose, scope, and operation of the act would lead to its application in
a greater percentage of disputes arising in industries within its scope.
It might also be expected that, with the greater undesirability of
interruption to industry arising out of participation in the European
conflict, the relative importance of a governmental agency for the
adjudication of labor disputes would be augmented. It should be
fruitful, therefore, to compare the periods 1907-1911 and 1912-1916
as to the proportion the disputes referred are of the disputes within
the scope of the Industrial Disputes Investigation Act.
During the period March 22, 1907, to December 31, 1911, 118
strikes and lockouts, affecting 62,344-employees whose time loss was
3,620,346 working days, occurred in industries within the scope of the
act. For the same period there were 92 statutory declarations of
intent to strike or lock out, involving 70,175 employees, but in which
such strike or lockout did not occur. During the period January
1, 1912, to December 31, 1916, there were 104 strikes and lockouts,
affecting 38,264 employees and occasioning a time loss of 1,218,301
working days, and 81 statutory declarations of intent to strike or
lock out not resulting in such action, affecting 71,120 employees, in
industries within the scope of the act. Boards were constituted for


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49.1 per cent of the disputes during the first period, as against 39.5
per cent during the second period. On the basis of employees
affected, boards were constituted for 72.4 per cent during the first
period, as against 47 per cent during the second period. Of
the strikes and lockouts within the scope of the act, boards were
constituted for 22.9 per cent of such strikes and lockouts, 56.5 per
cent of the employees affected, and 93.7 per cent of the working
days lost during the first period, as against 11.5 per cent of the
strikes and lockouts, 12.9 per cent of the employees affected, and 18.5
per cent of the working days lost during the second period. Rela­
tively, then, a much smaller percentage of disputes within the scope
of the act have been referred to boards during the period 1912-1916
than during the period 1907-1911.
An analysis of disputes in the mining industry shows that of all
mining disputes boards were constituted for 56.2 per cent during
the first period, as against 30.5 per cent during the second period,
and 69.2 per cent of the employees affected as against 23.3 per
cent. If only strikes and lockouts are considered, the per cent is
39.1, as against 17.2 for such strikes and lockouts; 57.5, as against
8.3 for employees affected; and 96.8, as against 16.8 for working
days lost.
The act is conceded to have been most successful in its application
to railway disputes, yet boards were constituted for 55.3 per cent
of the railway disputes during the first period, as against 36 per
cent during the second period, and 78.9 per cent of the employees
affected, as against 52.7 per cent. Of all railway strikes and lock­
outs, boards were constituted for 23.4 per cent during the period
1907-1911, as against 12.5 per cent during the period 1912-1916,
71.2 per cent of employees affected, as against 20.7 per cent, and
87.7 per cent of the working days lost, as against 51.8 per cent.
A comparison of illegal strikes and lockouts for the two periods
shows that for the first period 90 per cent of the strikes and lockouts,
affecting 71.2 per cent of the employees and occasioning 53.7 per cent
of the total time loss, in industries within the scope of the act, were
illegal as against 93.3 per cent of the strikes and lockouts, 93.7 per
cent of the employees affected and 86.8 per cent of the total time loss
of the second period. A similar analysis for mining shows that 84.8
per cent of strikes and lockouts, affecting 82 per cent of the em­
ployees and occasioning 60.2 per cent of the time loss, in mining were
illegal during the first period, as against 89.7 per cent of strikes and
lockouts, affecting 92.5 per cent of the employees and occasioning
85.1 per cent of the time loss during the second period. In railways,
90 per cent of the strikes and lockouts, affecting 37.2 per cent of the
employees and occasioning 17.5 per cent of the time loss, in railways


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were illegal during the first period, as against 93.7 per cent of the
strikes and lockouts, affecting 94.5 per cent of the employees and
occasioning 95.8 per cent of the time loss, of the second period.
ST R IK E S A N D LOCKOUTS IN C A N A D IA N IN D U S T R IE S , 1901-1916.

Any consideration of the effects of the Canadian act leads natur­
ally to a comparison as between periods of time prior to and subse­
quent to its inception. It can not be overemphasized, however, that
strike and lockout figures, uncorrelated with other factors, are in­
conclusive and may be misleading in estimating the effect of legis­
lative measures designed to avoid strikes and lockouts. The tide
of industrial unrest is by no means regular in its ebb and flow and
observation over a much longer period of time than that under con­
sideration would be necessary in order to establish a trend. It is
apparent that accelerating influences in some industries have served
to discredit the value of the Canadian act, whereas in other indus­
tries retarding influences have tended measurably to decrease the
number of strikes and lockouts and give undue credit to its restrictive
provisions. Thus the growth of unionism in the coal-mining in­
dustry has led to concerted strike action for the establishment of
union principles, approximately 50 per cent of the time lost in mining
strikes during the period 1907-1916 occurring in strikes for union
recognition, for the principle of the closed shop, or for the reinstate­
ment of discharged union employees. In industries connected with
the operation and maintenance of steam railways, on the other hand,
unionism is more generally recognized and the principle of the work­
ing agreement more generally accepted. Measured solely by the
number of strikes or lockouts, the number of employees affected or
the time lost, it is probable that any legislation would have evidenced
merit in the prevention of railway strikes, and failure in the preven­
tion of mining strikes. As previously stated, no degree of refinement
of strike and lockout figures would show concretely the number of
strikes and lockouts that might have occurred had the act not been
passed, or the number of voluntary negotiations that have been
entered into as a result of its passage.
The periods 1901-1906 and 1907-1912 represent approximately six
years before and six years after the inception of the act and are se­
lected for purposes of comparison. It is apparent that such a com­
parison should take into account the number of workers as well as the
number of strikers, and the number of potential working days as
well as the number of working days lost in strike or lockout.
It may be estimated that the number of yearly workers in all in­
dustries during the period 1901-1906 were 12,108,204.1 Of this num1 Based on Canadian censuses of 1901 and 1911. Annual increm ent in number of
workers is calculated a t one-tenth the increase of 1911 over 1901.


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her, 203,520 were miners1 and 689,715 were transport workers. For
the same period employees affected by strikes and lockouts aggre­
gated 149,146. Of this number 33,503 were miners and 21,148 were
transport workers.
The potential working time for the period may be estimated at
3,632,410,200 working days.2 Of this number, 61,056,000 may be
credited to mining and 206,914,500 to transport.
The time loss
during the six-year period due to strikes and lockouts in all indus­
tries was 2,821,796 days of which 818,262 were in mining and
428,475 were in industries connected with general transport.
A similar analysis for the period 1907-1912 shows an aggregate of
15,495,084 workers of which 300,546 were in mining and 1,182,154
were in transport. During this period there were 171,134 employees
on strike, of which number 42,052 were miners and 28,250 were trans­
port workers. The potential working time for the period may be
estimated at 4,648,525,200 days for all industries. Of this number,
90,163,800 days were in mining and 354,646,200 were in transport.
The time loss during the period due to strikes and lockouts in all
industries was 6,038,675 days, of which number 2,989,582 were in
mining and 725,192 were in transport.
In the following table, the figures shown above are reduced to
percentages to show the ratio of workers in specific industries to
workers in all industries and of employees affected in strike and
lockout to all workers and to workers in specific industries. A simi­
lar comparison is shown between potential working time and time
lost in strikes and lockouts during each period.
It will be observed that mining workers were 1.9 per cent of all
workers during the period 1907-1912 as against 1.7 per cent during
1901-1906 and that transport workers were 7.6 per cent of all workers
during the second period as against 5.7 per cent during the first
period. In both mining and transport, however, the percentage of
employees affected by strike or lockout was less during the period
1907-1912 than during the period 1901-1906. Thus while mining
and transport have grown in importance, in comparison with other
industries, a smaller proportion of mining and transport workers
have been affected in strike and lockout. In point of time lost, how­
ever, both mining and transport show an increase during the second
period in the ratio of such time to the potential working time in all in­
dustries. But of the potential working time in transport, only 0.20
per cent was lost in 1907-1912 as against 0.21 per cent in 1901-1906.
The relative importance of mining and transport strikes is appar­
ent from the fact that in the second period the time lost in mining
1 Exclusive of quarry and oil and salt well workers.
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strikes was 49.5 per cent of the time lost in all industries whereas
the time lost in transport was but 12 per cent of the time lost in
all industries.
RATIO OF EM PLOYEES AFFECTED IN STR IK E OR LOCKOUT TO TOTAL W ORKERS,
AND W ORKING TIME LOST TO POTENTIAL W ORKING TIME DURING THE PERIODS
1901-1906 AND 1907-1912.
Items.

1901-1906 1907-1912

All workers in all industries.................................................................................................
a. Mining........................................................................................................................
b. T r a n s p o r t.......................................................................................................................................

Workers affected in strikes and lockouts:
o. All industries.........................................................................................................
b. Mining.....................................................................................................................
c. Transport................................................................................................................
Percentage of mine workers affected in strike and lockout.............................................
Percentage of transport workers affected in strike and lockout......................................
Employees affected in strikes and lockouts in all industries...........................................
a. Mining........................................................................................................................
b. Transport...................................................................................................................
Days lost in strikes and lockouts in all industries............................................................
a. Mining........................................................................................................................
b. Transport...................................................................................................................
Potential working time in all industries............................................................................
Time lost in strikes and lockouts:
a. All industries.........................................................................................................
a. Mining.....................................................................................................................
c. Transport..............................................................................................................
Percentage of potential working time in mining lost in mining strikes and lockouts..
Precentage of potential working time in transport lost in transport strikes and lockouts

100.0
1.7
5.7

100.0
1.9
7.6

1.23
.28
.17
16.5
3.1
100.0
22.5
14.2
100.0
29.0
15.2
100.0

1.10
.27
.18
14.0
2.4
100.0
24.6
16.5
100.0
49.5
12.0
100.0

.08
.02
.01
1.3
.21

.13
.06
.02
3.2
.20

Using the period 1901-1905 as a base, the relative increase or de­
crease in employees on strike and days lost in comparison with the
increase in workers for all industries and for mining and transport
is shown in the following table:
1901-1906 1907-1912
All workers:
a. All industries..........................................................................
b. Mining........................................................................
c. Transport........................................................................
Employees affected in strikes and lockouts:
a. All industries.................................................................................
b. Mining...........•.....................................................................
c. Transport..........................................................................
Days lost in strikes and lockouts:
a. All industries................................................................................
b. Mining.................................................................
c. Transport........................................................................................

100.0
100.0
100.0

125.0
147.6
171.4

100.0
100.0
100.0

114.7
125.5
133.6

100.0
100.0
100.0

214.0
365.4
169.2

It will be observed that the increase in employees affected in
strikes and lockouts has not kept pace with the increase in the num­
ber of workers. The increase in working time lost, however, ex­
ceeds the increase in the number of workers except in industries con­
nected with general transport.
P E N A L P R O V ISIO N S.

It may be repeated that the chief interest in the act is not in its
administration as a conciliatory measure, but in those restrictive
provisions which have served to characterize it as the “ Compulsory
investigation act.”


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11

Although it is impossible to measure the influence of the penal
provisions of the act in restraining employers and employees from
illegally interrupting industry or others from inciting such action,
a comparison of prosecutions with violations will indicate the attempt
made to enforce these provisions and the importance attached to
them. During the period March 22, 1907, to December 31, 1916, there
have been 11 prosecutions. Of these, one was to test the constitu­
tionality of the act and to restrain a board of conciliation and inves­
tigation from proceeding; one was to enforce an agreement entered
into as a consequence of the recommendations of a board ; seven were
prosecutions for illegal strikes or for inciting such action ; two were
for illegal lockouts. In all, charges have been laid against nine em­
ployees for violating the provisions of section 60 in the encourage­
ment of strikes, and against eleven employees for violating the pro­
visions of section 56 in going on strike illegally. Charges have been
laid against three employers for violating the provisions of section
56 in illegal lockouts. In the cases of eleven employees the charges
were either dismissed or withdrawn ; in the cases of nine employees
the charges were sustained. Charges against two employers were
sustained; charges against one employer were dismissed. The aggre­
gate of fines imposed, exclusive of costs, was $1,660.
As stated previously, there have been for the same period 204
illegal strikes and lockouts^ affecting 80,278 employees whose time
loss was 3,015,844 days. Of this number two disputes, affecting 95
employees whose time loss was 390 days, may be considered lockouts.
Undoubtedly there have been violations of section 60 in addition to
those prosecuted. Assuming the minimum penalty of $10 per day
per striking employee, it will be seen that more than $30,000,000 in
uncollected fines have accumulated during the period stated. If the
maximum penalty is assumed, the amount exceeds $150,000,000.
In the face of this record of prosecutions and violations during a
period of nearly 10 years it does not seem probable that a wholesome
respect has been fostered for such provisions, nor that a fear of the
imposition of penalties serves in any considerable degree as a re­
straining influence. On the contrary, there is a strong indication that
whatever success has attended the administration of the act has been
due to the conciliatory efforts of the Department of Labor through
its fair-wage officers and its boards of conciliation and investigation ;
to the dislike for publicity rather than to the fear of fine or imprison­
ment ; to the existence of a means of negotiation rather than a means
of restriction.
8809°—17----- 2


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CONFLICTS BETWEEN FEDERAL AND STATE JURISDICTIONS IN
COMMERCE CASES.1
BTA.

j

.

p il l s b u r y

,

c h a ir m a n

o f in d u s t r ia l

A CCID EN T C O M M IS S IO N OF C A LIFO R N IA .

SY N O P SIS.

The interest of the Federal Government in, and responsibility for,
employees injured while in the service of commerce is incidental,
indirect, and relatively immaterial, whereas that of the States in
which they and their families reside is proximate, immediate, and
vital to the social welfare of each Commonwealth.
Our 48 free and independent State sovereignties differ one from
another in spirit, habits, customs, standards of living and ways of
viewing questions of domestic policy, and a compensation law that
may fit comfortably in one State might chafe or gall in another. No
one law could serve acceptably for all.
The Federal Government is huge. Upon the National Capital
focus the hundred thousand interests of a hundred million people,
and it is impossible that such a government can legislate to fit the
individual needs of the several States.
All compensation laws are still in a state of flux and evolution,
and needed amendments that, in any State, may be effected at any
session of a legislature might conceivably involve 10 years of effort
if dependent upon Congress.
The crux of the issue has been missed by both sides to the con­
troversy. That crux is that compensation for industrial injuries,
however and wherever suffered, has, and should have, no essential
constitutional connection with commerce, either interstate or intra­
state, but is one department of, and belongs to, a general scheme of
local, domestic, social insurance against the hazards of poverty, with
which the Federal Government should have only an incidental con­
cern.
Therefore it is neither feasible nor desirable that there be uni­
formity of compensation legislation throughout the United States
in relation to injuries sustained while in the service of transportation
by railroad or by water.
Federal jurisdiction over injuries sustained in the service of trans­
portation by railroad can, without amendment of the Federal Con­
stitution, and by right ought to be relinquished to the States, and
the same principle holds equally true of service in transportation by
water if it can be legally effected.
There are no practical difficulties in the way of such relinquish­
ment. The hindrances are all technical, artificial, legalistic.
1 S ubstance of a p ap er read a t m eeting of In te rn a tio n a l A ssociation of I n d u s tria l Acci­
d e n t B oards an d C om m issions a t B oston, A ugust, 1917.

12


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TWO F IE L D S OF CON FLICT IN S T E A D OF ONE.

In a paper presented a year ago upon the subject of conflicts be­
tween Federal and State jurisdictions in commerce cases I confined
myself wholly to such conflicts as arose out of transportation by
railroad.1 At that time it seemed to me to be altogether unlikely
that the jurisdictions of the several States over injuries happening
upon their own navigable waters would be seriously interfered with.
The fact that the doctrine that the jurisdiction of a State over its
own ships follows them wherever they go on the high seas was also
wrell established led me to the conclusion that the whole field was
fairly covered by State jurisdiction. When, on February 3, 1917,
the Supreme Court of California, in a very able opinion, sustained
the jurisdiction of our commission in unequivocal terms, I felt that
our assumption of jurisdiction was doubly assured.
I had left the Supreme Court of the United States out of my
reckoning. Its recent decision in the case of Southern Pacific Co. v.
Jensen precipitated chaos where order was evolving.
A fundamental necessity before any remedial action can be taken
is to ascertain precisely the existing state of the law governing
transportation by rail and by water, respective^.
T H E LA W R E G A R D IN G T R A N SPO R T A T IO N B Y R A IL R O A D .

The recent decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in
the two Winfield cases2 did not materially alter the status relating
to transportation by railroad, but only cleared up a few not very
doubtful points. The Federal statute is exclusive where, at the
instant of the happening of an injury, the employee is engaged in an
act of interstate commerce or one so closely connected with it as not
to be separable from it. Where negligence can not be imputed no
liability exists. The risks of the employment all rest upon the em­
ployees.
On the other hand, where, at the instant of the happening of the
injury, the employee is engaged in an act of intrastate commerce, or
an act clearly separable from interstate commerce, the jurisdiction
of the State is exclusive and plenary and Federal authority can not
take cognizance of such injuries unless the Constitution of the United
States is so amended as to permit it, which is so unlikely as to be
well nigh unthinkable, or the United States Supreme Court reverses
1 A t th e m eeting of th e I n te rn a tio n a l A ssociation of I n d u s tria l A ccident B o ard s and
Com m issions, held a t Colum bus, Ohio, Apr. 2 5-28, 1916. P a p e r re p rin te d in B ulletin
210 of th e U. S. B u reau of L abor S ta tistic s , pp. 33-55.
2 New York C e n tral R. R. Co. v. W infield, an d E rie R. R. Co. v. W infield, May, 1917.
In th ese oases, th e Suprem e C ourt, w ith tw o ju stic e s d issen tin g , held t h a t w hen an
em p loyee engaged in in te r s ta te com m erce w as in ju re d , h is only r ig h t to recover arose
from th e provision of th e F ed eral em ployers’ liab ility a c t. T he pow er of th e S ta te s to
su p p lem en t such leg islatio n w as denied.


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a long line of its own decisions^ which is also extremely unlikely to
happen.
Therefore, while, in theory, all conflict between Federal and State
jurisdictions is cleared up and a plain line of demarcation established,
in practice it is frequently, if not usually, necessary to try each case
in order to ascertain whether or not the tribunal undertaking to hear
and determine the controversy has jurisdiction over the parties to the
proceeding. The situation is absurd. Roughly speaking it may be
said, however, that injuries to trainmen, and men employed upon
maintenance of way, will fall under Federal authority, while shop­
men and office employees may be under the protection of State laws—
with abundant exceptions to all such general rules for predetermining
jurisdiction.
T H E L A W R E G A R D IN G T R A N SPO R T A T IO N B Y W A T E R .

In only one particular did the Jensen decision1 make clear and
conclusive the exclusive character of Federal jurisdiction in water
transportation, and that is with reference to injuries happening upon
the high seas and navigable waters. Even then it concedes that the
general body of maritime law may, to some extent, be changed,
modified or affected by State legislation, but does not attempt to tell
how far.
Up to the time of the decision of the Jensen case the principle
had been regarded as well established in admiralty law that juris­
diction over contracts depended upon the subject matter of the con­
tract, regardless of the locality of the transaction. I t had been
equally well established that jurisdiction over torts depended wholly
upon the locality where the tort was committed, to wit, upon the
high seas or navigable waters.
1 S o u th ern P acific Co. v. Je n sen , May, 1917, fo u r ju stic e s d issen tin g . T he plain tiff
in th is case w as th e widow of a stevedore engaged in unloading a ste am sh ip in New
York h arb o r. T he vessel w as ow ned by a ra ilro a d com pany, w hich also o p erates a
steam sh ip lin e p ly in g betw een th e p o rts of New Y ork a n d G alveston. An a w ard in
th e c la im a n t’s fav o r h ad been m ade by th e S ta te w orkm en’s com pensation com m ission
in O ctober, 1914, a n d w as ap proved by th e v ario u s c o u rts of th e S ta te .
(Je n se n v.
S o u th ern Pacific Co., 215 N. Y. 514, 109 N. E . 6 0 0 ; see B ui. 189, pp. 2 21-224.) T he
New York co u rts h ad held t h a t th e case w as n o t covered by th e F e d e ra l s ta tu te gov­
ern in g in te r s ta te c a rrie rs by ra ilro a d , an d as no s ta tu te had been enacted by Congress
g o verning c a rria g e by w ater, th e re w as no F e d e ra l leg islatio n applicable to th e case.
T he decision of th e S uprem e C o u rt w as id en tical so f a r as th e a p p licatio n of th e F ed ­
e ra l lia b ility law w as concerned, b u t an objection raised by th e com pany to th e decision
of th e co u rt below t h a t th e com pensation law w as “ u n c o n s titu tio n a l in t h a t i t v iolates
A rticle I I I , section 2, of th e C o n stitu tio n , co n ferrin g a d m ira lty ju ris d ic tio n upon th e
co u rts of th e U n ited S ta te s,” w as upheld by th e Suprem e C ourt as reg ard s th e p a rtic u la r
p o rtio n ap p ly in g th e law to m aritim e in ju ries.
See M o nt h l y R evi ew of th e B u reau of L abor S ta tis tic s for Ju ly , 1917 (p. 101), for
f u rth e r acco u n t of th is case.


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Are proceedings under a workmen’s compensation act founded in
contract or in tort? If in contract, then, under an elective law, at
all events, the employment of a stevedore would, in the language of
Mr. Justice McReynolds, be, “ maritime in its nature,” and jurisdic­
tion would vest in admiralty courts whether the injury happened on
ship or on dock; but if founded in tort, admiralty jurisdiction exists
only when the injury happens on ship and not on dock. Personally
I am of the opinion that, at least in States where compensation is
compulsory, claims therefor arise out of neither contract nor tort,
but out of status, i. e., out of a condition which the law creates at
the behest of the police power of government.
If, as seems possible under this decision although not finally deter­
mined, a sailor or stevedore, injured upon a wharf, can not bring
suit in admiralty for tort, because the injury did not happen on
navigable waters, and also can not claim compensation because the
“ work of a stevedore is maritime in its nature,” what can the man
do? He is in a no-man’s land with no right of redress in any court
or commission.
In the Jensen case the accident happened upon a ship and, there­
fore, it was not indispensably necessary to a decision of the case at
bar that the court indicate what would have been its decision if the
accident had happened on the dock, and the point was passed with­
out at all considering that important difference.
It can not have been the intention of the Supreme Court of the
United States to create a twilight zone in which no right or remedy
exists. Such a condition is as repugnant to law as a vacuum to
nature. It would seem, therefore, that, in future decisions the court
must do one of two things:
1. Decide that admiralty jurisdiction does extend to cover all in­
juries to sailors or stevedores without regard to whether the right be
founded in contract, tort, or status, and without regard to whether
the injury happens on ship, dock, dry-dock, or elsewhere, so that it be
while in the performance of a service in transportation by water; or
2. I t can define admiralty jurisdiction as extending to injuries
happening on shipboard or gangplank, leaving to the compensation
or negligence laws of the several States the jurisdiction over all such
injuries not so happening.
It is not incumbent upon me at this time to venture any con­
jecture as to what attitude the Supreme Court will take when the
point arises. I t is sufficient for the present to point out that a
conflict of jurisdiction between Federal and State Governments as
certainly exists relative to injuries sustained by employees engaged
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labor engaged in this dangerous occupation. The question for us to
deal with at this time is, What are we going to do about it ?
A STOP-GAP A R R A N G EM E N T.

In California employers and their employees engaged in trans­
portation by water have tried our compensation law and like it. We
claim jurisdiction, extraterritorial and all, and until the Jensen case
upset us we had made it stick. Both sides wish to continue under
the act. Our commission tendered its good offices to both sides in
an effort to bring about an agreement whereby the parties may con­
tract that, in the event of injury, the injured employee will accept
and the employer will pay compensation in accordance with the
terms of our act just as though they were under it, they also mutu­
ally agreeing that in the event of controversy the issue shall be
put up to the industrial accident commission for determination as
heretofore, and that both sides will abide by the result.
It is not doubted that such a contract can be enforced, and that
any court of admiralty would recognize it, for there is in admiralty
no prohibition against “ contracting out,” as there is in the Federal
employers’ liability act. The only trouble is that in the event of
death by injury the deceased employee can not, in his lifetime,
bar the right of a dependent to sue in admiralty. This is not causing
employers much uneasiness, inasmuch as whenever a sailor or steve­
dore loses his life as a result of injury the plight of his dependents
is so serious that compensation in hand is far more attractive to them
than an action for damages upon which nothing can be realized for
years to come.
I am hopeful that the arrangement here outlined may very gen­
erally be effected throughout the State of California, although we
are just now in the throes of getting together. If it succeeds, other
States may profit by our example. However, this device is intended
to last only until order shall have been brought out of this chaos
either through Federal legislation or judicial reinterpretation.
W HO IS T H E PR O X IM A T E P A R T Y IN IN T E R E S T ?

The very theory upon which free states federate in the formation
of a nation is that the federal authority shall be supreme in all those
functions of government which proximately concern the welfare of a
nation as a whole, and that all other functions of government are
reserved to and reside in the states severally and their subdivisions.
Where, then, vests the proximate, immediate, and vital interest in
the welfare of employees engaged in transportation, whether by rail
or water? A freight train loaded with oriental commerce pulls out
of the Oakland yard bound for markets in the Middle West or East.


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There is a washout, the locomotive goes into the ditch and with the
locomotive engineer. Is there any way by which the Federal Govern­
ment can be made responsible for or render aid to that engineer if
crippled, or to his family if he is killed? Who must see to the edu­
cation of his children and, if poverty plunges them first into delin­
quency and afterward into criminality, is it the State or the Nation
that proximately suffers?
A ship steams out through the Golden Gate bound for the Alaska
fisheries. A steam pipe bursts and a marine engineer is scalded. Is
his dependent family within the keeping of the Nation or the State?
Who pays the wife her widow’s pension that she may keep her family
together ? Who supports the orphanages that care for her children
if she can not?
These questions all answer themselves. The interest of the Federal
Government in the welfare of those engaged in transportation,
whether by rail or ship, is but incidental and remote in compari­
son with the interest of the State and its subdivisions, which is
immediate and proximate and vital.
U N IF O R M IT Y NOT D E SIR A B L E .

Upon reflection I have concluded that uniformity in compensation
legislation throughout the United States touching transportation
either by rail or water is neither necessary nor desirable. The Fed­
eral Government is huge. The concerns of a hundred million people
with a million conflicting interests focus upon Washington. Federal
legislation is difficult and costly. Compensation laws are in a state
of evolution. No adequate law could be enacted at this time even if
Congress were minded to take the issue in hand. Courts, in striving
to make all new measures fit into old molds make holes in our acts
which need to be plugged. We, in California, have had the major
portion of our compensation law revised and reenacted, partly because
of what the courts had done to it and partly because of what we were
afraid they might do. This revision comprised the plugging of 11
holes which judicial interpretation had punched, the patching of 35
flaws developed by experience in the administration of the law and
the taking of 23 forward steps in State policy regarding compensa­
tion. Such a revision of a Federal act might easily involve 10 years
of agitation and continuous effort. We accomplished it in three
months.
Our 48 States of the Union constitute 48 differing civilizations,
animated by differing spirits, habits, customs, standards of living,
wages, and ways of looking at things. A compensation law that fits
comfortably and works well in one State might not fit as comfortably
or work as well in any other.


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For three and a half years I have helped to administer a com­
pensation law that assumed jurisdiction over maritime injuries and,
until the Jensen case introduced conflict into that jurisdiction, all
went well. If it was a California ship our jurisdiction over it fol­
lowed it wherever it went. If it was not a California ship and was
not manned in our ports, and any other State claimed jurisdiction,
we did not. By the application of similar simple rules all conflict
between the 48 sister States may easily be avoided. I t is only the
assertion of Federal jurisdiction over industrial injuries that pro­
duces perplexity, contentiousness, and wrong.
T H E W RONG FOOT F IR ST .

The truth is that the cause of compensation for industrial injuries
got off on the wrong foot first. There is nothing strange about this,
inasmuch as human progress is always directed toward and seldom
starts from correct principles. Compensation for industrial injuries
is but one factor in a scheme of social insurance, and social insurance
is a State problem rather than a Federal, although Federal authority
might conceivably foster and encourage it among the States. Social
insurance bears only an incidental and unimportant relation to com­
merce, either by rail or by water, interstate or intrastate, and its rela­
tion to master and servant is almost equally incidental. The obliga­
tion of the employer runs to the State to carry this insurance, not
merely for the benefit of the employee, but primarily for the protec­
tion of the State against the menace of poverty.
F E D E R A L JU R IS D IC T IO N SHO ULD B E R E L IN Q U IS H E D .

Federal jurisdiction over industrial injuries out of the way, our
problem becomes easy of solution and the burden light. The States
will take care of it in due season. There are backward States in
this Union. There are States in which labor has few rights and
ambulance-chasing attorneys thrive. Shall all of the States be
held back from doing justice and showdng mercy because of these?
The way is now clear whereby Congress may at least exempt injury
sustained in interstate commerce by railroad from its interstate
character when it happens in any State desiring to enjoy such ex­
emption for the benefit of its citizens. The Webb-Kenyon Act, which
divests liquors of their interstate character as commerce when they
reach the boundaries of a prohibition State, has had its consti­
tutionality affirmed by the Supreme Court of the United States.
If it be so with liquors why not with industrial injuries? The power
of Congress so to do is, it seems to me, no longer questionable.


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W H A T A R E W E GOING TO DO A B O U T IT ?

The existing chaotic condition in relation to conflicts between State
and Federal jurisdictions over injuries sustained in transportation,
whether by water or rail, is intolerable. What is the remedy?
An article in the July R e v i e w of the United States Bureau of
Labor Statistics suggests the following possible solutions of the
problem :
1. An amendment to the Constitution of the United States giving
Congress jurisdiction over intrastate as well as interstate commerce,
preparatory, it may be inferred, to enacting a comprehensive Federal
compensation law covering all railroad employees.
2. The repeal of the employers’ liability law of 1908, 1910, relegat­
ing the whole problem, so far as the railroads are concerned, to the
States.
3. The enactment of a Federal compensation law to be effective
only in States not having such a law of standard type.
The first remedy suggested might require a generation for its
accomplishment; the second would leave the railroad men in the
backward States in worse plight than they are at present; the third
has more to recommend it, but, for reasons already explained, Con­
gress has not been minded to pass any compensation law at all in
relation to interstate commerce.
Mr. Justice Brandeis, in his dissenting opinion in one of the Win­
field cases, suggested that, “ I t would obviously have been possible
for Congress to provide in terms that wherever such injuries or
death result from the railroad’s negligence, the remedy should be
sought by action for damages; and whenever injury or death results
from causes other than the railroad’s negligence, compensation may
be sought under the workmen’s compensation laws of the States.”
While this solution would doubtless be acceptable to the railroad
employees, the railroad companies would oppose such a measure, not­
withstanding the fact that in Great Britain every injured workman
may take his compensation or sue for damages as he may elect, and
notwithstanding the further fact that, whichever remedy the injured
employee elects, he almost uniformly secures about what the compen­
sation statute would have given him. Juries, knowing no other
scale by which to measure damages, choose the one furnished by the
compensation law with which they are familiar.
Another method has been suggested to me : Let Congress,, if it will,
enact a compensation law covering interstate injuries and then confer
upon industrial accident boards and commissions of the several
States the administration of the act. If this can not be done directly
the United States district courts could be authorized to refer all such
cases to such boards or commissions for determination of the facts,


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unless a jury were demanded, as such courts now refer such issues to
special commissions or referees. Then, when a case comes before
such commission, if the facts prove the injury to have been suffered
in interstate commerce apply the Federal law, if in intrastate then
apply the State compensation law. The suggestion is not without
persuasive force.
W H A T A B O U T T H E CONFLICT IN A D M IR A L T Y JU R ISD IC T IO N ?

The remedy that does not resolve this conflict upon water as well
as upon railroad will prove but half a remedy. What about that?
The writer in the M o n t h l y R e v i e w , above referred to, affirms that,
“ Only Congress can legislate as to injuries on high seas and navi­
gable waters of the country.” It has been as stoutly affirmed that
Congress itself can neither add to nor take away from the jurisdic­
tion of the United States district courts over admiralty cases. If
both of these propositions be true, and it is also true that admiralty
jurisdiction does not extend to injuries happening upon the docks,
then the conflict of jurisdiction between State and Federal authority
over injuries happening in commerce by water is even more hopeless
of remedy than by railroad, for no Webb-Ivenyon statute has been
enacted and judicially upheld which can divest a maritime injury of
its admiralty jurisdiction even when it happens in a State having an
adequate compensation law.
There are two sources of maritime law, the statutes of Congress
and the general, judge-made, law maritime. Congress has enacted
no employers’ liability law covering injuries suffered in the business
of transportation by water, and the general law maritime, although
far more liberal toward injured men than the old common-law
liability doctrine, allows indemnity for injuries only where negli­
gence can be established and none at all in cases where the injuries
result in death. Congress can enact a compensation law covering all
maritime injuries, and the courts may hold that dock and dry-dock
injuries are maritime, but if such a law were administered by the
United States district courts the cost of it would consume the benefits
and hoped-for relief would not result.
Suppose that one of the five justices who voted for the Jensen
decision had voted the other way what would have been the status of
those engaged in commerce by water?
That decision committed the court to two doctrines:
1. That the procedure followed by the Industrial Commission of
New York did not constitute a common-law remedy within the mean­
ing of section 9 of the act of 1789, and
2. That the compensation law of New York is, in substance, in con­
travention of the general body of admiralty law.


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If one other justice had voted with the dissenting four the pro­
cedures of industrial accident boards and commissions would have
constituted common-law remedies and, in pursuance of the act of
1T89, would have been “ saved to suitors,” and it would also have
been held that such compensation laws were not in contravention of
the general maritime law which itself would have been made subordi­
nate to the common-law remedy.
Under such a decision the shipping interests would speedily place
themselves under the protection of the compensation laws of the
States having such laws and all would soon be well with the larger
share of men who toil in commerce by water. So important is this
decision that I should like to see the issue go back to the court from
the dock side of it and shall do my best to see that such a case gets
there. Our commission proposes to assume jurisdiction over acci­
dents happening on the docks.
A PR A C T IC A L SO L U T IO N SOUGHT.

A Federal compensation law governing transportation by railroad
is not, in my opinion, practicable, because inelastic, not readily sus­
ceptible to amendment, can cover interstate injuries only, would
attempt to deal with what is essentially a State problem, and, any­
how, can not be enacted without great difficulty.
Concerted pressure should, in my judgment, be brought upon Con­
gress by all compensation States to relinquish the whole subject of
injuries sustained in interstate commerce by railroad in States hav­
ing adequate compensation laws and fixing a standard of adequacy
therefor, retaining the employers’ liability law in full force and
effect in States falling below such a standard or having none at all.
Such a measure could probably be put through Congress at this
time.
With reference to commerce bv water, it may be found advisable
not to attempt Federal legislation at this time, but to bring new
and more fully argued cases before the Supreme Court of the United
States. Meantime, push along the California idea of getting sea­
faring employers and their employees to accept the compensation acts
of the several maritime States, supplementing the acceptance with a
waiver of the right to sue in admiralty where a basis of negligence
might be laid. There is no statute prohibiting contracting out from
under admiralty jurisdiction and there is every reason in the world
why men who toil in shipping should wish to contract out from a law
that does not afford them protection and under a law that does.
Such a contract would bind all except the dependents of deceased
employees and they would have nothing to sue for anyway except in
States that have given a right of action in death cases. The general
maritime law gives no such right nor does any Federal statute.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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22

M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OP T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
A T E N T A T IV E ST A N D A R D .

I have spoken of a standard of adequacy to be imposed by the
Federal Government as a condition precedent to relinquishing its
authority over injuries happening in interstate commerce in States
having compensation laws conferring equalized benefits approximat­
ing to the standard imposed.
At a venture I took the statute affording “ compensation for in­
juries to civil employees of the United States,” approved September
7, 1916, and find that it affords the highest benefits of any compensa­
tion statute in the United States. If this were taken as the standard
the law of no State would be adequate. The compensation laws of
New York and Ohio would fall about 10 per cent lower. The com­
pensation laws of California, West Virginia, and Wisconsin would
fall about 20 per cent lower, Illinois would be 30 per cent lower, and
Maryland, Nebraska, and Oklahoma from 30 to 40 per cent lower.
The compensation afforded by the laws of Connecticut, Indiana,
Iowa, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New Jersey, and
Rhode Island would be between 40 and 50 per cent lower, and those
of Vermont and Colorado would be more than 50 per cent lower.
I did not continue the investigation further.
In my judgment, those States affording compensation in excess
of 30 per cent lower than the Federal compensation act above desig­
nated could reasonably be held to fall below the standard of adequacy.
These figures were all computed according to the differentials em­
ployed by insurance actuaries in determining the relative benefits
conferred by the several States as compared with the Massachusetts
act of 1911. The rule is applied by all of the insurance carriers of
the United States in determining rates in the several States and, I
think, is accurate.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 434 )

PREVAILING HOURS OF LABOR IN THE UNITED STATES.

A presentation is here made of the prevailing hours of labor in the
United States. The primary purpose of this article is to show the
extent of the 8-hour day. The three sources of information available
covering the country are: The Abstract of the Census of Manufac­
tures, 1914, published by the United States Census Office; Bulletin
214 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics relating to union
scale of wages and hours of labor; and clippings from labor journals
and newspapers.
The sources of data have not been exhausted. Good material is
published by several States, but lack of space prevents the inclusion
of this material in this article.
U N IT E D ST A T ES C E N SU S F IG U R E S, 1914 A N D 1909.

The following census figures apply only to the manufacturing in­
dustries and do not cover agriculture, building construction, mining,
domestic and personal service, etc.
No attempt was made at the censuses of 1914 or 1909 to ascertain
exactly the number of employees in manufacturing industries work­
ing a given number of hours per week. The schedule, however, con­
tained an inquiry calling for the number of hours normally worked
by wage earners, the instructions being to enter under this heading
the prevailing practice followed during the year in each establish­
ment. Occasional variations in hours in an establishment from one
period to another were necessarily disregarded. Moreover, no atten­
tion was or could be given to the fact that a limited number of em­
ployees might have hours differing from those of the majority.
In the tables the average number of wage earners employed during
the year in each establishment is classified as a total according to the
hours prevailing in that establishment, even though some employees
worked a greater or a smaller number of hours. In most establish­
ments, however, all or practically all the employees work the same
number of hours, so that the figure for a given group does show
substantially the number customarily working the specified number
of hours per week.
The data as to prevailing hours of labor in 1944 and 1909 for the
United States as a whole are summarized in the following table.
Statistics of this character are not available for prior censuses.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 435 )

23

24

M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

NUM BER AND F E R CENT OF WAGE E A R N E R S W ORKING EACH
NUM BER OF HOURS P E R W E E K IN 1914 AND 1909.

S P E C IF IE D

Wage earners in establishments with specified
number of hours.
Prevailing hours of labor per week.

Average number.
1914

.

1909

Per cent of total.
1914

1909

T otal...........................................................................

7,036,337

6,615,046

100.0

100.0

48 and under........................................................................
Between 48 and 54...............................................................
54...........................................................................................
Between 54 and 60...............................................................
60..
............................................................
Between 60 and 72...............................................................
72...........................................................................................
Over 72.................................................................................

833,330
945,735
1,818,390
1,543,018
1,487,891
247,798
104,294
55,881

523,652
481,157
1,019,438
1,999,307
2,017,280
344,011
116,083
114,118

11.8
13.4
25,8
22.1
21.1
3.5
1.5
.8

7.9
7.3
15.4
30.2
30.5
5.2
. *
1.7
1

The figures in this table indicate a growing tendency toward
shorter hours of employment. In 1914 the establishments where the
prevailing hours per week were less than 54 gave employment to 25.2
per cent of the wage earners reported for all establishments as com­
pared with 15.2 per cent in 1909, while the establishments in which
more than 60 hours prevailed reported 5.8 per cent of the employees
in 1914 and 8.7 per cent in 1909.
Generally a 48-hour week means an 8-hour day, but in some in­
stances it may not. An establishment may be in operation more
than 8 hours on a full working day, yet because of a Saturday half
holiday the total hours per week may be 48 or less. This should be
considered in attempting to convert hours per week into daily hours.
The table on pages 26 to 32 shows for 1914, for the 340 industries for
which separate statistics can be presented, the average number of
wage earners in the United States classified according to the prevail­
ing hours of labor in the establishments where they were employed.
In 25 industries the greatest number of wage earners were em­
ployed 48 hours or less per week; in 35 they were employed over 48
hours but less than 54 hours ; in 93 they were employed 54 hours. In
103 industries the prevailing hours were over 54 but less than 60
per week, and in 71 industries 60 hours per week. Only 13 indus­
tries show the greatest number of wage earners in establishments
operating more than 60 hours per week.
The table on pages 32 and 33 shows for all industries combined in
each State, for 1914, and for each geographic division for 1914 and
1909, the number of wage earners classified according to the prevail­
ing hours of labor in the establishments in which they were employed.
At the census of 1914 the establishments in the New England and
Middle Atlantic States reported that the greatest number of wage
earners were employed 54 hours per week. At the census of 1909
the greatest number reported for these States were employed in estab
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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 436 )

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

25

lishments operated over 54 and less than 60 hours per week. In
the East North Central division the prevailing hours of work were
over 54 but less than 60 in 1914, while in 1909 the largest number of
wage earners was reported for establishments operated 60 hours per
week. In the West North Central, South Atlantic, East South Cen­
tral, West South Central, Mountain, and Pacific divisions, at both
censuses the largest number was reported for establishments operat­
ing 60 hours per week.
From the table on pages 32 and 33, relating to States and geo­
graphical divisions, a table of percentages has been prepared and
appears on pages 34 and 35. Considering the various State groups
the highest percentage of employees having a week of 48 hours or
less, 26 in 1914, was in the Pacific States. The lowest percentage,
19.1, was in the South Atlantic States. In these two groups of States
the industries, of course, differ widely in character.
More than 50 per cent of the wage earners in the District of
Columbia and Wyoming were in establishments working 48 hours
per week or less, and in four other States, California, Colorado,
Oklahoma, and Utah, over 25 per cent of the wage earners were in
establishments working 48 hours or less.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 437 )

26

M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STATISTICS,

AVERAGE NUM BER OP WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PR E V A ILIN G
HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM EN TS W H E R E EM PLOY ED, BY
IN D U STR IES: 1914.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS.

In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week
were—
Total.

Aeroplanes and parts...................
Agricultural im plem ents.............
Aluminum ware...........................
Ammunition.................................
Artificial flowers..........................
Artificial limbs.............................
Artificial stone products..............
Artists’ materials.........................
Asbestos products, not includ­
ing steam packing.....................
Automobile bodies and parts__
Automobile repairing..................
Automobiles.................................
Awnings, tents, and sails............
Babbitt metal and solder............
Bags, other than paper................
Bags, paper, not including bags
made in paper mills.................
Baking powders and yeast.........
Baskets, and rattan and willowware...........................................
Bells..............................................
Belting and hose, rubber............
Belting and hose, w oven............
Belting, leather............................
Billiard tables and m aterials___
Blacking, stains, and dressings..
Bluing...........................................
Bone, carbon, and lamp b lack...
Bookbinding and blank-book
making......................................
Boot and shoe cut stock, exclu­
sive of th at produced in boot
and shoe factories.....................
Boot and shoe findings, exclu­
sive of those produced in boot
and shoe factories.....................
Boots and shoes............................
Boots and shoes, rubber..............
Boxes, cigar..................................
Boxes, fancy and paper..............
Boxes, wooden packing...............
Brass, bronze, and copper prod­
ucts.............................................
Bread and other bakery products
Brick and tile, terra-cotta, and
fire-clay products....................
Brooms........................................
Brushes........................................
B utter..........................................
Butter, reworking......................
Buttons........................................
Candles.................................... ._
Canning and preserving, fish. . .
Canning and preserving, fruits
and vegetables........................
Canning and preserving, oysters
Card cutting and designing.......
Cardboard, not made in paper
mills.........................................
Carpets and rugs, other than rag.
Carpets, rag.............................
Carriage and wagon m aterials. . .
Carriages and sleds, children’s ...
Carriages, wagons, and repairs..
Cars and general shop construc­
tion and repairs by electricrailroad companies..................:
Cars and general shop construc­
tion and repairs by steam-rail­
road companies.........................


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

54.

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

60.

51
4,559
235
1,879
1,685
222
2,825
183

77
25,258
2,374
8,613
112
47
1,054
187

16
11,539
1,871
519
39
55
4,191
93

28
3
171
8,030 7,009 25,771
1,050 5,830
1,220
19,963 10,782 28,573
722 2,252
489
117
110
553
1,478 3,520 2,730

168
48,459
4,614
11,493
4,808
488
10,255
604

2
4,461
3
195
714
80
1,684
60

22
2,632
131
287
2,239
81
485
72

962
47,785
12,562
79,307
5,073
1,035
9,358

130
1,284
1,607
13,033
943
39
101

3,505
2,270

229
295

374
717

2,246
163

4,574
445
5,115
'952
2,951
1,453
1,766
254
339

475

214
57

91
245
23
318
100
73

21,693

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

72.

Over
72.

9

1

19
3
14
9

2

608
5,678
2,477
6,936
667
216
1,529

22
13
368
20

6

460
506

99
456

97

1,487
153
2,822
'236
1,558
120
87
5

1,458
202
1,202
76
122
41
341
38
51

2

73
528
279
489
31
23

937
33
1,091
476
495
990
531
80
21

9,195

5,814

5,053

1,593

38

7,819

106

1,246

2,383

3,847

211

6,714
191,555
18,687
5,835
45,311
38,548

392
4,966

646 2,257 3,252
23,263 79,699 77,854
338 14,859 3,490
906
626 ^875
2,158
5,451
8,585 17,771 11,186
858 3,155 5,251 15,421

166
5,773

40,306
124,052

1,851
14,556

6,680
6,887

7,545
48,579

17,401 6,669
10,334 37,365

160
4,508 1,084

739

100,182
5,642
7,213
14,149
304
14,511
387
9,069

10,883
820
263
1,334
30
388
11
1,826

4,489
936
1,188
243
10
2,506
6
82

18,186
1,151
3,340
1,859
17
5,130
89
2,702

13,844 51,046
1,466
1,247
2,109
310
6,106
1,131
6
232
4,978 1,508
43
238
196 3,937

1,457
22

169

108

50,325
2,087
517

4,555
615
253

1,821
233
83

8,758
192
132

5,677 27,190
165
872
49

1,159
31,309
2,130
11,087
5,900
41,304

23
320
471
88
2,738

593
276
2,099 23,235
245
540
514 1,272
619 1,640
4,846 8,508

26,384

1,665

1,638

339,518

74,431

6,160

133
1

3
61

59

51

26
1

179
352

3,085

3
206

1
320

6

1,715

363
10

185
9

246

175
5,685
644
5,265
1,934
15,721

115
267
380
3,510
1,619
9,448

1
2

53

25

18

6,640

6,040

3,857

23

361

16,767 46,466

270

3,834

50,616 100,759 46,375

( 438 )

270
2,139
13,511

4

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

27

AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PR E V A ILIN G
HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E EK IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H E R E EM PLOY ED, BY
IN D U STR IES: 1914—Continued.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS.

In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week
were—
Total.

Cars, electric-railroad, not in­
cluding operations of railroad
companies..................................
Cars, steam-railroad, not in­
cluding operations of railroad
companies..................................
Cash registers and calculating
machines....................................
Cement.........................................
Charcoal, not including produc­
tion in th e lumber and wood
distillation industries..............
Cheese...........................................
Chemicals......................................
China decorating, not including
th at done in potteries..............
Chocolate and cocoa products,
not including confectionery__
Cleansing and polishing prepara­
tions ...........................................
Clocks............................................
Cloth , sponging and refinishing..
Clothing, horse.............................
Clothing, men’s ...........................
Clothing, m en’s, buttonholes__
Clothing, women’s .......................
Coffee and spice, roasting and
grinding.....................................
Coffins, burial eases, and under­
takers’ goods.............................
Coke, not including gas-house
coke............................................
Collars and cuffs, m en’s ..............
Combs and hairpins, not made
from metal or rubber................
Condensed milk and milk prod­
ucts, other th an butter and
cheese.........................................
Confectionery and ice cream.......
Cooperage......................................
Copper, tin, and sheet-iron work.
Cordage and tw ine.......................
Cordials and flavoring siru p s....
Cork, cutting................................
Corsets...........................................
Cotton goods.................................
Cotton lace...................................
Cotton small wares......................
Crucibles.......................................
Cutlery and edge tools.................
Dairymen’s, poultrymen’s, and
apiarists’ supplies.....................
Dental goods.................................
Drug grinding...............................
Druggists’ preparations...............
Dyeing and finishing textiles,
exclusive of th at done in tex­
tile m ills....................................
Dyestuffs and extracts................
Electrical machinery, apparatus,
and supplies..............................
Electroplating..............................
Emery and other abrasive wheels
Enameling....................................
Engines, steam, gas, and w ater..
Engravers’ m aterials...................
Engraving and diesinking...........
Engraving, steel and copper
plate, including plate printm g.
Engraving, wood.........................
Envelopes.....................................
Explosives....................................

8809 °— 17— 3

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

3,840

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

892

54.

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

Over
72.

1
7,790 8,139 5,409

4,942

132
874
5,553

180
2,311

60.

403

2,103

442
12,477

54,288

341

5,294

19,291

16,885

8,956
27,916

435
24

457
3

7,271
73

792
1,536

228
2,908
32,311

31
208
947

20
75
303

2
235
1,586

35
325
12,912

295

122

34

41

93

5

4,160

21

514

644

2,102

879

286
168
380
52 1,733 2,989
148
170
407
136
262
266
35,114 87,907 37,719
132
198
328
11,741 123,066 28,780

235
1,952
162
458
10,344
9
4,785

170
28
14
547
2,524
5
508

1,297

2,125

2,491

1,959

672

1,239
6,754
901
1,669
173,747
672
168,907
8,549
9,468

583

935

3,077

2,194

2,679

21,107
10,100

1,582
90

86
758

6,637
8,180

1,809
233

4,762
839

2,773

53

320

587

1,638

175

6,002
64,034
17,128
28,714
15,769
929
3,454
20,496
379,366
7,440
6,598
302
16,561

58
20
433
159 2,954
5,839 10,490 20,566 13,789 9,076
5,782
2,595
2,867
1,999
3,865
3,624 2,441
14,308 2,500 5,840
154 8,469 4,512
1,939
573
144
152
456
96
80
25
320 2,101
431
577
992 7,409 6,169 5,909
17
1,572 149,157 68,842 157,034
1,075
4,591
1,809
1 1,039
1,374
78
538 4,539
69
264
23
8
7
4,391
1,115 2,470 1,972 6,613

24
987
6,598 2,101

26

1,770 1,290

2,256
3,723
9
1
122
1
1,686

5,551
3,080
1,059
9,277

142
468
58
1,264

536
681
183
4,394

1,784
1,324
326
2,460

1,504
562
96
869

1,558
43
109
264

287
26

48,467
2,839

557
85

2,769
173

16,186
46

23,695
452

5,226
1,311

34
640

4,078 30,529
582
307
37
8
239
103
1,982 1,075
50
5
326
385

38,838
665
939
162
8,862
12
558

41,715
856
1,297
533
14,789
39
261

2,899
172
106
277
2,917

32

118,078
2,584
2,387
1,314
29,657
106
1,536
6,859
302
6,970
6,306

4,694
254
271
635

1,727
24
1,837
1,399

( 439 )

327
16
3,746
1,288

3

47
55
8
1,116
1,272 1 i, 624

27
2

3,171

122

149
5

402
6

28

M O N T H L Y E E V IE W OE T H E BU R E A U OF LABOB STATISTICS.

AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EA R N ER S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PR E V A ILIN G
HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM EN TS W H E R E EM PLOY ED, BY
IND U STR IES: 1914—Continued.
AVERAGE NUMBER OP WAGE EARNERS.

In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week
were—
INDUSTRY.

Total.

Fancy articles, not elsewhere
specified.....................................
Feathers and plumes...................
Felt goods.....................................
Fertilizers......................................
Files...............................................
Firearms........................................
Fire extinguishers, chemical.......
Fireworks......................................
Flags and banners........................
Flavoring extracts.......................
Flax and hemp, dressed..............
Flour-mill and gristmill prod­
ucts.............................................
Food preparations, not elsewhere
specified.....................................
Foundry a n d machine-shop
products....................................
Foundry supplies.........................
Fuel, manufactured.....................
Fur goods......................................
Furnishing goods, men’s .............
F urniture.......................... .•..........
Furs, dressed................................
Galvanizing...................................
Gas and electric fixtures..............
Gas, illuminating and heating...
Gas machines and gas and water
meters........................................
Glass..............................................
Glass, cutting, staining, and
ornam enting..............................
Gloves and mittens, leather.......
Glucose and starch.......................
Glue, not eslewhere specified__
Gold and silver, leaf and foil__
Gold and silver, reducing and
refining, not from the ore.......
Graphite, ground and refined__
Grease and tallow, not including
lubricating greases....................
Grindstones..................................
Haircloth......................................
Hair work.....................................
Hammocks...................................
Hand stam ps................................
Hardware......................................
Hardware, saddlery.....................
H at and cap materials................
H ats and caps, other than felt,
straw, and wool........................
Hats, fur-felt.................................
Hats, straw ..................................
Hats, wool-felt.............................
Hones and whetstones................
Horseshoes, not made in steel
works or rolling mills...............
Hosiery and knit goods..............
House-furnishing goods, not else­
where specified..........................
Ice, manufactured........................
Ink, printing.................................
Ink, writing..................................
Instrum ents, professional and
scientific....................................
Iron and steel, blastfurnaces__
Iron and steel, steel works and
rolling mills.............................
Iron and steel, bolts, nuts, wash­
ers, and rivets, not made in
steel works or rolling mills—
Iron and steel, cast-iron p ip e ...


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

7,399
4,483
4,035
22,815
4,349
7,064
256
1,324
1,495
1,461
116

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

1,221
783
5
281
92
12
50
356
410
24

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

54.

1,810
2,444
96
500
48
4
11
24
541
259
5

2,513
1,252
1,239
2,656
2,385
2,001
41
429
347
440
42

60.

1,455
2
1,767
3,061
1,663
4,032
175
350
248
280

397
2
917
14,282
161
1,027
17
465
3
68
45

39,718

3,414

355

2,949

1,331

22,714

20,306

2,362

1,689

4,038

2,949

6,749

362,471
555
141
9,030
22,459
127,881
1,525
1,580
10,913
43,792

25,699 45,433 110,782 129,822
72
85
36
11
14
48
1
291
1,137 5,430 2,108
4,386
2,866 6,312 8,766
10,599 12,351 28,837 35,412
681
56
131
575
73
55 1,071
10
2,248 2,758 3,133 2,488
2,914
133 9,213 8,548

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

72.

11

1,312

596

Over
72.

127

4,601 4,261

93

138

525

1,856

49,326 1,377
5
346
28
50
3
61
129
238
40,444
82
338
Ì5
286
9,248 9,"692

4,972
74,502

57
12,205

830
27,975

985
11,394

3,026
7,458

74
10,743

2,550

8,067
■10,668
4,509
3,129
1,135

899
1,030
47
24
156

2,440
2,229
24
279

1,469
4,063
9
156
172

2,609
3,044
16
489
498

650
301
2,903
1,775
30

790
619

456
250

60

101

41

225
41

29
204

5,106
686
595
1,193
285
1,321
41,213
2,511
1,775

257

67

3,494
679

95
303
14
410
4,471
249
399

605
7
499
490
144
447
7,512
306
316

473

1
364
10
251
3,465
124
80

24
97
205
21,459
1,634
857

12
20
6
4,279
198
123

7,322
21,318
9,483
1,249
170

634
3,511
591
18
4

4,258
12,377
1,596
257
1

1,633
3,615
1,785
554
16

728
1,560
4,741
219
39

69
255
770
201
110

588
150,520

106
3,673

16
7,860

179
87,549

220
34,260

67
16,515

6,935
23, Oil
1,391
512

654
548
61
30

2,284
58
405
273

1,222
664
336
51

7,107
29,356

563
11

1,843
80

248,716

19,972

10,658
12,557

2,462
171

1

26

18
‘994

3,050
1,738

131
42

613

2,343
2,181
497
154

61
371
3,741 5,286 2,492
92
4

8,041

2,637
1,551

1,597
13

467
4,474 3,029 9,119 11,079

19,084

25,565

45,996

168

1,522
1,303

5,665
3,026

( 440 )

200

26

663

77,820 25,714 34,089
841
8,057

476

29

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

NUM BER OF WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREV A ILIN G
P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H E R E EM PLOYED, BY
IN D U STR IES: 1914—Continued.
’
AVERAGE NUMBER OF "WAGE EAENEES.

In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week
were—

INDUSTRY.

Total.

Iron and steel, doors and shutters
1,985
Iron and steel forgings, not made
in steel works or rolling mills. 10,689
Iron and steel, nails and spikes,
cut and wrought, including
wire nails, not made in steel
works or rolling mills................
2,644
Iron and steel, wrought p ipe. . . .
8,845
Ivory, shell, and bone work, not
including combs and hairpins.
795
Japanning.....................................
228
Jewelry.......................................... 28,289
Jewelry and instrum ent cases...
2,393
Jute goods.....................................
7,987
Labels and tags............................
2,600
Lamps and reflectors...................
7,134
Lapidary work.............................
584
Lard, not made in slaughtering
and meat-packing establish­
ments.........................................
19
Lasts..............................................
2,094
Lead, bar, pipe, and sheet..........
585
Leather goods, not elsewhere
specified.....................................
7,071
Leather, tanned, curried, and
finished...................................... 55,936
Lime.............................................. 12,429
Linen goods.................................
3,567
Liquors, distilled..........................
6,295
Liquors, m alt.............. '................ 62,070
Liquors, vinous............................
2,292
Lithographing........... ....... ......... 15,171
Locomotives, not made by rail­
road companies......................... 17,391
Looking-glass and picture frames
4,787
Lubricating greases......................
476
Lumber and timber products. . . 479,786
Lumber, planing-mill products,
not including planing mills
connected w ith sawmills......... 96,214
M alt...............................................
1,989
Marble and stone work................ 54,981
Matches.........................................
3,800
Mats and matting, from cocoa
fiber and grass..........................
869
Mattresses and spring beds......... 11,747
Millinery and lace goods.............. 45,274
Mineral and soda waters.............. 15,506
Minerals and earths, ground.......
4,707
Mirrors, framed and unframed ..
3,184
Models and patterns, not includ­
ing paper patterns....................
4,274
Motorcylces, bicycles, and parts.
6,680
Mucilage and paste......................
700
Musical instruments and mate­
rials, not specified.....................
1,831
Musical instruments, organs.......
3,063
Musical instruments, pianos....... 23,877
Musical instruments, piano and
organ materials......................... 10,616
Needles, pins, and hooks and eyes
5,339
Nets and seines............................
1,058
Oakum ..........................................
116
Oil, cottonseed, and cake............ 21,810
Oil, essential.................................
249
Oil, linseed....................................
1,488
Oil, not elsewhere specified.........
2,049
Oilcloth and linoleum, floor........
4,428
Oilcloth, enameled.......................
1,223
Oleomargarine..............................
917
Optical goods................................
7,919
P am ts............................................ 13,349


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

54.

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

60.

246

278

929

504

28

1,339

1,482

2,268

4,923

434

481
33

121
124

958
608

866
4,469

218
3,611

79
19
3,275
111
6
474
413
253

45
67
5,041
674
59
1,038
1,659
241

314
14
9,635
1,302
6,153
821
1,658
46

286
83
9,837
259
1,409
249
3,091
44

71
45
465
47
341
18
251

8
3

101
85

3
1,066
58

2
804
356

14
115
83

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

72.

Over
72.

243

34

2

19
62

511

2,032

2,287

2,040

197

4

909
220
90
775
44,209
104
12,622

3,241
237

10,355
1,142
1,616
1,605
10,160
252
528

22,205
1,750
1,846
309
2,154
424
20

19,209
7,257
15
2,398
2,817
1,379
91

15
1,275

2
87

461

677
319
56

250
46
9

33
107

243
2,258
68
1,910

189 5,594
1,285
360
547
1,153
78
96
44
12,850 10,923 21,615

10,323
1,463
1,260
4
177
75
6
24,638 355,548 52,192 1,138

14,173
763
24,728
725

11,349
330
8,566
30

25,402
353
7,956
2,105

16,605 28,213
287
140
4,764 8,288
718
'222

19
2,044
4,557
2,468
91
134

1,363
15,519
646
63
1,246

225
2,574
18,765
3,591
309
716

606
3,186
5,368
1,236
699
862

19
2,572
1,048
7,343
3,199
226

8
17
159
140

725
42
122

1,489
444
139

821
1,722
186

1,057
4,404
230

180
66
23

2
2

87
104
1,305

767
197
2,974

411
1,129
13,043

449
698
4,320

117
935
1,965

345
20
2
4
28
2
1
169
6

2,098
171
27

5,779
1,178
392
5
204
54

1,480
3,206
251
4
753
1
78
390
2,273
739
54
1,281
4,692

914
764
386
103
1,861 3,508 14,827
132
1 '33
732
825
115
1,269
73
730
109
1
1,665
861

113
437
547

454
26
150
439
85
2,894
1,646

( 441 )

400
441
326
20
3,197
3,788

400
116
679

882

9

63

55
185

8
21

270

175
58

150

30

M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STATISTICS,

A V E R A G E NUM BER OF WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREV A ILIN G ]

HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM EN TS W H E R E EM PLOYED, BY
IND U STR IES: 1914—Continued.
'
AVERAGE NUMBER OE WAGE EARNERS.

In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week
were—
4
Total.

Paper and wood p u lp ................
Paper goods, not elsewhere
specified....................................
Paper patterns............................
Patent medicines and com­
pounds. . . ................................
Paving materials........................
Peanuts, grading, roasting,
cleaning, and shelling ...........
Pencils, lead................................
Pens, fountain and stylographic
Pens, gold....................................
Pens, steel....................................
Perfumery and cosmetics..........
Petroleum, refining....................
Phonographs and graphophones.
Photo-engravingj not done in
printing establishments.........
Photographic apparatus............
Photographic materials.............
Pickles, preserves, and sauces. . .
Pipes, tobacco............................. .
Plated ware........................ . ........
Plumbers’ supplies, not else­
where specified........................ .
Pocket books............................... .
P ottery........................................ .
Poultry, killing and dressing__
Printing and publishing, book
and jo b .....................................
Printing and publishing, music..
Printing and publishing, news­
papers and periodicals."..........
Printing materials......................
Pulp goods...................................
Pulp wood...................................
Pumps, not including power
pum ps......................................
Pumps, steam and other power..
Refrigerators.................................
Regalia and society badges and
emblems....................................
Rice, cleaning and polishing.......
Roofing materials ......................
Rubber goods, not elsewhere
specified.....................................
Rules, ivory and wood................
Saddlery and harness..................
Safes and vaults...........................
Salt................................................
Sand and emery paper and cloth.
Sand-lime brick.......................... .
Sausage, not made in slaughter­
ing and meat packing estab­
lishments..................................
Saws.............................................
Scales and balances....................
Screws, machine..........................
Screws, wood..............................
Sewing-machine cases................ .
Sewing machines and attach­
m ents.........................................
Shipbuilding, iron and steel___
Shipbuilding, wooden, includ­
ing boat building....................
Shirts....................... ....................
Show cases..................................
Signs and advertising novelties.
Silk goods, including throwsters
Silversmithing and silverware..,
Slaughtering and meat packing ,
Smelting and refining, copper..
Smelting and refining, lead.......


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

54.

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

60.

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

Over
72.

72.

88,457

10,624

5,581

12,702

10,427

13,495
1,073

507
1,009

3,236
41

3,185
23

3,859

2,039

598

71

13,328
19,540

4,223
1,390

4,251
876

2,241
3,193

1,565
2,053

1,008
11,522

20
506

19

2,353
4,330
1,154
246
573
2,897
25,366
9,381

43

382
2,017
548
164
34
471
12,621
4,984

541
2,101
396
32
13
256
5G
2,960

1,010
177

2

886
1,241
28

375
35
174
39
525
1,249
848
1,409

6,211
2) 016
6; 658
12; 590
2,354
8,717

5,156
595
117
858
29
579

794
641
5,670
'708
1,615
l) 934

192
351
218
3,332
217
1,199

60
414
604
4,429
4S0
4,297

9
15
49
3,142
13
708

18,479
1)466
26,705
1,353

2,509
'212
6,207
21

2,093
'275
6,846
34

7,800
702
8,860
'196

3,539
'274
2,142
7

2,538
3
2,582
959

113,121
873

80,023
95

19,145
676

12,093
60

1,293
39

114,375
423
1,654
'421

80,130
105
121
20

7,977
69

17,057
181
380
12

2,134
6,188
5,617

147
183
270

101
848
517

2,010
1,253
4,088

312
28
561

480
18
142

50,220
408
12,969
2,972
5,089
681
557

3,216

9,621
1
598
295

2,244
4,560
4)467
3,643
4) 446
3,699

190
967
48
1,028
2,168
61

14,308
33)508

499
11,928

10,981
51,972
2,257
9)566
108,170
7)070
98,832
17,731
7,385

36

11

18,993 13,692 16,113

1
35
2,502 6,502

92

15

68
125

11

549
3

13

5

5,139
61
753

3,765
7
187
309

185

31

213

277
2,952
1,166

1,270
2,053
1,984

339
152
1,680

1,068
6
921

139
7
945

11
40
1,172

8,019 25,427
'313
83
4,040 4,518
522
1,844
772
'792
30
117
111
10

3,548
11
3,323
98
2,538
369
326

389

169
221
549
80

546
2,955
2,130
684
1,436

267
404
1,365
1)478
839
2,022

1,001
13
375
373
3
1,616

57

9,232
6,861

2,087
6)900

2,467
'928

23
6,393

2,802
596
777 5,420
4,051 12,562 27,222
7,363
'116
277 l) 036
513
2,568 3,097 2,360
1,372
1,169
4)916 56,632 43,243
76
'970
2) 449 3)575
4,728 3,263 13,188 8,734
864 11,170
336 2,225
727 5,073
72

1,378
'439
315
149
2,190

8
335

68,019
2,336
108

511
580
1,318

464
213
340
81

165

( 442 )

1

.....

106

710
347

325

1,504

91

80

444

15

11

213

223

211

8

6

355

34
220

29

498

20
20
87

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

31

AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE EA RN ERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO P R E V A ILIN G
HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E EK IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H ER E EM PLOY ED, BY
INDUSTRIES: 1914—Continued.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS.

In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week
were—

INDUSTRY.

Total.

Smelting and refining, zinc.........
Smelting and refining, not from
the ore........................................
Soap...............................................
Soda-water apparatus.................
Sporting and athletic goods........
Springs, steel,_car and carriage,
not made in steel works or
rolling mills..............................
Stamped and enameled ware,
not elsewhere specified............
Stationery goods, not elsewhere
specified........... .......................
Statuary and art goods................
Steam fittings and steam and hotwater heating ap p aratu s.........
Steam packing.............................
Stencils and brands. ; .................
Stereotyping and electrotyping..
Stoves and hot-air furnaces.........
Stoves, gas and oil.......................
Structural'ironwork, not made
in steel works or rolling mills..
Sugar, beet....................................
Sugar, cane...................................
Sugar, refining..............................
Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed
acids...........................................
Surgical appliances......................
Suspenders, garters, and elastic
woven goods..............................
Theatrical scenery.......................
Tin foil..........................................
Tin plate and terneplate.............
Tinware, not elsewhere specified.
Tobacco, chewing and smoking,
and snuff...................................
Tobacco, cigars and cigarettes__
Tools, not elsewhere specified. . . .
Toys and games...........................
Trunks and valises......................
Turpentine and rosin...................
Type founding.............................
Typewriters and supplies...........
Umbrellas and canes...................
Upholstering materials, not else­
where specified..........................
Varnishes......................................
Vault lights and ventilators........
Vinegar and cider........................
Wall paper, not made in paper
mills...........................................
Wall plaster..................................
Washing machines and clothes
wringers.....................................
Waste............................................
Watch and clock materials..........
■Watch cases..................................
Watches........................................
Wheelbarrows.............................
W hips...........................................
Windmills.....................................
Window and door screens and
weather strips...........................
Window shades and fixtures.......
Wire..............................................
Wire work, including wire rope
and cable, not elsewhere speci­
fied .............................................
Wood carpet.................................


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

9,617

447

3,902

2,685
14,172
2,229
5,602

42
1,027
390
226

8
3,446
225
1,573

54.

176
1,514
1,267
2,049

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

60.

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

2,048

2,043

1,107

259
6,371
294
1,705

618
1,814
53
49

314

72.

70
933

235

208 1,215
2,688 1,161

1,716
1,646

3,703

478

477

377

1,473

817

81

28,731

2,627

3,864

6,077

11,623

4,028

512

7,728
1,988

981
604

1,618
560

3,035
382

2,021
144

73
298

26,388
4,213
446
3,457
29,535
7, 790

3,983
196
53
3,045
2,957
2,613

1,689
1,086
276
171
3,046
286

3,810
756
72
222
11,182
1,401

7,203
1,558
27
6
7,549
2,379

9,703
394
18
13
4,801
1,111

47,167
7,997
3,632
11,253

1,533

8,596

3,610

614

13,905
180
82

19,523

2
591

14
1,498

'395
3,055

3,064
4,282

11
423

536

229
878

379
2,249

490
196

9,646
88
1,031
5,238
22,584

831
80
1
2,190
497

2,440
8
480
2,657
8,975

4,391

180

83
7
2,183

467
378
8,023

6
2,811

25,980
152,892
16,866
7,887
9,911
34,817
1,054
11,091
4,792

1,275
44,969
2,202
386
466
13,680
21
588
538

1,677
19,365
3, 455
1,000
1,589
2,770
736
2,995
1,052

4,952
46,856
2,519
2,619
2,498
728
263
5,891
1,617

16,478
30,936
7,936
3,304
3,566
780
34
1,616
1,547

1,582
8,392
754
578
1,758
15,995

4,426
2,734
601
1,229

130
340
205
76

346
1,117
170
17

808
272
91
400

1,226
717
104
123

1,825
278
31
5S9

91
1

9

19

3

4,738
5,389

59
127

14
185

498
909

1,853
555

2,314
2,895

140

578

2,302
2,966
670
3,514
12,390
323
1,163
1,955

107
50
7
481

123
138
121
185
4,212
57

798
904
322
1,875
4,124
97
829
801

838
930
44
357

300

436
944
176
616
4,054
32
208
516

136
109
337

3,194
4,077
17,600

160
946
669

168
498
4,396

1,398
1,729
333

678
326
4,561

790
574
6,824

2
817

2

12,126
166 1

410
166

1,389

2,107

5,244 | 2,976

1
17
1

1,804

( 443 )

Over
72.

223

937

254

764

16
1,853

515

6

36
713

151

95

1
38

1

2

32

M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

AVERAGE NUM BER OP WAGE EARN ERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREVAILING
HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E EK IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H ERE EM PLOYED, BY
INDUSTRIES: 1914—Continued.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS.

In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week
were—

INDUSTRY.

Total.

Wood distillation, not including
turpentine and rosin.............. .
2,782
Wood preserving.........................
2,830
Wood, turned and carv ed..........
11,615
Wooden goods, not elsewhere
specified....................................
6,418
Wool pulling................................
708
Wool scouring..............................
1,059
Wool shoddy................................
2,145
Woolen and worsted goods.......... 158,692
All other industries1...................
357

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

103
47
294

51
1,405

227
125

387
12

7
1,062
157

2,223
159

54.

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

60.

8
215
1,772

208
173
3,535

1,221
2,180
4,588

905 2,905
151
'153
190
516
516
498
88,305 56,928

1,994
267
353
731
10,126
5

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

706
98
4

72.

207
42
17

393
8

Over
72.

329
24

40
36

1Includes: Millstones; ordnance and accessories; pulp, from fiber other than wood; and whalebone
cutting.
AVERAGE NUM BER OF WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO P R E V A IL IN G
HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H E R E EM PLOY ED, BY
GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS FOR 1914 AND 1909 AND BY STATES FO R 1914.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS.

In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were—
DIVISION AND STATE.

Total.

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

U nited S tates:

54.

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

60.

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

72.

Over
72.

