The full text on this page is automatically extracted from the file linked above and may contain errors and inconsistencies.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
SERIES OF BULLETINS PUBLISHED BY THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
T h e p u b lic a tio n o f th e A n n u a l a n d S p e c ia l R e p o r ts a n d o f th e b im o n th ly B u lle tin ha
b een d is c o n tin u e d , a n d sin c e J u ly , 1912, a B u lle tin h a s b een p u b lis h e d a t irreg u la r in te r v a ls.
E ach n u m b e r c o n ta in s m a tte r d e v o te d to o n e o f a serie s o f g e n e ra l s u b je c ts . T h ese B u lle
tin s a re n u m b e r e d c o n s e c u tiv e ly in e a ch serie s a n d also c a rry a c o n s e c u tiv e w h o le n u m b e r ,
b e g in n in g w ith N o. 101. A lis t o f th e serie s, to g e th e r w ith th e in d iv id u a l B u lle tin s fa llin g
u n d er ea ch , is g iven b elo w . A lis t o f th e R e p o r ts a n d B u lle tin s o f th e B u reau issu ed p r io r
to J u ly 1, 1912, w ill be fu rn ish e d o n a p p lic a tio n .
W holesale Prices.
No. 1. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1912.
No. 2. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1913.
No. 3. In d ex num bers of w holesale
(B u i. No. 173.)
No. 4. W holesale prices, 1890 to 1914.
Retail Prices and Cost o f Living.
(B u i. No. 114.)
(B u i. No. 149.)
a n d re ta il prices in th e U nited States and foreign countries.
(B u i. No. 181.) (In press.]
No. 1. R etail prices, 1890 to 1911: P a rt I. (B u i. No. 105: P a rt I.)
R etail prices, 1890 to 1911: P a rt I I —General tables. (B u i. No. 105: P a rt II.)
No. 2. R etail prices, 1890 to Ju n e, 1912: P a rt I. (B u i. No. 106: P a rt I.)
R etail prices, 1890 to June, 1912: P a rt I I —General tables. (B u i. No. 100: P a rt II.)
No. 3. R etail prices, 1890 to A ugust, 1912. (B u i. No. 108.)
No. 4. R etail prices, 1890 to October, 1912. (B u i. No. 110.)
No. 5. R etail prices, 1890 to December, 1912. (B u i. No. 113.)
No. 6. R etail prices, 1890 to F ebruary, 1913. (B u i. No. 115.)
No. 7. Sugar prices, from refiner to consumer. (B u i. No. 121.)
No. 8. R etail prices, 1890 to A pril, 1913. (B u i. No. 125.)
No. 9. W heat and flour prices, from farm er to consumer. (B ui. No. 130.)
No. 10. R etail prices, 1890 to June, 1913. (B ui. No. 132.)
No. 11. R etail prices, 1890 to A ugust, 1913. (B u i. No. 136.)
No. 12. R etail prices, 1890 to October, 1913. (B ui. No. 138.)
No. 13. R etail prices, 1890 to December, 1913. (B u i. No. 140.)
No. 14. R etail prices, 1907 to December, 1914. (B ui. No. 156.)
No. 15. B u tte r prices, from producer to consumer. (B ui. No. 164.)
Wages and Hours of Labor.
No. 1. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e cotton, woolen, a n d silk industries, 1890 to 1912. (B ul.N o. 128.)
No. 2. Wages and hours of labor in th e lum ber, millw ork, an d furniture industries, 1890 to 1912. (B ui.
No. 129.)
No. 3. U nion scale of wages an d hours of labor, 1907 to 1912. (B ui. No. 131.)
No. 4. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e boot and shoe and hosiery and k n it goods industries, 1890 to
1912. (B ui. No. 134.)
No. 5. Wages and hours of labor in th e cigar and clothing industries, 1911 a nd 1912. (B ui. No. 135.)
No. 6. Wages and hours of labor in th e building a n d repairing of steam railroad ears, 1890 to 1912.
(B ui. No. 137.)
No. 7. U nion scale of wages an d hours of labor, May 15,1913. (B ui. No. 143.)
No. 8. Wages and regularity of em ploym ent in th e dress and w aist indu stry of New Y ork C ity. (B ui.
No. 146.)
No. 9. Wages an d regularity of em ploym ent in th e cloak, suit, a nd sk irt industry. ( Bui. No. 147.)
No. 10. W ages an d hours of labor in th e cotton, woolen, and silk industries, 1907 to 1913. (B ui. No.
150.)
No. 11. Wages and hours of labor in th e iron a n d steel in d ustry in th e U nited States, 1907 to 1912.
(B u i. No. 151.)
No. 12. W ages and hocus of labor in th e lum ber, m illw ork, and furniture industries, 1907 to 1913.
(B u i. No. 153.)
No. 13. Wages and hours of labor in th e boot a n d shoe a n d hosiery and underw ear industries, 1907 to
1913. (B u i. No.. 154.)
No. 14. W ages and hours of labor in th e clothing and cigar industries, 1911 to 1913. (B ui. No. 161.)
No. 15. W ages and hours of labor in th e building a n d repairing of steam railroad cars, 1907 to 1913.
(B u i. No. 163.)
No. 16. W ages and hours of labor in th e iron a n d steel in d ustry in the U nited States, 1907 to 1914.
(B u i. No. 168.)
No. 17. U nion scale of wages and hours of labor, May 1,1914. (B ui. No. 171.)
No. 18. Wages and hours of labor in th e hosiery a n d underw ear industry, 1907 to 1914. (B u i, No. 177.)
No. 19. Wages a n d hours of labor in th e boot and shoe in d u stry, 1907 to 1914. (B ui. No. 178.)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(See also th ir d p a g e o f co ver.
( C o n tin u e d fr o m s e c o n d p a g e o f co ver.)
W omen in Industry.
No. 1. Hours, earnings, and duration of employment of wage-earning women in selected industries in
the District of Columbia. (Bui. No. 110.)
No. 2. Working hours of women in the pea canneries of Wisconsin. (Bui. No. 119.)
No. 3. Employment of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. (Bui. No. 122.)
No. 4. Hours, earnings, and conditions of labor of women in Indiana mercantile establishments and
garment factories. (Bui. No. ICO.)
No. 5. Summary of the report on condition of woman and child wage earners in the United States.
(Bui. No. 175.)
No. 6. Effect of minimum-wage determinations in Oregon. (Bui. No. 176.)
W orkm en’s Insurance and Compensation (including law s relating thereto).
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
No. 6.
Care of tuberculous wage earners in Germany. (Bui. No. 101.)
British National Insurance Act, 1911. (Bui. No. 102.)
Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. (Bui. No. 103.)
Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. (Bui. No. 107.)
Workmen’s compensation laws of the United States and foreign countries. (Bui. No. 126.)
Compensation for accidents to employees of the United States. (Bui. No. 155.)
Industrial Accidents and Hygiene.
No. 1. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories. (Bui.
No. 104.)
No. 2. Hygiene of the painters’ trade. (Bui. No. 120.)
No. 3. Dangers to workers from dusts and fumes, and methods of protection. (Bid. No. 127.)
No. 4. Lead poisoning in the smelting and refining of lead. (Bui. No. 141.)
No. 5. Industrial accident statistics. (Bui. No. 157.)
No. 6. Lead poisoning in the manufacture of storage batteries. (Bui. No. 105.)
No. 7- Industrial poisons used in the rubber industry. (Bui. No. 179.)
Conciliation and A rbitration (including strik es and lockouts).
No. 1. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. (Bui. No. 124.)
No. 2. Report of the industrial council of the British Board of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. (Bui. No. 133.)
No. 3. Michigan copper d istrict strike.
(B ui. No. 139.)
No. 4. Industrial court of the cloak, suit, and skirt industry of New York City. (Bui. No. 144.)
No. 5. Conciliation, arbitration, and sanitation in the dress arid waist industry of New York City.
(Bui. No. 145.)
Labor Law s of th e U nited S tates (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
No. 6.
Labor legislation of 1912. (Bui. No. 111.)
Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1912. (Bui. No. 112.)
Labor laws of the United States, w ith decisions of courts relating thereto. (Bui. No. 148.)
Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1913. (Bui. No. 152.)
Labor legislation of 1914. (Bui. No. 166.)
Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1914. (Bui. No. 169.)
Foreign Labor Laws.
No. 1. Administration of labor laws and factory inspection in certain European countries: (Bui.
No. 142.)
M iscellaneous Series.
No. 1. Statistics of unemployment and the work of employment offices in the United States. (Bui.
No. 109.)
No. 2. Prohibition of nightwork of young persons. (Bui. No. 117.)
No. 3. Ten-hour maximum working day for women and young persons. (Bui. No. 118.)
No. 4. Employers’ welfare work. (Bui. No. 123.)
No. 5. Government aid to home owning and housing of working people in foreign, countries. (Bui.
No. 158.)
No. 6. Short-unit courses for wage earners, and a factory school experiment. (Bui. No. 159.)
No. 7. Vocational education survey of Richmond, Va. (Bui. No. 162.)
No. 8. Minimum-wage legislation in the United States and foreign countries. (Bui. No. 167.)
No. 9. Foreign food prices as affected, by the, war. (Bui. No. 170.)
No. 10. Unemployment in New York City, N. Y. (Bui. No. 172.)
No. 11. Subject index to the publications of the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1,
1915. (Bui. No. 174.)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF LABOR
BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
ROYAL M E E K E R , C om m issioner
MONTHLY REVIEW
OF THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
VOLUME I—SEPTEMBER, 1915—NUMBER 3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
W A SH IN G TO N
G O V ER N M EN T P R IN T IN G O FFICE
1915
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
CONTENTS.
Page.
E ffec t of m in im u m -w ag e d e te rm in a tio n s i n O regon.......................................................
5-8
W om en i n in d u s try i n re c e n t S ta te re p o rts ....................................................................... 9-36
C a lifo rn ia ................................................................................................................................. 9-11
C o n n e c tic u t............................................................................................................................ 11-16
M ic h ig a n .................................................................................................................................. 16-22
M in n e so ta ................................................................................................................................ 23-27
M issouri.................................................................................................................................... 27-29
O regon (pow er la u n d rie s in P o r tla n d ) ......................................................................... 30, 31
P e n n s y lv a n ia (w om en i n m e rc a n tile e sta b lish m e n ts i n P h ila d e lp h ia ) .......... 31-36
M assachusetts, w o rk m e n ’s c o m p e n sa tio n e x p erien c e , J u n e 1, 1912, to S e p tem
b e r 30, 1914................................................................................................................................. 37-44
W o rk m e n ’s c o m p en satio n leg isla tio n in th e U n ite d S ta te s (w ith c h a r t) ................
45
R e ta il p rice s of food i n th e U n ite d S ta te s ..........................................................................
46
R e ta il p rice s in foreign c o u n trie s ........................................................................................... 46-57
C a n a d a .........................................................................................................................................46-48
D e n m a rk ..................................................................................................................................48, 49
F in la n d (H e lsin g fo rs)......................................................................................................... 49, 50
G erm an y (B e rlin )................................................................................................................ 50, 51
G re at B r i ta i n .......................................................................................................................... 51, 52
I t a l y ...........................................................................................................................................
52
N e th e rla n d s ............................................................................................................................
53
N o rw a y ........................................................................................................................................53-55
S p a in ......................................................................................................................................... 55, 56
S w e d e n ........................................................................................................................................56,57
S trik e s i n S p a in , M ay, 1915......................................................................................................57, 58
O fficial re p o rts re la tin g to labor, re c e iv e d from J u n e 1 to J u ly 31, 1915.................. 58-79
U n ite d S ta te s ........................................................................................................................... 58-66
F o re ig n c o u n trie s ................................................................................................................. 66-79
P e rio d ic al p u b lic a tio n s of foreign labor d e p a rtm e n ts a n d b u re a u s .......................... 80-84
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY REVIEW
OP THE
U. S. BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS
vol.
I—n o . 3
WASHINGTON
S e p t e m b e r , 1915
EFFECT OF MINIMUM-WAGE DETERMINATIONS IN OREGON.
To ascertain the effect of the Oregon minimum-wage determina
tions the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics has recently made
a comparison of records of 40 department, dry goods, 5-and-10-cent,
specialty, and neighborhood stores for the two spring months, March
and April, in 1913, and for the same period in 1914—periods ending
five months before and beginning five months after the date on which
the first minimum-wage determinations went into effect, and at the
same time nearly one month after the date on which the last retailstore determinations took effect. The results of this study are pre' sented in Bulletin No. 176 of the bureau. The number of women under
and the number over 18 years, with and without one year of experi
ence in each occupation, was taken for both periods, together with each
woman's rate of pay, the hours she worked, the amount of her actual
earnings, and, if selling, the amount of her sales in both years. Data
for men were taken for the same periods in 1913 and 1914 as to the
number employed, the total earnings, and the total sales. The record
covered 1,930 women and girls and 974 men before and 1,642 women
and girls and 902 men after the determinations went into effect. All
data were copied from store books by the bureau’s agents. In
addition, 443 women were personally visited and a record of their age
and experience and their places of employment, occupations, rates
of pay, earnings, and hours of work before and after the wage de
terminations was obtained.
The determinations in Oregon, fixed by the Oregon Industrial
Commission, classify female employees in retail stores as girls under
18 years, inexperienced adult women 18 years of age and over with
experience of not more than one year in an occupation, and experi
enced adult women 18 years of age and over having more than one
year of experience in an occupation. Any change in the character
of service rendered constitutes a change in occupation, and there
fore the beginning of a new apprenticeship year. All girls under 18
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
5
6
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
and inexperienced adult women in retail stores in the State of Oregon
must receive a minimum weekly rate of pay of $6; all experienced
adult women must receive $8.25, save in Portland, where they must
be paid at the minimum rate of $9.25 per week. These awards
became operative on different dates, beginning on October 4, 1913,
with an award fixing a minimum of $1 a day for girls under 18, fol
lowed on November 23 by one fixing a minimum of $9.25 a week for
experienced adult women in Portland, and finally by two awards on
February 7, 1914, fixing a minimum for experienced adult women
outside of Portland of $8.25 a week, and for inexperienced adult
women throughout the State a minimum of $6 a week.
In studying the effect of the fixing of minimum wage rates, it is
necessary to hear in mind the fact that regardless of minimum-wage
determinations there are constant changes in business organization
from year to year which have a material bearing upon the oppor
tunities and conditions of employment. New departments are
added from time to time, successful departments are expanded, and
other departments which have failed to secure the public recognition
expected are curtailed and sometimes eliminated. All such rear
rangements involve additions to, transfers, or reductions in the labor
force. These adjustments are of common occurrence. Any study
from which such normal changes were eliminated in the effort to single
out the effects of the minimum-wage legislation would defeat its own
purpose.
The general business depression of 1914 was felt by Portland mer
cantile establishments and complicated the problem of determining
the effect of the minimum wage. A depression in business auto
matically reduces the numbers employed. I t is therefore important
to guard against confusing the effects of depressed business with the
effects of minimum-wage determinations. Conditions in Oregon
were further complicated because a reduction of legal working hours
and a 6 p. m. closing regulation took effect at the same time as the
wage orders.
Notwithstanding all the difficulties and complications, a number of
conclusions can be drawn concerning changes in conditions of labor
after the minimum-wage determinations.
Certain readjustments occurred in Portland stores such as might
be expected even in a normal business year. The establishment of
new departments and the elimination of other departments requiring
different grades of labor brought about the employment of some
women and the dismissal of others. A policy of charging for alter
ation of garments, inaugurated in 1914 by the Portland Retail Mer
chants’ Association, decreased the demand for alterations, thereby
necessitating a reduction in the number of women employed in the
workroom, a department paying relatively high wages.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
7
The effect of the country-wide depression manifested itself in a
marked falling off in sales in many stores. This operated to decrease
the labor force, both male and female. These changes in business
conditions must be borne in mind, as they account very largely for
the decrease in the number of women employees. The decrease in
total numbers bears little or no relation necessarily to the minimumwage determinations, but the dismissal of some women rather than
of others, because they had completed their apprenticeship period
and must therefore be paid a higher wage if retained, can be con
sidered as due to the determinations.
Girls under 18 years of age, for whom the minimum rate is $6 a
week, have increased, especially in the errand, bundle-wrapper, and
cashier occupations, but not hi the more skilled work of selling,
sewing, or of the office. These first-named occupations tend to be
come the sphere for minors to the exclusion of adult women with or
without experience, a result, in all probability, of the minimum-wage
determinations.
The wage determinations have not put men in positions vacated
by women. The causes operating to decrease the number of women
also operated to decrease the number of men, though to a less degree,
as the nonselling male force is not as adjustable as the nonselling
female force.
The rates of pay for women as a whole have increased, but the
wages of the three groups have been differently affected. Girls under
18 were benefited. Before the determinations 26 per cent of these
were receiving under $6 a week; after the determinations less than
1 per cent were paid under this rate. The proportion getting $6 a
week was 53 per cent before and 79 per cent after the determinations,
while the proportion getting more «than $6 was practically 20 per
cent both before and after. Before the determinations the average
rate for the whole group was $5.93, while afterwards it was $6.24.
The percentages given above show that this increase was mainly due
to the increased wages of the girls who were formerly getting under
$6. Evidently the more poorly paid girls have been benefited, while
the better paid have not suffered.
For adult inexperienced women the results were not so favorable.
Only 9 of this group had been getting less than $6 a week in the 1913
period, and only one was found who received less than this rate after
the determinations. The average rate per week decreased slightly,
falling from $6.88 to $6.84; before the determinations 59 per cent of
the group received more than $6; after the determinations, only 50
per cent. The old employees did not suffer a reduction of wages, but
the place of a $28 or a $30 a month girl was filled by a $26 girl.
For adult experienced women the wage determinations brought an
improvement of conditions. There was an increase not only in the
proportion receiving $9.25 (the legal minimum in Portland), but also
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
in the proportion receiving more than $9.25. The proportion of the
force getting $12 and over a week also increased, although the actual
number decreased. The average rate of pay for the whole group in
Portland was before the determinations $11.74, after them $11.97.
Some experienced women in Portland were still receiving rates below
the minimum to which the determinations entitled them, but the
number receiving these lower rates had decreased under the determi
nations from 344 to 102.
The net result seems to be an advance for the women as a whole.
Women entering retail stores no longer have to begin at a $4 or $5
wage. There has been no leveling down of wages to a minimum.
Some women, upon reinstatement after an absence, were compelled
to accept only the rate to which they were legally entitled, although
it was below that received during their earlier service, hut whenever
the wage rates of old employees have been changed since the mini
mum-wage rulings, the employees were benefited.
Employment was more regular in 1914 than in 1913. This was due
in part to the fact that under depressed business conditions fewer new
employees were taken on to fill vacancies. The disparity between
rates and earnings was therefore less in 1914, but sufficiently large
in that year to call attention sharply to the importance of giving
unemployment consideration in making minimum-wage determina
tions. The Oregon commission took no cognizance of unemployment,
confining its first attempts to determining the minimum amount
below which a self-supporting woman could not subsist in health and
comfort, and to fixing this amount as the minimum rate of pay.
Whether conditions in the retail-store business in Oregon would
permit a steadiness of employment that would insure average earnings
approximating the minimum rates to any woman able and willing
to work steadily is a question which would have involved an extensive
and expensive investigation to answer satisfactorily. It is important,
however, to know the extent of unemployment and also the extent
to which the difference between actual and full-time hours is due to
business conditions, to illness, to voluntary and personal absences
from duty, or to other causes.
A comparison of sales made by women raised to or receiving the
minimum with those of women above the minimum does not reveal
differences that would indicate a decrease in the efficiency of those
affected by the wage determinations. The numbers for whom com
parable data on this subject could be secured were too limited, how
ever, to warrant conclusions.
All the changes arising from decreased business, reorganization
of departments, and increased rates of pay resulted in an increase in
the female labor cost and also in the total labor cost of 3 mills per
dollar of sales.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY IN RECENT STATE REPORTS.
During the past year numerous studies have been made by State
bureaus of labor, by minimum-wage commissions, or by special com
missions, of the wages and conditions of employment of women in
industry, with special reference to the consideration of minimum-wage
legislation or the formation of minimum-wage boards for the pur
pose of fixing wage rates. Several of these reports have been referred
to in Bulletin 167, Minimum-wage Legislation in the United States
and Foreign Countries, but since the date of that report a number of
other studies have become available and six are now summarized
in the following pages. These cover investigations in California,
Connecticut, Minnesota, Missouri, Oregon, and Pennsylvania. Two of
these studies, those of California and Oregon, were made by the State
industrial-welfare commissions; those of Connecticut and Pennsyl
vania by the bureau of labor statistics and the department of
labor and industry, respectively; that of Minnesota by the State
industrial commission; and that of Missouri by a special senate
wage commission.
In all of these studies the result which seems to have prompted the
most comment was the large number of women receiving very low
rates of wages in many of the industries and in all of the States.
The significant facts in each of these reports are briefly summarized
in the following pages.
CALIFORNIA.
The organization and work of the California Industrial Welfare Com
mission, which embraces the functions of the minimum-wage commismission, is described in detail in its first biennial report, 1913 and 1914,
issued in May of the present year. The report is a pamphlet of 123
pages devoted to a description of the organization of the commission
and its method of work, and to its investigations of wages, hours, and
conditions in mercantile establishments, laundries, manufacturing
industries, and telephone and telegraph companies and into the cost
of living of women in these employments. An appendix gives the text
of the California act and the results of investigations of the California
Bureau of Labor and the California Retail Dry Goods Association.