1914................... 7,036,337 833,330 945,735 1,818,390 1,543,018 1.487,891 247,798 104,294 55,881
1909................... 6,615,046 523,652 481,157 1,019,438 1,999,307 2,017,280 344,011 116,083 114,118
*
Geographic divs :
New England—
1914...................... 1,140,233 89,694 113,217 477,074 378,977
69,250 9,744 1,261 1,016
1909...................... 1,101,290 51,613 48,576 159,383 674,662 147,915 13,015 3,296 2,830
Middle Atlantic—
1914....................... 2,355,940' 245,925 464,095 714,601 541,442 272,012 53,597 47,223 17,045
1909....................... 2,207,747 180,067 245,863 325,179 766,499 533,903 74,711 40,208 4i; 317
East North Central—
1914...................... 1,680,2811 238,165 241,560 335,575 416,935 364,630 51,653 19,538 12,225
1909...................... 1,513,764: 123,872 102,083 291,908 366,362 521,120 37,652 34,248 36', 519
West North Central—
1914......................
381,595 66,810 35,832
91,301
49,023 114,354 17,189 3,919 3,167
1909......................
374,337 44,763 23,837
72,480
61,556 145,948 15,138 4,738 5,877
South Atlantic—
1914......................
685,342 62,100 53,411
66,091
84,619 350,620 50,558 12,253 5,690
1909......................
663,015j 46,034 32,726
56,542 78,412 319,626 108,368 12,847 8,460
East South Central—
1914......................
264,378' 25,332 13,646 39,366 35,331 113,058 23,062 8,332 6,251
1909......................
261,772, 19,876 7,698
30,776 20,418 123,564 44,437 7,368 7,635
West South Central—
1914......................
211,940 26,264 7,780
29,733
9,250 98,749 24,988 9, Oil 6,165
1909......................
204,520, 15,137
4,889 24,743
6,130 105,470 32,104 9,771 6,276
Mountain—
1914......................
81,113 17,867 5,595
11,259
17,306
19,220
7,100 1,618 1,148
1909......................
75,435! 10,452 3,346
11,887
15,651
21,985
7,323 2:757 2; 034
Pacific—
1914......................
235,515 61,173 10,599
53,390
10,135
85,998
9,907 1,139 3,174
1909.......................
213,166 31,838 12,139 46,540
9,617
97,749 11,263
850 3,170


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

33

AVERAGE NUM BER OP WAGE E A R N E R S CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PR EV A ILIN G
HOURS OF LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM EN TS W H E R E EM PLOYED, BY
GEOGRAPHIC DIV ISIO N S-FO R 1914 AND 1909 AND BY STATES FO R 1914—Contd.
AVERAGE NUMBER OF WAGE EARNERS.

In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were—•
DIVISION AND STATE.

Total.

N ew E ngland :
Maine..........................
New Hampshire........
Vermont.....................
Massachusetts............
Rhode Island.............
Connecticut................
Middle A tlantic:

New Y ork..................
New Jersey................
Pennsylvania............

E ast N orth Central :

Ohio............................
Indiana.......................
Illinois........................
Michigan.....................
Wisconsin...................

W est N orth Central :

Minnesota...................
Iow a............................
Missouri......................
North Dakota............
South Dakota............
Nebraska....................
Kansas........................

S outh A tlantic:

Delaware....................
Maryland...................
District of Columbia..
Virginia......................
West Virginia............
North Carolina...........
South Carolina...........
Georgia.......................
Florida........................

E ast S outh Central :

Kentucky...................
Tennessee.................
Alabama.....................
Mississippi.................

W est S outh Central :

Arkansas....................
Louisiana...................
Oklahoma..................
Texas..........................

Mountain :

Montana.....................
Idaho..........................
Wyoming...................
Colorado.....................
New Mexico...............
Arizona......................
U tah...........................
Nevada.......................

82,149
78,993
32,704
606,698
113,425
226,264

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

5,556
4,480
5,57f
49,358
5,871
18,850


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

60.

3,799
5,021
4,727
68,223
3,52(
27,929

13,268
5,598
6,452
340,219
72,68]
38,856

39,68]
57,7ft
10,314
123,488
26, Oh
121,717

16,345
5,162
5,077
21,614
4,975
16,077

1,057,857 136,223 296,578
373,605 28,298 62,279
924,478 81,406 105,238

357,822
60,538
296,241

135,878
177,308
228,256

105,769
32,349
133,894

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

3,132
631
345
3,133
243
2,260

72.

292
232
182
157
21
377

Over
72.

76
105
28
508
101
198

16,476 5,137 3,976
7,051 3,523 2,259
30,070 38,563 10,810

510,435
197,503
506,943
271,090
194,310

69,975
29,358
79,601
31,326
27,905

78,201
23,549
99,322
31,353
9,135

116,627
29,299
113,574
57,614
18,461

126,649
50,232
102,074
75,878
62,102

89,552
55,02]
88,238
64,861
66,958

15,815
6,733
16,676
5,568
6,861

9,591
1,393
4,831
1,677
2,046

4,025
1,918
2,627
2,813
842

92,834
63,113
152,182
3,275
3,788
25,144
41,259

14,041
10,966
28,576
765
846
4,422
7,194

8,499
4,21C
19,252
116
172
2,268
1,315

18,116
12,484
47,528
560
953
5,077
6,583

13,753
7,662
20,480
472
87
1,706
4,863

35,563
22,80C
29,786
996
1,496
9,756
13,957

1,744
2,857
4,573
285
181
1,703
5,846

934
1,330
653
65
46
130
761

184
804
1,334
16
7
82
740

22,155
111,585
8,877
102,820
71,078
136,844
71,914
104,461
55,608

1,263
14,583
4,839
7,205
12,286
2,361
1,375
8,809
9,379

2,050
20,508
691
10,569
7,316
2,578
1,112
5,915
2,672

8,444
18,238
977
8,495
7,503
3,948
2,365
8,538
7,583

6,000
20,142
767
20,172
6,201
17,844
2,895
9,096
1,502

4,033
29,942
381
45,181
26,454
100,236
60,046
59,608
24,739

203
131
5,341 1,579
1,199
5
8,070 1,746
10,141
772
7,429 1,937
2,607 1,288
7,162 3,868
8,406
927

31
1,252
18
1,382
405
511
226
1,465
400

64,586
74,373
78,717
46,702

10,672
4,550
6,765
3,345

6,368
3,423
1,564
2,291

11,800
13,393
9,804
4,369

10,185
18,796
4,777
1,573

18,053
26,725
36,131
32,149

5,553
3,522
12,797
1,190

433
2,745
3,507
1,647

1,522
1,219
3,372
138

41,979
77,665
17,443
74,853

3,346
6,175
4,369
12,374

1,122
2,727
2,247
1,684

3,436
7,387
2,277
16,633

1,458
4,340
687
2,765

30,297
35,777
3,996
28,679

1,158
16,534
1.719
5,577

916
246
2,070 2,655
1,332
816
4,693 2,448

13,704
8,919
2,989
27,278
3,776
6,898
13,894
3,655

2,552
586
1,622
7,442
367
873
3,977
448

2,598
53
35
1,723
8
53
1,011
114

2,531
1,328
447
2,647
247
880
2,158
1,021

3,220
265
26
5,438
568
3,046
3,331
1,412

2,429
6,223
644
5,179
1,317
1,367
1,826
235

369
409
192
2,723
1,195
566
1,226
420

2
30
13
1,493
13
46
18
3

3
25
10
633
61
67
347
2

67,205
28,829
139,481

10,518
3,979
46,676

1,464
775
8,360

7,331
6,917
39,142

4,259
1,324
4,552

40,855
14,839
30,304

1,784
528
7,595

roi

518
420

476
47
2,651

P acific:

Washington...............
Oregon........................
California...................

54.

( 445 )

34

M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.

P E R CENT OF WAGE E A RN ERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREV A ILIN G HOURS OF
LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H ER E EM PLOYED, BY GEOGRAPHIC
DIVISIONS FOR 1914 AND 1909 AND BY STATES FOR 1914.
[Computed from figures on pages 32 and 33.]
Per cent of wage earners.
In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were—
Division and State.
Total.

United States:
1914.......................
1909.......................

Be-*
48 and tween
48
and
under.
54.

54.

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

60.

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

Over
72.

72.

100.0
100.0

11.8
7.9

13.4
7.3

25.8
15.4

21.1
30.2

21.1
30.5

3.5
5.2

1.5
1.8

0.8
1.7

100.0
100.0

7.9
4.7

9.9
4.4

41.8
14.5

33.2
61.3

6.1
13.4

.9
1.2

.1
.3

.1
.3

100.0
100.0

10.4
8.2

19.7
11.1

30.3
14.7

23.0
34.7

11.6
24.2

2.3
3.4

2.0
1.8

.7
1.9

100.0
100.0

14.2
8.2

14.4
6.7

20.0
19.3

24.8
24.2

21.7
34.4

3.1
2.5

1.2
2.3

.7
2.4

100.0
100.0

17.5
12.0

9.4
6.4

23.9
19.4

12.9
16.4

30.0
39.0

4.5
4.0

1.0
1.3

.8
1.6

100.0
100.0

9.1
6.9

7.8
4.9

9.6
8.5

12.4
11.8

51.2
48.2

7.4
16.3

1.8
1.9

.8
1.3

100.0
100.0

9.6
7.6

5.2
2.9

14.9
11.8

13.4
7.8

42.8
47.2

8.7
17.0

3.2
2.8

2.4
2.9

100.0
100.0

12.4
7.4

3.7
2.4

14.0
12.1

4.4
3.0

46.6
51.6

11.8
15.7

4.3
4.8

2.9
3.1

100.0
100.0

22.0
13.9

6.9
4.4

13.9
15.8

21.3
20.8

23.7
29.1

8.8
9.7

2.0
3.7

1.4
2.7

100.0
100.0

26.0
14.9

4.5
5.7

22.7
21.8

4.3
4.5

36.5
45.9

4.2
5.3

.5
.4

1.4
1.5

New E ngland...................
Maine..........................
New Ham pshire........
Vermont.....................
Massachusetts............
Rhode Islan d.............
Connecticut................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

7.9
6.8
5.7
17.1
8.1
5.2
8.3

9.9
4.6
6.4
14.5
11.2
3.1
12.3

41.8
16.2
7.1
19.7
56.1
64.1
17.2

33.2
48.3
73.1
31.5
20.4
22.9
53.8

6.1
19.9
6.5
15.5
3.6
4.4
7.1

.9
3.8
.8
1.1
.5
.2
1.0

.1
.4
.3
.6
0)
.2

.1
.1
.1
,i
.1
,i
,i

Middle A tlantic................
New Y ork..................
New Jersey.............
Pennsylvania............

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

10.4
12.9
7.6
8.8

19.7
28.0
16.7
11.4

30.3
33.8
16.2
32.0

23.0
12.8
47.5
24.7

11.6
10.0
8.7
14.5

2.3
1.6
1.9
3.3

2.0
.5
.9
4.2

.7
.4
.6
1.2

E ast North Central.........
Ohio............................
Indiana......................
Illinois........................
Michigan....................
Wisconsin..................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

14.2
13.7
14.9
15.7
11.6
14.4

14.4
15.3
11.9
19.6
11.6
4.7

20.0
22.9
14.8
22.4
21.3
9.5

24.8
24.8
25.4
20.1
28.0
32.0

21.7
17.5
27.9
17.4
23.9
34.5

3.1
3.1
3.4
3.3
2.1
3.5

1.2
1.9
.7
1.0
.6
1.1

.7
.8
1.0
.5
1.0
.4

West North Central....... .
Minnesota..................
Iowa..........................
Missouri....................
North Dakota..........
South Dakota...........
Nebraska..................
K ansas......................

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

17.5
15.1
17.4
18.8
23.4
22.3
17.6
17.4

9.4
9.2
6.7
12.7
3.5
4.5
9.0
3.2

23.9
19.5
19.8
31.2
17.1
25.2
20.2
16.0

12.9
14.8
12.1
13.5
14.4
2.3
6.8
11.8

30.0
38.3
36.1
19.6
30.4
39.5
38.8
33.8

4.5
1.9
4.5
3.0
8.7
4.8
6.8
14.2

1.0
1.0
2.1
.4
2.0
1.2
.5
1.8

South A tlantic................
Delaware..................
M aryland.................
District of Columbia

7.8
9.1
100.0
9.3
5.7
100.0
18.4
100. 0
13.1
7.8
54.5
100.0
i Less than one-tenth

12.4
9.6
27.1
38.1
18.1
16.3
8.6
11.0
of 1 per cent.

51.2
18.2
26.8
4.3

7.4
.9
4.8
13.5

1.8
.6
1.4
.1

Geographic divisions:
New E n g la n d 1914.......................
1909.......................
Middle A tla n tic 1914.......................
1909.......................
East North C e n tral1914.......................
1909.......................
West N orth Central—
1914.......................
1909.......................
South Atlantic—
1914.......................
1909.......................
East South C en tral1914.......................
1909.......................
West South Central—
1914..............•.......
1909.......................
Mountain—
1914......................
1909.......................
Paciftc—
1914.......................
1909.......................

1914.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 446 )

.8
.2

1.3
.9
.5
.2
.3

l.S

.
1.1

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

35

P E R CENT OF WAGE EARN ERS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PREV A ILIN G HOURS OP
LABOR P E R W E E K IN ESTABLISHM ENTS W H E R E EM PLOYED, BY GEOGRAPHIC
DIVISIONS FOR 1914 AND 1909 AND BY STATES FOR 1914—Concluded.
Per cent of wage earners.
In establishments where prevailing hours of labor per week were—
Division and State.
Total.

South Atlantic—Contd.
Virginia......................
West Virginia............
North Carolina...........
South Carolina...........
Georgia.......................
Florida.......................
East South Central..........
Kentucky__ : ..........
Tennessee...................
Alabama.....................
Mississippi.................
West South Central.........
Arkansas....................
Louisiana...................
Oklahoma..................
Texas..........................
M ountain.......................
Montana.....................
Idaho..........................
Wyoming...................
Colorado.....................
New Mexico...............
Arizona.......................
Utah........................
Nevada.......................
Pacific...............................
Washington................
Oregon........................
California...................

Be­
48 and tween
under. 48 and
54.

100.0
100.0

100. 0
100. 0
100.0

100.0

100.0
100.0

100. 0

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

100. 0

100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0

10.). 0
100. 0
100. 0

100.0
100.0

100. 0

100.0
100.0

100. 0

100.0
100.0

54.

Be­
tween
54 and
60.

60.

Be­
tween
60 and
72.

72.

Over
72.

7.0
17.3
1.7
1.9
8.4
16.9

10.3
10.3
1.9
1.6
5.7
4.8

8.3
10.6
2.9
3.3
8.2
13.6

19.6
8.7
13.0
4.0
8.7
2.7

43.9
37.2
73.3
83.5
57.1
44.5

7.9
14.3
5.4
3.6
6.9
15.1

1.7
1.1
1.4
1.8
3.7
1.7

.4
.3
1.4
.7

9.6
16.5
6.1
8.6
7.2

5.2
9.9
4.6
2.0
4.9

14.9
18.3
18.0
12.5
9.4

13.4
15.8
25.3
*6.1
3.4

42.8
28.0
35.9
45.9
6S.8

8.1
8.6
4.7
16.3
2.6

3. 2
.7
3.7
4.5
3.5

2.4
2.4
1.6
4.3
.3

12.4
8.0
8.0
25.1
16.5
22.0

3.7
2.7
3.5
12.9
2.3
6.9

14.0
8.2
9.5
13.1
22.2
13.9

4.4
3.5
5.6
3.9
3.7
21.3

46.6
72.2
46.1
22.9
38.3
23.7

11.8
2.8
21.3
9.9
7.5
8.8

4.3
2.2
2.7
7.6
6.3
2.0

3.4
4.7
3.3
1.4

18.6
6.6
54.3
27.3
9.7
12.7
28.6
12.3

19.0
.6
1.2
6.3
.2
.8
7.3
3.1

18.5
14.9
15.0
. 9.7
6.5
12.8
15.5
27.9

23.5
3.0
.9
19.9
15.0
44.2
24.0
38.6

17.7
69.8
21.6
19.0
34.9
19.8
13.1
6.4

2.7
4.6
6.4
10.0
31.7
8.2
8.8
11.5

0)
.3
.4
5.5
.3
.7
.1
.1

26.0
15.7
13.8
33.5

4.5
2.2
2.7
6.0

22.7
10.9
24.0
28.1

4.3
6.3
4.6
3.3

36.5
60.8
51.5
21.7

4.2
2.7
1.8
5.5

.5
.8
1.5
.1

1.3

.6

2.9
.6

(l)

.3
.3
2.3
1.6
1.0
2.5
.1

1.4
.7
.2
1.9

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
U N IO N SCALE OF H O U R S OF LA BO R IN TH E U N IT E D ST A T E S, MAY 15, 1916.

Bulletin 214 of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics, soon
to be issued, will show the union scale of wages and hours of labor in
the principal occupations having time rates in 48 of the leading in­
dustrial cities of the United States. The hours of labor in the several
trades and cities covered by the bulletin are presented in the table
following.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 447 )

36

' ' M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
UNION SCALE OF HOURS OF LABOR P E R DAY IN T H E PRINCIPAL TRADES

j Jacksonville.

| Indianapolis.

1 Grand Rapids.

j Houston.

1 Detroit.
84

J Fall River.

8 8 8 94 84 9
84 9 84
9
9

| Dallas.

| Denver.

j Columbus.

| Cleveland.

j Chicago.
j Cincinnati.

1
| Buffalo.
j Charleston, S.C.

Line No.

Trades.

| Boston.
J Bridgeport.

| Atlanta.
1 Baltimore.
• j
| Birmingham.

|From Bulletin No. 214 of the

Bakery.
Bakers
Dr»
Do
Do

.....................

8 9 9
10 91 10

9|

94

Brewery and bottling house men.
Bottlers........................................
Do
Brewers__ ...................................
Chauffeurs and drivers...............
Do
Do
f!n e p e rs
.......................\ .

8

8

9

8

8
10

8
9

8
8
9

8
9

8

8

Engineers.....................................
Firemen........................................

8
8

"Laborers
Do
Do
M asters

...................................

8
8

8
8§8 8
8 8
8
8 8
8|

8
9

8!
8
8
9
10

8
10
8
8
10

O ile rs

Stablemen....................................
Do
W a s h e rs
W a t eh m en

8

8

8

8 8
8 8

8
8

8
8 8
8

caisson work.

8
8 8

8
8

8
12

8

8 8

8

8

8
8

8
8

8
8 10
8
8
8 8
10
8
8

8
10

8
8 8
8
8 9

8
8
8 8 8
12 10

8
8 8
8 11

9

s
8
..J 8 8 8
9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
... 8

1

9

8

8 9
8

8

8

8

8

8

8
8

8

8 9 8
8
8
8
8 8 8

9
9
9

8
8? 8 8
8:: 8 8
8 8 8

8
8
8 8

8

8
8
8
8
8

Painters........................................ 9

8

Do
Carpenters................................... .9

8

8

8

8

8
layers.
Cement workers:

8

F i n is h e r s
F i n i s h e r s ’ h e lp e r s
L a b o rers
O o m p o s itio n ro o fe rs

Do

M a rb le s e t t e r s ’ h e lp e r s
P a in te r s * F r e s c o

9

8

P l a s t e r e r s ’ la b o r e r s

Plumbers and gas fitters............ 9 8
Sheet-metal workers................... 9 8
10
Do
Do
8
Steam fitters................................ 9 8
8
Stone masons............................... 9 8

8
8

8
8
8
8
8 8
8
8 8
8
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8
9 9
8
8

8
8
8
8 8
8
8

8

8
8
8
9

8
8

8
8

8

8
8 8
8
8 8

8
8
8
8

8

( 448 )

8
8

s

8
8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8

8

8 8
8 8

8

8

...i 8

8

B u i ld i n g la b o r e r s


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8

8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8
8
8
8 8 8

I

Bricklayers................................... 9

Pain ter s * fti gn
Plasterers.............................. .»...

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
10 9 9 9 10 8 9 9
10
9

8
10 9 10 1Ó 10 9

Building.
A s b e s to s w o r k e r s

Elevator constructors.................
Elevator constructors’ helpers..
Engineers: Portable and ho'isting
Do
Hod carriers.................................
Inside wiremen............................
Inside wiremen: Fixture hangers
L athers.........................................
Marble setters..............................

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9

8 8 8 8
10 8 8 10
9 9
94
8 8 8
8
8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8
8
8 84 8 10
to

8 8 8
8 12

8
10

Washhouse m en..........................

8

8 8 8
8 8 8
8
8
8 8 8
8 8 8
8 8
8 8 8
8
8 8
8 8 8
8 8 8
8 8 8
8 8 8
9 9
8
8
8
8

8
8
8
8

8
8
8
8

8

8 9

8 8
8
s

8

8
8

9
9

9
8

8

8 8

8

8

9

8

8 8 8
8 8 8
9 8 8

8 8 8
8 8 8
8 8 8

8
8 8
8
8 8
8

9 8 8
8 9
8 8 8 8 8 8 8
8
8
8
8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8
8 8

8

8

8

8

8
8

8
8
8
8

8

8 8
8 8
8 8
8 8 8
8 8 8
1 !
8
8
8 8 8
8 8 8
8 8 8

8 8 8
8

8
8

8

8

8 8 8 8
9
8 8 8 8
8 8 8
9
10

8
8
8
8
8

8

8

8 8

8

8

8

8

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S. * '

37

IN R E P R E S E N T A T IV E CITIES OF TH E UNITED STATES, MAY 15, 1916.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.]


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

a

¡3

I
1

2

3
4

5
6

7

5
9

19
11
12

13
14
15
16
17
IS

19

20
21

22

23
24
25
26

27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63

( 449 )

38

M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
UNION SCALE OF HOURS OF L A B O R P E R DAY IN TH E PRIN CIPA L TRADES
[From Bulletin No. 214 of the

Fall River.
I Grand Rapic
1 Houston.
1 Indianapolis.

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8
8

8
8

8
8

8
8

8
8

8 10
9 12
10
10J
11
HA
8 10
9 12
10
101
11
U*

10
11

10

12 10

10 10
11

6
8
10

9 12 10
11

| Detroit.

8

8

| Denver.

8

8

| Dallas.

Cincinnati.

8

8

I Cleveland.
1 Columbus.

Chicago.

Buffalo.
Charleston, S.

Boston.
Bridgeport.

Atlanta.
Baltimore.
Birmingham.

Trades.

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8
8

8
8

I Jacksonville.

73

ü

Building—Concluded.
Structural iron workers.............. 8
D o..
............
Structural iron workers: Fin­ 8
ishers.
Structural iron workers: Fin­ 8
ishers’ helpers.
.........
Do
Tile layers....................................
Tile layers’ helpers.....................

8

8

8
8

8

8

8
8

8

8
8

8

8

S

Chauffeurs, teamsters, and
drivers.
10
lOi

8

9
10
10111

Do..........................................
Do..........................................
Do..........................................
Do..........................................
Do ..
........................
Teamsters and drivers................
D o..........................................
D o ........................................
Do..........................................
Do..........................................
Do ........................................
Freight handlers.........................
Do..........................................

7

10
101
ll"

8

9
10
10i
11
9
10

10

10

81

10

10

10

Granite and stone.
Granite cutters............................ 8
Stone cutters............................... 8
Do..........................................

8
8

8

8
8

9

9

8
8

8
8

8

9

8

8

8
8

8

8

9

8
8

8

8
8

8
8

8

8

8

8

8
8 8 8

Metal trades.
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100

101
102

103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112

113
114
115
116

B laeksmiths.................................
D o..........................................
Blacksmiths’ helpers..................
Do
. . r ........................
Boiler makers..............................
D o..........................................
Do ......................................
Boiler makers’ helpers................
D o..........................................
D o..........................................
Core makers.................................
D o..........................................
Machinists....................................
Do..........................................
D o..........................................
D o..........................................
Machinists’ helpers.....................
D o.............\ ..........................
D o..........................................
Metal polishers and butlers.......
Do..........................................
D o..........................................
D o..........................................
Molders: I ro n .............................
D o..........................................
P attern makers: W ood..............
Do..........................................
Do..........................................
Do..........................................

9

9
9

9 9
9 10
8

8
9

9

9
9 8 9
10 9

9 9
8
9
9 9 8
9
10
9

9

8
9

9

9 9

8

8 8| 8 9
9
9
10

8
8f
9

9

8
9

8

.9

8 9
81 10

10 9

9
9

8 9
9

8
9

8

9
8
9 9
8

8

9

9 9

8

9

9

9 9
8 8 9
81 9
9
10
9 8

83

8£ 9 10
9Ï

9 9

8

9

9 8.1
9'

8
9

9 8 10
91 9

9 9

8
9
8
9

9 9

8

8
9 10

10 9

8 9
9

8 8
9 10

10

9

9 9 9

9

9

9

8 8
9

8
9
10

1
!

9 9

9 9 9
10
1
1
1
1

8
9
9
10
9

9 9

9 9
10

9

9

9
9 9
9
10

9

9
8
9

Millwork.
117

Carpenters..................................
"Do........................................
I Painters: Hardwood fiinshers..


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

9

8§

81

( 450 )

8
9
9
9 ...1 9

9

8
9

8

...

8

9 8

9 9

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

8
8

8
8

s

8

8

10

10

8
8

9

9

10

10

10

8
8
8

8

8

g

8
8

Spokane.

Line No.

8
8

8

8

64

8

8

66

I

I Seattle.

8

o'
O

J

8

9
8

Washington.
Worcester.

8

8

8
8

I

Salt Lake City.

San Francisco.
Scranton.

I

I

1 St. Paul.
8
8

8

8

65

8

07

9
8

68
8

8

§

09
70

8

10 9 10
H J2 10

10

71
72
73

10 10 1U 8 y
10
12 Wi­
10 10 10 11
ll
12

8 , 10
10"

77
78
79
80
St

10 10
12 103
12

12 10 9 10 10
11 10
12

9
10
11
12

8

°

8
8
8

8

8
Q

I

8

10 9 8 10
12 10 10

10
11

it)

8

8
8

8
8

8

I Richmond.
I Rochester.
St. Louis.

8

I

8

8

8
8

8

8

I

8

8

8
8
8

8

I Portland.
Providence.

J

Í

I

S

8

1 Philadelphia.
1 Pittsburgh.

8

Omaha.

8

s

I

8

V

I Peoria.

8

I

8

I

Manchester.
Memphis.

8

Minneapolis.
I Newark.
I New Haven.
I New Orleans.
1 New York.

8
8

Milwaukee.

8
8

I

Little Rock.

I Los Angeles.
I Louisville.

I Kansas City.

1

39

IN R E PR E SEN T A TIV E CITIES OF TH E UN ITED STATES, MAY 15, 1916—Continued.
Bureau of Labor Statistics.]

I

1

14
9

8

8

9
8

9

8
8

8

S

8

8

8

9

9

9

9
9 93
8

9

8

9

10

8 9
9 9f

9 9

8

9

8
8

8
8

8

8
8

9

1
1

8 9 8
9 91

...

8

8

9

9

8

8

9

8

9

9

9

8

9

9

9 9

8

9 9

9

9

9
9

9 9

8 8 8 8 9 8
9 9 9 9
10

9
9
9

S

9

9 9

9 9

8
9

8

8
9

8

8

9

9

8

8

9 9
9

9

9 8

8 Í9
9 !10

8

10"
9 9

9

9

9 8] 9 8 9
.0 9

9 9
8
8-1
8f

9


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8

9

8
8

8
8

8
8

9 9

9

9

8

10

9

9

9 9
10

9 9
9 9
8 9
9 10
10

9

8;< 8 1

(45 1 )

g
8

9
9

8

8
8

8 's ’ 8
9

q

8

8

q

8

8

9

8

q

8

8
9

9

10

8

9

8

8

8
9

9

9
9

9

q

8 « q
q1
10
8 T

9 9

1

8 9
9 10

8
9
9

95

96
8

9

98

9

100
101
102

!

8
s'

101

105
106
107
108

8

9

9

86

89
90
91
92
93

9

8 8
9 9

8

9
10
9

85
8

87

8
9
8

8 8
9 9 9
10

9 8 8 9 10 9 9
10 9 8 |
10
10 9

y 9 9

§
8

8

9 8
9
qa

S3

9

9

91

9 9 9
i

8

9

1

8

9

8

8
8

9 9

I
!

8
8

9

10

9

8
8

9

9

8

!

9

8

9 9

1

...

9

8

9

9

8 ... 9
9

8

8
8

9

10 ,

10

9

9 9

8

10
8

8 9 8
9 91

8

8 ] 10

10

9
10

9
■i

9 8
g

9

1

8

8J 9

9

g

8

s jl

8

8

8

1
8 1 ...

g

8

9

110
111
112
113
114
115
116

117
119

40

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
UNION SCALE OF HOURS OF LABOR P E R DAY IN THE PRIN CIPA L TRADES

8

©
>
P
©i
A

8
8 8 8

8Î

©
y

s

A

1 Jacksonville.

8

3
fit
a 1
'o 'c3
O A

1.Detroit.

*o
.s
o

1 Cleveland.

+3
c3

Trades.

1 Grand Rapids.

[From Bulletin No. 214 of the

ao
3o
M

9
o
c$
3
.a
pj

8
8

8

8

8 8

P rin tin g and publishing, book
and job.

120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
,130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138

Bindery women..........................
Bookbinders...... .........................
D o..........................................
Compositors................... ............
Do..........................................
Electrotypers: B attery men and
builders.
Electrotypers: Finishers and
molders.
Linotype operators.....................
D o..........................................
D o..........................................
D o...........................................
Machine tenders..........................
Machinist-operators....................
Press feeders...............................
D o........................................ .
Pressmen:
|
Cylinder................................
|
D o.................................
I
D o.................................
|
Platen.................................

1Prin ting

146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164

8

8

8

8 83

8|

8

8f 8Ì 81 8

8 8-|

8§

8 ...

8 74 8 8
8
|

8 8

8

8

8 8

8

8
8
8 83

8

8
8
8

8
8 8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8 8

8

8 8

8

8

8

8

8 8

8
8 8

8

8 8

8 8 8f 8 8
8'J
8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8
8:[
91
8 8 8J 8 8 8|

and publishing, news­
paper.

Compositors:
Daywork.............................
D o.................................
D o.................................
D o.................................
Night work..........................
D o.................................
D o.................................
Linotype operators:
Daywork..............................
D o.................................
Do.................................
Night work..........................
D o.................................
D o.................................
Machine tenders:
Daywork.............................
D o..................................
D o..................................
Night work..........................
D o..................................
D o..................................
Machinist operators:
Daywork.............................
Night work..........................
D o..................................
Pressmen, web presses:
Daywork.............................
Night work..........................
Stereotypers:
Daywork............................
Night work.........................
S o ft

8

8 71 8 8
8
8J 81

drink

7 7

7

7

7

8 71 8 8
8
8

8

7

8

8

8 8 8

61

8

8 n

8

8 61 8 8

71 8 61 71 8 8
8

8 71 8 61 71 8
8
8

7

71 8

8 8

8 61 8

f"
8 71 8

8

8

8 8

8

|
8

8 8

8 71 8
1

8

|
|

8

7

8

|
I

8 8 8
8 7

8 8 8 8
8 8 7

8 8
8 7

8 8
7 n

8 8 8 8
8 8 7

8
7

8
8

8

8 8
8 7

8 8 8
8 8 7

establishment em ­
ployees.

165 Bottlers.................................
166
D o...................................
167 Chauffeurs and drivers........
168
Do...................................
169
D o...................................


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

8
9
10

( 452 )

8
10

9
9
1

1

8
I
|
r

I-1

9
1

41

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8

8-

8

7

8

8

8

-

8

8

Y
8
8

T

8
8

Y

8

8

8

8

9

8

8

9

8

'8

Y

8

8

'8

8

8

8

8
8

8

8
7b 6
7
71
'n 8
87 's’

8

9

8

8

8

8

Ö-4

8

8

8

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

91-

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Bureau of Labor Statistics.]

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If
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42

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

From the above table the following summary table has been drawn.
This summary shows the frequency of occurrence of the different
working hours by industrial groups with all localities included in the
report combined.
In this summary each trade in each locality with a single statement
of hours is given equal importance and counts as one in consolidating
the figures for the industry, regardless of the number of union mem­
bers in the city. Further, when in any city some of the members
work one schedule of hours, for example 8, and others work different
hours, for example 10, each statement of hours in the city counts
as one in its respective column in the table. This method has been
followed for each occupation and the figures for the several occupa­
tions in an industry have been combined to form the total figures for
the industry. Thus the 9-J hours of bakers in Baltimore counts as
one in the classified group—■
“ Between 9 and 10 hours.” In Boston
there are two statements of hours, 8 and 10; here the 8 hours counts
as one in the classification group “ 8 hours ” and the 10 counts as
one in the group “ 10 hours.” This summarization is crude, but it
has not been practicable to make a summary based on the number
of persons working each specified number of hours.
From the actual numbers of the table percentages have been com­
puted. In the bakery trades in the majority of instances employees
work 9 hours a day or over, 40.3 per cent of the instances falling in
the 9-hour class. There is an 8-hour day in the majority of instances
for the employees in brewing, building, granite and stone work, and
printing. The predominating hours of work in the metal trades are
9 per day.
NUM BER OF INSTANCES IN W HICH TRADES W ITH IN AN INDUSTRY W ORKED EACH
SPEC IFIED NUM BER OF HOURS P E R DAY, MAY 15, 1916.
Instances of occurrence.
Per cent.

Number.
Industry group.

Be­
Be­
Be­
Be­
tween
tween
tween
tween
Un­
Over Un­
10 Over
9
9
der
8
8
10
9
9
8
der 8
10
10
8 hrs. and hrs. and hrs. hrs. 8 hrs. and hrs. and hrs. hrs.
10
9
hrs.
10
9
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.

1
Bakery.............................
Brewery and bottlinghouse men ..................
■Rnilrïing ......................
Chauffeurs, teamsters,
2
and drivers........... ......
Granite and stone..........
Metal trades....................
Mi 11work..........................
Printing and publishing,
book and job................ 15
Printing and publishing,
newspaper................... 200
Soft-drink establishment
employees....................


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

23

11
320
1,059
7
78
118
18
312

4
3

78
49

3

19
1

259
5 24

il

48

11

8
1

9

6

1.8 19.3

14.0 40.3

14.0 10.5

50
6

8

69.4
94.8

.9 16.9
.3 4.4

.2 10.8
.5

1.7

56

37

5.6
98.7
27.0
38.3

2.4 15.3
1.3
2.5 59.3
10.6 51.1

45.2

29.8

2.1

2.8

.8

40

3

3.9 80.2

12.3

9.2

39.3 60.7

309
6

1.6

9

2

( 454 )

5

27.3

40.9

9.1 22.7

f M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

43

R E D U C T IO N TO E IG H T H O U R S IN 1915, 1916, A N D T H E F IR ST S IX M ONTH S OF 1917.

The following tables present information as to the reduction of
hours of labor to 8 per day or 48 per week in manufacturing and
other establishments in the United States during 1915, 1916, and
the first six months of 1917, as reported by leading trade-union
periodicals, labor papers, trade journals, daily papers published in
various parts of the country, annual and other reports issued by
officers of labor organizations, and by replies to inquiries made by
the bureau. While the information is necessarily incomplete it is
believed that the 534 reports from which data were obtained include
no duplications.
As indicated in the following summary, 302 of these reports show
the number of establishments involved, the total reported being 3,477.
The number of employees affected was shown in 193 reports, the
total being 1,051,703.
SUMMARY OF REPO RTS.

1915

Item.
Total number of reports exam ined...................................
Reports showing number of establishments involved:
Number of reports........................................................
Number of establishments reported..........................
Reports showing number of emptoyees affected:
Number of reports........................................ ...............
Number of employees reported................... ...............
Reports showing bottlestablishments involved and em­
ployees affected:
Number of reports........................................................
Number of establishments reported......... .................
Number of employees reported...................................

1916

1917(6
months).

Total.

121

210

203

534

99
224

134
3,027

69
226

302
3, 477

75
171,978

84
342,138

34
537,587

193
1,051,703

73
174
168,563

67
2,801
124,125

17
135
50,902

157
3,110
343'. 590

The following tables show by States and by industries the num­
ber of establishments and also the number of employees for which
reports were obtained covering the periods specified. As indicated
in the preceding summary table the sources of the data do not in all
cases give both number of establishments and number of employees,
hence the total number of employees shown can not be related to the
total number of establishments given.
8809°—17 ----- 4


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 455 )

44

MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

NUMBER OF ESTABLISHMENTS R E P O R T E D AS ADOPTING T H E 8-HOUR DAY IN 1915,
1916, AND T H E FIR ST SIX MONTHS OF 1917, BY STATES AND BY INDUSTRIES.
[Based on 302 reports showing number of establishments involved.]

By States.

State or industry.

Alabama..................
California.................
Canal Zone.............
Connecticut.............
Delaware.................
District of Columbia
Illinois.....................
Indiana....................
Iow a.........................
Kansas.....................
K entucky................
Louisiana................
Maryland.................
Massachusetts.........
Michigan..................
Minnesota................
Missouri...................
New Hampshire__
New Jersey..............
New York................

1915

1

1916

31
13

16
1
2
1

4
1

62
4

22
4
25
5

1
1
1
1
21
21
1
34

28
23

1917
Total.
(6
mos.).

11
3
4
7
2
1
4

102
4
1
8
7

si
2,472

1
27
1
36
14
4
73
7
1
5
1
23
5
148
26
1
38
1
117
2,502

State or industry.

North Carolina___
North Dakota____
Ohio........................
Oregon.....................
Pennsylvania.........
Porto Rico...............
Rhode Island..........
Tennessee..............
Texas.....................
U tah ........................
V erm ont..................
Virginia...................
W ashington............
West V i r g i n i a ............
Wisconsin................
Wyoming................
Interstate................
Total..............

1915

1
1
53

1916

1917
Total.
(6
mos.).

2
2
40
1
2

17

1
1
154
1
179
5
2
2
27
$
1
1
4
2
41
1
19

224 3,027

226

3,477

8
1
2

77
1
152
5

24
19
1

2
22

3
5

1
1

1
2

By industries.
Aluminum manufacturing.............
Bakers....................
Boots and shoes__
Bottlers and brewers.......................
Brass workers.......
Broom manufacturing..................
Building trades__
Carriages and automobiles............
Cement and conCrete ___
Chemicals..............
Clerks, store..........
Cooperage.. .........
Electric“ and gas
lighting .........
Electrical supplies.
Flour m ills............
Food and tobacco
Foundry and machine shops.........
Furnitur e .........
Garment workers..
Glass manufacturin g.......................
Hardware
and
sto v e m anufaetu rin g ..................
Hotel and restaurant workers.......

1
3

2

2
7

1

2

2
2

1

11
4

31
59

6

31
65

13

3

1
4

1

2

16
2

4

6
4
3

1

12
1

23
8
107

433
13
2,083

2

3
8

2
4

4

2

154

256
5
1,971

5

2
6

1
1


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1
5

2 i
20

1
1

4

Iron and steel........

J ewelry..................

L aundry................
L um ber.................
Metal polishers___
Mining...................
Municipal
and
State employees.
Munitions..............
Musical
instrum ents..................
Oil workers............
Paper manufacturing.......................
Plated ware...........
Policemen..............
Printing and publishing....... .*........
Railroads...............
Rubber goods........
Ship and boat
building..............
Sporting goods.......
Telephone
and
telegraph............
Textile workers__
Theatrical employees.......................
Window cleaners..
Miscellaneous.........

20

( 456 )

Total....... .

i

2
6

1
200
1
5
39
38

1
5
4

18

2
200
2
10
43
56

4
8

3
2

9
16

1

2

4

4

1
3

4
11

28
1
1

2

2

3

30
5
5
5
23
13

1

2

3

1
3

1

11

1
20
1

2

4

1

1
1

1

2

1
300
1

1

224 3,027

226

1

1

1

7

1
3
4
1
300

2

3,477

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

45

NUMBER OF EM PLOYEES R E P O R T E D AS HAVING W ORKDAY REDUCED TO 8 HOURS
IN 1915,1916, AND TH E FIR ST SIX MONTHS OF 1917, BY STATES AND BY INDUSTRIES.
[Based on 193 reports showing number of employees affected.]

3y States.
State or industry.

1915

1917 (6
1916 mos.).

Alabama,.... ...........
350
California. _ .
350 3,300
finí orado
130
275
Conn noti m t _____ 37 783
16 250
Tipia,war a
20
Illinois _________ l ’075 20,393 8,150
Indiana
3,000 l' 300
ÏCansai?
90
TCpntnnky
4
50
Tmiisiana, _____
2,330
Maryl and
17725
560 15,000
Massanb n softs
4'702 10 049 7,512
M ic h ig a n
9*510 '425
M i n n pso t a
300
1,200
Missouri. . . . . . . . . . .
21
M o n ta n a . .

Total.
350
3,650
405
37,783
16,270
29,618
4,300
90
54
2,330
17,285
22' 263
9 ' 935
300

1916

1917 (6
mos.). Total.

State or industry.

1915

New Jersey............
New York..............
North Carolina___
Ohio.......................
Oregon...................
Pennsylvania........
Porto Rico.............
Rhode Island.........
Tennessee..............
Texas.....................
Washington...........
West Virginia.......
Wisconsin..............
In terstate.............

11,246 9,471
75 20,792
13,460 76,693 66,035 156,188
75
75
26,828 8,359 1,490 36,677
650
650
41,544 207,377 6,600 255,521
2,230
2,230
600
600
25
25
2,025
4Ò0
1,500
125
621
621
2,525
525 2,000
110
110
1.200 426.000 427,200

Total............ 171,978 342.138 537,587 1,051,703

'2 1

By industries.
Aluminum manu­
275
275
facturing .............
1,471
1,471
Tiaknrs ..................
24,000
24,000
"Roots and shoes__
Bottlers and brew700
560
100
40
ers ................ .
2,060
Brass workers........ 2,060
28,676
610 29,286
Bui 1d ing trades__
Carriages and au1,000 32,085
t OTTIObiIPS............ 31,085
Cement and con­
45
45
crete ....................
128
82
46
Chemicals___. . . . .
2,000
2,000
Clerks, store...........
13
13
Cooperage..............
4,793
852
Electrical supplies. 3,941
300
300
Food and tobacco..
Foundry and ma­
chine shops......... 88,300 19,336 3,185 110,821
354
314
40
Furniture...............
Garment workers.. 11,750 67,625 96,600 175,975
Hotel and restau125
125
rant workers.
300
300
Iron and steel.
3,000
3,000
Jewelry............

35
35
L aundry................
1,941
66 1,875
Lum ber.................
500
500
Metal polishers___
184,"ÓÒÒ 2,000 186,000
Mining...................
M u n ic ip a l and
4
4
State employees.
24.000
Munitions.............. 18,000 6 ,0 0 0
Musical i n s t r u ­
7,554
54
m ents.................. 7,500
7,830
300
350
Oil workers............ 7,180
P a p e r manufac­
2,985
485 2,500
turing .................
1,134
Plated ware........... Ì,"Ì34
102
102
Policemen..............
1,300 400,400 401,700
Railroads...............
1,692
Ì92 1,500
Rubber goods___
Ship a n d b o a t
1,370
120 1,250
building..............
Telephone a n d
25,000 25.000
telegraph............
250
250
Textile workers__
875
75
800
Window cleaners..
1,000
1,000
Miscellaneous........
Total

171,978 342,138 537,5871,051,703

Of the 534 reports examined, as shown in the table on page 43, the
largest numbers were for the following six States in the order named:
Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Con­
necticut; 312 in all, or 58 per cent of the total number of reports
made. The largest numbers of establishments involved were found
in the following six States in the order named: New York, Penn­
sylvania, Ohio, Massachusetts, New Jersey, Illinois, 3,183 in all, oi
92 per cent of all the establishments involved. The largest numbers
of employees affected were found in the following six States in the
order named: Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut, Ohio, Illinois,
Massachusetts; a total of 538,050, which, omitting the 400,000 rail­
road employees not included in any State in the above figures, is 83
per cent of all.

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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

( 457 )

46

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

The industry in which the largest number of employees was
affected by the introduction of the 8-hour day was the railroads
where more than 400,000, or 38 per cent of all mentioned in the above
tables, were affected. In the mining industry 11 reports were made,
in 4 of which 56 establishments were involved and in 3 of which
186,000 employees were affected. For garment workers 28 reports
were obtained, in 17 of which 2,079 establishments were involved and
in 20 of which 175,975 employees were affected.
In several industries the number of establishments involved and
the number of employees affected were given in but few of the
reports, as in the building trades, where 112 reports were found in
which the 8-hour day had been adopted, but in only 12 of which were
the number of establishments and of employees given, and in 13 re­
ports of bakers where only 4 contained the number of establishments
involved and 6 contained the number of employees affected.
The number of establishments involved and of employees affected
as given in the reports of the first six months of 1917 is smaller than
in either of the preceding years. This is due to the fact that few
official reports of organizations for this period are as yet available,
thus rendering it necessary to depend upon the more incomplete re­
ports found elsewhere.
RULES FOR THE ENFORCEMENT OF THE FEDERAL CHILD-LABOR
LAW.1

Rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of an act of
the Congress of the United States approved September 1, 1916,
entitled “ An act to prevent interstate commerce in the products of
child labor, and for other purposes.”
R

e g u l a t io n

1.— C e r tif ic a te t o f age.

Certificates of age, in order to protect the producer, manufacturer,
or dealer from prosecution, shall be either:
1. Federal age certificates issued by persons hereafter to be designated by the
board for children between 16 and 17 years of age when employment in or about
a mine or quarry is contemplated and for children between 14 and 16 years o f
age when employment in a mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or m anufacturing
establishm ent is contemplated. Such certificates shall contain the follow ing
inform ation: (1) Name of child; (2 ) place and date o f birth o f child, together
w ith statem ent of evidence on which this is based, except when a physician’s
certificate of physical age is accepted by the issuing officer, in which case
1 U. S. D epartm ent of Labor. Children’s Bureau. Rules and regulations made by the
board, consisting of the Attorney General, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary
of Labor, for carrying out the provisions of an a ct to prevent in terstate commerce in
the products of child labor, and for other purposes, approved Sept. 1, 1916. Child
Labor Division Circular No. 1, issued Aug. 14, 1917.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(458)

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

47

physical age shall h e shown; (3) r e x and color; (4) signature of child; (5)
name and address o f child’s parent, guardian, or custodian; (6) signature of
issuing officer ; and (7) date and place of issuance; [or]
2. Employment, age, or working certificate, permit, or paper issued under
State authority in such States as are hereafter designated by the board.
R eg. 2.— P r o o f o f ag e.

Persons authorized by the board to issue age certificates under the
authority of this act shall issue such certificates only upon the appli­
cation in person of the child desiring employment, accompanied by
its parent, guardian, or custodian, and after having received, ex­
amined, and approved documentary evidence of age showing that
the child is 14 years of age or over if employment in a mill, cannery,
workshop, factory, or manufacturing establishment is contemplated,
or that the child is between 16 and 17 years of age if employment in
or about a mine or quarry is contemplated ; which evidence shall con­
sist of one of the following-named proofs of age, to be required in the
order herein designated, as follows :
(a) A birth certificate or attested transcript thereof issued by a
registrar of vital statistics or other officer charged with the duty of
recording births.
(b) A record of baptism or a certificate or attested transcript
thereof showing the date of birth and place of baptism of the child.
(c) A bona fide contemporary record of the date and place of the
child’s birth kept in the Bible in which the records of the births in
the family of the child are preserved, or other documentary evidence
satisfactory to the Secretary of Labor or such person as he may desig­
nate, such as a passport showing the age of the child, a certificate of
arrival in the United States issued by the United States immigration
officers and showing the age of the child, or a life insurance policy;
provided that such other satisfactory documentary evidence has been
in existence at least one year prior to the time it is offered in evidence ;
and provided further that a school record or a parent’s, guardian’s,
or custodian’s affidavit, certificate, or other written statement of age
shall not be accepted except as specified in paragraph (d ).
(d) A certificate signed by a public-health physician or a publicschool physician, specifying what in the opinion of such physician is
the physical age of the child ; such certificate shall show the height
and weight of the child and other facts concerning its physical de­
velopment revealed by such examination and upon which the opinion
of the physician as to the physical age of the child is based. A
parent’s, guardian’s, or custodian’s certificate as to the age of the
child and a record of age as given on the register of the school which
the child first attended, or in the school census, if obtainable, shall
be submitted with the physician’s certificate showing physical age.


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The officer issuing the age certificate for a child shall require the
evidence of age specified in subdivision (a) in preference to that
specified in any subsequent subdivision and shall not accept the
evidence of age permitted by any subsequent subdivision unless he
shall receive and file evidence that the evidence of age required by
the preceding subdivision or subdivisions can not be obtained.
R eg. 3.— A u t h o r i z a t io n o f a c c e p ta n c e o f S t a t e c e r tif ic a te s .

States in which the age, employment, or working certificates, per­
mits, or papers are issued under State authority substantially in
accord with the requirements of the act and with regulation 2 hereof
may be designated, in accordance with section 5 of the act, as States
in which certificates issued under State authority shall have the
same force and effect as those issued under the direct authority of
this act, except as individual certificates may be suspended or*
revoked in accordance with regulations 4 and 8. Certificates in
States so designated shall have this force and effect for the period
of time specified by the board, unless in the judgment of the board
the withdrawal of such authorization at an earlier date seems desira­
ble for the effective administration of the act. Certificates requiring
conditions or restrictions additional to those required by the Federal
act or by the rules and regulations shall not be deemed to be incon­
sistent with the act.
R eg. 4.— S u s p e n s io n o r r e v o c a tio n o f c e r tif ic a te s .

S e c t io n 1 . Whenever an inspector duly authorized under this act
shall find that the age of a child employed in any mill, cannery,
workshop, factory, manufacturing establishment, mine, or quarry
as given on a certificate is incorrect, or that the time record is not
kept in accordance with regulation 8, he shall notify the child, the
employer, and the issuing officer that the certificate or the acceptance
of a State certificate for the purposes of this act is suspended and
indicate such suspension on the certificate or certificates.
S e c . 2. A statement of the facts for which the suspension was
made shall be forwarded by the inspector to the Secretary of Labor,
or such person as he may designate, who will either (a ) revoke or
withdraw the certificate or the acceptance of the certificate, or ( b )
veto the suspension according as in his judgment the facts of the
case warrant.
Due notice shall be sent to the child’s parent, guardian, or custo­
dian, to the employer, and to the issuing officer of the action taken in
regard to a suspended certificate.
S e c . 3. If the suspensi on of a certificate be vetoed, a new certificate
shall be issued upon the surrender of the one suspended. If for any


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49

reason such new certificate can not be obtained from a State issuing
officer, the notice of the veto if attached to a suspended certificate
shall be recognized and accepted as meeting the requirements of
section 5 of the act.
R eg. 5.— R e v o k e d o r s u s p e n d e d c e r tif ic a te s .

A revoked or suspended certificate will not protect a producer,
manufacturer, or dealer from prosecution under section 5 of the act
after notice of such suspension or revocation, except as provided in
regulation 4.
R eg. 6.— H o u r s o f e m p lo y m e n t.

In determining whether children between 14 and 16 years of age
have been employed more than eight hours in any day the hours of
employment shall be computed from the time the child is required
or permitted or suffered to be at the place of employment up to the
time when he leaves off work for the day exclusive of a single con­
tinuous period of a definite length of time during which the child
is off work and not subject to call.
R eg. 7.— D a y s o f e m p lo y m e n t.

A child may not be employed for more than six consecutive days.
R eg. 8.— T im e re c o r d .

S e c t io n 1. A time record shall be kept daily by producers or manu­
facturers showing the hours of employment in accordance with regu­
lation 6 for each and every child between 14 and 16 years of age,
whether employed on a time or a piece rate basis.
S e c . 2. Certificates of age for children employed in any mine or
quarry or in any mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or manufacturing
establishment may be suspended or revoked for failure on the part of
a manufacturer or producer to keep time records as required by this
regulation or for false or fraudulent entries made therein.
R eg. 9.— I n s p e c tio n .

An inspector duly authorized under this act shall have the right to
enter and inspect any mine or quarry, mill, cannery, workshop, fac­
tory, or manufacturing establishment, and other places in which
goods are produced or held for interstate commerce; to inspect the
certificates of age kept on file, time records and such other records of
the producer or manufacturer as may aid in the enforcement of the
act ; to have access to freight bills, shippers’ receipts, or other records
of shipments in interstate or foreign commerce kept by railroads,


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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

express companies, steamship lines, or other transportation companies
so far as they may aid in the enforcement of the act.
R eg. 10.— O b s tr u c tin g in s p e c tio n .

S e c t io n 1. It shall be the duty of a producer or manufacturer to
produce for examination by an inspector the certificates of age kept
on file and any child in the employ of a manufacturer or producer
whom the inspector may ask to see. Concealing or preventing or
attempting to conceal or prevent a child from appearing before an
inspector or being examined by him or hindering or delaying in
any way an inspector in the performance of his duties shall be con­
sidered an obstruction of inspection within the meaning of section 5.
Sec. 2. No owner, manager, or other person in charge of premises
or records shall be subject to prosecution for obstruction of inspec­
tion if the inspector shall refuse upon request to submit his identi­
fication card for examination by such owner, manager, or other
person.
R eg. 11.— R e m o v a l.

Withdrawal for any purpose of an article or commodity from the
place where it was manufactured or produced constitutes a removal
thereof within the meaning of the act; and the 30-day period within
which employment of children contrary to the standards prescribed
in section 1 of the act results in prohibiting shipment in interstate
or foreign commerce shall be computed from that time.
R eg. 12.— G u a r a n ty .

S e c t io n 1. A guaranty to protect a dealer from prosecution under
section 5 of the act shall be signed by and contain the name and
address of the manufacturer or producer; it shall be specific, covering
the particular goods shipped or delivered for shipment or trans­
portation, and shall not be a general guaranty covering ail goods
manufactured or produced or to be manufactured or produced by
the guarantor. It may be incorporated in or attached to or stamped
or printed on the bill of sale, bill of lading, or other schedule that
contains a list of the goods which the manufacturer or producer
intends to guarantee.
Sec. 2. A dealer shipping goods from a State other than the State
of manufacture or production does not require a guaranty in order
to be protected from prosecution. (See sec. 6 of the act.)
Sec. 3. A guaranty substantially in accordance with the following
forms will comply with the requirements of the act:
For products of mines or quarries—
(1 or w e), the undersigned, do hereby guarantee th a t the articles or com­
modities listed herein (or specify the sam e) were produced by (me or us) in a


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mine or quarry in which w ithin 30 days prior to removal th erefrom 1 no chil­
dren under the age of 16 years were employed or permitted to work.
(Nam e and place of business of producer or m anufacturer.)
(D ate of removal.)
For products of a mill, cannery, workshop, factory, or m anufacturing estab­
lishment—
(I or w e ), the undersigned, do hereby guarantee that the articles or com­
m odities listed herein (or specify the sam e) were produced or manufactured
by (me or us) in a (m ill, cannery, workshop, factory, or m anufacturing estab­
lishm ent) in which w ithin 30 days prior to the removal of such goods there­
fro m 1 no children under the age of 14 years were employed or permitted to
work, nor children between the ages of 14 years and 16 years were employed
or permitted to work more than eight hours in any day or more than six days
in any week, or after the hour of 7 o’clock p. m. or before the hour o f 6
o’clock a. m.
(Name and place of business of producer or manufacturer.)
(D ate of removal.)
R eg . 13.— A l t e r a t i o n a n d a m e n d m e n t o f r e g u la tio n s .

These regulations may be altered or amended at any time without
previous notice by the board as constituted in section 2 of the act.
[ P u b lic —No. 249—64th C o ng bess .]
[H. R. 8234.]

AN ACT To prevent interstate commerce in the products of child labor, and for
other purposes.
B e i t e n a c te d b y th e S e n a t e a n d H o u s e o f R e p r e s e n t a t i v e s o f th e U n ite d
S t a t e s o f A m e r ic a in C o n g r e s s a s s e m b le d , That no producer, manufacturer, or

dealer shall ship or deliver for shipment in interstate or foreign commerce any
article or commodity the product o f any mine or quarry, situated in the United
States, in which w ithin thirty days prior to the time of the removal of such
product therefrom children under the age of sixteen years have been employed
or permitted to work, or any article or commodity the product of any mill,
cannery, workship, factory, or m anufacturing establishm ent, situated in the
United States, in which w ithin thirty days prior to the removal of such product
therefrom children under the age of fourteen years have been employed or per­
m itted to work, or children between the ages of fourteen years and sixteen
years have been employed or permitted to work more than eight hours in any
day, or more than six days in any week, or after the hour of seven o’clock
postmeridian, or before the hour of six o’clock antem erid ian : P r o v id e d , That a
prosecution and conviction of a defendant for the shipment or delivery for
shipment of any article or commodity under the conditions herein prohibited
shall be a bar to any further prosecution against the same defendant for ship­
m ents or deliveries for shipment of any such article or commodity before the
beginning of said prosecution.
1 During the month of September, 1917, a m anufacturer or producer may substitute
for the clause “ w ithin 30 days prior to the removal therefrom ” the clause “ on and a fte r
September 1, 1917.”


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

S ec . 2. That the Attorney General, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Sec­
retary of Labor shall constitute a board to make and publish from time to time
uniform rules and regulations for carrying out the provisions of this act.
S ec. 3. That for the purpose of securing proper enforcement of this act the
Secretary of Labor, or any person duly authorized by him, shall have authority
to enter and inspect at any tim e mines, quarries, m ills, canneries, workshops,
factories, m anufacturing establishm ents, and other places in which goods are
produced or held for interstate commerce; and the Secretary of Labor shall
have authority to employ such assistance for the purposes of this act as may
from time to tim e be authorized by appropriation or other law.
S ec . 4. T hat it shall be the duty of each district attorney to whom the
Secretary of Labor shall report any violation of this act, or to whom any
State factory or m ining or quarry inspector, commissioner of labor, State
m edical instructor, or school-attendance officer, or any other person shall
present satisfactory evidence of any such violation to cause appropriate pro­
ceedings to be commenced and prosecuted in the proper courts of the United
States w ithout delay for the enforcement of the penalties in such cases herein
provided: P r o v id e d , That nothing in this act shall be construed to apply to
bona fide boys’ and girls’ canning clubs recognized by the Agricultural D epart­
ment of the several States and o f the U nited States.
Sec . 5. That any person who violates any of the provisions of section one
o f this act, or who refuses or obstructs entry or inspection authorized by
section three of this act, shall for each offense prior to the first conviction of
such person under the provisions o f this act, be punished by a fine of not more
than $200, and shall for each offense subsequent to such conviction be punished
by a fine of not more than $1,000, nor less than $100, or by imprisonment for
not more than three months, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the
discretion of the court: P r o v id e d , That no dealer shall be prosecuted under
the provisions of this act for a shipment, delivery for shipment, or transporta­
tion who establishes a guaranty issued by the person by whom the goods
shipped or delivered for shipment or transportation were m anufactured or
produced, resident in the United States, to the effect that such goods were
produced or manufactured in a mine or quarry in which w ithin thirty days
prior to their removal therefrom no children under the age of sixteen years
w ere employed or permitted to work, or in a mill, cannery, workshop, factory,
or m anufacturing establishm ent, in which w ithin thirty days prior to the
removal of such goods therefrom no children under the age of fourteen years
were employed or perm itted to work, nor children between the ages of fourteen
years and sixteen years employed or permitted to work more than eight hours
in any day or more than six days in any week or after the hour of seven
o’clock postmeridian or before the hour of six o’clock antem eridian ; and in such
event, if the guaranty contains any false statem ent of a m aterial fact, the guar­
antor shall be amenable to prosecution and to the fine or imprisonment provided
by this section for violation of the provisions of this act. Said guaranty, to afford
the protection above provided, shall contain the name and address of the person
giving the sam e : A n d p r o v i d e d f u r th e r , T hat no producer, manufacturer, or
dealer shall be prosecuted under th is act for the shipment, delivery for ship­
ment, or transportation of a product of any mine, quarry, mill, cannery, work­
shop, factory, or m anufacturing establishm ent, if the only employment therein,
w ithin thirty days prior to the removal of such product therefrom, of a child
under the age of sixteen years has been th at of a child as to whom the
producer or m anufacturer has in good faith procured, at the time of employing
such child, and has since in good fa ith relied upon and kept on file a certificate,


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issued in such form, under such conditions, and by such persons as may be
prescribed by the board, showing the child to be o f such an age that the
shipment, delivery for shipment, or transportation w as not prohibited by this
act. Any person who knowingly makes a false statem ent or presents false
evidence in or in relation to any such certificate or application therefor shall
be amenable to prosecution and to the fine or imprisonment provided by this
section for violations of this act. In any State designated by the board, an
employment certificate or other sim ilar paper as to the age o f the child, issued
under the law s of that State and not inconsistent w ith the provisions of this
act, shall have the same force and effect as a certificate herein provided for.
S ec . 6. T hat the word “ person ” as used in this act shall be construed to
include any individual or corporation or the members of any partnership or
other unincorporated association. The term “ ship or deliver for shipment in
interstate or foreign commerce ” as used in this act means to transport or
to ship or deliver for shipment from any State or Territory or the D istrict
of Columbia to or through any other State or Territory or the D istrict of
Columbia or to any foreign co u n try ; and in the case o f a dealer m eans only t*
transport or to ship or deliver for shipment from the State, Territory, or
district of manufacture or production.
S ec. 7. That this act shall take effect from and after one year from the date
of its passage.
Approved, September 1, 1916.


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THE “ WELFARE P L A N ” OF THE LAKE CARRIERS’ ASSOCIATION.
B Y P A U L F . B K IS S E N D E N .

At its convention, held in New York City, December 4 to 12, 1916,
the International Seamen’s Union of America adopted a resolution
requesting the United States Department of Labor “ to investigate
the employment system, shipping offices, and so-called ‘ Welfare plan ’
of the Lake Carriers’ Association and to make public the results of
such investigation.” The resolution charged that this welfare plan
was virtually a strike-breaking and blacklisting system, the continua­
tion of which would almost certainly lead to a serious strike on the
Lakes. A forthcoming bulletin of the Bureau of Labor Statistics will
present the results of an inquiry into the nature and operation of this
welfare plan.
The Lake Carriers’ Association is composed of vessel owners and
managers operating vessels upon the Great Lakes, principally such
vessels as carry iron ore, coal, and grain—articles which make up the
bulk of the tonnage on the Lakes. Its declared object is, among
other things, “ to establish and maintain by contract or otherwise
such amicable relations between employers and employed as will
avoid the public injury that would result from lockouts and strikes
in the Lake-carrying service.” The association has at the present time
a membership of 64 vessel owners or managers and operates through
them 414 boats. It carries about four-fifths of the total registered
tonnage of the Great Lakes. The most important, and virtually the
dominating member of the association is the Pittsburg Steamship
Co., a subsidiary of the United States Steel Corporation. This com­
pany carries about one-fourth of the total tonnage of the association.
As early as 1893 the association established shipping offices at the
various lake ports, and in 1901 had drawn up a plan for estab­
lishing in the principal ports of the Great Lakes “ club rooms ” for
the use of the seamen. “ Before the plan could be put 'into effect,
however, some of the unions,” according to what is apparently an
official statement of the association, “ proposed to undertake this
feature of the work and the plan was laid aside.” Contracts were
made with various unions to supply all men below the grade of
officers, the unions promising to deal justly in cases of injury, dis­
ability, or death in service. “ The result of this experiment,” the
statement concludes, “ was complete failure.”


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

In the spring of 1908 the original plan was somewhat elaborated,
definitely labeled “ The welfare plan,” and its provisions in substan­
tially their present form were put into effect in the lake ports and
on the association’s vessels with the opening of navigation. At the
same time the association announced its definite adoption of the
“ open-shop principle.”
The welfare plan provides for the maintenance of assembly rooms
at the various lake ports. Sailors are given the privileges of these
rooms upon the payment of an annual fee of $1. This entitles them
to certification and membership in the welfare plan. Members are
called welfare men by the association. If a sailor wishes to ship on
an association boat he is asked to enroll under the welfare plan
if he has not already done so. When labor is at a premium non­
members may be shipped, but the preference is given to welfare men.
Each man registered under the plan is given a registration or record
discharge book, called by the association a welfare book, in which is
kept a serial record of his service on association boats. This book
must be presented by the man when applying for work to the “ com­
missioner ” or shipping master in charge of the local assembly room
or shipping office and to the captain or chief engineer of the boat on
which he ships. The welfare book is kept in the possession of the
captain or chief engineer until he signs up the sailor’s “ discharge
record ” for the trip and returns the book to him.
The official association text of the welfare plan gives some impor­
tant details regarding the use of the welfare or discharge books:
“ The association record discharge book will be put in the hands of
the holder, to be deposited by him at the time of signing articles
with the master or chief engineer according to the department of
service. In this book such executive officer will at the termination
of the service on the ship, enter a discharge, and in the appropriate
column a statement of the character of service. If this entry be
; good ’ or i fair,’ the book shall be returned direct to the man, but
when, in the best judgment of the officer with whom the book is de­
posited, such entry can not justly be made and in every case of deser­
tion or failure to serve after engaging, the book shall be returned by
the master to the secretary of the association, together with a state­
ment in explanation from the officer with whom the book was de­
posited. The association will thereupon take such action in such
manner as it may deem wise and just as to canceling its outstanding
certificate of membership.”
On becoming a welfare man the sailor “ pledges that from engage­
ment on any vessel * * * in the Lake Carriers’ Association he
will perform all his lawful duties regardless of whether any officer
or member of the crew may or may not be a member of any union

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57

or association of any kind.” The great majority of the welfare men
are nonunion men and the union man who registers under the welfare
plan ceases to be an active union man. At the present time there
appears to be little or no formal discrimination against union men
by the association’s commissioners. None the less, the evidence indi­
cates that the welfare plan has operated to diminish union activity
and undermine the strength of the union. Active union propaganda,
at least, is incompatible with welfare membership and such member­
ship is virtually a prerequisite to employment on most lake vessels.
“ There is no requirement on the part of the Lake Carriers’ Asso­
ciation,” says one of its officials, “ that men shall belong to the wel­
fare plan in order to secure employment * * * other than that
officers of the boats insist that men employed on their vessels be
welfare men.”
The association denies that the assembly rooms are shipping or
employment offices on the ground that it is the captain of the boat
and not the commissioner who does the actual hiring. As the scheme
actually operates, however, the assembly rooms become clearing
houses for the buying and selling of seafaring labor, which is vir­
tually engaged by the commissioner subject to the approval of the
ultimate employer. They are comparable with the ordinary employ­
ment agencies, except that (1) the job seeker does not pay a specific
fee for each job, and (2) the commissioner does not formally hire.
It is worthy of notice that these association shipping offices put
greater restriction on the freedom of purchase and sale of labor than
do the ordinary employment agencies. The captain of an associ­
ation boat is not free to look where he will for sailors. Tie must
go to one of these assembly rooms. The sailor’s freedom in seeking
work is correspondingly restricted. He can not go directly to the
ship captain; at any rate, he may not apply to him unless he has
first become a welfare man. These restrictions are less rigidly
enforced when labor is scarce.
The union men insist that despite the general improvement of
sanitary and living conditions aboard ship, the sailors are now really
worse off than they were prior to the inauguration of the welfare
plan in 1908. As the union sailors look at it, they are now less free
than ever, being subject under the welfare plan to a system of virtual
espionage and under constant apprehension of the blacklist. The
average sailor is certainly no better satisfied with his job now than
he has been in the past, as is.pretty clearly demonstrated by the
continued high turnover of labor on the Lakes. The rate of turnover
on the association’s boats in 1916 was more than 600 per cent. It is
generally admitted that native American sailors are and have been for


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several years leaving the Lakes in increasing numbers to take jobs
ashore.
The association is making a systematic attempt to enforce a policy
of neutrality toward the unions. There is no question of the sincerity
of association officials on this point. The association is theoretically
neutral and formally intent on being fair to union men. However,
the interpretation and practical application of its open-shop principle
and the actual operation of its welfare plan have undeniably had a
damaging effect upon the lake unions. The welfare plan has cer­
tainly been a factor in reducing the membership and influence of the
sailors’ unions.
An official statement issued by the Lake Seamen’s Union declares
that through this welfare system “ the seaman is to be held in con­
stant fear of an adverse opinion being rendered against him by any
captain he serves under.” The statement continues: “Always he
must dread that the master will refuse to return his book when the
term of employment is ended. If he desires to quit when the cap­
tain does not want him to, he must hesitate—terror of being deprived
of the book is relied upon to bind him to the ship. He must not dare
resent ill treatment; he must not complain under constant espion­
age; he must live in fear, always in dread of the fatal mark. The
continuous discharge-book system is far more cruel than any ordinary
blacklist. The particular system chosen by the lake carriers is the
most outrageous of any wTe have ever heard of. Might is to be made
rig h t; fear is to be law.”
The available evidence indicates that without the slightest impu­
tation of insincerity on the part of the association in its profession
of a genuine neutrality toward the unions, the general effect of the
welfare plan in the actual administration of its provisions by the
general officers of the association, its commissioners, and those in
authority on its boats, is discriminatory toward the unions. No mat­
ter how disinterestedly neutral the association has endeavored to be,
the obvious result has been the elimination of union men, the use of
strike breakers, and the virtual exercise of the power of the black­
list. The membership of the association has increased; that of the
union has diminished. Undoubtedly many sailors exaggerate the
situation and all of them are more or less affected psychologically
by the fact that the most important member of the association is a
subsidiary of the steel corporation. Perhaps also some of that “ dread
of the blacklist,” of which union officials so often speak, is a product
of the sailors’ imagination. Yet there seems to be no doubt that the
welfare plan, whether or not so intended, is admirably suited to limit
the employee’s freedom of activity.


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MEDICAL, HOSPITAL, AND SURGICAL TREATMENT FOR
EMPLOYEES.
BY A N IC E L . W H IT N E Y .

A study of work for industrial betterment carried on by employ­
ers, covering a large section of the country and including many firms
which are large employers of labor, was made recently by agents of
the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Schedules were taken
for 431 establishments, 375 of which, with a total of 1,204,010 em­
ployees, reported some provisions for giving medical treatment.
These establishments cover a great variety of industries, such as
mining, foundries and machine shops, manufacturing of iron and
steel, electrical supplies, automobiles, furniture, boots and shoes,
textiles, and explosives; also steam and electric railroads, telegraph
and telephone companies, electric light and power companies, and
stores.
The method of caring for the health of employees along strictly
medical lines varies greatly with the needs of the industry and the
individual ideas of employers. I t ranges from the most simple equip­
ment, consisting of first-aid cabinets located in the office or about
the plant, to the most elaborate and up-to-date emergency hospitals.
These hospitals often consist of a suite of rooms including doctors’
offices, operating rooms, and wards for men and women with doctors
and nurses on duty throughout the working hours. This work has grown to large proportions in many industries be­
cause of the impetus which lias been given to the safety movement
in the last few years. As a result of this work in the mining and
iron and steel industries especially, crews of men are instructed in
the principles and practice of first aid, and interest is stimulated
and maintained among the employees by means of safety-first maga­
zines and bulletins and by contests among various first-aid teams
for which prizes are given. In some cases the day on which these
contests take place becomes the gala day of the year for the em­
ployees and their families. The participation in rescue and first-aid
work is entirely voluntary on the part of employees, but each one
before being allowed to enter the work must have a doctor’s cer­
tificate showing that he is physically fit to undertake it. Four to six
men are assigned to each first-aid crew and the course consisting of
lectures, demonstrations, and drills is usually completed in 12 lessons.
This training by the company doctor goes on continually, and many
8809°—17----- 5


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new crews are added each year. Rescue crews consist of from five to
eight men who are trained by special instructors to work with rescue
helmets in a room filled wTith smoke or noxious gases. One company
has a fully equipped, rescue car containing stretchers and stretcher
racks with a capacity of from 16 to 20 men. There is also a small
operating room with sterilizing equipment and a supply of drugs
and dressings. In addition the car carries oxygen helmets, safety
lamps, reels of life line, and two pulmotors, and is always ready with
the necessary crew of men in case of emergency.
In the mining industry, where much of the work is done by firstaid crews, there are first-aid boxes at the different mine levels and
sometimes emergency and refuge chambers built of concrete. One
company reports a special signal system in case of accidents, to call
the first-aid men. Stretchers and usually pulmotors, or lung motors,
are supplied. One company keeps first-aid boxes dry by use of elec­
tric-light bulbs. Pocket first-aid cases are also frequently furnished
the men.
Of the 375 establishments reporting provisions for medical treat­
ment 110 have first-aid equipment; of these, 77 have first-aid kits
only, 16 have first-aid cabinets with stretcher or cot, 12 have first-aid
kits in rest rooms, 5 have kit, stretcher, and pulmotor.
In the mining and iron and steel industries, in foundries, ma­
chine shops, and other extrahazardous industries the emergency
hospital equipment is often very elaborate. All the modern sanitary
appliances, such as faucets, which are operated by foot or knee pres­
sure, glass cabinets for medicines and instruments, porcelain tables,
electric sterilizers, and complete equipment for major and minor
operations, are found. Forty-three of these establishments employ
surgeons, so that accidents, even though very serious, may be cared
for without the loss of time which is often so serious a factor in
surgical cases. In order that there may be as little delay as possible
in getting patients to the general hospital, eight establishments which
are not equipped to care for very serious cases have their own am­
bulances, of which six are motors.
There is a systematic endeavor in most establishments which possess
good emergency equipment to have the employees report to the doctor
or nurse for even the slightest injuries, and as a result there has been
a great reduction in the number of cases of infection. In many cases
severe penalties are imposed if workers endeavor to remove particles
from the eyes of fellow workmen or bind up cuts or scratches, and
sometimes this is considered sufficient cause for discharge.
About 190 of the companies visited give free medical service to
employees in addition to the accident work. In those industries in
which accidents are rare and seldom serious much has been made of


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the medical service, and in department stores and large offices, which
almost uniformly have elaborate emergency equipment, employees
are encouraged to report to the hospital for the most trivial com­
plaints. In these establishments often a large percentage of the em­
ployees are treated each month, while in those which confine them­
selves to accident work only, comparatively few usually receive
treatment. Of the 375 establishments, 265 have hospital equipment
varying from very ordinary to very elaborate, and 110 other estab­
lishments have first-aid kits only. Of these 375 establishments, 171
employ doctors, 84 have doctors on call, 99 have none, and 21 do not
report. One hundred and twenty-two establishments employ 1 doctor
each, 20 employ 2 doctors, 8 employ 3, and 16 employ numbers varying
from 4 to 12. Two companies employ 14 and 22 doctors, respectively,
each company having several plants; another employs 43, but this
company covers a wide territory and much family work is included.
One company has a hospital adjacent to the plant which was started
by the firm but is now a public hospital at which all emergency cases
are treated. One other does not report number of doctors. Of the
doctors reported in the 171 establishments, 48 are reported as sur­
geons.
Trained nurses are employed by 181 establishments, 165 have none,
and 29 do not report. Of these 181 establishments, 104 have 1 trained
nurse each, 39 have 2 nurses, 20 have 3, 12 have from 4 to 8; the
5 employing more than 8 have reported for more than one plant.
In one establishment the nurses in the company hospital serve as
emergency nurses.
The management of one very large company employing many
young women believes that the company should not take the respon­
sibility of treating its employees in any except the very simplest
first-aid cases. It is the policy of this company to have a first-aid
cabinet in the rest room in charge of one of the older employees, and
if any sudden, serious case develops to send for a physician. As
far as possible, however, the company works through the family
physician, believing that a better feeling results on the part of em­
ployees and their families if this is done. This company also be­
lieves that a finely equipped emergency hospital encourages those
with trifling ailments to think too much of them, and makes it too
easy often to get medicine without which in the end the employee
would probably be better off.
The emergency hospital work is to a certain extent allied with that
of the benefit association, and in a few instances is managed by this
association, the employer giving space and equipment and usually
making a contribution to the association funds. In the majority of
cases, however, the employer pays for and controls the hospital work,


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and the medical work in connection with the benefit association is
incidental to the regular work of the hospital.
It is quite a general practice to give applicants for employment
a more or less comprehensive physical examination. This ranges
from a few general questions to a thorough physical test, of which
complete records are made and kept. It is also quite usual for such
establishments to reexamine after absence from illness or other
causes. It is to be understood that the main purpose of entrance
examinations is to exclude those who are undesirables from the
standpoint of the employer—that is, usually those suffering from
tuberculosis or other contagious diseases—although occasionally firms
having some outside work are willing to take tubercular people. In
a very fewT instances, however, valuable assistance is given by the
medical department in helping employees to correct minor defects
revealed by the examinations. One firm employing a very large
number of men gives advice to applicants who are rejected because
of defective physical condition as to the correct treatment necessary
for cure or help and recommends them to reliable physicians or
hospitals. Where circumstances warrant the arrangements for hos­
pital care are made by the health director of the company. Only
such applicants are rejected as are totally incapacitated or are suffer­
ing from contagious or infectious diseases. The claim is made by
this firm that by means of this advice 25 per cent of the rejected are
reclaimed and hired. Another place reports that of the T per cent
rejected the proportion able to remedy their defects through proper
attention is large enough to reduce the net rejections to less than
2 per cent.
Periodic examinations are found less frequently than preliminary
medical examinations. In occupations which are subject to occu­
pational diseases or in establishments which handle or manufacture
food products, periodic examinations are either necessary for com­
pliance with the State or municipal law or are so manifestly a require­
ment of ordinary humanity and social protection that they can not
be regarded as welfare work. Examinations given by steam and
electric railroads are mainly for sight and hearing, and, therefore,
are more for the protection of the public than for the benefit of the
employees. In the comparatively few cases besides these in which
periodic examinations are given general corrective work is done
or a change of work is ordered in cases where it is found that
employees are not physically capable of doing the work assigned to
them. This, as well as leave of absence sometimes with and some­
times without pay, is often the method of dealing with the less
serious cases. Employees who are found to be in a generally run­
down or anemic condition are frequently given egg and milk or


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malted milk regularly, and the results of this diet are carefully noted
by physicians or nurses. Special examinations and subsequent medi­
cal attention are given in a number of establishments upon request
of the employee.
Of the 49 establishments which report periodic examinations, 17
have annual examinations and of these 10 examine all employees,
1 examines heads of departments and assistants annually, the re­
maining employees being examined at the end of one year’s service and
not thereafter, and G do not report the number examined each year.
Six establishments have semiannual examinations, and of these 1
examines all employees, another all but the salaried force, 1 all
male employees, while the others do not report classes of employees
examined ; 2 of these establishments give semiannual dental exami­
nations. Of the other periodic examinations reported 4 (3 biennial
and 1 every four years) are by railroads and 22 are for food handlers
or for persons exposed to occupational diseases, and vary from weekly
to bimonthly examinations.
Nine establishments examine after absence on account of illness or
for other causes and of these 1 examines every two years and also
before promotion and reemployment, 1 establishment examines
laborers after one year of service, 18 report special examinations in
cases of suspected tuberculosis or other disease, and 3 give them
on request of the employees. Fifteen report definite corrective work
on the part of physicians as a result of examinations. Four give
egg and milk or malted milk to employees in poor physical condition.
Thirty-two firms will pay the entire expenses of employees who,
after a reasonable length of service, develop tuberculosis, but if the
employee is able to pay part of the expenses he is expected to do so.
One firm maintains its own tuberculosis sanatorium in the mountains,
to which all of its employees suffering from this disease are sent; a
limited number of employees suffering from other diseases are also
cared for at this place. Because of lack of local facilities for the
care of tuberculosis another firm has established a special dispensary
near the plant for the use of employees who either have contracted
tuberculosis or are suspected of having it. These patients are under
the constant oversight of a doctor, and a specially trained nurse who
superintends their examination at the clinic and also visits them in
their homes to teach the most modern methods of prevention and cure.
The most serious cases are kept at the dispensary. In Chicago a
number of firms are contributors to a tuberculosis sanatorium where
employees of these firms may be treated at much reduced rates ; and
in cases of necessity no payment at all is required.
Thirty-two firms send employees to sanatoriums. Two establish­
ments have a joint fund given by employer and employees for sana-


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torium care of tubercular cases. Sixteen companies pay all expenses,
1 pays all after two years’ service, 1 after three years’ service,
and another pays if employees are unable to do so. One company
has its own sanatorium and several other firms send to a sanatorium
which is maintained jointly.
Change of occupation in cases of poor physical condition is re­
ported in 14 cases, and leave of absence either with or without pay
for the purpose of recuperation is reported in 6 cases. Several
companies have introduced dental service for their employees. One
company having semiannual dental examinations for all employees
has a suite of rooms consisting of dentists’ offices, a sterilizing room,
and a radiograph room. The rooms are of white enamel with
porcelain fittings, glass-topped tables and desks, and faucets op­
erated by foot pressure. Radiographs are made in all cases of sus­
pected blind abscess. General prophylactic work is done, and a
report made to the patient of the teeth which need attention. Very
complete records are kept of all cases.
Another plant employing one dentist and two assistants has had
a dental dispensary in operation for several years. The office is
equipped with two chairs and two sets of instruments, so that no
time is lost between patients, and one set of instruments is always
sterilized and ready for immediate use. All employees in need of
immediate attention are cared for, but only those who have been in
the company’s employ for more than six months are entitled to re­
ceive extensive treatment. Nearly all kinds of dental work are done
at no expense to the employees. This work costs the employer a little
more than $4 a year per employee. Here, as in several other estab­
lishments, toothbrushes and powder are sold at cost. Still another
place which provides general surgical work gives prophylactic treat­
ment for the preservation of the teeth and also treats pyorrhea.
Others do regular dental work but charge for the cost of materials
only. In one establishment, while the work is done on the com­
pany’s time, the charge to the employee is the actual cost of the
work to the company.
There are a few instances of employers providing the services of
an ear, nose, and throat specialist or of an oculist who examines
eyes free and furnishes glasses at cost. Out of 43 department stores
included in this topic, 3 furnish chiropodists, owing to the prevalence
of foot troubles caused by the strain of long standing. Five com­
panies employ oculists, 19 employ dentists, and 2 ear, nose, and throat
specialists.
Visits to the home by the doctor or visiting nurse are often of great
value. One very large firm has an efficient method of keeping track
of employees who are out because of illness. These employees are


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reported every 12 days by the absentee department and a special
investigation is conducted. In case the employee needs financial
assistance, either for medical service or for the support of his family,
he is given a regular weekly allowance from the “ aid-to-the-sick” fund
which the company maintains. Another company has a systema­
tized method of caring for its employees who are absent because of
illness or injury. Such employees are required to notify the health
department within 24 hours. A trained nurse calls on the second
day of absence, and every third day thereafter, to see that the
patient is receiving proper medical attention. While this company
does not attempt to do organized social supervision or give bed­
side care, the nurses try to instruct families in the essentials of
American standards of living. Each nurse engaged in this work
is assigned to a district and is encouraged to cooperate with public
and private agencies that are concerned with the betterment of social
conditions. In this establishment, as in others that employ visiting
nurses, automobiles are furnished by the company for the use of the
nurses.
In several instances absences are investigated by the visiting nurse
who gives advice and assistance, and in one case her report to the
manager is the basis for help extended by the company.
Of the establishments scheduled, 166, employing 429,871 male
workers, report 102,701 male cases of illness and accident, or 24 per
cent in an average month, while 90 establishments, employing 83,034
female employees, report 22,819 cases, or 27 per cent for a like period.
Two hundred and sixty-one establishments, including several which
do not report cases by sex, with a total of 770,889 employees, report
196,722 cases, or 26 per cent. For the establishments reporting
the per cent varies in male cases from less than 1 to 70, in female
cases from less than 1 to 74; in total male and female from less
than 1 to 68 per cent. Included in the totals are 9 establishments
showing a percentage running from 76 to 110. I t should be borne
in mind that these are the per cents that the number of “ cases ” are
of the number of employees, and may or may not be the per cents
that the number of employees receiving treatment are of the total
number of employees. This arises from the fact that the same em­
ployees may have received treatment at two or more distinct times
during the month, and each treatment would be considered a “ case.”
I t is also to be emphasized that the term “ illness and accident” as
used here includes all cases reported to the hospital, many of them
of a very minor character.
While these per cents may have no definite value as showing the
proportion of employees treated, they do show in a general way


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the great variation in the relation between the number of employees
and the services rendered.
For a company having a limited amount of space and wishing to
install emergency equipment at a moderate cost, one room that was
equipped at an approximate cost of $1,000 was almost a model of
its kind. The floor of rubber tiling cost $350. The plumbing, which
was of the most modern type, having knee-pressure faucets and all
of the fittings of the best porcelain, cost $250. The rest of the equip­
ment, consisting of two medicine cabinets, an instrument cabinet, a
porcelain operating slab, an electric instantaneous heater for use in
case the other hot-water supply should fail, an electric warming pan,
a sanitary cot, and a sanitary screen by which the cot can be entirely
shut off from the rest of the room, was furnished at a cost of about
$400.
A description of elaborate emergency equipment which has been
practically standardized by one large company and which may be
modified to meet the needs of individual plants is as follows: All
interior woodwork is finished with a sufficient number of coats of
paint and enamel to give a finish which can be easily washed and
kept clean. The operating, re-dressing, and bath rooms have a tile
or vitralite wainscoting, and the floors are of marble chips set in
white cement. This is preferable to a tile flooring, as tile where
subject to rough usage becomes gray and porous and thus more
difficult to keep in a sanitary condition. Steel enamel chairs and
tables are used in preference to wood, as they are more sanitary and
wear better. The re-dressing room is used for the re-dressing of all
cases and for minor injury and medical cases. The equipment here
consists of a washstand with knee or foot faucet attachments, a foot
bath, medicine and instrument cabinets, bottle rack for antiseptic
solutions, basin stands, instrument sterilizers, dressing carriage
tables, chairs, and nurse’s desk, Justrite pail, and the necessary sur­
gical instruments.
The operating room is equipped similarly to the re-dressing room
with the addition of high-pressure steam, hot and cold water, instru­
ment and utensil sterilizer. The wards or recovery rooms are
equipped with beds, tables, and chairs. Beds are furnished with
electric warming blankets and heating pads. The X-ray and labo­
ratory room is used for diagnoses of fractures and of various diseases.
1 here is undoubtedly much valuable preventive and curative work
done through the agency of these hospitals. In many cases em­
ployees who are too poor or too careless to take steps to secure the
proper treatment for themselves or who do not realize that such
treatment is necessary are advised and cared for in time, and much
needless suffering is thereby avoided. I f the work is intelligently


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and conscientiously carried out and the tendency to give medicine
for too trivial causes is avoided, the results to the employee will be
better health and increased earning power and to the employer a
more efficient force of employees.

ORGANIZATION UNDER THE ACT TO CONTROL FOOD AND FUEL.

Immediately after the approval of the administration food-control
bill (H. R. 4961) on August 10, the President formally appointed
Mr. Herbert C. Hoover as Food Administrator. Previous to the
enactment of the law granting the President this authority Air.
Hoover had been designated by the Chief Executive to assume un­
officially, so far as authorization by Congress was concerned, the
responsibility of mobilizing the food resources of the country, con­
serving the visible supply of farm products, and promoting through
every practicable and economic means the stabilization of prices to
the private consumer and the Government and the guaranty of fair
returns to the producer. Now that it has been officially recognized,
the food administration announces a threefold purpose: (1) So to
guide trade in the fundamental food commodities as to eliminate
vicious speculation, extortion, and wasteful practices, and to stabilize
prices in the essential staples; (2) to guard our exports so that
against the world’s shortage we may retain sufficient supplies for
our own people and cooperate with the allies to prevent inflation of
prices; and (3) to stimulate the saving of food in order that exports
to our allies may be increased to a point which will enable them to
provision their armies and to feed their peoples during the coming
winter.
The purpose of the recently enacted food-control law, under which
the food administration is acting, is, according to the preamble, “ to
assure an adequate supply and equitable distribution and to facilitate
the movement of foods, feeds, fuel (including fuel oil and natural
gas), and fertilizer and fertilizer ingredients, tools, utensils, imple­
ments, machinery, and equipment required for the actual production
of foods, feeds, and fuel, hereafter in this act called necessaries; to
prevent, locally or generally, scarcity, monopolization, hoarding, in­
jurious speculation, manipulations, and private controls, affecting
such supply, distribution, and movement ; and to establish and main­
tain governmental control of such necessaries during the war. For
such purposes the instrumentalities, means, methods, powers, authori­
ties, duties, obligations, and prohibitions hereinafter set forth are
created, established, conferred, and prescribed. The President is


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authorized to make such regulations and to issue such orders as are
essential effectively to carry out the provisions of this act.”
Briefly summarized, the law authorizes the President :
1. To establish and m aintain Government control of all necessaries for the
period of the war.
2. To requisition or commandeer any supplies that may he considered neces­
sary for the armed forces or the common safety of the United States, and to
pay compensation therefor.
3. To license the importation, manufacture, storage, mining, or distribution
of any necessaries if essential to carry into effect any of the purposes of the
act, and to order any licensee making unreasonable, unjust, or unfair storage
charges, commission or profit, to discontinue such practice.
4. To create and use any agency or agencies, to accept the service of any
person w ithout compensation, to cooperate w ith any agency or person, to
U tilize any department or agency of the Government, and to coordinate their
activities so as to avoid any preventable loss or duplication of effort or funds.
5. To stop the practice of food destruction by speculators for the purpose of
raising prices.
6. To requisition foods, feeds, fuels, and other supplies necessary to the
support of the Army or the maintenance of the Navy, or any other public use
connected w ith the common defense, and to requisition, or otherw ise provide,
storage facilities for such supplies ; and he shall ascertain and pay a just
compensation therefor.
7. To purchase, to store, to provide storage fa cilities for, and to sell for
cash at reasonable prices, wheat, flour, meal, beans, and potatoes.
S. To requisition and take over, for use or operation by the Government,
any factory, packing house, oil pipe line, mine, or other plant, or any part
thereof, in or through which any necessaries are or may be m anufactured,
produced, prepared, or mined, and to operate the same.
9. To determ ine and fix, and to give public notice of w hat, under specified
conditions, is a reasonable guaranteed price for w heat in order to assure pro­
ducers a reasonable profit, and to fix such guaranteed price for each of the
official grain standards for w heat as established in the United States GrainStandards Act. “ The guaranteed prices for th e several standard grades of
w heat for the crop of 1918 shall be based upon number one northern spring, or
its equivalent, at not less than $2 per bushel at the principal interior primary
m arkets.”
10. To prohibit the use of food, fruits, food m aterials, or feeds in the d istil­
lation of beverages after September 8, 1917.
11. To prohibit the im portation of distilled liquors.
12. To commandeer any or all distilled spirits in bond or in stock at the
date of the approval of this act for redistillation, in so far as such redistillation
may be necessary to meet the requirements o f the Government in the manu­
facture of munitions and other m ilitary and hospital supplies, or in so far as
such .redistillation would dispense w ith the necessity of utilizing products and
m aterials suitable for foods and feeds in the future m anufacture of distilled
spirits for the purposes herein enumerated. The President shall determ ine
and pay a just compensation for the distilled spirits so commandeered.
13. To regulate, curtail, or prohibit the m anufacture o f vinous or malt liquors.
14. To fix the price of coal and coke, wherever and whenever sold, either by
producer or dealer, to establish rules for the regulation of and to regulate the
method of production, sale, shipment, distribution, apportionment, or storage


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thereof among dealers and consumers, domestic or foreign ; or if any dealer
or producer fails to meet the prices or conform to the regulations prescibed,
the President is “ authorized and empowered in every such case to requisition
and take over the plant, business, and all appurtenances thereof belonging to
such producer or dealer as a going concern, and to operate or cause the same
to be operated in such manner and through such agency as he may direct
during the period of the w ar or for such part of said tim e as in his judgment
may be necessary,” and to pay “ a ju st compensation for the use thereof.”
15. To require any or all producers o f coal and coke * * * to sell their
products only to the United States through an agency to be designated by the
President, such agency to regulate the resale of such coal and coke and the
prices thereof, and to. establish rules for the regulation of and to regulate the
methods of production, shipment, distribution, apportionment, or storage thereof
among dealers and consumers, domestic or foreign, and to make payment of
the purchase price thereof to the producers thereof, or to the person or persons
legally entitled to said payment.
16. To procure, or aid in procuring, such stocks of nitrate of soda as he may
determine to be necessary, and find available, for increasing agricultural pro­
duction during the calendar years 1917 and 1918, and to dispose of the same for
cash at cost, including all expenses connected therewith.

Pursuant to the power granted him as to issuing licenses under cer­
tain conditions, as mentioned in No. 3 above, the President on August
14 issued a proclamation requiring all those engaged in the business
of either storing or distributing wheat or rye as owners, lessees, or
operators of warehouses or elevators, and all those engaged in the
business of manufacturing any products derived from wheat or rye
(except those operating mills and manufacturing plants of a daily
capacity of 100 barrels or less and farmers and cooperative associa­
tions of farmers), to take out a Government license on or before
September 1, 1917.
Upon his appointment as Food Administrator, Mr. Hoover issued
a statement, outlining his plan for controlling the 1917 wheat harvest
and fixing the price, in which he announced the President’s approval
of the appointment of a committee to be selected from representa­
tives of the producing sections and consuming elements in the com­
munity. The duty of this committee is to determine a fair price for
the 1917 wheat harvest. In this connection Mr. Hoover says :
Upon the determ ination of this fair basis it is the intention of the food admin­
istration to use every authority given it under the biil and the control of exports
to effect the universality of this fair basis throughout the whole of the 1917
harvest year, w ithout change or fluctuation. It should thus be clear that it w ill
not be to the advantage of any producer to hold back his grain in anticipation
of further advance, for he w ill do so only at his own cost of storage and interest,
and, if it is necessary for the Government to buy the entire wheat harvest in
order to m aintain this fair price in protection of the producer, w e intend to do so.
Furthermore, the holding of w heat or flour contracts by persons not engaged
in the trade, and even when in the trade, in larger quantities than is necessary


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for the ordinary course of tlieir business, is unlaw ful under the act, and such
cases w ill be prosecuted w ith vigor. W e would advise such holders to liquidate
their contracts at once.

This committee on prices was announced August 15, and is com­
posed of men chosen primarily for their character and ability and
peculiar fitness for the duties resting upon them, without regard
to the fact that they represent any particular organization or come
from any particular section of the country. However, it will be
observed by a careful study of the personnel of the committee that
its members represent widely distributed geographical districts and
are connected with organizations and enterprises having deep interest
in the regulation of prices. Among the membership are four
farmers, one capitalist, three college presidents, one banker, one
professor of economics, and two representatives of labor. I t should
be borne in mind that this committee is giving its first attention to
determining a fair price for wheat this year, upon which basis future
prices will be fixed, subject, of course, to the provision in the foodcontrol law establishing a minimum price for 1918 of $2 per bushel
in the principal interior primary markets. The fixing of fair prices
for other foodstuffs will be determined later. The personnel of the
fair-price committee is as follows:
Harry A. Garfield, chairman (college president and professor of
political science), president of Williams College, Williamstown, Mass.
Charles J. Barrett (farmer), president of Farmers’ Union, Union
City, Ga.
William N. Doak, vice president and national legislative represent­
ative of Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen at Washington, Roanoke,
Va.
Eugene E. Funk (farmer and member of firm of Funk Bros.’ Seed
Co.), president of National Corn Association, Bloomington, 111.
Edwin F. Ladd (college president and professor of chemistry),
president of North Dakota Agricultural College, Fargo, N. Dak.
R. Goodwin Rhett (banker and business man), president of Cham­
ber of Commerce of the United States, Charleston, S. C.
J. W. Shorthill (farmer), secretary of National Council of Farm­
ers’ Cooperative Associations, York, Nebr.
James W. Sullivan, representative of American Federation of
Labor at Washington, Brooklyn, N. Y.
L. J. Tabor (farmer), master of Ohio State Grange, Barnesville,
Ohio.
Frank W. Taussig professor of economics), chairman of United
States Tariff Commission, Cambridge, Mass.
Theodore N. Vail (capitalist), president of American Telephone &
Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y.


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Henry J. Waters (college president and professor of agricultural
science), president of Kansas State Agricultural College, Manhattan,
Kans.
At the same time the fair-price committee was made public the
formation of a $50,000,000 corporation under the grain division of
the food administration was announced, to be used in connection
with wheat purchasing, selling, and accounting, and the taking over
of the entire 1917 wheat harvest, if necessary, to maintain the prices
to be determined by the fair-price committee. The executive officers
of this corporation consist of TI. C. Hoover, chairman; Julius
Barnes, Duluth, Minn., president; Gates W. McGarrah, president of
the Mechanics & Metals Bank, New York City, treasurer; F. G.
Crowell, Kansas City, Mo., vice president; Edward Chambers, vice
president of Santa Fe Railway, Chicago, 111., transportation director;
Judge Curtis H. Lindley, San Francisco, Cal., counsel; J. W. Shorthill, secretary of National Council of Farmers’ Cooperative Associa­
tions, York, Nebr., secretary.
Twelve men have been named by the Food Administration to repre­
sent the grain division in the purchasing of wheat at the various
terminals. These men are as follows: George S. Jackson, Baltimore;
Charles Kennedy, Buffalo; Howard B. Jackson, Chicago; P. H.
Ginder, Duluth; D. F. Piazzek, Kansas City, Mo.; Frank L. Carey,
Minneapolis; C. B. Fox, New Orleans; Charles T. Neal, Omaha;
H. B. Irwin, Philadelphia; M. IT. Houser, Portland, Oreg.; R. A.
Lewin, San Francisco; and Edward M. Flesh, St. Louis.
The millers of the country, at the request of the Food Administra­
tion, have organized a committee to represent the entire trade, and
this committee, as announced on August 15 at a conference held in
Washington, is as follows: Chairman, James F. Bell, Minneapolis;
secretary, A. P. Husband, Chicago; Northwest, Albert C. Loring,
Minneapolis; Southwest, Andrew J. Hunt, Arkansas City, Ivans.;
Southeast, E. M. Kelly, Nashville, Tenn.; St. Louis and Illinois,
Samuel Plant, St. Louis; Ohio Valley, Mark N. Mennel, Toledo,
Ohio; Chicago and Milwaukee, Bernard A. Eckhart, Chicago; Pacific
Coast, Theodore B. Wilcox, Portland, Oreg.

BOARD TO ADJUST LABOR DISPUTES IN PLANTS HAYING
GOVERNMENT CONTRACTS.

The Council of National Defense announces the creation of a laboradjustment commission, the personnel of which at this writing has
not been determined, composed of three representatives of the Gov­
ernment, three representatives of employers, and three representatives
of employees, to whom shall be referred all disputes concerning wages


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

or conditions of employment in plants working on Government con­
tracts. This commission shall have power to appoint labor-adjust­
ment committees to hear and determine such labor disputes as the
commission may assign to them, involving less than 1,000 workers (the
commission itself handling those involving more than 1,000 workers),
and the awards of the commission or of any committee appointed by
it shall be binding upon employers and employees. In announcing
the creation of this commission the Council of National Defense
issued the following statement defining the functions of the new
body : 1
First. There shall be created by the Council of National Defense
a labor-adjustment commission to be composed of nine members—
three members representative of the Government, three members rep­
resentative of employers, and three members representative of labor.
Vacancies shall be filled by representatives of the same elements
selected in the same manner. The commission shall have jurisdic­
tion over all disputes concerning wages or conditions of employment
in all establishments having contracts with the Government in ac­
cordance with the eight-hour law of June 19^ 1912, or March 3, 1913,
and shall hear and determine all labor disputes in which more than
1,000 workers are directly affected and may, in its discretion, hear
and determine labor disputes in which less than 1,000 workers are
directly affected. It shall also have authority to appoint from time
to time labor-adjustment committees to hear and determine such
labor disputes as may be assigned to them by the commission where
less than 1,000 workers are directly affected, such committees to be
representative of the same elements as the commission. The awards
of the labor-adjustment commission or labor-adjustment committees
appointed by it shall be made in each case not more than 30 days
after the case has been submitted to the commission, and shall be
binding upon the employers and the employees in the plant or plants
affected for such period as may be expressed in the award, but not
longer than 60 days after the close of the war. In all hearings before
the commission or committees the employers and employees affected
shall have the right to be represented in the presentation of their
respective cases by such persons as they may select under such rules
as the commission may prescribe.
Second. That in every contract hereafter made by the Govern­
ment in accordance with the eight-hour law of June 19, 1912, or
March 3, 1913, which may require or involve the employment of
laborers or mechanics, there shall be included the following stipu­
lations: That wages of persons employed upon such contracts shall
be computed on a basic day rate of eight-hours’ work, with overtime
1 Statem ent taken from the Official B ulletin for Aug. 10, 1917, p. 2.


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73

rates to be paid for at not less than time and one-half for all hours
work in excess of eight hours. That whenever a labor dispute arises
in any establishment under contract with the Government in ac­
cordance with the provisions of the eight-hour law of June 19, 1912,
or March 3, 1913, which the employers and employees, or their repre­
sentatives, are unable to mutually adjust and a strike or lockout seems
imminent, the Department of Labor may, on its own initiative or at
the request of the employers, the employees, or the department whose
contract is affected, appoint a mediator, who shall, on behalf of the
Government, endeavor to bring about a mutually satisfactory aclj ustment of the dispute. If the mediator thus appointed is unable to
bring the employers and employees to a mutual agreement, the ques­
tion or questions in dispute shall be submitted for adjudication to the
adjustment commission created by the Council of National Defense,
work to be continued pending its decision. Every contractor and
subcontractor shall agree to accept and abide by the decision of the
labor-adjustment commission or labor-adjustment committee, as
the case may be, and every worker accepting employment in any
plant within the jurisdiction of the adjustment commission shall do
so with the definite understanding and agreement that he will accept
and abide by the decisions of the adjustment commission or the ad­
justment committee, as the case may be, in the settlement of any ques­
tion affecting labor submitted to it for adjudication.


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METHODS OF MEETING THE DEMANDS FOR LABOR.
BY C H A R L E S F . OSBORN.

In the existing emergency arising from war conditions the need
for additional labor in many industries has proved very great. This
need has been met both by the creation of new employment agencies
and by the extension and development of existing organizations. A
large additional burden has been placed on the United States Civil
Service Commission, especially in the furnishing of artisans, helpers,
and additional laborers at naval establishments. In this article is
given an account of the method now being used in securing this type
of labor. The United States Department of Labor, through its
Division of Information, has extended and amplified its Organization
to meet existing conditions, and has also organized a new agency
known as the United States Public Service Deserve. This unit oper­
ates under the supervision of the United States Department of Labor,
and a description of its methods of work is also presented, together
with a statement of the work now being done by the Division of
Information of the United States Department of Labor. All of
these agencies are in a general sense working cooperatively to the
end that the man and the job may be brought together in the shortest
possible time.
METHOD OF E M P L OY M E N T OF C I V I L I A N M EC HA N IC A L FORCES AT N A V A L
ESTABLISHMENTS.

The civilian mechanical forces at navy yards and other naval es­
tablishments normally consist, in the aggregate, of about 22,000
artisans, helpers, and laborers. In the four months ending July 31
the total was increased to approximately 35,000. All such positions
are filled through the United States Civil Service Commission, the
usual procedure being to accept applications at the several yards and
stations for the classes of work in which there is need for addi­
tional men. Under this usual method the applications are received
and the ratings made by the local labor boards at the yards and
stations ; the boards, with reference to the administration of the civilservice law and rules, are under the direct and sole control of the
Civil Service Commission and each of them includes in its personnel
the district secretary of the civil-service district in which the estab­
lishment is situated.
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When it appeared certain, on account of the international situa­
tion, that a greatly augmented force of civil employees was neces­
sary, it also soon became evident that, owing to the industrial condi­
tions prevailing, the customary means of recruiting the navy-yard
service would fail to meet the needs in certain trades, especially those
connected with shipbuilding ; and it was plain that agencies in addi­
tion to the local labor boards mentioned must be employed if the tre­
mendously increased work at naval establishments was to be kept
from lagging. Accordingly the Civil Service Commission promptly
inaugurated a campaign both extensive and intensive designed to
meet the situation.
In a country of such broad expanse as the United States the task
of bringing the man and the job together is more difficult than in a
compact territory, such as England, for instance. The organization
which the Civil Service Commission has been building up for years
consists of approximately 3,000 local boards of examiners, made up
exclusively of Federal employees, in every part of the country, and
these local boards report to district secretaries in 12 civil-service dis­
tricts, all under the supervision and direction of the commission at
Washington.
In the existing emergency, the commission made an arrangement
with the Navy Department to instruct the responsible officers at navy
yards and naval stations to make daily reports to the department by
telegraph of their respective urgent needs; that is, the needs which
could not be met through the local filing of applications. This has been
done from the beginning of the unusual demand. These telegraphic
reports from the several sources are collected in the Navy Department
and transmitted daily to the Civil Service Commission. The com­
mission in turn sends weekly, or more frequently when necessary,
to each of its 3,000 district and local boards a compilation of these
specified needs, and all of the commission’s representatives are in­
structed to use every proper effort to locate men with the qualifica­
tions desired who are willing and able to accept Government employ­
ment. The district and local boards disseminate the information by
sending notices to newspapers, by enlisting the aid of local tradesunions, by keeping in touch with offices of the United States Employ­
ment Service of the Department of Labor, and by directly approach­
ing individuals when there is opportunity for personal interview.
In all of this effort, however, care is exercised to avoid interference
with employees of private plants engaged directly upon contracts for
the Government.
In the commission’s efforts to locate available workers, the Ameri­
can Federation of Labor, through its widespread organization, has
rendered assistance of the greatest value.
8S09°—17

6


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

As the result of all of this endeavor, the commission has been able
to keep in advance of most of the calls for workmen by the Navy
Department, and, with the exception of some of the shipbuilding
trades, keep up with its regular work, notwithstanding the fact that
the demand for skilled labor has been greater than the country has
ever before known. In cases where men were not to be had the com­
mission is encouraging the special training of men in allied trades.
Besides supplying immediate needs, represented by the 13,000 men
employed since April 1, the commission has enrolled for possible
future use the names of about 30,000 mechanics skilled in various
occupations who have expressed their willingness to accept Govern­
ment employment if called upon to do so.
The examinations given to applicants for mechanical trades and
similar positions do not include scholastic tests. Each applicant is
required to execute a formal application setting forth his training
and experience in the occupation in which he seeks to be employed,
and to undergo a physical examination. The two elements, (1) train­
ing and experience and (2) physical ability, determine the rating,
the former having a weight of 60 per cent and the latter, 40 per cent.
Invariably confidential inquiries are made of persons by whom or
under whom the applicant has been employed, or of fellow workmen
of the applicant, and the result of these inquiries may affect the rat­
ing for training and experience or cause the applicant to be rejected
as morally or otherwise unfit for the Government service. Appli­
cants for positions as ordinary unskilled laborers are required to
undergo a physical examination only. In their case, also, character
vouchers are required.
In many cases of urgent need the commission arranges for a dis­
trict secretary or other representative to call upon the prospective
applicant and receive his application, have him examined physically,
call upon his references, and give him a rating on the spot. If he
is found eligible, the examiner may arrange upon specific authority
from the commission to send the man at once to a naval establish­
ment which is in immediate need of his services. The commission is
authorized by the Navy Department to employ men urgently needed
at naval establishments with the understanding that the expense of
their transportation to the place of employment will be borne by the
Government if they agree to serve or actually do serve for six months.
When appointment is made under this provision the offer of em­
ployment so indicates.
The men who have qualified in accordance with the commission’s
regulations and who have accepted employment offered are furnished
with credentials in the form of a letter or telegram from the office
of the commission or of an employment card given directly by the


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77

district secretary or other representative of the commission. When
a man thus duly authorized appears for work report is made to the
commission by the labor board at the naval establishment in which
he is employed.
The greater part of the appointments resulting from the commis­
sion’s extra effort have been made in the navy yards at Portsmouth,
N. H., Philadelphia, Pa., Washington, D. C.: Norfolk, Va., and
Charleston, S. C., and the naval station at Key West, Fla.
The latest report available showed only 897 vacancies in the entire
navy-yard service coming within the class of “ urgent needs ” which
were unfilled on fhe date of the report, the total being made up as
follows: Four angle smiths, 30 boat builders, 13 boiler makers’
helpers, 4 calkers (wood), 3 calkers and chippers (iron), 3 canvas
workers, 33 coppersmiths, 1 diesinker, 1 galvanizer, 1 loftsman, 1
puncher and shearer, 1 rivet heater, 18 sailmakers, 130 ship fitters,
19 ship joiners, 16 ship smiths, 6 ship smiths’ helpers, 64 shipwrights,
and 49 shipwrights’ helpers. This list of vacant positions does not
mean, of course, that workmen in other trades are not in demand; the
enumeration covers only the workmen reported as immediately and
urgently wanted at the time the report was compiled.
W O R K OF U N I T E D ST A T E S P U B L IC SE R V IC E R E SE R V E .

Another agency which has been organized to provide adult male
workers in the present emergency is the United States Public Service
Reserve, which has been formed under the supervision of the United
States Department of Labor. The purpose for which the organiza­
tion was formed is stated in the following extract, taken from one of
its leaflets:
The United States Public Service Reserve is an official national organization
of adult males who desire to find their place for effective service to the country
in the war emergency and to make it easy for the Government to locate them
when it needs help from men of their capacities. It has been organized and is
conducted by the United States Departm ent of Labor, which is the Federal de­
partment to which such m atters belong and to which all branches o f the Gov­
ernment look for assistance in finding men. Enrollment in its ranks does not
excuse anyone from the obligation to bear arms when his day for such service
arrives. Its purpose is to enable those who are not called into the Army or
Navy to play their part in realizing the ideal o f a whole nation organized to
war for the safety of our country and the preservation of the civilization and
the future peace of the world. It is a common m eeting ground where men of
all degrees of capacity and attainm ent may unite in devoting them selves to the
service of our country and mankind.

Prospective employees are enrolled either in a voluntary or wage­
earning capacity. Certification is then made of such available em­
ployees to the Government or to private concerns as need certain
kinds of labor. The Public Service Reserve now lias in its files more


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.

than 10,000 offers of service which have been received from all parts
of the country. A large clerical force is busy communicating with
persons who have made the offers referred to, with a view to getting
more specific data as to aptitude for service and enlistment in
the reserve. The form of application used by the Public Service
Reserve is reproduced below (see Exhibit A), and under inquiry 17
will be found a list of occupations especially useful at this time in
service necessary in the Government and with many private em­
ployers.
E x h i b i t A.

To the U nited States P ublic Service R eserve ,

Department of Labor,
Washington, D. C.
I hereby apply for membership in the

U nited ,S tates P ublic S ervice R ese r v e
And ask it to register in its records the accompanying description of my training,
experience, aptitudes, and capacity for service. Whenever the U. S. Public Serv­
ice Reserve learns of a need in public or private employment, for service in the
national interest of a man of m y qualifications, I request it to notify me with full
particulars including duties and compensation, and thereby afford me an
opportunity to assist under the auspices of the Reserve. I make this applica­
tion because I desire a practical opportunity in this war emergency to contribute
personal service by doing work that will aid the general welfare.
Name....................................................................................................................
Residence......................................................................................... ...................
(Street address.)
(City or town.)
(State.)
Business address....... .............................................................................
Telephone (Home).................................................................................
(Business)............................................................................

I n f o r m a t io n C o n c e r n i n g A p p l ic a n t
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

(Please answer all questions.)
W hat is your age?.........................................................................
Of what country are you a citizen?.............................................
Country of birth.............................................................................
Country of birth of parents: F ather..........................M other...
Physical disabilities, if a n y ..........................................................
Number and relationships of dependents, if a n y .......................

7. Education: Check schools you have attended:
Common------- . High--------. Business--------. Trade or Industrial------- .
Technical High—----- . College--------. Technical College--------. Professional
School------- .
If college, technical college, or professional school give names, courses, dates
and degrees.......................................................... ................................................
8. W hat command of foreign languages have you?.
9. W hat is your present occupation?.........................................................................
W hat is your special line of work in that occupation?........................................
Name of your employer, if a n y ..............................................................................
His address.....................................................................................................
(Street.)
(City or town.)
(State).
Ilis business...................................................................................................
12. Are you willing to work anywhere, in this country or abroad?...................... .
13. If not, state limitations............................. ........................................._..................
14. Are you willing to devote all your tim e?..............................................................
15. If not, state between what dates you can work........ ............ ............................
16. Are you in a position to work for the Government without compensation?__
10.
11.


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OE LABOR STA TISTICS.

V ery I m po rta n t.
List here the -principal positions you have held or things you have done, w ith
approximate time spent in each (including length of time in your present position).
State specific branch of the trade, vocation, or profession in which you are most
proficient.

Give the names and addresses of two or more persons who can, if asked, give
information as to your qualifications.
SEE N E X T PAG E.

17. State the kind of work other than that in which you are now engaged, th at you
are willing to undertake, circumstances perm itting, if it should he desirable for
the public good. Select, if possible, from the following list of occupations espedaily useful at this time, and state training and experience, if any. Specify as
definitely as possible the particular kind of work you have in mind.
Plumber.
Railroad—(steam or trolley).
Construction.
Operation.
Maintenance of way.
Sailor.
Saddler.
Sheet-metal worker.
Ship worker:
Boilermaker.
Calker (wood).
Carpenter.
Draftsman.
Driller.
Fitter.
Holder.
Patternmaker.
Rigger.
Riveter.
Smith.
Wright.
Shipping clerk.
Stenographer.
Structural steel worker.
Shoemaker.
Tailor.
Testing materials—(specify kind).
Tinner.
Teamster.
Telegraph operator.
lineman.
Typewriter.
Toolmaker.
Veterinary surgeon.
Wheelwright.
Wood worker (machine).

Accountant.
Aviator mechanic.
Ambulance driver.
Automobile mechanic.
Automobile truck driver.
Baker.
Blacksmith.
Butcher.
Banner.
Carpenter.
Clerk—General.
Statistical.
Draftsman.
Electrician.
Engineer—(specify kind).
Farmer—expert.
Farm worker.
Foreman—construction.
Harness maker.
Helper—(specify kind).
Horseshoer.
Inspector—(specify kind).
Instrum ent maker.
Laborer—(unskilled).
Loftsman or tem plet maker.
Lumberman.
Machinist.
Machine hand.
Mason.
Metallurgist.
Miner.
Munition worker.
Navigator.
Nurse—Trained.
Helper.
Painter,
W rite answer to question 17 here.


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
F E D E R A L EMP L OY M E N T W O R K OF T H E D E P A R T M E N T OF LABOR.

(D ivision of In fo rm atio n , B ureau of Im m ig ratio n .)

The United States Employment Service of the Department of
Labor was placed on a nation-wide basis by order of Hon. W. B.
Wilson, Secretary of Labor, on January 8, 1915. Previous to that
time the Division of Information of the Bureau of Immigration in
said department had been conducting in a limited way an employ­
ment service through its one branch office in New York City. The
authority of law under which the service operates is found in section
30 of the act of February 5, 1917, which superseded a similar act
of February 20, 1907, supplemented by the act creating the Depart­
ment of Labor. The pertinent parts of said acts are as follows:
It shall be the duty of said division to promote a beneficial distribution o f
aliens admitted into the United States among the several States and Terri­
tories desiring immigration. Correspondence shall be had w ith the proper
officials of the States and Territories, and said division shall gather from all
available sources useful inform ation regarding the resources, products, and
physical characteristics of each State and Territory, and shall publish such
information in different languages and distribute the publications among all
adm itted aliens at the immigrant stations of the United States and to such
other persons as may desire the same.
The purpose of the Department of Labor shall be to foster, promote, and
develop the w elfare of w age earners of the United States, to improve their
working conditions, and to advance their opportunities for profitable employ­
ment.

The following list shows the organization in effect on July 31,
1917, including zones, headquarters, names and titles of officers in
charge, and subbranches where such exist.
U n it e d S t a t e s E m p l o y m e n t S e r v ic e .
W illiam B. W ilson , Secretary of Labor.
L ouis F. P ost, Assistant Secretary of Labor.
A. Camtnetti, Commissioner General.
T. V. P owdekly, Chief, Division of Information.

W a s h i n g t o n , D. C., J u l y 31, 1917 .
Zone.

Headquarters.

Name and title of officer in charge.

Maine....................... Portland: Customhouse....... Timothy Elliott, inspector in
charge of employment.
New Hampshire__
Vermont..................
Massachusetts......... Boston: 1151 Washington St. H. J. Skeffington, acting director
of employment.
Rhode Island........... Providence: 222 F e d e r a l James A. Sullivan, inspector in
Building.
charge of employment.
Connecticut.............
New York............
New York: Room 8, U. S. P. A. Donahue, director of em­
Barge Office.
ployment.
New Jersey.............. Newark: 9 Franklin St.,
Women and Girls’ Divi­
sion.
Pennsylvania. ......... Philadelphia: 132 S o u t h
Third St.


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Thomas J. Bum s, director of
employment.
Margaretta Neale, acting super­
intendent.
J. L. Hughes, acting director of
employment.

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Subbranch.

New Bedford.

Buffalo (Room 8,
Federal
Build­
ing).
Jersey City.
Orange.
Pittsburgh (Berger
Building).

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

Zone.

Headquarters.

Name and title of officer in charge

Delaware.................. Wilmington: Old Federal
Building.
Maryland................. Baltimore: Stewart Building, Women and Girls’ Di­
vision.
District of Columbia Washington: Department of
Labor Building, Women
and Girls’ Division.

81

Subbranch.

A. G. Benkhart, acting director
of employment.
Geo. A. Mahone, director of em­
ployment.
Nannie Irvine, in charge.
T. V. Powderly, acting director
of employment.
Grace Porter Hopkins, acting
superintendent.
Virginia................
Norfolk: 119 West Main S t.. W. R. Morton, inspector in charge.
West Virginia___..
1
North Carolina___
South Carolina........ Charleston: Custom house... W. V. Howard, acting director
of employment.
Georgia................... Savannah: Customhouse
Edgar T. W hatley, inspector in
charge of employment.
Florida................
Jacksonville: Federal Build- Gideon B. Travis, inspector in Miami.
ing.
charge of employment.
Alabama................ Mobile: Federal B uilding... Henry C. Brownlow, inspector
in charge of employment.
Mississippi........
Gulfport: Post-office Build­ H unter M. Course, inspector in
ing.
charge.
Louisiana.............
New Orleans: City H all___ H. A. M. Jacobsen, inspector in
charge.
Tennessee.........
Memphis: Post-office Build­ J. H. Ware, inspector in charge..
ing.
Arkansas.......
Little Rock: 27 Post-office Robert B. Keating, inspector in
Building.
charge of employment.
C l e v e l a n d : Post-office J. A. Fluckey, acting director of
Ohio......................
Building.
employment.
Kentucky................
Indiana................... Indianapolis: 319 Federal John S. Sherman, director of em­
Building, Women and
ployment.
_ Girls’ Division.
Morria Hickman, in charge.
Illinois.................... Chicago: 845 S. Wabash P. L. Prentis, acting director of
Ave., Women and Girls’
employment.
Division.
Michigan............
Detroit: Old Post-office Benjamin J. Sand, acting direct­ Sault Ste. Marie.
Building.
or of employment.
Wisconsin............
Madison: Capitol Building.. J. C. Hise, inspector in charge of
employment.
Minnesota............
Minneapolis: Federal Build­ Chas. W. Seaman, acting direct­
ing.
or of employment.
North D akota.........
South D ak o ta.____
Iow a..................
Missouri (eastern St. Louis: 19 N. Eighth S t .. W. R. King, acting director of
district).
employment.
Missouri (western Kansas City: 804 Grand A. L. Barkman, director of em­
district).
Ave.
ployment.
Nebraska............... Omaha: County courthouse. M. A. Coykendall, inspector in Lincoln.
charge of employment.
Kansas.....................
Oklahoma................
Texas
(southern Galveston: American Na­ James B.'Bryan, acting director Brownsville.
district).
tional Insurance Co.Build­
of employment.
Eagle Pass.
ing.
Houston.
Laredo.
San Angelo.
San Antonio.
(Western district) El P a so .................................. Perry P. Young, inspector in Del Rio.
charge of employment.
(Northern
dis- Fort W orth.......................... Wm. H. Robb, inspector in Amarillo.
triet).
charge of employment.
Big Spring.
New Mexico............ Sante F e...................
Karl W. Greene, acting director Albuquerque.
of employment.
Tueumcari.
Deming.
Colorado.................. Denver: 355 Federal Build­ H. H. Moler, inspector in charge.
ing, W'omen and Girls’ Katherine M. Herring, clerk in
Division.
charge.
U tah........................ Salt Lake City: Federal D. Arthur Plumly, acting direc­
Building.
tor of employment.
Wyoming................
M ontana................. Helena: Power Building__ Chas. K. Andrews, acting direc­
tor of employment.
Idaho....................... Moscow......................
Wm. J. McConnell, inspector in
charge of employment.
W ashington............ Seattle: First Ave. and Lawrence Wood, acting director Spokane.
Union St.
of employment.
Walla Walla.
Tacoma.
Aberdeen.
Everett.
Bellingham.
North Yakima.
Friday Harbor.


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.

Zone.

Headquarters.

Washington (con.).. Seattle: First
Union St.

Ave.

Name and title of officer in charge.
and

Lawrence Wood, acting director
of employment.

Oregon..................... Portland: 249 Ankeny S t... R. P. Bonham, director of employment.
San Francisco: 2 Apprais- William Greenblatt, acting
ers’ Building.
director of employment.
Women and Girls’ Division, Estelle Barfield, acting superin­
108 Customhouse.
tendent.
(Southern
dis- Los Angeles: Post-office Charles T. Connell, inspector in
trict.)
Building.
charge.

California (northern
district).

N evada.................... Reno.......................................
Arizona....................

Phoenix...........................

Neil McGee, inspector in charge
of employment.
Frank Brown, acting director of
employment.

Subbranch.
Nooksack.
Lynden.
Custer.
Port Townsend.
Port Angeles.
Astoria.
Sacramento.
Fresno.
Eureka.
Monterey.
San Diego.
Santa Ana.
Santa Barbara.
San Luis Obispo.
Bakersfield.
San Bernardino.
Calexico.
Indio.
Tucson.
Douglas.
Naco.
Nogales.
Phoenix.
Yuma.

•The activities of the employment service are given publicity
through newspapers, through notices posted in post offices, and by
other means. Many newspapers give free space to the bulletins of
opportunities furnished them by the Division of Information in
Washington through the local officers.
Arrangement of close cooperation between the Department of
Labor and the Post Office Department is an effective means of mak­
ing known to wage earners the fact that opportunities for employ­
ment may be found by applying at the nearest office of the United
States Employment Service.
Applicants for employment are registered in two ways (1) in the
ordinary manner by calling at an employment office and filing an
application in person, (2) by utilizing the cooperative arrangement
with the Post Office Department mentioned in the preceding para­
graph. Under this plan each postmaster in the United States is sup­
plied with the application blanks of the Department of Labor, and
any applicant seeking employment or any employer in need of help
has but to call at the post office and request a blank upon which to
file an application, fill out and sign the same, and return it to the
postmaster, whereupon it is mailed without postage to the head­
quarters of the employment zone in which the post office is located.
The nature of the questions that applicants for employment are
required to answer, together with the experience acquired by place­
ment officers, tends to the selection of workers who possess the neces­
sary qualifications. In the same wav the questions asked of em­
ployers and the watchfulness of those in charge of the Government


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

83

employment offices minimize the likelihood of workers being sent to
localities where labor troubles exist or are threatened.
Prior to this country’s becoming involved in the world war, prac­
tically the entire machinery of the United States Employment Serv­
ice was utilized in directing wage earners to private employment.
Inasmuch, however, as need for artisans in navy yards, arsenals,
and other Government establishments has since that time become
very great, a joint agreement was entered into between the Depart­
ment of Labor and the Civil Service Commission whereby the Em­
ployment Service renders effective assistance in directing help to
Government workshops. The service has also been assisting in the
securing of ship carpenters, calkers, ironworkers, and men experi­
enced along other lines in ship construction for work in building
vessels contracted for by the United States Shipping Board Emer­
gency Fleet Corporation. Cooperation has also been arranged with
the Department of Agriculture, under which a shortage of men in
any farming community is certified to the United States Employ­
ment Service by the field agents of that department, so that the em­
ployment service may direct the required number from the nearest
point at which they are available.
In many of the States formal agreements have been made between
representatives of the United States Department of Labor and State
commissioners of labor or other State officials, under the terms of
which cooperative employment offices are established. In some cases
cooperation has been effected in a similar manner with municipalities.
Through the Women and Girls’ Division of the United States Em­
ployment Service cooperation has been effected with a great number
of national women’s organizations with a combined membership of
approximately 7,000,000. Under this plan organizations of women
are invited to cooperate by the creation of a woman’s federated coun­
cil on employment, composed of representatives of each of said or­
ganizations in the locality where an employment office or a Women
and Girls’ Division is established by direction of the Department of
Labor. Such councils have been organized in a number of large
cities and have been found to be effective aids in securing the place­
ment. of women and girls. The plan also provides for information
as to industry, vocational guidance, and industrial training. The
placement of girls is limited to those over 16 years of age. The
Young Men and Boys’ Division established on similar lines as those
of the Women and Girls’ Division is also supplemented by men’s
federated councils having similar functions as those possessed by
women’s federated councils, and placing boys over 16 years of age.
The men’s councils also aid adults in employment matters. An im­
portant feature of the activities of the service is the work done in


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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

conjunction with the bureau of registration and information of tin
National League for Woman’s Service. This organization is en­
gaged in registering wage-earning women and girls who are ready
to serve their country in factories and mills which are supplying the
needs of the Army and Navy.
In an undertaking of so large a scope as that of the United States
Employment Service it is manifestly impossible to reduce to figures all
the results accomplished. For instance, each year thousands of men
are notified by bulletins of localities in which they may obtain work
in the harvest fields, but as they did not come into direct contact
with representatives of the Employment Service no record could be
kept of the number securing work in this way. The following table,
however, summarizes the activities since the beginning of the fiscal
year 1915 so far as it has been possible to procure accurate d ata:
Fiscal
year.

1915___
1918___
1917L..


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Number of Number of Number of Number
to
opportu­ men called appl icants referred
employ­
for.
nities.
for work.
ment.
i 2,409
25,645
189,491

17,427
107,331
418,810

90,119
184,032
413,649

i 8,883
84,963
363,189

1 Figures are for months of May and June oniy.
2 The figures for fiscal year 1917 are incomplete.

(496),

Number
actually
placed.
111, 871
75,156
283,799

DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT MANAGERS’ ASSOCIATIONS.
BY PRO F. J .

H . W I L L I T S , S E C R E T A R Y , P H I L A D E L P H I A A S S O C IA T IO N
D IS C U S S IO N

FO R T H E

OF E M PL O Y M E N T PR O BLEM S.

Considerable significance attaches to the tendency among execu­
tives of .soundly managed industrial concerns to form themselves
into associations for the discussion and interchange of experience on
problems having to do with the selection and dealing with the per­
sonnel. This tendency may now’ be said to have attained the pro­
portions of a national movement, which can not fail to have more or
less influence on management and on labor, and in fact on the whole
question of industrial relationships.
Although the first of these associations vTas formed only about
five years ago, associations, wdiich in general have been remarkably
successful, have been organized in 10 cities, including Boston, Chicago,
Cleveland, Detroit, Newark, New York, Philadelphia, Pittsburgh,
Rochester, and San Francisco. Nearly one thousand of the larger
industrial concerns are enrolled as members in these associations, and,
since most of these organizations have a minimum size requirement
for admission to membership, the very small firms, whose personnel
problems are distinctly different from those of their larger neigh­
bors, are eliminated.
Each of the associations attempts to bring together the personnel
and employment executives to discuss their common problems, pool
their common experiences, and endeavor to work out a method of
selecting and dealing with the employees in plants in a wray that is
at once practical, scientific, and human. The reduction of high
labor turnover, the training of employees, training of foremen, selec­
tion of employees, and medical service and nurse work are sample
topics of discussion. That man or firm which has made the most
successful attempts to develop ideal personnel conditions is usually
chosen to lead the discussion.
On April 2 and 3, 1917, a national conference of employment man­
agers vTas held in Philadelphia. This conference was attended by
500 personnel and employment executives, chiefly, representing each
of the 10 local associations, and many outsiders as well. At this
conference a national employment managers’ committee was formed
of delegates from each personnel and employment managers’ asso­
ciation to organize a permanent national committee which v’ould
serve to correlate the independent local organizations. The follow-


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS'.

ing committee was appointed: Chairman, Joseph H. Willits, secre­
tary Philadelphia Association for the Discussion of Employment
Problems; vice chairman, John C. Bower, secretary Pittsburgh Em­
ployment Managers’ Association; secretary-treasurer, Ralph G.
Wells, secretary of Employment Managers’ Association of Boston;
Mark M. Jones, president of the Newark Society; C. L. Miller, sec­
retary Employment Managers’ Group Detroit Executives’ Club;
W. H. Winans, Employment Managers’ Group, Manufacturers and
Wholesale Merchants’ Board, Cleveland; Dr. E. B. Gowin, New
York Society; C. R. Beard, Chicago Employment Advisers’ Club;
Lewis B. Ermeling, Rochester Employment Managers’ Group;
F. Dohrmarin, president of the San Francisco Society.
This committee met on the 17th day of May, 1917, at Rochester, and
decided that its purpose should be to bring about a closer cooperation
between organizations devoted to the study of employment problems,
to arrange for national conferences, and to assist in the interchange
of reports of meetings, investigations, and information of interest to
local associations.
Where all this will lead can not now safely be predicted. That
these organizations will prove permanent can hardly be questioned in
view of the interest which is continually increasing among respon­
sible employing concerns in problems of personnel. What their
effect will be on labor is difficult to predict. By enlightening selfish­
ness they will undoubtedly serve to improve the physical and mental
conditions of employment. At present, unions are not discussed in
meetings. While this may tend to indicate what the industrial
democrats call a paternalistic policy, nevertheless such a policy is
a good deal more broad minded and democratic than getting together
chiefly to condemn and combat unions. Individual employers are
not referred to by name. There is no pooling of interests in case of
strikes, as in some other employers’ associations. In short, there
is here a new association—a new employers’ association, but an em­
ployers’ association that is different.
Some idea of the type of business house that finds it worth while
to join in the discussion afforded in these groups is found in the
following list of a few of the members of most of the associations,
each firm being located, except as indicated, in the city giving its
name to the local association:
B o sto n A sso c ia tio n . —W.

F. Schrafft & Sons; Dennison Manufacturing Co.,
Framingham, Mass.; Cheney Bros., South Manchester, Conn.; Jordan
Marsh Co.
C hicago A s so c ia tio n . —Sears, Roebuck & Co.; Chicago Typothetie School of
Printing; Commonwealth Edison Co.; Marshall Field & Co.; Armour &
Co.; Selz, Schwab & Co.


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D e t r o i t A s s o c i a t i o n . —Detroit

Gear & Machine Co.; Packard Motor Car Co.;
Dodge Bros. ; Solvay Process Co. ; Michigan State Telephone Co. ; Detroit
Steel Products Co. ; Detroit Fuse & Manufacturing Co.
N e w a r k A s s o c i a t i o n . —Weston Electrical Instrument Co. ; The Celluloid Co. ;
L. Bamberger & Co.; Edison Affiliated Interests (Inc.), Orange, N. J. ;
Hyatt Roller Bearing Co., Harrison, N. J.
N e w Y o r k A s s o c i a t i o n . —American Metal Co. (Ltd.) ; Equitable Life Assur­
ance Co. ; R. H. Macy & Co. ; Crocker-Wheeler Co. ; American Telephone
& Telegraph Co. ; Champlain Silk Mills.
P h i l a d e l p h i a A s s o c i a t i o n . —Fayette R. Plumb (Inc.); John B. Stetson Co.;
Strawbridge & Clothier ; The American Pulley Co. ; The Barrett Co. ;
Curtis Publishing Co. ; The A. M. Collins Manufacturing Co. ; New York
Shipbuilding Corporation, Camden, N. J.
P i t t s b u r g h A s s o c i a t i o n . —Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Co., East
Pittsburgh, Pa.
R o c h e s t e r A s s o c i a t i o n . —Rochester Railway & Light Co. ; Eastman Kodak Co. ;
Yawman & Erbe Manufacturing Co. ; Taylor Instrument Co.

LABOR LAW ADMINISTRATION IN NEW YORK STATE.
A comprehensive study of the administration of labor laws in New
York State1 has just been issued by the American Association for
Labor Legislation.2
Administration of labor laws through a single industrial commis­
sion with extensive quasi-legislative and judicial powers, in addition
to its administrative authority, is a recent development in the field
of labor-law enforcement. Wisconsin, in 1911, was the first State to
establish such a commission. Several other States have folioVved Wis­
consin’s lead, New York adopting this form of administration in
1915. To study and appraise this new commission form of adminis­
tration, with special reference to administrative methods and prob­
lems, was the chief purpose of this investigation.
The report contains 14 chapters. It traces the development of
agencies for administering labor legislation in New York, states the
huge problem confronting the industrial commission, discusses the
functions and administrative methods of the commission as a whole
and of each bureau in detail, and offers suggestions and recommenda­
tions for the improvement of administration.
The first State agency dealing with labor problems was the bureau
of labor statistics, which was created by legislative enactment in
1 This investigation was conducted under the joint supervision of the Bureau of
Municipal Research of New York City and the American Association for Labor Legisla­
tion. The field work and preparation of the first d ra ft of the report was made under
the direction of Mr. Herschel II. Jones of the bureau. The report covers a period of
13 months, from June 1, 1915, to June 30, 1916.
2 The American Labor Legislation Review for June, 1917. Labor law adm inistration
in New York. Published by the American Association for Labor Legislation, 131 E ast
T w enty-third Street, New York. Price, $1.


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

1883. But this bureau possessed no enforcing authority, being lim­
ited to the collection of statistical information. However, the factory
act of 1886, which provided for factory inspection and for the first
time set an age and hour limit on the employment of children, es­
tablished also the State’s first enforcing authority in the labor legis­
lation field. In the same year the board of arbitration was created.
The apparent wastefulness of maintaining these three independent
agencies, all dealing with labor questions, led in 1901 to their consoli­
dation into the New York State Department of Labor. A bureau of
mercantile inspection was added in 1908, a bureau of industries and
immigration in 1910, and the division of industrial directory in 1911.
The development of the department, handicapped by lack of funds,
was slow until 1906, when an increased appropriation permitted an
enlarged inspection staff and marked the beginning of continuous
and rapid growth. The records of the department show that between
1907 and 1913 it grew from an office with 96 employees and a yearly
expenditure of $151,798 to an arm of the government commanding
the services of 227 persons and expending annually the sum of
$505,610. In 1913 this department was reorganized and to it were
added an industrial board and a division of industrial hygiene for
technical research. In 1911 the workmen’s compensation commission
was created, a State bureau of employment was authorized, and a
legal bureau to give advice and assistance in prosecuting cases was
established.
This gradual multiplicity of agencies again brought the State face
to face with waste and duplication in the administration of its labor
law. Accordingly, in 1915, all these activities were brought together
under an industrial commission of five members, appointed by the
governor. The number of employees of the commission is now
over 600 and the appropriation for 1917 was $1,225,000. Those who
advocated the enforcement of the labor law through an industrial
commission hoped through it to secure economy in inspection and the
avoidance of friction because of rival boards of inspectors, elimina­
tion of duplicate reports and statistics of accidents, consolidation of
all interests for efficient accident and disease prevention, and the
general substitution of cooperation for prosecution in the adminis­
tration of the labor law.
The report outlines the problem confronting the industrial com­
mission when it took office on June 1 , 1915, involving the enforce­
ment of laws affecting the lives, health, and welfare of approxi­
mately 3,000,000 wage earners in the largest industrial State in the
Union, where more than 1,000 industrial accidents occur every work­
ing day and in which the number and diversity of establishments
and differences of race and language constitute a problem of almost


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S,

89

inconceivable magnitude. The commission exercises supervision of
the administration and enforcement of labor laws through eight
large bureaus, as follows: Inspection, fire hazards, mediation and
arbitration, statistics and information, industries and immigration,
industrial code, employment, and workmen’s compensation. It also
has, power to make and amend rules and regulations for carrying
into effect the provisions of the labor law, to grant variations from
the law in special cases, and to determine the awards in workmen’s
compensation cases. The functions of the commission are therefore
not only executive, but in part legislative and judicial.
The report gives a comprehensive description of the activities of
each bureau and at the end of each chapter summarizes its conclu­
sions and submits recommendations for reorganization or improve­
ment or development of the particular agency under discussion.
These recommendations are designed to aid in overcoming the diffi­
culties against which the commission is contending, the more im­
portant ones dealing with further improvement in civil-service
methods, larger appropriations, and a larger force for many depart­
ments of the commission's work, more careful differentiation be­
tween procedure in making modifications or orders and in granting
variations from the law or code, more energetic prosecutions, expan­
sion of the industrial council to include representatives of the gen­
eral public, the desirability of abolishing home work, and diminish­
ing the amount of routine work of commissioners.
The right to modify or amend the labor law or to grant exemptions
from compliance with its provisions with respect to the physical
requirements of buildings and devices for preventing accidents should
be particularly noted as an important power of the commission, for
it opens the way for securing safety without compelling compliance
with requirements which are unreasonable and impracticable in par­
ticular circumstances. These variations are granted on petition after
public hearing, and while they occasion an enormous amount of work
for the commission and the various bureaus operating under it, they
seem to have brought about a more equitable and just administration
of the law and a better feeling on the part of those subject to its
restrictions.
Referring to the industrial commission as an administrative body,
it is suggested that much of the detailed work now brought before it
should be disposed of in other ways in order that it might have more
time and energy for considering general policies, initiating plans for
extension and reorganization of work in the various bureaus, and
promoting the establishment of codes; and that there should be more
direct contact between the bureau heads and the commission in order
that each might become familiar with the work of the others and


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.

develop more of a spirit of pulling together in the interests of the
department as a whole.
A feature of the reorganized labor department under the industrial
commission is the industrial council composed of five members repre­
senting employers and five representing employees, to whom the com­
mission shall submit all questions of general policy in connection
with the labor laws, including the workmen’s compensation act, as
well as all proposed rules and regulations for the industrial code,
the council to give its advice on these matters and on the appointment
of employees to positions requiring special knowledge or training
and to cooperate with the civil service commission in conducting
examinations and preparing eligible lists for such positions. This
council, however, according to the report, has failed to prove an
important factor in the administration of the labor laws, and in
order that it might have greater opportunity to demonstrate its
possibilities for usefulness it is recommended that the commission
.should refer to it more matters of general policy, that greater use
should be made by the commission of the council as a means of ex­
tending its educational activities, that the commission should bring
the council into closer touch with the initial preparation of new
codes and amendments to cedes, and that the council should contain
one or more employer representatives of the large industries centered
in New York City.
Another interesting feature in the enforcement of labor laws in
New York, pointed out by the report, is the establishment of a “ de­
partmental ” or municipal term court in New York City for review­
ing violations prosecuted by the industrial commission. One day a
week is regularly assigned to the commission for the adjudication
of its cases. Not only, states the report, is there a great saving in
time which the inspectors must devote to appearing in court, but
there is also a great gain in both the efficiency and the uniformity
of the administration of the law, because the judge assigned to this
court soon becomes familiar with the technical and other perplexing
problems involved.
Although the bureau of workmen’s compensation is but one of the
eight bureaus constituting the industrial commission, more than onehalf of the entire time of the members is devoted to the administra­
tion of the workmen’s compensation law. The section of the report
dealing with this subject, however, is relatively small and less com­
prehensive than the importance of the subject demands. Many
important aspects of the compensation law have been inadequately
treated or not even mentioned. The experience of the commission in
dealing with such matters as voluntary agreements, delay in compen­
sation, payments, failure or delay in accident reporting, lump-sum


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

91

settlements, informal conferences as a method of settling disputed
cases, impartial physicians and medical examinations, physicians’
and hospital fees, self-insurance, revision of benefits, etc., would
be extremely valuable. I t is to be hoped that a more exhaustive
study of the workmen’s compensation law will be undertaken at some
future date.
The report concludes that on the whole the operation of the indus­
trial commission act, after making due allowance for the exceptional
difficulties and circumstances of the first year of its administration,
confirms the opinion that the act is one of the most beneficial pieces
of labor legislation ever adopted by the New York Legislature. Not
only have its fundamental principles been vindicated, declares the
report, but under its provisions the enforcement of the State’s labor
laws has been improved. The act is regarded as a progressive piece
of legislation creating new conditions as the result of its opera­
tion, and it is believed that if modifications in its terms or in its
methods of administration, necessitated in part by these new condi­
tions themselves, are required from time to time, it is not a cause for
discouragement but rather furnishes a new opportunity to the
forward-looking worker for industrial betterment.

WHOLESALE PRICES IN THE UNITED STATES, JANUARY TO
JUNE, 1917.
The mounting cost of living in the United States is reflected in
statistics of wholesale prices collected by the Bureau of Labor Statis­
tics of the United States Department of Labor for the first six
months of 1917. Notable increases during this period are shown for
the principal farm products, foodstuffs, and metals and metal prod­
ucts. Among lumber and building materials and fuels the increase
since the first of the year has also been quite pronounced. For all
commodities included in the bureau’s investigation, aggregating 29-1
distinct articles or price series, the increase for June over January
was 23 per cent.
In the following table are shown the bureau’s weighted index num­
bers for the first six months of 1917 by groups of commodities. The
table also shows the number of articles or price series in each group,
together with the per cent of increase for June as compared with
January.

8 S0 0 °—

17------7


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
IN D EX NUMBERS OF W HOLESALE PRICES, JANUARY TO JU N E, 1917.
[Aggregate value of commodities exchanged in 1916=100.]

Commodity group.

Index numbers.
Number
of articles
or price
Janu­ Febru­ March. April.
series,
ary.
included. ary.

May.

Per cent
ofincrease
in June
compared
June.
with
January.

Farm products..............................
Food, etc.........................................
Cloths and clothing . ......... ..........
Fuel and lighting..........................
Metals and metal products...........
I,umber and building m aterials..
Drugs and chemicals.....................
House-furnishing goods.................
Miscellaneous.................................

30
91
66
15
25
30
10
6
21

120
119
127
147
124
105
101
116
114

123
127
127
154
128
107
103
117
115

132
127
128
157
134
109
106
117
116

147
144
132
154
140
113
109
137
120

160
151
130
162
146
116
115
137
123

160
148
140
167
161
126
116
148
127

33.3
24.4
10.2
13.6
29.8
20.0
14.9
27.6
11.4

All commodities......................

294

122

126

130

139

.147

150

23.0

RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES.
According to reports received by the Bureau of Labor Statistics
the retail price of food declined J per cent from June 15 to July 15,
1917. This decline in food prices was largely due to the marked
decline in the price of flour and potatoes, which articles form a
large part of the diet of the average family. These two articles de­
creased 10 per cent and 33 per cent, respectively. Onions also de­
creased considerably during the month—27 per cent.
A table showing the course of prices in the United States in June
and July, 1917, is given herewith:
AVERAGE MONEY R E TA IL PRICES AND R E L A T IV E R E T A IL PRICES OF FOOD ON
JU N E 15 AND JU L Y 13, 1917.
[The relative price shows the per cent th at the average price on the 15th of each month was of the average
price for the year 1916.]
Average money price.
Article.
Sirloin steak___
Round s te a k ...
Rib roast...........
Chuck roast___
Plate beef..........
Pork chops.......
Bacon................
H am ..................
L ard ..................
H ens..................
Salmon, canned.
B u tter.............
Cheese..............
M ilk................
B read...............
Flour................
Corn m eal.......
Rice...................
Potatoes...........
Onions.............
Beans, n a v y ...
Prunes.............
Raisins, seeded
Sugar...............
Coffee...............
T ea..................

Unit.
P ound___
.. .do..........
.. .d o ..........
.. .do..........
.d o ..........
.. do.........
.. .do..........
...d o ..........
.. .do..........
... do..........
.. .d o ..........
Dozen.......
P ound___
.. .d o ..........
Q uart.......
16-oz.loaf!.
[■-barrel bag
Pound___
... .do..........
Peck.........
P ound__
.do..........
... do..........
do..........
.. .d o .........
.. .d o .........
.. .d o .____

June 15,
1917.
$0.328
.301
.261
.222
.170
.309
.425
.391
.280
.288
.263
.409
.469
.338
.106
.085
1.973
. 055
.108
.960
.070
.195
.157
. 146
.093
.302
.568

All articles combined


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

1 16 ounces, weight of dough.

(504)

July 15,
1917.
SO.327
. 306
.257
.219
.165
.316
.429
. 396
.274
.280
.266
.420
. 459
.330
.111
.088
1.766
. 059
.106
.645
.051
.195
.160
.148
.091
. 306
.599

Relative price. •
June 15,
1917.

Juiv 15,
1917.