The commission is now engaged in making a comprehensive study of
the fruit-canning industry, and the result of this investigation, in which
the fruit canners are cooperating, is reserved for a future report. This
industry alone employs over 20,000 women and children.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
9
10
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Investigations of wages and conditions were all made at first hand
by the commission’s own investigators. Pay rolls were examined for
wages and earnings, and establishments were visited to ascertain
actual working conditions. Individual employees were also visited
in their homes, and individual schedules taken to secure the particu
lars desired. The investigations were carried on in five principal
industrial centers—San Francisco, Los Angeles, Oakland, Sacramento,
and San Diego.
The wage data secured and tabulated in the report cover the wages
of 22,972 women 18 years of age and over, and 2,289 girls under 18
years of age. Of the former, 21.2 percent received under $8, 35 per
cent under $9, and 49.1 per cent under $10 per week, while 28.5 per
cent received $12 and over. Of the 2,289 girls under 18 years, 41.8
per cent received less than $6 per week. Approximately half of these
minors received between $5 and $6.99 per week.
Preliminary to its investigations the commission held a series of
conferences with employers in the various industries in order to reach
a better understanding of the purpose of the investigations to be made,
to explain the character of the law, and to secure in all matters the
cooperation of employers.
The report in large part relates to wages, emphasis being placed
upon the numbers receiving low rates. The following table summa
rizes briefly the results for a number of industries. The figures are
given separately for women 18 years of age and over and for girls
under 18 years.
N U M B E R O F W O M EN F O R W H O M W A G E R E P O R T S W E R E S E C U R E D A N D P E R C E N T
R E C E IV IN G W E E K L Y R A T E S O F L E S S T H A N $8 A N D L E SS T H A N $9.
18 years and over.
In d u stry .
N um ber
reported.
Per cent receiving
weekly
wages
under—
$8.
M ercantile...........................................................
R etail c an d y .......................................................
M illinery..............................................................
5 10, a n d 15 cent stores....................................
L aundries............................................................
Dyeing; and cleaning........................................
Telephone com panies.......................................
Telegraph com panies.......................................
M anufacturing industries:
C andy an d biscu its...................................
Foods and d ru g s........................................
P rin tin g and bookbinding......................
P ap er boxes................................................
Cigars and cigarettes.................................
K n it goods...................................................
U nder 18 years.
N um ber
reported.
$9.
P er cent receiving
weekly
wages
u n d e r$8.
$9.
9,011
759
810
215
3,765
522
3, 962
372
18.0
9.6
27.3
87.0
26.5
10.5
12.7
8.3
31.7
35.7
37.9
90.7
48.3
21. 8
19.2
14.8
1,131
36
67
137
189
16
218
14
91.9
63.9
83.6
98.5
53.9
68.7
21.1
71.4
97.4
77.8
94.0
100.0
77.7
81.3
40.8
71.4
926
1,012
631
342
386
259
42. 4
19. 6
14. 5
59.4
42.5
44.8
50.7
33. 9
28.3
69.6
53. 7
54.8
160
70
92
87
50
22
81.8
81.4
65.2
85.0
68.0
95.4
84.4
92.9
84.8
94.2
80.0
95.4
T o tal m anufacturing in d u stries.........
3,556
41.2
52.9
481
78.4
87.5
Total, all in d u strie s..............................
22,972
21.2
35.0
2,289
78.6
87.8
,
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
11
The result of the investigation of the cost of living in San Francisco
and Los Angeles shows the average weekly expenditures of selfsupporting women for clothing, for board, lunches, and lodging, and
for all other expenses. This part of the commission’s work is sum
marized below:
A V E R A G E W E E K L Y E X P E N D IT U R E S O F S E L F -S U P P O R T IN G W O M EN IN SAN F R A N
CISCO A N D LOS A N G E L E S , T A K E N FR O M A N N U A L B U D G E T S O B T A IN E D B Y P E R
SO N A L IN V E S T IG A T IO N S .
Average w eekly expenditures.
N um ber
of sched
ules con
sidered.
C ity and occupation.
San Francisco:
Factory and workroom hands—
Wages under $12 p er w eek..................................
Wages $12 and over per w eek.............................
Sales, clerical, and office—•
Wages u nder $12 per w eek..................................
Wages $12 and over per w eek.............................
Los Angeles:
F actory and workroom hands—
Wages u nder $12 p er w eek..................................
Wages $12 and over p er w eek............................
Sales, clerical, and office—
Wages u n d er $12 p er w eek..................................
Wages $12 and over per w eek............................
Total.
Board,
Clothing. lunches,
and
lodging.
All other
expenses.
64
48
$8.27
9. 87
$1.66
1.85
$5.14
5.97
$1.47
2.05
87
11
9.21
11.53
1.89
2.08
5.54
6.66
1.78
2.79
146
52
7.26
9.94
1.27
1.89
4.76
5.88
1.23
2.17
71
23
8.68
11.22
1. 61
2.68
5.53
6.44
1.54
2.10
CONNECTICUT.
“ Conditions of Wage-earning Women and Girls, 1914,” is the title
of a report of the Bureau of Labor Statistics of Connecticut, dated
January 15,1915. It embodies the results of an investigation into the
working conditions of female employees of 30 hotels, employing nearly
300 women; of the Southern New England Telephone Co., employing
833 women; of 34 five-and-ten-cent stores, employing 602 women and
girls (544 regulars and 58 extras); and 163 department and other
stores, employing about 5,626 women, from 4,508 of whom complete
data were secured as to the working conditions.
The report is the work of a special industrial investigator appointed
by the commissioner of labor statistics under the provisions of the
industrial act of 1913. The outside work or canvassing, which cov
ered 23 towns, began September 22, 1914, and closed January 1, 1915.
The report consists of 139 pages, divided into 17 chapters, relating
to the following subjects: (1) Woman as an asset; (2) Employer and
employee; (3) The work in Hartford; (4) The work in New Haven;
(5) The work in Bridgeport; (6) The work in Waterbury; (7) The
smaller cities of the State; (8) Some stories of women workers; (9)
Fines and sick benefits; (10) Comparison of wages; (11) Wages, and
number of employees in department and other stores of the State;
(12) The minimum wage; (13) Difference of working time; (14) The
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
12
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
five-and-ten-cent stores; (15) The Southern New England Telephone
Co.’s wages, hours, and statistics; (16) The hotels of the State; (17)
The Y. W. C. A. hoarding homes.
The data for the 4,508 women and girls for whom complete sched
ules were obtained are tabulated as to wages, age, nationality,
amounts paid for board, and length of time employed at specified
rates. Age, nationality, and present conjugal condition are also
shown for 368 married women. The number and per cent of women
and girls employed at each specified weekly wage are shown in the
following table:
N U M B E R AN D P E R C E N T O F W O M E N A N D G IR L S E M P L O Y E D A T EA C H S P E C IF IE D
R A T E O F W E E K L Y W A G E IN 163 D E P A R T M E N T A N D O T H E R ST O R E S, C O N N E C T I
CU T, 1913-14.
W om en and girls
employed.
Wages per week.
W om en and girls
employed.
Wages per week.
N um ber. Per cent.
$2.50.................................................
3.00.................................................
3.50.................................................
4.00.................................................
4.50.................................................
5.00.................................................
5.50.................................................
6.00.................................................
6.50.................................................
7.00.................................................
7.50.................................................
8.00.................................................
8.50.................................................
9.00.................................................
9.50.................................................
10.00.................................................
10.50.................................................
11.00.................................................
11.50.................................................
12.00.................................................
12.50...............................................
13.00.................................................
13.50.................................................
8
163
65
207
150
257
139
614
175
460
120
404
70
384
56
300
33
84
8
218
10
31
11
0.18
3. 62
1. 44
4. 59
3.33
5. 70
3.08
13. 62
3. 88
10.21
2.66
8.96
1.55
8.52
1.24
6.66
.73
1.86
. 18
4. 84
. 22
.69
.24
N um ber. Per cent.
$14.00..
14.50
15.00 .
15.50
___
16.00............
17.00
... .
18.00
18.50
19.00
20.00
22.00....................
22.50
24.00
25.00
30.00
32.00
33.00
40.00
47.00
50.00
112
5
130
2
75
43
70
2
1
43
7
1
1
34
6
3
2
2
1
1
2 40
11
2 SO
4,508
100.00
04
1 07
00
1 50
04
02
00
10
02
02
70
12
07
04
04
02
.02
I t will be seen from the table that wages range from $2.50 to $50
per week. As a general rule $4.50 is the lowest that is offered in the
smaller towns, and often the first wage is $5, and stays at that figure
for about a year. In one town of considerable size there is a store
where women have been employed for years at less than $5; and the
proprietor has no difficulty in getting all the help he wants.
In considering the weekly wage, it must be remembered that in
some cases it is not enjoyed for the 52 weeks of the year. Some
houses give two weeks’ vacation without pay; others give one week
without pay; but the majority give two weeks with pay. Apart
from this there are periods of idleness due to lack of seasonal work
and to sickness, which materially reduce the yearly wage.
To combat the prevailing impression that the number of foreignborn women employed in the department and other stores of the
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
13
State exceeds that of women of native parentage, the following table
is given:
NATIONALITY, NUMBER, AND P E R CENT OF WOMEN AND GIRLS EM PLOYED IN DE
PARTM ENT AND OTHER STORES, CONNECTICUT, 1913-14.
Nationality.
American....................................
Irish-American...........................
Hebrew........................................
German........................................
French.........................................
Scotch..........................................
Italian.........................................
Swedish.......................................
English........................................
Polish..........................................
Number. Per cent.
1,494
1,642
640
300
128
75
56
54
44
18
33.14
36. 42
14. 20
6. 65
2. 84
1.66
1.24
1.20
.98
.40
Nationality.
Number. Per cent.
Syrian......................................
Canadian.................................
Portuguese...............................
Negro........................................
French-Canadian....................
Danish......................................
Armenian.................................
15
12
8
8
6
4
4
0.33
.27
.18
.18
.13
.09
.09
T otal..............................
4,508
100.00
From this table it appears that of 4,508 women scheduled, 1,494}
or 33.14 per cent, were born of American parents, while 1,642, or
36.42 per cent, were American-born daughters of Irish-born fathers
and mothers. A few were granddaughters of such Irish-Americans.
Of the 17 nationalities catalogued, all but the Americans, Irish,
English, and Scotch supplemented their daily earnings by doing
outside work.
The number and per cent of women and girls of a specified age
employed is shown in the following table:
NUMBER AND P E R CENT OF WOMEN AND GIRLS OF EACH SPEC IFIED AGE EM PLOYED
IN 163 DEPA RTM EN T AND O THER STORES, CONNECTICUT, 1913-14.
W om en and girls
employed.
W om en and girls
employed.
Age.
Age.
N um ber. Per cent.
U nder 16 years..............................
16 y ears...........................................
17 years .........................................
18 y ears...........................................
19 y ears...........................................
20 years...........................................
21 y e a rs...........................................
22 years...........................................
23 y e ars...........................................
24 years...........................................
25 y e ars...........................................
26 y e ars...........................................
27 vgars...........................................
28 y e ars...........................................
29 y e ars...........................................
30 y e ars...........................................
31 y e ars...........................................
32 years ................................ .........
33 y e ars...........................................
34 y e ars...........................................
35 y e ars...........................................
37 y e ars...........................................
38 years...........................................
200
260
350
287
373
301
336
220
288
216
242
175
140
112
173
96
110
50
84
45
96
25
50
20
4. 44
5. 77
7.76
6.37
8.28
6.68
7. 45
4.88
6.39
4. 79
5.37
3. 89
3.10
2. 48
3.84
2.13
2.44
1.11
1.86
1.00
2.13
55
l.n
.44
1 T otal ta k e n from original rep o rt.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N um ber. Per cent.
39 years........................................
40 years........................................
41 y e ars........................................
42 y e ars........................................
43 y e ars........................................
44 y e ars........................................
45 y e ars........................................
46 y e ars........................................
47 y e ars........................................
48 y e ars........................................
49 y e ars........................................
50 y e ars........................................
51 y e ars........................................
52 y e ars........................................
54 y e a rs........................................
56 y e a rs........................................
57 y e a rs........................................
58 y e ars........................................
59 y e ars........................................
61 y e ars........................................
75 y e ars........................................
96
22
14
12
16
12
17
13
9
5
14
2
5
4
5
5
6
1
1
1
1
2.13
.49
.31
.27
.31
.27
.38
.29
.20
.11
.31
.04
.11
.09
.11
.11
.13
.02
.02
.02
.02
T o tal..................................
i 4,508
100.00
T he item s as given foot u p 4,510.
14
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Of these 4,508 women and girls, 4,097, or 90.88 per cent, were found
to be living at home, and 411, or 9.12 per cent, were not living at
home. Tables are given for each of these two classes, showing for each
grade of weekly pay the number paying each specified amount for
board. A table is also given showing the number employed each
specified number of months or years at the specified weekly wage.
No tables are presented showing working hours per week.
The data relating to 544 employees in 34 five and ten cent stores
are tabulated in similar manner. The following table shows the
number employed at each specified rate of weekly wage:
NUM BER, A N D P E R C E N T O F W O M E N A N D G IR L S E M P L O Y E D A T EA C H S P E C IF IE D
R A T E O F W E E K L Y W A G E IN 5 A N D 10 C E N T ST O R E S , C O N N E C T IC U T , 1913-14.
W om en a n d girls
employed.
Wages per week.
W om en a nd girls
employed.
W ages per week.
N um ber. P er cent.
$3.00.................................................
3.50.................................................
4.00.................................................
4.40.................................................
4.50.................................................
4.75.................................................
5.00.................................................
5.25.................................................
5.50.................................................
6.00 ........................................
6.25.................................................
6.50.................................................
1
2
105
3
119
6
136
3
40
2
59
2
5
0.18
.37
19.30
21. 87
1.10
25.00
7.35
.37
10 85
.37
.92
N um ber. P er cent.
$7.00
7.50
8. 00
8. 50
9. 00
9.50 .
10. 00
11. 00
12. 00
13.00.
21
4
7
4
8
2
8
2
4
i
2 8fi
*74
544
100.00
1 98
74
1* 47
*27
1* 47
27
T74
.18
From this table it appears that 476, or 87.50 per cent, earn $6 and
under per week; 504, or 92.64 per cent, earn $7 and under per week;
and 360, or 66.17 per cent, receive $4, $4.50 and $5.
In connection with wages it is stated that two well-known chains
of stores have a bonus system, granting the clerks a certain amount
of money at Christmas. The bonus increases yearly to a fixed
maximum, never exceeding $25.
The weekly working hours range from 53 to 58.
No tables are presented of the data gathered concerning the 833
women employees of the Southern New England Telephone Co.
Wages range, after a preliminary qualification through a 48-hour
course in a training school, from $6.24 to $11.04 per week. The
minimum working time for an operator is 48 hours; sometimes it is
54; occasionally in time of emergency it rises to 63. The working
hours are divided into tricks of 8 hours, and a half trick constitutes
not less than 5 hours. Operators are required to take a relief period
of 10 minutes in the middle of each trick. The interval between
halves of tricks varies from 1 to 4 hours, according to the require
ments of local business. From 70 to 80 per cent of the intervals are
from 1 to 2 hours in length. The great feature in which the telephone
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
15
company excels is its care for the well-being of its employees.
Lockers, rest rooms, reading rooms, cooking facilities, and medicines
are provided.
The data collected concerning nearly 300 women employed in 30
hotels show that the weekly working hours are from 54 to 56, though
often less, and often more, the amount of time depending upon the
number of guests. Wages for housekeepers range from $40 to $60
per month with board and room and for chambermaids from $3.50
to $4 per week. Waitresses receive $4 per week and scrub women
$3.50. In the chambermaid and scrub women class more than 90
per cent are of Polish origin. Nearly all hotels formerly had thenstaff of women workers domiciled in the hotel, but the practice is
falling into disuse. The tipping question enters into the element of
waitresses’ wages. Few would continue in their places if no tips were
received.
The commissioner of labor statistics in presenting this report
makes the following recommendations:
1. That a law be passed requiring every mercantile establishment,
whether wholesale or retail, and all kindred establishments, such as
5, 10, and 25 cent stores and such stores as deal in similar com
modities, to employ no woman or minor female, whether relative
or paid employee, after 6 o’clock in the evening for five evenings
of the week and on the sixth evening, Saturday evening, to close at
9 p.m . That all violations of this law be punishable by a fine of not
less than $50 for a first offense.
2. That any employer, passively or willfully or by agreement,
allowing an employee to work overtime or on any of the seven legal
holidays generally observed in this State should be punished by a
fine of not more than $25.
3. That all violations of the child labor laws be reported to the
bureau of labor statistics for consideration and action.
4. That every mercantile establishment having five or more female
employees provide a properly equipped rest and emergency room,
such a provision being very essential for the health, comfort, efficiency,
and good morals of its employees.
5. That a lunch period of one hour and one-quarter be a uniform
requirement in all establishments, said establishments having the
right to extend this period if they so desire.
6. That every store be compelled by law to have a toilet for women
on the premises and that no woman be obliged to cross outside
premises, go to another building, or descend into a cellar by means
of a trapdoor in the floor to such a convenience.
7. That in view of the many communicable skin diseases, that
sanitary paper towels, liquid soap, and individual drinking cups
be recommended for all establishments.
8. That in view of the recent Edison fire, where supposedly fireproof
buildings were destroyed, and in the light of other occurrences, it is
earnestly recommended that such buildings as have no fire escapes
he required to install them during the present year.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
9. That it be obligatory on every establishment employing more
than 25 women to have fire drills, showing them how to avoid panic,
how to leave the building, and how to use fire escapes.
10. That every establishment, whether occupying one or more
stories, or having or not having counters and tables in its aisles, be
required to have one or more fire extinguishers in every department,
in plain view of the employees, if it is not now so provided.
11. That the present special industrial investigator be authorized
by your honorable body to continue her work until all the occupations
specified in the act of 1913 be covered and she be empowered to
investigate the actual and complete living expenses of women in all
industries in the State; that she do this work as before in conjunction
with the bureau of labor statistics, which bureau she shall at any
time assist in its work and shall receive its assistance; that this
reappointment be either made directly or through the labor com
missioner, and be for a term of four years.
12. That she be required to make a statistical report in 1917,
such report to be incorporated in the labor commissioner’s; that in
1919 she present a detailed report showing the complete cost of living
of women in all industries in the State.
M IC H IG A N .
In October, 1913, the Michigan State Commission of Inquiry was
appointed to investigate the conditions of labor for women and the
advisability of establishing a minimum wage. Its scope was four
fold—to secure facts as to wages paid women, to ascertain their
conditions of employment, to find out their expenditures, and to
determine the manner and cost of living in detail. The results of
this investigation are embodied in a 496-page report, including eight
general divisions, as follows: Review, conclusions, and recommenda
tions of the commission of inquiry; tentative minimum-wage bill;
secretary’s report and tabulations showing information obtained
from women wage earners; tabulation of wage figures supplied by
employers; wage showing from investigation of pay rolls; minimumwage legislation to date; court decisions on minimum-wage legislation.
Three hundred and seven pages are devoted to appendixes. The
report was issued on January 27, 1915.
Altogether the commission gathered information from 1,348 em
ployers in 159 localities relating to 200 different occupations, in which
were employed a daily average of 50,351 women; from 8,512 women
wage earners in 18 different occupations, personally seen and inter
rogated by the commission’s investigators, and working in 535 dif
ferent establishments; and from 62 women’s clubs in almost as many
different localities, representing hundreds of members.
In addition to this, the pay rolls for an entire year of seven estab
lishments involving 2,569 employees were copied. These represent
a store, two laundries, two paper-box factories, an establishment for
making petticoats, and a foundry employing women making cores.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
17
They are valuable in this connection as giving an accurate statement
of actual wages paid and time actually worked, but can hardly
be said to represent wage conditions generally because of the com
paratively small amount of data included. An examination of these
pay rolls show that wages were not uniform in establishments in the
same industry although there was but little difference in the work
performed.
The following comparative statement shows the number and
per cent receiving under $8, under $9, and under $10 per week,
as reported to the commission by the various classes:
CO M PA R ISO N O F W A G E F IG U R E S O B T A IN E D FR O M E M P L O Y E R S , E M P L O Y E E S , A N D
PA Y R O L L S .
Source of information.
Em ployers (1,348).........................
Em ployees (535 establishm ents)
P a y rolls (7 e stab lish m en ts)___
Receiving less
Receiving less
Receiving less
N um ber
th a n 810.
th a n $9.
th a n $8.
of women
em
ployed. N um ber. P e r cent. N um ber. P er cent. N um ber. P er cent.
i 50,351
2 8,358
3 992
25,810
4,649
804
51.4
55.6
88.4
32,275
5,767
64.2
69
37,136
6,553
956
73.9
78.4
96.3
1 R eports as to wages w ere n o t m ade for 121 of these employees.
2 R eports w ere received from 8.512, h u t from only 8,358 were th ey complete.
3 T he wages of 1,577 employed m these establishm ents less th a n 4 weeks are n o t included.
So far as concerns employers’ figures of the number employed and
wages paid per week, it must be remembered that few of the 50,230
women for whom reports were made worked 52 weeks in any one year.