120
123
L3
129
133
136
1-18
133
160
122
130
109
119
131
116
131
183
162
119
237
142
177
117
113
116
101
104

120
125
121
127
129
139
149
135
157
119
132
112
117
128
122
135
164
174
116
159
104
177
119
115
114
102
110

133

128

93

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

In tlie year from July 15, 1916, to July 15, 1917, prices of food as a
whole advanced 32 per cent. Onions was the only article which was
lower. Flour made the greatest jump—91 per cent. Potatoes were
83 per cent higher in July, 1917, than in the same month of the pre­
vious year. Corn meal was 81 per cent higher, and beans 67 per cent
higher. Of the meats, pork advanced more than beef.
Comparing prices on July 15, 1914, just prior to the present war,
with prices on July 15, 1917, food as a whole advanced 42 per cent.
In July, 1917, flour was 125 per cent higher—that is, two and onefourth times the price in July, 1914. Cornmeal was 89 per cent
higher, lard was 78 per cent higher, sugar 75 per cent higher, and
potatoes and bread each 59 per cent higher.
A table showing the average and relative retail prices in July of
each year from 1913 to 1917 is given herewith:
AVERAGE MONEY R E T A IL P R IC E S AND R E L A T IV E R E T A IL P R IC E S OF FOOD
ON JU LY 15 OF EACH YEAR, 1913 TO 1917.
[T h e re lativ e price show s th e per cent th a t th e av erage price on th e 15th of each m onth
w as of th e average price for th e y ear 1916.]
Average money price July 15.
Article.

1913
Sirloin steak............
Round steak...........
Rib roast.................
Chuck roast.............
Plate beef................
Pork chops..............
B a c o n ....................
H am .........................
T.ard.........................
Hens.........................
Salmon, canned___
Eggs, strictly fresh..
B utter......................
Cheese......................
Milk..........................
Bread.......................
Flour........................
Corn m eal................
Rice..........................
Potatoes...................
Onions.....................
Beans, navy............
Prunes.....................
Raisins.....................
Sugar.......................
Coffee.......................
T ea...........................

Relative price July 15.

Unit.

Pound. ..
. .do........
I- - do........
d o ........
do........
.do.
.do.
.do.
do
- - .d o.........
. . . do.........
Dozen.......
P ound__
...d o .........
Q uart.......
16-oz.loaf h
J-bbl. bag.
P ound___
. . . do..........
Peck.........
P ound___
...d o ..........
..d o .........
.. do.........
. .d o.........
. .d o .........
..d o .........

1914 j 1915 I 1916 | 1917

SO.270 SO.265 SO.287 SO.327
215 .240
.260
. 306
20.8
.206
.220
.257
175 .167
.179
.219
127 .123
.132
.165
222
.211
.234
. 316
273 .270
.429
.290
279 .265
.323
.396
154
.145
.274
.208
219
.208
.211
.280
.198
.200
.266
.278
.319
.420
.343
.355
.459
.232
.213
.330
.087
.088
.111
.063
.062
.088
1.003
.927 1.766
. 033
.033
.059
.091
.091
.106
405
288
.223
.352
. 645
.035
.053
.051
.076
.117
. 195
.135
.134
.160
.125
.128
.148
054
052 .070
.087
.091
.299
.299 .306
.546
.516
599

All articles combined.

1913

1914

1915

1916

99

97
98
97
97
96
93
91
90
83

105
106
104
104
103
103
101
110
119
102
99
85
90
94
67
95

100

98

102

99
98
95
95
88

93
80
87
97
85
73
92
100

68

65

SO j

1917

98
74
87
90
96
97
93
96
100
55
72
69
101
97
87
100
100

96
100
87
109
108
100
99
109
100
100

120
125
121
127
129
139
149
135
157
119
132
112
117
128
122
135
164
174
118
159
104
177
119
115
114
102
110

88

S7

128

88

86

1 16 ounces, weight of dough.

A table is given below showing average prices of food on June 15
•and July 15, 1917, in Atlanta, Ga.; Boston, Mass.; Chicago, 111.;
Denver, Colo.; New York, N. Y .; Philadelphia, Pa.; St. Louis, Mo.;
San Francisco, Cal.; and Seattle, Wash.


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94

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,

AVERAGE R E TA IL PRICES OF THE PRIN CIPA L ARTICLES OF FOOD FOR NINE
SELECTED CITIES FOR JU NE 15 AND JU LY 15, 1917.
[The average prices shown below are computed from reports sent monthly to the bureau by retail dealers.
As some dealers occasionally fail to report, the num ber of quotations varies from month to month.]
York,
Atlanta, Ga. Boston, Mass. Chicago, 111. Denver, Colo. New
N. Y.
Article.

Unit.

Sirloin steak...........
Round steak.........
Rib roast................
Chuck roast_____
Plate beef..............
Pork chops............
Bacon, sliced.........
Ham, sliced...........
L ard .........
H ens..
Salmon, canned. . .
Eesrs. strietlv fresh.
B u tter....................
Cheese....................
Milk........................
B read.....................
F lour......................
Corn m eal..............
Rice........................
Potatoes..... ...........
Onions...................
Beans, navy...........
P runes___.............
Raisins...................
Sugar...................
Coffee....................
T ea...............

June
15,
1917.

July
15,
1917.

June
15,
1917.

July
15,
1917.

June
15,
1917.

July
15,
1917.

June
15,
1917.

July
15,
1917.

July
15,
1917.

P ound__ $0,314 $0.310 $0. 412 $0. 432 $0.303 $0.302 $0.311 $0. 325 SO. 323 $0.337
.410
.277
.440
...d o ......... .282
.269
.266 .294
.303
.325
.337
.. .d o ......... .242
.233
.290
.308
.251
.246
.245
.249
.276
.279
.264
__d o .......... .204
.192
.220
.245
.217
.220 .218
.219
.219
. 168 . 165 . 151
.. .d o ......... . 164 . 158
. 151 .202
.199
.314
.320
.330
. . .d o ......... .303
.279
.292
.308
.311
.322
.326
. . .d o ......... .430
.427
.418
.420
.436
.450
.446
.439
.420
.422
.391
.426
.. .d o ......... .391
.426
.416
.414
.445
.448 1 .285 1.285
.282
.282
.278
.d o ......... .281
.263
.258
.292
.289
.273
.274
.d o ......... .238
.240
.317
.313
.276
.253
.283
.273
.298
.287
.. .d o ......... .225
.230
.287
.292
.270
.248
.250
.269
.300
.303
Dozen....... .407
.498
.504
.353
.396
.406
.407
.417
.447
.478
.485
.478
.470
.434
P ound__ .505
.432
.433
.433
.456
.453
. .d o ......... .344
.338
.330
.323
.336
.346
.346
.339
.338
.328
.135
.110
.120
.100
Q uart....... .139
.100
.093
.098
.109
. 114
.090
.081
16-oz. loaf2 .087
.082
.101
.101
.091
.090
.088
.088
J-bbl. bag. 1.867 1.725 2.166 1.990 1.917 1.713 s 3.244 32.894 2.028 1.870
.051
P ound__ .049
.068
.068 .057
.058
.048
.050
.067
.070
.. .d o ......... . 101 .108
.112
. 102 .105
. 114
.111
.117
.105
.105
41.068 4.808 41.033 4.645 41.002 4 .744 »6.000 54. 683 6.079 «.044
.070
.067
P ound__ .092
.057
. 053 .042
.068
.053
.059
.047
. . .d o ......... .181
. 188 . 192 .191
.203
.198
.201
.199
.090
.188
.164
.d o ......... .167
.173
.166
.160
.162
.172
.177
.159
.161
.. .d o ......... .151
.150
.147
.148
.145
.147
.143
.147
.141
.142
.d o ......... .101
.098
.089
.088
.088
.086 .092
.092
.084
.084
.d o ......... .296
.295
.345
. 345 .287
.311
.293
.309
.263
.262
.d o ......... .769
.780
.643
.636
.560
.574
.571
.570
.509
.520
Philadelphia, St. Louis, Mo. SanFran cisco, Seattle, Wash.
Pa.
Cal.

Sirloin steak...........
Round steak..........
Rib roast................
Chuck roast...........
Plate beef...............
Pork chops............
Bacon, sliced.........
Ham, sliced...........
I ¿ard.......................
H ens.......................
Salmon, canned. . .
Eggs, strictly fresh.
B u tter....................
Cheese...................
Milk........................
B read.....................
Flour......................
Corn m eal..............
Rice........................
Potatoes.................
Onions....................
Beans, n av y ._____
P runes...................
Raisins...................
Sugar......................
Coffee.....................
T ea.........................

June
15,
1917.

P o u n d __ $0,365 $0,389 $0.315 $0,321 $0.225 $0.228 $0,270 $0.265
-. -do.......... .337
.365
.310
.221
.305
.219
.258
.252
.. .d o .......... .278
.298
.259
.256
.216
.223
.233
.230
.217
.. .d o .......... .240
.253
.217
.155
.153
.195
.187
.. .do ..
.164
.162
.170
.161
.148
.161
.149
.157
.. .d o .......... .342
.343
.291
.308
.306
.326
.316
.328
.421
.. -do.......... .413
.441
.461
.423
.418
.436
.461
.411
.412
.407
- - -do.......... .450
.459
.418
.418
.405
__d o .......... .279
.243
.275
.253
.285
.285
.279
.280
.. .d o .......... .308
.256
.249
.261
.313
.260
.263
.258
...d o .......... .240
.248
.268
.234
.263
.240
.248
.252
Dozen....... .433
.377
.404
.445
.370
.371
.392
.430
.512
.457
P ound___ .528
.436
. 455
.439
.473
.448
.. .do
.361
.356
.334
.301
.297
.329
.311
.303
Quart. ..
.090
.110
.100
.100
.100
.110
.113
.120
16-oz. loaf2 .079
.079
.092
.092
.090
.083
.083
.091
i-bbl. bag. 2.000 1.696 1.854 1.609 33.571 33.313 33.372 33.235
P ound__
.049
.054
.054
.050
.065
.065
.063
.065
.102
. ..do - ..
.108
.110
.099
.099
.100
.103
.104
41.107 4 .604 4 .942 4 .587 M.188 52.925 55.246 53.982
P o u n d __ .063
.053
.063
.046
.030
.046
.020
.032
.184
.192
.205
.197
.184
- - -do.......... .183
.203
.199
.152
.167
.169
.. -do......... .153
.145
.148
.139
.140
.134
.. -do.......... .134
.170
.168
.141
.138
.140
.140
.080
.090
.087
.081
.092
- - -do.......... .083
.083
.093
.. .d o .......... .274
.282
.278
.280
.300
.300
.308
.308
__d o ........
.566
.583
.591
.610
.519
.521
.508
.512

i Whole.
216 ounces, weight of dough.
8 Per one-quarter barrel bag.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

4 Per peck.
8 Per 100 pounds.
6 Per pound.

(506)

MONTHLY BE VIEW OF THE BUBEATJ OF LABOB STATISTICS.

95

WASTE IN FOOD DISTRIBUTION IN NEW YORK.
The large economic waste connected with the distribution of food
products in New York State, particularly in New York City, con­
tributing directly to the high cost of living, is set forth in the
Third Annual Report of the Department of Foods and Markets for
the year ending December 31, 1916, which was transmitted to the
legislature on February 28 of this year. The report opens with a
brief account of how the department succeeded, in some instances, in
lowering to the consumer the price of certain foods and at the same
time assuring a fair price to the producer, who now, it is stated, re­
ceives only 35 cents out of every dollar paid by the consumer for the
articles he produces. In the case of apples and fruits prices were re­
duced by selling large quantities at auction in the city wholesale
markets, while the price of eggs was forced down by the issuance of
an order requiring each egg taken from cold storage to be so stamped,
making it impossible for them to be sold as fresh eggs at a high
price, as had been the practice. A more economical method of dis­
tributing the milk supply is recommended, it being pointed out that
excessive profits are being made by the dealers who buy and sell the
milk at prices fixed by themselves.
Three general and fundamental reasons are given for the high cost
of food, namely, (1) cheap money, (2) decreased supply in food
products, and (3) waste, the last-named being accomplished through
loss at the farm, loss in transit, loss in the city, and loss through
credit, all of which must be made up by the consumer. A fruitful
source of high prices, it is stated, is the cost of distribution, which
represents approximately 65 per cent of the total cost of food
paid by the consumer. “ The middleman is an economic agency so
long as he performs a legitimate and a useful service; * * *
but in our system we have developed a practice of manipulation,
speculation, and control by middlemen in the distribution of food
that operates to the detriment of both producer and consumer.” The
situation is not considered hopeless because the possibilities of saving
on distribution are encouraging enough to promise material reduc­
tion in the cost of food to the city consumer. To accomplish this
saving efforts must be begun at the farm, and the department outlines
a plan briefly as follows:
The plan of the department is to establish rooms for assem bling food at the
railroad station in the local producing centers throughout the State. The pro­
ducers, under this system, would organize into cooperative associations under
the encouragement of the State, and they would own the market or assembling
rooms. The farmer w ould bring his product to these local packing houses, as
it comes from the tree or ground, and an employee in charge of the packing
house would grade and pack the produce and, if located in a village or city,
would supply the local needs and ship the balance in carload lots straight to a


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96

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

term inal w holesale market in the city. The food would be received in this
term inal m arket by licensed and supervised agents of the State, who would
w eight it, cause an inspection of it, make an open sale, keep an open record of
the receipts of the goods, of its condition, of its weight, of its price, and of the
person who bought it. The sales would be made in quantities to accommodate
the retailer so that he could buy h is supply direct from the agent of the pro­
ducer and, of course, the housew ife would be supplied daily from the retail
stores. The country assem bling plant would have to be large or sm all, cheap
or expensive, to suit the needs o f the neighborhood. To be complete, it would
have canning facilities so that all of the tender and overripened produce of the
farm s could be brought to the station and preserved in standard packages and
quality for future use. Surplus would be taken care of in the sam e way. In
prosperous neighborhoods the plant should also have refrigerating facilities, so
that perishable produce could be precooled and properly prepared for m arket;
and staple products, such as apples, pears, eggs, dressed poultry, and other
products, could be stored in time of surplus for distribution in seasons of
scarcity.

The report suggests the urgent necessity for several large terminal
markets in New York City, established and supported by the State,
located where full carloads of food coming to the city over any rail­
road could run straight into the market and discharge without the
expense of extra handling or cartage, and provided with ample
cold storage and common storage facilities so that food could be
handled economically and absolutely without waste. This food would
then be distributed to the retailer in whatever quantities required.
Thus, it is claimed, all the unnecessary expense of useless middlemen
and speculators would be eliminated. It is believed that while the
initial cost would be considerable, such market could be operated at
profit to the State and benefit to producers and consumers.
In connection with the present article it should be stated that a
women’s organization in New York is making a noteworthy effort to
stop the waste of food which has been embargoed at piers and ter­
minals.1
There is a law in New York City which is being enforced very
strictly and which results in a tremendous waste of good food. All
the fruit and vegetables destined for the markets of the city must be
examined at the piers and terminals by representatives of the board
of health. Food must be embargoed if a certain percentage is bad,
and frequently the badness is due merely to injury in transportation.
Sometimes 80 per cent of the food is perfectly good, yet, with labor at
50 cents an hour, it does not pay the commission merchants to have
it looked over, and so the good is thrown away with the bad.
Oranges, grapefruit, and lemons will pass if not more than 19 per
cent is damaged, berries 21 per cent, and vegetables 15 per cent.
When the percentage of damaged food is greater than the allowance,
1 K ittre d g e, M abel H., F ood S alvage in New York.
Aug. 12, 1917, pp. 4 3 -45.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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T he New R epublic, New York,

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

97

an embargo is put cn it by the inspector and it must be sorted before
any of it is allowed to enter the city markets.
If it does not pay the commission merchants to assort an embar­
goed shipment, they can turn it back on the railroad, which can sort
it to earn the freight charge. If, however, an embargoed shipment
is not sorted, it is ordered to the dump on Barren Island. There
are no municipal storehouses to which it can be sent, no municipal
markets where it can be sorted and sold, and the dock and pier space
must be cleared for the morrow’s shipments. The only space for
sorting food is the middle of the street.
The city canning and drying kitchen, instituted by women of the
Women’s University Club and the Mayor’s Committee of Women on
National Defense, and of the Junior League, was established to
salvage food that could not be otherwise disposed of. All of these
organizations are giving personal service, and the work was under­
taken only after a thorough study of the conditions and the assur­
ance by the board of health that a very large quantity of perfectly
good food might still be saved.
The operation as conducted by the women of the city kitchen is
as follows: The work on the pier is in charge of one woman who,
with the consent of the board of health, the railroad officials, and the
dock superintendent, moves freely among the commission merchants,
waiting to salvage food that finds no buyer because its overhauling is
not profitable, or facilities to salvage are unavailable, or labor is too
high. The volunteer labor which the kitchen is able to command
makes it possible for the women to sort, with the aid of Boy Scouts,
food which it would not pay a commission merchant to handle.
After all the possible purchasers finish their labors the salvage
for the kitchen begins. The food salvaged may be potatoes or other
fresh foods which need no canning, and these are sold at once at a
little below the wholesale price. If the salvaged food needs canning
it is transported to the city kitchen under Williamsburg Bridge,
where it is preserved for use next winter. Sterilized glass jars are
ready, and the work begins at once when the food reaches the kitchen.
The cold-pack preserving method is used wdien possible, and 20 per
cent more sterilization than the schedule demands is allowed. Noth­
ing is rejected that is in good condition. Cabbages are turned into
sauerkraut; vegetables are packed into kegs with salt. If there is
little food value a relish may be made that will take the place of
butter or act as an appetizer to an otherwise dull meal.
The filled jars are stored in the same building. The cost is care­
fully calculated, glass jars, labor, transportation, ingredients, etc.,
added, and the food will be sold direct to the public. The plant is a
one-story public-school building, which, of course, is city property,


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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98

M O N T H L Y REV IEW O F T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

and there is no expense for rent. The truck is also loaned by the
city and after unloading at the kitchen such food as can be cared for
in one day, it carries the remainder to many a grateful institution.
Fuel is paid for, and the paid labor in the kitchen is at present
limited to an organizer, two canning experts, a bookkeeper, and five
women for unskilled labor. There are from 30 to 40 volunteer work­
ers a day. Each volunteer receives a card marked off in squares rep­
resenting an hour’s work, and the worker’s card is punched a c c o r d i n g
to her hours of labor. Shei can obtain fresh food at cost as an
equivalent of her work, or preserved food can be had next winter,
the food to be stored by the kitchen until wanted.
The volunteer labor is handled from an uptown office, largely by
telephone, the woman in charge being in touch with clubs, settle­
ments, and similar organizations, and with individuals anxious to
help. Many volunteer laborers are foreigners; these are encouraged
to introduce their own methods of preserving foods and have con­
tributed many valuable recipes.
At present the women are working in only a few of the 125 termi­
nals in the city, but the following are some of the recent daily re­
ports of' food salvaged by the city canning kitchen:
July 16.—S00 pounds of cabbage, 1,500 pounds of cucumbers, 400 pounds of
apricots, and 200 pounds of vegetables (unclassified).
July 17.— Out of 65 barrels (9,650 pounds) of cucumbers, 4,000 pounds were
saved. B ecause of lim ited space the kitchen had to refuse on that day 3S bar­
rels of cucumbers.
July 18.:—1,000 pounds of pineapple, 150 pounds of grapefruit, 1,200 pounds of
cabbage, 300 pounds of turnips, and 5 barrels of beans.

Beginning with July 13 the kitchen has salvaged daily about
3,000 pounds of good potatoes which are at once sold at 1 cent a
pound to people who are the greatest sufferers from the present high
prices.
The women fully realize that they are not solving any economic
problem, for the matter of labor does not have to be considered,
except in a very small way; but what they are trying to do, is to
solve one of the problems of food conservation. Certainly they are
saving food, which in these war times is a matter of great importance.
AMERICAN SEA POWER AND THE SEAMEN’S ACT.
Mr. Andrew Furuseth, president of the International Seamen’s
Union of America, has prepared a pamphlet on the subject “Ameri­
can sea power and the seamen’s act,” in which he undertakes to defend
the provisions of the act and to show primarily that it is not a vio­
lation of international law. Some of the considerations ’which


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prompted Congress to pass the seamen’s law are mentioned, one of
these being an impression that it would provide national seamen for
national emergencies that might arise. The author, however, states
that there is no chance of getting from the merchant marine as now
manned the necessary men to man and then to reman the fighting
Navy. He cites figures to show that, based upon the membership of
the seamen’s union, the total number of men, organized and unor­
ganized, employed on the lakes and seagoing vessels under the Ameri­
can flag is approximately 07,600, and that of this number about
19,260 are Americans.1 This number, however, is believed to be too
large, since there is a much larger proportion of foreigners among
the unorganized than among the organized seamen. I t is stated that
out of 27,250 sailors (estimated, since the number of unorganized
sailors is unknown) there are about 5,000 Germans (18.3 per cent),
while the combined number of sailors born in Holland, Denmark,
Sweden, and Norway (neutrals) is about 10,800, or 39.6 per cent.
Of the 27,250 sailors, approximately 6,300, or 23.1 per cent, are said
to be Americans.
Another thought which prompted the passage of the act, according
to the author, was the safety of the traveling public. The increase
in the number of lives lost at sea from 1,018 in the period 1860 to
1864 to 5,445 in the period 1910 to 1914 (4 years and 5 months)
would seem to indicate an apparent loss of skill among seamen.
The author ascribes the decadence of the merchant marine to
economic causes arising from the fact “ that the United States is a
high-wage country” ; and since the wages of seamen depend upon
the wages of the port in which they are hired, American ships have
not been able to compete with the low wages paid to seamen sailing
from other ports.
It is stated that the seamen’s act is not enforced, “ but to the extent
that it is permitted to operate it is equalizing the wages in all vessels
leaving American ports.”
It w as further expected by the legislators that the equalization in w age cost
would not stop in ports of the United States. The same instinct that would
cause the seamen to quit their vessels to get higher pay would cause foreign
shipowners to so pay and so treat their men that the men would remain in
their vessels voluntarily, and so there would autom atically come a practical
equality in the wage cost of operating merchant vessels throughout the world.
No one who has studied the law has any doubt that this w ill be the result if
the law is given a fair chance.

The seamen’s law is quoted liberally in order to show how its
various sections were drawn with the one purpose of making the
1 T his figure is based on th e assum ption t h a t th e per cent of A m ericans am ong the
un o rg an ized seam en is th e sam e as am ong those who a re m em bers of th e seam en’s
union, an d is necessarily only approxim ate.


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MONTHLY EE VIEW OF THE BUBEAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

seamen economically free, of promoting safety at sea, and of equal­
izing the wage cost in foreign and domestic vessels. The attitude
of shipowners toward the measure is commented upon, the opinion
being expressed that they have been quite successful in nullifying
the lawTand are now before the courts contesting the act, presumably
on the grounds of comity of nations, international law, and that
Congress exceeded its powers in passing it. It is pointed out that
Congress had all possible objections to the bill before it when it wTas
considering the proposed legislation, and that the President was
fully aware of them when he was about to approve it. Yet the bill
was passed and signed by the Chief Executive. The author believes
that the seamen’s law should be given a fair opportunity to demon­
strate its value.
GOVERNMENT INSURANCE FOR UNITED STATES SOLDIERS AND
SAILORS.
On August 10 a bill was introduced in the Senate (S. 2758) by
Senator Simmons, of North Carolina, and in the House of Repre­
sentatives (IT. R. 5723) by Congressman Alexander, of Missouri, to
provide insurance for American soldiers and sailors, separation al­
lowances for families of men in the military and naval services,
indemnification for disabilities incurred, and a system of reeduca­
tion and rehabilitation of injured men at Government expense. This
action is in pursuance of the plan developed cooperatively by the
committee on compensation for soldiers and sailors and their depend­
ents, authorized by the Council of National Defense, and a commit­
tee of insurance men appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury, an
account o f which appeared in the M o n t h l y R e v ie w for August (p p .
100-101). In submitting the plan to the President, whose approval
was given on August 7, the Secretary of the Treasury explained the
operation o f the proposed law, which is really an amendment to the
present act to authorize the establishment of a Bureau of War-Risk
Insurance in the Treasury Department, approved September 2, 1914,
in a letter from which the following excerpts are taken:
The bill * * * provides not only for the man, but for liis fam ily. It
aim s to accomplish these ends by granting a reasonable measure of indemnity
against the risk of loss—
(1) Of support of the breadwinner.
(2) Of life and limb.
(3) Of present insurability at ordinary rates.
The risk of dependency, in the case of an enlisted man’s fam ily, is indemnified
against by allotm ent of part of the pay of the enlisted man, supplemented by a
fam ily allowance granted and paid by the Government.
For w ife and children up to 18, or if incapable of pursuing a substantially
gainful occupation because of mental or physical infirmities, then without age


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lim it, allotm ents are compulsory unless w aived or exempted under regulations.
For other dependents they are voluntary. The compulsory allotm ent must equal
the fam ily allowance, w ith a minimum, however, of $15 and a minimum of oneh alf pay. The monthly fam ily allowance ranges from $5 to $50 maximum, de­
pendent upon the size of the fa m ily ; and, as to other kindred than w ife and
children, further dependent upon their actual needs and upon the amount ordi­
narily contributed by the man for their support, a voluntary allotm ent to
these kindred, sim ilar to the compulsory allotm ent for w ife and children, is re­
quired as a condition to the a llo w a n ce; but if the compulsory allotm ent is being
made, then as to the additional allotment, a minimum of $5 and a maximum of
one-seventh pay is a condition to the Government grant. The fam ily allowance
continues only for the war emergency.
To illu str a te : A private gets $33 a month for service abroad. If he has a w ife
and two children he must allot to them at least $15 out of his pay. The Gov­
ernment supplements this by giving the fam ily an allowance of $32.50. This
fam ily’s minimum income, therefore, would be $47.50. The father can allot as
much more as he pleases. I f there is another child, the Government w ill allow
$5 additional. I f that man should have a mother or father actually dependent
upon him and to whom he has been accustomed to contribute, say, $15 a month,
he can secure an allotm ent of $10 a month from the Government for the parent
by alloting $5 more of his pay. Thus, the private w ith a w ife, three children,
and a mother actually dependent upon him, by giving $20 out o f his $33 a month,
would get from the Government for his fam ily $47.50 a month, giving the
fam ily an income of $07.50, and still leave the man $13 a month for spending
money. If there are more children, or if there is also a dependent father, the
Government would give up to $50 in all, over and above the man’s own allot­
ment.

i|:

*

*

*

*

*

*

To instill thrift, to enable a man to build up a fund out of which he can pay
the insurance premiums, and above all, better to preserve equality and democ­
racy among the members of our own forces and between them and the allies,
provision is made enabling the W ar Departm ent and the Navy Department, by
regulation, to compel men who do not allot one-half of their pay to deposit so
much of the half pay as is not allotted, these deposits to bear interest at 4 per
cent per annum, compounded sem iannually.

*

*

*

$

$

$

$

The risk of disability or death as to officers, men, and nurses w hile in active
service as part of the m ilitary or naval forces of the United States is indemni­
fied against by compensation on the analogy of the workmen’s compensation
act rather than through a pension system. The sacrifice of and loss to the
fam ily is, however, taken into consideration by varying the amount of com­
pensation, both after death and during disability, w ith the size of the fam ily.
*

He

^

If total disability results from personal injury suffered or disease contracted in
the course of the service, the compensation, based on the percentage of pay, but
w ith a minimum of from $40 to $75 per month, according to the size of the
fam ily, may increase for the higher officers to a maximum of $200 per month.
Compensation, however, is not payable w hile the officer receives retirement
allowance.
Partial disabilities are compensated for on the basis of percentages of the
compensation for total disability, dependent upon the average impairment of
earning capacity resulting from such injuries in civil occupations. Provision
is made for commutation under regulations, but of a part only of the compen­
sation.
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MONTHLY REVIEW OF TRIE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

Medical, surgical, and hospital treatment, supplies, and appliances are given.
Compensation is a helpful measure of justice, but rehabilitation and reeduca­
tion, fitting him for a life of activity and usefulness, either in his former or
some other vocation, is an obligation fundam ental both to him and his fellow
men.
The bill does not attempt to cover the matter of m eans and methods of effect­
ing this. A study of European experience, both as to the victim s of w ar and
of industry, is essential therefor. Two principles are, however, established in
the bill :
(1) The man’s obligations to avail him self of such opportunities as the Gov­
ernment may provide or cause to be provided under penalty of loss of compen­
sation during any period of unreasonable refusal.
(2) A man’s right to disability compensation regardless of his individual
economic recuperation. T his is an essential spur to the fu ll development of his
potentialities.
To illustrate some of these provisions and to contrast them w ith the pension
provisions by practical exam ples: Assume that a man were totally disabled by
losing both legs and both arms in battle. Under the existin g pension system he
would receive $100 a month, regardless of the size o f his fam ily. Under the
compensation provisions of this bill, if he were a private and unmarried he
would receive $40 per month, and if, as is most probable, he needed a nurse or
attendant, up to $20 additional. I f he had a widowed mother dependent upon
him for support he would get another $10. I f he subsequently married his
monthly compensation would be at once increased by $15. I f later on he had
children the compensation would again be increased $10 a month for each of
the first two children, a possible maximum of $105 a month.
In addition to this monthly payment, under either system he would be fitted
w ith artificial limbs and would have treatment. ITis compensation or pension
would not be affected by any increased earnings. Furthermore, if he wanted
to set up as a sm all storekeeper, under the compensation system he would be
allowed to commute $20 a month of his compensation ; this m ight give him
$1,000 or more and still leave him protected to some extent.
I f death results from the injury or disease incurred or contracted in the
course of the service, compensation is paid to the widow, children, and de­
pendent widowed mother. The amount, based upon percentage of pay, ranges
from a minimum, according to the size of the fam ily, of $15 to $60 per month,
to a maximum for the higher officers of $200 per month. Burial expenses of
not exceeding $100, as may be fixed by regulations, are allowed. T his com­
pensation ends for widows two years after remarriage ; for children, on reach­
ing 18, unless they are physically or m entally incapable of follow ing a substan­
tially gainful occupation. To give the young man returning in maimed condi­
tion the opportunity to secure the care, love, and comfort that only w ife and
child! en can g i\e , the fam ily statu s a.t the tim e of each monthly payment, and
not at the tim e of the injury or discharge, determ ines the amount of the grant.
D eath or disability resulting from injury suffered or disease contracted in
the course of the service is covered, irrespective of the date when disability or
death occu rs, but if it occurs after discharge or resignation it is compensated
for only if a certificate has been obtained w ithin one year after discharge or
l esignation that the person w as suffering from injury or disease so incurred
or contracted likely to result later in death or disability.
To illustrate again : I f the man above referred to died as a result of his
in ju iies, leaving the w ife, two children, and widowed mother, under the pen­
sion system the fam ily would receive, ordinarily, $16, at best $24, a month;


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MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

even an officer’s fam ily would receive only $34 a month. Under the compensa­
tion system the fam ily would continue to receive $60 a month. On the death
of the mother this would be reduced to $50. If the w ife remarried it would
continue at this rate for two years, and would then be reduced to $25 until
the first child reached 18, thereafter to $15, term inating when the second child
reached 18.
Risk of noninsurability at ordinary rates is indemnified against by the issu­
ance o f Government insurance, covering total disability and death, to officers,
men, and Army nurses w hile in active service as part of the m ilitary or naval
forces in an amount of $1,000 to $10,000.
^

Hi

❖

❖

%

H*

The cheapest form of insurance, costing during the war on an average of $8
per $1,000 of insurance, and thus bringing even the maximum of $10,000 insur­
ance w ithin the reach of practically every private, is provided for. A fter the
war the insurance may be converted into other forms w ith earlier m aturity, the
premiums to be based, however, on the same m ortality tables and w ithout “ load­
ing.” All insurance is to be payable in installm ents, to be nonassignable and
free from the claim s of creditors either of the insured or of the beneficiary. It
is to be lim ited to w ife, children, and other specified kindred. It must be ap­
plied for w ithin 120 days after the terms are promulgated or subsequent enlist­
ment or entrance into the service. For those who are totally disabled or die
before they have had an opportunity to insure w ithin the prescribed period of
120 days, insurance in the sum of $5,000 is deemed to have been applied for and
granted.

#

*

❖

*

*

❖

*

On the adm inistrative side the bill provides for a division of the War Risk
Bureau into two sections— one on marine and seam en’s insurance, the other on
m ilitary and naval insurance. Each division is to have a commissioner under
the direction of the bureau.
*

sji

❖

*

❖

*

*

In his letter the Secretary of the Treasury submits the following
estimate of the cost for the first two years of the operation of the
proposed law :
ESTIMATED COST OF FIR ST TWO YEARS OF OPERATION OF PROPOSED LAW TO
PROVIDE INSURANCE FOR SOLDIERS AND SAILORS.
F irst year.

Item.
Family allowances...............................
Death indem nities.„............................
Compensation for total disability.......
Compensation for par tial disability.. Insurance against deathand disability

§141,000,000
3,700,000
5,250, 000
3,200, 000
25,000,000

Total............................................

170,150,000

Second year.
$190,000,000
22,000,000
35.000.
000
21.000. 000
112,500,000
380,500,000

MEDICAL CARE OF INJURED FEDERAL EMPLOYEES.1
Under the terms of the “Act to provide compensation for employees
of the United States suffering injuries while in the performance of
their duties,” approved September 7, 1916, reasonable medical and
surgical treatment shall be furnished, upon application and without
1 D ata taken from United States Public H ealth Reports, July 20, 1917, pp. 1125-1127.


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charge, by all medical officers at first, second, and third class relief
stations of the United States Public Health Service. Officers in
charge of the second and third class relief stations are directed by
the Surgeon General to obtain letters signed by the proper authori­
ties of the local contract hospitals to the effect that civil employees
of the United States, injured while in the performance of their
duties, will be received at said hospitals and furnished quarters, sub­
sistence, nursing, and necessary medicines during the fiscal year end­
ing June 30, 1918, at the same rates as named in their proposals sub­
mitted for the care of seamen during said fiscal year; the services to
be the same as that furnished seamen.
The rules for caring for injured Federal employees, as prescribed
by the Surgeon General, are as follows:
1. An injured civil employee of tlie United States, in order to receive treat­
ment shall present to the medical officer a certificate stating that he is a Gov­
ernment employee and that he was injured on a certain date while in the per­
formance of his duties. Such certificate must be signed by the employee’s su­
perior officer, or by the medical officer, United States Employees’ Compensation
Commission.
2. An injured civil employee of the United States, in order to obtain the bene­
fits of the service, must apply in person (or by proxy if too seriously injured so
to do) at the local office of the Public Health Service, or to a medical officer of
said service.
3. At marine hospitals no charge shall be made for services or supplies fur­
nished injured civil employees of the United States. Expenditures incurred at
said hospitals for the care and treatment of such injured employees are pay­
able from appropriations for the Public Health Service.
4. At second and third class relief stations of the service, expenditures in­
curred on account of either office or hospital treatment furnished injured
civil employees of the United States' shall be taken up in special vouchers ren­
dered against the United States Employees’ Compensation Commission. The rates
charged for the care of seamen, as approved by the department, shall be
charged for the care of injured Government employees at all contract hospitals
of the service, and vouchers for such care should be rendered against the
above-named commission. All vouchers for services or supplies furnished in the
treatment of said injured employees will be paid direct by the United States
Employees’ Compensation Commission, and such vouchers should be forwarded
to the bureau for refernce to the proper officer of that commission, unless other­
wise instructed. In preparing said vouchers, the words “ employees’ compen­
sation fund ” should be written in at the station after the word “ appropria­
tion ” appearing on voucher forms, and stubs attached to such vouchers should
be altered to show that payment is made on account of the United States Com­
pensation Commission. Until further notice, vouchers for said services or sup­
plies should be rendered on blanks issued by the Public Health Service, Forms
1926 and 1949. Expenditures payable from the above-mentioned fund should
not be listed among the expenditures noted in monthly schedules of incum­
brances, Form 1955. No charges shall be made for professional services fur­
nished said injured employees by medical officers of the service, nor shall any
charge be made for supplies i n s t o c k furnished such persons.


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5. Treatment furnished injured employees of the United States, in accord­
ance with the above-mentioned act of Congress, shall be taken up in monthly
reports of patients admitted to and discharged from hospital treatment at
first and second class relief stations, and relief certificates and hospital per­
mits shall be issued in case of treatment furnished such patients at third-class
relief stations of the service. On such reports the class of patients should be
designated or shown and authority for said treatment should be cited as “ act
of September 7, 1916.” Treatment furnished said patients shall also be taken
up in “ Medical officers’ monthly report of relief, Form 1922,” and in annual
reports of medical and surgical relief furnished office and hospital patients,
Forms 1923, 1924, and 1925.
6. Upon the termination of both office and hospital treatment, a copy of the
clinical record of treatment furnished injured employees of the United States
shall be forwarded, through the bureau, to the medical officer, United States
Employees’ Compensation Commission. Such clinical records shall include the
history, diagnosis, treatment, and other information connected with each case,
and shall be prepared on service forms 1946, A, B, C, and D.
7. When it is in the interest of economy and to the welfare of injured em­
ployees of the United States, the above-mentioned commission will order the
transfer of such patients from one station to another, including authority for
the necessary expenses involved in such transfers. No injured employees
should be so transferred without special authority from the United States
Employees’ Compensation Commission. Upon the transfer of an injured em­
ployee from a second or third class relief station to a marine hospital,
for the purpose of receiving further treatment, a copy of the clinical record
should be forwarded to the medical officer in charge of said marine hospital;
and upon discharge of the employee from the marine hospital a complete clinical
record (covering his treatment at both the contract relief station and marine
hospital) shall at once be forwarded, through the bureau, to the medical officer,
United States Employees’ Compensation Commission.

HOODS FOR REMOVING DUST, FUMES, AND GASES.

A special bulletin, issued in May, 1917, under the direction of the
New York Industrial Commission,1 gives the results of a careful
study of various types of hood for removing dust, fumes, and gases,
showing the inadequacy of certain kinds in use in some plants and
describing, with supplemental illustrations, hoods that are so con­
structed and adapted as to prove highly effective in accomplishing
the purpose for which they are intended.
The bulletin mentions the well-known classification of dusts to
which workers are exposed, namely, (1) mineral, (2) metallic, (3)
vegetable, (4) animal, and (5) combination of two or more of these,
but in describing the physical effects of dusts this classification is
discarded and the different forms are considered according to their
effects, as follows:
1 New York. D ep artm en t of L abor. I n d u s tria l Com m ission. H oods fo r rem oving dust,
fum es, an d gases. Special B ulletin No. 82, May, 1917, p rep ared by th e division of in ­
d u s tria l hygiene. A lbany, 1917. 23 pp. Illu s tra te d .


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1. Irritating dusts which have only a mechanical action and act
directly upon the parts most exposed, such as the eyes, nose, throat,
and skin. These dusts are found in metal grinding, stonecutting,
emery grinding, and in the handling of wool, hemp, cotton, jute,
tobacco, fur, feathers, and hair.
2. Poisonous dusts which, when entering the system, cause a gen­
eral poisoning or have an affinity for certain parts of the body, such
as the blood, bones, and the nervous system. These include lead,
arsenic, and salts of mercury, the most common being lead dust, to
which the worker is exposed in many trades. This enters the system
by being inhaled or through the stomach by eating food contaminated
by lead-laden hands. The tissues chiefly affected are the arteries,
nerves, brain, muscles, and also the blood.
3. Infected dusts which carry pus germs.
Dangerous fumes, vapors, and gases, it is stated, usually show their
effects immediately on account of the rapidity with which they enter
the blood and are carried to all parts of the body, and are classified
as follows:
1. Irritating fumes and vapors which act locally upon the eyes,
the mucous membranes of the nose, throat, larynx, bronchial tubes,
and the lungs, such as ammonia, chlorine, nitric and sulphuric acid.
2. Poisonous intoxicating fumes and gases, such as benzol, wood
alcohol, carbon disulphide, benzene, anilin, and lead, which affect the
blood, heart, and circulation, the nervous system and digestive organs.
3. Others, such as wrood alcohol, affecting the optic nerve and caus­
ing blindness; chromic acid which causes ulceration and perforation
of the partition separating the nostrils; phosphorus which affects
the jawbone; and mercury which particularly affects the teeth and
lower jaw.
Irritating fumes, such as ammonia, cause intense inflammation of the trans­
parent membrane covering the eyes. The fum es of nitric acid have been known
to cause intense inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes,
and later, when the worker has apparently recovered from the effects, inflam­
mation of the lungs appears, causing death in a few hours.
Intoxicating fumes, such as carbon disulphide, benzol, dinitrochlorbenzol, and
benzene, cause headache, dizziness, nausea, and w eakness in the legs.
Poisonous fumes, such as anilin, may cause attacks varying in severity
-with the amount inhaled. Those unaccustomed to the fum es are particularly
susceptible. In mild attacks there w ill be headaches, dizziness, pain in the
eyes, a feeling of fullness in the head, and great w eakness in the knees. The
speech is slow and uncertain which, w ith the staggering walk, gives the ap­
pearance of drunkenness. The worker’s face is pale at first, later blue, and he
breathes with difficulty. If treated at this time, by inhalations of fresh air
and heart stim ulants, he recovers in a couple of days. But should the worker
be so unfortunate as to fa ll and be unnoticed in some secluded part of the
plant, he w ill continue to absorb the anilin fumes, and death w ill occur very


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107

shortly. Very frequently the worker apparently recovers, returns home, and
during the night or the follow ing day the symptoms r e cu r; the pulse becomes
feeble; breathing is slow and difficult; unconsciousness and convulsions w ill
occur, followed by death.
Lead fum es arising from improperly hooded metal pots in the composing
rooms of the printing industry frequently cause anemia and lead poisoning
among the printers.
Wood alcohol is used frequently in the preparation of varnish and shellac,
in the m anufacture of hats, artificial flowers, and for dissolving dyes. In
poisoning from the fumes, the worker suffers w ith cramps, nausea, vomiting,
headache, and dizziness. H is flesh is tender to the touch, his temperature is
low, and he complains of great chilliness and weakness. The symptoms very
much resemble those of ptom aine poisoning. In addition the sight is affected,
varying in degree from dim ness of vision to complete blindness. In fatal cases
death occurs from paralysis of the heart. Wood alcohol possesses a particularly
harmful effect upon the optic nerve, causing blindness, even in mild cases of
poisoning.
Mercurial vapors are met w ith in the manufacture of several scientific instru­
ments and mercurial salts. W hile mercury is one of the heaviest of metals,
it is known to volatilize or evaporate at ordinary temperatures. Ifor this reason
all operations should be performed under hoods. The fum es, when inhaled,
affect the blood and nervous system- particularly the teeth, gums, and jawbone.

Since these clangers confront workmen in factories where dust,
fumes, and gases result from manufacturing processes it becomes
imperative to provide adequate protection for those exposed. The
report suggests that there are three methods practiced in removing
dust, fumes, and gases—the downward, lateral, and upward move­
ment of air currents through hoods, the upward system being the one
most generally in use. The passage of the air through these hoods
may be effected by natural or mechanical means. The report notes
experiments conducted with air currents moved by mechanical means
in connection with a hood 42 inches in diameter at its base, inclosed
on three sides, having an opening in front measuring 30 inches square
placed over a pot of lead alloy, the temperature of which was 505° F.,
the surface of which measured 706 square inches, equal to 30 inches
in diameter. Into this hood, which was connected with a pipe 10
inches in diameter, the air current passed at a velocity of 115 feet
per minute, or 719 cubic feet per minute. A chemical analysis of the
air 3 feet from the hood failed to reveal the presence of lead.
A hood constructed as above gives fairly good results in removing heated air
and lead dross. Hoods or pipes, as described, placed above forge fires or metal
pots where the pipes are vertical, in which there is an aspiration of 1,000 feet
per minute, would be considered as satisfactory.

It appears from the report that one of the most effective types of
hood is that constructed with a double wall, with an allowance of
1 inch between the inner wall and the outer wall, at the edges of
which there should be a minimum air velocity of not less than 1,000
8S09°'—17----- S

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feet per minute and 200 feet per minute over the central area of the
hood. This hood is thus further described:
The opening at the apex of the hood together w ith the area at the base
between the inner and outer w all of the hood should equal the area of the
pipe or branch pipe from the top of the hood. The mouth of the hood should
extend over the furnace, vat, or machine at least 6 inches in every direction if
the hood is not elevated more than 2 feet. For each additional 2 feet of
elevation such hoods must be increased 6 inches in all directions. The farther
away from the vat the less effective the hood w ill be. The outer w all of the
hood should be extended an inch or an inch and a h alf below the inner shell,
whereby rising fum es are more readily caught than if the w alls are the same
length. It is of course necessary to provide m echanical air movement instead
of relying on natural aspiration. Air currents from w indows and doors do not
affect the upward movement of air in these hoods as readily as the single
type. Still it must be remembered that sufficient openings should be provided
in the workroom to allow for the removal of air through the hoods, as a partial
vacuum is naturally created in the removal of air from the workroom.
Chemical tests of air were conducted whereby large quantities of air were
used taken 5 feet from the hoods to determ ine the effect of this style of hood,
resulting in mere traces of m aterial being found in the vapors given off from
the vats. As the sam pling w as done covering an hour’s time, w ith the sm all
traces found it is safe to judge such hoods efficient.

Another type of hood found to be efficient is that inclosed on four
sides and having a sliding door in front provided with hand or arm
holes to enable the operative to work and observe what he is doing
without lifting the hood.
Attention is drawn to the advisability of insulating the ducts lead­
ing from hoods in order to prevent radiations of heat into the work­
room. The importance of using hoods to carry off the poisonous
fumes resulting from painting by using spraying brushes, and from
heating soldering irons is emphasized. I t is also suggested that the
proper removal of products of combustion and oxides of antimony
and lead from type-metal pots, in connection with linotype machines
and monotype casters, is an important factor toward keeping the air
of composing and monotype rooms ventilated and preventing lead
poisoning of employees. It is very essential that hoods be provided
to remove the shavings and sawdust from machines found in the
woodworking trades. Here the removal is by downward, lateral, and
upward suction, and an air velocity of not less than 5,000 feet per
minute should be maintained to be effective.
Taking up the matter of pipe construction the report states that
the area of any main duct, into which any number of branch pipes
enter, should not be less, at any place in it, than the combined areas
of the branches entering it, plus 20 per cent; that no branches from
any hood should enter the main duct at an angle greater than 45 de­
grees or be placed directly opposite one another; and that care


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should be exercised that fumes or gases from different hoods entering
a common main do not chemically react on each other and form ex­
plosive mixtures.
INFECTIONS FOLLOWING INDUSTRIAL ACCIDENTS IN OHIO.
Many of the accidents occurring from day to day in the industrial
world would not terminate fatally nor would they be recorded even
as of a serious nature were it not for the fact that the wounds pro­
duced become infected as a result of lack of immediate attention on
the part of the injured employee or of carelessness in protecting
them until the services of a physician may be obtained. Following
every industrial accident it is of prime importance that infection be
prevented in order to reduce the suffering of workmen, lessen the
number of cases of permanent partial disability, and save human
lives. A recent bulletin issued by the Ohio Industrial Commission1
states that of 73,525 industrial accidents for which awards were
made by the commission for the 12 months ending June 30, 1915,
infection was reported in connection with 7,073 accidents. Thus,
approximately 1 out of every 10 industrial injuries became infected.
Of this number, 39 cases resulted fatally, 1G1 resulted in permanent
partial disability, and 6,873 cases resulted in prolonged temporary
disability. Many of this latter number might undoubtedly have
suffered comparatively little inconvenience had the proper care and
precaution been taken on the occurrence of the injury. That too
much importance can not be attached to the necessity of exercising
care even after the most trivial injuries is illustrated by the follow­
ing instances cited in the bulletin :
Deceased scratched finger on nail in a barrel from which he w as taking
sal soda. Gangrene developed and the arm w as amputated. Injured October
SO, 1914 ; died November 8, 1914.
Ran splinter in hand w hile handling boards. Blood poisoning set in. In­
jured April 24, 1915 ; died May 1, 1915.

Thirty of the fatalities occurred in connection with very trivial
injuries, cuts, scratches, abrasions, lacerations, and punctures. Of
the 39 cases of death, 7 died within the first week, 13 died within the
second week, and 8 died within the third week after the accident.
These 39 cases represent 8.3 per cent of the total fatalities (482) for
which awards were made by the commission.
Awards were made in 1,643 cases of permanent partial disability,
infection being contributory to the disastrous result in 161 (9.8 per
cent) of these cases. As to the type of disability, particular atten1 Ohio. In d u s tria l Com m ission. D ep a rtm e n t of In v e stig a tio n an d S ta tistic s . R ep o rt
No. 29. In fe c tio n s follow ing in d u s tria l accidents in Ohio. Colum bus, M ar. 1, 1917.
12 pp.


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tion is called to the fact that of 255 accidents which resulted in total
or partial loss of vision in one or both eyes, 46, or 18 per cent, were
due to infection. Approximately 31 per cent of the cases of infec­
tion in this group were caused by falling and shifting objects, while
nearly 30 per cent were caused by machinery.
The balance of the awards (71,400) were made in temporary dis­
ability cases, the number of infections among these cases, as already
noted, being 6,873, or 9.6 per cent. In this group the largest number
of infections, 5,533, or 80.5 per cent, resulted from trivial wounds,
while the next largest number, 519, or 7.6 per cent, resulted from
foreign bodies in the eyes. Here, also, falling and shifting objects
were responsible for the largest number of infections (3,292, or 47.9
per cent), the next largest number (1,271, or 18.5 per cent) being
caused by machinery.
Considering infections by industry class, nearly one-half (3,071,
or 43.4 per cent) occurred to workers in the metal trades. The bulle­
tin concludes with the following warning:
Don’t neglect sm all cuts, scratches, and punctures.
T hirty men lost their lives w ithin one year follow ing infection from cuts,
scratches, abrasions, lacerations, and punctures.
Don’t neglect eye injuries. Even slight injuries to the eye may result in loss
of vision.
Infections follow ing accidents caused 23 men total loss of vision in one or
both e y e s ; 8 men, more than one-half loss of v is io n ; 9 men, one-half loss of
v is io n ; and 6 men, less than one-half loss of vision w ithin one year.
Don’t neglect injuries. Infection w as allowed to develop w ithin one year
in more than 7,000 injuries follow ing accidents or in approxim ately one out of
every 10 accidents.
Infection may develop from the use of tobacco or cobwebs to stop bleeding;
use of a pin or dirty penknife to remove splinters, use of a dirty toothpick,
dirty handkerchief, or dirty fingers of a fellow employee in attem pting to re­
move a sm all particle from the eye. W ait and have it removed by a doctor
or nurse.
Don’t hesitate. Give im m ediate aseptic dressing to the sm allest wound, be­
cause neglect may lead to serious consequences.

WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION AND ACCIDENT INSURANCE IN
MARYLAND.
Under the Maryland workmen’s compensation law employers are
required to insure in the State fund or in a stock company, unless
they are able satisfactorily to convince the industrial-accident com­
mission that they are in position to carry their own risk. According
to the second annual report of the commission for the year ending
October 31, 1916,1 it appears that nearly 9 per cent of the emplojTrs
1 Second a n n u a l re p o rt of th e S ta te In d u s tria l A ccident Com m ission fo r th e y ear end­
in g Oct. 31, 1916. B altim ore. [1917.] 62 pp.


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insured in the State fund, but the report adds that so far as has been
ascertained only three or four companies were ahead of the State
fund in volume of business as measured by the amount of premiums
received. It is estimated that less than 1 per cent of the employers
were self-insured. While a majority of employers effected insurance,
it appears from the report that many did not, and several reasons are
advanced for this state of affairs.
Some employers have a more or less vague knowledge of the scope of the law
and are either indifferent or purposely neglect to inform them selves; others,
w hile seem ingly aw are of its application, have frankly taken a chance of an
accident or of their neglect being discovered in some other way, w hile instances
have developed of employers who are plainly defying the law.

As to the administrative expense the report states that “ a rather
liberal cost accounting for the past two years indicates that the cost
of administration of the fund has not exceeded 10 per cent, this to be
compared with cost for stock companies ranging from 30 per cent to
40 per cent.”
During the year 31,324 accidents were reported to the commission,
207 of which were fatal. Awards were made in 93 of the 150 claims
filed in fatal cases and in 4,282 of the 4,636 claims filed in nonfatal
cases. These awards, as well as the total number of accidents re­
ported, are classified according to the character and cause of injury,
and the occupation, age, sex, marital condition, and wages of the
workmen. The following table shows the benefits which accrued to
workmen or their dependents during the year covered by the report:
B E N E FIT S D ERIV ED BY BE N E FIC IA R IE S OF T IIE MARYLAND W O R K M EN ’S COM­
PENSATION LAW DURING T H E Y EA R ENDING OCT. 31,1916.1
Compensation.

Num­
ber of
awards.

Paid.

Outstanding.

Fatal accidents........................................
Perm anent total disability....................
Permanent partial disability................
Temporary total disability...................
Temporary partial disability................
Medical service in compensation cases.
Medical service in cases th at did not
reach compensation.............................

108
5
324
4,360
6

2 $30,862.22
906.60
43,016.24
201,783.42
153.00

$261,945.67
24,093.40
31,821.49

Total...............................................

4,803

276,721.48

317,860.56

Paym ents made for—

Medical
service.

$47,134.24

Total.

2 $292,807.89
25,000.00
74,837.73
201,783.42
153.00
47,134.24

63,223.10

63,223.10

110,357.34

704,939.38

1 The report states th at payments noted in this table are included on awards made since Nov. 1,1916, for
compensation due prior zo Nov. 1,1916, and this probably accounts for the apparent discrepancy in some
of the figures as compared with those noted elsewhere.
2 Includes $8,819.37 paid for funeral expenses.

The report of the State accident fund shows a total of 1,095 acci­
dents, for which compensation amounting to $19,784.18 1 and medical
benefits amounting to $7,278.541 were paid, with $26,760.09 estimated
1 T h is does n o t agree w ith th e am o u n t show n in th e follow ing sta te m e n t.
ta k e n from th e re p o rt and th e reason fo r th e discrepancy does n o t ap p ear.


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as outstanding. The following is a statement of the condition of
the fund as of date October 31, 1916:
A SSETS.

Cash on deposit, State treasury_______________________$36, 058. 87
Stocks and bonds_____________________________________ 59, 625. 00
Accrued interest on above to Oct. 31, 1916_____________
706. 67
Policyholders’ accounts_________l___ __________________
5, 762.20
Total assets_______________________________________________ $102,152. 74
L IA B IL IT IE S .

Reserve
R eserve
Reserve
Reserve

for
for
for
for

losses___________ ___ :_____________________
unearned premium____ __________________
special su rp lu s1_____________ ____________
surplus__________________________________

31, 659. 34
2, 824. 33
11,847.56
55, 821. 51

Total reserves___________________ _________________________

102,152. 74

IN C O M E A N D D I S B U R S E M E N T S .
In c o m e .

N et premiums w ritten________________________________
Interest on deposits__________________________________
Interest on investm ents_______________________________

71, 646. 82
670. 61
880. 00

Total income______________________________________________

73,197. 43

D is b u r s e m e n t s .

Losses
Losses
Losses
Losses
Losses
Losses

paid,
paid,
paid,
paid,
paid,
paid,

medical_______________ _______________ ■
____
temporary total disab ility_______________
permanent total disab ility_______________
permanent partial disab ility_____________
death (dependency)_____________________
death ( no dependency) __________________

7,158. 60
12,188. 76
54. 80
3, 264. 45
2,482.11
883. 50

Total losses paid___________________________________________
R eserve for losses (accidents, Nov. 1, 1915, to Oct. 31,
1916)_______________________________________________ 26,760.09
R eserve for unearned premiums______________________
2, 824. 33
R eserve for special su rp lu s1 (prem iums w ritten Nov. 1,
1915, to Oct 31, 19 1 6 )_____________________________
7, 164. 68
Reserve for surplus (additional account business Nov.
1, 1915, to Oct. 31, 1916)______________ ___________
10,416.11

26, 032. 22

Total reserves________ _________,___________________________

47,165 .21

Total losses and reserves___________________ ______________

73,197.43

The report indicates a purpose on the part of the commission to
encourage and promote plans for accident prevention, in a gen­
eral way through its cooperation with insurance carriers and em1 As provided in sec. 23, ch. 800, acts of 1914.


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ployers, and particularly in connection with the State accident fund,
which is administered by the commission. Attention is called
to the fact that on November 6, 1916, a merit-rating plan for the
State accident fund was adopted by which credit is given for good
accident experience and a charge is made for bad accident experience,
by a reduction or an advance, as the case may be, in the premium
rate.
COMPULSORY WORK LAWS AND LAWS TO PREVENT INTER­
FERENCE WITH EMPLOYMENT.
A law enacted by the West Virginia Legislature declares it the
duty of every able-bodied male resident of the State between 16
and 60 years of age to be habitually and profitably employed, the
act to be in effect during the period of the present war and for six
months thereafter. This act was reproduced in the M o n t h l y R e v i e w
for August. Not all the labor legislation of the year has as yet
come under review by the bureau, but in at least two other States
laws have been enacted which bear upon the subject of compulsory
employment; another State enacted an emergency law relating to em­
ployment, while in two other States the legislatures have sought to
prevent interference with employment by a new type of legislation
addressed to a situation of recent development in this country.
A law quite similar to the West Virginia statute was passed by
the Maryland Legislature at its extra session of this year (ch. 33,
approved June 28, 1917). This act applies to able-bodied male per­
sons between the ages of 18 and 50 years, and is to come into effect
whenever the governor of the State determines that it is necessary,
because of the existence of a state of war, for the protection and wel­
fare of the State that all persons described in the act “ be employed
in occupations carried on by the State, the counties or the city of
Baltimore, or any of their agencies, or be employed in occupations
carried on by private persons, firms or corporations, whether agri­
cultural, industrial, or otherwise.” The occupations referred to are
to be such as the governor finds to be essential and requiring resort
to this act for their successful conduct. On proclamation of the act
every able-bodied male between the ages fixed, “ not then or there­
after regularly or continuously employed or engaged in any useful
business, trade, or profession of any kind,” must register with the
clerk of the court for his county or city. The lists thus procured are
to be furnished to the governor, who shall then assign or cause to be
assigned such persons to the occupations and employments indicated,
the term of any single assignment not to exceed six continuous
months. Necessary reassignments are authorized, and all assign­
ments must have regard to the physical capacity of the persons to do


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the work contemplated. The governor is to declare and publish
necessary rules and regulations, and “ persons similarly circum­
stanced shall, as far as it is possible to do so, be treated alike.” Per­
sons able to support themselves by reason of ownership of property
or income, and those supported by others, are required to register
under the act. Students and all persons fitting themselves to en­
gage in trade or industrial pursuits are exempt.
The wages to be paid shall not be less than the wage or salary
paid to others engaged in the same nature of work. Public employ­
ment shall be paid for out of the appropriation made for the under­
taking; while private employers are required to execute a bond to
the State to guarantee the payment of earnings as they fall due. If
the employer fails to make payment, the workman shall be paid by
the State, the latter then to proceed to recover on the bond of the
defaulting employer. The hours of work are limited to the number
that lawfully constitutes a day’s work in the occupation.
Enforcement is placed in the hands of the sheriffs of the counties,
the police department of Baltimore City, and in general of officers,
city, county, or municipal, charged with enforcing law. Penalties
are provided for failure to register and for failing or refusing to do
the work assigned. The law does not apply to persons temporarily
unemployed by reason of differences with their employers, nor to
persons engaged or employed in seasonal occupations carried on in
Baltimore city or Allegany County.
The Kansas Legislature enacted a law (ch. 1GT, approved Mar. 10,
1917) looking toward the enforcement of suitable employment, but
differing from the above in being permanent, as well as in a number
of other respects. In fact, it is only a rather drastic vagrancy law
and may be fairly assumed to have its origin not in the emergency
created by the war but rather in the industrial conditions that affect
considerable portions of the West. This law applies to “ any person
engaged in any unlawful calling whatever, or who shall be found
loitering without visible means of support within a community, or
who, being without visible means of support, shall refuse to work
when work at fair wages is to be procured in the community, or who
shall threaten violence or personal injury to fellow workmen or to
employers of labor.” Such persons are to be deemed vagrants and
are subject to penalties of fine or imprisonment.
Not falling exactly within the same category as the laws already
noted but arising out of the current emergency is. an act of the
Legislature of New Hampshire (ch. 146, approved Apr. 12, 1917)
forbidding any person, during time of war or invasion, to influence
or coerce or attempt to influence or coerce, any person or persons not
to work in shops, mills, factories, munition plants, or other industries


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115

or establishments whatever. It is also made unlawful to instigate
or encourage, or attempt to instigate or encourage, strikes or lock­
outs so long as the industry or establishment is engaged in manufac­
turing, making, or delivering sustenance, clothing, weapons, muni­
tions, material, or other supplies for the Army or Navy of the United
States or the military or naval service of the State.
The remaining lawrs noted here are of a novel type and are based
entirely on industrial conditions developing practically independ­
ent of the war, though doubtless stimulated to some extent by the
conditions which it has produced. Like the Kansas statute noted
above, they undertake to regulate modes of interference with em­
ployment by threats or other unlawful acts. The Legislature of
Idaho (ch. 115, approved Mar. 14, 1917) enacted a law defining
criminal syndicalism as “ the doctrine which advocates crime, sabot­
age, or unlawful methods of terrorism as a means of accomplishing
Industrial or political reform.” The advocacy of such a doctrine is
declared a felony, to be punished by imprisonment for not more than
10 years, or a fine of not more than $5,000, or both. The same penalty
attaches where two or more persons assemble for the purpose of advo­
cating or teaching the doctrines of criminal syndicalism, and every
person voluntarily participating in such assemblies by his presence,
aid, or instigation is subject to the penalty. Persons owning or hav­
ing charge of buildings which they willfully and knowingly permit
to be used for such an assemblage are also punishable by imprison­
ment for not more than one year, or by a fine of not more than $500, or
both. The offenses enumerated include advocating or teaching, either
by word of mouth or in writing, the necessity or propriety of crime,
sabotage, violence, or other unlawful methods of terrorism as a
means of accomplishing industrial or political reform ; the printing,
publication, circulation, or display of books, papers, or written mat­
ter advocating or teaching the doctrine; openly, willfully, and cleliberately justifying the commission of the forbidden acts with intent
to encourage the doctrine of criminal syndicalism; and organizing or
helping to organize or joining or assembling with any society or
group of persons formed to teach or advocate the doctrines of crim­
inal syndicalism.
A practically identical law was passed by the Legislature of Min­
nesota (ch. 215, approved Apr. 13, 1917). This act defines sabotage
as meaning “ malicious damage or injury to the property of an em­
ployer by an employee.” The penalties for individual offenders are
reduced in the Minnesota statute to imprisonment for five years as a
maximum, or a fine not exceeding $1,000, or both; the punishment for
assemblages, however, is the same as in Idaho, as is that for permit­
ting the use of buildings or rooms for such assemblages.


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MINIMUM WAGES FOR WOMEN IN MERCANTILE ESTABLISH­
MENTS IN CALIFORNIA.
The Industrial Welfare Commission of California, under date of
July 6, 1917, issued an order (effective Sept. 6, 1917) fixing minimum
wage rates for all female workers in the mercantile industry.
By the terms of the order no experienced woman worker may be
employed at a rate of wages less than $10 per week ($43.33 per
month). For learners a graded wage scale is provided, the minimum
being $6 per week ($26 per month) for a beginner under 18, with 50
cents per week increases at six-month intervals until the full $10
weekly wage is obtained. Moreover, it is provided that the total
number of learners in any establishment shall not exceed 25 per cent
of the total number of women and minors employed.
This is the second industry covered by the Industrial Welfare
Commission, wTages and hours for women in the canning industry
having been established in February, 1916, and revised in June, 1917.1
The order regarding mercantile establishments was dated at San
Francisco, July 6,1917, and its full terms are as follows:
1. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ, or suffer or permit an expe­
rienced woman to be employed in the mercantile industry in California at a rate
of w ages less than $10 per week ($43.33 per month.)
2. The wages of learners may be less than the minimum rate prescribed for
experienced workers p rovided:
( a ) T hat learners entering employment under IS years of age be paid an
initial w eekly w age of not less than $6 per week ($26 per month) for the first
six months of em ploym ent; for the second six months not less than $6.50 per
week ($28.17 per month) ; for the third six months not less than $7 per week
($30.33 per month) ; for the fourth six months not less than $7.50 per week
($32.50 per month) ; and for the fifth six months, or when 18 years of age, not
less than $8 per week ($34.67 per m onth).
( b) That learners entering employment 18 years of age and under 20 years
of age be paid an initial w eekly wage of not less than $8 per week ($34.67
per month) for the first six months of employment, not less than $8.50 per
week ($36.83 per month) for the second six months, not less than $9 per
week ($39 per month) for the third six months; not less than $9.50 per week
($41.17 per month) for the fourth six months, and thereafter shall be deemed
experienced workers and shall be paid not less than the minimum rate Un­
experienced workers.
(c) T hat learners entering employment 20 years o f age or over be paid an
initial w eekly w age of not less than $8 per w eek ($34.67 per month) for the
first six months of employment, for the second six months not less than $8.50
per week ($36.83 per m onth), for the third six months not less than $9 per
w eek ($39 per m onth), and thereafter shall be deemed experienced workers
and shall be paid not less than the minimum rate for experienced workers.
3. The total number of adult and minor learners in any establishm ent shall
not exceed 25 per cent of the total number o f women and minors employed. In
1 See M o n t h l y R e v ie w for July, 1917, p. 57.


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computing the total number of women and minors “ temporary ” and “ special ”
workers shall not be included.
4. Where payment of wages is made upon a commission or bonus system
w ages shall be computed weekly and the time wage plus the bonus or commis­
sion shall be not less than the minimum rate for the w age group in which the
worker belongs.
5. All adult “ special ” women employees shall be paid not less than $1.67
per day. All minor “ special ” employees shall be paid not less than $1.25
per day.
6. All “ part-time ” workers, except w aitresses,1 shall be paid not less than the
minimum rate for an eight-hour day.
(a)
Students attending accredited vocational, continuation, or cooperative
schools may be employed a t part-time work on special permits from the com­
mission, and at special rates to be determined by the commission.
7. No person, firm, or corporation shall employ or suffer or permit a woman
or minor to work in the mercantile industry more than eight hours in any one
day or more than 48 hours in any week.
8. All women and minors now employed in the mercantile industry must
be rated and paid in accordance w ith their experience and age as in the abovementioned regulations.
9. A license may be issued by the commission to a woman physically disabled
by age or otherw ise authorizing the employment of such licensee for a wage
less than the legal minimum w a g e ; and the commission shall fix a special min­
imum for such a woman.
10. The commission shall exercise exclusive jurisdiction over all questions
arising as to the adm inistration and interpretation of these orders.
A “ temporary ” worker is a person employed during the holidays for a
period not to exceed four (4) weeks. A “ special ” worker is one who works
less than six (6) days a week. A “ part-tim e” worker is one who works less
than eight (8) hours per day. A “ le a r n e r ” is a woman or minor who (1) is
employed in learning the m ercantile industry by an employer who provides
the learner w ith reasonable fa cilities for such learning, and (2) has received
a certificate or has been registered as a learner by the commission.
Provided that an employer may employ a learner for a period not to exceed
one week pending application to the commission for a certificate and registra­
tion of such learner.
This order shall become effective sixty (60) days from the date hereof.

EMPLOYMENT OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN MAINE.2
A published excerpt from the third biennial report of the Maine
department of labor and industry contains a chapter on employ­
ment of women in stores which presents the results of a study of
their conditions, surroundings, scale of wages, health, and treat­
ment, and considers somewhat the inducements, if any, offered by the
vocation of saleswoman. The inquiry covered all of the larger de1 Special minimum rates for “ part-tim e ” work of w aitresses will be determined when
the orders are made in the hotel and re stau ra n t industry.
2 Excerpt from th ird biennial report of the departm ent of labor and industry, State
of Maine, 1915-1916. W aterville, 1917, pp. 50-75.


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

partment, clothing, dry goods, specialty, and 5 and 10 cent stores in
the State and included all occupations in which women are engaged
in these stores—office work, bundlers, cashiers, stenographers, book­
keepers, messengers, fur sewers, millinery makers, seamstresses, wait­
resses, and sales people. In all about 1,500 women and many em­
ployers were interviewed. Much of the statistical data was secured
through schedules returned by employees, although facts as to the 5
and 10 cent stores do not appear in the report.
In general, the investigation revealed the fact that, not including
the 5 and 10 cent stores, 481 per cent of those interviewed were
earning less than $8 per week “ which would probably be a fair
minimum wage for these occupations if such a thing is established in
the State,” and also that wages are relatively lower in the towns than
in the cities, but are not enough higher in the cities to make up the
extra cost of living or for the necessity of a more up-to-date appear­
ance than is required in the small community. The following table
gives the wages earned by 1,243 women, by age groups:
AVERAGE W E EK L Y EARNINGS OF 1,243 WOMEN, BY AGE GROUPS, STATE OF MAINE.
Number of workers earning—
Age group.
Under $3. $3 to $6.
14 and under 16 years...................................
16 and under 18 years..................... .............
18 and under 20 years...................................
20 and under 25 y ears..................................
25 and under 30 years......... .........................
30 and under 35 years...................................
35 and under 40 years...................................
40 and under 45 years...................................
45 and under 50 years...................................
50 and under 55 years...................................
55 and under 60 years...................................
60 and under 65 years...................................
65 and over...................................................

1
1
i
1

Total....................................................
Per cent..........................................................

4
0.32

and
$6 to $8. $8 to $10. 310 to $15. $15
over.

5
26
37
56
18
3
3
1
1
1
1

152
12.22

15
43
146
72
43
30
37
14
9
14
8

3
15
64
65
55
39
24
13
15

2

2

2

1

8
9
5
3

433
34.83

307
24.71

266
21.40

81
6. 44

7

5

20
48
51
52
32
32
20

8

4
2
4
u
24
u

The report suggests the difficulty encountered in making an esti­
mate of living expenses of these women, since many paid no board,
others paid very little board, and still others stated that they paid
board, whereas conversation with them indicated that this was not
tru e; those living away from home, it was found, paid from $3.75 to
$8 for board and room,
A study of the relationship between wages and education showed
that those with a high-school education averaged higher wages than
those graduated from the ninth grade. Considering the bearing that
1 This is the per cent given in the text of the report.
following table, also taken from the report, is 47.37.


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119

experience has upon wages it is shown that the peak of earning
capacity was reached after about 20 years of service.
An investigation of welfare work and comfort provided for em­
ployees was made in Portland, Lewiston, and Bangor, and the report
states that no lunch room was found where meals were actually
prepared for the girls, and that in no case was a real rest room or
recreation room with couches, books, and good toilet facilities to be
found. The existence of one employees’ benefit association is noted,
the money being raised by taxation and by an annual fair in which
employees participated. In the stores in these three cities the wages
in the same departments were found to be practically uniform and
to vary from an average of less than $7 per week paid to clerks in
the art, stationery, etc., department to about $25 per week paid to
buyers of coats and suits.
Referring to child-labor conditions in the State, the report asserts
that on December 31, 1916, there were employed only 743 minors
between the ages of 14 and 16 years in all industries, a decrease of
13 per cent from the preceding year. Those desiring to work must
obtain permits from the superintendent of schools. Tables are given
showing that the number employed between the ages of 14 and 16 is
greatly increased in the months of the summer-school vacation, this
in itself indicating “ that gratifying results have been obtained in
keeping children who have not received a primary education out of
the factories and other employments while schools are in session.”
WAGES IN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
AUSTRIA.—WAR BONUSES FOR STATE EMPLOYEES.1

An Austrian imperial order published on June 2 grants special
financial aid to State employees in view of the continued increase in
the cost of living. This is the fourth measure of the kind taken
during the war, earlier grants (or revisions of grants) having been
made in August, 1915, and February and December, 1916. Despite
the short time which has elapsed since the order of December last,
its provisions have already become inadequate in view of the in­
creased dearness and scarcity of foodstuffs and other necessary
commodities.
The new order grants an additional bonus for the period from
June 1 to December 31, 1917, payable in a lump sum during the
month of June, and varying according to the family circumstances,
to State officials (including State railway officials) already drawing
1 From The Labour Gazette of the B ritish M inistry of Labor, July, 1917, p. 240. (T h e
inform ation for this article was taken from Neue Freie Presse and Die Zeit, June, 1917.)