A large number of them lost as much as 10 weeks in the year from
various causes, mainly due to seasonal work. Of the 8,358 women
interrogated 6,647, or 79.5 per cent, reported having lost from a few
days to 50 weeks during 1914, and of this number 5,847, or 87.9 per
cent, lost as much as three months; only 5.3 per cent of the women
lost no time, and about 15 per cent failed to report.
Lack of employment is not due entirely to seasonal work. Of
7,491 wage-earning women in 503 establishments who answered the
question relating to cause of lost time, 2,016, or 26.9 per cent, gave
“ slack work” as the reason. Many of the women are constantly
shifting employment. Three wage-earners had followed six different
occupations during the year. However, 3,824, or 45.7 per cent of
the number interrogated, reported that they had never followed any
any other than their present occupation; 3,447, or 41.2 per cent,
said they had followed but one other occupation. This shifting of
occupations within short periods is responsible, according to some
employers, for much inefficiency among women workers, and this in
turn is a factor in keeping wages at a minimum. On the other hand,
it should be remembered that the seasonal character of the work in
*
4418°— 15--------- 2
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
18
‘ M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
many industries accounts in great measure for the instability of the
employment.
The seven pay rolls examined contained the names of 2,569 women
employees. Of this number, 1,577 worked less than four weeks, 948
worked a week and less, and 992 worked from 4 to 52 weeks. Only
9.3 per cent of this last number worked the full year, and less than
30 per cent worked six months or more. In fact, 61.4 per cent of
these 2,569 workers left their employment within four weeks. Infor
mation taken from the pay rolls of these seven establishments is
summarized in the following table:
E M P L O Y M E N T AN D W A G E C O N D IT IO N S AS SH O W N B Y T H E PA Y R Q L L S O F 7 E S T A B
LISH M E N T S.
N um ber. P er cent.
P ay rolls exam ined..........................................................................................................................
N am es on p ay rolls..........................................................................................................................
N um b er of w omen em ployed each d a y .....................................................................................
W orking less th a n 4 w eek s............................................................................................................
W orking 4 w eeks and o v e r...........................................................................................................
W orking 4 w eeks and over who received less th a n $6 per w eek for th e tim e employed.
W orking 4 weeks and over who received less th a n 18 p er w eek for th e tim e e m ployed..
W orking 4 weeks and over who received $8 p er week or over for th e tim e em ployed...
7
2.569
418
1.577
992
672
877
115
16.2
61.4
38.6
67.7
88.4
11.6
The following table shows that for these women wages paid aver
aged as low as $5.07 per week in one establishment and as high as
$8.54 per week in another.
T O T A L A N D A V E R A G E P A Y O F 2,569 W A G E -E A R N IN G W O M EN IN 7 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S
AS SH O W N B Y P A Y R O L L S F O R AN E N T IR E Y E A R .
Total
n u m ber
em
ployed.
Average
length of
Total
em ploy earnings.
m ent
(weeks).
Average
w eekly
earnings.
S tore................................. ............................................................
Paper-box c o m pany..............................................................................
L a u n d ry ...........* ...'.................................................................
Paper-box co m p a n y ..............................................................................
P ettico ats..............................................................................................
L a u n d ry ....................................................................................................
Core w orkers...................................................................................
1 1,847
303
180
113
55
41
30
13.5 $38,153.42
25.0 30,213.30
18.0 16,192.86
29.4 11,521.01
34.3 16,151.12
28.9
8,511.76
30.0
6,388.36
$6.24
5.07
6.65
6.20
8.54
8.17
7.81
T o ta l...............................................................................................
2,569
127,131.83
E stablishm ent.
1 948 of these worked one w eek or less, a nd 1,397 w ere em ployed u n d er four weeks. T hey are n o t included
in th e average len g th of em ploym ent or used to m ake th e average w eekly earnings.
The seven establishments distributed during the year among the 992
employees who worked longer than four weeks, $127,131.23. This
is an average of $128.15 apiece. The 948 employees working a week
and less were paid on an average of $1.65 for their services. Were
it not that so many found employment elsewhere for longer or
shorter periods, only a small number of them could have lived on
the wages they received from these seven establishments.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
19
The factors of lost time and shifting of occupation were not gener
ally considered by the wage-earners in rendering their reports. As
already mentioned complete reports were received from 8,358 in 18
different occupations. A detailed statement of wages received by
these women, according to their own reports, is given in the following
table, only those receiving under $8 and under $9 per week being
shown:
N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F W A G E -E A R N IN G W O M EN R E P O R T IN G E A R N IN G S
U N D E R $8 A N D U N D E R $9 P E R W E E K , B Y OCCU PA TIO N S.
U nder $8 per week. U nder $9 per week.
Occupation.
num ber
N um ber. P er cent. N um ber. P er cent. reporting.
Handy
.........................................................................
Cigars
........................................................................
Cores
...............................................................................
.......................................................................
Corset,«?
.
H osiery and k n it goods.......................................................
"Laundries................................................................................
O fp ee.s
...............................................................................
O veralls...................................................................................
Paper and eigar b o x es.........................................................
Seed s
......................................................................
Stores
.............................................................................
Telephone exchanges...........................................................
Tohaeeo
........................................................................
W om en’s g a rm e n ts .............................................................
O ther oneupations 1..............................................................
226
334
34
472
301
505
141
205
269
191
1,221
336
88
291
35
T o ta l.............................................................................
4,649
77
42
34
57
67
70
36
31
77
90
58
71
54
48
64
268
423
50
640
371
609
197
309
313
201
1,476
388
115
366
41
90
53
50
77
82
84
50
46
89
95
70
82
71
61
75
296
807
99
835
462
746
396
685
36*
212
2,148
474
162
621
55
5,767
69
8,358
i Shoes, woolen goods, fiber w orks, a n d m etal specialties.
A statement furnished by employers follows:
E M PL O Y M E N T A N D W A G E C O N D ITIO N S AS R E P O R T E D B Y E M P L O Y E R S .
E stablishm ents, wom en em ployed, pay, and ages.
Establish men ts reporting
.......................................................................................................
Average n u m b er of w om en em ployed d a ily ............................................................................
Receiving less th a n
p er w eek (50,230 rep o rtin g )................................................................
Rpeeiying less than $8 p er w eek (.50,230 reporting) - ..............................................................
Receiving $8 p er w e e k and over (50,230 rep o rtin g )__............................................................
..........................................................................................
Em ployed u n d e r Ifi years of age
N um ber. P er cent.
1,348
50,351
10,898
25,810
24,420
1,105
21.7
51.4
48.6
2.2
A study of the reports submitted by the women themselves reveals
interesting data on the number living at home and the' number
“ adrift,” the number who pay board and who assist in supporting
others or are themselves helped by relatives and friends, and the
number who contribute all or a part of their earnings to the main
tenance of the family. Many of the women interrogated did not
answer all these questions. In all but four cases in the industries
investigated the earnings of the women and girls “ adrift” were
higher than those living at home. Of the 6,173 living at home wTho
reported earnings, 1,539 worked in stores and averaged $7.43 per
week, while 595 “ adrift” store employees averaged $8.99 per week.
This difference is probably due to the fact that the average age of
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
20
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
those “ adrift” is greater by three years than that of those living at
home and the average years of experience is greater by one. Taking
as a whole the 18 occupations which reported, however, the average
years experience is slightly greater among those living at home than
among those “adrift.” The following table summarizes the age,
experience, and. earnings of the women living at home and adrift:
A G E, E X P E R IE N C E , A N D E A R N IN G S O F 8,358 W A G E -E A R N IN G W O M E N D IV IN G A T H OM E
AN D A D R IF T .
Age.
Group.
Living a t h o m e ..........................
A d rift.............................
T o tal................................
Experience.
Earnings.
N um ber
report
ing.
Average
years.
N um ber
report
ing-
Average
years.
N um ber
report
ing.
6,187
2,076
22.5
25.2
6,226
2,102
3.5
3.4
6,173
2,100
$46,423.72
17,419. C3
$7.52
8.29
i 8,263
23.1
i 8,328
3.5
i 8,273
63,843.35
7.72
Total
weekly
earnings.
Average
weekly
earnings.
1 R eports were received from 8,358, b a t some om itted to answ er all three questions.
Of the 8,358 women interrogated, 6,232 living at home and 2,126
“ adrift” answered the questions relating to paying board, assisting
in the support of others, and receiving help from others. Of the
former class 2,921, or 46.8 per cent, and of the latter group 805, or
37.8 per cent, were helped by relatives or friends. The following
table gives the totals for the 18 industries investigated:
N U M B E R AN D P E R C EN T O F W A G E -E A R N IN G W O M E N A T H O M E A N D A D R IF T ,
N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F T H O S E P A Y IN G B O A R D A T H O M E , O F T H O S E A SSISTIN G
TO S U P P O R T O T H E R S , A N D O F T H O S E H E L P E D B Y O T H E R S (18 O CCU PA TIO N S).
Total
num ber.
Paying board a t
home.
A ssisting to support
others.
H elped b y relatives
or friends.
Per cent.
N um ber. Per cent. N um ber. Per cent. N um ber. P er cent.
Living a t h o m e ..........
A d rift.................
6,232
2,126
74.6
25.4
5,161
1,852
82.8
87.1
1,757
381
28.1
17.9
2,921
805
46.8
37.8
T o ta l..................
8,358
100.0
7,013
83.9
2,138
25.5
3 ,72G
45.4
Of those living at home and reporting on the amount contributed
to the support of the family, 41.5 per cent contributed all their earn
ings, 46.4 per cent contributed part of their earnings, and 12.1 did
not contribute at all.
While approximately 56 per cent of all wage-earning women report
ing received for their services less than a living wage (estimated by the
commission to be $8), 19.9 per cent were able to save or invest from
their earnings. . This is probably explained by the fact that approx
imately 75 per cent of these women lived at home, of which number
58.5 per cent contributed none or only a part of their earnings
to the support of the family. Furthermore, those adrift who re
ceived a larger average wage per week and who contributed com
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
21
paratively little to the support of others were undoubtedly able to
save a relatively larger percentage of their wages. In the following
table the savings and investments of the women reporting are shown:
AMOUNT
O F SA VINGS A N D IN V E S T M E N T S R E P O R T E D
W O M E N (18 O C C U PA T IO N S).
N um ber
interro
gated.
Method.
N um ber
reporting.
N um ber
reporting
am ount.
B Y 8,358 W A G E -E A R N IN G
Total
am ount
reported.
Per cent
of women
reporting
am ount.
Average
am ount.
Savings..........................................
In v e stm e n ts.................................
8,358
8,358
1,524
147
1,238
94
$89,748. 97
10,317. 42
$72. 41
109. 76
18.2
1.7
T o ta l...................................
8,358
1,671
1,332
100,066.39
75.12
19.9
As bearing on the problem as to whether wages paid were adequate
to meet family expenses, it is of interest to note that 842, or 10 per
cent, of the women wage earners interrogated and reporting were
married, with many of them supporting others besides themselves.
If this figure holds good with the total number of Michigan women
employed in gainful occupations (estimated by the commission to be
225,000), it shows that 22,500 married women are working for a liv
ing outside their homes. With the number of divorced and widowed
added to these figures, the percentage of such women depending on
their own exertions for a living is still further increased.
Out of 688 women reporting the status of their husbands, 512 said
that their husbands were working, 99 that they were out of work, and
66 that they were physically incapacitated for work. Out of 674 who
reported as to their own earnings, 367 said they shared household ex
penses, 124 worked merely for their clothing and spending money,
124 entirely supported their families, and 39 supported themselves
only. Two hundred and nineteen said that they were able to save a
portion of their earnings.
There is considerable divergence of opinion as to what constitutes
a living wage. The commission sought information on this subject
not only from wage earners, but from 62 women’s clubs throughout
the State. The employees in large proportion considered $10 a min
imum, while one-third of the women’s clubs placed it between $8 and
$9. The figures are presented in the following table:
W E E K L Y W A G E S C O N S ID E R E D N E C E S SA R Y B Y 57 W O M E N ’S C LU B S A N D 5,673 W A G E
E A R N IN G W O M E N IN O R D E R TO L IV E D E C E N T L Y , S H O W IN G P E R C E N T A G E O F
T H O S E S P E C IF Y IN G A C E R T A IN A M O U N T.
U nder $8.
Sources of inform ation.
W om en’s c lu b s.....................
W age-earning w om en.........
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N um ber
report
ing.
57
5,673
N um
ber.
15
647
Per
cent.
26.3
11.4
$8 an d under $9. $9 and under $10.
N um
ber.
19
1,256
Per
cent.
33.3
22.2
N um
ber.
9
854
Per
cent.
15.8
15.0
$10 and over.
N um
ber.
14
2,916
Per
cent.
24.6
51.4
22
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
The commission concludes:
1. That a large percentage of the women wage earners of Michigan
are to-day receiving less than a living wage.
2. That this constitutes a menace to the social welfare of society
that is within the power of the legislature to prevent.
3. That a considerable number of women are working under insani
tary conditions that proper legislation will remedy.
4. That any industry that can not pay a living wage to its employ
ees is a burden and not an asset, and if it moves away or goes out of
business society will suffer no loss.
5. That the causes of social maladjustment are not the fault of
any one class, but rest with all classes, and it remains with society,
through its legislative power, as far as possible, to remove these
causes.
6. That the tendency of minimum-wage legislation will be toward
the elimination of inefficiency on the part of both employers and em
ployees, and the suppression of parasitic industries. It will make
relations between employers ancl employees more secure, better
understood, and therefore more cordial; will stimulate employees to
greater industry and more regard to the interest of their employers;
will prevent wage cutting below a minimum by less humane employ
ers; will reduce the number of strikes and disagreements; and will
compel employers to use the latest aids to production.
7. That no material interests of the State would be injured by
such a law.
The commission recommends:
1. Immediate provision for vocational training in public schools, to
be supplemented by instruction and training in schools under the di
rection of employers and by other methods of overcoming inefficiency,
as of first importance.
2. The enactment of a minimum-wage law for women. This law
should provide:
(a) For a properly constituted minimum-wage commission, with a
maximum of power in the direction of publicity and a minimum of
power in the direction of coercion.
(b) For minimum-wage boards, composed of both employers and
employees and of representatives of the consuming public, to be
appointed by the commission.
(c) For a proper review by the minimum-wage commission of any
decision by a wage board as to the necessity for, or the sum that
should constitute a minimum wage, with the added right by the
parties in interest to bring the review into court upon questions of law.
(d ) For working certificates to be issued by the commission to
apprentices and beginners, to the crippled, and to those who are
mentally or physically unable to do a full day’s work, which shall
permit the employer to pay, as wages, certain proportions of the
minimum wage.
A tentative minimum-wage bill is presented as Part II of the
report.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U REA U OP LABOR STA TISTICS.
23
MINNESOTA.
The first biennial report of the minimum wage commission, con
sisting of 55 pages, gives an account of its work from August 1, 1913,
the time it came into active existence, to December 31, 1914. The
hill creating the commission was approved April 26, 1913.
So much of this report as gives an account of the commission's
effort to establish minimum-wage determinations has been fully sum
marized in Bulletin 167 (pp. 55—59) and need not be repeated here.
The commission’s investigation of conditions, and especially of wages
paid in various industries, will, however, be of interest.
The commission immediately after its organization took up the
study of wages and the cost of living to ordinary working women,
and its findings on these subjects constitute the major portion of the
report.
There are 81 cities in Minnesota, classified into four groups—those
of the first class, having a population of more than 50,000; second
class, 20,000 and not more than 50,000; third class, more than 10,000
and not more than 20,000; and fourth class, not more than 10,000.
Minneapolis, St. Paid, and Duluth are in the first class, Winona is
in the second class, and all other cities are in the third and fourth
classes.
In making its investigation into prevailing wage rates in Minnesota
the commission mailed schedules containing 12 questions to employers
throughout the State and secured reports from about 550 in Minne
apolis, St. Paul, and Duluth and from 37 manufacturers and 44
mercantile firms outside of those cities.
More than 6,500 “ Employee’s schedules,” containing 19 questions,
were also used among working women in mercantde and manufac
turing occupations in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and Winona, and
the results were tabulated for 6,542.
As to learners and apprentices, the following definition was used
in the schedule: “ A learner is one engaged in any occupation, not
learning a definite trade, but simply becoming proficient through
experience in one line of work. An apprentice is one learning a defi
nite trade or craft.”
The following table, based on data secured from schedules mailed
to employers, shows the number of females employed at each classi
fied weekly wage in the three cities of Minneapolis, St. Paul, and
Duluth.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
24
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E BU R E A U OE LABOR STA TISTICS.
N U M B E R O F F E M A L E S E A R N IN G E A C H C L A S S IF IE D A M O U N T O F W E E K L Y W A G E S IN
A B O U T 550 E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN M IN N E A P O L IS , ST. P A U L , A N D D U L U T H .
$2
U nder
$2.
$4
$6
$8
$10
$12
$12.
and
over.
and
and
and
and
and
un d er u n d er u n d er u n d e r under
$4.
$8.
16.
810.
Total.
MINNEAPOLIS AND ST. PAUL.
M ercantile, wholesale.......................................
M ercantile’ retail:
5 and 10 c en t stores....................................
D ep artm en t sto re s....................................
Clothing sto re s...........................................
Dry-goods s to re s........................................
Shoe stores...................................................
F u rn itu re an d hardw are sto re s.............
D rug and j ew elry stores...........................
R etail m illinery stores..............................
Groceries and confectionery...................
A rt goods, m usic, b o o k s...”.....................
M iscellaneous..............................................
20
168
191
109
144
632
39
572
14
84
i
4
62
1,263
55
115
2
2
8
3
7
5
9
5
755
58
141
i
7
8
7
18
7
8
5
347
53
111
3
7
2
7
3
7
13
481
97
143
2
17
5
14
20
12
12
111
3,459
278
595
8
33
23
33
48
32
46
715
1,531
1,015
558
803
i 4,667
23
182
24
4
2
132
176
327
11
23
437
30
15
51
502
618
620
44
11
255
35
32
42
414
637
582
52
6
318
22
13
28
109
442
423
36
2
179
36
23
55
182
463
391
27
65
1,373
147
87
178
1,339
2,337
2,367
170
27
881
2,340
2,060
1,397
1,358
8,063
15
106
9
141
27
118
36
71
30
88
102
539
18
17
14
11
6
6
12
8
3
9
15
13
28
18
16
7
1
2
9
6
67
1
58
Total m ercantile.....................................
M anufacturing................................ ♦................
1
T otal m ercantile and m anufacturing.
1
T otal, m ercantile, re ta il......................
41
1
1
1
1
M anufacturing:
Drugs and chem icals................................
Food products, liquor, and tobacco__
L eath er and ru b b e r goods.......................
L um ber and fu rn itu re ..............................
Iron and s te e l.............................................
P rin tin g and p ap er goods.......................
T e x tile s.___.7 ...T .....................................
C lothing.......................................................
A ll other m anufacturing..........................
i
43
2
1
24
T otal m an u factu rin g .............................
DULUTH.
M ercantile, w holesale.......................................
M ercantile, re ta il...............................................
M anufacturing:
Food products, cigars, and tobacco___
L eather an d ru b b e r goods.......................
L um b er and fu rn itu re ............................
Iron and s te e l.............................................
P rin tin g an d p ap er goods.......................
T e x tile s........................................................
C lothing.......................................................
T otal m anufacturing.............................
6
60
4
1
7
3
6
20
2
7
32
44
4
36
34
41
193
99
61
18
60
1314
20
821
177
1,672
218
1,133
145
629
174
891
724
15,206
58
33
841
948
1,849
2,439
1,351
2,121
774
1,415
1,065
1,418
i 5,940
18,377
91
1,789
4,288
3,472
2,189
2,483
i 14,317
6
2
2
TWIN CITIES AND DULUTH.
Mercantile:
W holesale...................................................
R etail..........................................................
1 This is no t th e correct sum of th e item s.
Figures are given as shown in th e report.
A more minute classification of wages is shown in the following
table, giving for the three cities combined the number and per cent
earning each classified amount:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F FE M A L E S E A R N IN G EA C H C L A S S IF IE D A M O U N T O F
W E E K L Y W A G E S IN M E R C A N T IL E A N D M A N U F A C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S , ST. P A U L ,
M IN N E A P O L IS , A N D D U L U T H .
M ercantile.
M anufac
turing.
U nder $2 per w eek.........................
$2 an d u nder $3...............................
$3 a n d u nder $4...............................
¡$4 a n d u nder $5...............................
$5 a n d u n d e r $6...............................
$6 a n d under $7...............................
$7 a n d under 18...............................
$8 a n d under $9...............................
$9 a nd under $10.............................
110 an d under $11...........................
$11 an d under $12...........................
$12 an d over.....................................
Total.
W hole
sale.
Retail.
W ages per week.
T otal m anufactur
ing a nd mercantile.
N um Per N u m Per N um Per N um Per N um ber.
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
P er cent.
0.1
.1
.9
4.4
9.8
16.6
14.5
13.0
9.8
10.0
3.0
17.9
1
10
82
448
1,341
2,198
2,090
1,856
1,616
1,506
685
2,484
0.1
.1
.6
3.1
9.4
15.4
14.6
13.0
11.3
10.5
4.8
17.4
734 100.0 5,940 100.0
14,317
100.0
7
27
189
759
1,211
1,228
1,086
1,035
911
505
1,419
0.1
.3
2.3
9.0
14.5
14.7
12.9
12.4
10.9
6.0
16.9
1
3
55
253
568
884
788
655
478
503
127
891
0.1
.1
1.1
4.9
10.9
17.0
15.1
12.6
9.2
9.7
2.4
17.1
6
14
103
74
115
103
92
53
174
T o ta l....................................... 8,377 100.0 5,206 100.0
0.8
1.9
14.0
10.1
15. 7
14.0
12.5
7.2
23.7
1
3
55
259
582
987
862
770
581
595
180
1,065
Outside of cities of the first class, pay-roll data were secured from
37 of the larger manufacturers, employing 732 females, and from 44
mercantile firms employing 476 females.