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MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OP LABOR STATISTICS.

war bonuses, whose annual salary does not exceed £200 [$973.30],
and all other State servants drawing war bonuses. The amount of
the bonus granted is £5 [$24.33], £7 10s. [$36.50], £10 [$48.67], or
£12 10s. [$60.83], according to the family circumstances of the em­
ployee. It is officially stated that this special bonus will represent
from 43 to 90 per cent of the bonuses payable under the order of
December 4, 1916, for persons in receipt of an annual salary of £200
[$973.30], from 87 to 107 per cent for officials with lower salaries,
and from 78 to 116 per cent for other persons entitled to it, i. e.,
technical employees, etc.
In the case of workmen (as distinguished from “ officials”) em­
ployed on State railways and in other State concerns, the bonus is
fixed at 100 per cent of that already payable for the period from
June 1 to December 31, 1917, under the order of December 4 last.
It is officially stated that the grant in the near future of a special
bonus to retired State servants and their relicts is contemplated.
AUSTRIA.—-IMPROVED CONDITIONS FOR WAR WORKERS IN VIENNA ,1

As the outcome of an agitation for higher pay and better conditions
of work which broke out among war workers at Vienna in May, a
permanent committee, composed of representatives of employers and
workmen, was formed on the 26th of the month for the purpose of
endeavoring to arrive at a settlement of the points involved. An
agreement was at length reached under which all the principal de­
mands of the workers were conceded.
It was agreed that a limitation of the normal working hours to 531
per week was urgently necessary. Overtime was to be reduced as soon
as possible and was to be limited to the first five days of the week,
so that work should in any case cease at midday on Saturday. War
bonuses were granted to men over 17 years of age. The amount of
bonus depends upon the weekly earnings, the limits being 20 kronen
(16s. 8d.) [$4.06], bonus for those earning 50 kronen (£2 Is. 8d.)
[$10.15] for a full week’s work, and 7.50 kronen (6s. 3d.) [$1.52] for
those earning not more than 100 kronen (£4 3s. 4d.) [$20.30], In
addition to these, family bonuses were to be paid, viz, 2s. 6d. [61
cents] per week for a wife and Is. 8d. [41 cents] per week for every
child under 14, but such family bonus is in no case to exceed 12s. 6d.
| $3.04]. A war bonus of 4s. 2d. [$1.01] was granted to women work­
ers over 18 years of age earning not more than £2 Is. 8d. [$9.90] per
week.
Minimum weekly time wages are to be payable as follows: Trained
workers with at least two years’ experience, 54s. 2d. [$13.18]; work1 From The Labour Gazette of the B ritish M inistry of Labor, July, 1917, p. 240. (The
inform ation ’for th is article was taken from Die Zeit of May 30 and Arbeiter-Zeitung
of June 5.)


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121

ers over IT with less than two years’ experience, 50s. [$12.17] ; un­
trained auxiliary workers, 41s. 8d. [$10.14] ; women over 18 with at
least six weeks’ experience, 29s. 2d. [$7.10] ; women workers with less
than six weeks’ experience, 25s. [$6.08]; boys under 17, 25s. [$6.08];
girls under 18, 20s. [$4.87]; apprentices in their first year of appren­
ticeship, 8s. 4d. [$2.03]; in their second, 16s. 8d. [$4.06].
The agreement is to be regarded exclusively as a war agreement. It
came into force with the first payment of wages after May 29, and
is to remain in force until two months after the conclusion of peace.
FR A N C E .— IN C R E A SE IN WAGES OF RAILWAY WORKERS.

The United States vice consul in St. Etienne, France, reports,
under elate of June 27, 1917, that the wages of railway workers in
France, which were advanced in 1916, have again been increased,
and that these increases affect a large number of railway workers of
the low and medium salary grades. The report says: 1
The increases that took effect in June are as follows: Wages up to
1.200 francs [$231.60] advanced 30 per cent; from 1,200 to 1,800
francs [$231.60 to $347.40] advanced 30 per cent for the first 1,200
francs [$231.60] and 15 per cent for the amount from 1,200 to 1,800
francs; wages above 1,800 francs [$347.40] advanced 30 per cent for
the first 1,200 francs [$231.60], 15 per cent for the amount from
1.200 francs to 1,800 francs [$231.60 to $347.40], and 10 per cent for
the amount from 1,800 to 3,600 francs [$347.40 to $694.80]. Cer­
tain further augmentations of wages to employees having dependent
children above a stated number which were allowed in the 1916
schedule are to remain in force.
Wages for certain employees of the State in the post, telegraph,
and telephone departments have also been recently increased 360
francs [$69.48] to workers receiving up to 3,600 francs [$694.80]
per annum, and 240 francs [$46.32] to those receiving 3,600 to 5,000
francs [$694.80 to $965] in addition to 100 francs [$19.30] more for
each of the first two dependent children, and 200 francs [$38.60]
for each child above this number.
GERMANY.—WAGES OF GERMAN MINERS, 1314-1917.2

The Deutscher Keichsanzeiger for June 19 contains a statement
giving statistics of wages of German miners during the first quarter
of 1917. From a comparison of these figures with similar data
from the corresponding statement for the second quarter of 1914 it
is possible to get some idea of the movement of wages in industry
1 U. S. D e p artm en t of Commerce. B u reau of F oreign an d D om estic Commerce.
m erce R eports. No. 171. W ashington, J u ly 24, 1917, p. 293.
2 F ro m th e L ab o u r G azette of th e B ritish M in istry of L abor, J u ly , 1917, p. 240.


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

during the course of the war. In the table below the comparison is
limited to adult male workers. I t should be borne in mind, how­
ever, that the composition of the classes of workmen to which the
figures relate has undergone considerable change between the two
periods. A large proportion of hewers and trammers has been
called up for service in the Army, and their places have been filled
by less skilled men. As a consequence the output of coal, etc., per
shift (and consequently the shift earnings) in the latest quarter was
less than would have been the case had this change not taken place.
The following table shows the average sum earned per shift in the
first quarter of 1917 by men employed in the various branches of
the mining industry in Germany and the percentage of increase in
earnings between the second quarter of 1911 and the first quarter
of 1917:
Underground workers
Hewers and tram ­
mers.
Mining district.

Surface workers.
Others.

Net
Per cent
Net
Net
Per cent
Per cent
of in ­
earnings
earnings
of in­
earnings
of in­
per
per
per
crease
crease
crease
shift,
shift,
over
shift,
over
over
first
first
second
first
second
second
quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter quarter
of 1914.
of 1914.
of 1914.
of 1917.
of 1917.
of 1917.

Coal.
Tipper Silesia.................... .............................
Lower Silesia.................................................
D ortm und.....................................................
Saarbrücken (State m ines)..........................
Aix-la-Chapelle.............................................
Lower Rhine, left h an k ...............................

$1.71
1.28
2.23
1. 09
1. 79
2.19

47.0
35.6
50.7
39.4
38.3
49.0

$1.20
1.13
1. 48
1.32
1.33
1.65

41.7
34.7
36.5
33.7
28.4
38.1

$1.10
.96
1.41
1.26
1.23
1.42

41.7
26.2
35.0
57.0
25.0
35.1

Lignite.
Hallo...............................................................
Rhine, left h an k ............................................

1.32
1.52

32.1
36.6

1.09
1.39

38.4
32.3

1.12
1.34

34.1
37.4

1.73

89.3

1.56

71.8

1.40

62.7

1.75
1.83
1.24
1.56
1.23

77.2
50.6
40.5
45.1
39.3

1.62
1.36
1.10
1.20
1.04

69.0
37.0
31.3
27.4
36.9

1.23
1.31
1.07
1.20
1.02

60.9
34.7
33.9
41.4
40.7

1. 48
1.52

30.7
27.5

1.24
1.26

25.4
26.0

1.18
1.17

27.2
23.2

Metalliferous ores.
Copper: Mansfield........................................
Other:
Oberharz.................................................
Siegen......................................................
Nassau and W etzlar..............................
Other Rhine, right b an k .......................
Other Rhine, left bank..........................
Salt.
n a lle ...............................................................
Claus th al........................................................

Among coal miners, hewers, and trammers show the highest rate of
increase between the two periods; in Dortmund the rise for these
workers amounted to over 50 per cent, and on the left bank of the
Rhine to 49 per cent. Taking the industries as a whole, the greatest
increase is shown by metal miners and the least by salt miners.


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123

As regards the actual level of earnings in the first quarter of 1917,
coal miners stand first as a class.
HOLLAND.—WAGES AND COST OF LIVING DURING WAR FERIOD:
REPORT.1

OFFICIAL

The following particulars are taken from the concluding portion
of a report2 upon economic conditions in Holland issued by the
Dutch ministry of agriculture, commerce, and industry on May 11.
They are based on data collected by the factory inspection depart­
ment.
(1)
Wages .—Out of 336,000 work people employed in private in­
dustrial undertakings, 76,750 had their wages increased by (or re­
ceived war bonuses amounting to) 1 to 10 per cent, 133,700 by 11 to 20
per cent, 73,150 by 21 to 30 per cent, and 34,000 by over 31 per cent.
The general average increase among these 336,000 industrial work­
people is estimated at 13 per cent.
The following table shows the number of persons covered by the
inquiry in each group of trades and the percentage of these who re­
ceived increases (or war bonuses) of varying amounts:

Trade group.

Building...................................
Mining and turf getting.........
Metal........................................
Textile......................................
Clothing and cleaning............
P rinting..................................
Paper making..........................
W oodworlting..........................
Chemical..................................
Pottery, glass, etc...................
Baking.....................................
Flour milling...........................
Dairying............................... .-.
Tobacco....................................
Other food..............................
Gas and electricity.................
. Leather, oilcloth, and rubber.
Diamond working..................
A rt...........................................
Total

Per cent of workpeople whose wages were increased
Number
by 0r who received war bonuses amounting to—
of work­
people ------------------------------------------------------------------covered
1 to 10
11 to 20 21 to 30 Over 31
by the per
cent per cent per cent per cent
Total.
returns. of
wages. of wages. of wages. of wages.
84,500
30,000
44,700
29,900
22,300
15,700
4,200
18,400
7,000
22,500
3,700
500
2,900
17,800
11,200
6,000
6,200
8,000
'500

30.8

54.4

14.1
35.1
22.4
7.6
11.9
9.2
37.2
24.0
16.2
10.0
10.3
25.3
30.4
8.3
1.6
100.0
20.0

43.4
24.4
58.7
27.4
16.7
40.8
28.6
30.1
67.6
80.0
55.2
59.5
39.3
83.4
32.3

11.8
40.0
24.2
33.4
7.2
54.8
64.3
24.5
17.1
10.7
8.1
10.0
27.6
15.2
19.6
8.3
43.5

20.0

20.0

336,000

22.8

39.9

21.7

0.6
60.0
6.0
6.7
5.4
10.2
20.1
15.7
3.6
3.5
9.8
19.4
10.1

97.6
100.0
87.7
99.6
93.7
100.0
92.9
94.6
98.6
68.4
91.9
100.0
96.6
100.0
99.1
100.0
96.8
100.0
60.0
94.5

The difference between the figure shown in the u total ” column and
100 indicates the proportion of the 336,000 workpeople who either re­
ceived no increase in wages (or war bonus) or whose wages were
reduced. The number of these was 18,400, or 5.5 per cent of the total.
1 From The Labour Gazette of the B ritish M inistry of Labor, July, 1917, p. 238.
2 Nota betreffende den economischen toestand, No. 440. Session 1916-17. The Hague.

8S09°— IT­

'D


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The report states that, on the average, agricultural wages have in­
creased by 50 per cent since 1014. In some localities the increase has
even attained-lOO per cent for certain occupations.
It may be stated that, according to the Dutch census of 1909, the
populations employed in industry and agriculture formed respec­
tively 36 and 27 per cent of the total occupied population.
(2)
Cost of living .—According to the same report, the cost of
living of the working classes in the large towns has increased during
the war period by from 15 to 25 per cent. In the Provinces the ad­
vance has been about 50 per cent on the average, and in some places
as much as 100 per cent.
SWITZERLAND.—WAGES OF WOODWORKERS.1

In March, 1917, the Woodworkers’ Federation of Switzerland
undertook a statistical inquiry into the current average wages of
woodworkers in the various sections of the federation. The results
of this inquiry were published in the official organ of the federation.
Below are shown the wages thus ascertained in a number of the
larger towns:
AVERAGE WAGES P E R HOUR OF W OODW ORKERS IN SW ITZERLAND, MARCH, 1917.

Name of town.

Basel........................
Berne.......................
Biel..........................
Brugg........................ '...............................
Baden..............................
Chur............................
Davos.............................
E ngadin...............................
Herisau.................................
Kreuzlingen........................
Lucerne......................
Oerlikon.....................
----------------------------------

Average
rate of
wages per
hour.
Cents.
1 5 .6
14 .6
1 3 .5
1 4 .6
1 2 .6
1 2 .5
1 4 .2
1 3 .8
1 2 .2
1 3 .5
1 4 .2
15.4

Name of town.

Rorschach
Rhein t,a1
Rhein fold on
R o m a n sh orn
Ranperswil
Solothurn
St. Gallen
SchalThanscn
U zwil
W interthur
Zug
Zurich

Average
rate of
wages per
hour.
Cents.
13 .0
11.4
11.3
1 1 .7
1 2 .2
1 3 .2
14.3
13 .8
1 4 .5
1 4 .5
1 3 .2
1 7 .5

The preceding wages are in the main those of carpenters and
joiners. >In a number of towns the inquiry included also special
branches of woodworking, and it was found that the average wage
of inlaid-floor makers was 19.3 cents in Basel and 22.3 cents in
Berne and Zurich; that the average wage of lathers was 17 cents
in Berne and 23.3 cents in Zurich, and of upholsterers 16.9 cents in
Berne, 16.5 cents in St. Gallen, and 19.1 cents in Zurich. Basket
makers and-sawyers receive the lowest wages, averaging from 10.2
to 11.8 cents per hour. In the smaller towns the average wages of
carpenters and joiners are lower than those shown in the above
i Data from Bulletin der Internationalen Union der Holzarbeiter. Berlin, May, 1917. No. 3/14, p. 40.


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table. Hence the Holzarbeiter-Zeitung on the basis of the above fig­
ures comes to the following conclusion: (1) That the average current
wages are not in proper relation to the present high cost of living;
(2) that technical and mechanical development of the Swiss wood­
working industries is making rapid progress, more and more elimi­
nating the skilled craftsman; (3) that therefore, besides shorter
hours of labor, the woodworkers’ most important demand must be
for the fixing of an average wage; and (1) that a strong trade-union
organization is a vital question for each individual woodworker.
RESTRICTIONS UPON THE FREEDOM OF LABOR MOVEMENT IN
GREAT BRITAIN DURING THE WAR.
Among the most interesting provisions of British war legislation
affecting labor are those designed'to promote continuity of employ­
ment. During the war a workman is not free to sell his labor in the
market of his own choice, nor is the employer free to engage labor
where he can find it. Both are subject to close governmental control.
Such control was considered necessary in order to prevent indis­
criminate migration of labor, whether it took place spontaneously or
in consequence of inducements held out by rival employers. The war
itself fostered such migration on a large scale, the heavy enlistments
in the army causing a labor shortage in munitions work at a time
when labor was imperatively needed.
REGULATION OF APRIL, 1915,

The first attempt of the Government to interfere "with the free
movement of labor was an order in council dated the 29th of April,
1915, making a regulation under the Defense of the Realm Acts in the
following terms:
The occupier of a factory or workshop the business carried on in which con­
sists wholly or mainly in engineering, shipbuilding, or the production of arms,
ammunition, or explosives, or of substance required for the production thereof,
shall not, nor shall any person on behalf of the occupier of such a factory or
workshop, either directly or Indirectly, by canvassing, advertisement, or other­
wise, take any steps w ith a view to inducing—■
( a ) Any person employed in any other factory or workshop, being a person
engaged on work for any Government department or otherwise serving w ar
purposes, to leave his em ploym ent; or
( b ) Any person resident in the United Kingdom at a distance of more than
10 miles from the occupier’s factory or workshop, to accept employment therein,
otherw ise than by notifying vacancies to a Board o f Trade labor exchange;
and in the event of any person contravening the provisions of this regulation he
shall be guilty of an offense against these regulations. (D efense of the Realm
(Consolidated) Regulations SB.)


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Three points of interest emerge so far as this regulation is con­
cerned :
1. By the regulation the offense could be committed only by em­
ployers in a limited number of trades, i. e., “ engineering, shipbuild­
ing, or the production of arms, ammunition, or explosives, or of sub­
stances required for the production thereof.” It was the employers
in these trades who were supposed to be likely to steal labor.
2. The practice struck at by the regulation was enticement. I t
was hoped that if there were no enticement the man would effectu­
ally be prevented from leaving his employment.
3. It was the employer, not the workman, who was made liable to
the penalty. It was felt that any direct attempt to prevent the work­
man from seeking or obtaining employment would be resented as an
interference with the liberty of the subject.
I t appears that, on the whole, the regulation failed of its effect.
In the first place it was found that the enumeration of trades was not
sufficient and that the leakage from the establishments covered by the
regulation into the building and other outside trades was so great as
to constitute a serious defect.
A second difficulty, of even greater importance, was that the regu­
lation could not readily be enforced. Not only was the idea of “ in­
ducement ” not understood by the employers but the offense could not
be proved before the courts.
Finally it was found that employers were bringing men from a dis­
tance to within the 10-mile radius although overt negotiations were
only begun within this area.
The principle of creating an offense for the employer only was
believed to be a sound one and it was adopted in the legislation which
followed. But the regulation itself was of limited effect, and it was
to correct its ineffectiveness that the system of “ leaving work ” cer­
tificates was introduced as part of the Munitions of W ar Act of
1915.
LEAVING C E R T IF IC A T E S UNDER T H E ORIGINAL ACT.

The terms of section T of the Munitions of War Act of 1915 were as
follows:
(1)
A person shall not give employment to a workman who has w ithin the
last previous six weeks or such other period as may be provided by order of
the Minister of Munitions as respects any class of establishment, been employed
on or in connection w ith m unitions work in any establishm ent of a class to
which the provisions of this section are applied by order of the M inister of
Munitions, unless he holds a certificate from the employer by whom he w as
last so employed that he left work w ith the consent of his employer or a certifi­
cate from the m unitions tribunal that the consent has been unreasonably w ith­
held.


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127

(2) If any workman or his trade-union represetative complains to a munitions
tribunal in accordance w ith rules made w ith respect to those tribunals that
the consent of any employer has been unreasonably w ithheld that tribunal may,
after exam ining into the case, if they think fit, grant a certificate which shall,
for the purpose of this section, have the same effect as a certificate from the
employer.
(3) If any person gives employment in contravention of the provisions of this
section, he shall be guilty of an offense under this act.

The act became law on the 2d of July, 1915, and the order which
was necessary to bring the section into operation was signed by the
minister on July 14. By the order the provisions of the section were
applied to the establishments which had already come under the
regulation; that is to say, to “Any establishment being a factory or
workshop the business carried on in which consists wholly or mainly
in engineering, shipbuilding, or the production of arms, ammunition,
or explosives, or of substances required for the production thereof.”
As the order and the regulation were so intimately connected the
administration of the latter was transferred on August 13 from the
Board of Trade Labor Exchange and Unemployment Insurance
Department to the Ministry of Munitions.
Before breaches of the section could be prevented it was necessary
to bring the munitions tribunals into operation. The first general
tribunal met on July 21 and the first local tribunal on August 0.
During August 36 workmen applied for certificates, and August 21
the first complaint was heard by one employer against another. In
the following month 217 cases were heard b}7 the local and 13 by the
general tribunals. At the end of August, 1915, the department issued
memoranda for the guidance of workmen and employers.
From the beginning there arose certain difficult questions of inter­
pretation. Thus where the regulation had used the word “ person ”
the section used “ workman.” A demand for skilled clerical workers,
and in particular for draftsmen, was a natural concomitant of the
demand for workmen, and the need of retaining their services was
equally urgent; but the word “ workman ” had to be interpreted in
its usual sense—a man or woman who was mainly a manual worker.
This did not cover foremen whose chief occupation was supervision.
Another difficulty of interpretation concerned the meaning of the
words “ munitions work.” It was felt that this term must not be
interpreted loosely, for while the great bulk of the work carried on
in the country had an indubitable relation to the war it was not
desired to restrict the liberty of the industrial population generally.
A definition of munitions work, as “ the manufacture or repair of
arms, ammunition, ships, vehicles, aircraft, or other articles required
for use in war, or of the metals, machines, or tools required for that
manufacture or repair,” was included in section 3.


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m o n t h l y r e v ie w

of t h e b u r e a u

of la bo r s t a t is t ic s .

OPPO SITIO N OF LABOR.

Xo section of the act of 1915 appears to have been less liked by
the workpeople than section 7. They complained that in many cases
their abilities were wasted. All over the country factories were beingbuilt for munitions work or were installing new munition plants.
There were not e n o u g h experienced foremen and managers to be had,
and employers, therefore, turned to skilled workmen accustomed
to working this type of machinery. In many cases, however, their
employers and the tribunals refused to release them, and in this
way, the men claimed, used the provisions of the act against the
national advantage. It was also complained that skilled men who
had been put for some temporary reason onto unskilled or semi­
skilled work were being held to it and prevented from taking their
proper jobs again. Difficulties also arose in cases where men were
suspended from work as a disciplinary measure or where employees
unable to leave suffered ill treatment, while attention was drawn by
labor critics to the contract between the inability of the workmen
(except under the penalty of six weeks’ idleness) to change his
employment with the unrestricted right of the employer to dismiss
him. It was also a ground for complaint that employers in granting
leaving certificates indorsed them with observations on the men’s
conduct, and so rendered reemployment more difficult to obtain. Ex­
ception was also taken to the legal atmosphere of the tribunals and
to the variation in judgments which under the original act there was
no appellate machinery to remedy.
Apart from these grievances it had become clear that an amending
act was necessary owing to interpretation difficulties which had arisen,
notably in connection with the definition of munitions work. Ac­
cordingly, in the munitions of war (amendment) act of 1916, the
opportunity was taken to remedy defects of which the workpeople
complained.
LEAVING CERTIFICATES UNDER THE AMENDED ACT OF 1916,

The Munitions of War (Amendment) Act became law on January
27, 1916. Section 7, with the exception of subsection 3 of the origi­
nal act was replaced by the new section 5, the principal provisions of
which are as follows:
A person shall not give employment to a workman who has w ithin the last
previous six weeks, or such other period as may be provided by order of the
M inister of M unitions as respects any class of establishm ent, been employed on
or in connection w ith munitions work in any establishm ent of a class to which
the provisions of ths section are applied by order of the M inister of Munitions,
unless he holds a certificate from the employer by whom he w as la st so em­
ployed or from a munitions tribunal th at he is free to accept other employment.
If any workman or his trade-union representative complains to a munitions
tribunal, in accordance w ith rules made w ith respect to those tribunals, that


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

an employer has unreasonably refused or neglected to issu e such a certificate
as aforesaid, that tribunal may, after exam ining into the case, if it thinks fit,
itself issue such a certificate or order the issue o f such a certificate by the
employer.
Where a workman employed on or in connection w ith m unitions work in
any establishm ent of a class to which the provisions of section 7 of the prin­
cipal act are for the time being applied by an order made thereunder is dis­
missed or discharged by his employer, the employer shall forthw ith give him
such a certificate as aforesaid, and if he fa ils to do so, a m unitions tribunal
may, in addition to issuing or ordering the issue to him o f such a certificate,
order the payment to him by the employer of such sum, not exceeding 5 pounds,
as the tribunal may think fit, unless the tribunal is o f opinion that the workman
w as guilty of misconduct for the purpose of obtaining dism issal or discharge.
This subsection shall apply to a workman who applies for a certificate on the
ground that he has for a period o f more than two days been given no oppor­
tunity of earning wages, or who leaves his employment on account of conduct
on the part of the employer, or any agent of the employer, which would ju stify
the im mediate term ination by the workman of his contract of service, in like
manner as if he had been dism issed or discharged by his employer.
Where a contract of service w ith a workman employed on or in connection
w ith munitions work in any establishm ent of a class to which the provisions
of section 7 of the principal act are for the tim e being applied by an order
made thereunder is term inated by dism issal, and less than one w eek’s notice,
or w ages in lieu of notice, has or have been given, the employer shall, subject
to the provisions of this subsection, w ithin 24 hours o f giving notice of dism is­
sal to the workman report the m atter in such manner as may be prescribed by
rules made by the Minister of M unitions, and such rules shall provide for the
determ ination by a m unitions tribunal (in case of difference) o f the amount,
if any, and not in any case exceeding 5 pounds ($24.33), which is to be paid
by the employer to the workman in lieu of notice, and for the payment of the
sum so determined to the workman, unless the tribunal is of opinion that, owing
to the discontinuous or temporary nature of the employment or misconduct of
the workman, the employer had reasonable cause for dism issing the workman
w ithout a week’s notice.
^

#

❖

&

;ji

¡J*

jj.

The Minister of M unitions may make rules for carrying section 7 of the
principal act as amended by this section into effect, and in particular may by
such rules provide—
( a ) For the issue, form, custody, duration, delivery up, and replacement in
case of loss or destruction, of certificates;
( b ) For the issue of certificates to persons not engaged on or in connection
w ith munitions w o rk ;
(c) For prohibiting the insertion in a certificate issued by an employer of
any matter other than the prescribed particulars; and may provide for any
breach of such rules being punishable as an offense under the principal act
with a fine not exceeding 5 pounds ($24.33).
DIFFICULTIES REMEDIED.

It will be seen that points regarding which chief complaint had
been made were dealt with. The attempt was made to secure work­
men against neglect on the part of the employer to issue a certificate,


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MONTHLY BEVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

and against the possibility of not being employed because they bad
not come under the section at all. They were given a right to a cer­
tificate on dismissal, and to compensation not exceeding £5 ($24.33)
if it was improperly refused. Suspensions were put an end to by
allowing men a certificate who had been given no opportunity of
earning wages during a period of more than two working days, or
Avliose employer had been guilty of grave misconduct. Dismissed
workmen were to have a week’s notice or compensation up to £5
unless owing to the discontinuous or temporary nature of their em­
ployment or their misconduct the tribunal did not think this reason­
able. Ship repairers were exempted from this subsection, and the
minister was empowered to exempt other classes of workers if the
nature of their employment seemed to warrant it.
Provision was also made for the employment of war munition
volunteers who had been allotted without a certificate to a controlled
establishment by the Minister of Munitions, for workmen who desired
to undertake work where their abilities would be of greater national
service, and for apprentices who had served their term and wished
to obtain the full rate of wages for skilled workmen in their trade.
The minister had power to make rules under the section and their
breach could be punished by a fine.
The new act (section 12) cleared up the difficulty which had ex­
isted with regard to the word “workman.” The new rules also made
it impossible for employers to mark certificates, and generally pro­
vided that the policy of the department with regard to the issue of
certificates should be carried out,
In spite of these changes, however, the leaving-certificate system
has been strongly criticised and opposed and at present (August,
1917) there is a widespread movement for its abolition.
PROPOSED JOINT STANDING INDUSTRIAL COUNCILS IN GREAT
BRITAIN.

The subcommittee of the reconstruction committee on the relations
between employers and employed in Great Britain has submitted to
the Prime Minister an interim report on joint industrial councils.1
It is proposed that these councils shall be formed in the various
industries where they do not already exist, composed of representa­
tives of employers and employed, regard being paid to the various
sections of the industry and the various classes of labor engaged, for
the purpose of considering appropriate matters affecting the indus1 Great Britain. Reconstruction committee. Subcommittee on relations between em­
ployers and employed. Interim report on joint standing industrial councils. London,
Mar. 8, 1917. 8 pp. Price, Id.


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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

131

try and particularly the establishment of a closer cooperation be­
tween employers and workers. I t is suggested that the question of
demobilization is one that will call for early attention.
One of the chief factors in the problem, as it at first presents itself, con­
sists of the guarantees given by the Government, with parliamentary sanction,
and the various undertakings entered into by employers, to restore the tradeunion rules and customs suspended during the war. While this does not mean
that all the lessons learned during the war should be ignored, it does mean that
the definite cooperation and acquiescence by both employers and employed must
be a condition of any setting aside of these guarantees or undertakings, and
that, if new arrangements are to be reached, in . themselves more satisfactory
to all parties but not in strict accordance with the guarantees, they must be
the joint work of employers and employed.

The national industrial councils, in the opinion of the subcom­
mittee, should not be regarded as complete in themselves. Not only
should there be cooperation between the trade organizations, but
the activity and support of employers and employed in the districts
and in individual establishments should be enlisted. “ What is
needed is a triple organization—in the workshops, the districts, and
nationally.” To this end it is proposed that each national industrial
council should consider the advisability of creating or developing
out of the existing machinery for negotiation in its particular indus­
try, district councils representative of trade-unions and of the em­
ployers’ association in the industry, and of instituting in particular
plants works committees representative of the management and of
the workers employed, to act in close cooperation with the district
and national machinery.
It is regarded as essential, in the formation of these committees
and district councils, that the support of trade-unions and em­
ployers’ associations be secured if workpeople are to have a greater
share in the consideration of matters affecting their industry as con­
templated by the establishment of these industrial councils.
Among the questions with which the national councils should deal
or assign to district councils or works committees, the report suggests
the following:
1. The better utilization of the practical knowledge and experience of the
workpeople.
2. Means for securing to the workpeople a greater share in and responsi­
bility for the determination and observance of the conditions under which their
work is carried on.
3. The settlement of the general principles governing the conditions of
employment, including the methods of fixing, paying, and readjusting wages,
having regard to the need for securing to the workpeople a share in the in­
creased prosperity of the industry.
4. The establishment of regular methods of negotiation for issues arising
between employers and workpeople with a view both to the prevention of differ­
ences and to their better adjustment when they appear.


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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

5. Means of insuring to the workpeople the greatest possible security of
earnings and employment without undue restriction upon change of occupation
or employer.
6. Methods of fixing and adjusting earnings, piecework prices, etc., and of
dealing with the many difficulties which arise with regard to the method and
amount of payment apart from the fixing of general standard rates, which are
already covered by paragraph 3.
7. Technical education and training.
8. Industrial research and the full utilization of its results.
9. The provision of facilities for the full consideration and utilization of
inventions and improvements designed by workpeople and for the adequate safe­
guarding of the rights of the designers of such improvements.
10. Improvements of processes, machinery, and organization, and appropriate
questions relating to management and the examination of industrial experi­
ments, with special reference to cooperation in carrying new ideas into effect
and full consideration of the workpeople’s point of view in relation to them.
11. Proposed legislation affecting the industry.

The report emphasizes the necessity of adequate organization on
the part of employers and employed if there is to be permanent
improvement in their mutual relations.
The proposals outlined for joint cooperation throughout the several industries
depend for their ultimate success upon their being such organization on both
sides, and such organization is necessary also to provide means whereby the
arrangements and agreements made for the industry may be effectively carried
out.

Suggestions as to profit sharing, copartnership, or particular
systems of wages are omitted, since the committee is convinced “ that
a permanent improvement in the relations between employers and
employed must be founded upon something other than a cash basis.
What is wanted is that the workpeople should have a greater oppor­
tunity of participating in the discussion about and adjustment of
those parts of industry by which they are most affected.”
The schemes recommended in this report are intended not merely for the
treatment of industrial problems when they have become acute, but also, and
more especially, to prevent their becoming acute. We believe that regular
meetings to discuss industrial questions, apart from and prior to any differ­
ences with regard to them that may have begun to cause friction, will materially
reduce the number of occasions on which, in the view of either employers or
employed, it is necessary to contemplate recourse to a stoppage of work.

It is explained that copies of this report have been sent to em­
ployers’ associations and to trade-unions in the organized industries
in order to get their general criticisms and suggestions, and that if
the scheme is adopted by the Government each of the trades affected
will be invited to discuss the best method of putting it into operation.


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133

NEW APPRENTICESHIP SCHEME IN GLASGOW.1

The Glasgow Master Wrights’ Association at a recent date adopted
a new scheme of apprenticeship, which, in conjunction with the local
education authority, will be put into effect. The scheme makes pro­
vision for suitable boys to start to learn a trade under practical condi­
tions as soon as they leave the day school, and the Employees’ Trade
Union is to be interested in the scheme if possible. The period of
apprenticeship will extend over six years—four years of which the
boys will serve as apprentices and two years as improvers. In the
case of a boy who has satisfactorily completed a course at a day tech­
nical school and has obtained a certificate of proficiency, the period
so spent shall be reckoned as the two first apprenticeship years, and
the apprentice shall start at the third-year rate of wages.
Before entering the period of apprenticeship the boy shall be
employed on trial for a period of not less than eight weeks at the
recognized rate of pay.
The training shall be of two kinds:
I. The employer shall undertake that every opportunity shall be
given the boy to learn the trade to which he is apprenticed.
II. All the apprentices who have not obtained certificates of pro­
ficiency from a day technical school shall be bound, during the first
four years, to attend, during the employer’s time, a day continuation
school, for a minimum of 12 school hours per week, at such times as
may be found most convenient to the employer, and without deduc­
tion from wages. All apprentices shall be encouraged to qualify for
the committee’s certificate and bonus.
Holidays shall be given, without deduction of wages, on all holi­
days and at such other times as the employers’ works are closed.
Overtime by apprentices shall be discouraged.
The following is the proposed table of wages:
Apprentices, first year, 8s. 6d. ($2.07) per week; bonus 2s. ($0.49).
Apprentices, second year, 10s. 6d. ($2.56) per week; bonus 2s. ($0.49).
Apprentices, third year, 14s. ($3.41) per week; bonus 2s. 6d. ($0.61).
Apprentices, fourth year, 18s. ($4.38) per week; bonus 3s. ($0.73).
Improver, fifth year, 26s. ($6.33).
Improver, sixth year, 34s. ($8.27).

The sums above mentioned as bonuses are to be applied in whole or
in part payment to such apprentices as shall have satisfied the ex­
amining committee, as regards the progress made in continuation
school work, and also in the employers’ workshop, due consideration
being given in the latter instance, to a certificate from the employer.
An apprenticeship committee shall be formed of three representa­
tives from the Master Wrights’ Association, and a representative ap1 From The Christian Science Monitor, Boston, July 18, 1917.


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MONTHLY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

pointed by the Joiners’ Trade Union. A subcommittee shall likewise
be formed, as above, but having added thereto one representative from
the local education authority, for the purpose of adjudicating on
the work done by the apprentices, which work shall be examined
periodically.
WOMEN’S WAR-TIME WORK IN GERMAN METAL TRADES.

In the months of August and September, 1916, an investigation
was made by the federation of German metal workers to determine
the conditions of women’s war-time work in the German metal trades,
and some of the results of the inquiry are made available through
publication in Soziale P raxis1 of April 19, 1916, as reviewed in the
British Labor Gazette2 for July, 1917.
The inquiry covered 2,594 establishments located in 207 towns and
villages and employing 266,530 women and girls, an increase of
202,960, or 319.3 per cent over the number employed before the war.
Sixty-five per cent of the factories, employing 82.2 per cent of the
females, were engaged on war work. In the case of 97,000 women who
worked on the single-shift system it was found that 79 per cent
worked from 11 to 12 hours per day, that in 1,017 establishments over­
time was worked by 69,427 women, of whom 87.5 per cent were
engaged on war work, and that in 364 establishments performing
Sunday work 34,712 women were so employed, 98 per cent of them
being on war work.
The length of shifts worked was ascertained in respect of 98.8 per
cent of the factories and of 98.1 per cent of the workers, the basis
taken being the number of hours worked per week, since in most
concerns a system of multiple shifts prevailed. The result is set
forth in the following table, in which the establishments and workers
are designated as those engaged on war work and those not so engaged :
P E R CENT OF W ORKERS EMPLOYED EACH SPEC IFIED NUMBER OF HOURS PER
W E EK IN GERMAN METAL TRADES.
Per cent of
establishments.

Per cent of
workwomen.

Hours per week.

Up to 48................................................................................
48to 51..................................................................................
51 to 54..................................................................................
54 to 57.................................................................................
57 to 60..................................................................................
60 hours.................................................................................
Various.................................................................................

War
industry.

Peace
industry.

War
industry.

6.4
2.1
14.1
24.0
33.3
11.1
9.0

2.8
3.2
33.7
27.8
26.7
4.4
1.4

12.0
3.2
13.3
14.9
26.8
8.6
21.2

Peace
industry.

1 Soziale Praxis und Archiv fur Volkswohlfahrt. Berlin, Apr. 19, 1916.
2 The Labour Gazette of the British Ministry of Labour, July, 1917, pp. 235, 236.


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2.4
2.0
34.7
23.9
28.8
5.1
3.1

MONTHLY EE VIEW OF THE BUEEAU OF LABOE STATISTICS.

135

That the wages of women workers appear to be low is indicated
by the following quotation:
In consequence of women’s lack of training in trade-union usages many of
them have to put up with strange deductions from their wages. Thus in one
establishment there is a custom that piecework wages must not exceed the
average time wages by more than 75 per cent. Should a woman, through
diligence and skill, earn a larger sum, the piecework rate is reduced in her case.
The result is that women workers avoid earning more than 75 per cent above
the standard time rate.

As to wages received by women performing the same work as that
done by men, the inquiry disclosed that in 57.2 per cent of the con­
cerns listed covering 73.2 per cent of the workwomen, only about 9
per cent were paid the rates corresponding* to those obtained by men
for identical work. It was found that the work being done by the
women was extremely severe, the data obtained in this connection
being gathered from 897 “ war ” factories and 601 “ peace ” fac­
tories. In 20.8 per cent of the former and 11.9 per cent of the latter
the work was declared to be too hard for the women, as the follow­
ing excerpt from the report indicates:
Even for men, and still more for women, work at flanging machines is too
hard. * * * At these machines projectiles weighing from 22 pounds to 82
pounds have to be lifted breast high from the floor and clamped to the bed;
then unclamped and placed again on the floor. This entails a great physical
strain. * * * In order to earn a wage of 3 marks ($0.71) a day a woman
must perform this strenuous operation 75 or even 100 times. * * * The
women complain very much of abdominal pains caused by frequently having to
lift (without any tackle) shells weighing 52 pounds. * * * In the foundry
women must do any work that may need to be done. They have, for instance,
to push the casting pans about—work that overtaxes their strength. One
woman sustained a rupture of the groin through performing this work. * * *
At steam hammers the persons employed are chiefly women, although plenty of
men are available. Women have to draw bomb castings (weighing about 88
pounds) in a state of incandescence from the furnace to the hammer. A con­
tinuous effort is made to employ women at the hardest and most dangerous
jobs—at steam hammers, shaping machines, core making, pneumatic lifts,
transporting heavy cores, casting with pans and with hand ladles. * * *
One result of the hard work in this establishment is that of 42 women nearly
one-third have been disabled by illness.

An effort was made to ascertain whether, and if so, to what extent,
the authorities had made concessions to employers in regard to com­
pliance with the ordinary regulations for the protection of health
and the avoidance of accidents. Sixty-eight per cent of the concerns
made reply to this question; 611- answered in the affirmative, and
1,148 answered in the negative.


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OP LABOR STA TISTICS.

LABOR IN THE TEXTILE TRADES IN GERMANY AND CERTAIN
ADJACENT NEUTRAL COUNTRIES.1
GERMANY.

The effects of the war upon employment in the textile industries
in Germany are partially revealed by the monthly returns on unem­
ployment furnished to the German Department of Labor Statistics
by the largest of the federations of textile workers’ unions. These
returns are summarized below in such a way as to allow of a com­
parison of four periods, viz, (a) the first seven months of 1914; (b)
the year 1915; (c) the year 1916; and (cl) the first quarter of the
present year.
Mean percentage of textile opera­
tives unemployed.
Period.
Males.
January to
January to
January to
January to

July, 1914____
December, 1915
December, 1916
March, 1917__

Females.

1.6

1.0

3.7
7.0
5.8

9.9
17.9
11.9

Both sexes.
1.3
7.0
13.4
9.7

The shortage of raw materials did not reach proportions calculated
to produce anxiety in Germany until about the middle of 1915. As
regards the cotton industry in particular, a writer in the Frankfurter
Zeitung of January 11, 1917, states that “ when war broke out there
was no real shortage of raw materials * * * large quantities of
cotton continued to enter the country, and army orders were so ex­
tensive that for a long period the mills worked overtime.”
With the tightening of the blockade the situation changed, and by
an order dated August 12, 1915, the Federal Council limited the
number of days to be worked per week in textile factories to a maxi­
mum of 5, while the daily working time was not to exceed the
average daily hours worked in June, 1915, but in no case 10 hours.
The factories affected by this order were those making articles of
cotton, wool, artificial wool, flax, hemp, and jute. The whole of the
loss of employment resulting from this measure is not reflected in the
above table, which relates only to total unemployment. Moreover,
a special inquiry made early in 1916 as to the extent of unemploy­
ment in the textile trades in Germany showed that the majority of
textile factories were working much shorter time than the permissible
maximum.1 The same inquiry showed that the factories that were
not adapted for army work, e. g., embroidery, machine knitting and
velvet, were almost at a standstill.
1 F ro m th e B ritish B oard of T rad e L abour G azette, Ju n e , 1917, p. 197.
2 D er A rb eitsn achw eis fu r D eutschland, J a n . 20, 1916.


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Immediately after the publication of the order for restricting out­
put a scheme was elaborated by the imperial authorities for granting
relief to persons thrown out of employment in consequence. Under
this scheme the burden of the cost of such relief is borne in fixed
proportions by the Imperial Treasury, the Federal States, the com­
munes, and the employers.
The above-named Federal order restricting work in textile fac­
tories was only one of a series, of which the general effect has been to
bring by degrees under State control the distribution of all stocks of
textile materials, whether raw, semimanufactured, or finished. The
various measures adopted by the authorities for the purpose of re­
lieving unemployment in the trades affected have failed to prevent
the development of great distress in the chief centers of the textile
industry, more especially in those dependent on export business, viz,
Saxony and Thuringia. The Vossische Zeitung of March 11th re­
ports concerning a meeting of Saxon textile workers held at Dres­
den to discuss grievances'. With regard to the unemployment relief,
it was complained that the authorities were taking the view that the
operations of the national civilian service law rendered such relief
unnecessary, and that it was being denied to textile workers who
were employed for five days per week on national service work.
Another grievance was that textile workers were officially classified
as “ light workers,” and therefore rationed on the lowest scale.
Under the operation of the national civilian service law steps have
been taken for the compulsory closing down of all except the largest
factories in the textile trades and for the compulsory fusion of the
latter. According to the Eheinisch-Westfalische Zeitung of Feb­
ruary 20, less than 100 out of a total of 2,000 cotton-weaving mills
were to be allowed to continue working. As to the extent to which
this process has by now been carried no information is yet available.
HOL LAND.

Employment in the textile trades in Holland throughout the course
of the war has been subject to considerable fluctuations. The monthly
returns made to the Dutch Government Statistical Office by tradeunions and municipal unemployment funds connected with the tex­
tile trades show that the percentage of workpeople unemployed in the
textile trades, which was 0.1 or 0.2 in the early months of 1914, did
not fall below 10 per cent from the outbreak of the war until Novem­
ber, 1915, and in two months—September and October, 1914—was
above 40 per cent. By June, 1916, the percentage had fallen to 0.5,
but in recent months it has risen rapidly. In November, 1916, the
unemployed percentage in the textile trades was 2.1, in December 8.9,
in January (1917), 18.1, in February 26.7, and in March 35.4.


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E BU R EA U OE LABOR STATISTICS'.

According to an official Dutch report on the condition of the
various branches of the textile industry in 1915, the lack of raw
materials was severely felt throughout the whole of that year. How
far the improvement shown by the unemployment figures for 1916
is due to the removal of this difficulty does not appear from the cor­
responding report for that year, which simply refers to the diffi­
culty as one that had to be encountered “ more or less everywhere.”
I t is clear that the position has changed very much for the worse
since the beginning of the present year, and a Report of the Dutch
Ministry of Agriculture, Trade, and Commerce on the Economic
Situation of Holland in February, 1917,1 states that the textile in­
dustry is experiencing serious obstacles by reasons of the fact that
the import of raw cotton and of cotton yarns has practically come
to an end. From the same report it appears that among a total of
29,900 textile workers as to whom information was obtained con­
cerning changes in wages during the period of the war, 10,500
obtained advances ranging from 1 to 10 per cent, 7,300 obtained
advances ranging from 11 to 20 per cent, 10,000 obtained advances
ranging from 21 to 30 per cent, and 2,000 obtained advances exceed­
ing 30 per cent. Of the remaining 100 it was recorded that their
wages had either been reduced or remained unchanged.
DENMARK.

In Denmark, until quite recently, the effects of the war on employ­
ment in the textile industries have on the whole been favorable, and
at the end of last year unemployment among Danish textile opera­
tives was practically nonexistent, the percentage of unemployment
among members of the Danish Textile Operatives’ Union in the last
quarter of 1916 being only 0.5. I t would appear that up to that
time supplies of raw material were adequate. Since the beginning
of 1917, however, the situation has changed for the worse, and,
according to the Danish press, it had become alarming in the latter
part of February, owing to the lack of raw materials caused by the
German submarine campaign.
The change for the worse is reflected in the unemployment returns
of the textile workers’ unions, the percentage reported out of work
being 2.9 in February, 7.3 in March, 13.1 in May, the last of these
figures being obtained by means of a special inquiry carried out by
the Government Statistical Office independently of the usual monthly
collection of data from the trade unions.
1 Nota betreffende den economischen toestand, Zitting, 1916-17.


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139

SW EDEN.

From, such statistical information as is available, it would appear
that up to the end of 191G employment in Swedish textile trades
¡was, on the whole, free from serious interruption due to failure of
supplies of raw materials or fuel resulting from the war. The
monthly returns on unemployment furnished by the trade unions
of textiles operatives to the Swedish Department of Labor Statistics
show that after the setback in the latter part of 1911 consequent
upon the outbreak of war a recovery took place, and the average
monthly level of unemployment in 1915 and 1916 was not very dif­
ferent from that in the first seven months of 1911, being 3.7 in January-July, 1911; 3.8 in 1915; and 3.1 in 1916. The fluctuations in
the monthly percentages were, however, very considerable, and in
1916 ranged from 0.6 in February to over 11 in August and Novem­
ber, the percentage for December being 1.1. Later figures are not
available, but since the beginning of 1917, work in the textile trades
has been seriously hampered by interruptions in the supply of raw
materials and fuel.
With regard to the movement of wages during the war, a special
investigation made last autumn by the Swedish Department of
Labor Statistics showed that the increase in average earnings in
July, 1916, as compared with July, 1911, averaged 11.7 per cent in
cotton spinning and weaving, 9 per cent in flax and jute spinning
and weaving, and 10.5 per cent in wool spinning and weaving.
AMENDMENT OF THE AUSTRIAN SICKNESS INSURANCE LAW.
The Austrian workmen’s sickness insurance law of March 30, 1888,
has been radically amended by an imperial decree promulgated Janu­
ary 1, 1917 (Keichsgesetzblatt No. 6),1 and came into force three
months after the date of its promulgation. The amending decree
extends the scope of the insurance and substantially increases the
benefits of the insured. A brief outline of the principal changes
made in the law is given below.2
The most radical changes were made in article 6 of the original
law, giving the scope of the insurance and the minimum benefits.
The original text in describing the scope of the law did not mention
the granting of maternity benefits as coming within its scope,
although maternity benefits were paid in the form of sick benefits.
1 B u lletin des In te rn a tio n a ie n A rbeitsam tes. Vol. 16, Nos. 3 to 5. Je n a , 1917. pp.
49-5 8 .
2 F o r th e p ro v isions of th e o rig in al law , see T w en ty -fo u rth A nnual R e p o rt of th e Com­
m issioner of L abor, vol. 1. W ashington, 1911, pp. 225 ff.

8809°— 17-----10


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

The amended text explicitly states that the granting of maternity
benefits is one of the objects of the insurance.
In its present form the law provides the following minimum
benefits:
1. From the beginning of the sickness free medical treatment, in­
clusive of obstetrician’s and midwife’s aid as well as free medicines
and therapeutical appliances.
2. If the sick person is unable to work, beginning from the third
day of sickness a daily pecuniary sick benefit amounting to :
0.60 crown ($0.12) in wage class 1 ; 1 0.90 crown ($0.18) in wage class 2 ;
1.20 crowns ($0.24) in w age class 3 ; 1.50 crowns ($0.30) in w age class 4; 1.80
crowns ($0.37) in wage class 5; 2.10 crowns ($0.43) in w age class 6 ; 2.50
crowns ($0.51) in w age class 7; 3 crowns ($0.61) in w age class 8 ; 3.60 crowns
($0.73) in w age class 9 ; 4.20 crowns ($0.85) in w age class 10; 5 crowns ($1.02)
in w age class 11.

Sundays or holidays are not to be counted as first or last day of
sickness. The benefits shown under Nos. 1 and 2 are to be granted as
long as the sickness lasts, not to exceed 26 weeks. The pecuniary
sick benefit is payable at the end of each week of sickness.
3. Women in confinement receive, while not working at their
employment, a maternity benefit equal to the daily pecuniary sick
benefit for a period not to exceed six weeks( formerly four weeks)
after delivery.
4. Women in confinement who themselves wet-nurse their chil­
dren in addition receive a nursing premium equivalent to half the
daily pecuniary siotk benefit for a period not to exceed 12 weeks
after delivery. (This benefit is entirely new.)
5. In case of the death of the insured his survivors receive a funeral
benefit equivalent to 30 times (formerly 20 times) his average daily
earnings, but not less than 60 crowns ($12.18) or, if there are no sur­
vivors, the sick fund defrays the actual burial costs.
The first day of sickness is to be considered the day on which the
insured reports himself or is reported to the fund as being sick.
Sick benefits may not be claimed for periods preceding the date of
this report by two weeks or more. For periods preceding the report
by less than two weeks sick benefits may be granted only if the in­
sured was prevented from making a report in time and if he can
prove disability caused by sickness and that he was under medical
treatment.
The decree further provides that it may be made obligatory for
sick fund members to apply to specified physicians for medical
treatment and that the sick funds in such a case shall be justified in
declining to pay the costs of treatment if other physicians’ services
1 F or description of wage classes, see p. 141.


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

141

than those designated by the fund have been obtained by the insured.
The individual sick funds or federations of sick funds are to con­
clude written agreements with the physicians appointed for the treat­
ment of members which must state the rights and duties of both
parties and the compensation of the physicians for their services.
Sick funds which have not made contractual arrangements with phy­
sicians may be permitted to increase the pecuniary benefit by at least
0.75 crown ($0.15) a day as a substitute for free medical treatment.
Disputes between sick funds and their physicians arising out of the
interpretation of contracts are to be decided by special boards of con­
ciliation, and the decisions shall be binding only if accepted by both
parties. In case of failure of conciliation the dispute is to be finally
decided by the arbitration court of the accident insurance institute
having jurisdiction over the district of the sick fund or federation of
sick funds in question.
For the purposes of the insurance the decree divides the insured
into 11 wage classes, according to the following scheme:
Earnings.
Wage class.

1..................................
2..................................
3..................................
4 .................................
5 .................................
6..................................
7 .................................
8..................................
9...................................
10.................................
11.................................

Daily

Weekly.

Monthly.

Not over $0.254............
Over $0,254 to $0.355...
Over $0,355 to $0.457...
Over $0,457 to $0.558...
Over $0,558 to $0.660...
Over $0,660 to $0.761...
Over $0,761 to $0.914...
Over $0,914 to $1.117...
Over $1,117 to $1.320...
Over .$1,320 to $1.523...
Over $1,523
............

Not over 81.52
Over 81.52 to $2 13
Over 82.13 to $2.74
Over $2.74 to $3 37»
Over $3 35 to $3 96
Over $3.96 to 84 57
Over $4.57 to $5.48.......
Over $5 48 to 86 70
Over $6 70 to 37 9? .
Over 37.92 to 39 14
Over $9.14 ............

Over $6.34 to 8,8.88
Over $8.88 to $11.42__
Over $11.42 to $13.96...
Over $13.96 to $16.49...
Over $16.49 to $19.03...
Over $19.03 to $22.84...
Over $22.84 to $27.91...
Over $27.91 to $32.99...
Over $32.99 to $38.06...
Over $38.06
...........

As aver­
age daily
earnings
are con­
sidered.
SO. 203
.305
.406
.508
.609 *
.711

.836
1.015
]. 218
1.421
1.685

Regularly granted shares of profits, premiums (bonuses), and com­
pensation in kind are also to be considered as earnings. Apprentices
and learners who are not in receipt of a salary or money wages
belong in wage class 1. To what wage class an insured person is to
be assigned is governed by his time wages. If compensation is paid
on a piecework or contract basis, the usual average weekly or monthly
earnings govern the assignment to a wage class.
The decree makes it permissible that sick funds may provide in
their by-laws higher sick benefits than the legally prescribed mini­
mum benefits within the following limits:
(1) The daily pecuniary sick benefit may in wage class 1 be
increased up to 0.80 crown ($0.16) and in the other wage classes up
to 90 per cent of the lowest daily earnings in each class, but not
beyond 5.50 crowns ($1.12). The funeral benefit may be increased
to 45 times the average daily earnings.


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

(2) A special wage class with a daily pecuniary sick benefit of
6 crowns ($1.22) may be introduced for insured persons earning in
excess of 9 crowns ($1.83) daily or 54 crowns ($10.96) vTeekly or 225
crowns ($45.68) monthly.
(3) The period during which sick benefits are granted may be
extended beyond 26 weeks up to one year.
(4) Female insured persons who are in the last stage of preg­
nancy and on account of their condition abstain from wage work
may be granted the daily pecuniary sick benefit before delivery dur­
ing a period not in excess of four weeks.
(5) The granting of wet-nursing premiums may be extended for
a period not to exceed 26 weeks.
(6) Sick persons or women in confinement remaining under care
at home may with their consent be furnished trained nurses. Women
in confinement may with their consent be placed in a lying-in hospital
or some similar institution. In these instances the costs may be
deducted from the pecuniary sick benefit up to one-lialf the amount
of the latter.
The by-laws of a sick fund may grant a claim of sick benefits
(family insurance) to such members of the family of insured persons
as are not themselves subject to insurance. Family insurance may
include medical treatment, funeral, and maternity benefits. Family
insurance may not be obtained by insured persons with a taxable
annual income in excess of a specified amount—4,800 crowns
($974.40) in Vienna, 4,200 crowns ($852.60) in first-class cities, etc.
In certain districts family insurance may be made obligatory for
sick funds within these districts.
The decree further provides that special funds may be created for
purposes connected with sickness insurance. The resources of such
funds may be used for extraordinary optional benefits, such as
care in reconvalescent homes and in the preventive combating of
tuberculosis, alcoholism, venereal diseases, etc. Special contributions
may be assessed from the insured for the accumulation of such funds.
The collection of contributions from employers for this purpose is
permissible only if a majority of the representatives of the latter
have voted in favor of such contributions at the general meeting.
Other matters which the decree leaves to regulation through the
by-laws of the individual sick funds are the following:
(1) That sick insured persons wTho during their sickness live out­
side of the district of their sick fund may in place of medical care
be granted an increase of the daily pecuniary sick benefit, this increase
to amount to 0.75 crown ($0.15).
(2) That insured persons who purposely make themselves sick or
become sick through their participation in brawls or as the conse-


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M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

143

quence of inebriety may be entirely or partially deprived of the
pecuniary sick benefit.
(3) That the pecuniary benefit of an insured person who, in addi­
tion to the sick fund, is insured elsewhere against sickness and does
not notify his sick fund of this other insurance relation within three
days after being taken sick may be reduced by an amount which,
combined with the pecuniary benefit received by him from some other
insurance, will not exceed his money wages.
(4) Ih a t insured persons who have a claim on their employer for
payment of full wages or salary during sickness may be excluded
from receiving a pecuniary sick benefit or be granted only a part of
it, in which case the contributions for such insured persons shall be
correspondingly reduced.
(5) That only such women in confinement be granted a maternity
benefit as within the 12 months preceding delivery were employed
at least 6 months in an occupation subject to insurance.
Now, as before, the means for the support of the various sick funds
are to be procured by assessments levied in the form of a percentage
of the wages of the insured persons. The workman’s and employer’s
share of the assessment have been left unchanged by the decree, the
workman paying two-thirds and the employer one-third of the rate
fixed by the fund. The entire weekly assessment for an insured per­
son may not exceed four-tenths of the average daily earnings in the
wage class to which he has been assigned. The contributions of
insured persons and employers may be used only for the defraying
of the benefits fixed by the decree and the by-laws of the individual
funds, costs of administration, maintenance of a reserve, and pos­
sible contributions to a federation of sick funds. Contributions of
insured persons in the various wage classes are to be assessed in equal
proportion to the average earnings. In determining the contribu­
tions the costs of medical care may, however, be computed without
reference to wage classes.
The decree permits, however, that the by-laws may grade the con­
tributions according to groups of members in which experience has
shown that the sickness risk varies considerably. Such a grading
may be effected by sex, occupation, industry groups, and for tem­
porarily employed persons and apprentices. Higher contributions
may be assessed for persons employed in construction work on roads,
railroads, canals, rivers, and dams. Grading of contributions ac­
cording to age is permissible only in the case of voluntarily insured
persons.
Article 27 of the original law is amended by the decree to provide
that for persons employed in an establishment the equipment of
which does not correspond with existing sanitary regulations, the


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

sickness insurance contributions may be increased up to 50 per cent
during the period in which the insanitary conditions exist. This in­
crease is to be borne by the employer alone. The order for such an
increase is to be issued by the directorate of the sick fund and may
be appealed within 14 days to the supervisory insurance authorities.
The latter may ex officio order such an increase. If the establish­
ment in question is an industrial establishment, the factory inspector
shall be heard before an increase of contributions is ordered.
Other amendments contained in the decree deal with the reserve—
which is to be accumulated to the amount of the average expendi­
tures of the last three years and maintained at that amount—with
other financial matters, and with the dissolution of district sick
funds.
The decree makes no change in the organization of the various
kinds of carriers of the insurance, but provides that sick funds which
have their headquarters within the administrative district of the
same political provincial authority may for common purposes com­
bine into federations or join such federations, provided this has been
resolved by the funds’ general meetings. In the case of establish­
ment and miners’ sick funds the consent of the employer is also re­
quired. As common purposes the decree enumerates the conclusion
of common agreements with physicians, pharmacists, and hospitals,
the acquisition of curative and therapeutic appliances, the common
supervision of sick members, the erection and operation of common
hospitals, sanitariums, convalescent homes, and pharmacies, the em­
ployment of common administrative and supervisory officials, and
the compilation of statistics. Such federations of sick funds are to
be subject to the supervision of the provincial political authorities
and in the next instance to the ministry of the interior, who also
approves the by-laws of federations.
In connection with the amendment of the sickness insurance law
with respect to maternity benefits there has also been amended
article 94, paragraph 5 of the Industrial Code (Imperial decree of
Jan. 4, 1917, It. G. Bl. No. 7). In its amended form this paragraph
provides that women in confinement may not be admitted to regular
industrial employment until six weeks (formerly four weeks) after
delivery.
MINIMUM COST OF LIVING OF WORKMEN’S FAMILIES IN BASEL,
SWITZERLAND,
Under date of June 14, 1917, the United States consul in Basel,
Switzerland, reports that one of the largest ribbon manufacturers in
that city, employing about 1,000 adult and juvenile workers of both


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145

sexes, lias worked out a table showing the minimum cost of living of
workmen’s families. This was done with the object of ascertaining
what unemployment benefits would have to be paid to workers if, in
case of shortage of raw materials, the factories were compelled to
close down. The minimum annual budgets computed by this manu­
facturer for families of various sizes have been accepted by the
municipal authorities for use in case a long suspension of work
should compel workers to seek governmental aid. It is generally
understood that the funds required to meet the actual needs of the
workers during unemployment will be divided between the employers
and the Swiss Government.
In arriving at the figures shown in the following table, the amount
and cost of only the cheapest articles necessary to sustain life and
provide comfort were considered.
MINIMUM ANNUAL FAMILY BUDGET OF W ORKM EN’S FAM ILIES IN BASEL, SW ITZER.
LAND, COMPUTED ON TH E BASIS OF PRICES CU R REN T MAR. 31,1917.

Expense item.

One
One
One
couple
couple
couple
with
2
w
ith 3
One
One
with 1 children children
married
single
child
(2
of
6
and
8
of
6,8,and
couple
person (2 bread­ adult
years (2 10 years
(female). winners).
bread­
adult
(2 adult
bread­
winners). bread­
winners). winners).

One
couple
with 4
children
of 8,12,14,
and 16
y ears(2
adult
and 1
juvenile
bread­
winners).

6.95

854.04
179.10
6.95
2.90
5.79
5.79
15.44
27.02
1.54
2.70
19.30

854.04
212.30
6.95
2.90
5.79
5.79
17.37
28.95
1.54
2.70
19.30

869.48
244.33
8.68
3.86
7.72
9.65
19.30
34.74
1.54
2.70
25.09

869.48
277.92
9.65
4.83
8.6 8
9.65
21.23
36.67
1.54
2.70
27.02

884.92
301.47
11.58
6.75
10.61
10.61
25.09
44.39
1.54
6.17
28.95

179.87

320.57

357.63

427.09

469.37

532.08

R ent ...................................................................................
Fnnri (.5 meatless days weekly)...................
Sick funds......................................................
W a sh in g .......................................................
Gas ................................................................
W ood and coal...............................................
Shoes..............................................................
Clothing.........................................................
N ewspapers....................................................
Income ta x .....................................................
Sundries....................... ..................................

846.32
92.25
3.47
1.93
4.83
5.79
6.75
11.58

Total per a n n u m ...........................................

WORK OF THE FEDERAL, STATE, AND MUNICIPAL EMPLOYMENT
OFFICES IN THE UNITED STATES AND PROVINCIAL EMPLOY­
MENT BUREAUS IN CANADA.
Data are presented in the table below for the operations of public
employment offices for the month of July, 1917. Following the plan
adopted in the M o n t h l y R e v i e w for July, 1917, Federal employment
offices are combined in the same table with State and municipal
employment offices. Data presented for the United States represent
Federal employment offices in 28 States and the District of Colum­
bia; Federal-State employment offices in 2 States; Federal-Statecounty-municipal employment offices in 1 State; Federal-municipal
offices in 1 State; State employment offices in 17 States; State-


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M O N TH LY REVIEW OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

county-municipal offices in 1 State; State-municipal offices in 3
States; municipal employment offices in 6 States; municipal employ­
ment offices in T States, and municipal private employment offices in
1 State. Data for 2 Canadian employment bureaus are shown.
OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JU LY, 1916, AND JULY, 1917.
U N ITE D STATES.

State, city, and kind of office.

Alabama:
Mobile (Federal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................

Persons applying
for work.
Applica­ Persons
asked for
tions
from em­ by em­ New reg­
Re­
ployers. ployers.
istra­
newals.
tions.

P)
P)

Arkansas:
Little Rock (State)—
July, 1917..........................................
California:
Fresno (municipal)—3
July, 1917..........................................
Los Angeles (Federal)—
J u ly ,1916..........................................
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Los Angeles (State-municipal)—
July, 1916 3........................................
July, 1917 3........................................
Oakland (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Sacramento (Federal)—
July, 1917..........................................
Sacramento (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Sacramento (municipal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
San Diego (Federal)—
July, 1916........................................ .
J u ly ,1917..........................................
San Francisco (Federal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
San Francisco (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Santa Barbara (Federal)—
July, 1917..........................................

104

P)

0)

2 10
28

1,207

436

P)

P)

C1)

P)

2

0)

P)
P)

P)
P)

35

466

501

P)

P)

P)

P)

P)

P)

102

C1)

3

3

2,647
4,291

4,401
9,409

2,159
2,962

0)
0)

4,478
8,521

4,070
7,637

729
1,319

994
2,476

541
1,232

322
C1)

958
1,554

737
1,227

(U

P)

259
C1)

831
1,168

3

3

2 21

340
555

959
1,532

801
1,137

191
266

379
410

63
71

335
702

778
1,331

193
567

P)

379

P)

777
1,067
P)

C1)

P)

373

21,017
875

(U
P)

803
1,259

767
971

412
1,711

21,248
2 1,570

C)
C1)

654
1,359

378
1,091

1,295
3,125

2,439
5,857

2,306
4,732

P)

2,416
5,428

1,725
4,064

P)

P)

P)

0)

P)

345

Total:
July, 1916...................................
July, 1917...................................

P)

<10,519
s 12,295

Colorado:
Colorado Springs (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
1,242
1,025
P)
July, 1917..........................................
771
986
986
Denver (Federal)—
July, 1916..........................................
2 27
3
3
July, 1917..........................................
2 136
P)
P)
Denver No. 1 (State)—
July, 1916.........................................
374
355
p)
July, 1917..........................................
963
963
648
Denver No. 2 (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
270
346
P)
July, 1917..........................................
893
893
437
Denver (county-municipal)—
July, 1917..........................................
(l)
P)
P)
1Not reported.
3 Includes Los Angeles district, 8 counties,
2 Number applying for work. i One office not reported.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

Posi­
tions
filled.

2 103

P)

3

P)

Persons
referred
to posi­
tions.

(558)

5 8,454
* 16,433

0)

858

P)

(!)

8
136

P)

339

P)

249

P)

0)
P)
(U
)

0

G)

0)
C1)

P)

C1)

P)

687
13C
574
394

P)

3Four offices not reported.

M O N TH LY REVIEW OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,

147

OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JU LY , 1916, AND JU LY , 1917—Contd.
U N ITE D STATES— Continued.

State, city, and kind of office.

Colorado—Concluded.
Pueblo (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................

J?4KSons applying
for work.
Applica­ Persons
tions
asked for
from em­ by em­ New reg­
ployers. ployers.
Re­
istra­
newals.
tions.

Persons
referred
to posi­
tions.

*
G)

502
673

673

533
609

497

G)
0)

G)

G)

July, 1916...................................
July, 1917...................................
Connecticut:
Bridgeport (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Hartford (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
New Haven (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Norwich (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
W aterbury (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................

Posi­
tions
filled.

1 951
¿136

600

(1)
2 391

G)
0)

978
744

31,190
3 885

0)
G)

G)
G)

875
667

G)
0)

776
1,105

31,027
3 1,408

G)
G)

G)
G)

553
889

G)
0)

741
882

3 907
31,103

G)
G)

G)
G)

601
762

(l )
(l )

230
316

3 248
3 379

G)
G)

G)
G)

224
305

0)
(l)

156
189

3159
3196

G)
G)

G)
G)

109
139

(i)
G)

2 ,362

July, 1916...................................
Julyi 1917...................................

2,762

Delaware:
Wilmington (Federal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................

21
15

524
248

3 101
3 147

G)
G)

27
119

13
100

District of Columbia:
Washington (Federal)—
July. 1917..........................................

177

548

3 427

G)

345

246

200

3 732
3 20

G)
G)

515

3 14
3 31

0)
(0

2
7

2
7

517
16

517

106
50

106
38

Florida:
Jacksonville (Federal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July. 1917.........................................
Miami (Federal)—
J u ly ,1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................

G)

1

0)

1
4

2
8

9

July, 1916...................................
July, 1917...................................
Georgia:
Savannah (Federal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Idaho:
Boise (municipal)—
July. 1917.........................................
Moscow (Federal)—
. July. 1917.........................................

2
1

106
2,000

3 362
3180

G)
('■)

515
( i)

47

■

C)

(B

0)

G)

G)

G)

29

29

325

0)

25

25

220
464

1,702
2,708

3 1,096
3 2,203

G)
G)

1.050
1,907

1,022
1,716

8,275
3 9,586
G)
G)
13,317
13,322
1,304
13,814
3 Number applying for work.
4 One office not reported.

7,781
11,012

July, 1917...................................
Illinois:
Chicago (Federal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Chicago (State)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917.....................................
1 Not reported.
2 Four offices not reported.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0)

4,502

(559)

148

M O N TH LY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JU LY , 1916, AND JU LY , 1917—Contd.
U N ITE D STA TES— Continued.

State, city, and kind of office.

Illinois—Concluded.
E ast St. Louis (State)—
July, 1916.........................................
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Peoria (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917.........................................
• Rock Island-Moline (State)—
J u ly ,1916..........................................
J u ly ,1917.........................................
Rockford (State)—
J u ly ,1916.........................................
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Springfield (State)—
J u ly ,1916.........................................
July, 1917..........................................

Persons applying
for work.
Applica­ Persons
tions
asked for
from em­ by em­ New reg­
Re­
ployers. ployers.
istra­
newals.
tions.

824

1,518
2,069

2 1,576
492

0)

922

1,246
1,521

2 S23
297

0)

569

767
1,198

779

(>)
544

0)
0)
0)
0)

0)
930

1,095
879

828

(l)
1,069

759
1,050

2 702
573

ri)
320

ri)
826

608
756

1,080
1,532

2 895
811

ri)
• 233

0)
857

763
791

795
68 L

2 721
495

ri)
347

ri)
670

654
624

? 1,050
20,073

12,682
16,828

C)

ri)

0)

ri)

381
355

799
776

460
72

62
154

857
1,031

2S66
2 1,503

677
1,476

766
1,562

566
1,428

279
135

878
608

174

322

ri)

115
672

485
744

737
1,040

660
946

113
125

559
1,558

576
1,484

389
675

39
30

392
600

316
549

211

82

293

293

2,263
44)235

2,037
44'016

40
260

213

0)

79
58

61
53

(’)

364
195

364
195

282
328

145
146

646
523

509
341

627

542

Iowa:
Des Moines (State)—
July, 1916........................................
July, 1917..........................................

34
92

105
428

54
235

Kansas:
Topeka (State)—■
July, 1910..........................................
July, 1917..........................................

60
63

72
70

90
81

364
203

364
203

ri)

159

285
408

ri)
ri)

0)
360
162

12
27

617
350

Total:
July, 1916..............................
July, 1917...................................
Louisiana:
New Orleans (Federal)—
July, 1917.........................................
i Not reported.

2 Number applying for work.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

60

1,118

2 273

3 Six offices not reported.

(560)

ri)

575
744

Total:
July, 1916...................................
July) 1917...................................

Kentucky:
Louisville (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917........................................
L oui^ille (municipal-private)—
July, 1916....... .............................
July, 1917......................................

Posi­
tions
filled.

468

Total:
July, 1916...................................
July, 1917...................................
Indiana:
Evansville (State)—
July, 1917.........................................
Fort Wayne (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Indianapolis (Federal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Indianapolis (State)—
July, 1910..........................................
July, 1917............ ............................
South Bend (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917...................................... .
Tèrre Haute (State)—
July, 1917..........................................

Persons
referred
to posi­
tions.

ri)

11

4 One office not reported.

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS,

149

OPERATIONS OF PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES, JU LY, 1916, AND JU LY, 1917—Contd.
U N ITE D STATES— Continued.

S t a t e , c i t y , a n d k i n d o f office.

P e r s o n s a p p ly i n g
fo r w o r k .
A p p lic a ­ P e rso n s
a s k e d fo r
t io n s
f ro m e m ­ b y e m ­ N e w re g ­
R e­
p lo y e r s . p l o y e r s .
istra ­
n e w a ls .
tio n s .

P erso n s
re fe rre d
t o p o s i­
t io n s .

P o s i­
t io n s
fille d .

M a in e :
P o r tla n d ( F e d e ra l)—
J u ly , 1917......................................................

3

8

i 2

(2)

2

M a r y la n d :
B a l ti m o r e ( F e d e r a l) —
J u l y , 1916........................... ..........................
J u ly , 1917......................................................

42
64

110
205

i 156
285

(2)
( 2)

192
346

180
266

7
138

141
1,427

i 54
i 2 ,7 4 0

(2)
(2)

14
1,509

14
609

2,065
2,0 1 6

2,309
2,368

3 1,185
8 1 ,6 8 9

(2)
(2)

4 3 ,052
4 3,774

1,396
1,496

(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)

990
1,004

1,282
1,492

3 665
783

(2)
(2)

4 1,598
4 1,768

981
1,068

975
972

1,246
1,258

3 507
3 630

(2)
( 2)

4 1,210
4 1,350

639
713

5,8 7 4
* 8, 401

5 3 ,880

(2)
( 2)

128
275

126
275

(2)
(2)

116
101

109
88

M a s s a c h u s e tts :
B o s lo n ( F e d e r a l ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
B o s to n ( S ta te ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1 9 1 7 ....................................................
N e w B e d f o r d (S e d e r a i ) —
J u l y , 1917......................................................
S p r in g f ie ld ( S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
W o r c e s te r ( S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1 9 1 7 ...................................................
T o t a l:
J u l y , 1916 ..........................................
J u l y ’ 1917.............................................
M ic h ig a n :
B a t t l e C re e k ( S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
B a y C i ty ( S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
D e tro it ( F e d e ra l)—
J u l y , 1916........................... i . .....................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
D e tro it ( S ta te ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
F l in t ( S ta te ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
G ra n d R a p id s ( S ta te ) —
J u l y , 1916.....................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
J a c k s o n ( S ta te ) —
J u l y , 1916.....................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
K a la m a z o o ( S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
L a n s in g ( S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
M u sk eg o n ( S ta te ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
S a g in a w ( S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
S a u l t S te . M a rie ( F e d e r a l ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................