A brief summary of the weekly wage rates is given in the following
table:
N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F FE M A L E S E M P L O Y E D AT EA C H C L A S S IF IE D R A T E O F
W E E K L Y W A G E IN M A N U F A C T U R IN G A N D M E R C A N T IL E IN D U S T R IE S IN C IT IE S
O U T S ID E O F ST . P A U L , M IN N E A P O L IS , A N D D U L U T H .
M anufacturing.
M ercantile.
Total.
N umber. P er cent. N um ber. Per cent. N um ber. Per cent.
$4 per w eek............................................
under $5..................................................
under $6..................................................
under $7..................................................
under $8..................................................
under $9..................................................
over.........................................................
194
112
131
91
54
30
120
26.5
15.3
17.9
12.4
7. 4
4.1
16.4
62
52
73
63
63
44
119
13.0
10.9
15.4
13.2
13.2
9.3
25.0
256
164
204
154
117
74
139
23.1
14.8
18.4
13.9
10.6
6.7
12.5
T o ta l.........................................................
732
100.0
476
100.0
1,108
100.0
U nder
$4 a n d
$5 a n d
$6 an d
$7 a nd
$8 an d
$9 a n d
Wage rates in other lines of industry in Minnesota are not any
higher than in mercantile and manufacturing lines. The prevailing
rate in laundries is slightly lower. Investigation into wage rates in
laundries, hotels, restaurants, telephone and telegraph establish
ments, and offices showed that there was no material difference be
tween these employments and those already discussed.
Wage data as reported by the employees themselves on schedules
distributed among them are shown in the following table. The data
are for the four cities, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Duluth, and Winona.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
26
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
W E E K L Y W A G E S AS R E P O R T E D B Y F E M A L E E M P L O Y E E S IN M E R C A N T IL E AN D
M A N U FA C T U R IN G IN D U S T R IE S IN M IN N E A P O L IS , ST. P A U L , D U L U T H , AN D
W IN O N A .
Minneapolis
and
St. P a u l.
Wages per week.
D u luth.
T otal, four
cities.
W inona.
N um P er N um Per N um Per N um Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
U nder $4...................................................................................
$4 and un d er $5......................................................................
$5 and u n d er $6......................................................................
$6 and u n d er $7......................................................................
$7 and u n d er $8......................................................................
$8 and un d er $9......................................................................
$9 and u n d er $10....................................................................
¿10 and u n d er $11...................................... ........................
$11 and un d er $12..................................................................
$12 and un d er $13..................................................................
$13 and un d er $14 _ .
...................................................
$14 and un d er $15..................................................................
$15 and un d er $16..................................................................
$16 and u n d er $17..................................................................
$17 and u n d er $18..................................................................
$18 and u n d er $19..................................................................
..........................................................
$19 and u n d e r $20
$20 and u n d er $21
..........................................................
$21 and u n d er $22 ................................................................
$22 and u n d e r $23
....................................................
$23 and u nder $24
.....................................................................
$24 and u n d er $25
.....................................................................
$25 and un d er $26..................................................................
$26 and ov er............................................................................
18
145
552
980
937
8G2
614
640
205
341
80
70
153
41
34
50
8
32
4
8
4
4
19
21
0.3
2.5
9.5
16.9
16.1
14.8
10.5
11.0
3.5
5.9
1.4
1.2
2.6
.7
.6
.9
.1
.5
.1
.1
.1
.1
.3
.4
T o ta l.............................................................................. 5,828 1 0 0.0
11
58
50
65
87
65
74
64
14
43
21
11
31
3
5
4
3
8
1
1.8
9.3
8.0
10.5
14.0
10.5
11.9
10.3
2.3
6.9
3.4
1.8
5.0
.5
.8
.6
.5
1.3
.2
1
21
8
18
18
11
3
3
2
2
3
.5
1
621 100.0
3
1
1
30
1.1
224
22.6
610
8.6
19.4 1,069
19.4 1,042
938
11.8
3.2
691
3.2
707
221
2.1
2.1
386
101
81
3.2
187
44
40
1. 1
55
1.1
11
40
5
8
4
4
23
1 .1
0.5
3.4
9.3
16.3
15.9
14.3
10.6
10.8
3.4
5.9
1.2
2.9
.7
.6
.8
.2
.6
.1
.1
.1
.1
21
.4
.3
93 100.0 6,542
1 0 0.0
The following table is a summary of expenses as reported by 1,731
working women living adrift in the Twin Cities and earning less than
SI2.50 per week, and by 572 working women living adrift in Duluth
and earning less than $12.50 per week. These schedules were
selected from 6,569 received:
W E E K L Y COST O F L IV IN G AS R E P O R T E D B Y F E M A L E E M P L O Y E E S A N D AS R ECO M
M E N D E D B Y T H E IR A D V IS O R Y B O A R D A P P O IN T E D B Y T H E M IN IM U M -W A G E COM
M ISSIO N , T W IN C IT IE S A N D D U L U T H , 1914.
As recom m ended b y advisory
boards.
As reported b y females adrift.
T w in Cities.
Item .
Average
for
females
earning
less th a n
812.50
per week
(1,731
sched
ules).
D uluth.
T w in Cities.
Average
for
Average Average
for
females
for
females
earning
females
earning less th a n
same
$6.50 and
$12.50
class,
un d er per week
selected $8.50
(572
per
cases.1
week.
sched
ules).
Room a n d food..............................
L a u n d ry ..........................................
Clothing............................................
Carfare..............................................
D octor..............................................
D en tist.............................................
O culist..............................................
C h u rch .............................................
Books, e tc ........................................
Insurance.........................................
Lodge an d club d u e s....................
A m u sem en ts..................................
V acatio n ..........................................
Incid en tals......................................
84.39
.33
1.68
.53
.24
.24
.04
.13
.11
.06
.02
.34
.27
$4.39
.52
1.68
.53
.44
.34
.18
.17
.11
.18
.08
.34
.30
$4.13
.29
1.45
.49
.23
.21
.04
.11
.09
.04
.03
.26
.16
T o tal......................................
8.38
9.26
7.52
Consoli
dated
Mercan
m ercan
M anu
tile ad facturing tile and
visory
advisory m anu
boara.
board. facturing
advisory
board.
$4. 42
.35
1.78
.46
.24
.20 |
.04
.13 }
.11
.05
.03
.31
.21
8.33
D uluth.
$4.80
.50
2.00
.50
$5.00
.45
1.92
.30
$4.90
.50
2.00
.30
.30
.35
.38
.10 \f
.06
.15
.10
.05 }
.50 /\
.10
.25 }
.10
.04
8.65
8.82
.06
.25
.20
8.69
1 Cases selected where every item of expenditure on schedule was answered b y an e n try of some a m o u n t.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
27
Following a statement of the orders issued by the commission
(already given in Bulletin 167, pp. 55-59) and the action of the court
in declaring the law unconstitutional, the report closes with the text
of the minimum-wage law, and also a tabular synopsis of the princi
pal provisions of the minimum-wage laws which have been enacted
in the nine States, California, Colorado, Massachusetts, Minnesota,
Nebraska, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wisconsin.
MISSOURI.
The report of the Senate Wage Commission for Women and
Children in the State of Missouri, dated February 4, 1915, presents
the results of an investigation conducted by a commission chosen for
the purpose of ascertaining the wages paid working women in Mis
souri, with a view to determining the advisability of minimum-wage
legislation. It includes also the information secured by the school
of social economy of Washington University on the wages, cost of
living, and conditions of labor of women in the manufacturing indus
tries of St. Louis.
The report consists of 108 pages, about 70 of which present in
summarized form the testimony of some 400 witnesses examined by
the commission during its sittings, which began in May, 1913, and
ended February, 1914. Sittings were held in St. Louis, Kansas City,
St. Joseph, Joplin, and Springfield.
The information elicited by the commission from these 400 wit
nesses, both employers and employees, was not reduced to tabular
form, but was condensed and left in its cursory form of question and
answer. The whole testimony was of such volume that it was not
deemed advisable to present it in its entirety.
The condition of 10 girls working in one place in St. Louis was made
the subject of a special investigation. Each girl was asked to state
the amount of clothing purchased during the year in a list which she
was given to fill out. Where a gown was used more than one year,
she was requested to divide the cost. The prices called for were for
new goods of qualities used by the girls ordinarily, not including
Sunday dresses or evening gowns; “ just clothing necessary to wear
to and from work.” All of the 10 girls in question lived at home and
were able to save something out of their earnings.
The table of estimates follows.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
28
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
E S T IM A T E S O P A N N U A L COST O P C L O T H IN G O P 10 F E M A L E E M P L O Y E E S W O R K IN G
IN O N E P L A C E IN ST. LO U IS .
Cost per year for clothing.
Em ployee, age, and wages per
week.
Suits.
Sum
mer.
No.
N o.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
1, 16 years, $6........................
2, 18 years, $6........................
3, 20 years, $7........................
4, 24 years, $8.......................
5, over 24 years, $8..............
6, over 24 years, $8..............
7, over 24 years, $9..............
8, over 24 years, ¿9..............
9, over 24 years, $10............
10, over 24 years, $13...........
"A verage..............................
H ats.
Underw ear.
W in Sum W in Sum W in Sum W in
ter. mer. ter. mer. ter. mer. ter.
Ho
Skirts. Shoes. siery.
$10.00 $15.00 $5.00 $4.00 $5.00 $6.00 $3.00 $2.50 $5.00 $9.00
15.00 8. 50 6. 00 3. 50 3.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 10.50
15.00 15.00 6.00 4.00 6.00 4.00 1.00 1.50
7.50
15.00 20.00 4.00 4. 00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 9.00
15. 00 15.00 5.00 6.00 4.00 4.00 2.00 3.00 10.00 18.00
15.00 15.00 6.00 6. 00 4.00 3.00 1.50 3.00 5.00 20. 00
7.50 3.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 1.25 1.50 5.00 3.50
7.50 3.00 3. 00 5. 00 5. 00 2.00 1.50 4.00 12. 00
7. 50 7.50 5.00 5.00 3. 50 2.00 10. 00 3.50
7 50
2.50 1.25 2. 50 2. 50 1.50 3.00 5.00 3.00
7. 75
11.00
Coats.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
W aists.
1,16 years, $6........................
2, 18 years, $6........................
3, 20 years, $7........................
4, 24 years, $8........................
5, over 24 years, $8...............
6, over 24 years, $8..............
7, over 24 years, $9...............
8, over 24 years, 89..............
9, over 24 years, $10.............
10, over 24 years, $13...........
$6.66
3.33
7. 50
10. 00
5.00
5.00
8.00
7.50
6. 75
3. 75
A verage..............................
6.34
5.05
P e tti
coats.
$3.00
5.00
3.00
4.00
1.50
3.00
5.00
2.00
3. 00
1.25
3 .07i
4- 374 4.10
Gloves.
3.85
Acces
sories.
2 .37J 12.80
5.30 '7 . 98
Toilet
articles.
Corsets.
$2.00
5.00
3.00
2.00
3.00
fi 00
1.00
2.00
1.00
.75
$4. 00
3.00
1.50
4.00
2.00
3.00
2.00
3. 00
3. 00
.69
$5.00
2.00
2. 00
5. 00
5.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
.50
$1.50
3. 00
3.00
3.00
2.00
2. 00
.50
2. 00
2.00
1.50
2. 62
2.85
2.05
2. 57i
$12.00
12.00
3.00
26.00
6.00
6.00
2.50
3.00
3.00
.50
7. 40
Total.
2 $96.88
95.83
83.00
121.00
106.50
10.1 hO
51.75
2 67.50
65.75
37.69
83.11
1 This figure is n o t th e correct average of th e item s; it is copied from the report.
2 This figure is n o t th e correct to ta l of th e item s; it is copied from the report.
The school of social economy of Washington University conducted
an auxiliary investigation into the cost of living in St. Louis, wages
in 13 selected industries, and wages of 1,569 women employed in
the men’s clothing industry.
A study of the cost of living in 1,200 cases in Kansas City, St.
Louis, and elsewhere gave the following estimate per week for work
ing women: Food, $3.50; rent, $2; clothing, $1.53; laundry, 25 cents;
car fare, 60 cents; amusements, 20 cents; vacation, 10 cents; church,
5 cents; insurance, 10 cents; medical attention, 20 cents; total, $8.53.
As to wages in the selected industries, namely, clothing, boots and
shoes, tobacco, printing and binding, millinery, grocer’s sundries,
candy, drugs, bags and baggage, paper boxes, cotton, and fur,
investigation showed that 40.8 per cent of the 7,562 women employed
received less than $7 per week. In drug making 68.8 per cent of
the women employed earned less than $7 per week, while in printing
and binding only 27.4 per cent earned less than $7 per week.
In the men’s clothing industry, figures were secured relative to
the wages of 1,569 women, or more than 60 per cent of the total
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
29
employed in the industry. The data cover the wages of all female
employees on the regular factory pay rolls.
The following table shows the number and per cent receiving each
classified weekly amount:
N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F F E M A L E S E A R N IN G E A C H C L A S S IF IE D A M O U N T OF
W E E K L Y W A G E S IN M E N ’S C L O T H IN G F A C T O R IE S , ST. L O U IS .
W ages p er week.
N um ber. P er cent.
U nder S3 ..........................................................................................................................................
$3 to $3.99 .........................................................................................................................................
$4 to $4 99
.................................................................................................................
$5 to $5 93 . .
.............................................................................................................
$6to86 99 ......
.....................................................................................................................
$7to 87.99 ..........................................................................................................................................
$8to $8 99
..
...................................................................................................................
89 to $9 99
....................................................................................................................................
810 to $11.99 ......................................................................................................................................
$12 to $14.99 ......................................................................................................................................
$ 1 5 a nd over.......................................................................................................................................
160
147
126
183
172
167
189
148
186
79
12
10.19
9.37
8. 03
11. 67
10. 97
10. 64
12. 04
9. 43
11.86
5.04
.76
T o ta l........................................................................................................................................
1,569
100.00
From this table it appears that 50.23 per cent of the total females
employed earn less than $7 per week and more than 60 per cent aver
age less than $8 per week.
The investigation made by this department of Washington Uni
versity revealed great irregularity of employment in two factories
manufacturing men’s clothing, as is shown in the following statement:
IR R E G U L A R IT Y O F E M PL O Y M E N T O F F E M A L E S IN TW O M E N ’S C L O T H IN G FA C T O R IE S
IN ST. LO U IS.
W eeks of em ploym ent.
N um ber
of
P er cent.
women.
N ot over 4 weeks.
5 to 9 w eeks..........
10 to 12 w eeks___
13 to 16 w eeks___
17 to 20 w eeks___
21 to 24 w eeks___
25 to 28 w eeks___
29 to 32 w eeks___
33 to 36 w eeks___
37 to 40 w eeks___
41 to 44 w eeks___
45 to 48 w e e k s ....
49 to 52 w eeks___
155
58
29
23
24
12
7
17
17
17
14
22
102
31.19
11.66
5.83
4.63
4.83
2.42
1.41
3.42
3.42
3.42
2.82
4.43
20.52
T otal...........
497
100.00
The commission recommends minimum-wage legislation. In their
opinion “ there ought to be remedial legislation—either by a law fix
ing a minimum wage for women and girls or by the establishment of
a wage board to adjust the pay of women in various parts of
the State to insure for them an income sufficient at least to clothe
and feed them properly. In our judgment, a commission with power
to fix wages in the various occupations and to grade same, from be
ginner to the expert, would be best.”
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
30
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
OREGON (POWER LAUNDRIES IN PORTLAND).
A report of the Industrial Welfare Commission of the State of
Oregon on the power laundries in Portland, 1914, embodies the
results of an investigation undertaken to ascertain whether in the
power laundry industry: (1) The physical demands of the work are
excessive for the strength of the average woman worker, (2) whether
ventilation is sufficient to insure the reasonable comfort of the
employee, (3) whether the nature of the work is such that a learner’s
period with reduced wage is necessary in all departments, and (4) the
extent to which the short week in the laundry industry interferes
with the earning of a living wage.
Power laundries to the number of 17 were dealt with, employing
1,157 persons, 768 of whom were women and 389 were men. Of the
female employees, 13 were minors between 16 and 18 years of age.
Wages in laundries are based upon three kinds of service—namely,
hourly, weekly, and piecework. Of the 768 women employed, 455
were paid by the hour, 254 by the week, and 59 by the piece. Of
the total number employed, 148 were office employees, markers, and
sorters—occupations which are usually grouped together as being of
a clerical nature—and 620 were employed in distinctly laundering
processes. Of the 254 employees paid by the week, 137 were office
employees, markers, and sorters. Thus it is seen that only 117, or
less than 19 per cent of the 620 women employed in laundering
processes, were assured of a fixed weekly wage. The wages of the
514 employees not paid by the week vary from week to week, even
when a normal week’s work of from 48 to 53 hours is put in. The
only two classes of employees paid by the piece are the hand
ironers and machine operators.
Wage data tabulated for 726 women working over 36 hours per
week show that slightly more than 29 per cent received under $8 per
week and 54.9 per cent received under $9 per week.
Eight dollars and twenty-five cents a week Was established as a
minimum wage for women workers in the laundry industry in Port
land by the industrial welfare commission. Yet according to the
wage data collected it is found that more than one-fourth of the
women employed receive less than $8 per week and more than onehalf receive less than $9 per week. Only one group of 16 workers
out of 180 receiving $8 and under $9 per week averaged as high as
$8.41.
The extent of unemployment is shown by the data collected from
242 women, covering the period from April, 1913, to April, 1914.
Of these, 125 reported some time lost through unemployment,
ranging from 1 week and less to 11 months. Forty-two had been
out of work for from one to three weeks; 66 reported as being out
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
31
of work for from one to three months; 11 lost from four to six
months ; and 6 lost from seven to eleven months.
The varying length of the working week has been a prevailing
characteristic of the industry. The weekly rush period of the laun
dries is from Monday noon till Friday noon. Nearly all of the
employees lose at least one-half day’s work and wages, and many
lose more.
Of the 754 whose hours for one week were compared, 11.8 per cent,
nearly one-eighth, on a nine-hour-a-day schedule, worked between
4 and 5 days a week; 46 per cent worked less than 50 hours; and
53.7 per cent worked from 50 to 54 hours.
Following the purpose of the inquiry at the outset, some recom
mendations are suggested for the improvement of the physical
conditions of the laundries, the methods and arrangement of work,
and the health and efficiency of the employees:
1. Reduce the temperature and humidity of the work rooms to a
normal degree by use of exhaust fans, exhaust hoods over machines,
and any natural or artificial means available.
2. Arrange departments and machinery so that the warmest and
most exacting occupations will derive the greatest benefits from the
ventilation.
3. Furnish heat-deflecting devices for machines on which they may
be used, e. g., body ironers.
4. Install pneumatic attachments on press machines which women
are expected to operate.
5. Shift employees at work so that the heat and strain of the
different occupations may be distributed.
6. Furnish padding or mats for women to stand on who work on
concrete floors.
7. Permit stools at work in many departments where they are
not at present supplied.
8. Maintain toilets, dressing rooms, and the laundry as a whole
in a clean, well-swept condition.
PENNSYLVANIA (WOMEN IN MERCANTILE ESTABLISHMENTS IN PHILA
DELPHIA).
As a part of its monthly bulletin, dated January, 1915, the Penn
sylvania Department of Labor and Industry publishes the results
of a study of the conditions of women in mercantile establishments
in Philadelphia.
The investigation extended over the seven months from November
15, 1913, to June 15, 1914, and included 55 stores, 17 of which were
department stores, 18 women’s specialty stores, and 20 five and ten
cent stores. These 55 stores employed 9,981 women, excluding those
in workroom service and private office work. Wages, number of
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
32
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OE T H E B U R EA U OE LABOR STA TISTICS.
employees, hours <
‘md conditions of work, seasonal employment,
and educational or welfare work were points of special consideration,
but in connection with wages data on the cost of living of store women
were also collected.
The body of the report is divided into four sections: (1) Organi
zation, (2) general working conditions, (3) wages, and (4) working
girls’ budgets.
Under the head of organization is given a brief explanation of the
nature of the duties of the various positions in the big department
stores—the superintendent, the buyer, the assistant buyer, sales
women, junior salesgirls, stock workers, cashiers, inspectors and
wrappers, packers, messengers, clerical workers, and the contingent
and extra force.
The volume of business in department stores is extremely irregular,
varying by seasons, months, days, and hours of the day, and to meet
this the numbers of the selling force must be correspondingly altered.
The burden of this irregularity does not fall severely on the regular
force, but so-called contingents or extras are employed for single days
of the week or for a limited period on certain days in order to take
care of the business during the busy periods. The situation will best
be understood by quoting from the report:
With the exception of millinery and coat and suit saleswomen,
there is a fairly regular force in all stores which is augmented from
September to Christmas and during March and April. Beyond this
all extremes of business are met by summoning some of the vast army
of casual department store workers with which the city is supplied.
Except before Christmas, when all stores increase their force, this
supply of extra workers far exceeds the demand. There is also a
group of full or part-time workers who are employed the year round
and who are known as “ contingent workers.” In four stores from
which information was secured there were found registered 392 of
these contingents who work 2, 3, or 6 days each week. In addition
to this, there are a great number who work in stores only when sent
for or when the store advertises. The number of part-time workers
and their distribution through the week show Monday and Saturday
to be the busiest days. The following list of the number of con
tingents and extra help employed daily was taken from the records
of one large store for November, 1913:
N U M B E R O F “ E X T R A S ” E M P L O Y E D D A IL Y IN O N E D E P A R T M E N T S T O R E IN
N O V E M B E R , 1913.
ednes
M onday. Tuesday. W day.
F irst w e ek ......................................................... _
Second, w e ek .......................................................
T hird w e e k .........................................................
F o u rth w eek ......................................................
F ifth w eek ...........................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
191
199
193
192
68
89
93
99
T hurs
day.
96
127
105
125
117
139
146 H oliday.
F riday.
66
78
88
140
S atu r
day.
ICO
189
198
184
217
M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
33
The stores arrange for special days or for the busy hours of the day
in many ways. Each store has a force of from 25 to 50 so-called
regular full-time contingents who work the same hours as regular
saleswomen, but unlike them do not belong to a department. They
are assigned to places as the supply is needed, and sometimes serve
in as many as five departments in one day. “ Contingents” are
usually found at aisle tables, where bargains are for sale. The reason
for regularly assigning these girls to special “ sales” is that bargain
hunters get to know and look for the same girl. The life of a con
tingent is often not a pleasant one; she is put into a department
temporarily and the regular girls often object to her presence, because
she takes no part in the care of stock, is frequently obliged to ask
questions, and often deprives the “ regulars” of sales. The head of
a department requires a girl many times a day to show her sales book
and, if she is not maintaining a certain standard, removes her to
another department. The “ contingent” is often waiting her turn to
be permanently assigned to a department; in the meantime she is
gaining a knowledge of a wide variety of merchandise.
The part-time contingents work every day from 11 to 5 o’clock or
only two or three days a week from 10.30 to 4.30. Relief cashiers
are also employed from 11 a. m. to 4 p. m. They go from desk to
desk taking the place of the regular cashiers while they are at lunch.
One store has stock girls who come in at 8 a. m. and act as relief
cashiers from 11 to 4.30, when they go home.
It is apparent that there are many ways of increasing the force in
order to have the maximum number in the middle of the day. One
store has seven different schedules of hours that apply to their special
help alone. To illustrate:
D a ily ................................................................................... 25 co n tin g e n ts..
W ednesday and T h u rs d a y .............................................25 co n tin g e n ts..
Tuesday and F rid a y .
................................................10 co n tin g e n ts..
M onday and S aturday....................................................60 c o n tin g e n ts..
Two, three, or four d a y s................................................................ o th e rs ..
10-5 or 11-4.
10.45-4.30.
10.45-4.30.
10.45-5.
9.30-5 or 8-5.30.
Another store, in addition to about 50 registered contingents,
engages some girls every morning between 8 and 10 o’clock, according
as special sales, the weather, or absences in the regular force warrant.
At the employment office in this store may be seen every day from
20 to 50 girls and women seeking a day’s work for SI. An average of
about 25 of these are engaged daily. For some it is a case of first
come, first served, but, as there is a chance of being taken on until 10
o’clock, many stay until that hour and only leave when they are told
that no more are needed. Many girls are known who apply daily
for weeks, thereby wasting time and car fare and secure only an
occasional day’s work. This is the only class of extra help known
who are not notified when they will be needed.
The following schedule by months for 1913 shows to what extent
extra help is used by the above house. The figures quoted repre
sent the number of extra days’ work monthly—not the number of
girls working, as the same girl may appear over and over.
Jan u a ry .................... ................
F eb ru ary ..................................
M arch....................... ................
A p ril......................... ................
M ay........................... ..............
J u n e .......................... ................
4418°—15---- 3
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,100
1,175
1,470
1,333
1,862
1,716
J u ly ........................... .............. 1,160
A ugust...................... .............. 1,149
S eptem ber................ ............. 1,339
O ctober.................... .............. 1,959
N ovem ber................ .............. 2,573
D ecem ber................ .............. 2,349
34
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
It is seen here that January and February and July and August
are the dull months for “ extras” and November the" busy month.
The table shows more days’ extra work for November than for
December, because after December 24 all extras were dropped.
Next in importance to the Christmas season, which marks the height
of retail-store business, come the first days of the month, when
charge accounts soar, and Monday, Friday, and Saturday in each
week. In addition most of the Philadelphia department stores hold
a much-advertised sale one day each month. All stores keep a
record of several hundred extra saleswomen, often former employees,
who may be called upon to work from one to ten days a month,
according to business demands, and who respond according to their
ability to report when needed. When there is to be a special sale, it
is not infrequent for a superintendent to send out 200 postal cards
and have 60 applicants, so uncertain is this class of workers.
The plan of having contingent workers is unquestionably a benefit
to the organization of a large house. It secures a fresh group of
workers for the middle of the day and keeps the pay roll much
lower than were these people to be carried right along. In one store
contingents represent 6.2 per cent and in another 50 per cent of the
number of regular saleswomen. In other stores they range from 10
to 15 per cent of the regular number. For the worker who has
household duties this form of selling affords an additional occupa
tion. The records of 27 part-time contingents in one store showed
only four to be under 21 and one-third to be over 35 years of age—a
fact which might indicate that they had outside responsibilities. A
few contingents are students or school teachers desirous of earning
extra money, but many are girls striving to get on the regular force.
They are adaptable and serviceable as contingents, and unless they
are fortunate enough to secure permanent employment in another
store they usually remain such. Many girls try to make a livelihood
by working two or three days a week for two or more different stores.
There is no certainty of being engaged, however, if the weather and
business are not gocfd. Usually girls are told not to report in bad
weather. One store claims to pay car fare if a girl is sent for and
then not needed.
The working conditions are discussed under the heads of structure
of buildings, basement selling, ventilation of basements, environment,
provision for health and comfort, rest rooms, lunch rooms, wash
rooms, coat rooms, toilets, seats, welfare work, educational classes,
instruction in store systems, educational clubs and social life, medi
cal service, benefit associations, normal hours, overtime, Sunday
work, history of Christmas closing, holiday overtime, clerical work
ers, and stock taking.
The prevailing method of paying women in mercantile establish-*
ments in Philadelphia is by the flat rate or fixed sum per week.
Affecting wages more or less indirectly are several practices, which
are explained, such as commissions, premium money, employees’
discount and charge accounts, clothing requirements, fines for late
ness, and fines for mistakes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
35
The wages of women in five department stores are shown in the
following table, by occupations:
W A GES O F W O M EN IN F IV E D E P A R T M E N T ST O R E S, B Y O C CU PA TIO N S, P H IL A D E L
P H IA , 1913-14.
O ccupations.
Wages per week.
Messen
gers.
Inspectors,
w rappers,
and
cashiers.
Total.
Tube
cashiers.
Stock.
Sales
women.
Clerical
workers.
N u m Per N u m Per N u m Per N u m Per N u m Per N u m Per N u m Per
ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent. ber. cent.
$? 50 In $2 QQ
$¡3 to $3 4Q
$3 “0 t.n $2 QQ
$4 t.n $4 4Q
S4 E 0 tn |4.99
$.5 t,o $fi 4 9 ...
Sfr, fif) t.n St.ri 99
$6 to $6.49......................
$6 60 t.n Sfi.99 ............
$7 to $7 49......................
$7
140 48.3
125 43.5
7 2. 5
13 4.6
3 1.1
r0 to $7 QQ
88 to 88.49......................
$ft r.Ot.n $8 99
89 to 89 49
..........
$Q ,50 tn &Q 99
$10 to $10.99 ..............
$11 to 811.99
..........
$ 1 2 tn $ 1 2 99
$12 t.n $12 99
$14 t.n $14 QQ
Ä1.5 tn $1.5 QQ
28
38
179
112
93
44
79
20
208
8
90
5
18
1
5
1
3.0
4.1
19.3
12.1
10.0
4.7
8.5
2.2
22.5
.8
9.7
.5
1.9
61 44.5
9 6.6
37 27.0
1
.7
14 10.2
5
3.7
5
1
3.7
. 1
.5
.1
.7
3 2.2
1
.7
$1£ tn $1Q QQ
$20
09
T o ta l..................
288 100.0
929 100.0
137 100.0
16 4.1
34 8.7
5 0.1
63 16.2
.2
10
47 12.1
40 1.0
51 13.1
.4
16
14 3.6
242 6.2
34 8.7
.8
31
1
.3
676 17.3
36 9.3
1.5
1
.3
59
23 5.9 1,023 26.1
88 2 .2
4 1.0
453 11.5
21 5.4
67 1.7
411 10.5
18 4.6
211 5.4
6 1.5
203 5.2
9 2.3
113 2.S
5 1.3
72 1 .8
2
.5
1
.3
91 2.3
2
69 1.7
.5
.6
1
.3
23
.4
14
.2
8
108
76
139
56
226
42
268
26
257
21
230
9
130
4
104
54
26
16
2C
3C
1C
2
3
140 1.8
5 .8
277 3.6
4.1
155 2 .0
7.5
398 5.3
3 .0
228 3 .8
12.1
410 5.4
2.3
116 1.5
684 9.1
14.5
1. 4
87 1.1
13.8 1,215 16.1
1.1
90 1.2
12.4 1,380 18.3
.5
106 1.4
627 8.3
7.0
.2
72
.9
5 .6
543 7.2
2.9
273 3.6
241 3 .2
1.4
135 1.8
.9
94 1.2
1.1
122 1.6
1.6
.5
81 1 . 0
.1
26
.3
.2
.2
17
8
.1
389 100.0 3,925 100.0 1,857 100.0 7,525 100.0
Except as to saleswomen there were no additional earnings to the
weekly rate in the above classes. Scarcely over one-fourth of the
saleswomen in all five stores were receiving additions to their weekly
rates. Saleswomen comprise 52.1 per cent of all store workers and of
these 53.5 per cent receive under $8.50 per week.
As to regularity of employment, it is stated that taking the number
employed during the month of May as the normal force, or 100 per
cent, it appears that during the month of December there is an
increase of 42 per cent and during the month of August a decrease of
27 per cent. This indicates the number of temporary and inter
mittent department store workers at the command of large depart
ment stores for busy seasons.
Schedules as to the cost of living were secured from 788 girls.
Of these 502, or 63.7 per cent, were found to be living at home and
286, or 36.3 per cent, were adrift. The term “ adrift ’’designates those
who are self-supporting and living in private families other than
their own, and also married women who support a family, single
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
36
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U R E A U OP LABOR STA TISTICS.
women or widows who are at the head of a household, and women
living in boarding or lodging houses.
As to the age and experience of women found in these two groups,
material was limited to one store only, employing 1,300 women. Of
290 women reporting it was found that the average age of 125 adrift
and of 165 living at home was 28.8 years and 20.7 years, respectively.
The average years of experience of those adrift was 4.6 and of those
living at home 1.7.
The following table shows the cost of food and shelter for 286
women adrift who were living in various ways:
C O M PA R A TIV E COST O F D IF F E R E N T M O D ES O F L IV IN G O F D E P A R T M E N T ST O R E
W O M E N A D R IF T , P H IL A D E L P H IA , 1913-14.
W om en reporting.
Modes of living.
Average
Average w eekly
weekly
cost of
N um ber. P e r cent. earnings. food and
shelter.
B oarding and lodging.............................................................................
P riv ate fam ilies........................................................................................
K eeping h o u se ...........................................................................................
Organized boarding h o m es..................................................................
123
89
70
4
43. 0
31.1
24. 5
1.4
$9. 72
7.43
7.87
7.17
$5.23
4.95
3.62
3.79
T o tal and average..........................................................................
286
100.0
i 8.05
2 4.40
1 O btained b y dividing to ta l earnings of a ll th e girls b y th e to ta l n u m b e r of girls.
2 O btained b y dividing to ta l cost of food and shelter for a ll th e girls b y to ta l n u m b e r of girls.
As to other items of expenditure it was found that the average
weekly expenditure was for clothing $1.71; for car fare 60 cents;
for recreation 17 cents; and for laundry, health, insurance, and all
incidentals $1.65—a total of $8.53 per week.
Of the “ adrift” group, 58, or 32.1 per cent, besides paying their own
board supported from 1 to 5 children or contributed to needy relatives
in amounts varying from 10 cents to $1.25 weekly. Information
as to contributions to family was obtained from 181 saleswomen
adrift and also from 181 living at home, and it is summarized in the
following table:
N U M B E R A N D P E R C E N T O F SA L E SW O M E N A D R IF T A N D L IV IN G A T H O M E W H O CON
T R IB U T E D TO T H E S U P P O R T O F O T H E R S T H A N T H E M S E L V E S .
Living a t home.
Adrift.
C ontributions to fam ily.
N um ber. P e r cent. N um ber. P er cent.
C o n trib u tib u tin g p a rt of earn in g s..................................................
C ontributing a ll earnings......................................................................
N ot c o n trib u tin g ..........................................................
116
52
13
64.1
28. 7
7.2
123
67.9
T o tal...............................................................................................
181
100.0
181
100.0
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
58
32.1
MASSACHUSETTS WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION EXPERIENCE,
JULY 1,1912, TO SEPTEMBER 30,1914.
The following table shows the experience under the Massachusetts
Workmen’s Compensation Act from July 1, 1912, when the act went
into effect, to September 30, 1914. The table covers all classifica
tions for which pay rolls of not less than $500,000 were reported.
It was prepared by the Massachusetts Insurance Department for use
in its forthcoming annual report and is here printed by permission
of that department. It will be noticed that during the period covered
the audited pay rolls upon which premiums were based amounted
to a total of $823,183,540. The audited earned premiums amounted
to $7,484,263. The losses actually paid totaled $1,936,965, of which
$362,628 was for death and specified injuries, $961,576 for weekly
indemnity, and $612,761 for medical services. The total outstanding
losses amounted to $936,910, of which $509,005 was for death and
specified injuries, $390,785 for weekly indemnity, and $37,120 for
medical services. The total losses incurred during the whole period
amounted to $2,873,875. The table also shows the variations in net
loss cost and nonparticipating rates per $100 pay roll for the different
classifications.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
37
Classification of risks.
A dditions, alterations, and repairs of ex
isting buildings and p la n ts..........................
Arms (small) m anufacturers; n o t charging
shells.................................................................
A utomobile m a n u factu rers............................
A utomobile dealers and autom obile ga
rages ..................................................................
B aby carriage m anufacturers........................
B akers (bread, biscuit, and crack er)............
Bleacheries..........................................................
Bobbin and spool (wood) m an u factu rers...
Boiler m ak ers...... .............................................
Bookbinders........................................................
Boot and shoe m anufacturers.........................
Boot and shoe m achinery m anufacturers...
Box (paper) m anufacturers; folding; no
paper m aking..................................................
Box (paper) m anufacturers; solid; no paper
m aking..............................................................
Box (wood) m anufacturers and packing
case m anufacturers, w ith m achinery........
Brass goods m anufacturers and brass found
ries.....................................................................
Breweries (w ith or w ith o u t b o ttlin g )..........
B rick m anufacturers, including clay dig
ging and quarrying; no m in in g .................
B rush m anufacturers; no saw m ii!................
B utton manufacturers; n o t m etal or cellu
loid.....................................................................
Calico p rin ters....................................................
Candy and confectionery m a n u fa c tu re rs...
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A udited pay
rolls upon
A udited
w hich p re
earned
D eath
m ium s are prem ium s.
eekly
and spec W
based.
ified in indem
n
ity .
juries.
Medical
services.
P e r $100
p ay roll.
E stim a te d outstanding losses.
Total
paid.
$903,463
$32,493
$203
$1,928
$1,224
$3,355
2,231,247
4,445,868
19,191
36,312
623
2,058
984
4,494
1,409
5,163
3,016
11,715
4,454,915
1,091,657
4,981,245
804, 773
730,213
831,142
2,395,426
82,648, 723
3,254,212
73,158
6,889
35,407
10,231
10,539
20, 745
18,377
462,420
33,423
1,177
895
1,790
294
1,899
550
325
9,181
702
5,570
1,226
6,785
661
1,664
3,987
1,847
37,360
2,673
5,164
771
3,190
719
1,957
2,113
1,473
33,335
3,353
11,911
2,892
11,765
1,674
5,520
6,650
3,645
79,876
6,728
D eath
eekly
and spec W
d em
ified in innity
.
juries.
$1,126
120
3,955
2,095
1,513
2,840
10
5,193
Med
ical
serv
ices.
T otal
outstand
ing.
T otal
losses
incurred.
NonparN e t ticiloss p atcost. raing
te s,
Ju n e,
1915.
$176
$1,302
«200
878
27
1,111
227
1,989
3,243
13,704
.15
.31
510
360
4,892
1,500
1,516
3,970
2,065
15,386
900
187
817
360
8,954
3,595
3,029
6,916
2,128
21,278
907
12,728
3,252
20,719
5,269
8,549
13,566
5,773
101,154
7,635
.29
.30
.42
.65
1.17
1.63
.24
.12
.23
107
106
53
699
7
$4,657 $0.52
$3.18
.55
.65
11 .25
\ .75
.50
.60
.90
1.00
1.80
.60
.30
.60
1,015,567
10,419
113
1,824
1,285
3,222
1,438
76
1,514
4,736
.47
.80
2,127,266
32,557
1,817
3,374
2,495
7,686
1,190
1,358
186
2,734
10,420
.49
1.00
2,567,182
64,944
5,964
8,635
6,057
20,656
2,276
4,383
440
7,099
27,755
1.08
1.60
1,523,576
2,946,315
20,118
42,557
1,110
6,372
2,131
9,674
1,693
4,438
4,934
20,483
1,600
13,560
540
1,628
41
429
2,181
15,817
7,115
36,300
.47
1.23
1.00
1.25
957,194
970,218
16,302
4,496
1,160
359
2,945
1,034
1,863
401
5,968
1,794
832
296
160
1,128
160
7.096
1 954
.74
.20
1.50
.40
545,968
5,194,732
4,366,673
4,397
49,112
35,934
979
1,140
1,085
318
6,633
4,751 1
1,192
4,290
3,693
2,489
12,063
9,529
2,433
10
10
557
84
10
4,094
2,063
2,499
16,157
11,592
.46
.31
.27
.75
.75
.75
1,104
1,969
M O N T H L Y REVIEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Losses actually paid.
T ER M IN A T E D
38
MASSACHUSETTS W O RK M EN ’S COM PENSATION E X P E R IE N C E , IN P R IN C IP A L C LA SSIFICA TIO N S
P O L IC IE S JU L Y 1, 1912, TO SE PT. 30, 1914, IN C LU SIV E.
Digitized for
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1,978,487
690,998
40,945
9,690
2,027
179
2,292
857
5,986
1,036
10,305
2,072
230
45
1,678
511
1,108
20
3,016
576
13,321
2,648
.67
.38
1.75
1.50
2.62
7,226,713
212,061
14,795
38,111
15,514
68,420
29,297
13,262
323
42,882
111,302
1.54
2,267,740
38,836
1,650
3,485
1,564
6,499
1,853
316
132
2,301
8,800
.39
1.50
2,220,849
4,199,465
36,339
29,585
4,981
1,347
6,003
2,016
2,461
1,974
13,445
5,339
10
782
3,673
151
331
3,834
1,113
17,279
6,452
.78
.15
1.25
.50
2,643,794
21,574
3,235
7,613
3,497
14,345
5,788
726
43
6,557
20,902
.79
.65
1,354,752
516,289
51,842
23,729
3,881
143
9,112
400
4,608
855
17,601
1,398
4,575
4,602
44
132
9,221
132
26,822
1,530
1.98
.30
3.37
4.50
1,503,590
2,447,585
3,321,580
18,620
24,444
53,614
154
1,673
1,398
911
4,376
3,344
1,382
3,320
2; 771
2,447
9,369
7,513
367
1,537
6,920
285
2,777
260
215
327
68
867
4,641
7,248
3,314
14,010
14,761
.22
.57
.44
1.10
.75
1.50
521,859
1,301,084
12,934
9,719
38
49
696
306
431
324
1,165
679
1,165
679
.22
.05
1.75
.50
1,087
.05
.20
469
.03
.35
5
5
2,403,382
6,759
951
131
1,082
1,380,669
6,247
356
113
469
48,493,312
81,657
993
1,271
1,966
4,230
200
660
20
880
5,110
.01
• 12J
51,577,586
6,821,100
4,556,255
71,636
29,135
15,141
190
476
2,688
1,971
788
1,963
2,048
840
4,841
4,495
1,628
3,220
1,548
1,378
138
52
13
4,906
1,430
213
9,747
5,925
1,841
.02
.09
.04
.10
.30
.30
1,243,170
6,309
818
589
1,407
1,407
. 11
.30
1,456,602
27,977
3,254
5,210
3,178
11,642
4,495
230
34
4,759
16,401
1.13
1.60
1,723,351
46,090
5,553
13,163
4,157
22,873
11,551
1,967
106
13,624
36,497
2.12
2.25
674,496
43,846
1,190
6,736
4,529
12,455
1,817
5,049
6,866
19,321
2.86
6.00
1,230
1,446
3,503
.40
1.50
1,457
140
8,215
1,210
.87
.22
3.00
3.00
872,246
15,253
760
626
671
2,057
949,299
546,440
32,638
18,151
391
4,269
465
2,098
605
6,758
1,070
1,375,123
33,897
1,750
5,271
2,031
9,052
200
216
1,344
125
113
15
7,818
6,864
38
14,720
23,772
1.73
2.43
5.084
203
13,433
1,870
40,021
3,906
.47
.77
1.87
1.00
1,896
2,091
2,718
5,789
354
.41
.49
.04
.75
1.75
.30
8,579,701
507,393
181,499
6,319
3,960
820
16,071
766
6,557
450
26,588
2,036
8,146
1,870
662,240
1,190,593
883,553
6,564
22,706
3,670
112
1,322
478
1,665
143
232
711
211
822
3,698
354
17
1,896
2 ,0 7 4
M O N T H L Y BE V IE W OF T H E BTJEEAU OF LABOE STA TISTICS,
Car (railroad) m anufacturers; no steel c a rs ..