(2)

(2)

3 ,0 3 0

110
99

293
275

i 146
275

62
73

250
237

i 116
117

153
26

1,269
2S9

i 1,072
4G0

(2)
(2)

1,063
106

1,044
103

1,179
1,200

5 ,196
6 ,409

i 5,151
6 ,880

(2)
(2)

5,151
(2)

5,151
6 ,434

437
644

1,028
1,246

i 918
137

(2)
( 2)

918
(2)

918
834

512
747

929
898

i 1,008
858

(2)
(2)

994

(2)

991
819

341
472

837
793

i 806
694

(2)
(2)

806
676

793
654

464
210

480
347

i 464
397

( 2)
(2)

464
321

464
301

88
134

247
448

i 216
356

(2)
(2)

204
341

197
341

40
49

337
212

i 220
151

(2)
(2)

220
127

204
127

156
129

1,018
650

i 861
488

(2)

861
488

861

(2)

8

81
125

(2)
(2)

64

63

34

33

10,987
8 10,497

10,924

3

l

77
57

'

488

T o t a l:
J u l y ' 1917.............................................

4 Number of offers of positions,
s One office not reported.
6 Three offices not reported.

1 Number applying for work.
2 Not reported.
3 Number who were registered.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(561)

2,329

150

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

O P E R A T I O N S O F P U B L I C E M P L O Y M E N T O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1 9 1 7 - C o n t d .
U N IT E D

S t a t e , c it y , a n d k i n d o f office.

M in n e s o ta :
D u lu th ( S ta te ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
M in n e a p o lis ( F e d e r a l ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
M in n e a p o lis ( S ta t e ) —
J u l y , 1917......................................................
• S t. P a u l ( S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................

S T A T E S — C o n tin u e d .

P e r s o n s a p p ly i n g
fo r w o rk .
A p p lic a ­ P e rso n s
t io n s
a s k e d fo r
f ro m e m ­ b y e m ­
N e w reg ­
p lo y e r s .
p lo y e r s .
R e­
istra ­
n e w a ls .
tio n s .

(l )
0)

0)
6)

C1)
(l )

118
21

128
21

2 70
17

0)
0)

P erso n s
re fe rre d
t o p o s i­
t io n s .

60
3

0)
0)

0)

(»)

C1)

0)

0)
0)

0)
0)

0)
(0

0)
(0

0)
0)

T o t a l:
J u l y , 1916.............................................
J u l y , 1917.............................................

M is s o u ri:
K a n s a s C i ty ( F e d e r a l- S t a te ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
S t. J o s e p h ( S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
S t. L o u is ( F e d e r a l - S t a t e ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................

1
1

1
6

2 47
2 36

C)
C)

511
1,012

1,550
2 ,792

2 1,428
1,354

0)

C1)
1,293

1,288
1,615

21,020
1,005

0)

14
342

117
6 ,406

2 200
2 2,267

0)
. (*)

300
0)
3

60
3
( ')
1,351
1,058

3 go
33

0)
1

4 712

2’ 374

0)

1,047
4 2,169

826
2 ,008

010

0)
1,613

1,019
1,101

50
2 ,0 1 2

45
1,997

5 1 097
5 ,7 9 6

b, 106

1 son

350
439

450
2 526

6)
(1)

0)

3

2 27
0)

0)
(D

0)

0)
(*)

(l )

(l )

«

( ')

0)

0)

C1)

0)

1

968

T o t a l:
J u l y , 1916.............................................
J u l y , 1917.............................................
M o n ta n a :
B u t t e ( m u n i c ip a l ) —
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................
H e l e n a ( F e d e r a l) —
J u l y , 1916....................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................

1.203
1,313

0)
G)

0)

M is s is s ip p i:
G u lfp o rt ( F e d e ra l)—
J u l y , 1916......................................................
J u l y , 1917......................................................

P o s i­
t io n s
f ille d .

460
8

350
379

T o t a l:
J u l y , 1916.............................................
J u l y , 1917.............................................
N e b ra sk a:
L i n c o ln ( m u n i c ip a l ) —
J u l y , 1917......................................................
O m a h a ( F e d e r a l - S ta t e - c o u n ty - m u n ic i P a l) ~
J u l y , 1917....................................................
t

878

1,537

735

104

745

2 S16

440

1,192

952

690

681

T o ta l:
J u l y , 1916.............................................
J u ly , 1917.............................................
N evada:
R e n o ( F e d e ra l)—
J u l y , 1917......................................................

0)

1 N o t re p o rte d .
2 N u m b e r a p p l y i n g fo r w o r k .
3 T w o offices n o t r e p o r t e d .
\ N o t i n c l u d i n g 3,371 h a r v e s t h a n d s r e f e r r e d t o p o s it io n s b y t h e K a n s a s C i ty o ffice a n d i t s a g e n ts in
M itc h e ll, S . D a k .; S io u x C i ty , I o w a ; a n d W i c h i t a , K a n s .
5 O n e o ffice n o t r e p o r t e d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(562)

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
O P E R A T IO N S

O F P U B L IC

151

E M P L O Y M E N T O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n td .

UNITED STATES— C ontinued.

State, city, and kind of office.

New Hampshire:
Manchester (Federal)—
July, 1917..........................................
New Jersey:
Jersey City (Federal)—
July, Ì917.........................................
Newark (Federal)—
July, 1917.........: ..............................
Orange (Federal)—
J u ly ,1917.........................................

Persons applying
for work.
Applica­ Persons
asked for
tions
from em by em­ New reg­
Re­
ployers. ployers.
istra­
newals.
tions.

0)

(!)

C1)

O

Persons
referred
to posi­
tions.

Posi­
tions
ffiied.

(0

0)

(>)

(B

C1)

0)

(l)

0)

(’)

0)

(!)

C1)

0)

0)

0)

0)

(])

0)

0)

0)
!

J u ly ,1917...................................
New Mexico:
Albuquerque (Federal)—
J u ly ,1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
New York:
Albany (State)—
J u ly ,1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Buffalo (Federal)—
J u lv ,1916......................................
J u ly ,1917.........................................
Buffalo (State)—
J u ly ,1916......................................
J u ly ,1917.........................................
New York City (Federal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917................. .......................
New York City (State)—
J u ly ,1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
New York City (municipal)—
July, 1916......................................
July, 1917.........................................
Rochester ( State)—•
J u ly ,1916.........................................
J u ly ,1917.........................................
Syracuse (State)—
J u ly ,1916.........................................
J u ly ,1917......................................
Total*
J u ly ,1916...............................
July, 1917...................................
Ohio:
Akron (State-municipal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Athens (State-municipal)—
July, 1917..........................................
Canton (State-municipal)—
J u lv ,1917......................................
Chillieothe (State-municipal)—
J u ly ,1917......................................
Cincinnati (State-municipal)—
July, 1916....................................
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Cleveland ( Federal)—
J u ly ,1916..........................................
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Cleveland (State-municipal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Columbus (State-municipal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917..........................................
1 Not reported.


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

0)
(0

23

0)
(')

0)

545
807

770
1,145

452
572

93
1.217

850
1, OSS

2 698
2 1,550

836
1,240

1,564
1,660

917
1,367

245
4,187

956
7,639

2 1,128
7,807

1,287
1,798

1,863
2,917

1,166
1,703

1,944
2,150

2,157
2,350

1,079
1,871
554
1,357

(B
(»)
176
298

0)
0)

651
880

384
606

694
2,128

517
1,594

1,402
2,103

1,052
1.598

510
5,407

494
3,809

475
739

1,984
2,869

1,085
1,934

2,18.8
2,598

O)
1,730

3,048
3.279

1,800
2,042

1,860
2, 882

717
1,481

114
417

1,335
2,398

663
1,491

703
1,852

399
940

56
252

616
1,648

501
1,251

10 240
20,772

6,496
14,325

1,573
2,370

1,311
2, 061

1.951
3,240

0)

O)

0)
0)

627
1,174

(B
U)
61
172
(')
0)

1,314
1,796

(i)

144

109

48

90

75

0)

531

613

277

595

351

(>)

7,595

8,034

57

7,370

7,124

0 )

1.564
2, 210

1,221
2,892

2,509
3, 787

1.387
2,191

932
1,504

201
217

2 125
2 129

88
87

12
30

7, 297
8,042

2,809
3,811

6,335
7,528

5,202
5,966

2,227
2, 732

1,827
2,217

0)

21
34

(i)
O)

0)
0 )

6,661
8,018

892
1,892
2,826
1,168
2,595
3,243
2 Number applying for work.

(0
0)

(563)

152

M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS,

O P E R A T IO N S

O F P U B L IC

E M P L O Y M E N T O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n td .

U N IT E D S T A T E S— C o n t i n u e d .

State, city, and kind of office.

Ohio—Concluded.
Dayton (State-municipal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Hamilton (State-municipal)—
July, 1917.........................................
Lima (State-municipal)—
J u ly ,1917........................................
Mansfield (State-municipal)—
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Marietta (State-municipal)—
July, 1917..........................................
Marion (State-municipal)—
July, 1917..........................................
Portsm outh (State-municipal)—
July, 1917..........................................
Springfield (State-municipal)—
July, 1917..........................................
Steubenville (State-municipal)—
J u ly ,1917.........................................
Tiffin (State-municipal)—
July, 1917........................................
Toledo (State-municipal)—
July, 1 9 1 6 ...................................
July, 1917................................
Washington C. IT. (State-municipal)—
July, 1917..........................
Youngst'own (State-municipal)—
July, 1916......................................
J u ly ,1917...................................
Zanesville (State-municipal)—
July, 1917.......................................
Central office (State-municipal)—
July, 1917...............................

Persons applying
for work.
Applica­ Persons
tions
asked for
from em­ by em­ New reg­
ployers. ployers.
Re­
istra­
newals.
tions.

1,069
1,786

(l)
C)

677
1,813

1,032
1,738

130

358

31

127

88

521

557

141

463

399

G)

187

201

67

174

119

0)

207

221

106

193

149

G)

388

396

169

331

196

G)

280

929

167

231

106

C)

350

603

160

222

161

(>)

711

393

311

581

466

0)

268

208

111

201

155

0)
(■)

5,118
3,675

1,386
1,794

1,747
3,154

2,438
3,333

2,068
2,711

G)

194

222

117

175

138

G)
G)

1,240
2,124

685
1,197

1,034
1,514

1,183
2,028

1,051
1,852

(')

153

292

91

141

80

6)

29

1,839

108

29

26

2 16 145
32,868

27'453

0)

(l)
236

272
225

0)
146

289
266

(0

0)

298

263
582

G)
325

G)

G)
318

178
256

239

588
809

(B
688

0)

0)

685

4^6
612

905

870
1 917

0)
1,586

0)

0)
1,373

767
1,227

(i)
2,612

1 653
2’320

0)
6)

258

16

134

70

(!)

13

11

1,224
2,218

2,589
6,766

3 2,512
3 4,978

(')
(D

2,454
5,041

2,309
4,789

0)
2,757

2,589
6,817

266
83

(M
G)

0)
(l)

2,401
5,484

July, 1916...................................
July, 1917...................................

4 2,454
4 5*054

1N o t r e p o r t e d .
2F i f t e e n o ffic es n o t r e p o r t e d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

<817
1,479

G)

TotalJuly, 1916...................................
July, 1917...................................
Oregon:
Astoria (Federal)—
July 3917...................
Portland (Federal)—
Ju ly ,1916..........................
. July, 1917............................
Portland (municipal)—
July, 1916...................................
July, 1917...................................

914
1,674

Posi­
tions
filled.

0)

Total:
July, 1916............................. .
J u ly ,1917..............................
Oklahoma—
Enid (State)—
July, 1916.................................
July, 1917......... ...............................
Muskogee (State)—
July, 1916...................
July, 1917...................................
Oklahoma City (State)—
July, 1916.................................
July, 1917.....................................
Tulsa (State)—
July, 1916..........................
July, 1917....................................

Persons
referred
to posi­
tions.

s N u m b e r a p p l y i n g fo r w o r k .
O n e o ffic e n o t r e p o r t e d .

4

(564)

4 710
10,284

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
O P E R A T IO N S O F P U B L IC E M P L O Y M E N T

O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n td .

U N ITED STATES—

State, city, and kind of office.

Pennsylvania:
Altoona (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Harrisburg (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917.. .....................................
Johnstown (State)—
July, 1916.........................................
Julyj 1917..........................................
Philadelphia (Federal)—
J u ly ,1916..........................................
July' 1917 ........................................
Philadelphia (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Pittsburgh (Federal)—
J u ly ,1916..........................................
July' 1917..........................................
Pittsburgh (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July' 1917..........................................

C o n tin u e d .

Persons applying
for “work.
Applicar Persons
lions
asked for
from em­ by em­ New reg­
ployers. ployers.
Re­
istra­
newals.
tions.

21

238
90

47
50

493

465
546

93

86
213

Posilions
filled.

37
77

32
58

159
405

72
115

191
477

181
453

226
199

41
108

15
12

49
117

45
98

588
2,062

2 302
2 1,253

288
1,047

224
933

323

591
1,099

787
1,222

551
1,059

507
956

15
54

196
1,250

2 505
2 360

273
330

246
205

219

2,233
1, OOS

749
459

168
137

562
501

512
460

________

1,951
3,608

1,747
3,163

(0

G)

G)

Total:
July, 1916...................................
July, 1917...................................

_____

Rhode Island:
Providence (Federal)—
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Providence (State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July' 1917..........................................

G)

Persons
referred
to posi­
tions.

53

G)

6)

153

G)

(!)

199
359

G)
6)

151

39

547

483

321
223

311
346

194
281

South Carolina:
Charleston (Federal)—
July, 1916..........................................
Julyi 1917..........................................

1

38

2 97

0)

169

169

South Dakota:
Huron (Federal-State)—
July, 1916..........................................
July' 1917..........................................

60

3,691

1,270
'132

G)
G)

1,270
120

1 270
126

G)

1,257

948

393
350

393
281

Tennessee:
Memphis (Federal)—
July, 1917..........................................
Texas:
Dallas (municipal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917........................................
El Paso (Federal)—
July, 1916.............................'...........
Julw 1917.........................................
Fort W orth (municipal)—
J u ly ,1918........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Galveston (Federal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Houston ( Federal)—
July, 1916............ .......... .................
Julyj 1917.........................................

1

1,700

2 1,284

177
157

393
301

46
72

re p o rte d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

6)

118
137

7
10

G)
47
21

373
548

330
1,311

5
3

6
3

234
33

G)
G)

29

G)

6)

G)

G)
0)

0)

G)

G)
G)

315
347

307
342

11
13

9
11

G)
G)
8 719
8 710

2 N u m b e r a p p ly i n g fo r w o r k .

(565)

108
311
346

G)
G)

G)
G)

G)

121
112

Total:
July, 1916...................................
July' 1917..............................
1N ot

n

i1)
G)

0)
0)

0)

8 T w o offices n o t r e p o r t e d .

G)
G)
8 709
8 634
-—=3

154

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.

O P E R A T I O N S O F P U B L I C E M P L O Y M E N T C F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n c lu d e d .

UNITED STATES—

State, city, and kind of office.

Persons applying
for work.
Applica­ Persons
asked for
tions
from em­ by em­ New reg­
Re­
ployers. ployers.
istra­
newals.
tions.

Virginia:
Norfolk (Federal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917......... ...............................
Richmond (municipal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Total:
July, 1916...............................
July, 1917..................
Washington:
Aberdeen (Federal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Bellingham (Federal-municipal)—
July, 1916.........................................
J u ly ,1917.........................................
Everett (Federal)—
July, 1917..............
Everett (municipal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Kennewich (Federal)—
July, 1917................... ......................
North Yakima (Federal)—
July, 1916.........................................
J u ly ,1917.........................................
Seattle (Federal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Seattle (municipal)—
J u ly ,1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Spokane (Federal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917.........................................
Spokane (municipal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917.................................... .
Sumner (Federal)—
July, 1917.........................................
Tacoma (Federal-municipal)—
July, 1916..... ...................................
July, 1917.........................................
Walla Walla (Federal)—
J u ly ,1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Total:
July, 1916...................................
July, 1917...................................
Wisconsin:
La Crosse (State-municipal)—
July, 1916..........................................
J u ly ,1917..........................................
Madison (Federal)—
July, 1917................... ......................
Milwaukee (State-county-municipal)—
July, 1916.........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Oshkosh (State-municipal)—
J u ly ,1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Superior (State-municipal)—
July, 1916..........................................
July, 1917..........................................
Total:
July, 1916...................................
July, 1917..................................
1N u m b e r a p p ly in g
2N o t re p o rte d .


https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

C o n tin u e d .

Persons
referred
to posi­
tions.

Posi­
tions
filled.

17
20

182
1217

i 114
137

(2)
(2)

42
85

22
18

288
324

691
453

711
472

(2)
(2)

795
554

396
232

837
639

418
250

20
6

92
23

i 226
i 37

(2)
(2)

92
23

92
23

198
174

334
780

i 297
i 407

(2)
(2)

289
348

255
328

60

(2)

(2)

(2)
C-)

(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)

(2)

(2)

(2)
(2)
(2)

(2)
(2)

(2)
438
272

(2)

(2)

(2)

538
549

925
1,257

i 883
1 1,590

(2)
(2)

728
1,107

696
1,034

150
186

S29
1,308

i 1,317
i 1,949

(2)
(2)

456
791

416
762

3,347
4,050

6,471
6,819

(2)
(2)

6,497
6,824

6,009
6,143

74
111

580
654

(2)
(2)

511
631

511
627

2,229
1,890

4,610
2,570

(2)
(2)

4,075
2,524

3,929
2,422

(2)
(2)
i 639
i 743
(2)
(2)

(2)

70

760

i 654

(2)

654

654

530
608

2,529
1,840

i 1,165
i 1,664

(2)
(2)

1,08a
1,860

1,065
1,821

209
555

390
775

i 490
i 1,040

(2)
(2)

382
601

375
560

313,030
313 503

1 12 721
4 12 825

198
199

72
115

175
193

293
210

i 262
255

(2)
(2)

1,392

6,170

i 4,774

(2)

4,725

4,267

1,998
2,415

3,775
5,160

i 2,697
i 4,474

(2)
(2)

2,627
4,627

2,009
3,354

164
60

305
165

i 181
i 162

(2)

(2)

152
135

123
103

439
533

1,331
1,644

i 907
i 1,496

(2)
(2)

988
1,626

674
873

3 965
11312

2 878
8’ 712

fo r w o r k .

a O n e o ffice n o t r e p o r t e d .
< T h r e e o ffic es n o t r e p o r t e d .

• (566)

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

155

O P E R A T I O N S O F P U B L I C E M P L O Y M E N T O F F I C E S , J U L Y , 1916, A N D J U L Y , 1917— C o n c lu d e d .

CANADA.

State, city, and kind of office.

Quebec:
Montreal (provincial)—
July, 1917..................... ............
Quebec (provincial)—
Julv, 1916......................................
July, 1917..........................................

Persons applying
for work.
Applica­ Persons
tions
asked for
from em­ by em­ New reg­
ployers. ployers.
Re­
istra­
newals.
tions.

330
(2)
(2)

874

1 422

(2)

622

214
409

152
260

(2)
(2)

141
ISO

Total:
Julv, 1916..................................
July," 1917...................................
1 Number applying for work.

Persons
referred
to posi­
tions.

3141
802
2 Not

reported.

Posi­
tions
filled.

528
(2)
(2)
(2)
8 528

3 One office not reported.

FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF
PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT OFFICES.
The proceedings of the fourth annual meeting of the American
Association of Public Employment Offices, held in Buffalo, July 20
and 21, 1916, have just appeared as Bulletin 220 of the United States
Bureau of Labor Statistics. The purpose of this association is to
study the administrative details of the employment business, and seek
to improve methods and secure uniformity and cooperation among
the employment offices of the country.
The association is composed of men actively engaged in managing
or administering employment business. Through its efforts systems
of records and methods of management have been improved and made
more uniform, and in some cases the officers of the association have
assisted in drafting public employment office laws.
Two important developments of the fourth annual meeting were
(1) the adoption of two resolutions, one placing the association on
record in favor of the establishment of a national employment bureau,
and the other requesting the United States Commissioner of Labor
Statistics to edit and publish as a bulletin the proceedings of the
meeting; and (2) the selection of a committee on standardization,
with the United States Commissioner of Labor Statistics as chair­
man, for the purpose of drawing up a system of uniform records and
formulating standard definitions of terms and methods of work
which can be used in all the offices throughout the country, to the
end that there shall be uniformity in the figures and reports from all
the States. It is the duty of this committee to select from all the
systems and methods now in use the best and most efficient, and its
report at the next annual meeting at Milwaukee on September 20
and 21, 1917, will be the most important matter on which the associa­
tion will have to act.
8S09°—IT-

11


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(567)

156

M O N TH LY REVIEW OF TH E BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

An address was made by Hon. Royal Meeker, United States Com­
missioner of Labor Statistics, on “ What records should be kept by
public employment offices and how they should be used.” He em­
phasized the necessitiy of keeping such records as, when published,
will give the public accurate and complete information as to the
work done by the public employment offices throughout the country
and the cost of conducting these offices. At present this is difficult,
owing to lack of standardization of methods of keeping records.
The desirability of uniform definitions, standards, and forms was
strongly urged.
The Secretary of Labor, Lion. AY. B. AYiIson, in an address on a
national system of employment offices, discussed the urgent need for
public employment offices and showed the advantage which could
be secured by a national employment bureau cooperating with State
and municipal bureaus, and helping to coordinate the work between
the different States and cities of the country.
Other addresses at the conference dwelt upon the importance of
business efficiency in public employment offices; the desirability of
cooperation among Federal, State, and city employment bureaus;
the advantages to be gained by creating a national labor reserve board
to organize all the employment offices in the country into one system
of labor exchanges and put into effect the remedies that may be
found for unemployment; the needs of the women’s department of
public employment offices and the special problems to lie met therein;
and the relation between labor organizations and public employment
offices and how they may be mutually helpful. Yocational education
and its bearing upon employment problems were given consideration
in addresses covering such subjects as vocational education and juve­
nile placement departments, vocational guidance as a public school
function, vocational guidance and the juvenile placement work of a
public labor exchange, and cooperation between employers and the
schools in vocational guidance.

WORK OF FREE LABOR EXCHANGES IN OHIO, 1915-18.

The work of the seven free labor exchanges of Ohio for the year
ending June 30, 1916, is recorded in the report No. 27 of the depart­
ment of statistics and information of the Ohio Industrial Commission,
issued at Columbus under date of December 15, 1916. This report
states that the fiscal year covered by the data presented has been one
of unusual industrial activity, that the number employed by the
industries of the State has been increased by many thousands, that
wages, particularly for the unskilled and transient workers, have


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(568)

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

157

advanced, and that unemployment, as a serious problem, has been
reduced to a minimum.
The daily average number of persons seeking employment through the free
labor exchanges during' the year ending June 30, 1916, was 1,141, as compared
with a daily average of 1,101 for the year ending .Tune 30, 1915. Of the 1,141
applicants, approximately one-third (an average of 363) were new registrations.
Employers requested through the free labor exchanges an average of 674 persons
per day, as compared with a daily average of 248 applications for help for the
year ending June 30, 1915. During the period covered by this report an average
of 566 per day were referred to positions and 463 were placed at work, as com­
pared with an average of 240 referred and 203 placed during the fiscal year
1914-15.

The total figures showing the work of the seven offices and the per
cent of increase during 1915-1916 as compared with the figures for
the preceding year are as follows:
W ORK OF TH E SEVEN F R E E LABOR EXCHANGES IN OHIO FOR T H E YEARS ENDING
JU N E 30,1915 AND 1916, SHOWING P E R CENT OF INCREASE IN T H E L A TTER PER IO D .
Year ending June 30—
Item.
1915
New registrations...........................................................................
Renewals...........................................................................................
Total applicants for work............................................................
Number requested by employers....................................................
Number referred to positions"..........................................................
Number reported placed...................................................................

93,780
243,068
336^ 848
75,840
73,523
62,237

1916
110,749
2371244
347,993
2051558
17ll 520
1411253

Per cent of
increase.

18. J
12.4
3.3
171.0
133.3
127.0

1 Decrease.

In this connection attention is directed to the fact that there was
a large increase during the year 1915-16 in the number requested by
employers, but no corresponding increase in the number of appli­
cants. The 141,253 reported placed is 40.6 per cent of the total num­
ber of applicants for work and 68.7 per cent of the number requested
by employers, while in the preceding year only 18.6 per cent of the
total number of applicants were placed, this number equaling 82.1
per cent of the number requested by employers.
Approximately 74 per cent of the applicants were males and 26
per cent were females, but of those reported placed, 66.2 per cent were
males and 33.8 per cent were females. The report notes a slight in­
crease as compared with the preceding year in the per cent of skilled
workers and factory employees and a decrease in the per cent of
laborers and day workers reported placed in positions. Tiius in
1914—15, 15.1 per cent of the males reported placed were skilled
workers and factory employees and 73.4 per cent were laborers and
day workers, while during the year following the per cents were 16.8
and 69.6, respectively.


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158

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

Among females the per cent of those placed in general housework
decreased from 12.3 in 1914-15 to 7.7 in 1915-16, while the per cent
of those placed as factory workers and in sewing trades decreased
from 8.8 per cent to 6.4 in the same period. There was a slight in­
crease in the number placed as hotel and restaurant workers and as
day workers, including laundresses—from 66.7 to 70.4 per cent.
Beginning in March, 1916, a record of the better grade permanent
placements was kept in each office, and during the four months ending
June 30, 1916, a total of 681 males were reported as having been
placed in positions paying 35 cents or more per hour, $18 or more
per week, or $75 or more per month; and 175 females were reported
as having been placed in positions paying 174 cents or more per hour,
$9 or more per week, or $40 or more per month. Of the men the
largest number, 284, or 41.7 per cent, were placed in building trades,
and of the women, 56, or 32 per cent, were given employment as book­
keepers, stenographers, and office clerks. The salaries of the men so
placed ranged up to $2,400 per year; those of the women up to $960
per year.
The following summary statement shows for the full year the
number and per cent of the total placed in each occupation as taken
from the regular daily reports:
Of the 93,537 males placed—
51,385, or 54.9 per cent, were laborers.
12,517, or 13.4 per cent, were day workers (men employed on odd jobs lasting
only a few days, a day, or part of a day).
4,2S0, or 4.6 per cent, were employed in skilled building trades.
2,953, or 3.2 per cent, were farm and dairy hands and gardeners.
2,351, or 2.5 per cent, were employed in skilled metal trades.
Of the 47,716 females placed—
33,607, or 70.4 per cent, were day workers and laundresses.
4,239, or 8.9 per cent, were engaged in hotel and restaurant work.
3,690, or 7.7 per cent, were engaged in general housework.
3.072, or 6.4 per cent, were engaged in factory work, including the sewing
trades.

The report notes 38 private employment agencies in operation on
June 30, 1916, and states that 20 prosecutions were brought for
abuses in connection with employment. Ten of these cases were for
operating offices without licenses and the other 10 were for job
selling, that is, a practice by which an applicant is required to pay
a foreman a fee for employment and in many instances to continue
such payments during employment so that the job may be retained
and desirable work secured. A report on job selling in industrial
establishments in Ohio has been issued by the Industrial Commission
(Rept. No. 24) and was reviewed in the M onthly R eview for
October, 1916 (pp. 411-415).


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M O N TH LY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

159

EMPLOYMENT IN SELECTED INDUSTRIES IN JULY, 1917.

The figures presented have been compiled by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics from reports from representative establishments in 13
industries.
A comparison of the figures in the first table below shows that
there were increases in the number of employees in 7 and decreases
in 6 of the 13 industries in the month of July, 1917, as compared
with July, 1916. The iron and steel industry shows an increase of
12 per cent, which was the largest increase, and the silk industry
shows the greatest decrease, which was 4.2 per cent. The other
industries show changes between these two extremes.
Each industry covered by the inquiry shows a greater amount of
money paid to employees in July, 1917, than in July, 1916. Iron
and steel leads with an increase of 40.7 per cent, closely followed by
automobile manufacturing with an increase of 33.4 per cent.
The following table shows the facts for each industry:
COMPARISON OF EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS IN JULY, 1916, AND
JU LY, 1917.

Industry.

Estab­
lish­
ments
to
which
in­
quiries
were
sent.

Boots and shoos................
Cotton manufacturing. . . .
Cotton finishing................
Hosiery and underwear...
W oolen...............................
Silk.....................................
Men’s ready-made clothing...................................
Iron and steel....................
Car bunding and repairing
Cigar manufacturing.........
Automobile inanufacturing...................................
Leather m anufacturing. . .
Paper making..................

85
89
19
82
56
64
86
142
78
104
67
44
82

Estab­
lish­
ments
rePeriod
port­ of pay
ing for
roll.
July,
both
years.
70
59
16
51
48
36

1 week..
....d o __
__ do__
__ do__
__ do__
2 weeks.

39 1 week..
104 i month.
22 __ do__
54 1 w eek..

Number on
pay roll in
July—

1916

1917

61,539
48,521
11, 352
27, 872
40,162
11,813

59,284
49, 275
11,316
27,461
41,163
11,322

26,141 28,013
176,921 198,184
22,082 22,057
16,429 16,962

36 __ do__ 90,942
31 __ do__ 14,799
43 ___do__ 22,135

92,354
14,596
22,953

Per­
cent
of in­
crease
( + ) oxde­
crease
(-).

Amount of pay
roll in July—

Per
cent
of increase
(+ ) or
de­
crease
(-).

1916

1917

797,683
447,502
130,497
255,729
475,132
227,447

833,025
562,204
154,495
329; 929
611', 543
238; 201

+ 4.4
+25.6
+ 18.4
+ 29.0
+ 28.7
+ 4.7

+ 7.2 386, 732 477,371
+ 12.0 5,902,301 8,304,098
- . 1 877,545 '935;514
+ 3.2
171,331 201,422

+23.4
+40. 7
+ 6.6
+ 17.6

+ 1.6 1,615,257 2,154,737
- 1.4
198,872 221,671
+ 3.7
300,491 358,209

+33.4
+ 11.5
+ 19.2

- 3 .7
+ 1.6
- .3
- 1.5
+ 2.5
- 4.2

The number of employees actually working on the last full day of
the reported pay-roll period in July, 1917, and July, 1916, was re­
ported by a comparatively small number of establishments and this
fact should be borne in mind when studying the next table. Six of
the 13 industries reporting show increases, while 7 show decreases.
Here iron and steel leads, the increase being 15.1 per cent, while the
greatest decrease, 14.9 per cent, is shown by cotton finishing.


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160

M O N TH LY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

COMPARISON OF EM PLOYM ENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS ON LAST FU LL
DAY’S OPERATION IN JU LY, 1916, AND JULY, 1917.

Establish­
ments re­
porting for
July, both
years.

Industry.

Boots and shoes..................
Cotton manufacturing.......
Cotton finishing..................
Hosiery and underwear__
Woolen................................
Silk......................................
Men’s ready-made clothing.
I ro n a n d s te e l.. .............. .
Car building and repairing.
Cigar manufacturing...........
Automobile manufacturing
Leather manufacturing__
Paper m aking.....................

16
36
9
13
31
19
5
80
20
17
16
13
11

Period of
pay roll.

1 week__
...d o .........
. . .d o .........
. . .d o .........
.d o .........
2 w eeks...
1 week__
* m o n th ..
. . -do.........
1 week__
..- d o .........
.. .d o .........
.. -do.........

N u m b e r a c tu a lly
working on last full
day of reported pay Per cent of
increase
period in July—
(+ ) or de­
crease ( —).
1916
1917
8,766
26,417
6,136
10,126
30,483
6,950
617
123,656
16,733
3,935
46,141
8,974
7,160

7,655
27,681
5,221
10,698
32,354
6,571
601
142,306
16,759
3,666
47,584
8,410
7,127

-12.7
+ 4.8
-14.9
+ 5.6
+ 6.1
- 5.5
- 2.6
+ 15.1
+ .2
- 6.8
+ 3.1
- 6.3
- .5

In comparing the figures for July, 1917, with those for June, 1917,
an increase in the number of employees is shown in 5 and a decrease
in 8 of the 13 industries reporting. The decreases here are probably
m part due to the July pay-roll period including vacation and stock­
taking time. The greatest increase is 3.1 per cent shown by car
building and repairing, and the greatest decrease is 5.5 per cent,
shown by automobile manufacturing.
An increase in the amount of the pay roll is shown in three of the
industries reporting and a decrease is shown in ten of them. Men’s
ready-made clothing shows the greatest increase, which is 4.8 per
cent, and boots and shoes and cotton finishing show a decrease of
7.4 per cent, which is the greatest decline.
COMPARISON OF EM PLOYM ENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS IN JU N E, 1917
AND JU LY, 1917.

Industry.

Establishments
to
which
inqui­
ries
were
sent.

Es­
tab­
lishments
re­
port­
ing
for
June
and
July.

85
89
19
82
56
64
86

67
58
16
51
45
37
38

Boots and shoes................
Cotton m anufacturing___
Cotton finishing................
Hosiery and underwear...
Woolen........................... .
Silk.....................................
Men’s ready-made clothmg. ,
Iron and steel....................
Car building and repairing
Cigar manufacturing.........
Automobile manufacturmg.
Leather m anufacturing...
Paper m aking...................


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142
78
104
07
44
82

Number on
pay roil in—
Period
of pay
roll.

June,
1917.

July,
1917.

1 w eek..
. - .d o ___
-. .do ___
. - -do___
.. .d o ___
2 weeks.
1 w eek..

58,904 57,193
47,635 47,838
14,211 13,679
28,193 27,772
40,743 40,784
13,112 13,092
29,370 -28,076

108 4 month.
25 - - .d o ___
61 1 w eek..
34 ...d o ___

207,133 208,860
23,703 24,516
19,852 19,877
99,606 93,985

30 . . .d o ---- 14,307
43 . . -do___ 23,664

(572)

14,139
22,953

Ter
cent
of in­
crease
(+ )
or de­
crease
(-)•

Amount of pay
roll in—

Per
cent
of in­
crease
(+ )
or de­
crease
(-)■

June,
1917.

July,
1917.

856,472
545,159
212,269
314,567
601,276
304,930
457,333

792,750
546,279
196,654
308,496
606,396
287,423
479,305

+
+
+

7.4
.2
7.4
1.9
.9
5.7
4.8

+ .8 9,453,681 8,817,749
+3.4
885,193
825, 701
245, 801 242, 737
- 5 .5 2,280,063 2,194,602

-

6.7
6.7
1.2
3.7

- 2 .9
+ .4
- 3 .7
- 1 .5
+ .1
- .2
-4 .4

- 1 .2
- 3 .0

222,228
369,436

215,283
358,209

- 3.1
- 3.0

M O N TH LY REVIEW OP THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

161

Only 54 per cent of the establishments reporting stated the number
of employees actually working on the last full day of the pay-roll
period which should be considered when studying the table below.
COMPARISON OP EMPLOYMENT IN IDENTICAL ESTABLISHM ENTS ON LAST FU L L
DAY’S OPERATION IN JU N E, 1917, AND JU LY , 1917.

Industry.

Boots and shoes..................
Cotton m anufacturing.......
Cotton finishing..................
Hosiery and underwear__
Woolen.................................
Silk.......................................
Men’s ready-made clothing.
Iron and steel......................
Car building and repairing.
Cigar manufacturing..........
Automobile manufacturing
Leather manufacturing__
Paper m aking.....................

Establish­
ments
reporting
for June
and July.

24
41
11
13
38
22
8
85
25
23
18
12
11

Period of
pay roll.

N u m b er a c tu a lly
working on last full
day of re ported pay
period in
June, 1917.

July, 1917.

13 278
31,598
9,340
10,602
33,362
9,253
11,390
147,835
21,427
5,514
57,355
8,354
6,856

12,722
31,629
8,320
10,528
33,358
8,692
11,319
153,617
21,934
5,499
54,818
7,960
7,127

1 week__
- ..d o .........
.. .do..........
...d o .........
- - -do.........
2 weeks. . .
1 week___
J m onth...
- - -do.........
1 week___
...d o ..........
.. -do.........
. . .do.........

Per cent
of increase
(+ ) or de­
crease ( —).

- 4.2
4- . 1
-10.9
- .7
-(i)
- 6.1
- .6
+ 3.9
+ 2.4
- .3
- 3.9
- 4.7
+ 4.0

1 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent.
CHANGES IN W AGE R A TE S.

Changes in wage rates during the period of June 15 to July 15,
1917, were reported by 54 establishments in 12 of the 13 industries
covered. Many of the establishments reporting failed to answer the
inquiry as to whether any changes in wage rates had been made dur­
ing the period. Of the 54 changes indicated, 53 were increases and 1
was a slight decrease.
Out of 108 establishments in the iron and steel industry reporting
volume of employment data for the months of June and July, 1917,
21 reported that increases had been made in wages during the period.
One establishment reported an increase of 22 per cent to two-thirds
of its employees; one reported 20 per cent increase to all employees;
four reported 14.6 per cent to about one-third of their employees;
four reported 10.9 per cent to 43, 45, 47, and 54 per cent of all
employees, respectively; one reported 10 per cent to all employees,
while another reported 10 per cent to all tonnage men, which con­
stituted about 40 per cent of the entire force ; one reported 9 per
cent to all employees; five establishments reported increases ranging
between 5 per cent and 7 per cent to various parts of their forces,
while one reported 3.7 per cent to all unskilled labor. One estab­
lishment reported an increase of 25 cents per turn for the furnace
men, mechanics, locomotive crews, and locomotive crane crews, and
15 cents per turn for laborers. One reported an increase of 2^ cents
per hour for all laborers and mechanical department employees.


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162

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.

Four establishments out of a total of 59 reporting in cotton manu­
facturing show changes in the wage rates. One establishment re­
ported an increase of 10 per cent and one an increase of 5 per cent for
all employees; one establishment reported a 10 per cent bonus for full
time and one changed a 5 per cent bonus to a regular increase.
Four of the 36 establishments reporting in the automobile indus­
try report changes in the wage rates. Three of the reports were in­
definite as to both the per cent of increase and the part of the force
affected; one establishment reported a slight decrease in the average
hourly wages.
Of the 25 establishments reporting for the car building and repair­
ing industry, 4 show changes in wage rates. One establishment re­
ported an increase of 22.3 per cent for 96 per cent of the force; one
reported an increase of 3 cents per hour for about 97 per cent of the
force and $2 per week for 3 per cent; and two reported an increase
of 2£ cents per hour to 60 per cent of the force.
Of the 39 establishments in the men’s ready-made clothing industry,
7 show changes in wage rates. Four reported an increase of 10 per
cent for 70, 90, 95, and 100 per cent, respectively, of the force; one
reported an increase of 10 per cent to a small part of the force; one
reported an increase of 10 per cent to time workers and 20 per cent
to piece workers, and one reported an increase of 5 per cent but did
not state the part of the force affected.
Of the 36 establishments in the silk industry, 4 show changes in
the wage rates. One reported an increase of 10 per cent and one 5
per cent for all employees; one reported 10 per cent increase for 40
per cent of the force; and one reported 10 per cent increase for
“ some departments.”
Of the 43 establishments in the paper-making industry, 3 show
changes in the wage rates. Two reported an increase of 10 per cent
for all employees, vchile one reported a u bonus ” of 25 per cent for
the entire force for the period ending July 6.
Of the 51 establishments in the hosiery and underwear industry,
but two show changes in the wage rates. One reported 10 per cent
increase for ail employees, while one reported a bonus ranging from
40 cents to $1.25 per week for full time.
One establishment in each of four other industries reported a change
in the wage rates. One establishment in the boot and shoe industry
reported an increase in piece rate for cutting women’s shoes, which
was said to equal 5 cents per hour; one cigar factory reported an
indefinite increase for all employees; one plant in the leather manu­
facturing industry reported a 5 per cent increase for the entire force;
and one woolen mill reported an increase of 5 per cent for all
employees.


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

163

EMPLOYMENT IN THE STATE OF NEW YORK IN JULY, 1917.

The bureau of statistics and information of the New York State
Department of Labor has issued the following summary of the labor
market in that State:
M ANUFACTURING A C T IV IT Y IN JU LY .

[As reported by 1,600 representative firms w ith over 600,000 employees, or more than
one-third of the factory workers in the State, and a weekly pay roll of more than
§9,000,000.]

M anufacturing activity in N ew York State in July, 1917, w as somewhat less
pronounced than in June, which in turn showed a slight decline as compared
w ith May. As compared w ith June, the number of employees decreased onehalf of 1 per cent and the total aggregate of w ages decreased slightly more.
The vacation season, which is utilized for inventory purposes and for making
repairs, w as chiefly responsible for this decline. Labor disputes likew ise
played a part. These results are indicated by returns received from a large
number of leading factories, including all of the im portant m anufacturing
industries and localities in the S tate and covering the last three years. As
compared w ith June, 6 of the 11 industrial groups reported in July decreases
in both number of employees and in amount of w ages paid out. In three
of the groups there were increases in employees and in wages. A new high
record in w ages w as established for each of these three. July, 1917, w as much
more active than the corresponding month in either of the three preceding
years. The increase in employees as compared w ith July of la st year was
5 per cent and in w ages 20 per cent. Corresponding increases over July, two
years ago, were 22 and 54 per cent, respectively, and over July, three years
ago, 22 and 59 per cent, respectively.
The average per capita earnings of all employees, including both sexes, for
one week in July, 1917, were $16.17, as compared w ith $16.20 in the previous
month. The corresponding sum for July of la st year was $14.11; for July,
two years ago, $12.66; and for July, three years ago, $12.54.
The s to n e , e ia y , a n d g la s s p r o d u c ts group reported in July, 1917, a decrease of
nearly 1 per cent in number of employees and more than 6 per cent decrease
in wages as compared w ith June. Lime, cement, and plaster m ills were more
active. There were seasonal decreases in the brick-tile-pottery and in the glass
groups. As compared w ith July of last year the group as a whole had 22 per
cent more employees and paid out 41 per cent more In wages. - T his increase
w as due in large part to the fact that one large concern, which w as idle in
July, 1916, on account of a strike, w as operating to capacity in July of this
year.
The m e ta ls , m a c h in e r y a n d c o n v e y a n c e s group, which has a much larger
number of employees and pays out much more in wages than any other group
included in these returns, reported in July a decrease of 1 per cent in number
of employees and of l i per cent in amount of w ages as compared with June.
Only 3 of the 11 industries in the group reported increased wage payments.
The machinery industry, the w eightiest in the group, reported an increase, as
did also sheet-metal work and hardware, and cooking, heating, and ventilating
apparatus. The most important decrease w as in brass, copper, and aluminum
manufacture. Labor disputes reduced production in boat and ship building.
As compared w ith July one year ago, the group had 6 per cent more employees
and paid out 23 per cent more wages.


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164

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

The w o o d m a n u f a c tu r e s group reported in July a negligible decrease as com­
pared w ith June in employees and in amount of wages. The decrease was
m ainly in the m anufacture of musical instrum ents. Saw and planing m ills
were more active. The group had 2 per cent more employees and paid out 16
per cent more w ages than in July of la st year.
The f u r s , l e a th e r , a n d r u b b e r g o o d s group employed in July 1 per cent fewer
workers and paid out 1 per cent less in w ages than in June. The m anufacture
of furs and fur goods reported a seasonal increase. All other industries, except
rubber and gutta-percha goods, reported decreases. A s compared w ith July of
last year, the group had 3 per cent more employees and paid out 17 per cent
more wages.
The c h e m ic a ls group reported in July a negligible increase in employees and
1 per cent more w ages were paid out, establishing new high records in both
respects. The anim al and mineral oil industry and the m anufacture of paints,
dyes, and colors were more active. A s compared w ith July, 1916, the group
had 7 per cent more workers and paid out 25 per cent more wages.
The p a p e r industry reported in July a decrease of more than 1 per cent in
number of employees, and also in amount o f wages, as compared w ith June.
The number of employees w as 9 per cent greater, and the amount of wages
paid w as 21 per cent greater than in July one year ago.
The p r i n t i n g a n d p a p e r g o o d s group reported alm ost no change in July as
compared w ith June. As compared w ith July of la st year, the group employed
1 per cent few er w orkers and paid out 6 per cent more wages.
The t e x t i l e s group reported in July nearly 1 per cent decrease in employees
and a 'negligible increase in w ages as compared w ith June. Cotton goods and
m iscellaneous textiles each reported gains. Other industries reported losses.
The greatest decline, both as compared w ith la st month and w ith July of last
year, w as in the m anufacture of woolen carpets. As compared w ith last year,
the group had nearly 1 per cent fewer employees, but paid out 15 per cent more
wages.
The c lo th in g , m il l in e r y , a n d la u n d e r in g group in July employed 11 per cent
few er workers than in June. The decrease in amount o f w ages paid w as negli­
gible. Of the seven industries in the group, two only— women’s clothing and
laundering-cleaning-dyeing— reported increases. The decreases were seasonal,
being most pronounced in men’s shirts and furnishings and in women’s under­
wear. A s compared w ith July o f last year, the group employed 6 per cent more
workers and paid out 20 per cent more in wages.
The fo o d , liq u o r s , a n d to b a c c o industry in July had 4 per cent more workers
and paid out nearly 3 per cent more w ages than in June, establishing a new high
record in the latter respect. F ruit and vegetable canneries, now in the full
sw ing of the season, reported the largest gain. M iscellaneous groceries reported
the next largest gain. Flour and cereals reported the only loss of importance.
As compared w ith July of la st year, the group had 5 per cent more employees
and paid out 19 per cent more wages.
The w a t e r , lig h t, a n d p o w e r industry employed in July 4 per cent more em­
ployees and paid out 5 per cent more wages than in June, thereby establishing
new high records in both respects. As compared w ith July one year ago, there
were 12 per cent more employees and 21 per cent more wages were paid.
B U IL D IN G A C T IV IT Y IN P R IN C IP A L CIT IE S.

[As reported by building departm ents.]

Slackening in building activity in N ew York State w as pronounced in July,
1917, both as compared w ith la st month and w ith July of last year. Returns


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

165

received from the 10 first and second class cities show that the estim ated cost
of building operations for which permits were issued in the month of July w as
42 per cent less than in June and 85 per cent less than one year ago. Consider­
able increases over June were reported from Bingham ton and Schenectady and
slight increases from Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. As compared w ith
July, 1916, Syracuse reported an increase of importance. There were marked
decreases in other cities w ith the exception of Binghamton and Schenectady.

CONCILIATION WORK OF THE DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, JULY
16 TO AUGUST 15, 1917.

Under tlie organic act of the department, which gives the Secre­
tary of Labor the authority to mediate in labor disputes through the
appointment, in his discretion, of commissioners of conciliation, the
Secretary exercised his good offices between July 16 and August 15,
1917, in 73 labor disputes. The companies involved, the number of
employees affected, and the results secured, so far as information is
available, were as follows:
STATEMENT SHOWING NUMBER OF LABOR D ISPU TES HANDLED BY T H E DEPA RT
MENT OF LABOR, THROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, SUBSEQUENT
TO JU LY 15, 1917.
Workmen affected.
Name.

Result.
Directly.

Controversy between the W ater Front Employers’ Union
of Puget Sound and longshoremen.
Strike, Dudlo Manufacturing Co., Fort Wayne, In d .............
Strike of molders and other employees, Black & Clausen
Paper & Pulp Mill, Hamilton, Ohio.

Indirectly.
Pending.

160
1 43

290
i 307

Adjusted.
Molders’ strike ad­
justed; machin­
ists’ strike un­
able to adjust.
75 Adjusted.

05
Strike of employees, Union Electric & Power Co., St. Louis,
Mo.
Controversy between the Pennsylvania Smelting Co. and
its employees, Carnegie, Pa.
Strike a t Lawley Shipyards, Boston, Mass....... '__ ! .............
350
350
Strike a t the foundry and machine works of J. Thompson &
Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
Strike of pattern makers, Indianapolis, In d ...........................
Threatened strike of machinists, Newport News Shipbuild­
ing Co., Newport News, Va.
Strike at Sanderson & Porter Mills, Raymond, W ash..........
Threatened strike, ship and lumber yards:
Grays Harbor Shipbuilding Co., Aberdeen Shipbuilding
800
Co., Mathews Shipbuilding Co., Aberdeen, Wash.
500
Olvmpia Ship Yards Co., Sloan Ship Yards Co., Olympia,
Wash.
Strike, National Shipbuilding Co., Orange, Tex....................
Strike of metal polishers, Remington Arms Co., Bridgeport,
6ÖÖ
12,500
Conn.
1,000
Strike of packing-house employees, Swift and Armour plants,
Denver, Colo.
Strike of carmenj Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton R. R. Co.,
Ivorydale, Ohio.
100
300
Strike of leather workers, Wallace Smith Co., Milwaukee,
Wis.
Controversies in California chemical plants affecting produc­
tion of chemicals used in preservation of California fruit
crop.
15
500
Strike of street railway employees, Pittsburg, Kans............
105 ................. .
Strikes of boilermakers, Williams, Mound & Co. and F. John­
son & Son, Omaha, Nebr.
1 Number of men affected applies to molders only.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

(577)

Do.
Do.
Pending.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Adjusted.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Unable to adjust.
Adjusted.
Do.
Do.

166

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

STA TEM EN T SHOW ING NUM BER OP LABOR D ISPU TES H A N D LED BY T H E D E PA R T ­
MENT OF LABOR, TH ROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, SUBSEQUEN T
TO JU LY 15,1917—Continued.

Workmen affected.
Name.

Result.
Directly.

Strike of coal miners of the New River district, W. V a __
Strike at textile mills of C. A. Masland & Sons, Philadel­
phia, Pa.
Strikes involving the lumber and shingle industry of the
Northwest.
Controversy between Smith, Kline & French Co., wholesale
druggists, and their teamsters, Philadelphia, Pa.
Strike of street-car men, Seattle and Tacoma, W ash.......
Strike at Minneapolis Steel & Machinery Co., Minneapolis,
Minn.
Controversy between Freeport Sulphur Co. and its em­
ployees, Freeport, Tex.
Controversy between metal trade mechanics and Missouri,
Kansas & Texas R. R. Co., Denison, Tex.
Controversy, Long-Hargrove Overall Co., Tyler, T e x ..........
Controversies between General Refractories Co., The
Harbison-Walker Co., and employees, Olive Hill, Ky.
Controversy between the United States Cartridge Co. and
machinists, Lowell, Mass.
Strike of linemen, Berkshire Street Ry. Co., Pittsfield, Mass.
Strike of tannery men, Morris Packing Co., Westover, P a ..
Strike at Slater Cotton Mills, Webster, Conn..........................
Sundry strikes in hat factories. Danbury, Conn...................
Controversy between Maine Central R. R. Co. and its
clerks, Portland, Me.
Controversy between Barber Steamship Lines and its engi­
neers, New York, N. Y.
Controversies in fruit-packing plants of California................
Strike at the Mount Vernon-Woodberry Mills, Baltimore,Md.
Controversy between Universal Shipbuilding Co., Midland
Bridge Co., Panama Shipbuilding Co. and employees,
Houston, Tex.
Strike of miners, Buffalo & Susquehanna Coal Co., Dubois,

Indirectly.
Pending.
Do.
Do.

20,000

Adjusted.
Do.
Unable to adjust.

1,000
200

G)

Adjusted.
Pending.
Do.
Adjusted.
600

Do.
( 2)

6,000

Pending.
Do.
Adjusted.
Do.
Pending.
Do.
( 3)

Adjusted.

Strike of employees, Shuler & Benninghofen Co., Hamil­
300
Pending.
ton, Ohio.
Controversy between Missouri, Kansas & Texas R. R. Co.
Adjusted.
and its car departm ent employees, Denison, Tex.
Controversy between bricklayers and employers, Peters­
50
100 Pending.
burg, Roanoke, and Norfolk, Va.
Controversy between Reading Iron & Steel Co., and em­
3 ,5 0 0
Unable to adjust.
ployees, Reading, Pa.
Strike of grain handlers, Philadelphia, Pa.:
Furness, W ithy Steamship Co...............................................
200
Adjusted.
3 ,0 0 0
Philadelphia Ceiling & Stevedoring Co. and stevedores...
Pending.
Strike of ship carpenters, Orange, T ex....................................
28
Adjusted.
Controversy between Philadelphia Electric Co. and its
Pending.
employees, Philadelphia, Pa.
Controversy between Edison Electric Light Co. and its
Do.
employees, Boston, Mass.
Controversy between American Sheet & Tin Plate Co.,
( 4)
E lw ood,Ind.
Strike at plant of Louis W alther Co., Philadelphia, P a ........
Adjusted.
Strike of terminal clerks, Kanawha & Michigan Railroad,
' Do.
Charleston, W. Va.
Strikes of machinists, Battle Creek, Mich...........................
Pending.
Strike of tim ber workers, Menominee River Lumber Mills,
600
Do.
Marinette, Wis.
Strike of trainmen, Pittsburg, Lisbon & Western Railroad,
Adjusted.
Lisbon, Ohio.
Controversy between the Solid Drawn Forging Co., and
Pending.
employees, Ellwood City, Pa.
Strike at mills of John and James Dobson, Philadelphia,Pa.
Do.
Controversy between Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh R . R .
Do.
Co. and its maintenance of way employees, Dubois, Pa.
Lockout, Peru Electric Manufacturing Co., Peru, In d ..........
Do.
j i Commissioner learned company had not discriminated against men. Mr. Mims, representing company,
stated they had no objections to men belonging to labor organizations. Plant had made slight increases
in salary. Willing to hire men at any time there was a vacancy.
2 All men who struck are working at other work. Superintendent claims to have sufficient help to keep
up output.
3 Commissioner reports th at no controversy existed.
4 Commissioner requested to adjust m atter of wages, b ut learned union had not requested advance in
wages. Commissioner therefore withdrew from case pending request on their part.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

167

STATEM ENT SHOWING NUM BER OF LABOR DISPU TES H ANDLED BY T H E D EPA RT.
MENT OF LABOR, THROUGH ITS COMMISSIONERS OF CONCILIATION, SUBSEQUENT
TO JU LY 15, 1917—Concluded.
Workmen affected.
Name.

Result.
Directly.

Strike at Portage Hosiery Mill, Portage, W is.........................
Controversy between the Woolen and Carpet Yarn W orkers’
Union and employers, Philadelphia, Pa.
Strike at plant of De Laval Steam Turbine Co., Trenton,N. J.
Strike in the forge shop of Jennings & Johnston Co., Cleve­
land, Ohio.
Strike of street-car men, Kansas City, Mo..............................
Strike at Niles-Bement Works of .Niles-Bement-Pond Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Controversy between Alabama coal miners and operators. . .
Controversies between carpenters and contractors on
various Government projects at New York City and
vicinity.
Controversy between Southeastern railroads (14 in number)
and their shopmen.
Controversy between Chicago & Alton R. R. and its elec­
trical workers, Bloomington, 111.
Strike of longshoremen on docks of Mallory & Clyde lines,
New York.
Strikes of surgical knitters, Chesterman & Streeter; Leeland Surgical Co.; Hastings & McIntosh; James R. Ken­
drick Co., and Wm. M. Horn, Philadelphia, Pa.
Controversy between the Great Northern R. R. Co. and its
boiler makers, St. Paul, Minn.
C o n t r o v e r s y of shipbuilders, Portland. Ores'..........................
S t r i k e r.f m a c h i n is t s , Fay & Scott Co., Dexter, Me...............

Indirectly.
Pending.
Do.

300

Unable to adjust.
Pending.
Adjusted.
Pending.

6,500
42,000

48,000

Do.
Adjusted.
Do.
Pending.

1,500

Adjusted.
Pending.
Do.
Do.
Do.

The following* cases have been disposed o f:
Controversy between International & Great Northern Ry. Co. and shopmen,
Houston, Tex. Adjusted.
Controversy between General Electric Co. and electrical workers, Pittsfield,
Mass. Adjusted.
Threatened strike of electrical workers, Atlanta, Ga. Adjusted.
Threatened strike, Ostby & Barton, Providence, R. I. Commissioner w ith­
drew from case, as company refused to treat w ith strikers, but would reem­
ploy such of them as they chose as fa st as vacancies occurred.
Strike at jew elry works, Goldsmith, Stern & Co., New York, N. Y. Unable
to adjust.
Threatened strike, Charleston Navy Yard, Charleston, S. C. Recommenda­
tions filed by commissioner.
Strike of maintenance of w ay employees, M ississippi R iver & Bonne Terre
It. R. Adjusted.
Strike of miners, Kennecott Copper Co., Kennecott, Alaska. Adjusted.
Threatened strike of carmen, C. I. & L. R. R., Lafayette, Ind. Adjusted.
Strike, N iles Tool Works, Ham ilton, Ohio. Four days after case adjusted,
men again went out on strike. Commissioner unable to do anything further
looking to adjustment.
Strike of miners, Leadville, Colo. Adjusted.
Strike of mine workers, Madeira H ill Coal Mining Co., Houtzdale. Adjusted.
Threatened strike of machinists, M etal Produce Co., Beaver F alls, Pa. Strike
averted.
Strike, E ast Iron & Machine Co., Lima, Ohio. Adjusted.
Controversy between Banning Co. and Longshoremen’s union, San Pedro, Cal.
Adjusted.
Lockout, N ational Lead & Steel Package Co., Granite City, 111. Adjusted.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

Strike, at 5 mines, Madeira H ill, Pa. Adjusted.
Controversy between Michigan Central R. R. and machinists, Jackson, Mich.
Adjusted.
Strike of molders, Norfolk Navy Yard, Norfolk, Va. Recommendations filed
by commissioner.
Threatened strike, drop forge companies, Cleveland, Ohio. All cases adjusted.
Controversy, Alberger Pump & Condenser Co., Newburgh, N. Y. Adjusted.
Strike at D ahlstrom M etallic Door Co., Jam estown, N. Y. Unable to adjust.
Controversy, W agner Electric Co., St. Louis, Mo. Complaint no longer per­
tinent, in that construction work w as completed.
Bakers’ strike, Denver, Colo. Unable to adjust.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

LIST OF OFFICIALS OF BUREAUS OF LABOR, EMPLOYMENT
OFFICES, INDUSTRIAL COMMISSIONS, COMPENSATION COM­
MISSIONS, WAGE BOARDS, FACTORY INSPECTION BUREAUS,
AND ARBITRATION AND CONCILIATION BOARDS IN THE
UNITED STATES AND CANADA.
U N ITED STATES.
D epartm ent

of

L abor :

Hon. W illiam B. W ilson, Secretary.
A ddress: W ashington, D. C.
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s :

Dr. Royal Meeker, commissioner.
A d d ress: W ashington, D. C.
B ureau

of

I m m ig r a t io n :

Anthony Caminetti, commissioner.
B ureau

of

N a t u r a l iz a t io n :

Richard K. Campbell, commissioner.
C h i l d r e n ’s

B ureau :

Julia A. Lathrop, chief.
U n it e d

S t a t e s E m p l o y e e s ’ C o m p e n s a t io n

C o m m is s io n :

R. M. Little, chairman.
Mrs. Frances C. A xtell, vice chairman.
John ,T. Keegan.
Charles H. Verrill, statistician.
Arthur H. Deibert, secretary.
Address of com m ission: Union Trust Building, W ashington, D. C.
U n it e d

S t a t e s B o a r d o f M e d ia t io n a n d

C o n c il ia t io n :

Martin A. Knapp, chairman.
W illiam L. Chambers.
G. W. W. Hanger.
W illiam H. Smith, secretary.
Address of b oard : 920-927 Southern Building, W ashington, D. C.
ALABAMA.
I n s p e c t o r o f .T a i l s , A l m s h o u s e s , C o t t o n

M il l s , a n d

W illiam M. Dinsmore, M. D., chief.

F a c t o r ie s :

B ox 282, Montgomery.

ALASKA.

(No special labor officials except mine inspector.)
ARKANSAS.
B u r ea u of L abor a n d

S t a t is t ic s :

B. D. Brickhouse, commissioner, Markham & Ridgeway, L ittle Rock.
Free employment b u rea u :
W. G. Sprague, manager, 522 Pine Street, Pulaski H eights, L ittle Rock.


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170

M O N T H L Y E EV IE W OP T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.

M in im u m

W a g e C o m m is s io n :

Miss Lula Scruggs, 202 W est Ninth Street, Argenta.
Miss Nora McCabe, 2115 Arch Street, L ittle Rock.
CALIFORNIA.
B u r e a u o f L a b o r S t a t is t ic s :

John P. McLaughlin, commissioner, 948 Market Street, San Francisco.
Public employment offices:
C. B. Sexton, superintendent of bureaus, 525 Market Street, San Fran­
cisco.
(B ureaus located at Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento, and San
Francisco.)
I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n :

A. J. Pillsbury, chairman, Piedmont, Cal.
W ill J. French, San Francisco.
Meyer Lissner, Los Angeles.
II. L. W hite, secretary, San Anselmo.
John R. Brownell, superintendent of safety.
Dr. M. II. Gibbons, medical director, San Francisco.
Address of comm ission: Underwood Building, 525 Market Street,
San Francisco.
I n d u s t r ia l W e l f a r e

C o m m is s io n :

Hon. Frank ,T. Murasky, judge of superior court, chairman.
Mrs. K atherine Philips Edson, executive officer.
A. B. C. Dohrmann.
A. Goldstein.
W alter G. Mathewson.
Address of com m ission: 525 Market Street, San Francisco.
C o m m is s io n

of

I m m ig r a t io n

a nd

H o u s in g :

Simon J. Lubin, president.
Most Rev. E. J. Hanna, D. D., vice president.
Mrs. Frank A. Gibson.
J. II. McBride, M. D.
Paul Scharrenberger, secretary.
George L. Bell, attorney and executive officer.
Address of C om m ission: Underwood Building, San Francisco.
COLORADO.
B ureau

L abor

of

S t a t is t ic s :

W. L. Morrissey, deputy commissioner of labor and chief factory in­
spector, Denver.
Public employment offices:
W. L. Morrissey, deputy commissioner of labor, etc., Denver.
(B ureaus located at Colorado Springs, Denver, and Pueblo.)
I n d u s t r ia l

C o m m is s io n :

Hiram E. H ilts, chairman.
George W. Densmore.
A. N. Parrish.
W. E. Schwed, secretary.
Address of com m ission: State capitol, Denver.
M in im u m

W a g e C o m m is s io n :

(According to an act passed by the 1917 legislature and effective July 20,
1917, the State Industrial Commission is also made a minimum w age
com m ission.)
(582)

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171

CONNECTICUT.
D epartm ent

of

L abor a n d

F actory

I n s p e c t io n :

W illiam S. Hyde, commissioner, Hartford.
Public employment offices :
W illiam S. Hyde, commissioner, Hartford.
(Bureaus located at Bridgeport, Hartford, New Haven, Norwich,
and W aterbury.)
W o r k m e n ’s

C o m p e n s a t io n

C o m m is s io n :

Frederick M. W illiam s, chairman, L illy Building, Waterbury.
George E. Beers, 42 Church St., New Haven.
Edward T. Buckingham, 1024 Main Street, Bridgeport.
George B. Chandler, Pearl Street, Hartford.
Dr. Jam es J. Donohue, Norwich.
S tate

B o a r d o f M e d ia t io n

and

A r b it r a t io n :

Lucius E. Whiton, New London.
Hugh C. Shalvoy, Danbury.
Edward W. Broder, Hartford.
DELAWARE.
L a bo r C o m m is s io n :

Charles Warner, chairman, I. O. O. F. Building, W ilmington.
John H. Hickey, 1225 W est Fourth Street, Wilmington.
Thomas C. Frame, Dover.
George A. H ill, Bridgeville.
Miss Helen S. Garrett, secretary, 1505 Broome Street, W ilmington.
Address of commission : W ilmington.
Child-labor division :
Charles H. Grantland, chief, 491 Du Pont Building, W ilmington.
Women’s-labor division :
Idabelle Stevenson, assistant, 491 Du Pont Building, W ilmington.
I n s p e c t o r o f C a n n e r ie s :

Dr. W illiam R. Messick, Lewes.
I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d :

(Compensation act creating industrial accident board passed by the 1917
legislature, but no appointments have yet been made.)
FLORIDA.
O f f ic e o f S t a t e L a b o r I n s p e c t o r :

J. C. Privett, State labor inspector, Room 6, B aldw in Building, Jack­
sonville.
GEORGIA.
D epa rtm en t of C om m erce and L a bo r:

H.

M. Stanley, commissioner, Atlanta.
H AW AII.

D e p a r t m e n t o f I m m ig r a t io n , L a b o r , a n d

S t a t is t ic s :

Ralph Kearns, commissioner, Honolulu.
8S09°—17—

12


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

I n d u s t r ia l

A c c id e n t

B oards :

County of H aw aii :
H. B. Elliot, chairman, Hilo.
County of Maui :
W illiam A. McKay, chairman, W ailuku, Maui.
County of Oahu :
A. J. Campbell, chairman, Oahu.
County of Kauai :
J. M. Lydgate, chairman, Kauai.
IDAHO.
B u r e a u o f I m m ig r a t io n , L a b o r , a n d

L

S t a t is t ic s :

(No appropriation for past five years; m atters in its jurisdiction handled
by farm-markets department, the address of which is Boise.)
a b o r C o m m is s io n
(for the adjustm ent of labor disputes) :
W. J. A. McVety, Boise.
A. W. Laird, Potlatch.

I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t

C o m m is s io n .

(Created by act of 1917. Three commissioners, to take office Jan. 1,
1918, not yet appointed.)
M in im u m

W a g e C o m m is s io n :

Harry W. Fulton, chairman, Boise.
Mrs. Theresa Graham, Coeur dAlene.
George E. Hill, Rigby.
ILLINOIS.
D e pa r t m e n t of L abor :

Barney Cohen, director.
Address of departm ent: Springfield.
Free employment offices:
W. G. Lewman, superintendent, Danville.
(B ureaus located at Chicago, E ast St. Louis, Peoria, Rock Island,
Moline, Rockford, and Springfield.)
Industrial board:
Charles S. Andrus, chairman.
Peter J. Angsten,
representing the employer,
O. N. Custer,
Robert Eadie, ]
representing the employee.
J. A. Culp,
Address of board: City Hall Square Building, Chicago.
(Formerly an independent commission of three members; increased
to five members.)
D ivision of factory in sp ection :
Robert S. Jones, chief, Chicago.
(Departm ent of labor created by consolidation bill of Gov. Lowden, effective
July 1, 1917, which consolidates the bureau of labor statistics, the free
employment offices, supervision of private employment agencies, depart­
ment of factory inspection, the industrial board, and the board of arbi­
tration.


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M O N T H L Y REVIEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

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INDIANA.
B u r e a u o f S t a t is t ic s :

Henry A. Roberts, chief, Indianapolis.

Public employment bureaus:
Henry A. Roberts, chief, bureau of statistics, Indianapolis.
(B ureaus located at E vansville, Fort W ayne, Indianapolis, South
Bend, and Terre H aute.)
I n d u s t r ia l

B oard :

Samuel R. Artman, chairman.
Edgar Perkins, member.
Charles R. Hughes, member.
H owe S. Landers, secretary.
Address of board: Rooms 31-34, State capitol, Indianapolis.
Factory-inspection departm ent:
John J. W alsh, chief factory inspector, Indianapolis.
IOWA.
B ureau

of

L abor

S t a t is t ic s :

A. L. Urick, commissioner, Des Moines.
Public employment b u reau :
John C. Nietzel, chief clerk, Des Moines.
W o r k m e n ’s

C o m p e n s a t io n

S e r v ic e :

A. B. Funk, industrial commissioner.
Cliesla C. Sherlock, secretary.
Dr. Oliver J. Fay, medical advisor, Equitable Building, D es Moines.
A d dress: Statehouse, Des Moines.
KANSAS.
D epa rtm en t of

L abor a n d

I n du stry :

P. J. McBride, commissioner, statehouse, Topeka.
Free employment office:
P. J. McBride, director, statehouse, Topeka.
I n d u s t r ia l

W elfa re

C o m m is s io n :

P. J. McBride, chairman.
Mrs. A. C. Mitchell, 821 M ississippi Street, Lawrence.
John Craddock, Weir.
Miss Linna E. Bresette, Topeka.
Address of com m ission: State capitol, Topeka.
KENTUCKY.
D epartm ent

of

A g r ic u l t u r e , L a b o r , a n d

S t a t is t ic s :

Mat S. Cohen, commissioner of agriculture and labor, Frankfort.
Jack Nelson, State labor inspector, Paducah.
W o r k m e n ’s

C o m p e n s a t io n

B oard :

R. T. Caldwell, chairman, Gaylord Building, Ashland.
S. W. Hager, U. S. Trust Building, Louisville.
R. C. P. Thomas, Neale Building, B owling Green.
Alexander Gilmour, secretary, Frankfort.
Dr. Milton Board, medical director, 54 U. S. Trust Building, Louisville.
Address of b oard : Frankfort.


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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR. STATISTICS.
LOUISIANA.

B ureau

L abor

of

I n d u s t r ia l

S t a t is t ic s :

Frank E. Wood, commissioner, suite 626 Audubon Building, New
Orleans.
Mrs. Martha D. Gould, factory inspector of Orleans Parish, room 11,
City Hall, New Orleans.
MAINE.
D epartm ent

of

L abor a n d

I n dustry :

Roscoe A. Eddy, commissioner of labor and industry and State factory
inspector, Augusta.
I n d u s t r ia l

A c c id e n t

C o m m is s io n :

Eben F. Littlefield, chairman.
E. .T. Carter (ex officio insurance com m issioner).
It. G. Eddy (ex officio).
H. H. Thurlough, secretary.
Address of com m ission: Augusta.
S t a t e B o a r d o f C o n c il ia t io n

and

A r b it r a t io n :

Maj. Frederick Bogue, chairman, E ast Machias.
Reginald Ingalls, Bar Harbor.
Alden M. Flagg, secretary, Auburn.
Address of board : Auburn.
MARYLAND.
S tate

B oard o f L abor a n d

S t a t is t ic s :

Charles J. Fox, chairman, Orangeville, Baltim ore County.
Dr. Samuel A. Keene, advisory member, 914 North Fulton Avenue,
Baltimore.
Harry C. W illis, advisory member, Worton.
Address of com m ission: 300 Equitable Building, Baltimore.
(S tate board of labor and statistics created by legislature of 1916.
Took over powers and duties of bureau of statistics and informa­
tion, women’s ten-hour bureau, and arbitration of disputes.)
S t a t e I n d u s t r ia l

A c c id e n t

C o m m is s io n :

John Milton Reifsnider, chairman.
Charles D. W agaman.
Jam es Higgins.
Howard C. H ill, secretary.
Dr. Robert P. Bay, chief medical examiner, The W albert, Baltimore.
Address of com m ission: Equitable Building, Baltimore.
MASSACHUSETTS.
B ureau

of

S t a t is t ic s :

Charles F. Gettemy, director, Boston.
Free employment offices:
Charles F. Gettemy, director, Boston.
(Bureaus located at Boston, W orcester, and Springfield.)


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MONTHLY REVIEW OE THE BUREAU OE LABOR STATISTICS.
S ta te B oard

of

L abor and

175

I n d u s t r ie s :

Alfred W. Donovan, chairman.
John F. Tobin.
Mrs. D avis R. Dewey.
Sam uel Ross.
A lfred H. Quessy, M. D.
Edwin Mulready, comm issioner of labor and executive officer of board.
Address of b oard : N ew Albion Building, 1 Beacon Street, Boston.
I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d :

W illiam W. Kennard, chairman.
Frank J. Donahue.
D avid T. Dickinson.
Joseph A. Parks.
Thomas F. Boyle.
Chester E. Gleason.
John H. Cogswell.
Robert E. Grandfield, secretary.
Francis D. Donoghue, M. D., medical advisor.
Address of b oard : N ew Albion Building, 1 Beacon Street, Boston.
S tate

B oard

of

C o n c il ia t io n

a nd

A r b it r a t io n :

W illard Howland, chairman, Chelsea.
Charles G. Wood, Concord. (Term expired in June; successor not yet
appointed.)
Frank M. Bump, Raynham.
Bernard F. Supple, secretary, Boston.
Address o f b oard : Room 126, Statehouse, Boston.
M in im u m

W a g e C o m m is s io n :

Edwin N. B artlett, chairman.
Mabel Gillespie.
Arthur N. Holcombe.
Ellen N athalie M atthews, secretary.
Address of com m ission: Room 911, New Albion Building, 1 Beacon
Street, Boston.
MICHIGAN.
D e pa r t m e n t o f L abor :

R. H. Fletcher, commissioner, Lansing.
Public employment b u rea u s:
R. H. Fletcher, commissioner, Lansing.
(Bureaus located at B attle Creek, B ay City, D etroit, Flint, Grand
Rapids, Jackson, Kalamazoo, Lansing, Muskegon, and Saginaw .)
I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o ard :

W illiam M. Smith, chairman, St. Johns.
Thomas B. Gloster, member, Detroit.
James A. Kennedy, member, Lansing.
Gilbert W. Dickson, secretary, Detroit.
Address of board : Lansing.
C o m m is s io n e r

of

M e d ia t io n

and

Herbert E. Powell, Ionia.


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C o n c il ia t io n :

176

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
MINNESOTA.

D epartm ent

of

L abor a n d

I n d u s t r ie s :

W. P. Houk, commissioner, St. Paul.
Public employment b u reau s:
Don D. Lescoliier, director o f employment.
(Employment bureaus located at Duluth, Minneapolis, and St. P aid.)
Bureau of women and ch ild ren :
Agnes L. Peterson, superintendent, St. Paul.
S t a t e B o a r d o f A r b it r a t io n :

Robert P. Pack, 15 F ifth Street south, Minneapolis.
Raymond P. Schroeder, 47 Courthouse, St. Paul.
(One vacancy.)
M in im u m

W a g e C o m m is s io n :

(Minimum w age act held unconstitutional by district court Nov. 23, 1913,
and the commission w as restrained from perform ing any official act.
Terms of original members expired Jan. 1, 1915, and no new appoint­
m ents have been made.)
MISSOURI.
B ureau

of

L abor

S t a t is t ic s :

W illiam H. Lewis, commissioner.
Address o f b u rea u : Jefferson City.
Free employment departm ent:
W illiam H. Lewis, commissioner.
(Conducts free employment bureaus in St. Louis, K ansas City, and
St. Joseph.)
D epartm ent

of

F actory

I n s p e c t io n :

A. Sidney Johnston, chief inspector, Boatmen’s B ank Building, St.
Louis.
S t a t e B o a r d o f M e d ia t io n

a n d

C o n c il ia t io n :

(Provided for by law , but no board appointed and no appropriation.)
MONTANA.
D epartm ent

of

L abor a n d

I n du stry :

W. J. Swindlehurst, commissioner, Helena.
I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B o a r d :

A. E. Spriggs, chairman.
R ufus G. Poland (ex officio), State auditor.
W. J. Swindlehurst (e x officio).
G. G. W att, secretary.
Address o f board : Helena.
NEBRASKA.
D epartm ent

of

L abor:

George E. Norman, deputy commissioner o f labor and deputy compen­
sation commissioner.
Address o f departm ent: Lincoln.
F ree employment b u reau :
George E. Norman, deputy commissioner o f labor.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
B o a r d o f M e d ia t io n

and

177

I n v e s t ig a t io n :

Robert Cowell, Omaha.
T. P. Reynolds, Omaha.
A. J. Sawyer, Lincoln.
M in im u m

W a g e C o m m is s io n :

George E. Norman, Lincoln.
Anna L. Hawes, Lincoln.
NEVADA.
L abor

C o m m i s s i o n e r ’s

O f f ic e :

W illiam E. W allace, labor commissioner, Carson City.
I n d u s t r ia l

C o m m is s io n :

George D. Smith, chairman, Carson City.
H. A. Lemmon, commissioner, Reno.
W illiam E. W allace, commissioner, Carson City.
Dr. Donald McLean, chief medical adviser, Carson City.
Address of com m ission: Carson City.
NEW HAM PSHIRE.
B ureau

of

L abor :

John S. B. Davie, labor commissioner, Concord.
S t a t e B o ard o f C o n c il ia t io n a n d A r b it r a t io n :

John H. Neal, chairman, Portsmouth.
George A. Tenney (em ployers’ representative), Claremont.
Michael F. Connelly (representative of labor), 97 B ridge Street, Man­
chester.
NEW JERSEY.
D epartm ent of L abo r:

Lewis T. Bryant, commissioner, Trenton.
Employment b u reau :
Joseph Spitz, director, Trenton.
(Bureaus established at Newark, Jersey City, and East Orange.)
Bureau of industrial sta tis tic s :
Jam es T. Morgan, chief, Trenton.
Bureau of electrical equipm ent:
Rowland H. Leveridge, chief.
Bureau of hygiene and sanitation:
John Roach, chief.
Inspection b u reau :
John I. Holt, assistant commissioner, Trenton.
Bureau of structural in sp ection :
Charles H. W eeks, chief, Trenton.
Workmen’s compensation bureau:
W illiam E. Stubbs, secretary.
Address of b u rea u : Statehouse, Trenton.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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178

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
NEW YORK.

I n d u s t r ia l

C o m m is s io n :

John Mitchell, chairman, Mount Vernon.
Louis Wiard, B atavia.
Henry D. Sayer, Richmond H ill.
Edward P. Lyon, Brooklyn.
James M. Lynch, Syracuse.
W illiam S. Coffey, secretary.
Address of com m ission: General offices, State capitol, Albany;
executive offices, 230 F ifth Avenue, N ew York.
Industrial cou n cil:
Henry D. Sayer, chairman.
Edward J. Barcalo, Buffalo.
Carleton A. Chase, Syracuse.
Richard H. Curran, Rochester.
G. E. Emmons, Schenectady.
Jam es P. Holland, N ew York City.
Richard C. Stofer, Norwich.
Thomas M. Gafney, Syracuse.
Melinda Scott, N ew York City.
M. H. Christopherson, Yonkers.
W illiam S. Coffey, secretary.
Bureau of em ploym ent:
Charles B. Barnes, director, 230 F ifth Avenue, N ew York.
(Employment bureaus established at Albany, Brooklyn, Buffalo,
Rochester, and Syracuse.)
Bureau of statistics and in form ation :
Leonard W. Hatch, chief statistician, State capitol, Albany.
Bureau of industries and im m igration:
Marian K. Clark, chief investigator, 230 F ifth Avenue, New York.
Bureau of inspection :
Jam es L. Gernon, first deputy commissioner, State capitol, A lbany;
230 F ifth Avenue, New York.
Bureau of workmen’s com pensation:
W illiam C. Archer, second deputy commissioner.
Dr. Raphael Lewy, chief medical examiner, 230 F ifth Avenue, New York.
Bureau of mediation and a rb itration :
Frank B. Thorn, third deputy commissioner, State capitol, Albany.
Bureau of industrial c o d e:
Richard J. Cullen and T. C. Eipper, deputy commissioners.
NORTH CAROLINA.
D epartm ent

of

L abor a n d

P r in t in g :

M. L. Shipman, commissioner, Raleigh.
NORTH DAKOTA.
D epartm ent

of

A g r ic u l t u r e

and

L abor :

J. N. Hagan, commissioner, Bismarck.


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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

179

OHIO.
I n d u s t r ia l

C o m m is s io n :

(Vacancy.)
Herbert L. E liot. •
T. J. Duffy.
Robert S. H ayes, secretary.
Address of comm ission: Columbus.
D ivision of workshops and factories :
Thomas P. Kearns, chief deputy.
Victor T. Noonan, director of safety.
D ivision of statistics and mediation :
George F. Miles, chief.
Public employment offices :
C. H. Mayhugh, director.
( Offices in Akron, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Toledo,
and Youngstown. In addition to the State branch of the National
Council of D efense m aintains employment offices in Athens,
Canton, Chillicothe, Ham ilton, Lima, Mansfield, M arietta, Marion,
Portsmouth, Springfield, Steubenville, Tiffin, W ashington Court­
house, and Zanesville.)
W orkmen’s compensation :
H. H. Hamm, director o f claims.
E. E. W atson, chief actuary.
W. H. W hite, M. D., chief medical examiner.
OKLAHOMA.
D e pa r t m e n t of L abor :

W. G. Ashton, commissioner, Oklahoma City.
Employment bureaus :
W. O. Hudson, statistician.
(B ureaus at Enid, Muskogee, Oklahoma City, and Tulsa.)
I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n :

A. A. McDonald, chairman.
W. C. Jackson.
M. J. W illiams.
W. P. Miller, secretary.
Dr. LeRoy Long, medical advisor, 608 Colcord Building, Oklahoma City.
Address of commission : Oklahoma City.
S t a t e B o a r d o f A r b it r a t io n :

(No appointments made.)
OREGON.
B u r e a u of L abor :

O. P. Hoff, commissioner and factory inspector, Salem.
B o a r d o f I n s p e c t o r s o f C h il d L a b o r :

Stephen G. Smith, chairman, 65-67 Broadway, Portland.
Mrs. M illie R. Trumbull, secretary, courthouse, Portland.
Mrs. Sarah A. Evans, Portland.
Mrs. Turner Oliver, La Grande.
Miss Pauline Kline, Corvallis.
Address of board : Courthouse, Portland.


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Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis

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180

MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.

S t a t e I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n :

H arvey Beckwith, chairman.
W illiam A. Marshall.
W ilford Allen.
Address of commission : Salem.
I n d u s t r ia l W e l f a r e C o m m is s io n :

E. B. MacNaughton, chairman.
Miss Margaret E. Howatson.
Amedee M. Smith.
O. P. Hoff (ex officio), secretary.
Address of com m ission: 64&-G4S Courthouse, Portland.
PENNSYLVANIA.
D e pa r t m e n t of L abor a n d I n d u str y :

John Price Jackson, commissioner, Harrisburg.
Bureau of em ploym ent:
Jacob Lightner, director.
(Employment bureaus at Altoona, Harrisburg, Johnstown, Pliila
delphia, and Pittsburgh.)
Address of b u rea u : 143 North Fourth Street, Harrisburg.
Industrial b oard :
John Price Jackson, chairman.
Otto T. Mallery, Philadelphia.
Mrs. Samuel Semple, T itusville.
W illiam Young, Philadelphia.
A. L. Garver, M. D., Roaring Springs.
W illiam Lauder, secretary, Riddlesburg.
Address of b oard : Masonic Temple, Harrisburg.
Bureau of statistics and information :
(V acancy), chief.
W ilson I. Fleming, assistan t chief.
Address of b u reau : State capitol, Harrisburg.
D ivision of hygiene and en gin eerin g:
F. D. Patterson, M. D., chief,
Bureau of in sp ection :
Lew R. Palmer, chief, State capitol, Harrisburg.
Bureau of workmen’s com pensation:
Harry A. Mackey, chairman, Philadelphia.
Jam es W. Leech, Ebensbui'g.
John A. Scott, Indiana.
John Price Jackson, commissioner, Harrisburg.
Lee Soloman, secretary, Philadelphia.
Address of b u reau : Masonic Temple, Harrisburg.
Bureau of mediation and arb itration :
Patrick Gilday, chief, State capitol, Harrisburg.
PHILIPPINE ISLANDS.
B ureau

of

L abor:

Bernardino G. Monreal, director.
Faustino Aguilar, assistant director.
Address of b u reau : Manila.


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M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

181

PORTO RICO.
B ureau

L abor :

of

Carmelo Honoré, acting chief, San Juan.
W

o r k m a n ’s

R e l ie f C o m m is s io n :

Chas. F. H ill, chairman.
Manuel Camuñas, chairman pro tempore.
W. F. Lippitt, member.
Dr. A. Martinez Alvarez, secretary.
Address of com m ission: San Juan.

»

RHODE ISLAND.
B ureau

of

I n d u s t r ia l S t a t is t ic s :

G.
O f f ic e

H. Webb, commissioner, Providence.
F a c to r y I n s p e c t o r s :

of

J. Ellery Hudson, chief inspector.
A d d ress: Statehouse, Providence.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
D epartm ent

of

A g r ic u l t u r e , C o m m e r c e ,

and

I n d u s t r ie s :

E. J. W atson, commissioner.
Address o f departm ent: Columbia.
B oard

of

C o n c il ia t io n

and

A r b it r a t io n :

John A. Law, chairman, Spartanburg.
John L. D avis, secretary, Columbia.
I. H. Hunt, Newberry.
SOUTH DAKOTA.
C o m m is s io n e r

of

I m m ig r a t io n

and

S t a t e I n d u s t r ia l C o m m i s s i o n e r :

Charles McCaffree, Pierre.
TENNESSEE.
D epartm ent

of

W

orkshop and

F a c to r y I n s p e c t io n :

W. L. Mitchell, chief inspector, N ashville.
TEXAS.
B ureau

of

L abor S t a t is t ic s :

C. W. Woodman, commissioner, Austin.
I n d u s t r ia l A c c id e n t B oard :

T. H. McGregor, chairman.
J. H. Fowler.
J. H. Fricke.
Charles E. McMordie, secretary.
Address of board : Austin.
UTAH.
I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n :

P. A. Thatcher, chairman.
Harrison E. Jenkins, commissioner.
W. M. Knerr, commissioner.
F. D. Brown, secretary.
Address of commission : Capitol Building, Salt Lake City.
(E stablished by an act passed March 8, 1917. Takes over duties of the
Bureau of Im migration, Labor, and S tatistics and of the Board o f Labor,
Conciliation, and Arbitration.)


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182

M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
VERMONT.

C o m m is s io n e r

I n d u s t r ie s :

of

Robert W. Simonds, Montpelier.
(Created in lieu of industrial accident board and factory inspection office
by legislature of 1917.)
S t a t e B oard

of

C o n c il ia t io n

a n d a r b it r a t io n

:

Henry C. Brislin, Rutland.
George O. Gridley, Windsor.
VIRG INIA.
B ureau

of

L abor

and

I n d u s t r ia l S t a t is t ic s :

J. B. Doherty, commissioner, Richmond.
WASHINGTON.
B ureau

of

L abor :

C. H. Younger, commissioner, Olympia.
I n d u s t r ia l I n s u r a n c e D e p a r t m e n t :

John M. W ilson, chairman.
J. W. Brislawn.
H. L. Hughes.
P. Gilbert, secretary.
Dr. J. W. Mowell, chief medical advisor, Olympia.
Address of departm ent: Olympia.
I n d u s t r ia l W e l f a r e C o m m is s io n :

Mrs. Jackson Silbaugh, chairman, 1313 Sunset Ave., Seattle.
M. H. Marvin, 908 South F ifth Street, Tacoma.
Mrs. W. H. Udall, 817 South L Street, Tacoma.
C. II. Younger, commissioner of labor and ex-officio member of the com­
mission, Olympia.
(One vacancy existing.)
Mrs. Frances K. Ileadlee, secretary.
Address of com m ission: Olympia.
WEST VIRG INIA.
B ureau

of

L abor :

Samuel B. Montgomery, commissioner, Charleston.
S t a t e C o m p e n s a t io n C o m m is s io n e r :

Lee Ott, commissioner.
C. L. Topping, secretary.
M. V. Godby, chief medical examiner, Charleston.
WISCONSIN.
I n d u s t r ia l C o m m is s io n :

George P. Hambrecht, chairman.
Thomas F. Konop.
Fred M. Wilcox.
E. E. W itte, secretary.
Address of commission : Madison.
(Public employment offices are m aintained in M ilwaukee, La Crosse, Osh­
kosh, and Superior.)


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M O N T H L Y REVIEW' OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.

183

WYOMING.
C o m m is s io n e r

of

L abor

and

S t a t is t ic s :

Ed. P. Taylor, commissioner, Cheyenne.
C o m p e n s a t io n C o m m is s io n e r :

State treasurer, Herman B. Gates, Cheyenne.
Miss Eunice Andersen, secretary, B o s 617, Cheyenne.
THE DOMINION OF CANADA.
D epartm ent

of

L abor :

Hon. T. W. Crothers, Iv. C., M. P., minister.
F. A. Acland, deputy m inister, editor of Labor Gazette.
Bryce M. Stewart, chief o f statistics and associate editor of Labor
Gazette.
A d dress: Ottawa.
(Adm inisters the conciliation and labor act, the industrial disputes
investigation act, 1907, the combines investigation a c t ; fixes fair
w age schedules to be inserted in Government con tracts; collects
and classifies statistical and other inform ation relating to con­
ditions of labor, and publishes monthly The Labour Gazette and
periodically special bulletins on trade and labor conditions,
prices, labor legislation, etc.)
THE PROVINCES.
ALBERTA.

B ureau

of

L abor :

(Under the auspices of the department of agriculture, Edmonton.)
B R I T I S H COLUMBIA.

D epartm ent

of

L abor :

Hon. J. W. de P>. Farris, minister, Victoria.
(Departm ent is now in the process of organization.)
F a ctory I n s p e c t o r :

C. R. Gordon, chief inspector, courthouse, Vancouver.
W

o r k m e n ’s

C o m p e n s a t io n B oard :

E. S. H. Winn, chairman, Victoria.
Parker W illiam s, Victoria.
Hugh B. Gilmour, Victoria.
M A NIT O B A.

B ureau

of

L abor:

E. McGrath, secretary, W innipeg.
Factory inspectors:
John Carroll.
Ida H. Bauslaugh.
F a ir W

ag e

B oard :

S. G. Oxton, chairman, deputy m inister of public works, Winnipeg.
W. .T. Davidson, Winnipeg.
George Armstrong, Winnipeg.
W

o r k m e n ’s

C o m p e n s a t io n B o a r d :

H. G. Wilson, commissioner, W innipeg.
W illiam Neill, secretary, Winnipeg.


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184

M O N T H L Y REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OP LABOR STA TISTIC S.
NEW BRUNSWICK.

F a c t o r y C o m m is s io n :

Kilgour Skives, Campbellton.
Emma S. Fiske, St. John.
Michael K elly, St. John.
Charles McDonald, St. John.
I n s p e c t io n

of

F a c t o r ie s

and

H

otels

:

James Kenny, St. John.
N O V A SCOTIA.

F

a c to r y

M in e s

and

I n s p e c t io n

(u n d e r d e p a rtm e n t

o f p u b lic w o r k s ) :

IT. Donkin, C. E., deputy minister, H alifax.
Phillip Ring, factory inspector, department o f public works, Halifax.
W

o r k m e n ’s

C o m p e n s a t io n B o a r d :

V. J. Baton, K. C., chairman, H alifax.
Fred W. Armstrong, H alifax.
John T. Joy, H alifax.
ONTARIO.

T rades

L abor B r a n c h (departm ent of public works) :
W alter A. Riddell, M. A., Ph. D., superintendent, Toronto.

and

F actory

and

A c c id e n t I n s p e c t io n :

Factory, shop, and office inspection b ran ch :
Jam es T. Burke, chief inspector, Toronto.
W

o r k m e n ’s

C o m p e n s a t io n B oard :

Samuel Price, chairman, Toronto.
A. W. W right, vice chairman, Toronto.
George A. Kingston, commissioner.
J. M. McCutcheon, secretary, Toronto.
QUEBEC.

I n s p e c t io n

of

I n d u s t r ia l E

s t a b l is h m e n t s and

P

u b l ic

B u il d in g s (under de­

partm ent of public works, Hon. L. A. Tascliereau, m inister) :
Louis Guyon, ch ief inspector, 9 St. John Street, Montreal.
R e g is t r a r

of

B oards

of

C o n c il ia t io n

and

A r b it r a t io n :

F elix Marois, department of public works, Quebec.
SASKATCHEWAN.

B ureau

of

L abor ( u n d e r d e p a r t m e n t o f a g r i c u l t u r e ) :

Thomas Molloy, secretary, Regina.


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B U R E A U S OF LA B O R IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IES,
Country.

Name of bureau.

Argentina---- Departamento
del Trabajo.
Australia,

New South
Wales.
Queensland
A ustria.........
Belgium........
Brazil............
Canada..........
O ntario___
Chile..............
Denm ark___
E cuador........
Finland.........
France...........
Germany......
Great Britain
Greece...........

Italy..............

Mexico...........
Ne Tierlands..

New Zealand.
Norway.........

P eru ..............
Porto P ic o ...
Portugal.......

Roum ania__

Nacional

L abor and In d u s tria l
B r a n c h ( B u r e a u of
Census and Statistics,
Department of Home
Affairs).
Department of Labor and
Industry.

Chief official.

Location of
bureau.

Title of publi­
cation.

Frequency
of issue.

Presidente.. B u e n o s
Aires.
C o m m o n ­

wealth
S ta tis ti­
cian.

.Boletín del De­ Monthly.
partam ento
n a c i o n a l del
Trabajo.
Melbourne.. Labour B ulletin... Quarterly.

Minister of Sydney.......
Labor and
Industry.
Department of Labor........ Director...... B risbane....
K. K. Arbeitsstatistisches Vorstand__ Vienna........
Amt im Handelsminis­
terium.
Brussels.......
Office du Travail (Minis­ D irecteu r
Générai.
tère de l’Industrie et du
Travail).
Ministerio da Agricultura, Ministro__ _ Rio de Ja­
neiro.
Industria e Commercio.
Department of Labor........ Minister of O ttaw a........
Labor.
Bureau of Labor (Depart­ Secretary__ Toronto.......
ment of Public Works).
Oficina de Estadística del Jefe.............. Santiago___
Trabajo.
Direktoratet for arbejds, D irektor___ Copenhagen.
og fabriktilsynet.
Departamento de Obras D i r e c t o r
general.
Públicas.
Industristyrelsen (Kej ser- D irektor___ Helsingfors..
liga Senaten).
Office du Travail (Minis­ Directeur__ Paris............
tère du Travail et de la
Prévoyance Sociale).

New South Wa'es
Industrial Gar
zette.

Monthly.

S oziale Rundschau

Do.

Revue du Travail.

Do.

Labour Gazette. . .

Do.

Boletín de la Ofi­
cina del Trabajo.

Do.

A rb e tss ta tistisk Bimonthly.
Tidskrift.
Bulletin du Minis­ Monthly.
tère du Travail
et de la Prévoy­
ance Sociale.
Reichsarbeitsblatt.
Do.
Berlin..........
Abteilung für Arbeitersta­ Präsident. . .
tistik, Kaiserliches Sta­
tistisches Amt (Minis­
terium des Innern).
London....... Board of Trade
Do.
Department of Labor Sta­ Director.
Labour Gazette.
tistics (Board of Trade).
Athens.........
Division of Labor and
Social Welfare (Depart­
ment of Industry)
(Tmema Ergasias Kai
Koinonkes Pronoias—
Upourgeio tes Ethnikes
Oikonomias).
Monthly,
Ufficio del Lavoro (Minis­ D i r e t t o r e Rom e........... B o l l e t t i n o
se m idell’ Ufficio del
tero per l’Industria, il
Generale.
monthly.
Lavoro.
Commercio e il Lavoro).
Ufficio Provinciale del La­ D e p u t a t o Milan...........
Provin­
voro.
ciale.
Mexico City. Boletín del De­ Monthly.
Departamento del Trabajo
partamento del
Trabajo.
Directie van den Arbeid
D i recteur The Hague..
( D e p a r t e m e n t van
Generaal.
Landbouw, Nijverheid
en Handel).
Department of Labour___ Minister of Wellington.. J ournal of thè Monthly.
Department of
Labour.
Labour.
Socialavdeligen
(De- D irektor___ Christiania.. Sociale Meddelelser Bimonthly
partementet for Sociale
Saker, Handel, Industri
og íiskeri).
L im a...........
Dirección de Obras Públi­ Director.
cas, Ministerio de Fo­
mento.
San .Tuan__ B oletín.................. Irregular.
Negociado del Trabajo. . . . Jefe
Do.
Lisbon......... Boletim do TraIíepartigáo do Trabalho
balho Industriai.
industrial (Direccáo geral do Comercio e indust r i a ) , Ministerio do Fo­
mento.
0 ) ........................................................ - - - - i A general ministry oi commerce and industry.


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B U R E A U S OF LABO R IN F O R E IG N C O U N T R IE S—Concluded,

Country.
Serbia

Name of bureau.

Chief official.

Section for I n d u s t r y ,
Trade, and Social Leg­
islation (Ministry of Po­
litical Economy) (Min­
istar Narodne Privrede).

Location of
bureau.

Title of publi­
cation.

Frequency
of issue.

Belgrade

South Africa... 0 ) .....................................................................................................
Spain............... Instituto de Reformas S e c r e tario
General.
Sociales.

Madrid........ Boletín del Insti­ Monthly.
tuto de Refor­
mas Sociales.
Do.
Dirección General de Co- Director___ ___ do.......... Boletín Oficial de
Do
Comercio, In­
m e r c i o , Industria y
Trabajo.
dustria y Tra­
bajo.
Do.
K. K. Socialstyrelsen........ Direktor___ Stockholm.. Sociala MeddelanSweden
den.
Switzerland__ Secrétariat Ouvrier Suisse Secrétaire. . . Zurich............................................
(semiofficiai).
Uruguay.......... Oficina del T r a b a jo ...................... Montevideo. Boletín de la Ofi­ Quarterly.
cina del Trabajo.
(Ministero de Industrias,
Trabajo e Instrucción
Publica).
Irregular.
International.. International Labor Office. Director___ Basel, Swit­ Bulletin
zerland.
i Only a public employment office (labor department) in the ministry of mines and industry.


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VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND EMPLOYMENT OF THE HANDI­
CAPPED, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CRIPPLED SOLDIERS.
[A N A N N O T A T E D LIS T OF R E F E R E N C E S . ]

An account of the year’s work at the M assachusetts hospital school, Canton,
Mass.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 276-292.
E xtracts from the 9th annual report of the M assachusetts Hospital
School, 1915-16.
Adamson, R. A. E. Workshop for the handicapped.
Survey, July 8, 1916. v. 36: 392-393.
Baltim ore community workshop.
Adler, E. XT., and Marshal, S. G. Self-support for the handicapped.
Survey, April 30, 1910. v. 24: 180-185.
Contains considerable m aterial embodied in unpublished theses pre­
sented at the N. Y. School of Philanthropy.
Aid for the war cripples of France.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 3, no. 1, 1916. p. 44-45.
Organization and scope of work of the American committee for train­
ing maimed . . . soldiers of France.
Alden, Percy. W hat France is doing for her disabled soldiers and sailors.
Progress (B ritish institute of social service), January, 1917.
Based on the confidential report of Sir Henry Norman for the Right
Honorable Lloyd George, Secretary of State for War. Reprinted in
the U nited States Bureau of Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v ie w ,
June, 1917. v. 4 : 851-867.
Alexander, J. Farm labour for the blind.
B raille Review, August, 1915, p. 4-6.
A lfassa, Maurice. L’emploi en industrie et en agriculture des blessés et m utilés
de guerre et la loi sur les accidents.
Correspondent, July 25, 1915, p. 243-256.
Amar, Jules. Appareils de prothèse du membre supérieur.
L’Academie des Science., Comptes rendus, 1916. v. 162: 401 ff.
------ Care of the wounded in France : M ethods and instrum ents for aiding men
who have lost hands or arms.
Scientific American Supplement, Nov. 25, 1916. v. 82: 348-350.
------ Organisation de l ’apprentissage des estropiés de la guerre. 1915.
Travail du Laboratoire des recherches du conservatoire N ationale des arts
et metiers.
------Organization of the training of the disabled.
Canada. M ilitary H ospitals Commission. Special bulletin. Ottawa, 1916.
p. 29-50.
Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, December, 1916.
v. 3:176-183, and 12 plates.
■ -- La Prothèse et le T ravail des M utilés. Paris, 1916.
■ -- Reeducation of members partly amputated.
Scientific American Supplement, Feb. 17, 1917. v. 83: 101.

SS09°—17---- 13


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m o n t h l y r e v ie w

of t h e b u r e a u

of l a b o r s t a t is t ic s .

Amar, Jules. La rééducation professionnelle des blessés et des m utiles de la
guerre.
Journal de Physiologie et de Pathologie générale. July, 1915.
------ La rééducation professionnelle des m utilés de guerre.
Société d’encouragement pour l ’industrie nationale. B u lletin Jan.-Feb.,
1917. v. 127 : 94-124.
------ Technique d’éducation sensitive pour amputés et aveugles.
Academie de Paris. Compte rendu, 1916. v. 163:335-338.
Mr. Amar is director of the Laboratoire des Recherches sur le Travail
professionnel in Paris.
Angelucci, A. La protezione degli occhi dei soklati e la rieducazione dei
ciechi di guerra.
Arehivio di oftalm ología Napoli, 1916. v. 28: 177-205.
A rbeiterschaft und Kriegsbeschädigtenfürsorge.
Soziale P raxis, Aug. 12, 1915. v. 24: 1080-1082.
Arends. Arbeitsverm ittlung für Krüppel.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1914. v. 7 : 202-207.
------ Der Krüppel als Handwerker.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1914. v. 7: 186-202.
Armitage, T. R. Education "and employment of the blind; w hat has been done.
2d. ed. London, Harrison, 1886. 216 p.
An artist’s work in war orthopedies.
Modern Hospital. August, 1916. v. 9, no. 2. p. 92-95.
Miss Grace Gassette and her remarkable work in restoring to wounded
soldiers the use of their limbs.
Aus der Arbeit—für die Arbeit. 1. Ertüchtigungsspiele der Kriegskrüppel.
2. Lazarettbeschäftigung.
M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe. Leipzig, 1915. v .l : 42-44,
Autobiographies of cripples.
A ustralia. Parliam ent. War Committee. The war. Returned soldiers ; recom­
mendations. . . . reemployment. Melbourne, 1915. 3 v.
A ustrian provision for war cripples.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 2, no. 1,1915. p. 47-48.
Manual training school in Vienna, specially adapted to needs of onearmed soldiers, supported chiefly by private charity. Brief.
Batiffol, Louis. Les m utilés de la guerre sous l ’aneien régime.
Revue hebdomadoire, May 26, 1917. no. 21. p. 456-489.
B easley, W. L. Training the sig h tless; the Lighthouse. (P aris.)
Scientific American, May 17, 1913. v. 108 : 448.
Beer, Berthold. Entkrüppelungstellen. Zur H eilung scheinbar dauernd Ver­
krüppelter.
Österreischische Rundschau, Dec. 1, 1914. v. 41: 243-2 8.
B elgian school for crippled soldiers.
Journal of American Medical Association, Sept. 30, 1916. v. 67:1031.
B rief history of organization and equipment.
Belot. J. and Privat. Reeducation of disabled soldiers.
Paris médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 498 ff.
B elyea, Jessie I. Care of the industrially handicapped.
N ational Magazine, October, 1915. v. 43:167-173.
B eratungstelle für K riegsverletzte in München.
Der A rbeitsnachweis in D eutschland, July 20, 1915. v. 2 : 215,


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Bernhard, L. I. D ie geschäftliche Organisation des W erkstätten—Betriebes im
Kgl. orthopädischen Reserve Lazarett Nürnberg.
Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 29-34.
Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples,
June, 1917. v. 4:197-200.
B eschäftigung von K riegsbeschädigten in der Staatsbahnverwaltung.
Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, July 20, 1915. v. 2 : 215.
Best, Harry. The deaf : Their position in society and the provision for their
education in the United States. New York, Crowell, 1914. 340 p.
Bestrebungen zur Fürsorge für Kriegsinvalide.
D er Arbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, Jan. 15, 1915. v. 2: 62-66.
Cooperation o f employment exchanges in w elfare work for war cripples.
B iesalski, Konrad. D ie ethische und w irtschaftliche Bedeutung der K riegs­
krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1915. 23 p.
The ethical and economic significance of w elfare work for war cripples, and
its organization in connection w ith the entire war aid work, outlining
how war cripples can be made self-supporting workers.
------H ilfsm ittel und A ussichten der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1915. v. 8:133-142.
------ - Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. Ein Aufklärungswort zum Tröste und zur Mahnung.
Leipzig, 1915.
A booklet by the director of a large home for crippled children, showing in
text and illustrations how cripples w ith the aid of artificial limbs and
other therapeutic aids can learn useful trades and become self-supporting.
—— Praktische borschäge für die Inangriffnahm e der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge.
Reprint : Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1915. v. 8, lift. 1.
------ D ie Stellung des Arztes in der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge.
Z eitschrift für ärztliche Fortbildung, Jena, 1915. v. 12: 353-359.
------ W ie helfen w ir unseren Kriegskrüppeln?
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1914. v. 7: 277-2S8.
(D ie) Bisherige Entw icklung der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. 1. D ie R ichtlinien der
Arbeit. 2. Ausstellungen.
M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 1-3 ;
25-27.
Bittard, A. L. Les blessés au travail.
La revue, Mar. 1916. v. 114: 464-482.
(T he) Blind soldier.
Lancet, Dec. 16, 1916. v. 191: 1017-1018.
Reeducation in walking.
(T he) Blind at work.
Outlook, Sept. 21, 1907. v. 87: 137-138.
Bois-Reymond, R. du. Zur Verwundetenfürsorge.
Berliner klinische W ochenschrift, June 14, 1915. v. 52, no. 24.
Farm colonies for wounded soldiers.
Böttger, Hugo. D ie soziale K riegshilfe und die Kopfarbeiter.
M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 34-37.
An appeal for special social war w elfare work of a higher standard for
invalided intellectual workers, i. e., men w ith an academic education.
Borne. De la réadaptation et de la rééducation au travail des blessés et des
m utilés de la guerre.
P aris Médical, 1915. No. 15-16.


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Borne. De la rééducation et de la réadaptation au travail des blessés et des
m utilés de la guerre.
Ilevue d’H ygiene et de Police Sanitaire, Paris, 1915. v. 37 :8 1 -1 1 2 ;
159-161; 372-401.
------ Rééducation et la réadaptation au travail des blessés et m utilés de la
guerre.
Société d’Encouragement pour l ’Industrie N ationale. B ulletin.
J u ly August, 1915. p. 64-86.
------ Ateliers-écoles professionels.
Revue d’Hygiene et de Police Sanitaire, Paris, 1915. v. 37,: 161-171.
Bourillon. Functional réadaptation and professional reeducation of the dis­
abled victim of the war.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 3, no. 1, 1916. p. 23-28.
Includes suggestive methods of dealing w ith problem. Reprinted from
“ The provision of employment for members of the Canadian ex­
peditionary force on their return to Canada.” Ottawa, 1915. Pari.,
6 Geo. V, sess. paper 35a, p. 30-37.
——— Méthodes de rééducation professionnelle des amputés.
Paris médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 487 ff.
— — La rééducation professionnelle des invalides de la guerre.
Revue Philanthropique, Paris, 1915. v. 36: 351-366 ; 1916, v. 37: 24-35.
------■Vocational reeducation of disabled soldiers.
Canada. M ilitary hospitals commission. Special bulletin, April, 1916,
p. 75-89.
Abridged translation of article in La R evue Philanthropique for
January, 1916, giving account of methods adopted in the training of
disabled soldiers at the V acassy Institute.
Braun, Adolph. Arbeiter- und K riegs-invalidenfragen.
Neue Zeit. v. 33 : 545-550.
Breeman, J. Van. Kriegskrüppelfürsorge.
Nosokômos, Amsterdam, 1916. v. 16: 733-739.
Breton, Jean. A l ’arrière. Paris, D elagrave [1916] 174 p., 3d ed.
Souvenirs et récits de la guerre, 1914-1916, a l ’école des m utilés.
------ A l ’école des m utilés.
Revue de Paris, 1916, année 23, tome 1, 585-598.
Brettner, Dr. E s gibt keine Krüppel mehr.
Über Land und Meer, 1915. no. 32: 590-592.
Bridge, A. H. E lectrical training for disabled men. England.
E lectrical R ailw ay and W estern Electrician, May 26, 1917. v. 70:87£
B rieux as a big brother to blind soldiers.
R eview of Reviews, November, 1916. v. 54 : 555-557.
Letters to soldiers urging care in the choice of a vocation.
Brisac, Jules. La guerre et 1’ assistance au x blessés de la tuberculose.
Revue Scientifique, Feb. 12-19, 1916. p. 100. ff.
------ Les services d’assistance et les oeuvres de guerre.
Revue Philanthropique, February, 1916. v. 37: 65-96.
Brock, L. G. The reeducation of the disabled.
Nineteenth Century, October, 1916. v. 80 : 822-835.
Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, March, 1917.
v. 4 :1 9 -3 6 .
Buck, N. M. Work for the deformed.
Craftsman, May, 1907. v. 12 : 193-204.
Bullock, W. B. Massaging— new vocation for the blind.
Technical World, August, 1913. v. 19: 904-905.
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Burkard, I. Uber die Schulung Kriegsinvalider.
Wiener klinische W ocheschrift. Vienna. Jan. 27, 1916. v. 29, no. 4.
Burkhardt, G. Der Lazarettunterricht fiir K reigsverstiim m elte in Freiburg
i. Br.
Frankfurter Zeitung, 7 Februar, 1915.
Burritt, O. H. Education o f the blind.
Outlook for the Blind, January, 1917. v. 10: 107-112.
Concerns principally education o f children and high-school pupils.
Cabot, R. C. Arequipa sanatorium, where a tuberculosis patient can be cured
w ithout expense to him self. (Arequipa, Cal.)
Survey, Dec. 7, 1912. v. 29: 311-314.
Tuberculosis patients trained in the m anufacture of pottery.
------ Substandard workers ; Dr. H a ll’s attack on their problem.
Survey, Oct. 3, 1914. v. 33 :1 5 -1 8 .
D escription of Dr. H a ll’s workshop at Marblehead, Mass., where
patients suffering from nervous disorders are trained to make
salable articles, and receive w ages for their product.
Camus, J. Rééducations functionnelle et professionnelle.
Paris Médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6 : 470 ff, 504 ft.
Rôle of the physician in deciding when and in w hat the disabled sol­
dier should be trained, and the placing of them after training.
Canada. H ouse of Commons. Care of returned soldiers.
Its Debates, Feb. 5, 1917. v. 51, no. 14, p. 483-500.
Canada, M ilitary H ospitals Commission. Provision of employment for mem­
bers of the Canadian expeditionary force on their return to Canada, and the
reeducation of those who are unable to follow their previous occupations be­
cause of disability . . . together w ith appendixes dealing w ith sim ilar work
in England and the continent of Europe. Ottawa, 1915. 53 p.
(Pari. sess. paper no. 35a, August, 1916.)
•------B ulletin 1, 2, and 3, March, June, and December, 1916. Ottawa, 1916.
Arocational training for disabled soldiers in Canada. R eviewed in United
States Bureau of Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v i e w , June, 1917. v.
4: 867-874.
------ Special bulletin. Ottawa. April, 1916. 108 p.
Compilation of papers on European activity. Analyzed in this bibliography
under authors’ names.
Canada. Parliam ent. H ouse of Commons. An act to assist returned soldiers
in settling upon the land and to increase agricultural production . . . July
25, 1917. (B ill 116.)
(Canadian M ilitary H ospital Commission, appointment and duties.]
Canada. Department of Labour. Labour Gazette. November and Decem­
ber, 1915. v. 16 : 529, 663.
Canadian Pacific R ailw ay Company o f Canada, Department of natural re­
sources. Returned veterans’ colonies, 1916.
Cannon, I. M. Social work in hospitals. N. Y. Survey associates, 1913. 257 p.
(R ussell Sage Foundation.)
Medical social problems, relief, employment for the handicapped, medi­
cal advice to social agencies, p. 80-105.
[Care for w ar cripples.]
American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. At Naples. Italy, 363-4 ;
at Port Villez, France, 367-8 ; at Rome, p. 36S-371.
Carle, M. Les écoles professionelles de blessés. Preface de M.Edouard Herriot. 2d ed., Lyon, 1915.


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Carmine, Pietro. Beneficenza moderna. Le scuole e le ease di lavoro per gli
storpi e i m utilati.
Nuova Antologia, Roma, 1908. 5a ser., v. 135: 7-20.
Chesterton, G. K. Crusade of cripples.
Living Age. July 15, 1916. v. 290: 179-181.
Cincinnati. H ospital social service association. Work for the handicapped.
In its annual report, 1913-14, p. 26-37.
Committee to teach blinded soldiers.
Survey, July 24, 1915. v. 34: 368.
Conference on w ar relief and personal service, London, 1915. Conference on
war relief and personal service, organized by charity organization societies
and guilds of help. Caxton H all, W estminster, June 10-12, 1915.
London, Longmans, 1915. 240 p.
(L e) Corps de rééducation physique au grand palais.
La Nature, Sept. 23, 1916.. v. 44, pt. 2, p. 193-196;
Courson, Comtesse de. Broken men of Prance.
Living Age. Apr. 15, 1916. v. 289: 157-164.
Cripples in the leather trades, a survey by the employment bureau for cripple»
(N ew York C ity).
American Journal of Care for Cripples, March, 1917., v. 4, no. 1, p. 13-15.
Cripples made by th e Avar.
Journal of American Medical Association. Chicago, 1915. v. 64:923.
Cripples of Prance.
Outlook, March 8, 1916. v. 112 : 543-544.
B rief review of article in the Ncav York Tribune on t h e education of
French w ar cripples, by Mr. Arthur Gleason.
Czarnomska, I. I. Workshop for industrial education of cripples at M axmilian
H ospital at St. Petersburg, 12 years o f acti\Tity.
Reprinted from Archives of Surgery, St. Petersburg, 1910. \r. 26: 10251033.
Dam. L’assistance aux estropiés et les écoles d’estropiés.
Progrès médical, Belge, B ruxelles, 1914. v. 16: 25-29.
Dantin, Ch. La rééducation professionelle des m utilés de la guerre.
Génie civil, Aug. 28, 1915. v. 67: 129-134.
Davis, Richard Harding. Blinded in battle but not made useless.
New York Times Sunday Magazine, Feb. 27, 1916, p. 10-11.
Deltenre, Armand. The Anglo-Belgian hospital at Rouen.
Canada. M ilitary H ospitals Com. Special bulletin. April, 1916, p. 51-74.
Organization and Avork, Avith some account o f special appliances for
m echanotherapeutic treatment.
Denzer, Hans. Werkunterricht,. Arbeitserziehung und H andfertigkeitsunter­
richt. Jahresbericht.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Leipzig, 1911. v. 4: 50-55.
Dermietzel. D ie H ilfstätigk eit der Arbeitsnaelnveise..
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. Hamburg, 1915. v. 8:173-176.
Deshon, G. D. A farm for crippled and disabled workers on the Panama
Canal.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, Dec., 1915. v. 2, no. 4, p. 168-170.
Corozal farm.
D eutschee Vereinigung für Krüppelfürsorge. Aus der Deutschen Vereinigung,
Berlin, August, 1914.
Devine, E. T. Preparation for war cripples.
Survey, June 30, 1917. v. 38: 291.


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Dew, L. E. Making cripples into workingmen.
Technical World, August, 1914. v. 21:842-843.
D ietz. B isherige Leistungen in der Kriegskrüppelfürsorge. 1. K riegshilfe in
Hessen.
M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipsig, 1915. v. 1 :1 7 -1 9 .
A brief description of m easures for the aid and vocational training of
war invalids taken in the Grand Duchy of H esse up to the fa ll of
1915.
D iscussion d’une proposition de loi tendant a l ’obligation de la rééducation
professionnelle des blessés et des m utilés de la guerre.
Journal officiel de la République Française, Apr. 15, 1916. p. 933 ff.
Donoghue, F. D. R ehabilitation of crippled workmen.
M assachusetts Industrial Accident Board, 3d annual report. 191L-15.
p. 82-101.
Dow, J. J. Organization for aiding the adult blind to become self-supporting.
M innesota school for the blind, 1915, 16 p.
Driesm ans, Heinrich. Krüppelfürsorge.
Österreichische Rundschau, Apr. 15, 1915. v. 43: 49-56.
Dumont-Wilden, L. The future of our crippled heroes.
Everyman, July 21, 1916. v. 8 ; Belgian Supplement, p. liii-liv .
Dynamographic platform ; a device for teaching w ar cripples to walk.
Scientific American Supplement, Jan. 13, 1917. v. 83: 29.
Eberts, E. M. von. Functional reeducation and vocational training of soldiers
disabled in war.
Canadian Medical Association Journal, March, 1917. v. 7:193-200.
Education of the left hand o f disabled sailors and soldiers.
Lancet, April 7, 1917. v. 192: 553.
Egan, Eleanor F. War time schools for Belgians.
Saturday Evening Post, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 189 : no. 23, p. 26. Brief.
Einarm ige in der Landwirtschaft.
D er A rbeitsnachweis in D eutschland, Aug. 20, 1915. v. 2 : 241.
L’emploi des m utilés dans les establissem ents industriels et commerciaux.
France. M inistère du travail. Bulletin, Jupe, 1916. v. 23: 225-231,
Employment and education of w ar cripples.
Journal American M edical Association, v. 65, 1915.
Circular letter sent out by French Government, p. 348.
Institute for cripples, p. 1124.
War cripples and watch making, p. 1124.
School at Roehampton, London, p. 1474.
Employment for disabled soldiers and sailors : Summary of report of Sir George
Murray’s committee.
B rittanic Review, October, 1915. v. 2 : 410 t412.
(T he) Employment of partly disabled soldiers in German street and engineering
works. A Krupp company scheme.
Iron and Coal Trades Review, Jan. 14, 1916. v. 82: 377.
Employment of returned soldiers.
Canada, Department of Labour, Labour Gazette, April, 1917. v. 17: 284-285.
Organization and work in Canada.
Employment of tuberculous patient.
Journal of the Outdoor Life, December, 1912. v. 9 : 295-301.
D eals w ith problem of employment w ithin the sanatorium, and w ith
suggestions for occupation after discharge.


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Employment results in Philadelphia (ed itorial).
American Journal of Care for Cripples, May, 1916. v. 3: 42-44.
The Pennsylvania State Bureau of Employment lias recently created a
handicapped department and states results in three w eeks’ work,
total sixty men and women.
Erhard, Auguste.
1916.

Les oeuvres de l ’hotel de V ille pendant la guerre.

Lyon,

European reeducation of the deaf.
Volta Review, August, 1917. v. 19: 411-412.
B rief article dealing w ith necessity of work, and some of the peculiar
problems to be met.
Factory w ith blind workmen.
W orld’s Work, August, 1903. v. 6 : 3817-3818.
Farm ing w ithout eyes.
Technical World, April, 1914. v. 21: 218-219.
Feilchenfeld, W. and Bauer. Kriegsblindenfürsorge.
D eutsche Medizinische W ochenschrift, Leipzig, 1916. v. 42 : 1324.
Felton, Howard C. H elping crippled soldiers ; how the disabled victim s o f the
great war are restored to a life of useful work and healthful play.
Munsey’s Magazine, 1916. v. 57 : 240-250.
Ferenczi, E. Programm für eine system atische Invaliden-Fürsorge in Ungarn.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 253-259.
The resolutions adopted by the H ungarian Society for the Combating
of Unemployment w ith respect to a system atic program for the care,
vocational training, and employment of w ar invalids.
Finding work for men crippled in war.
R eview of Reviews, Feb., 1916. v. 53: 226-228.
Work of the official national employment bureau for war invalids in
Vienna.
Fischer. Allgem eines über die Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge in Nürnberg.
Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 1-8.
Flemming, E. W ie Kriegsbeschädigte und U nfallverletzte auch bei Verstümme­
lungen ihr Los verbesseren können. Saarbrücken, 1915.
Fontane, E. La responsabilité des oeuvres des m utilés de guerre au point de
vue des accidents.
Paris Médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 496 if.
Fontane suggests that public and private organizations engaged in
training of disabled take out accident insurance policies to protect
them selves in case of accident to men under their charge for whom
they are legally responsible, the sam e as a proprietor of a factory.
Forbin, V. L ’enseignement professionnel des blessés de la guerre.
La Nature, Apr. 8, 1916. v. 44: 236-238.
Forster, A. M. Problem of employment.
Journal of the Outdoor Life, October, 1910. v. 7: 291-294.
Advocates establishing a farm colony in connection w ith hospital and
sanatorium (for tuberculosis patients) graduates of which might be
colonized in the W est and form self-supporting communities.
Förster, Flans. D ie Selbsthilfe.
M onatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915.


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France. Conseil Generale de la Seine.
Rapport au nom de la Comité m ixte de travail et du chômage, relativem ent
aux mesures à prendre pour procéder à l ’organisation du travail au moment
de la démobilisation, présenté par Henri Sellier et Émile Deslandres.
Paris, 1916. 59 p.
Employment of soldiers after the war, not confined to the disabled.
France. M inistère de l ’intérieur. Dir. de l ’assistance et de l ’hygiène publiques.
Conditions d’adm ission dans les centres de rééducation professionnelle. Cir­
culaire no. 16, Feb. 16, 1916.
France. M inistère du travail et de la prévoyance sociale. B ulletin, v. 22, 1915,
to date.
See index under “ actes et documents officiels.” Each number contains
official acts and documents relative to the establishm ent and work of a
national commission for employment of returned soldiers.
France. M inistère du travail. La rééducation agricole des m utilés de guerre
(B elgique). Its B ulletin, A vril-M ai, 1917. v. 24:198-199.
France. Rapport fait au nom de la commission du travail chargée d’examiner :
1. La proposition de loi de M. Adrien Pressem ane et plusieurs de ses collègues,
tendant à assurer l ’emploi obligatoire des m utilés de guerre ; 2. La proposition
de loi de Maurice V iolette tendant à créer un office national pour le placement
des réform és de la guerre, par M. Durafour, député.
(In Documents parlem entaires, Chambre, sess. ord. Oct. 15, 1916, p.
1429-1444. )
France’s crippled soldiers.
Outlook, June 7, 1916. v. 113: 299-300.
Franceschini, Giovanni. Per la rieducazione dei m utilati. Il methodo italiano
di protesi con movimenti.
Nuova Antologia, Rome, 1916. ser. 6, v. 181: 412-421.
Franz, S. I. Reeducation and rehabilitation of cripples maimed and otherwise
disabled by war.
Volta Review, August, 1917. v. 19: 385-387.
Résumé of w hat has been done and recommendations.
Frassdorf. D ie B eteiligung der Arbeitnehmer.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8:169-172.
Friedman, H. M. Occupational specialization in the defective.
New York Medical Journal, Sept. 23, 1916.
Fryer, C. E. Returned soldier in Canada.
New Republic, Feb. 3, 1917. v. 10: 13-15.
Fiirsorge fiir unsere K riegsverletzten.
Technik und W irtschaft. Berlin, v. 8 :148-157.
Future of disabled soldiers.
Modern H ospital, Aug., 1917. v. 9 :1 2 4 —125.
Recommendations of the conference called by the General Medical
Board of the Advisory Committee of the Council of N ational Defense.
F uture of the incom pletely recovered wounded soldier.
Lancet, July 17, 1915. v. 189: 152-153.
Plea for Government school workshops.
Gallison, Mrs. H. H. Germany in w ar time.
Outlook, Dec. 13, 1916. v. 114: 828-831.
Popular article on German reeducation of soldiers.
Galsworthy, John. Remade or marred? A great national duty.
Times (London), Oct. 14, 1916. p. 9, col. 4.


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M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

Gautrelet, J. Les bases scientifiques de l’éducation professionnelle des mutilés.
B ulletin de l ’Académie de médecine, Paris, 1915. 3d ser. v. 73: 663-668.
Application of Taylor’s principles of scientific management in training
crippled soldiers.
Gauvain, H. G. L’hôspital et collège d'Alton. Lord Mayor T reloar’s Cripples’
H ospital and College à Alton, Ham pshire (E ngland).
Orthopédie et Tuberculose Chirurgicale, Paris, 1914. y. 1: 46-53.
Geîfert, R. Der Geistliche als Führer der Gemeinde.
M onatsblatter ftir Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 10-12.
A short essay em phasizing the duty of the priest or pastor to imbue
the invalid soldier w ith w ill power to overcome the handicap o f
being a cripple.
Gerhardt, Karl. D ie K riegsbeschadigtenffirsorge in der Provinz Brandenburg.
Zeitschrift fiir Kriippelfiirsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8: 259-266.
A brief description of the preparatory measures taken in the Prussian
province of Brandenburg for the care, vocational training, and em­
ployment o f w ar invalids.
Gilbreth, F. B. Motion study for the crippled soldier, 1916. S p.
Published also in Journal of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
Dec., 1915. v. 37: 669-675 ; and Scientific American Supplement, Dec. 25,
1915. v. 80: 402-403.
Paper presented at m eeting of the American Association for the Ad­
vancement of Science, Columbus, Ohio, 1915-16; reviewed in Literary
D igest, Jan. 22, 1916. v. 52: 169-170.
* ---and Gilbreth, L. M. Conservation of the world’s teeth ; a new occupation
for the crippled soldier.
Scientific American Supplement, June 9, 1917. v. 83: 357-358.
Trained Nurse and H ospital Review , July, 1917. v. 59: 5-11.
(Sam e
article. )
* ---How to put the crippled soldier on the pay roll.
Trained Nurse and H ospital Review, May, 1917. v. 58: 255-260.
Literary D igest, March 10, 1917. v. 54:617-618.
------ Problem of the crippled soldier.
Scientific American Supplement, Apr. 28, 1917. v. 83: 260-261.
Ginestores and Dominique. Reeducation of the blinded soldier.
Le Progrès Médical, Oct. 20, 1916. v. 31: 199.
Gradenwitz, A. Educating invalid soldiers.
Scientific American, Sept. 11, 1915. v. 113: 229.
Graham, P. Anderson. Reclaim ing the w aste : B ritain ’s most urgent problem.
London, 1916. Pamphlet.
Great Britain. Board of A griculture and Fisheries. Committee on land settle­
ment for sailors and soldiers. F inal report of departm ental committee ap­
pointed by the president of the board to consider the settlem ent or employ­
ment on the land in England and W ales of discharged sailors and soldiers.
London, 1916. (Cd. 8182, 8277, 8347.) 3 v.
Early volum es reviewed in United States Bureau of Labor S tatistics
M o n t h l y R e v i e w , April, 1936. v. 2: 329-331.
Volume 3 reviewed in United States Bureau o f Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y
R e v i e w , Sept., 3916. v. 3:369-372.
------ - Local government board. Report of the committee appointed by the presi­
dent of the board upon the provision of employment for sailors and soldiers
disabled in the war. London, 1915. 9 p. (7915).


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Great B ritain. Local government board. Report of committee, etc.— Continued.
Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 :2 1 2 225;
Reviewed in Great B ritain Board of Trade Labour Gazette, Slay, 1915.
p. 161.
“ We regard it as the duty o f the State to see th at the disabled man
shall be, as far as possible, restored to health, and that assistance
shall be forthcom ing to enable him to earn h is living in the occupa­
tion best suited to his circum stances and physical condition.”
------ Royal Commission on blind and d ea f and dumb. Report. 4 v. London.
1899.
------ War Office. Guide to civil employment for ex-soldiers. 1913. London,
1913. 63 p.
List of agencies of the national association for employment of ex-soldiers,
p. 8-10. Other m ilitary agencies, p. 11. D etails regarding certain employ­
ment not under Government, p. 41-63.
Guédy, Claire. W hat Lyons is doing for the wounded and the refugees.
Outlook, Nov. 24, 1915. v. I l l : 737-743.
Vocational school for cripples.
Haggard, Sir II. Rider. The after-war settlem ent and employment of ex-service
men in the oversea dominions . . . London Published for the royal colonial
institute, 1916. 67 p.
H all, Herbert J. H andicrafts for the handicapped. New York, Moffat, 1916.
155 p.
D etailed description of suitable occupations w ith directions for carrying
them on.
------ Out-patient workshops— a new hospital department.
Modern Hospital, Oct., 1913. v. 1 :1 0 1 —103.
Proposals that hospitals may provide work for th e handicapped ; fam ilies
may remain intact ; careful selection of work required.
------ The work of our hands : A study o f occupation for invalids. New York,
Moffat, 1915. 211 p.
W hat is actually being done in providing system atic work for invalids.*
Suggests possibilities.
Ham ilton, J. P. N ecessity of public provision for employment of the blind.
N ational Conference o f Charities and Corrections, Proceedings, 1907.
489-494.
Hannan, Thomas. Technical schools for maimed soldiers; L’École Jofire at
Lyon.
Contemporary Review, July, 1916. v. 110: 105-112.
“ The School at Lyons is organized on the model of L'École des acci­
dents du travail, which existed at Charleroi before the war and
which w as founded for the purpose o f retraining, those who had suf­
fered m utilation through accidents in industrial employment.”
Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, March, 1917.
v. 4, no. 1, p. 3-12.
Hardy, Grace F. A course in basketry and cane-seating.
American Journal of Care for Cripples. N ew York, 1914. v. 1 : 45-47.
Hare, J. H. T raining for blind soldiers,.
Leslies Weekly, Sept. 23, 1915.
Account of life at St. D unstan’s, London, and of Sir Arthur Pearson’s
work for blind soldiers.


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M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.

Harper, G. S. Two cases crippled in industrial accidents ; a comparison of
methods of after-care.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, December, 1915. v. 2:145-155.
Intensive study o f two cases, w ith vocational results.
Hartmann, Konrad. D ie Fürsorge für Kriegsbeschädigte.
Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, June 20, 1915. v. 2:177-181.
A brief essay on the task s of w elfare work for crippled soldiers : advice
in the choice of and adaptation for an occupation, vocational train­
ing, and procuring of employment.
Heiden, Johannes. Fürsorge für die K riegsinvaliden und die Hinterbliebnen
Gefallener.
Sozialistiche M onatshefte, Berlin, 1915. 1. Jahrgang xxi, 292-298.
Heldenheim oder A rbeitZeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 62-64.
H êlys, M. La rééducation et le placem ent des m utilés et des avengles.
Le Correspondant, Paris, 1916. v. 88:1083-1100.
Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples,
June, 1917. v. 4 : 168-178.
Henriquez-Phillipe, M. Les M ultilés de la guerre— pourront reprendre leurs
occupations anterieures.
La Nature, Apr. 29, 1916. v. 44, pt. 1. p. 286-288.
H ei’bst, Dr. D ie Fürsorge für die Kriegsbeschädigten.
Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, Jan., 1916. v. 106:104-144.
An essay showing the economic significance of w elfare work for war
cripples. The system of such work, its organization in the federal
states and large cities, its centralization and m ost recent develop­
ment.
Pline, L. W. Industrial training for deaf mutes ; a practical school where an
opportunity is furnished for them to become desirable, self-supporting
citizens.
Craftsman, Jan., 1908. v. 13 : 400-408.
Holt, W inifred. The lighthouse for blinded soldiers. (P aris.)
Survey, Oct. 14, 1916. v. 37: 43-44.
Hum an salvage.
Literary D igest, Jan. 8, 1916. v. 52: 63-64.
Summary of an article by H. M. Kohler in American Industries, Dec.,
1915, on w hat is being done for crippled soldiers.
H utt, C. W. Education of the left hand of soldiers and sailors.
Lancet, April 7, 1917. v. 192: 553.
----- - Future of the maimed soldier and sailor.
Lancet, Oct. 7, 1916. v. 191: 629-632.
Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917.
v. 4: 123-138.
Industrial training for the maimed ; the use o f motion study.
Tim es (London), E ducational Supplement, Dec. 29, 1916. p. 197, col. 2.
Irvin, Clara. Employment for the handicapped.
Journal of the Outdoor Life. Aug., 1911. v. 8: 205-207.
Irwin, W ill. F lashes from the war zone.
Saturday E vening Post, July 15, 1916. p. 12, 13, 70.
Account of blind soldiers in the Lighthouse, Paris.
Italia. Decreto luogotenenziale, n. 490, in data 1° maggio, 1916, recante provvedim enti a favore degli im piegati delle aziende private richiam ati in servizio


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Italia— Continued.
militare. Italy. Ufficio del Lavoro. Bollettino. Maggio-Giugno, 1916. v.
25: 321-325.
R eview ed in Canadian Labour Gazette, Oct., 1916. v. 16:1603.
Jaeger, C. H. Trade training for adult cripples.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1914. v. 1: 67-72.
“ The trade school of the H ospital of Hope for Crippled and Injured
Men, 159th St. and Mott Ave., is the only one of its kind in N. Y.
City which offers opportunities for adults to learn trades suited to
masculine inclinations and abilities.”
Jandon, Henri. Pour les m utilés agriculteurs.
Revue bleu, Apr. 14-21, 1917. v. 55 : 239-243.
Janeway, T. C., and Carstens, C. C. Special employment bureau for the handi­
capped ; the need for a new piece of constructitve charitable work in Greater
N ew York.
Charities and Commons, Feb. 2, 1906. v. 15: 5S2-5S5.
Plea for an employment bureau w ith suggestions for development and
work.
Jarrott, Thos. L. Problem of the disabled soldiers.
U niversity Magazine (M ontreal), April, 1917.
Reprinted in American Journal o f Care for Cripples, June, 1917.
v. 4: 226-243.
Also published separately, 1917. 18 p.
Reviewed i n U. S. Bureau of Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v i e w , Aug.,
1917. v. 5 :111-113.
Jeanbreau, Emile. L ’école d’apprentissage pour estropiés et accidentés de
Charleroi.
Montpelier Médical, 1910. v. 53 : 529-538.
Jensen, Otto. D ie Blinden und der Krieg.
Neue Zeit. v. 33 : 726-738.
Jew elry trade class for cripples.
Survey, May 20, 1911. v. 26: 318-319.
Class started in 1909 in the Rhinelander school, N. Y., supported by
the Brearly league, which m aintains other industrial classes for
cripples.
Jones, G. C. Treatment of Canadian wounded in England.
Canada, M ilitary H ospitals Commission, special bulletin, Ottawa, 1916,
p. 103-108.
Jones, Sir Robert. Orthopaedic surgery and the war.
Recalled to life, June, 1917.
In which stress is laid on the effect of the curative workshop on the
wounded man’s mental outlook.
Joteyko, Josefa. L’usage de la main gauche chez les m utilés.
Revue scientifique Paris, 1916. v. 2 : 494-499.
Joyce, R. S. Industrial education of cripples.
R ailw ay Surgical Journal, Chicago, 1911-12. v. IS : 382-384.
Keller. B isherige Leistungen in der Kriegskriippelftirsorge. 2. K riegshilfe in
Sachsen.
M onatsblatter ffir Invaliden- und Kriippelhilfe. Leipzig, 1915. v. 1 :
37-42.
A brief description of the work of State and local committees for the
care of war invalids and of private societies and foundations in
Saxony up to the fall of 1915.


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Kellogg, P. U. Canadian city in war time. IV. The battle ground for wounded
men.
Survey, Apr. 7, 1917. v. 38: 1-10.
Work of m ilitary hospitals commission.
Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917.
Keogh, Sir Alfred. Treatment of the disabled, a memorandum prepared . . .
for the Anglo-Beigian committee
Recalled to Life, no. 1, June, 1917, p. 5-42.
Includes : Modern curative workshops ; A fter care of the blind ; The
Paris conference; Summary of work carried out in the electrical
department of the m ilitary orthopaedic hospital.
Definite, detailed account of w hat is actually being done in England.
Kimmins, Grace T. The coeducation of cripple boys and wounded soldiers.
The Child, London, 1916. v. 6 : 487-493.
------ The Princess Louise m ilitary wards and educative convalescence for crip­
pled and wounded soldiers, in connection w ith the H eritage craft schools for
cripples, Chailey, Sussex, England.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, September, 1915. v. 2: 125-128.
Kirchner. Der Staat und die Fürsorge für unsere heimkehrenden Kreiger.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürserge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 150-160.
On the work of the State in caring for returning soldiers.
Kohler, A. D ie staatliche K riegsinvaliden-Füsorge. Leipzig, G. Thieme, 1916.
148 p.
“ Literatur ” ; p. 143-148.
Konstam, E. M. Debt to the disabled.
N ineteenth Century, March, 1917. v. 81: 679-688.
Kouindjy, P. and Rodiet A. Rééducation chez les blesses de la guerre, et la
rôle de la suppléance.
B ulletin de l ’Académie de Médecine, Paris, July 27, 1915. v. 74, no. 30.
Kramer, Theodor Von. D ie bayerische Landesgewerbeanstalt Nürnberg und
die Ausbildung kriegsinvalider Handwerker.
Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 46-48.
Kriegsbeschädigten-fürsorge.
R eichsarbeitsblatt, Jan. und Mar. 1916. v. 19: 60-66, 231-242.
K riegsinvalide in der Zigarrenindustrie.
Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, May 20, 1915. w 2 : 169-170.
Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge. D arstellung der in Nürnberg getroffenen Massnah­
men.
Würzburg, 1915.
Kuh. R. Blinded soldiers as masseurs.
Münchener Medizinische W ochenschrift, Sept. 7, 1915. v. 62 : no. 36.
D ie Blindenmassage, by F. Kirchberg, in same for Oct. 5, 1915, v. 62,
no. 40. (W arning against training soldiers to be m asseurs.)
Kusterman, O. W isconsin workshop for the blind.
N ational Conference of Charities and Correction, Proceedings, 1907. p.
495-500.
Laqueur, B. Kriegsverletzungen und Seelenleben mit besonderer Berücksich­
tigung der sogenannten Entartungsfrage.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8: 247-253.
A medical treatise on the influence of “ war neurosis ” (a disease of
the nerves caused by the w itnessing of the horrors of w ar) upon war
invalids.


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Lasker, Bruno. Back to the land from the trenches.
Survey, June 24, 1916. v. 36: 327-328.
Literary Digest, July L 1916. v. 53: 13-14.
------ German monuments of to-morrow, garden cities planned for the crippled
men from the European battle fields.
Survey, April 1, 1916. v. 36: 27-30.
------ Rebuilt men, new trades, and fresh courage for French war cripples.
Survey, Apr. 7, 1917. v. 3 8 :11-14.
Lauwick, Marcel. L’In stitu t M ilitaire belge de rééducation professionelle des
mutilés..
Le Correspondant, Paris, 1916. v. 88:1132-1139.
Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples,
June, 1917. v. 4: 179-187.
Leigh, Garrett. Blinded soldiers and sailors ; Sir C. A. Pearson’s work at St.
D unstan’s.
The Treasury, London, June, 1916. p. 190-195.
L ight through work.
Outlook, Apr. 6, 1907. v. 85: 782.
Work of New York A ssociation for the Blind. Brief.
Lighthouse for blinded soldiers.
Survey, Oct. 14, 1915. v. 37 : 42-44.
School for the blind in Paris.
Lighthouse- for the blind in France.
Outlook for the blind, October, 1916. v. 10, no. 3, p. S2-S3.
Account of founding of the institution.
Lipson, E. A griculture after the war.
Fortnightly Review, January, 1917. v. 107: 100-113.
Logé, Marc. The physical reeducation of disabled soldiers. A visit to the
Grand Palais, in Paris.
W orld’s Work (London), Dec., 1916. v. 29: 27-35.
London. County council. Education committee. Trade training of the blind
in Germany.
London. The Council, 190S. 17 p.
Loomis, J. S. Occupations for the blind. T hesis submitted in the New York
School of Philanthropy, 1906-07. (N ot published.)
Liittjohann, Heinz. Die Aufgaben des Seelsorgers in der Kriegskrfippelpflege.
M onatsblatter ftir Invaliden- und Kriippelhilfe. Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 31-34.
M’Carthy, W. S. He refused to be downed.
American Magazine, December, 1916. v. 82 : 50-51.
B rief biography of a man who lost a hand and a foot.

d

MacDonald, E. S. Helping them to help them selves ; the work of the physically
handicapped and the native art of the emigrant.
H ouse Beautiful, December, 1916. v. 41: 16-19.
Description of some of the work done at the cement shop of the Massa­
chusetts General H ospital and the industries carried ou by the
M assachusetts Commission for the blind.
McMurtrie, D. C. Farm for crippled workers on the Panama Canal.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 2, no. 2, 1915. p. 94—102.
Hospital Farm at Corozal, Canal Zone, for laborers who become dis­
abled and insane in employ of Isthm ian Canal Commission and
Panama Railroad. Includes report o f adm inistration committee as
to organization of work, conditions of employment, etc.


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McMurtrie, D. C. German care for war cripples. A preliminary report.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 2, no. 1, 1915. p. 39-40.
General statem ent of organization of work in Germany.
------ Industrial school for the crippled and maimed at Charleroi, Belgium.
Maryland Medical Journal, Baltimore, 1912. v. 51: 21-23.
------ An industrial school for crippled soldiers at Lyon, France.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, December, 1915. v. 2:156-158.
------ Measures for the care of war cripples in Germany; plans for economic
rehabilitation.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, September, 1915. v. 2: 129-138.
------ Industrial training for cripples in Russia.
R eprint: Journal of Missouri State Medical Association, St. Louis, 1912.
v. 9:181-183.
------ Industrial training for war cripples. Illustrations of educational work in
France and Germany.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, March, 1917. v. 4: 16, and 8 plates.
------ Notes on the inception of care for war cripples in England and France.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, 1915. v. 2 : 86-89.
------ Placem ent of the crippled and handicapped by the Pennsylvania State
Bureau of Employment.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 253-264.
------ Provision for cripples in Belgium.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, September, 1916. v. 3: 121-125.
Industrial schools and colony at Charleroi, Belgium.
------ Provision for war cripples in Germany.
Canada. M ilitary H ospitals Commission, special bulletin, April, 1916. p .
93-98.
-— — Provision for war cripples in Germany. New York, Wood, 1915. 12 p.
Reprinted from M edical Record, New York, July 31, 1915. v. 88: 184-187.
------ A R ussian industrial training school for cripples.
American Journal of Care for Cripples. December, 1916. v. 3: 184-189.
Reprint from Journal of Missouri State M edical Association, St. Louis,
1916. v. 13 : 78-81.
Cripples 14-30 years of age are taught m anufacturing of orthopedic
apparatus, cabinet making, weaving, saddlery, tailoring, etc.
------ T raining for crippled boys and soldiers. Illustrations from the day’s work
at the H eritage School of Arts and Crafts, Chailey, Sussex, England.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, December, 1916. v. 3:169-170, and
12 plates.
Mansfield, Charlotte. Blind heroes and w hat we owe them.
Outlook for the Blind, October, 1916. v. 10: 79-82.
Teaching soldiers at St. D unstan’s, London.
Marin County (C al.). Arequipa sanatorium. Annual report. No. 1, 1911-12 to
date. Sanatorium where tubercular patients are taught to make pottery.
Mark, C. H. Special employment bureaus for the handicapped.
Charities and the Commons, Feb. 2, 1907. v. 17: 816-820.
At the time this article w as w ritten Chicago and New York were the
only cities in the United States in which special bureaus for the
handicapped were conducted, and both of these have since been dis­
continued.
Marlow, F. W. Invalided soldiers, medical problems in classification, treatment,
and final disposition of.
Canadian Practitioner and Review. October, 1916.


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M assachusetts Board of Education. Special report relative to training for
injured persons. February, 1917. 62 p. (H ouse No. 1733.)
Reviewed in Survey, May 12, 1917, p. 145-146.
M assachusetts, Commission on the adult blind. Report. Boston, 1906. 32 p.
(H ouse doc. 275).
Continuation of investigation begun in 1903. Recommends a permanent
Board for improving the condition of the blind, and among other things
that the “ Board shall serve as a bureau o f industrial aid, to find new
forms of employment for the blind, to aid them in finding work, and to
develop home industries among them .”
For résumé see Charities and the Commons, v. 15, p. 618-620, Feb. 3, 1908.
•------Commission to investigate condition o f adult blind. Report.
Boston, 1904. 14 p. (H ouse doc. 187.)
M attutat, Hermann. K riegsinvalidenffirsorge und soziale Gesetzgebung.
Sozialistisclie M onatshefte, Berlin, 1915. 1. Jahrgang, xxi, 487-491.
Medical treatm ent for disabled soldiers.
Nature, Dec. 14, 1916. v. 98: 293.
Men who come back from the front.
Survey, Aug. 5, 1916. v. 36: 487.
Milligan, L. E. Industrial education of the deaf, blind, and feeble-minded.
N ational Education Association. Proceedings, 1909. p. 885-889.
Mills, J. C. Profitable employment for the blind : M ichigan employment in sti­
tution for the adult blind.
World To-day, September, 1909. v. 17: 943-948.
Mohring, W alter. Lazarettw erkstatten.
Kriegsinvalidenffirsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 24—28.
Monatschau ffir Kriegskrfippelffirsorge.
Z eitschrift ffir krfippelffirsorge. 1915. v. 8: 240-244, 266-268.
R eview of noteworthy developments during September, 1915, in the
w elfare work for invalid soldiers.
Monrad, Margaret. R econstructing the cripple : a pioneer institution in Copen­
hagen, Denmark.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4:110-119.
Moore, H. E. Farm work for discharged soldiers. London, King, 1916. 31 p.
H ow soldiers may be assisted to secure livelihood in agricultural work,
and method by which State could aid.
Morgan, J. L. Factory run by crippled men.
Technical World, August, 1912. v. 17: 710-711.
Factory in K ansas City operated entirely by cripples who make arti­
ficial limbs.
Mosny, E. La rééducation professionnelle et la réadaptation au travail des
estropiés et des m utilés de la guerre.
B ulletin Académie de Médecine, Paris, Apr. 20,1915. 3d ser. v. 73 : 458-472.
Devoted principally to school at Lyon, France.
Moulton, R. H. Blind wizard of medicine and surgery.
Technical World, December, 1913. v. 20: 543-544.
Mugdan. D ie M itarbeit der Ârzte.
Zeitschrift ffir Krfippelffirsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8:181-183.
On the cooperation of the physician by more intensive study of orthopedia
and its application to war cripples coming under his care.
Muskat, Gustav. Copenhagen institution for cripples.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, September, 1914. v. 1:115-118.
SS09°—17----- 14

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Les M utilés dans la vie agricole.
La Nature, May 5, 1917. v. 45 : pt. 1. p. 278-283.
N ational school for m utilated soldiers.
Journal of the American M edical Association, 1915.

v. 64: 923.