C ardboard m anufacturers; no p u lp m ill—
Carpenters; construction w ork, n o t bridge
b u ild in g ............................................................
C arpenters; in terio r trim and cabinet w ork
o n ly ....................................................................
C arpenter shops a n d cabinet w orks (shop
o n ly )..................................................................
C arpet an d ru g m anufacturers......................
Carriage, coach, a n d wagon m anufacturers;
n o t m anufacturing railroad cars................
Cellar excavation; no caisson or subaqueous
w o rk ..................................................................
Celluloid m an u factu rers..................................
Celluloid goods m anufacturers; no celluloid
m an u factu rin g................................................
Chair m anufacturers.........................................
Chauffeurs (com m ercial).................................
Chemical m anufacturers (not otherwise
classified)..........................................................
Chocolate m an u factu rers.................................
Cigar a n d cigarette m anufacturers; no m a
ch in ery ............... .............................................
Cigar a n d cigarette m anufacturers; w ith
m a ch in ery ........................................................
Clerical office employees, in m anufacturing
p la n ts ................................................................
Clerical office employees, n o t in m anufac
tu rin g p la n ts ..................................................
Clothing and garm ent m anufacturers..........
Clothing stores, wholesale or re ta il...............
Clubhouses; n o t ath letic, co u n try , o r y ach t
c lu b s..................................................................
Coal m erchants, receiving or shipping by
la n d b u t n o t b y w a te r..................................
Coal m erchants, receiving or shipping by
w ater or b y land a n d w ater.........................
Concrete w ork; buildings, reinforced con
crete co n stru ctio n ..........................................
Concrete w ork; floors or pavem ents of a rti
ficial stone or concrete..................................
Concrete w ork; foundations n o t over 20
feet h ig h ............................................................
Conduits for electric wires; co n stru ctio n ...
C ontractors; building m asonry residences,
p riv a te stables, etc.........................................
Contractors; building w ooden residences,
p riv a te stables, etc.........................................
C oppersm iths; shop o n ly ................................
Cord an d bin d er tw ine m anufacturers; n o t
cordage................................ .............................
Cordage m anufacturers....................................
FRASER
Corset m an u factu rers.......................................
40
MASSACHUSETTS W O RK M EN ’S COM PENSATION E X P E R IE N C E , IN P R IN C IP A L CLA SSIFICA TIO N S, T ER M IN A T E D
P O L IC IE S JU L Y 1, 1912, TO S E P T . 30, 1914, IN C L U S IV E —C ontinued.
Classification of risks.
Counter heel and sole cutters a n d cu t sole
m a n u fa c tu re rs.... .......................................
C utlery m anufacturers.....................................
D epartm ent stores, including 5 and 10 cent
stores.................................................................
Dredging, by floating dredges........................
D rivers.................................................................
D rop forging w o rk s..........................................
Dry-goods stores................................................
Dyers and finishers of textiles; new goods
on ly ...................................................................
Electric apparatus m anufacturers.................
Electrical equipm ent; in stallatio n an d re
pairs w ith in buildings..................................
Electric lig h t a n d pow er companies; office.
Electric lig h t a n d pow er companies; opera
tio n , m aintenance, e tc ..................................
E m ery wheel m anufacturers..........................
E ngravers............................................................
E yelet m anufacturers......................................
F arm laborers; no b lasting.............................
Felting m anufacturers....................................
Fish curers, packers, a n d dealers..................
Foundries, n o t otherw ise classified...............
F urnace (house h eater) m anufacturers........
F u rn itu re an d chair w orks ¡assembling and
finishing o n ly.................................................
F u rn itu re dealers; store o n ly .........................
F u rn itu re m anufacturing an d finishing___
G alvanized iron a n d sheet m etal workers;
shop...................................................................
Gas a n d steam fitters; shop o n ly ..................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A u d ited p ay
rolls upon
A udited
w hich pre
earned
D eath
W eekly
m ium s are prem ium s. and
spec
based.
ified in indem
nity.
juries.
Medical
services.
P er $100
p a y roll.
E stim ated outstanding losses.
T otal
paid.
D eath
and spec W eekly
ified in indem
nity.
juries.
Med
ical
serv
ices.
T otal
losses
T otal
incurred.
outstand
ing.
NonparN et ticiloss pating
cost. rates,
June,
1915.
11,868,498
967,056
$26,485
10,214
$847
258
$2,091
373
$2,144
553
$5,082
1,184
$1,001
$2,131
$227
60
$3,359
60
10,295,495
631,475
27,220,001
539,134
4,961,396
46,788
21,122
347,792
6,732
18,839
994
1,502
19,313
313
3,777
1,948
67,040
950
2,002
3,412
832
32,377
601
1,058
8,183
4,282
118,730
1,864
3 060
2,783
2,432
42,044
2,408
501
20,346
380
284
86
1,585
75
29
5,475
3,019
63,975
75
409
13,658
7,301
182,705
1,939
3' 469
.13
1.16
.67
.36
07
.35
3.00
1.12
1.12
.25
2,644,540
2,366,787
30,845
23,289
778
552
3,917
2,734
2,948
2,632
7,643
5,918
1,789
237
2,418
2,089
401
47
4,608
2,373
12,251
8,291
.46
. 35
.90
.70
2,553,857
1,122,772
38,345
4,038
1,262
5,302
2,183
2
8,747
2
930
1,903
345
3,178
11,925
2
.47
1.31
.37
4,067,350
787,586
572,810
1,313,739
'804,944
661,072
1,308,852
3,452,677
1,041,235
165,587
11,195
4,678
8,196
10,059
8,398
10,632
59,615
9,953
9,806
210
10,470*
744
212
108
867
2,748
2,610
7,415
1,380
7,929
2,785
181
386
953
840
707
5,252
695
28,205
3,739
'393
542
2,216
4 ,489
3,748
13,190
2,075
27,601
4,867
1,193
142
32,610
1,193
1,227
3,968
58
1,203
1,395
562
3,065
1,491
109
40
869
68
1,203
2 ,731
4,570
3,992
1,559
60,815
4,932
'393
542
3,419
7,220
8,318
17,182
3,634
1.50
.63
.07
.04
.42
1.09
.64
.50
.35
3. 75
1.50
.60
.45
1.12
1.00
.60
1.40
.80
636,642
1,811,687
i; 546,606
5,564
7,607
20,553
1,356
1,110
1,880
695
1,168
2,093
2,278
1, 753
5 ,210
125
2,497
10
30
73
65
30
2,570
'200
2,123
4'848
1,577
5 ,410
.33
.27
.35
.60
.35
.90
1,477,449
790,806
20,359
6,189
814
813
2,649
2,697
1,558
1,341
5,021
4,851
600
1,207
2, Î32
75
108
675
3,447
5,696
8,298
.39
1.05
1.00
.75
48
396
901
431
523
42
$8,441 $0. 45
1,244
. 13
$0. 80
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Losses actually paid.
H osiery m an u factu rers.......................
H osp itals.................................................
Hotels, excluding la u n d ry .................
Ice dealers; no harvesting..................
In stru m e n t m anufacturers (professional or
scientific), n o t otherw ise classified .
Jew elry m anufacturers........................
Jew elry stores; wholesale or r e ta il..
J u te y a rn m anufacturers....................
K n ittin g m ills.......................................
K n ittin g m ills (from cop yarn); no m anu
facturing ..............................................
L a st m anufacturers..............................
L eather dressers..........................................
L eather w earing apparel m anufacturers.
Linen m an u factu rers................................ .
L ith o g rap h ers..............................................
L u m b e ry a rd s; commercial; no m ill.
Machine shops; w ith foundry.............
M achine shops; w ith o u t fo u n d ry ___
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
53,512
1,620
0,596
4,390
15,606
6,689
3,403
1,349
11,441
27.047
.60
704,610
24,219
232
1,478
1,054
2,824
2,900
22
82
3,004
5,828
.83
2,886,049
752,804
50,099
4,443
1,432
5,506
'484
4,384
299
11,522
783
1,969
3,341
2 ,67S
175
5,485
2,678
17,007
3.461
1,378,620
1,832,300
12,018
8,045
559
1,591
569
1,678
679
3,828
1,248
532
229
560
4,057
1,808
1,617,662
2' 816j704
581,429
1,308,883
3,369,579
1,823,252
9,145,538
1,834,834
9,090
10,827
4,031
5; 823
20,331
7,966
43,240
38,157
684
725
1,285
773
1,695
712
8,971
5,013
867
648
1,019
506
1,163
534
5,070
5,074
1,551
1,373
2.304
1,279
4,029
1,558
14,726
12,108
33
7
45
17
20
7
107
125
83
2,000
368
17
2,463
420
3,385
7,866
1,634
3,373
2,672
1,296
6,492
1,978
18,111
19,974
563,516
8,959,325
1,273, 758
2,551,207
1,569,652
3,388
67,256
4,296
26', 236
8,530
1,803
1,672
401
6.368
296
1,680
1.528
426
3,955
264
4,331
928
1,002
11,296
560
7,814
4,128
140
8
540
22
483
684
8
2,913
460
1,485
12,180
568
10.727
4,588
1,715,950
1,243,208
1,893,774
568,895
769, 729
818,506
1,251,277
1,175,847
1,702,393
3,600,911
16,600,544
837,521
6,622
18; 679
45,682
8,157
5,393
5,278
9,845
26,382
27,897
53,354
179,502
8,552
2,152
48
218
173
48
985
847
510
3,388
12,443
708
1,488
1,390
3,961
333
536
804
616
4,903
6,077
8,550
23,717
2,198
896
763
1,199
362
543
515
822
1,903
2,804
5,130
20,262
1,283
2,384
4.305
5,208
913
1,252
1,367
2,423
7,653
9,391
17,068
56,422
4,189
57
4
121
1,695
1,156
7,072
37
54
37
54
144
5,074
1,429
7,145
13,262
685
4,079
5.461
12,280
913
1,289
1,421
2,567
12.727
10,820
24,213
69,684
4,874
1,171
312
685
2,021
175
973
18«
50
1,993
323
1,595
2,028
7,716
345
2,359
1,152
2,373
4,039
300
4,665
9,262
848
413
1,250
25
138
744
14
438
1,638
4,578
144
800
1,098
1,900
3,508
685
41
28
235
31
580
492
3.00
1. 40
.50
.30
1.20
1. 40
1.00
.50
.35
.60
2 . 00
1.35
1.20
.80
.90
4,690,283
18,953
619
5,821
4,884
11,324
2,280
1,096
172
3,548
14,872
5,729,471
243,871
20,488
43,469
15,045
79,002
23,787
8,606
241
32,634
111,636
2,287,204
842,905
24,147
5,288
2,544
559
6,176
1,290
1,433
10,010
3,936
50
102
9
4,038
59
14.048
3,263
1,564,526
976,660
27,568
13,929
3,423
1,337
3,252
1.369
1,691
8,366
3,706
2,052
1,473
144
16
3,669
16
12,035
3,722
1.68
1,000
2,917,866
2,928,988
24,545
20,767
1,401
418
3,578
1.529
4,707
1,129
9,686
3,076
40
2,250
3,813
126
3,853
2,376
13,539
5,452
.60
.60
1,212
3,204
1.00
41
M arketm en, butchers, m eat, a n d provision
stores...............................................................
Masonry w ork (not otherwise classified);
no b la stin g ......................................................
M ercantile or m anufacturing premises;
care, custody, a n d m aintenance...............
Milk dealers; store or depot o n ly ................
M illwrights; erecting and repairing ma
ch in ery................................................
Morocco dressers...................................
Motorcycle a n d motorcycle p arts m anufac
tu r e r s ..,...............................................
N ewspaper offices.................................
4,497,764
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
Gas, steam , an d h o t w ater apparatus; fit
ting and installation, e t c ............................
Gas works; laying of m ains a n d connec
tions; no tunneling or blasting......... .........
Gas w orks; operating of gas house, m ain
tenance of works, m ains, e tc ......................
Glass (cut) m an u factu rers..............................
H ardw are m anufacturers; n o t including
stam p in g n o t otherwise classified.. ........
H ardw are stores; no m anufacturing............
H a t (n o t straw ) m anufacturers; including
m olding a n d m anufacturing of felt.........
H a t (straw ) m anufacturers...........................
H ay, straw , a n d feed dealers........................
MASSACHUSETTS W O RK M EN ’S COM PENSATION E X P E R IE N C E , IN P R IN C IP A L CLA SSIFICA TION S, T E R M IN A T E D
P O L IC IE S JU L Y 1, 1912, TO SEPT. 30, 1914, IN C LU SIV E —C ontinued.
P er $100
pay roll.
E stim ated outstanding losses.
_•__■__ • ___ m___________
Classification of risks.
A u d ited p ay
rolls upon
A u d ited
w hich p re
earned
D eath
m ium s are prem ium s. and
spec W eekly
based.
ified in indem
nity.
juries.
Office buildings; care, custody, and mainten an ce.............................................................
$3,429,051
Oil d istributing com panies..............................
847,142
O ptical goods m anufacturers..........................
1,562', 167
P a in t m anufacturers; no lead manufactu re rs.................................................................
526,038
P ainting and decorating; aw ay from sh o p ..
2,029,679
P ain tin g a n d decorating; interior work
exclusively, aw ay fro m shop.......................
2,998,394
Paper coating a n d finishing.............................
1 ,947', 483
Paviors, including shops an d y a rd s ...............
502,648
Piano m an u factu rers........................................
1,787'177
Piano m anufacturers; assem bling o n ly ........
'83l'284
Pianoforte case m anufacturers.. .7___"..........
861,658
Planing and m olding m ills............................
1,963,190
P lasterers.............................................................
1,980, 718
Plum bers; including house connections
and sh o p ..........................................................
5,005,411
P rin ters, pow er...................................................
8,238,710
Professors an d teachers (not veterinary
nor m anual tra in in g )....................................
1,745,915
Publishers............................................................
3,928,381
P u lp a n d paper m anufacturers: no saw or 1
barking m ills, an d no sulphite or other y 2,528,521
fibrous p u lp m ak in g ..................................... J
P u m p m anufacturers (m etal)........................
1,165,038
902' 425
Quarries, bluestone, granite, or m arble.......
R ad iato r m anufacturers................................
1,704,842
R ailroad construction, steam ; no blasting,
tunneling, or bridge b u ild in g ....................
815,607
R estau ran ts a n d counter lu n ch room s........
7,048'058
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
2,602,775
R oad or street m aking; no q u arry in g ..........
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
$36,314
12,605
5', 744
4,212
5 L 112
$909
Medical
services.
T otal
paid.
D eath
eekly
and spec W
ified in indem
nity.
juries.
$6,831
742
1,669
$2,240
388
1,351
$9,980
1,130
3; 260
$4,120
2,345
$4,581
1,753
2 , 411
2 ; 574
2,010
16,736
953
3,904
3,972
23^214
468
10,706
4,089
240
1,009
Med
ical
serv
ices.
T o tal
outstan d
ing.
T otal
losses
incurred.
NonparN et ticiloss pating
cost. rates,
June,
1915.
29
11
$8,734
1,782
4,767
1,759
8¡ 679
275
2,227
19'660
6,199
42,874
4,779
48
398
4,827
'398
.40
.84
.85
1.31
.65
1.50
.45
.40
.45
1.90
1.31
$33
$18,714 $0.55 $0.85
2,912
.34 1.31
.30
8^ 027
.51
1.18
2 .11
.50
2.43
44,762
15'393
8j 747
9' 798
4 , 962
4,665
44,932
29,890
299
2 , 607
2,125
'485
621
3,266
1,472
'928
2,298
'822
984
4,179
10,920
1,049
l ' 585
'473
1,215
'363
936
2,683
1,645
5,138
4'491
l ' 401
5' 638
1,670
2 , 541
10,128
14,037
319
3,100
828
1,055
7
559
3,151
1,776
40
40
117
130
4,060
47
918
6,368
2,734
9,965
4,889
1,401
9 ' 698
1,717
3,459
16,496
16,771
70,574
66,180
826
3,219
10,749
8,489
4,671
4,075
16,246
15,783
7,907
6,555
3,567
4,677
175
30
11,649
11,262
27,895
27,045
.56
.33
1.12
.60
2,248
29,879
769
79
3,456
43
2,219
122
6,444
1,168
31
1,199
122
7,643
.01
.19
.10
.60
42,805
5,418
4,765
3,711
13,894
3,340
2,496
729
6,565
20,459
.81
15,134
38,629
13,368
106
3,107
507
1,099
2 , 428
1,647
3,196
1 ,796
5,551
4,401
7,331
7,705
1,987
60
1,266
40
42
100
3,295
4,501
loi 626
7,705
.39
1.18
.45
1.00
3. 75
.75
39,255
34,681
54,326
4,337
'598
3,445
2,921
7; 024
9,904
2,152
4; 607
4,012
9,410
12,229
17,361
2,298
1,740
7,877
1,431
4,165
153
289
2,298
3', 324
12,331
11,708
15', 553
29,692
1.44
.22
1.14
3.93
.35
1.67
3,005
.33
.25
.28
.54
.2 1
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Losses actually paid.
1:0
20,954
29,808
2,190
823
4,548
2,207
1,592
1,816
8,330
4,846
7,063
1,266,746
3,752,925
9,371
49,411
4,700
253
10,157
442
6,977
695
21,834
1,569
4,603
452
98
22
11,764
474
20,094
5,320
3.81
. 15
3.56
.60
3,506
477
5,552
27,386
.05
.73
1.0 0
422
73
495
2,891
.40
.90
.02
2,117
34
1,748
9,024
5,539
1.28
.42
. 12|
2.50
.60
21,934
50,109
1.06
3.75
2,211
4; 177
7,640
1,311
3,536
2,512
11,304
10,526
.14
.82
.33
.04
.14
.37
.65
.50
.25
.40
.60
1.70
.28
2.00
3.75
723,273
8,914
312
1,363
721
2,396
11,156,098
707,142
1,319,746
18,873
23,789
11,882
615
822
1,045
4,143
1,444
703
2,149
3,239
1,748
6'907
5 ,5 0 5
24
10
4,723,684
142,621
6,284
11,940
9,951
28,175
10,809
10,925
1,586,063
512,428
2,329, 568
3,046,386
2,554, 549
1,152,652
666,138
3,717,298
6 ,457
4,429
34,238
10,960
17,879
8,386
15,547
22,846
142
657
704
772
382
849
1,534
1,124
736
3,781
497
1,290
703
1,846
2,455
525
342
2,598
761
849
1,262
997
3,486
1,791
1,735
7,083
1,278
2 ,911
2,347
3', 692
7,475
1,894,889
79,315
8,362
21,805
6,892
37,059
2,117
200
100
525
6 ,101
2,549
1,511
292
210
420
2,442
557
33
625
165
7,612
. 3,051
11,960
13,738
348
26,046
63,105
3.33
420
2,228
200
477
14
80
33
165
.22
.50
.45
544,169
12,412
144
859
1,048
2,051
450
68
518
2,569
.47
1.20
1,192,393
2,557,816
625,704
23,414,297
8,231,161
26,562
26,691
10,388
66,980
34,749
733
2,756
820
553
947
1,679
3,185
519
3,609
7,979
1,865
16^ 985
12,134
1,125
6,793
4,280
2,750
__! ..
2,270
712
61
82
675
31
238
231
3,456
7,587
4,280
3,663
262
7,065
15,566
6,145
20,648
12,396
.59
.61
.98
.09
.15
2 .0 0
7,029
1,197
2,038
526
8,321
4,158
5,276,992
1,261,276
18,479
10,488
646
376
1,947
2,607
1,834
707
4,427
3,690
36
250
88
374
4,801
3,690
.09
.29
.30
.65
23,410,564
1,108,804
656,362
1,051,359
417,313
14, 709
4,053
7,698
15,229
449
48
114
39,806
1,519
181
204
25,909
792
307
251
80,944
2,760
536
569
35,760
1,345
600
23,477
50
5,982
65,219
1,395
692
146,163
4,155
1,228
569
.62
.57
.19
.05
2.20
1,830,708
13,825
108
603
1,609
2,320
141
2,461
.13
.60
508,429
6 ,275,695
2,149
76,942
115
5,932
314
17,504
8,749
314
26,253
.06
.42
.30
4,797
199
6 ,775
517,574
4,341
194
431
625
625
.12
.75
115,923,362
5,348,125
724,654
41,716
107,058
5,353
69,465
4,604
211,261
11,564
299,006
16,894
.26
.32
.35
.60
34,738
1,607
8 ,111
92
141
5,108
27,817
2,667
3,184
55,720
2,003
457
4,208
660
87,745
5,330
.90
1.25
.2 0
.35
.90
.50
.50
.80
43
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
527,285
3,555,652
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Roofers, n o t otherwise classified...................
R ubber boot a n d shoe m anufacturers..........
R ubber garm ent m anufacturers; no ru b b er
m ill...................................................................
R u b b er goods, n o t otherwise classified___
R ubber hose m anufacturers; no rubber
m ill....................................................................
Salesmen (outside), collectors, and mes
sengers ..............................................................
Saw m ills..............................................................
Screw m anufacturers........................................
Ship an d b o a t builders, steel; shop and
y;ard w o rk ..................................................
Shirt, collar, a n d cuff m anufacturers, in
cluding la u n d ry .............................................
Shoe a n d harness blacking m anufacturers..
Shoe-stock m anufacturers...........................
Silk m anufacturers
....................................I
Silverware m anufacturers............................... i
Sporting goods m anufacturers.......................
Stablem en, n o t selling.....................................
Stationery m anufacturers; no paper making
Steam ship agents and stevedores; w harf
employees an d freight h a n d le rs.................
Steel works; shop fabricating, railings, bal
conies, fire escapes, etc.................................
Steel works; rolling mills, bars only, no
blast furnace...................................................
Stone cutters a n d polishers; y a rd work only.
Storage (co ld ).....................................................
Stores (n o t otherwise classified), re ta il........
Stores (n o t otherwise classified), wholesale.
Stores (not otherwise classified), both
wholesale and re ta il......................................
Stove m anufacturers; n o t sheet iro n ............
Street railw ay companies, electric; all sys
tem s (u rb an an d in te ru rb an ).....................
Sugar refiners.....................................................
Suspender m anufacturers................................
Tack m anufacturers.........................................
Tag, check, or label m anufacturers (paper
or cardboard only, no p ap er m a k in g )---Tailor store, w ith or w ith o u t m anufactur
in g .....................................................................
T an n ers................................................................
Telegraph and telephone ap p aratu s m anu
facturers........................................................
Textile manufacturers; cotton and woolen
mills, excluding shoddy m a n u fa c tu re rs..
Textile m achinery m anufacturers...............
44
MASSACHUSETTS W O RK M EN ’S COM PENSATION E X P E R IE N C E , IN P R IN C IP A L C LA SSIFICA TION S, T E R M IN A T E D
P O L IC IE S JU L Y 1, 1912, TO S E P T . 30, 1914, IN C LU SIV E —Concluded.
Classification of risks.
T heater comnanies; players or entertainers only; operas, dram as, e t c .....................
T heater employees; box office, ushers, and
others, n o t stage em ployees........................
T hread (cotton or linen) m anufacturers___
Tool m anufacturers (riot m anufacturing
m achinery), n o t otherwise classified........
T urners, wood................................................
Valves and gauges, m anufacturers of.........
W aterproofing c lo th .........................................
W aterworks; "laying of m ains and connections, no b lastin g ...........................................
W aterworks; operating only, no construetion w ork.........................................................
W ebbing m anufacturers, elastic or nonelastic................................................................
W hip m anufacturers.................................
W ine and sp irit m erch an ts.............................
W ine and sp irit m erchants; retail, no b a r ..
W ire cloth m anufacturers...............................
W ire draw ing w orks.........................................
W ire goods m anufacturers (not otherwise
classified); no w ire draw ing........................
W ire insulation for electricafpurposes........
W ool m erchants, w arehouse..........................
W riting a n d blank book p ap er manufactu re rs.................................................................
Y arn m anufacturers......................................
Y arn finishing; no m anufacturing of y a m ..
T o tal..........................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
A udited pay
rolls upon
A udited
w hich p re
earned
D eath
m ium s are prem ium s.
eekly
and spec W
based.
ified in indem
nity.
juries.
Medical
services.
P er $100
pay roll.
E stim a te d outstanding losses.
Total
paid.
D eath
eekly
and spec W
ified in indem
nity .
juries.
Med
ical
serv
ices.
T otal
outstand
ing.
T otal
losses
incurred.
NonparticiN et patloss ing
cost. rates,
June,
1915.
$137 $0.03
$137
$513,856
$2,268
$137
1,889,302
1,257,055
8,304
9,123
269
115
$727
524
$416
681
1,412
T 320
5,960,325
521,645
1,319,064
557,352
42,103
8,481
10,730
6,542
1,952
407
610
2,595
3,707
i,496
1,137
l', 118
4,577
966
1,191
' 784
10,236
2,869
2.938
4 ,497
$160
788,084
26,363
7,653
2,182
1,202
11,037
2,213
$405
$0.30
1,817
1,327
. 10
. 11
.30
$7
$405
7
1,366
18
315
37
357
1,841
55
337
12,077
2,924
3', 275
4,497
.20
.56
.25
.81
.50
1.20
450
51
2,714
13,751
1.74
3.00
1,314
.19
1.35
.50
.50
.75
.60
.60
2.00
.90
696,914
17,631
471
506
317
1,294
20
20
1,379,474
832,420
3,640,111
1,080,913
2,143,163
4,120,863
9,348
6,521
30,587
9,169
17,981
50,605
114
252
714
116
948
5,445
256
68
1,824
605
3,186
7,934
249
441
1,347
359
1,902
9,457
619
761
3,885
1,080
6,036
22,836
32
32
4,464
50
18
1,181
3,135
225
48
66
459
4,739
66
1,346
8,180
761
8,624
1,146
7,382
31,016
.05
.09
.24
.11
.34
.75
802,910
570^831
529'328
6,107
7,705
98
441
788
1,141
'586
764
964
493
1,650
2,546
1,079
105
650
50
446
750
3 ,340
10
551
1,400
60
2,201
3^ 946
1,139
.27
.69
.22
.70
1.00
.50
5,359
2,905
595
111
20
14,704
3,016
1 ,730
44,171
9,685
2 ; 899
.46
.23
.34
.75
.35
.30
390,785
37,120
936,910
2,873,875
99
4,586
9,580,668
4,155,140
' 851', 357
81,234
26,598
6,874
2,117
'235
14,480
1,867
'461
8,113
2,685
'473
29,467
6,669
1,169
8,752
3 ,5 8 8
823,183,540
7,484,263
362,628
961,576
612,761
1,936,965
509,005
1,710
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Losses actually paid.
WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION LEGISLATION IN THE UNITED
STATES.
The chart following is an attempt to show in summary, comparable
form the principal features of the laws included under the above title.
The form of the chart varies slightly from that heretofore followed
by the bureau, in that the system of compensation provided for, i. e.,
whether simple compensation or also requiring insurance in connection
therewith, and also whether elective or compulsory, is indicated by
the grouping of the States instead of by using a separate column with
heading. As will he observed, several of the compensation laws and
one of the insurance laws that are elective or optional in their applica
tion to private employments are compulsory as to the State and its
municipalities. Of the 31 States and 2 Territories having compensa
tions laws, all but Alaska, Arizona, New Hampshire, Oregon, Rhode
Island, Texas, and West Virginia include public employees within
their scope; while the Canal Zone order and the Federal statute relate,
the former principally and the latter exclusively, to public employees.
The question of election by employers and employees, or their
expression of choice to accept or reject the act, is placed on the footing
of either a passive acceptance by one or both parties, or of an ex
pressed choice on the part of the employer, with presumption of the
employee’s acceptance or an inference to that effect from his act in
continuing in service.
The headings used in the chart are believed to be self-explanatory.
It may be said, however, that under the term “ Special contracts”
notice was taken of provisions as to waivers, substitutes, or restrictive
contracts. Of necessity only general provisions are here shown,
qualifications and exceptions not being in place in this attempt to
show in comparable form the chief aspects of this class of legislation,
for the details of which recourse may he had to Bulletin No. 126,
giving text and discussion of laws up to January 1, 1914, and to a
forthcoming bulletin of this bureau, which will bring the laws on this
subject up to date.
The groups of States having compensation and insurance laws,
elective and compulsory, are as follows:
Compensation, elective.—Alaska, Colorado, Connecticut, Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Mon
tana, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Rhode
Island, Vermont, Wisconsin.
Compensation, compulsory.—Arizona, California, Canal Zone,
Hawaii, Maryland, New York, Oklahoma, United States.
Insurance, elective.—Massachusetts, Nevada, Oregon, Texas, West
Virginia.
Insurance, compulsory.—Ohio, Washington, Wyoming.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
45
PRINCIPAL FEATURES OF LAWS RELATING TO WORKMEN’S COMPENSATION AND INSURANCE
How election is made.
States, etc.
Defenses abrogated if
employer does not elect.
Industries covered.
B y employer.
B y employee.
Suits for damages are—
Burden of cost is
on—
Special contracts.
Security of payments.
To be compensated
disability
must
continue—
Compensation forTime for notice and claim. Disputes settled b y Death.
Total disability.
Partial disability.
$3,600, $1,200 additional if
wife, and $600 for each
child under 16. If un
married, $600 for each
dependent parent. No
total to exceed $6,000.
Fixed sums for specified
injuries, varying with
conjugal condition and
number of children.
50 per cent of weekly
wages during term, $8
maxim um, $5 mini
mum; full wages if less
than $5.
50 per cent of wage loss;
$8 maximum; total not
over $2,080; fixed scale
for specified injuries.
Approved schemes ........ d o . . . ........
m ay be substitu
ted.
Employer
m ust
give
proof of solvency or in
sure risks.
More than 2 weeks, $3,000 to widow or minor
bu t if for 8 weeks
orphan; $600 to each
or more, payments
child under 16 and to de
run from date of
pendent parents, $6,000
injury.
maxim um. I f single,
$1,200 to each dependent
parent; no dependents,
not over $300 funeral
and other expenses.
More than 3 w eek s.. 50 per cent of weekly
wages, $8 maximum, for
6 years, total not above
$2,500 nor less than
$1,000; no dependents,
$100.
More than 10 d ays... $100 funeral expenses; 50
per cent of wages for 312
weeks; $5 minimum, $10
maximum.
50 per cent of earnings for
not over 520 weeks; $5
minimum, $10 maxi
mum.
Employer m ay in
sure or maintain a
benefit fund, but
may not reduce
liability fixed by
law.
Employer
must
give More than 6 work- 4 years’ earnings; $1,650
ing days; then
minimum, $3,500 maxi
proof of financial ability,
c o m p e n s a tion
mum; no dependents,
furnish security, insure,
from eighth day;
or make other provision.
$150.
from second day o f
disability if total
and permanent.
50 per cent of weekly earn
ings for 8 years; $6 mini
mum, $12 maximum,
up to $3,500.2
Medical and surgical aid.
Nonresident a l i e n
beneficiaries of de
ceased workmen.
C om pensation, elective.
Waivers are forbidden.
Fm-nlover.............. _ Attachment m ay be had
pending result of action,
or employer m ay de
posit cash or bond with
court.
A laska. Ch. 71.
Approved
Apr. 29, 1915. In effect July
28,1915.
Mining operations (in
cluding m ills, ovens,
and reduction works)
in which 5 or more
persons are employed.
Presumed in ab
sence of written
notice filed with
U nited States
commissioner.
Presumed in ab
sence of written
notice served on
employer a n d
filed w ith United
S t a t e s commis
sioner.
Assumed risks, fellow
s e r v i c e , contributory
negligence unless willful
or due to intoxication.
C olorado (compulsory as to
Stateand municipalities). Ch.
—. Approved Apr. 10, 1915.
In effect Aug. 1,1915.
All except domestic and
farm labor in which 4
or more persons are
employed (casual em
ployees excepted).1
Presumed in a b
sence of notice to
employer in writ
ing.
Assumed risks, fellow ........ do..................................... A c t i s exclusive ........ do...............
where available.
service, and contribu
tory negligence.
C onnecticut.
Ch. 138.
Ap
proved May 29, 1913. In ef
fect: Jan:ul, .1914. «Amended,
ch. 288,1915.
All in which 5 or more
persons are employed
(outworkers and cas
ual employees ex
cepted).1
A ll (casual employees
and those not exposed
to hazards of employ
ments excepted).
Presumed in a b
sence of written
notice to commis
sion; notice of ac
ceptance or rejec
tion to be posted.
Presumed m ab
sence of written
notice.
Illinois (compulsory as to State
add municipaflities). P . 314.
Approved June 10, 1911. In
# effect May 1, 1912. New act,
June 28,1913. Amended, p . —,
1915.
Indian a (compulsory as to State
and municipalities). Ch. 106.
Approved Mar. 8, 1915. In
j effect Sept. 1,1915.
I o w a (compulsory as to State
and municipalities). Ch. 147.
Approved Apr. 18, 1913. In
, effect July 1,1914.
K ansas.
Ch. 218. Approved
May 14.1911. In effect Jan. 1,
1912. Amended, ch. 216, 1913.
A ll except domestic and
farm labor /(casual
employees excepted).
.do.
“ Especially dangerous”
(enumerated l i s t )
where 5 o r m o r e
workmen a r e e m ployed.1
Presumed in ab
sence of written
notice.
Presumed as to Presumed in ab
employers in des
sence of written
notice, if employ
ignated extrahaz
er elects.
ardous employ
ments in absence
of written notice;
other employers
file notice.
Presumed in ab Presumed in ab
sence of written
sence of written
notice served on
notice, posted or
employer and filed
served, and filed
w i t h industrial
w i t h industrial
board.
board.
Presumed in ab Presumed in ab
sence of written
sence of notice
notice t o e m posted in estab
lishment a n d
ployer and in
filed w ith indus
dustrial commis
sioner.
trial c o m m i s
sioner .
Presumed in ab Presumed in ab
sence of written
sence o f notice
posted in estab
notice filed with
s e c r e t a r y of
lishm ent a n d
state.
filed w ith secre
tary of state.
Presumed in ab Presumed in ab
sence of written
sence of written
notice to em
notice to em
ployer.
ployee.
N ot permitted after elec
tion under the act.
N ot permitted after electing compensation.
Assumed risks, fellow serv ........d o __
ice, and contributory
negligence, as to em
ployers in designated ex
tra hazardous employ
ments (all work on farms
etc., excepted).
__d o...............
Employer must insure in
State fund or stock or
mutqäl company, or
give proof of solvency.
Notice in 120 days; claim
in 2 years.
Courts.
During first 30 days, not
over $100 unless existing
approved h o s p i t a l
scheme is continued.
N otice in 30 days; claim in
1 year.
Industrial commis
sion; lim ited ap
peal to courts.
One-third benefits,
not over $1,000.
50 per cent of wage de
crease; $10 maximum,
for not over 312 weeks;
fixed rates for specified
injuries.
50 per cent of wage de
crease; $12 maximum,
for not more than 8
years; fixed rates for
specified injuries.
Such as physician may
deem reasonable and
necessary.
Notice at once; claim in 1
year.
Compensation com
missioners; appeal
to courts.
During first 8 weeks, not
over $200; physician or
surgeon durmg disa
bility unless employee
prefers his own.
Notice as soon as prac
ticable, not later than 30
days; claim in 6 months.
H alf rates, except as
to residents of Can
ada or dependen
cies o f the United
States.
Arbitrators for each
case, subject to re
view b y industrial
board and appeal
to courts.
50 per cent of wage loss for
not over 300 weeks; no
wages considered as
above $24 nor less than
$10: schedule for speci
fied injuries.
Fixed rates for specified
injuries; proportionate
for others; $5 minimum,
$10 maximum.
During first 30 days.
Notice in 30 days; claim
in 2 years.
Industrial
board;
limited appeal to
courts.
During first 2 weeks; not
over $100, including bur
ia l if injury was fatal.
Notice in 15 days; if in 30
days, not barred except
as to extent employer
was prejudiced; bar ab
solute after 90 days.
Industrial commis
sioner and two
others as arbitra
tors; lim ited ap
peal to courts.
Contributory negligence, ........ d o..................................... ........d o.......................... __.d o ...............
fellow service, and as
sumed risks.
Employer m ust insure in
absence of proof of sol
vency.
$100 funeral expenses; 50
per cent of wages for 300
weeks; $5 minimum , $12
maximum.
55 per cent of wages for
500 weeks; $5 minimum,
$12 maximum; total not
over $5,000.
Assumed risks and fellow ____ d o . ..................................
service;
contributory
negligence unless will
ful.
Approved schemes
may be substitu
ted, but no reduc
tion of liability
allowed.
___d o.............
Employer
must
give
Funeral expenses
not
proof of solvency or in ........do..........................
over $100; 50 per cent of
wages for 300 weeks; $5
sure risks.
minimum, $10 m axi
mum.
50 per cent of wages for 400
weeks; $5 minim um ,$10
maximum.
Assumed risks and fellow ___.d o .....................................
service ;
contributory
Approved schemes ____ do.............
may be substi
tuted.
Bond may be required to
3 years’ earnings; $1,200
minimum, $3,600 max
secure
lump
sums ........do..........................
awarded b y court. In
imum; no dependents,
surers have rights and
$100.
duties of insured em
ployers.
$100 funeral and last sick
Claims have same prefer
........d o..........................
ence as wage debts.
ness; 25 to 50 per cent of
weekly wages until
death or remarriage of
spouse, or child reaches
age of 18.
50 per cent of wages for
Employer must insure or
300 weeks; $4 minimum,
give proof of solvency ........do..........................
$10 maximum; no de
and make deposit or
give bond.
pendents, $200.
50 per cent of weekly
earnings; $6 minimum,
$15 maximum, for not
more than 8 years.
25 to 50 per cent of weekly
earnings; $3 minimum,
$12 maximum, for not
more than 8 years.
Only if employee dies
leaving no dependents.
Notice in 10 days; claim
in 6 months.
Local committees or
arbitrators; court
review allowed.
50 per cent of weekly
wages; $3 minimum, $10
maximum, for not over
400 weeks.
50 per cent of wage de
crease; $10 maximum,
for not over 300 weeks;
fixed rates for specified
injuries.
During first 2 weeks; not
over $100.
Notice of accident in 15
days, of death in 30 days;
claim in 6 months.
Courts; agreements
between employ
er and employee
m ust be approved
by courts.
During first 2 weeks not
over $30 unless ordered
by commission.
Notice in 30 days; claim in
1 year.
Industrial accident
commission; lim i
te d appeal to
courts.
H alf rates except as
to residents of Can
ada.
50 per cent of wages for
300 weeks; $4 minimum,
$10 maximum; no de
pendents, $200.
50 per cent of wages for
not over 500 weeks; $4
minimum, $10 maxi
mum. total not to ex
ceed $4,000.
50 per cent of wage de
crease, $10 maximum,
for not over 300 weeks;
fixed rates for specified
injuries.
During first 3 weeks..
N otice in 3 months; claim
in 6 months.
Industrial accident
board; arbitration;
a p p e a l to su
preme court.
Included.
$100 funeral expenses; 25
to 60 per cent of wages
for 300weeks; $6.50 mini
mum, $11 maximum.
50 per cent of wages for 400
weeks; $6.50 minimum,
$11 maximum; not over
$6.50 thereafter for 150
weeks; total not over
$5,000.
50 per cent of wage de
crease for 300 weeks;
$6.50 minimum, $11
maximum; fixed rates
for specified injuries.
During first 90 days; not
over $100, or b y order of
court, $200.
N otice in 14 days; if in 30
days, not barred except
as to extent employer
was prejudiced; bar ab
solute after 90 days.
Courts.
Included.
ured.
More than 2 w eek s..
L ouisiana (compulsory as to
State and municipalities). No.
20. Approved June 18, 1914.
In effect Jan. 1,1915.
“ Hazardous” (enumer
ated list, or as agreed
or decided b y court);
others by voluntary
contract.
Maine (compulsory as to State,
cities, and counties). Ch. 295.
Approved Apr. 1, 1915.
In
effect Jan. 1,1916.
A ll except domestic and
agricultural l a b o r
(casual employees ex
cepted).
Writing - filed with
commission and
posted in estab
lishment.
M ichigan (compulsory as to
State and m unicipalities). No.
10. Approved Mar. 20,1912. In
effect Sept. 1, 1912. Amended
Nt>s-;50,-79, 156, 259,1913; 104,
15?, 170,171,1915.
A ll (casual employees
excepted).
Writing filed w ith
accident board.
M innesota.// Ch. 467. Approved
Apr. 24,1913. In effect Oct. 1,
1913. Amended, Chs. 193, 209,
1915.
A ll except steam rail
roads and domestic
and agricultural labor
(casual employees ex
cepted).
Presumed in ab
sence of notice
to employer and
filed w ith com
missioner of la
bor.
M ontana (compulsory as to pub
lic corporations and contractors
therewith). Ch.96. Approved
Mar. 8, 1915. In effect July 1,
1915.
“ Inherently hazardous”
(extensive list); agri
cultural,domestic ,and
casual employees ex
cepted.
Presumed in ab
sence of notice
posted in estab
l i s h m e n t and
filed w ith com
missioner of la
bor.
Writing filed with
accident
board
and ■ posted in
place of business.
Presumed in ab
sence of written
n o t i c e to em
ployer and filed
w ith board.
Contributory negligence, ........d o..................................... Waivers are forbidfellow service, and as
den; hospital fund
m ay be m a i n
sumed risks.
tained.
On employer (VJT- Employer must give proof
$75 funeral expenses; 30 to
cept that ho spital
50 per cent of wages for
of solvency or insure in ........ d o ..........................
fund m ay be ¡oint.
400 weeks, $6 minimum,
company or w ith State
$10 maximum.
fund.