Nepper, H. and Vallée. Reeducation of disabled soldiers.
Paris Médical, December 2, 1916. v. 6 : 501 ff.
New York (C ity) Charity organization society. Reports of special employ­
ment bureau for the handicapped.
Its Annual reports, 1905-6 to 1911-12.
The Bureau w as established April, 1906, and its work brought to a
close June 30, 1912.
------ United Hebrew Charities. Employment bureau for the handicapped.
Its Annual reports, 1909-10 to date.
Norman, Sir Henry. Report for the R ight Eton. D. Lloyd George, Secretary of
State for War, upon the treatm ent and training of disabled and discharged
soldiers in France. Paris, Oct. 12, 1916. (Confidential.)
An article by Mr. Percy Alden, based on this report, w as published in
“ P ro g ress” (B ritish Institute for Social Service) for January, 1917, and
reprinted in the U. S. Bureau of Labor S tatistics M o n t h l y R e v ie w for
June, 1917. v. 4 : 851-867.
New York (S ta te) Charities Aid Association. N ew York City V isiting Com­
mittee.
Annual reports, 1903-4 to date.
Its committee on employment has done much work in teaching handi­
crafts, etc., to inm ates of the city homes and hospitals.
Noppel, Constantin. K riegsbereitschaft und Friedensarbeit in der Krtippelfiirsorge.
Stimmen der Zeit, March, 1915. v. 88: 534-545.
Novê-Josserand and Bouget. Rééducation fonctionnelle des amputés du membre
supêrior pour les travaux de cultivateurs.
Paris Médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 479 ff.
Illustrated description o f devices in use to facilitate work on farms,
showing how the stump o f an arm can be utilized.
Nyns, A. Rééducation professionnelle d’apres les variétés d’impotences.
Paris Médical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 493 ff.
D ie Organisation der K riegsverletztenfürsorge.
Soziale P raxis und Archiv fiir Volkswohlfahrt. Berlin, 1915. v. 24 : 630-631.
A brief description of the organization o f w elfare work for war
cripples, w ith special reference to employment in various German
States.
Orr, H. W. Industrial education of the crippled and deformed.
American Journal of Orthopedic Surgery, Phila., 1912-13. v. 10:195-200.
Published also in W estern M edical Review, Omaha, Nebr., 1912. v. 17:
241-243.
Otis, E. O. The physically defective.
Journal of Sociologie Medicine, June, 1917. v. 18:191-210.
Résumé of the situation in the U. S., w ith some methods of dealing
w ith the problem.
Painter, C. F. Orthopedic hospitals and vocational training for cripples.
Lancet-Clinic, Cincinnati, 1913. v. 110: 226-230.


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P aris conference on the war cripple.
Lancet, May 19, 1917. v. 192: 776-778.
Organization and plan of work for war cripples.
Lancet, July 21, 1917. v. 193: 93-95.
L iteral translation of the resolution on which the sections of the con- ference agreed.
Pastur, Paul, and Caty, Louis. L’assistance aux estropiés par la creation
d’écoles d’apprentissage et d ’ateliers.
Abonnement Germinal, 4th année, no. 5, Gand, 1907.
Paterson, A. Problem of the discharged soldier.
19th Century, May, 1915. v. 77:1029-1040.
Pearson, Sir Arthur. The guiding and self-guidance of the newly blinded ;
Our blind soldiers ; Training as shorthand writers, etc.
B raille Review, A pril-June, July and November, 1915.
Account of the work at St. D unstan’s, London.
Peirson-Webber, Francis P. Profitable poultry farming.
Outlook for the Blind, April, 1915. v. 9: 5-6.
A soldier, blinded in war, gives an account of his success at poultry
farming.
Perrin. Professional reeducation o f maimed soldiers.
P aris Médical, July 29, 1916. v. 6: 96 f f ..
Persons, W. F. Special employment bureau.
New York (S ta te) Conference o f Charities and Correction. Proceedings,
1908. p. 93-103.
Le placem ent public en Grande-Bretagne pendant la guerre.
Circulaire du Secrétariat Général, no. 25, June 1, 1915.
Published by the A ssociation F rançaise pour la lutte contre la
chômage.
Planning futures of maimed soldiers.
Survey, Sept. 11, 1915. v. 34:527-528,
Plucky cripple A v h o overcomes obstacles.
Illustrated World, 1915. v. 24: 237.
Pour les m utilés de l ’ouie.
L’A ctualité Scientifique, Oct. 15, 1915. p. 173 fit.
Preparation for war cripples.
Survey, June 30, 1917. v. 38: 291, 297.
Institute for crippled soldiers, established in N. Y. by the gift of
Jeremiah Milbank.
Proceedings of the Federation of A ssociations for Cripples. M eeting of the
board of directors, June 12, 1917.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 : 335-344.
Includes report of employment secretary.
P rofessional classes war relief council, London, 1915. 22 p.
Progress made by jewelry-working class for cripples, started at N ew York and
supported by the Brearley League.
Jew eler’s Circular, 1911. v. 62: 63.
Providing for the maimed and crippled.
R eview of R eview s, October, 1916. v. 54: 439-440.
Brief, general article concerned w ith the kind o f training soldiers
should be given.


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Putnam, Mary L. Occupational provision for one type of the physically handi­
capped— cardiac convalescents.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, 1915. v. 2: 41-43.
Trade school for cardiac convalescents, Sharon, Conn.
Quelques méthodes de rééducation auditive.
Revue Générale de l ’Enseignem ent des Sourds-Muets, July-Septem ber, 1915.
Continued in the October and December issues.
Raschen, J. F. L. W hat Germany is planning to do w ith her crippled war
veterans.
Journal of Sociologie Medicine, 1915. v. 16: 118-121.
R eeducation and rehabilitation of maimed, crippled, and otherw ise disabled
soldiers.
Journal of the American M edical A ssociation, June 30, 1917. v. 68: 1993.
Continued in the issue of July 7, 1917. v. 69: 63-64.
Reeducation of crippled soldiers.
Journal of the American M edical A ssociation, v. 64. 1915.
N ational school at St. Maurice, France, p. 923.
Training of one armed persons ( Germany ), p. 1515-1516.
Care of w ar invalids, training, and employment (G erm any), p. 1341.
Société de rééducation des blessés . . . Pau, France, p. 1671.
R esults obtained at Lyon, p. 2152.
Journal of the American M edical A ssociation, v. 67, 1916.
School established by Union of Foreign Colonies, France, p. 297.
Maison Blanche, p. 891.
School of clock making, p. 892.
School at Tipperary, Ireland, p. 892.
B elgian school, p. 1031.
School at Troyes, p. 1173.
Training of the left hand of cripples, p. 1173.
Queen Mary’s Hospital, Roehampton, London, p. 1612.
Reeducation of wounded soldiers in Canada.
Manual Training, May, 1917. v. 18: 389-390.
La rééducation professionnelle des invalides de la guerre.
Revue Politique et Littéraire, R evue Bleue, Dec. 11-18,1915. v. 53: 609-621.
D iscussion by Leon Bourgeois, Brieux, and Dr. Bourillon at Les Con­
ferences de la Guerre.
Reeducating the wounded.
Literary D igest, Feb. 24, 1917. v. 54: 468-469.
Reeves, Edith G. Care and education of crippled children in the United States.
1914. 252 p.
Handwork and vocational training, p. 62-90.
D ie Regelung der Fürsorge fur Kriegsbeschädigte in Brandenburg, W estfalen
und Bayern.
Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, Mar. 20, 1915. v. 2: 101-106.
A Compilation of governmental regulation early in the war (up to
March, 1915) of w elfare work and vocational training in Branden­
burg, W estphalia, and Bavaria.
Regnier, P. Organisation scientifique de la rééducation professionnelle des
m utilés.
Revue Scientifique, Paris, 1916. v. 2 : 458-460.
Reidinger, J. Über Kriegs-Krüppelfürsorge mit besonderer Berücksichtigung
der Prothesenfrage.
Archiv für Orthopädie, Mechanotherapie, und U nfallchirurgie, W iesbaden,
1915. v. 14: 132-188.
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R itschl. Kriegskrüppel-Fürsorge.
Allgem eine Zeitung, Jan. 30, 1915. v. 118: 72-73.
•------Orthopädisches in der Verwundeten Behandlung.
Medizinische Klinik, Wien, 1915. v. 11: 12L-126; 159-162.
------ Zwölf Gebote zur Verhütung des Krüppeltunis bei unseren K riegsver­
wundeten.
Medizinische Klinik, Wien, 1915. v. 11: 162-163.
Roorbach, Eloise. Making pottery on the California h ills ; art as a tonic.
Craftsman, June, 1913. v. 24: 343-346.
Work at the Arequipa sanatorium, Marin County, California.
St. D unstan’s H ostel for blinded soldiers and sailors. Reports.
Report for year ended Mar. 31, 1917, reviewed in The Blind for July 20,
1917. v. 4: 571.
Savage, G. H. Mental disabilities for w ar service.
Journal of Mental Science, October, 1916.
Schasse, W. Schule und Handwerkstuben des Krüppelheims in Verbindung
m it der ärztlichen Tätigkeit.
Berliner K linische W ochenschrift, 1912. v. 49 : 1378.
Schellman, F. Kriegsbeschädigtenfürsorge und Arbeitsnachweis.
Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, Apr. 20, 1915. v. 2: 125-128.
Scholl, H. Praktische Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge.
Münchener medizinische Wochenschrift, Munich, Jan. 11, 1916.
Continued in the follow ing number.
School for war cripples in France.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, 1915. v. 2 : 46-47.'
B rief article on N ational convalescent institution, St. Maurice, France,
to be devoted to instruction of soldiers prevented by loss of limbs
from follow ing their former trades.
Schools and workshops for the blind . . . Papers by M. Anagnos and others.
n. p., 1905. A compilation.
Schools for soldiers w ith brain injuries.
Journal of the American M edical Association, Mar. 25, 1916. v. 66:969.
Brief.
D ie Schule für Kriegsverw undete in Düsseldorf.
Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, May 20, 1915. v. 2:171-172.
Schweining. D ie Fürsorge der H eeresverwaltung für die verkrüppelten Krieger.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8:142-149.
Paper read during the special congress of the German aid society for
w ar cripples in Berlin, Feb. 8, 1915, on the work done by the adminis­
tration of the army for the w elfare of crippled soldiers.
Settlem ents for B ritish soldiers. Plan.
Survey, May 19, 1917. v. 38:171.
Concerning the setting aside of 4,000 acres of land for disabled soldiers.
Shairp, L. V. Reeducation of disabled soldiers.
Edinburgh Review, January, 1917. v. 225:119-138.
E xtracts from this article are reprinted in the American Journal of
Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 : 201-211.
Sharon (Conn.) Trade school for cardiac convalescents. 1st annual report,
1913-14.
The convalescent home is now housed in one of the buildings of the W ini­
fred M asterson Burke foundation at W hite Plains, N. Y., and the work­
shop for graduates is located at 84 Lexington Ave., N. Y. City.
Later reports of the work are incorporated in the reports of the W inifred
M asterson Burke foundation.
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Shinn. Economic care of mental defectives.
Journal of the Medical Society of New Jersey, November, 1916.
Shorthand machine for the blind.
Technical World, June, 1914. v. 21: 551.
Sight to the blind.
Outlook, May 13, 1911. v. 98: 48-49.
Silberstein, Adolf. D as Kgl. Orthopädische R eserve-Lazarett Nürnberg.
Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915, p. 9-13.
Translated and reprinted in American Journal o f Care for Cripples,
June, 1917. v. 4:188-191.
------ Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge.
Würzburger Abhandlungen aus der Praktischen Medizin, 1915. v. 15, lieft 6,
p. 119-130.
------ K riegsinvalidenfürsorge und der staatliche Unfallfürsorge.
Würzburger Abhandlungen aus Praktischen Medizin, 1915. v. 15:135-148.
Silex. Neue W ege in der Kriegsblindenfürsorge.
Der Blindenfreund, Feb. 15, 1916. v. 36: 25-32.
Six representative undertakings (for the b lin d ).
Charities and Commons, Feb. 3, 1906. v. 15: 624-645.
Includes : Industrial in stitu te for the adult blind in Connecticut ; In­
dustrial home for the blind, Brooklyn ; W isconsin workshop for the
blind, M ilwaukee ; M ichigan employment institution for the blind,
Saginaw ; Indiana industrial home for blind men, Indianapolis ; E x­
periment station for the trade training of the blind. Boston.
Smith, K. How I made hands of my feet.
L adies’ Home Journal, Mar. 1. 1911. v. 2 8 :1 9 .
Solder, P., and Chartier, C. La rééducation motrice individuelle, collective et
mutuelle dans les impotences de guerre.
P resse Médicale, Paris, May 11, 1916. v. 24, no. 27.
Reeducation in the use of limbs.
Something to do— the new medicine.
Survey, Jan. 13, 1917. v. 37 : 431-432.
Committee on occupations is undertaking to provide teachers of handi­
crafts for the inm ates of the public hospitals and city homes of the
N. Y. Department of Public Charities.
Spiecker, D. D ie Aufgaben der Arbeitgeber.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 165-168.
Spitzy, H.
D ie Invalidenschulen.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, 1915. v. 8 : 71-74.
------ Organisation und Aufbau des Orthopädischen Spitales und der Invaliden­
schulen.
M edizinische Klinik, Berlin, Apr. 16, 1916. v. 12, no. 16.
Statem ent of the B ritish Columbia Returned Soldiers’ Commission, Victoria
Branch, showing number of soldiers reported, number applying for positions,
and number receiving employment.
Canada. Dept, of Labour. Labour Gazette, October, 1916. v. 16: 1604.
Brief.
D ie Stellenverm ittlung für K riegsinvalide in Freiburg im Breisgau.
Der A rbeitsnachweis in D eutschland, Aug. 20, 1915. v. 2: 223, 226.
Sténographie mécanique pour aveugles.
La Nature, Mar. 10, 1917. v. 45:159-160.


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Strauss, M. Paul. Rapport fa it au nom de la commission de l ’armée chargée
d’exam iner la proposition de loi adoptée par la chambre des députés, tendant
ä l ’obligation de la reeducation professionnelle des blessés et des m utilés
de la guerre appelés a bénéficier de la loi sur les pensions m ilitaires. (No.
261 Senat, Année 1916, Session ordinaire.)
Contains general review of the whole situation surrounding the return of
soldiers to civilian life and the law s under which th at return w ill be ad­
ministered.
Sudek, Richard. A rbeitsverm ittlung an Kriegsinvalide.
Oesterreichische Rundschau, W ien, 1915. v. 45: 49-55.
Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples,
June, 1917. v. 4 : 269-275.
Survey o f employment for war cripples.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, v. 3, 1916. p. 103.
B rief notice o f W innipeg and other cities in Canada survey w ith view '
of finding employment for crippled soldiers.
Syrup, Friedrich. D ie Fürsorge für K riegsverletzte gewerbliche Arbeiter.
Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik, September, 1915. v. 105:
339-363.
Taylor, D. Three poor devils.
N ew Republic, Jan. 6, 1917. v. 9 :263-265.
A visit to a French hospital.
Terrien, F. Remarques sur la rééducation des eveugles.
P aris Medical, Dec. 2, 1916. v. 6: 490 if.
Farm work for the blind.
Todd, J. L. A report on how France returns her soldiers to civilian life, Apr.
20, 1916. 281 mimeographed p. (N ot yet printed.)
Report to Gen. G. C. Jones, director o f medical services, Canadian con­
tingents.
L ist of authorities, Appx. G, p. 270-279.
R eviewed in U. S. Bureau o f Labor S tatistics Monthly Review, August, 1917.
v. 5: 105-110.
------ and Kidner, T. B. Retraining of disabled men.
American Medicine, May, 1917, n. s., v. 12: 380-384; 405-408.
Also published separately, 1917. 17 p.
Tompkins, Gilbert. Food growing for crippled workers— suggested plan.
American Journal of Care for cripples, v. 2 : 90-93.
Gardening by aid of movable working seats.
Trade education of maimed soldiers.
B ritish Medical Journal, June 10, 1916. p. 825-826.
School and Society, July 22, 1916. v. 4 :1 4 7 .
Account of the school of reeducation and the various organizations for
the assistance of m utilated soldiers, established in Bordeaux.
Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4:
251-252.
Trade schools for war cripples.
Journal of American Medical A ssociation, Jan. 8, 1916. v. 66:131.
Mentions briefly a number of schools w ith trades taught.
Training classes for the disabled being held in in stitu tes in London, Scotland,
and the provinces.
Recalled to life, June, 1917, p. 199-284.
Training cripples to be independent. The industrial home at Kensington.
Reprint: Charity Record, September, 1915.


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Training of disabled soldiers and sailors for electrical substation work.
Engineer (London), May 4, 1917. v. 123: 399.
Training of maimed soldiers.
Engineer (London), June 9, 1916. v. 121:472-^73.
Training of the w ar’s maimed, halt, and blind.
Scientific American, Nov. 6, 1915. v. 113: 401 if.
Treatm ent of men discharged from the army on account of neurasthenia.
Lancet, May 19, 1917. v. 192:778-779. (B rief.)
Training on agricultural tractors.
American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4 : 361-362.
T raining soldiers to run automobile plows, Troyes, France.
Tyng, Katharine. Survey of the Bellevue experim ent in preventive work for
cardiacs.
N. Y. (C ity) B ellevue and allied hospitals. Social Service Bureau. Re­
port, 1914. p. 13-37.
Ulbrich, Martin. D ie B erufsw ahl der Krüppel.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, 1912. v. 5:159-167.
------ W as muss ein Pfarrer von der K riegsbeschädigtenfürsorge wissen?
Hamburg, 1915.
------ W ie ich ein Handwerkheim für verkrüppelte Lehrlinge bauen würde.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, 1913. v. 6:110-116.
TJlbrich, Martin. Zur Kriegskrüppelfürsorge.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8 : 77-81.
Outline of occupations for which war invalids may be trained.
U. S. Adjutant General’s Office. Guide to civil employment for ex-soldiers.
W ashington, 1916. 124 p.
U. S. Bureau of the Census. The blind in the United States.
W ashington, 1917.
Occupations, p. 61-6 ; occupations and economic status, p. 141-151.
Appendix A, institutions for blind in the U. S., workshops, p. 318.
Valentin, Bruno. D ie W erkstätten im Kgl. Orthopädischen Reserve-Lazarett
Nürnberg.
Würzburger Abhandlungen aus dem Praktischen Medizin, 1915. v. 15:
149-165.
Translated and reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples,
June, 1917. v. 4:192-196.
Vaughan, Ernest. La rééducation professionnelle des soldats aveugles. Taris,
1915.
Villey, P. La réadaptation des soldats m utilés et aveugles a la vie utile.
Revue des D eux Mondes, Paris, 1915. 6. per. v. 29: 652-673.
Vitoux, Georges. L’A ssistance aux m utilés de la guerre.
Le P etit Parisien, Jan. 19, 1915.
Vocational reeducation of the Belgian war cripple.
Lancet, Mar. 17, 1917. v. 192: 430.
B rief description of the Belgian M ilitary In stitu te of Professional
Reeducation at Port Villerz.
Von den Invalidenschulen in W ien und Keidelberg.
Der A rbeitsnachweis in Deutschland, June 20, 1915. v. 2:199-200.
Von den Krüppeln— für die Krüppel.
Monatsblätter für Invaliden- und Krüppelhilfe, Leipzig, 1915. v. 1: 22-34 ;
44-47.
Series of articles w ritten by cripples who have become successfully
reeducated.


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Vulpius, O. Anmerkung zu den zw ölf Geboten von Prof, ititschl.
M edizinische Klinik, Wien, 1915. v. 11: 190.
W ait, W. B. Scotoic labor, or labor in the dark.
Charities, Oct. 20, 1906. v. 17:140-153.
Employment of the blind.
(T he) War Cripple; The M inistry of Pensions scheme.
Lancet, Mar. 10, 1917. v. 192: 393.
War cripples in A ustria and Germany.
Engineer (L ondon), Jan. 21, 1916. v. 121:64-65.
Account of the village known as “ Cripples Town,” on the outskirts of
Vienna. Originally a school for war invalids, it has grown to such
proportions that it has been taken over by the A ustrian war office.
Reprinted in American Journal of Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v.
4:244-250.
W arstat, W. D ie Zurückführung Kriegsbeschädigter ins tätige Leben als
letztes Ziel der Kriegsbeschädigtenfürsorge.
D ie Grenzboten, Berlin, 1915. v. 74: 214-219.
Weidner, Albert. Fürsorge für verstüm m elte Krieger in Würzburg.
München-Augsburger Abendzeitung, Jan. 21, 1915.
------ D ie Soziale R ettung der Kriegskrüppel.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Leipzig, 1915. v. 8: 50-53.
W eiss, Konrad. K riegsinvalidenfürsorge und schulische Massnahmen.
Kriegsinvalidenfürsorge, Würzburg, 1915. p. 36-45.
W hat I faced in my life.
L adies’ Home Journal, February, 1913. v. 3 0 :1 3 .
Autobiography of a crippled girl.
Work for the cripple to do.
Scientific American, June 30, 1917. v. 116: 638.
W ilden, Josef. Kriegsverletztenfürsorge des Handwerks.
Soziale P raxis und Archiv für Volks W o h lfa h rt, München, 1915. v. 24:
646-647.
W illiam s, John. Industrial training for crippled boys.
American Journal o f Care for Cripples, June, 1917. v. 4: 293-297.
Training for boys over 16 years of age, at Northampton Institute,
London.
W innie, A. J. Comp, history and handbook o f day schools for the deaf and
blind.
Madison (W is.), 1912. 130 p.
H istory of W isconsin schools.
W itowski. D ie M itwirkung der Arbeiterversicherung.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge. 1915. v. 8: 161-165.
On the cooperation of the social insurance system in making crippled
soldiers useful members of society.
Woldt, Richard. Der Industrielle Kriegskrüppel.
N eue Zeit, Apr. 2, 1915. v. 33: 26-30.
Work in France and Germany.
Recalled to Life, no. 1, June, 1917. p. 130-186.
Report by the Intelligence Department of the Local Government Board.
Workshop for the crippled.
Journal of the American Medical Association, May 26, 1917. v. 68:1568.
B rief account of the Union of the Foreign Colonies of France and the
institution for crippled soldiers at Grand Palais.


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Wüi'tz, Hans. D ie Erwerbschule.
M onatsblätter für invaliden und krüppelhilfe, 1915. hft. 1, p. 6-10.
------ Krüppeltum und Lebensfreude.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Hamburg, 1913, v. 6: 83-93.
A pedagogic treatise showing the necessity of instilling the cripple above
all w ith love for life and work in order to make him a useful member
of society.
------ D as K ünstlerische Moment im U nterricht und in der Ausbildung der
Krüppel.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Hamburg, 1912. v. 5 :167-174.
------ D ie Selbsttätigkeit als Prinzip in der Krüppelerziehung.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Hamburg, 1913. v. 6: 182-199.
------ D ie Schulabteilung der Berlin-Brandenburgischen Krüppel-Heil und Er­
ziehungs-Anstalt.
Z eitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge, Hamburg, 1913. v. 6 :1 3 9 ,1 4 6 .
-------Der W ille siegt. Ein pädagogisch-kultureller B eitrag zur Kriegskrüppel­
fürsorge. Berlin, 1915.
Zichy, Geza Graf. D as Buch des Einarmigen. R atschläge zur Aneigung der
Fähigkeit, mit einer Hand selbständig zu werden. 3. Aufl. Stuttgart, 1915.
Zehrfeld. W ohlfahrtseinrichtungen; soziale und w irtschaftliche Fragen der
Kriegsbeschädigtenfürsorge.
Soziale Kultur, August-Septem ber, 1915. v. 35 : 488-491.
G E N ER A L R E F E R E N C E S.

Charities and Commons, Feb. 3, 1906.
Devoted principally to problems o f employment of the adult blind.
T he American Journal of Care for Cripples.
“ The literature on the subject is scanty and scattered and much of it avail­
able only in foreign languages. T his Journal aims to make available
significant and authoritative literature dealing w ith provision for war
cripples. T he foreign m aterial w ill appear in English translation.”—
(Statem ent by the editor, D. C. McMurtrie, in the June, 1917, issue.)
The most pertinent articles, v. 1, June, 1917, are included in this bibli­
ography.
Recalled to Life. No. 1, June, 1917, to date. London, Bale.
A journal devoted to the care, reeducation, and return to civil life of dis­
abled sailors and soldiers, edited by Lord Charnwood.
Current numbers of th e follow ing periodicals contain much pertinent m aterial ;
Lancet. 1917. See index. Almost every number contains paragraph or more
on progress of movement.
Journal of American Medical Association.
A ssociation N ationale des M utilés de la Guerre. B ulletin. Paris.
Der Blindenfreund. Issues since the war have been devoted alm ost exclusively
to the subject.
Outlook for the Blind.
The Beacon.
The Survey.
Volta Review.
American Annals of the Deaf.
Zeitschrift für Krüppelfürsorge.


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INDUSTRIAL NOTES.
M ore W o m e n T h a n M e n a t W o rk i n G e r m a n y .— A special
census the first of March showed that in classified industries in Ger­
many the number of men at work was 3,962,625 and the number of
women at work was 3,973,457, as compared to an overplus of men in
January of 10,050.
— U n ite d S t a t e s C o m m e r c ia l A t ta c h é a t C o p e n h a g e n , J u n e 23, 1917.

M olders ’ U n i o n .— In the quarterly report con­
tained in the official journal of this organization for June, 1917, it
is stated that from the first of the year to the end of June 5,077
members were initiated and 4,158 were reinstated. The death rate
among members is said to be unusually high, and on the subject of
sickness the report is as follows:
I

n t e r n a t io n a l

Trade conditions were never better and w ages were never so high as during
the months of April, May, and June, 1917, yet, notw ithstanding these facts, w e
have paid to our members during the past three months the very large sum of
$50,657.80. This is the largest amount which has ever been paid in the same
months of the year, w ith the exception of April, May, and June, 1904, in which
quarter we paid out $52.448, or $1,790.20 more than in the quarter just past.
For the first six months of this year the total sick benefits paid to our members
is $101,989.60, which makes the grand total paid since January 1, 1S96,
$2,927,798.65.
— I n te r n a t io n a l M o ld e r s ' J o u r n a l, A u g u s t, 1917.

v

I n t e r n a t io n a l T y p o g r a p h ic a l U n i o n .— The following statistics
are taken from the annual reports of the officers of the International
Typographical Union for the year ending May 31, 1917:
Gross earnings of members, 12 m onths___________ $66, 652, 431. 00
Increase over preceding year_____________________
3, 940, 626. 00
Average earnings per member, 12 months_________
1, 086. 43
Increase over preceding year_____________________
4 5 . 25
Old-age pensions paid, 12 months________________
351, 505. 00
Mortuary benefits paid, 12 m onths_______________
298, 476. 88
Mortuary benefits paid beneficiaries of 42 members
killed in the w ar_____________________________
12,
225.00
Cost of maintenance of Union P rinters’ Home, 12
m on th s-----------------------------------------------------------123,
146.76
New buildings,repairs, and im provements_________
32,
239.61
Expenditures for strikes and lockouts during the
year----------------------------------------------------------------4,
684.50
— B u lle tin , I n te r n a t io n a l T y p o g r a p h ic a l U n io n , A u g u s t, 1917.


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M O N TH LY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS*

I n c r ea sed E a r n in g s i n t h e P r in t i n g T ra d e .—Based on the oldage pension and mortuary assessments of the union, which are paid
at the rate of a certain per cent on the earnings of the members, the
average annual earnings per member of the International Typo­
graphical Union for the years 1909 to 1917 are computed to be as
follows: 1909, $897; 1910, $953; 1911, $974; 1912, $992; 1913, $1,023;
1914, $1,042; 1915, $1,026.51; 1916, $1,041.18; 1917, $1,086.43.
— S u p p le m e n t to T y p o g r a p h ic a l J o u r n a l, A u g u s t, 1917.

E ig h t - H ou r D a y fo r A l a s k a .— The Territory of Alaska has gone
beyond any other State or Territory of the Union in the limitation
of the hours of labor, an act of May 5, 1917, providing that “ a period
of employment for all wage earners and salary earners in the Terri­
tory of Alaska shall not exceed eight hours within any one calendar
day, except in cases when life or property is in imminent danger.”
D is p u t e s I n v e st ig a t io n fo r H e l e n a , M o n t .— An agreement has
been signed by the Employers’ Association and the unions compos­
ing the Helena Trades and Labor Assembly and the Building Trades
Council which provides that all grievances and disputes between
employers and employed thereunder shall be referred to a committee
of 12 men, representing equally the two sides, before any strike, boy­
cott, secondary boycott, or similar action shall be taken or declared
by either side and before any person or place shall be bannered or
picketed. The parties affected shall enter into agreements governing
working conditions and wage scales, ratified by the unions and the
branch of the Employers’ Association under which they come, and
when so ratified the agreements shall be binding on all the members
of the unions and the association affected.
-— A m e r ic a n F e d e r a ti o n i s t , J u ly , 1917.

-M e t h o d s .—The addresses deliv­
ered by Mr. James H. Thomas and Mr. C. IV. Bowerman, prominent
members of the British Commission to the United States, before the
Committee on Labor of the Council of National Defense, are printed
in full in the American Federationist (Washington, D. C.) for June.
They describe the mobilization of labor for war service, labor con­
ferences with the Government, the safeguarding of trade-union
standards, and other phases of the cooperation which exists. Following the addresses the members of the committee were given the oppor­
tunity to ask questions, and Mr. Thomas, spokesman for the dele­
gation, answered them at length. A verbatim report of this business
of the meeting is appearing in subsequent issues of the magazine.
S t a te C o n t ro l of C oal T r a n spo r t i n G r ea t B r it a i n .— On the 8th
of September there goes into effect in Great Britain a system of
transporting coal by public railway for inland consumption, under
L abor W

ar

P


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215

the direction of the controller of coal mines, which, it is estimated,
will effect a saving in railway transport of not less than 700,000,000
ton-miles annually. As an organization designed to relieve trans­
port, the scheme is based on the issues (1) that the consumption of
coal should take place as near as possible to the producing point;
(2) that the movement of traffic should follow the main trunk lines
wherever possible and be in well-defined directions ; (3) that an area
producing less coal than suffices for its own needs should not send any
to other areas; and (4) that one producing more than it requires
should distribute it to adjacent or convenient areas.
-— E c o n o m is t { L o n d o n ) , J u l y U/, 1917.

M e r c h a n t S h i p b u il d in g i n A u s t r a l ia .— I t is probable that Aus­
tralia will build its own merchant ships. The prime minister and
the minister for the navy have had a conference with representatives
of the industrial organizations interested in shipbuilding, and pro­
posals made by the Government have been submitted to the labor
unions. The most important questions to be decided have to do with
piecework and the dilution of labor, that is, the employment of un­
skilled labor where necessary on account of shortage.
There is now on hand in Australia about 140,000,000 bushels of
wheat, and the amount for the next three or four years in excess of
Australia’s requirements will fluctuate between 120,000,000 and
240,000,000 bushels.
— C h r is tia n S c ie n c e M o n ito r , A u g u s t 9, 1917.

I n c r ea sed S a l a r ie s fo r G o v e r n m e n t E m p l o y e e s i n F r a n c e .— A
general demand for an augmentation of salary or an allowance to
meet the increased cost of living during the war was made recently
by the employees in the Government offices of France. The commis­
sion charged with the matter has drawn up a schedule based on
the following scale: 1. Employees receiving less than 3,600 francs
($694.80) per annum shall receive a daily allowance of 1.50 francs
($0.29) a day for a period of one year; 2. Employees receiving be­
tween 3,600 and 5,000 francs ($694.80 and $965) shall receive an
annual increase of 360 francs ($69.48). The first of these increases
will affect 354,000 employees and the second 16,000.


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— A n n a l is t ( N e w Y o r k ) , A u g u s t 13, 1917.

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OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR.
U N IT E D ST A T ES,

C o n n e c t ic u t ( H a r t f o r d ) . — J u v e n ile C o m m is s io n . E i g h t h a n n u a l r e p o r t to
th e m a y o r a n d c o u r t o f c o m m o n c o u n c il o f th e c i t y o f H a r t f o r d , C on n ., f o r
th e y e a r e n d in g A p r i l SO, 1917. H a r t f o r d , 1917, 48 p p .

Suggests very briefly the work being done by the comm ission in the interests
o f the children of Hartford. An appendix contains three addresses delivered
at the annual conference relating to vocational education, held in Hartford on
January 2, 1917, the subjects being, “ Providing democratic opportunities in the
high school,” “ Continuation classes in the H artford public high school,” and
“ Work among children in H artford.”
M a i n e .— D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr ie s . E x c e r p t f r o m
n ia l r e p o r t, 1 9 1 5 -1 6 . W a t e r v il l e , 1917. 83 p p .

th e th i r d b ie n ­

This report covers the work of the departm ent from July 1, 1914, to July 1,
1916. It states that 10,923 industrial accidents were reported to the industrial
accident commission since January 1, 1916, a special report of which w ill be
published la t e r ; that the M aine “ peonage ” law should be repealed since “ under
its provisions hundreds of men have been convicted and forced to serve a sen­
tence in jail for no offense other than being in d e b t; ” that complaints have
been received of employment agencies collecting fees in excess o f those au­
thorized by law for procuring em ploym ent; th at progress since 1914 in im­
proving factory conditions as respects danger of loss o f life in case of fire or
other disaster has been “ very u n sa tisfa cto ry ; ” th at there have been only a
few strikes of organized labor, and that the “ w age earners of Maine have been
employed more continuously at rem unerative w ages during the last two years
than ever before.”
A summary of six m anufacturing industries shows a total of 73,368 males
and 26,297 fem ales employed in 1916, w ith a pay roll amounting to $23,502,254.55. D uring the two-year period ending July 1, 1916, 2,057 industrial
accidents (35 fa ta l), in which the disability exceeded six days, were reported
by a large number of employers. More than h alf of the accidents as reported
occurred in the paper and pulp industry, the number being 1,052 (51.1 per cen t),
w hile 12.6 per cent occurred in foundries, iron, steel, and metal products, 12
per cent in tex tile industries, and 11.7 per cent in the lumber industry. Frac­
tures, bruises, crushings, lacerations, sprains, dislocations, burns, and scalds
were responible for about 72 per cent o f all accidents reported. About 59
per cent of those injured were in the 21 to 40 age group.
The report contains a directory of trades-unions and sim ilar organizations,
the results of a study of employment o f women in M aine stores, and a state­
ment of child-labor conditions in the State (both of these latter being noted
more fully on pages 117 to 119 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v i e w ) , and a
report of the State board o f arbitration and conciliation, which presents a brief
history of certain industrial disputes but gives no summary o f its activities.

216


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M a r y l a n d .— I n d u s t r i a l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n . S e c o n d a n n u a l r e p o r t f o r th e
y e a r N o v e m b e r 1 , 1915, to O c to b e r 81, 1916. B a l ti m o r e [1 9 1 7 ]. 62 p p .
T his report is noted on pages 110 to 113 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v i e w .
------ S t a t e B o a r d o f L a b o r a n d S t a t i s t i c s . I n d u s t r i a l d i r e c t o r y , 1917. B a l t i ­
m o r e , [1 9 1 7 1 . 1 8 3 pp .

A list of the m anufactories o f the State by counties and B altim ore City,
giving the names, street location, or post-office address of those engaged in the
various m anufacturing industries. The list includes 4,797 establishm ents in
B altim ore employing an average o f 111,585 w age earners and 2,295 establish­
m ents in the counties employing an average of 37,816 w age earners. T he total
value of the products of these factories is given as $540,326,000.
M a s s a c h u s e t t s .— B u r e a u o f S t a t i s t i c s . 1 6 th A n n u a l R e p o r t o f D i r e c t o r o f
L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n s in M a s s a c h u s e tts , 1917. L a b o r B u l l e t i n N o. 1 1 9 ( b e in g
p a r t 1 o f th e A n n u a l R e p o r t o f th e S t a t i s t i c s o f L a b o r f o r 1 9 1 7 ) . B o s to n ,
M a r c h 1 s t, 1 9 1 7 . 62 p p .

This edition consists of four d ivisions: (1) N ational and international organ­
izations, having one or more affiliated local unions in the United S tates; (2)
State, district, and trade councils, consisting of organizations composed of
delegates from local organizations w ithin a particular trade or group of trades,
or w ithin a definite district comprising more than a single city or tow n; (3)
central labor unions and local councils, composed of delegates from local
unions in the sam e locality; (4) local trade-unions, composed of w age earners
in a single locality directly associated in w hat may be called the “ unit body ”
of organization.
N e v a d a .— T h e L a b o r L a w s , c o m p ile d b y th e la b o r c o m m is s io n e r .
1 917. 52 p p .

C a r s o n C ity ,

Contains all labor law s enacted up to March 27, 1917, w ith citations, and is
issued in the belief th at “ this publication w ill give all interested in the work
of this department an opportunity to acquaint them selves w ih the satutory
provisions affecing the relation of employer and employee.” There is an index.
N e w J e r s e y — T h i r t e e n t h a n n u a l r e p o r t o f th e b o a r d o f t e n e m e n t h o u se s u p e r ­
v is io n o f N e w J e r s e y f o r th e y e a r 1916. T r e n to n , 1917. 45 p p . I l l u s tr a te d .

This report covers the year ending October 31, 1916. The report notes an
increased w illingness on the part of owners to comply w ith the tenement-house
law, as shown by the fact that in 1915 service of final orders to secure compli­
ance w ith the law w as required in 65 per cent of the cases, w hile in 1916 such
service w as required in only 47 per cent of the cases, although the number of
original notices w as 46 per cent greater than in the preceding year. A state­
ment of the outstanding activities of the board during the year includes the
fo llo w in g :
Approved 556 plans for the construction or conversion of tenem ent houses
and 230 plans for alterations.
Supervised the construction of 698 tenem ent houses constructed in accordance
w ith the provisions of the tenement-house law. These buildings were erected
at a cost of $9,852,000, and furnish living accommodations for 6,240 fam ilies, or
approxim ately 31,200 persons.
Made 19,462 inspections and reinspections of new-law tenem ent houses in
process of construction.
Served 1,440 notices and 930 orders directing the removal of violations found
in the construction of new-law tenements.
Made 56,772 inspections in the removal of old-building violations.
Served 17,477 notices and 9,008 orders for the removal of violations found to
exist in old tenem ent houses.


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Secured the removal of 62,717 violations charged against existing tenement
houses.
Caused the complete removal o f 87 back-yard privy vaults and the installa­
tion of 859 sanitary w ater closets.
Installed sash windows, measuring 3 by 5 feet, in the cross partitions of 3,811
interior rooms, so that dark rooms might borrow some degree of light and air
from the adjoining rooms.
Caused lights to be kept burning in the halls of 320 tenem ent houses.
Caused the placing of sinks and running w ater in 491 tenem ent houses, the
sink in each case being placed directly w ithin the apartment.
Forced the cleaning of 1,670 back yards and the removal of rubbish therefrom ;
the cleaning of 68 stables and 10 chicken houses.
Brought about the cleaning and painting or w hitew ashing of the w alls and
ceilings of halls and stairs of 7,952 tenem ent houses, and the cleaning of the wood­
work of the halls and stairs of 6,030 houses.
Caused the erection of fire escapes on 72 old tenem ent houses and 227 new
tenem ent houses, a total of 299 tenem ent houses equipped w ith fire escapes during
the year.
Investigated 1,666 com plaints in all parts of the State.
Referred to the attorney general for prosecution 16 cases in which the owners
o f tenement houses had neglected or refused to comply w ith the law ; in 8 of
the cases judgm ent w as secured.
Collected and turned over to the State treasurer $200 in fines and $41.87 in
costs, a total of $241.87.
The board recommends the enactm ent of legislation to strengthen the tenementhouse law by providing, among other things, that the minimum floor area per­
m itted in the living room of a new tenem ent house shall be 90 square f e e t ; that
sinks w ith running w ater shall be required w ithin each ap artm en t; that the
minimum penalty prescribed for violations of the act shall be $50; that, with
certain exceptions, fire escapes shall be required on all tenement houses three
stories or more in height. It is also proposed to extend the provisions of the
act respecting the removal of privy vaults, school sinks, etc., to houses occupied
by two fam ilies, and to make the terms of the act applicable to all buildings
occupied or intended to be occupied by three or more fam ilies.
N e w Y o r k .— D e p a r t m e n t o f L a b o r . I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n . H o o d s f o r r e m o v in g
d u s t, f u m e s , a n d g a s e s . S p e c ia l b u lle tin N o. 82, M a y , 1917, p r e p a r e d b y th e
d i v is io n o f i n d u s t r i a l h y g ie n e . A lb a n y , 1917. 23 p p . I l l u s tr a te d .
This bulletin is noted on pages 105 to 109 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v ie w .
O h i o .— I n d u s t r i a l C o m m is s io n .
D e p a r t m e n t o f i n v e s ti g a t io n a n d s t a t i s t i c s .
R e p o r t N o . 27. W o r k o f th e f r e e l a b o r e x c h a n g e s o f O h io f o r th e y e a r
e n d in g J u n e 30, 1916. C o lu m b u s , D e c e m b e r 15, 1916. 60 p p .

This report is noted on pages 156 to 158 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v ie w .
------- I n d u s tr ia l C o m m is s io n .
D e p a r tm e n t o f in v e s ti g a t io n a n d s t a t is ti c s .
R e p o r t N o . 29. I n f e c tio n s f o llo w in g in d u s t r i a l a c c id e n ts in O h io. C o lu m b u s,
M a r c h 1, 1917. 12 p p .
T his report is noted on pages 109 and 110 of this issue of the M o n t h l y R e v i e w .
FO REIG N C O U N TR IES.

A u s t r a l ia ( N e w S o u t h W
th e y e a r 1916.

a l e s ).-— D

e p a r tm e n t o f M in e s.

A n n u al re p o rt fo r

According to this report the total aggregate value of the m etals and minerals
produced in 1916 w as £10,975,742 ($53,413,448.44), which is an increase of 9.1
per cent over the preceding year. The largest single mineral produced was
coal, being 8,127,161 tons, valued at £3,336,419 ($16,236,683). It is estimated
th at 31,304 persons found employment in and about the mines in 1916; of this
number 16,892, or 54 per cent, were employed in connection w ith coal mines.
Thirty-four fatal accidents are recorded—three less than in 1915. Of this


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number 13 occurred at coal and shale mines and 14 a t silver, lead, and zinc
mines. E ighty-six persons were seriously injured (55 at coal m in es). The
number killed per 1,000 persons employed w as 0.77 in coal mines and 1.46 in
other mines, the fatality rate for all mines being 1.09. The accident rate for
all mines w as 3.83.
A report of the miners’ accident relief fund show s 22,497 contributors during
the year. The income amounted to £56,965 12s. 6d. ($277,223.21), of which
38.5 per cent w as received from employees, 19.8 per cent from owners, 19.8 per
cent from the Government, and 21.8 per cent from other sources. The accidents
reported to the fund during 1916 were 44 fa tal and 3,939 nonfatal. This is
10 more fatal accidents than is reported as having occurred in mines during
the year, the explanation probably being th at these 10 actually occurred in the
preceding year. The expenditures for the year included funeral allowances,
£516 ($2,511.11), relief paid to relatives of deceased persons, £18,726 ($91,130.08), and relief paid to persons disabled, £32,239 ($156,891.09). The al­
low ances payable on December 31, 19.16, in respect of fa ta l accidents and cases
of permanent disablement were at the rate of £33,995 ($165,436.67) per annum.
C a n a d a ( A l b e r t a ) . — D e p a r t m e n t o f P u b lic
E d m o n to n , 1 9 1 7 . 455 p p . I l l u s t r a t e d .

W o rk s.

A nnual

r e p o r t,

1916.

One report included in this volume is that of the chief inspector of m ines made
under date of February 15, 1917. It is stated that the quantity of coal produced
in 1916 by 279 m ines exceeded the output in 1915 by 1,213,713 short tons, or an
increase of 3.5 per cent. There were 7,570 employees in 1916, making a total of
614 tons mined per capita, which is an increase of 15.4 per cent over 1915.
The report notes 20 fatal, 51 serious, and 34 slight accidents during 1916, a
total o f 105, or an increase of 25 per cent over the preceding year. For each
fatal accident recorded 232,430 tons of coal were mined. These figures indicate
an accident frequency rate o f 13.87 and a fatality rate of 2.64 per 1,000 men
employed. Seven of the fa ta l accidents are ascribable to haulage, w hile 20 of
the nonfatal were due to haulage and 31 were due to falls of rock and coal.
Sixty per cent of all accidents were due to these two causes. There were 38
prosecutions under the mines act and 36 convictions were secured, the penalties
am ounting to $460.
G r e a t B r i t a i n .— B o a r d o f T r a d e .
L o n d o n , 1917. 4 PP- P r i c e I d .

O u tp u t o f c o a l in th e

U n ite d

K in g d o m .

T his leaflet shows the estim ated quantities of coal raised in the United King­
dom in each quarter of 1916 as compared w ith particulars for the corresponding
periods of 1915 and 1914, the amount of tim e lost at coal mines through
general holidays in 1914, 1915, and 1916, and the output, exports, and consump­
tion of coal during 1913, 1914, 1915, and 1916. The total number of tons raised
in 1916 w as 255,S46,000 as compared w ith 253,179,000 in 1915 and 265,643,000
in 1914. In 1916, 42,013,000 tons were exported.
------ H o m e D e p a r tm e n t. S u m m e r tim e c o m m itte e . R e p o r t o f th e c o m m it­
te e a p p o in te d b y th e S e c r e ta r y o f S t a t e f o r th e H o m e D e p a r tm e n t to
in q u ir e in to th e s o c ia l a n d e c o n o m ic r e s u lt s o f th e s u m m e r tim e a c t, 1916,
a n d to c o n s id e r ( i ) iv h e th e r i t is a d v is a b le t h a t s u m m e r tim e s h o u ld be
r e in tr o d u c e d in 1917 a n d in s u b s e q u e n t y e a r s , a n d i f so ( i i ) w h e t h e r a n y
m o d ific a tio n s in th e a r r a n g e m e n ts a r e r e q u ir e d , a n d (H i) b e tw e e n w h a t
d a te s s u m m e r tim e s h o u ld b e m a d e o p e r a tiv e . L o n d o n , F e b r u a r y 22, 1917.
2 8 p p . P r ic e 3 d .

This report relates to the experience in Great B ritain of the daylight-saving
plan in operation in 1916 and concludes, from the evidence received from em­
ployers and from work people, that such plan is desirable, is beneficial to busiSS09°—17-----15

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ness and to tlie home life from the standpoint of health and economy, and
should be continued. Among the farm ers only w as there conflict of opinion as
to the value of the daylight saving scheme, but in spite of the difficulties re­
corded, it appears that a very large m ajority o f them favored the act. In fact,
the committee sums up the evidence submitted to it by statin g that the “ vast
preponderance of opinion throughout Great B ritain is enthusiastically in favor
of summer tim e and of its renewal— not only as a war measure, but as a per­
manent institution,” and suggests that the period of operation should be from
the second Sunday in April to the third Sunday in September of each year.
G b e a t B r i t a i n .— R e p o r t s o f th e c h ie f r e g i s t r a r o f f r i e n d l y s o c ie t i e s f o r th e y e a r
e n d in g 3 1 s t D e c e m b e r , 1915. P a r t B : I n d u s tr ia l a n d P r o v i d e n t S o c ie tie s .
L o n d o n , 1917. x , 120 p p . P r i c e 5s.
------ R e p o r t s o f t h e C h ie f R e g i s t r a r o f F r i e n d l y S o c ie tie s f o r t h e y e a r e n d in g
3 1 s t D e c e m b e r , 1 916. P a r t A : G e n e r a l r e p o r t . L o n d o n , 1917. v i i , 138 p p .
P r ic e I s . 3 d ., n e t.
N e t h e r l a n d s .— D e p a r t m e n t v a n L a n d b o u w , N i j v e r h e i d e n H a n d e l. O v e r z ic h t
v a n d e r V e r s la g e n d e r K a m e r s v a n A r b e i d o v e r 1916. T h e H a g u e , 1917.
L X I V , 5, 59 p p .

Annual report issued by the D utch Departm ent of Agriculture, Commerce
and Industry, relative to the number of and membership in workmen’s and em­
ployers’ associations in Netherlands for the year 1915.

UNOFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS RELATING TO LABOR.
A s s o c ia t io n o f C h a m b e r s o f C o m m e r c e o f t h e U n it e d K in g d o m . M o n th ly
p r o c e e d in g s . R e p o r t o f m e e tin g o f e x e c u t i v e c o u n c il, F e b r u a r y 7, 1917.
P a r l ia m e n t M a n s io n s , V i c t o r i a S t ., L o n d o n , S ¥ . , F e b r u a r y , 1917. p p . 359
to 3 8 8 .
------ R e p o r t o f p r o c e e d in g s a n d r e s o lu tio n s a d o p t e d a t th e 5 7 th a n n u a l m e e tin g ,
M a r c h 2 0 a n d 2 1 , 1917. P a r l ia m e n t M a n s io n s , V icto ria . S t., L o n d o n , S W .,
1 917. 1 3 6 p p .

The first contains the letter and resolutions on im perial preference, sub­
m itted to the prime m inister by the comm ittee on commercial and industrial
policy, Lord Balfour, of Burleigh, chairman.
The second is the report of the annual m eeting of the association, represent­
ing more than 100 chambers of commerce, and constitutes a consideration of
present and after-the-war problems from the employer’s standpoint. Among
the subjects dealt w ith are the follow ing: Cooperation between capital and
labor, excess profits duty, taxation after the war, Government contracts and
wage increases, preservation of trade secrets, and the national service act, the
la st of which is intended to provide labor for depleted industries. The report
includes addresses by the m inister of labor, the president of the board of trade,
and the adm inistrator of th e national service act.
B r o c k , F r it z H a n s o n .
s h r i f t f o r p o l it i k ,
1 4 5 -1 6 3 .)

K a m p e n m o t a r b e t s l o s h e t e n ( I n S t a t s v e t e n s k a p l i g tid s t a t i s t i k , e k o n o m i. L u n d , V o l. 20 , J u n e , 1917. p p .

A discussion o f “ the fight against unemployment,” appearing in the Swedish
Economic Journal, o f June, 1917. The author states that there has been a tardy
recognition of the problems o f unemployment and consequently of m easures
to combat its evils, and that an intelligent understanding of the fluctuations
of the labor market is required. H e also advocates the establishm ent of labor
exchanges, the adm inistration of which is highly important, as “ unemploy­
ment is the most difficult problem in adm inistrative technique and of social
p o litic s; ” unemployment in su ran ce; well-regulated relief works and the pur-


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chase of public supplies at times of ordinary d ep ression ; greater application of
industrial education in the direction of less specialization. The ideas of
Kropotkin (Fields, factories, and workshops, 1913) for alternating work in
the petty workshop and in the fields are quite suggestive in this connection.
B u t l e r , C. V.
D o m e s tic s e r v ic e . A n in q u ir y b y th e W o m e n ’s I n d u s t r i a l C o u n ­
c il.

L o n d o n , G. B e ll & S o n s, L td .

1916.

U /S p p .

P r i c e I s . 3d . n e t.

A report compiled from 708 schedules received from employers, 566 schedules
received from domestic servants, and some hundreds o f letters in an attempt
to weigh im partially the “ frequently conflicting accounts and opinions ” of this
vexed question from both the personal and the industrial aspect. Under the
first head the personal drawbacks most often urged against service, both by
employers and servants and their relatives, appear to be lack of liberty, o f
companionship, and of outside interests, together w ith the loss of caste which it
is said to involve. “Among the m istresses and m aids who w rote to the
W omen’s Industrial Council there w as a general feeling that lack of companion­
ship, or lack of congenial companionship, w as one of the great drawbacks of
service as compared w ith other occupations, especially among the very young
and the middle-aged workers. To a certain exten t this w as felt to be inevitable.
To a much larger exten t it w as thought to be remediable.”
The “ social stigm a ” is in theory an entirely unnecessary stumblingblock to
service. It can not, however, be moved by lo ftily ignoring it, for “ working
girls ” choose their occupation in life at the age at which girls of any class in
life are apt to care most about w hat “ people,” namely, their own equals, think.
The remedy lies partly in fostering public opinion. * *■' * B ut the status
of the servant w ill be raised much more effectively by improvement from within,
by better methods of training, by establishing a standard of efficiency for the
servant in the middle-class house; still more by recognizing the servants’ right
to a definite time to them selves.
Under industrial aspects of domestic service are considered its organization,
standards of efficiency, and wage-earning power, together w ith its prospects.
Lady W illoughby de Broke contributes a chapter from the standpoint of the
som ewhat liberal employer.
C h a m b e r o f C o m m e r c e o f t h e U n it e d S t a t e s .
p a y r o lls . W a s h in g to n , D . C. M a y 31, 1917.

R e p o r t o f c o m m itte e 071 w a r
8 pp .

The report of an investigation, made at the request of the Council o f National
Defense, as to the best means of dealing w ith the problem of the maintenance
of soldiers’ and sailors’ fam ilies. Appended are the schedules of separation
allowances in Great B ritain and Canada.
C o m m o n w e a l t h C l u b o f C a l if o r n ia .
T h e h e a lth i n s u r a n c e a m e n d m e n t.
T r a n s a c tio n s , v o l. X I I , N o. 4- S a n F r a n c is c o , 1917. pp . l l f t - 2 0 2 .

At the request of the State Commission on Social Insurance, th e Common­
w ealth Club o f California assisted in the investigation of the subject of health
insurance which resulted in the constitutional amendment that is to be passed
upon at the general election in November, 1918. The arguments for and against,
from the standpoint of employer, of employee, and of taxpayer, presented to the
club in May of the present year, have been published as the pamphlet of 56
pages, here noted.
F

is h e r ,

I r v in g . T h e r a t i o c h a r t f o r p l o tt i n g s t a t i s t i c s . R e p r i n t e d f r o m Q u a r­
t e r l y P u b lic a tio n s o f A m e r ic a n S t a t i s t i c a l A s s o c ia tio n , J u n e , 1917. p p . 577
to 601.
The ordinary chart is adapted to d if f e r e n c e comparisons rather than to r a tio

comparisons, whereas the statistician is usually concerned w ith the latter far
more than w ith the former. The object of this article is to make clear the con­
struction and to point out in some detail the various uses and advantages of the


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ratio chart, whose “ extrem e sim plicity,” the author believes, is not yet realized.
The pamphlet contains 18 illustrations and a bibliography.
G r a y , H e r b e r t B., a n d T u r n e r , S a m u e l .
C o. ( L t d , ) , 1916. 316 p p .

E c lip s e o r e m p ir e ?

L on don , N is b e t &

An appeal to the B ritish man in the street to make his country once again
“ the workshop of the world ” by the study and application of science, by tech­
nical education, by increased individual effort. In a glossary of 178 pages are
given brief histories of various articles of manufacture, showing how the value
and u tility of ideas and inventions have been more quickly “ appreciated, appro­
priated, and applied ” in other lands than Great Britain. The authors urge
above everything else a new system of education, on which “ vested interests,
tradition, and prejudice have for many generations laid heavy and paralyzing
hands.”
H

ahn,

J u l i u s . I la n d b u c h d e r K r a n k e n v e r is c h e r u n g n a c h d e r R e ic h s v e r is c h e r u n g s o r d n u n g , d e n N e b e n g e s e tz e n u n d d e n A u s f iih r u n g s v o r s c h r if te n . V o l. 1 ,
B e r lin , 1915. X X X V I , 881 p p .

A detailed commentary on those parts of the German W orkmen’s Insurance
Code which relate to sickness insurance. The present volume of this work com­
m ents on the provisions of books 1 and 2 of the Insurance Code dealing w ith
general insurance jirovisions and sickness insurance respectively. A second
volume, w hich w ill cover the rem aining parts of the code dealing w ith sickness
insurance, is still in preparation.
H

ew es,

A m y , a n d W a l t e r , H e n r ie t t e R . W o m e n a s m u n itio n m a k e r s : a s t u d y
o f c o n d itio n s in B r i d g e p o r t , C on n . M u n itio n w o r k e r s in E n g la n d a n d
F r a n c e ; a s u m m a r y o f r e p o r t s is s u e d b y th e B r i t i s h M i n i s tr y o f M u n itio n s .
N e w Y o r k , R u s s e ll S a g e F o u n d a tio n , 1917. 158 p p . 75 c e n ts n e t.

A brief investigation conducted during the summer of 1916 among the women
employed in the largest m unitions plant in Bridgeport, Conn., for the purpose
of discovering the effect upon them of the changed conditions of living and
working. The questions covered working conditions, hours, w ages, and home
conditions. One hundred and eighteen girls and women were interview ed and
certain inform ation w as obtained for 47 others.
Evidence show s that the working conditions of the women interview ed in
Bridgeport during the summer of 1916 were sim ilar in many respects to those
under which English women worked for the first year or more of the war w ith
such bad effects upon them selves and upon efficiency of production. * * *
It is in the hope that this country may avoid a breakdown in the health of its
women workers and a sacrifice of hard-gained labor law s to protect them, as
w ell as the results to health and morals of congested living, that this study
is offered.
The second h alf of th is volume is devoted to a summary of the B ritish reports
on munition workers in England and France.
H

o ffm a n ,

F r e d e r ic k L . A plea \ a n d a; p la n f o r th e e r a d i c a t i o n o f m a la r ia
th r o u g h o u t th e W e s t e r n H e m is p h e r e .
N e w a r k , N . J ., P r u d e n t i a l P r e s s ,
1917. 65 p p . D ia g r a m s .

Address to the N ational Committee (o f the United States) on M alaria Eradi­
cation, of w hich the author is a member, organized in accordance w ith the re­
quest of the Second Pan American Scientific Congress, held in 1916, that “ the
American Republics inaugurate a well-considered plan of m alaria eradication
based upon the recognition of the principle that the disease is preventable to a
much larger degree than has thus far been achieved.”
J o u rn a l des

R e v i e i o M e n s u e lle d e la S c ie n c e E c o n o m iq u e e t d e
Y v e s - G u y o t, E d i t o r i n c h ie f. 7 6 A n n é e . J u n e 15, 1917.

É c o n o m is t e s .

la S t a t i s t i q u e .
3 2 1 -^ 8 0 p p .

T his issue contains discussions on the follow ing subjects: Control of manu­
factures for war, economic aspects of “ dumping,” the B ritish Trade Corpora-


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tion, German estim ate of German public w ealth, an inventory of the resources
of B ritish colonies, French-Italian economic cooperation, increase in railroad
freight rates, financial and economic situation in U ru g u a y ; and under the title
“ Review of the Academy of Moral and P olitical Science ” the follow ing sub­
jects are review ed : The European war and the economic relations of Sw itzer­
land w ith its neighbors, economic life in R ussia, w ar statistics, etc.
K

S. A d o l p h u s . M a t e r n i t y in s u r a n c e a s a m e a n s to le s s e n th e d is e a s e a n d
d e a th r a t e o f m o th e r s a n d c h ild r e n . R e p r i n t e d f r o m th e M e d ic a l R e c o r d ,
M a y 26, 1 9 1 1 . N e w Y o r k , W i l li a m a n d W o o d Co. 1917. IS p p .

n o pf,

------ P r e v e n t i v e m e d ic in e a n d b ir th c o n tr o l.
81 F u lto n S t r e e t , N e w Y o r k , A p r il, 191 7 .

R e p r i n t f r o m th e M e d ic a l T im e s ,
15 p p .

A brief for birth control presented to the Society of M edical Jurisprudence
New York. Dr. Knopf is a professor in the New York Postgraduate Medical
School and H ospital, and is visitin g physician to the R iverside Hospital-Sana
torium for the Consumptive Poor of the H ealth Department o f N ew York City.
N a t io n a l A m a l g a m a t e d U n io n of L abor ( U n it e d K in g d o m ) . R e p o r t a n d b a l­
a n c e s h e e t f o r q u a r te r e n d in g M a r c h 31, 1917. N e w c a s tle - o n - T y n e , R ic h a r d
M a y n e , 1917. 78 p p .

The general secretary’s report discusses briefly th e organization of women,
and voices the objections of unskilled labor to the “ trade-card ” scheme of
exem ption from m ilitary service of skilled labor needed in industry.
— — T w e n f y - s e v e n th a n n u a l r e p o r t a n d f in a n c ia l s t a t e m e n t f o r th e y e a r e n d in g
D e c e m b e r 3 1, 1916.
106 p p.

N e w c a s tle - o n - T y n e , C o o p e r a tiv e P r i n t in g S o c ie ty , 1917.

Illustrative of the fact th at measures adopted since the outbreak of Avar
for the settlem ent of industrial disputes have very largely reduced their number
and, consequently, the amount expended in union benefits, is the statem ent that
in 1916 this union spent less than £173 ($841.90) on lockout benefits, in con­
trast to amounts close upon £10,000 ($48,665) expended in certain earlier years.
N a t io n a l F ir e P r o t e c t io n A s s o c ia t io n . P r o c e e d in g s o f 2 1 s t a n n u a l m e e tin g ,
W a s h in g to n , D . C., M a y 8 to 10, 1917. E x e c u ti v e office, B o s to n , 87 M ilk
S t., 1 9 1 7 . 4 2 8 p p .

Includes among others tim ely articles on ammunition manufacture, as fol­
low s : Processes and hazards of artillery and small-arms ammunition manu­
facture, by W. D. Milne, Inspector U nderw riters’ Bureau of Neiv E n glan d ;
State regulation of ammunition storage and manufacture, by Francis D. P atter­
son, chief division of industrial hygiene and engineering, Department of Labor
and Industry, P en n sy lv a n ia ; and Transportation of explosives, by B. W. Dunn,
chief inspector, Bureau of E xplosives, NeAV York.
N a t io n a l U n io n o f W o m e n W o r k e r s . H a n d b o o k a n d r e p o r t o f th e N a tio n a l
C o u n c il a n d U n io n o f W o m e n W o r k e r s o f G r e a t B r i t a i n a n d I r e la n d .
L o n d o n , P a r l ia m e n t M a n s io n s , V i c t o r i a S t r e e t S W ., 1 9 1 6 -1 7 . 191 p p .
P r ic e , I s . n e t.

Largely taken up w ith lists of committee members and subscribers, consti­
tutions, and standing orders, but containing much interesting m aterial on the
work done by the various comm ittees of this organization of women.
O h io S t a t e U n iv e r s i t y . C o l l eg e o f E n g in e e r i n g . C o n g r e s s o f h u m a n e n g i­
n e e r in g . P r o c e e d in g s . O h io S t a t e U n iv e r s i t y B u lle tin , V o l. X X I , N o . 12.
J a n u a r y , 1 9 1 7 . 160 p p .

The addresses delivered at a three days’ conference in October, 1916, called
by the College of Engineering of the Ohio State U niversity “ to bring together
some of the noted men of the country who have made a study of the human
factor in industry in contradistinction to the m aterial side.” The speakers
included employers, labor leaders, teachers, and social workers.


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224

M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.

I. M. M e d ic a l b e n e fits u n d e r w o r k m e n ’s c o m p e n s a tio n . I n J o u r n a l
o f P o li t ic a l E c o n o m y ( U n iv e r s i t y o f C h ic a g o P r e s s ) , J u n e ( p p . 5 8 0 -6 2 0 )
a n d J u l y ( p p . 7 0 4 - 7 4 1 ) , 1017.

R u b in o w ,

A compensation law may best be judged by the degree in which it accom­
plishes its purpose to compensate the injured workman or his dependents. In
the belief that the tim e has come for a comparison of the “ essential, organic
provisions ” of the acts in force in the various States, since “ their effects upon
the economic status of the working class are beginning to be fe lt,” the present
careful study of their provisions for medical benefit has been made. Though
the movement for accident compensation started in this country only after
some 20 years of European experience w as available, the legislation enacted is
“ of such bewildering variety that hope for uniform ity seems farther removed
now than it w as seven years ago.” That some progress has been made is evi­
dent from the fact that 8 of the 37 acts in force at the close of 1918 granted
medical aid w ithout any tim e lim it and w ithout any money limit.
S e t o n -W a t s o n , It. IV., a n d o t h e b s . Th e w a r a n d d e m o c r a c y . L o n d o n , M a c ­
m illa n , 1 9 1 6 . 390 p p . M a p s a n d b ib lio g r a p h ie s . P r ic e , 2 s. n e t.

Instructive essays on the causes and possible results of the war, first pub­
lished in 1914, by It. W. Seton-W atson, author of various books on the races of
E u rop e; J. Dover W ilson, late lecturer In the U niversity of H elsingfors, F in ­
land ; Alfred E. Zimmern, late fellow and tutor o f N ew College, O xford ; and
Arthur Greenwood, lecturer in economics at the U niversity o f Leeds. D e­
voted largely to international politics, but contains a chapter of about 50 pages
by Mr. Greenwood on the social and economic aspects o f the struggle, in
which are described the large measures of control by which the B ritish Gov­
ernment averted a commercial deadlock and adapted the country to a condition
of war.
In a month B ritain came nearer than ever before to being a cooperative
commonwealth. It has been realized th at industry and commerce are not pri­
marily intended as a field for exploitation and profit, but are essential national
services in as true a sense as the army and navy. The com plexity of the modern
economic world and the large individual gains which have been made in it have
obscured the fact that the economic structure ex ists to serve'th e needs of the
community. It w as recognized by the Government, at any rate to some ex­
tent, that the success of our armies in the field would be nullified if, in the
economic sphere, the production of commodities and services w ere seriously
dim inished and if their interchange were hampered in a large degree. People
have felt that the spinner, the miner, the weaver, the m achinist are all by fol­
low ing their occupations perform ing a valuable service to the community. How
far this attitude of mind w ill persist after the war, when normal conditions
in industry and commerce gradually return, remains to be seen.
T iix y a k d , F r a n k a n d H a m n e t t , F . H . L e g a l h in ts f o r s o c ia l w o r k e r s . 4 th
e d itio n . L o n d o n , N a tio n a l U n io n o f W o m e n W o r k e r s , P a r l ia m e n t M a n sio n s ,
W e s t m in s t e r , 1 9 1 6 . 64 PP • P r ic e , 6d .

A revision by F. H. Ham nett, member of Poor Man’s Lawyer, Toynbee Hall,
London, of an earlier work by Frank Tillyard, lecturer on industrial law at the
U niversity of Birmingham. The pamphlet gives inform ation as to w here legal
advice and assistance for the poor may be obtained, the courts in which the
poor may secure legal remedies, and methods of friendly intervention, com­
promise and arbitration. It contains a brief summary of the main provisions
of the law on m atters of most practical interest to social workers.
T r u m b u l l , F r a n k . A m e r ic a n is in g i n d u s t r i a l w o r k e r s v i t a l l y i m p o r ta n t t a s k
o f to -d a y . R e p r i n t f r o m M a n u f a c tu r e r s R e c o r d , A p r i l 5, 1917. 3 p p .

An appeal for a w iser, a safer, and a more humane method of m eeting the
problem of the alien, by the chairman o f the im migration comm ittee of the
Chamber of Commerce of the United States.


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MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
W

225

, W i l l i a m F. a n d o t h e r s .
T h e s y s t e m o f fin a n c ia l a d m in is tr a t io n
o f G r e a t B r i t a in . P u b lis h e d f o r th e I n s t i t u t e f o r G o v e r n m e n t R e s e a r c h .
N e w Y o r k a n d L o n d o n , A p p le to n , 1917. 362 pp .

il l o u g h b y

This is the first volume in the series of “ Studies in administration ” con­
templated by the Institute for Government Research. It comprises the ex­
haustive report of a study of the British system of financial administration
made under the auspices of the Rockefeller Foundation by a commission com­
posed as follows: William F. Willoughby, professor of jurisprudence and
politics, Princeton University ; Westel W. Willoughby, professor of political
science, Johns Hopkins University ; and Samuel McCune Lindsay, professor o f
social legislation, Columbia University.


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SER IES OF BULLETINS PUBLISH ED BY THE BU R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
[T h e p u b lic a tio n

o f th e A n n u a l a n d S p e c ia l R e p o r ts a n d o f th e

b im o n th ly

B u lle tin

has

b e e n d is c o n tin u e d , a n d s in c e J u ly , 1912, a B u lle tin h a s b e e n p u b lis h e d a t ir r e g u la r in te r v a ls .
E ach num ber

c o n ta in s m a tte r d e v o te d

to o n e o f a s e r ie s o f g e n e r a l s u b je c ts .

T h e s e B u lle ­

ti n s a r e n u m b e r e d c o n s e c u tiv e ly in e a c h s e r ie s a n d a ls o c a r r y a c o n s e c u tiv e w h o le n u m b e r ,
b e g in n in g

w ith N o . 101.

A

lis t o f th e s e r ie s , to g e th e r w ith

th e in d iv id u a l B u lle tin s fa llin g

u n d e r e a c h , is g iv e n b e lo w . A l i s t o f t h e R e p o r ts a n d B u lle tin s o f t h e B u r e a u
t o J u l y 1 ,1 9 1 2 , w ill b e f u r n is h e d o n a p p lic a tio n .]

W holesale
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.

Prices.
Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1912. (Bui.
Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1913. (Bui.
Index numbers of wholesale prices in
tries. (Bui. 173.)
No. 4. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1914. (Bui.
No. 5. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1915. (Bui.
No. 6. Wholesale prices, 1890 to 1916. (Bui.

is s u e d p r io r

114.)
149.)
the United States and foreign coun­
181.)
200.)
226.)

[In press.]

R etail Prices and Cost of Living.
No. 1. Retail prices, 1890 to 1911 : Part I. (Bui. 105 : Part I.)
Retail prices, 1890 to 1911: Part II— General tables. (Bui. 105: Part II.)
No. 2. Retail
prices,1890 to
June, 1912: Part I. (Bui. 106: Part I.)
Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1912 : Part II—General tables. (Bui. 106 :
Part II.)
No. 3. Retail
prices,1890 to
August, 1912. (Bui. 108.)
No. 4. Retail
prices,1890 to
October, 1912. (Bui. 110.)
No. 5. Retail
prices,1890 to
December, 1912.' (Bui. 113.)
No. 6. Retail prices, 1890 to February, 1913. (Bui. 115.)
No. 7. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. (Bui. 121.)
No. 8. Retail prices, 1890 to April, 1913. (Bui. 125.)
No. 9. Wheat and flour prices, from farmer to consumer. (Bui. 130.)
No. 10. Retail prices, 1890 to June, 1913. (Bui. 132.)
No. 11. Retail prices, 1890 to August, 1913. (Bui. 136.)
No. 12. Retail prices, 1890 to October, 1913. (Bui. 138.)
No. 13. Retail prices, 1890 to December, 1913. (Bui. 140.)
No. 14. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1914. (Bui. 156.)
No. 15. Butter prices, from producer to consumer. (Bui. 164.)
No. 16. Retail prices, 1907 to June, 1915. (Bui. 184.)
No. 17. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1915. (Bui. 197.)
No. 18. Retail prices, 1907 to December, 1916. (Bui. 228.) [In press.]
W ages and Hours of Labor.
No. 1. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1890
to 1912. (Bui. 128.)
No. 2. Wages and hours of labor in the lumber, millwork, and furniture industries,
1890 to 1912. (Bui. 129.)
No. 3. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, 1907 to 1912. (Bui. 131.)
No. 4. Wages and hours of labor in the boot and shoe and hosiery and knit goods
industries, 1890 to 1912. (Bui. 134.)
No. 5. Wages and hours of labor in the cigar and clothing industries, 1911 and
1912. (Bui. 135.)
No. 6. Wages and hours of labor in the building and repairing of steam railroad
cars, 1890 to 1912. (Bui. 137.)
No. 7. Union scale of wages and hours of labor, May 15, 1913. (Bui. 143.)
No. 8. Wages and regularity of employment in the dress and waist industry of
New York City. (Bui. 146.)
No. 9. Wages and regularity of employment in the cloak, suit, and skirt industry.
(Bui. 147.)
No. 10. Wages and hours of labor in the cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907
to 1913. (Bui. 150.)
No. 11. Wages and hours of labor in the iron and steel industry in the United
States, 1907 to 1912. (Bui. 151.)


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