50 per cent of wages ior 400 50 per cent of wage loss for
weeks; $6 minimum, $10
150 weeks; benefits and
m axim u m ; $5 thereafter
wages to be not less than
if permanent.
$6; fixed rates for speci
fied injuries.
During first 2 weeks, not N otice in 60 days, claim in
6 months.
over $50 unless there is
hospital fund.
Industrial accident
board; appeal to
courts.
N ebraska. Ch. 198. Approved
Apr. 21,1913. In effect July 17,
1913.
A ll employing 5 or more
workmen, except rail
roads in interstate
commerce and domes
tic and agricultural
labor (casual employ
ees and outworkers
excepted).
“ Dangerous” (enumer
ated list).
Presumed in ab
sence of notice
posted in estab
lishm ent and filed
with
insurance
commissioner.
Presumed in ab
sence of notice to
employerand-filed
w ith
insurance
commissioner.
Assumed risks and fellow ........d o ....................................
service;
contributory
negligence unless willful.
Employer
N e w Hampshire. Ch. 163. Ap
proved Apr. 15,1911. In effect
Jan. 1,1912.
N e w Jersey (compulsory as to
‘ S tate and municipalities). Ch.
95. Approved Apr. 4,1911. In
effect .July 4,1911. Amended,
ch. 174,1913; 244,1914.
A ll (casual employees
excepted).
Pennsylvania (compulsory as to
State-and municipalities), No.
338. Approved June 2, 1915.
In effect Jan. 1,1916.
All except agricultural
and domestic labor
(casual employees ex
cepted).
R hode Islan d. Ch. 831. Ap
proved Apr. 29,1912. In effect
Oct. 1,. 1912. Amended, ch
937,1913; 1268; 1915.
All employing more
than 5 workmen, ex
cept in domestic serv
ice and agriculture
(casual employees and
those earning over
$1,800 excepted).
All m which more than
10 persons are em
ployed (domestic and
casual employees and
those earning over
$1,500 annually ex
cepted).1
All (casual employees
excepted).
V erm ont. Ch. 164. Approved
Apr. 1,1915. h i effect July 1
1915.
W isconsin (compulsory as to the
State and municipalities). Ch.
50. Approved May 3,1911. In
effect same date. Amended
Chs, 599, 707,1913; 121, 241,316,
369, 378, 462,1915.
Assumed risks, f e l l o w ........d o ..................................... No contract m a y
relieve from lia
service, and contribu
bility.
tory negligence.
Presumed i f e m As above, except for em ........do..................................... Existing approved : __.d o .............
ployer elects; in
schemes may be
ployers of not over 5 per
absence of written
continued;
n o
sons, and in logging op
notice to employ
waivers allowed.
erations
er filed with Com
mission.
N ot permitted after elect Forbidden................. ........ d o.............
Presumed in ab
ing compensation, un
sence of written
ice, and contributory
less employer is in de
notice, if em
negligence, except in
fault on insurance pre
ployer elects.
suits b y domestic and
miums.
farm laborers.
g
N ot permitted after elect
ing compensation.
fui.
B y accepting com
pensation or be
ginning proceed
ings under the
stricted b y liability pro
act.
visions of statute).
Presumed in absence Presumed in absence Assumed risks and fellow
of written notice
of written notice
service;
contributory
to employees.
to employer.
negligence unies:
fui.
Writing filed with
commissioner of
labor.
Presumed in ab
sence of notice
posted in estab
lishment, given
employee, a n d
filed w ith com
pensation bureau.
Writing filed with
commissioner of
industrial statis
tics.
Employer may in ........d o.............
sure or maintain a
benefit fund, but
m ay not reduce
liability fixed by
law.
Forbidden.................
Employer must give proof
of financial ability or
procure State, mutual,
or private insurance. If
insolvent, claims are a
first lien.
If insu ed employer is in
solvent, claimants have
lien on proceeds of
policy.
More than 2 weeks
(payment
from
date of injury it
disability lasts 8
weeks or more).
More than 2 weeks.
50 per cent of wages for
500 weeks; $4 minimum,
$10 maximum; total not
over $3,000.
.do.
$750 maximum ex
cept to residents
of Canada.
If insured employer is
insolvent, claims are
enforceable d i r e c t l y
against the company.
More than 2 weeks
(payment
from
date of injury if
disability lasts 8
weeks or longer).
$100 funeral expenses; 50
per cent of wages for 350
weeks; $5 minimum, $10
maximum.
50 per cent of wages for
300 weeks; $5 minimum.
$10 maximum, then 40
per cent of wages during
life; $4 minimum, $8
maximum.
50 per cent of wage de
crease; $10 maximum,
for 300 weeks; fixed
rates for spe6ified in
juries.
During first 3 weeks; not
to exceed $200.
N otice as soon as prac
ticable; c l a i m i n 6
months; petitions filed
in court in 1 year.
Arbitrators or dis
trict court
of
county.
Excluded, e x c e p t
half benefits to wife
or children under
16 years, unless
treaty
provides
otherwise.
Included (widows,
children, and par
ents only).
More than 2 w eeks.
150 tim es w eekly earnings,
not more than $3,000; no
dependents, $100.
50 p e r-cen t of average
w eekly earnings; maxi
mum, $10 for not more
than 300 weeks.
50 per cent of wage loss;
maximum, $10 per week,
not more than 300 weeks.
Only if employee dies
leaving no dependents.
N otice as soon as prac
ticable and before leav
ing service; claim in 6
months.
P r o c e e d i n g s in
equity.
Beneficiaries must be
residents of State.
$100 funeral expenses; 35
to 60 per cent of wages
for 3C0 weeks; $5 min
imum, $10 maximum.
50 per cent of wages for 400
weeks; $5 minimum, $10
maximum.
Fixed scale for specified
injuries; others propor
tionate.
During first 2 weeks; not
over $50.
Judges of court of
common p l e a s ;
lim ited appeal to
supreme court.
Excluded.
50 per cent of wage loss;
$10 maximum, for not
over 300 weeks; fixed
scale for specified in
juries.
During first 14 days, not
over $25, unless major
operation, then $75.
N otice in 14 days: if in 30
days not barred except
as to extent employer
was prejudiced, bu t ab
solute after 90 days;
claim in 1 year.
Notice in 14 days; claim in
1 year.
Workmen’s
com
pensation board
and referees; ap
peal to courts.
Two-thirds benefits
to widows and
children; others ex
cluded.
Reasonable services for
first 2 weeks; maximum
$200 in fatal cases with
no dependents, includ
ing burial.
Notice in 30 days; claim
in 1 year.
Courts in summary
proceedings.
Permitted in lieu of compensation.
........do.............
Employer m ust give proof
o f financial ability or
give bond.
N ot permitted after electing compensation.
N o substitute agree- ........do.............
ments valid.
Compensation payments
are preferred claims on
assets of employer.
Presumed in ab
sence of written
notice to employer
and filed with
compensation bu
reau.
Fellow service, assump ........do..................................... Forbidden.................. ........do...............
tion of risk, contribu
tory negligence unless
due to intoxication or
recklessness.8
Employer must insure in ........ d o . . . . . .................. $100 funeral expenses; 15
to 60 per cent of wages
State fund, stock or
for 300 weeks; basic
mutual company, or
. wages not less than $10
give proof o f financial
ability.
nor more than $20 per
week.
50 per cent of wages for
500 weeks; $5 minimum,
$10 maximum; total not
over $4,000.
Presumed in ab
sence of written
notice, if em
ployer elects..
Assumed risks, fellow ........do..................................... Approved schemes ........do...............
service, and contribu
may be substi
tuted; no reduc
tory negligence.
tion of liability
allowed.
Payments are a claim su
perior to unsecured
debts.
50 per cent of weekly
wages for 300 weeks; $4
minimum, $10 maxi
mum; no dependents,
$ 200.
50 per cent of earnings for
not over 500 weeks; $4
minimum, $10 maxi
mum.
Employer m ust insure,
give security, or proof of
financial ability.
$75 funeral expenses; 15
to 45 per cent of wages
for 260 weeks, total not
over $3,500; basic wages
not less than $5 nor more
than $25.
50 per cent of wages for 260
weeks (board m ay add
52); $3 minimum, $12.50
maximum ; total not
over $4,000.
50 per cent of wage loss; $10
maximum, for 5 years;
fixed scale for specified
injuries.
During first 14 days, not
over $75.
Notice as soon as practi
cable; claim in 6 months.
Industrial accident
board; appeal to
courts.
Employer must give proof More than 1 week
o f financial ability or in
(payment for first
sure risks.
week if disability
lasts more than 4
weeks).
4 years’ earnings, but
amount added to prior
disability p a y m e n t s
m ay not exceed 6 years’
earnings; no depend
ents, $100.
65 per cent of wages; if
nurse is required, 100
per cent after 90 days;
no total to exceed 6
years’ earnings.
65 per cent of wage de
crease; no total to ex
ceed 4 years’ earnings;
fixed rates for specified
injuries.
For not more than 90
days.
Notice in 30 days; claim in
2 years.
Industrial commis
sion; appeal to
courts.
Judgments awarding com A t least 2 weeks;
pensation have same
then compensa
preference as wage debts.
tion from date of
accident.
ii
Payments have same pref More than
2 w eek s..
erence as wage debts.
2,400 tim es one-half the
daily wages; $4,000 max
imum; no dependents,
medical and burial ex
penses.
3 years’ earnings; $1,000
minimum, $5,000 max
imum; no dependents,
$100.
50 per cent of average
semimonthly earnings,
during disability, not
to exceed $4,000.
50 per cent of wage de
crease until recovery,
not to exceed $4,000.
Only if employee dies
leaving no dependents.
Arbitration, refer
ence to attorney
general, or appeal
to courts.
65 per cent of wages for 240
weeks, then 40 per cent
for life.
65 per cent of wage de
crease for fixed periods
proportionate to disabil-
During first 90 days;
longer if commission
orders.
N otice in 2 weeks; none
required in case of
death or incompetence.
Action on claim within
1 year.
N otice in 30 days; claim
in 6 months for dis
ability, 1 year for death,
Government funds and
supervision.
7 full consecutive
days, then pay
from fifth day.
Burial or transportation
of body; 25 to 50 per cent
of earnings for 8 years,
total not over $5,000.
75 per cent of earnings for
3 months, then 50 per
cent for 8 years; schedule
for fractures.
Reasonable services.
N otice immediately; claim
for injury in 60 days, for
death in 1 year.
Governor of Panama
Canal.
Employer must insure,
give guaranty, or proof
of financial ability.
More than 14 days.. $100 funeral expenses, 25
to 60 per cent of wages
for 312 weeks; not over
$5,000. Basic wages not
less than $5 nor more
than $36.
More than 2 weeks; $75 funeral expenses un
less
no dependents and
1 week if disability
sufficient estate to de
is permanent.
fray same; 50 per cent of
wages for 8 years; $1,000
minimum, $4,250 maxi
mum.
60 per cent of wages for 312
weeks; $3 minimum, $18
maximum; total not
over $5,000.
75 per cent of earnings for
3 months, then 50 per
cent for not more than
5 years; schedule for
maimings; if at work, 75
per cent of wage loss.
50 per cent of wage loss for
not over 312 weeks; $12
maximum; total not
over $5,000; fixed scale
for specified injuries.
During first 14 days, not
over $50.
Notice as soon as practi
cable; claim in 3 months.
County industrial
accident boards;
appeal to courts.
Excluded.
Presumed in ab
sence of written
agreement or no
tice to the con
trary; municipal
ities vote.
Presumed in ab
sence of written
agreement or no
tice.
Presumed as to
employers of 4 or
more p e r s o n s
(except farmers
and railroads) in
absence of notice
filed w ith indus
trial commission;
other employers
file notice.
Presumed in ab
sence of written
notice to em
ployer, if em
ployer elects, ex
cept on railroads,
where acceptance
m ust be in writ
ing.
.do.
...........do.....................................
No contract may ........do.............
relieve of liability.
Assumed risks; also fellow ........d o..................................... Insurance or other
schemes permit
service and contributory
ted, but no reduc
negligence unless will
tion of liability al
ful, i f 4 or more employ
ees (does not apply to
lowed.
farm labor).
do . -
Included.
Compensation, compulsory.
A rizona. Ch. 14 (extra ses
sion). Approved June 8,1912.
In effect Sept. 1, 1912. New
act, May 13,1913.
“ Especially dangerous
(enumerated l i s t )
elective as to all
others.
. Permitted in lieu of compensation.
Permitted if com- ........do.............
pensation is pro
vided not less than
that of the act.
C alifornia. Ch. 399. Approved
Apr. 8,1911. In effect Sept. 1,
1911. N ew act, May 26, 1913.
Amended, chs. 541, 607, 662,
1915.
All except domestic and
agricultural la b o r
(casual employees ex
cepted); elective as to
excepted classes.
! Permitted in lieu of compensation if employer
was personally grossly
negligent.
C anal Zone. Executive Order,
Mar. 20,1914. In effect Apr. 1,
1914.
All employees on Pana
ma Canal or Railroad.
N ot permitted.....................
Employer m ay in .
sure or maintain
a benefit fund, but
may not reduce
liability fixed by
law.
H aw aii. N o. 221. Approved
Apr. 28,1915. In effect July 1,
1915.
All industrial employ
ment (casual employ
ees excepted).
Forbidden............................
N o waiver allowed
M aryland. Ch. 800. Approved
Apr. 16, 1914. In effect Nov.
1,1914.
Extrahazardous (enu
merated list); elective
as to others. Farm
and domestic labor,
country blacksmiths,
etc.; casual employees
and those receiving
over $2,000 excluded.
Permitted in lieu of compensation if accident
caused by deliberate in
tent of employer.
Forbidden.................. ........ do.............
Employer must insure in
State fund, insurance
company, or give proof
of financial ability.
N e w T ork . Ch. 816. Approved
D ec. 16,1913. In effect Ju ly 1,
1914. Amended, chs. 41, 316,
1914; 167,168, 615,674,1915.
Hazardous em p l o y ments (extensive list);
domestic and agricul
tural labor excluded
Permitted if employer ........ do.......................... ........do.............
fails to secure paym ent
of compensation; de
fenses of fellow service,
assumed risks, and con
tributory negligence ab
rogated.
Employer must give proof
o f financial ability (de
posit of securities may
be required) or procure
State, mutual, or pri
vate insurance.
Oklahoma. Ch. —. Approved
Mar. 22,1915. In effect Sept.
1,1915.
“ Hazardous” (enume
rated list and general
clause) in which more
than 2 persons are em
ployed (nonfatal acci
dents only).
Artisans and mechanics
in certain classes of em
ployments; all persons
m hazardous employ
m ent in certain others
U nited S ta te s. 35 Stat., 556.
Approved May 30, 1908. In
effect Aug. 1, 1908. Amended,
Chs. 57,255,390,1911-12.
........do.....................................
Government can not be
sued.
. .d o ______
. . Tdo__
Waivers not al- ........do.............
lowed; approved
schemespermitted.
Employer m ust insure,
maintain a p p r o v e d
scheme, or give proof of
solvency.
........do.............
Payments are made from
regular appropriations.
Waivers forbidden
Industrial accident
commission; lim
ited appeal to
courts.
Included.
50 per cent of wages for 8
years; $5 minimum, §12
maximum; total not
over $5,000.
50 per cent of wage loss;
$12 per week maximum
maxin ium;
total not overr $3,000,
.000;
schedule for specified
|
injuries.
As required b y commis
sion, not over $150.
Notice of accident in 10
days, of death in 30 days,
unless sufficient reason;
claim in 30 days.
Industrial accident
commission
c
arbitrators a p
pointed b y it; ap
peal to courts,
Excluded.
66§ per cent during con
tinuance, $5 minimum,
$15 maximum.
66§ per cent of wage de
crease, fixed scale for
specified injuries; $5
minimum, $15 maxi
mum; for certain maim
ings, $20 maximum.
During first 60 days.
N otice of injury in 10 days,
of death m 30 days, un
less excused for cause;
claim in 1 year.
Industrial commis
sion; lim ited ap
peal to courts.
Included.
50 per cent of wages for
500 weeks; $6 minimum,
$10 maximum; one-half
of present worth to non
resident aliens.
50 per cent of wage loss
for 300 weeks; fixed scale
for specified injuries.
During first 15 days.
N otice in 30 days, claim
in 1 year.
Industrial commis
sion.
Fatal accidents not
covered.
Same pay as if employed,
not to exceed 1 year.
A ll benefits cease when
able to resume work.
Claim for disability in
reasonable time; death
in 90 days.
Secretary of Labor.
66$ per cent of wages for
not over 500 weeks, $4
minimum, $10 maxi
mum, total not to ex
ceed $4,000.
50 per cent of earnings for
100 months; $20 mini
mum, $60 maximum,
not to exceed $5,000.
66$ per cent of wage loss;
$10 maximum, for not
more than 500 weeks;
fixed rates for specified
injuries.
50 per cent of wage de
crease; $40 maximum,
for not more than 60
months; fixed rates for
specified injuries.
During first 2 weeks..
N otice as soon as prac
ticable; claim in 6
months.
Reasonable services for
first 4 months.
Applications must be
made and claims en
forced in 1 year.
Arbitrators for each
case; industrial ac
cident board; ap
peal to courts on
points of law.
Industrial commis
sion.
$30 per month if single,
$35 if dependent spouse,
$6 additional for each
child, total not to ex
ceed $50 during dis
ability.
Proportionate benefits for
not over 2 years if tem
porary; fixed rates for
specified injuries.
N ot to exceed $250.
Claim in 1 year..
Industrial accident
commission; appeals to courts.
60 per cent of wages for
360 weeks, $5 minimum,
$15 maximum; no benefi
ciaries or creditors, $100.
60 per cent of wages for
not over 400 weeks; $5
minimum, $15 maxi
mum.
60 per cent of wage de
crease; $15 maximum,
for not over 300 weeks:
fixed rates for specified
injuries.
During first w eek..
Notice as soon as practi
cable; claim in 6 months.
Industrial accident
board; appeals to
courts.
___do
$75 burial expenses; widow
or invalid widower, $20
m onthly until death or
remarriage; $5 addi
tional for each child
under 15, total not to
exceed $35.
50 per cent of wages
until death; $4 mini
mum, $8 maximum.
50 per cent of wage de
crease, $4 minimum,
$8 m axim um , for 30 to
210 weeks; 70 to 85 per
cent disability, 40 per
cent of wages for life.
N ot to exceed $150; may
be $300 in special cases.
Claim in 6 months; proof
of dependency in 9
months.
Compensation com
missioner; limited
appeal to courts.
do
$150 funeral expenses; 66|
per cent of wages for 6
years; $1,500 minimum,
$3,750 maximum.
56§ per cent of wages until
death, if permanently
disabled; $5 minimum,
$12 maximum.
66f per cent of wage de
crease; $12 per week
maximum; not over
$3,750 in all; fixed rates
for specified injuries.
N ot to exceed $200..
To be fixed b y board..
Industrial commis
sion; lim ited ap
peal to courts.
“ Loss of earning $75 funeral expenses; $20 per month if single,
$25 i married; for each
widow or invalid wid
power shall exceed
child under 16 years, $5
5 per cent.” 4
ower receives $20 month
per month, not over $35
ly until death or remar
m all, to be paid during
riage; each child under
disability.
16, $5 per month; total
not to exceed $35.
More than 10 d ays... $50 funeral expenses; $1,000 $1,000 if single, $1,200 if
wife or invalid husband;
to widow or invalid wid
$60 per year for each
ower, $60 per year for
child under 16; total not
each child under 16,
over $3,000 for all.
total not over $2,000 for
all.
Proportionate; not over
$1,500.
50 per cent of benefits
added for first 6 months
of total temporary disa
bility; not more than 60
per cent of wages in all.
Claim in 1 year..
Industrial
insur
ance department;
appeal to courts.
$100 funeral expenses;
widow or dependent
widower, 30 per cent of
wages un til death or re
marriage; 10 per cent
additional for each child
under 18 years, total not
over 66J P©r cent.
Fatal accidents not cov
ered.
More than 15 d ays... 1 year’s earnings.
Insurance, elective.
M assachusetts. &Ch. 751., Ap
proved. Jujy 2 8 ,19U^ In effect
July 1 ,J1912. Amended, chs.
571,1912; 696; 746,.1913; 338,708,
1914; 123,275,314,1915.
N evad a (compulsory as to State
and municipalities). Ch. 183.
Approved Mar. 24, 1911. h i
effect July 1, 1911. N ew act,
Mar. 15, 1913. Amended, ch.
190,1915.
Oregon.
Ch. 112.
Approved
Feb. 25,1913. In effect July 1,
1913. Amended, ch. 271,1915.
Ch. 179. Approved Apr.
16,1913. In effect Sept. 1,1913.
W est Virginia. Ch. 10. Ap
proved Feb. 22,1913. La effect
Oct. 1., 1913. Amended, chs.
—, — 1915.
All (employees not in
usual course of trade,
etc., excepted).
All except domestic and
agricultural labor.
Hazardous (enumerated
list).1
Employers of more than
5 persons, except rail
ways, cotton gins,
and domestic ana
agricultural la b o r
(casual employees ex
cepted).
A ll except domestic and
agricultural labor (cas
ual employees ex
cepted).
B y subscribing to Presumed in ab Assumed risks, fellow N ot permitted after elec Employer must in ........do_______
State control of Employ More than 2 w eek s..
S t a t e associa
sence of written
tion of insurance sys
sure in author
service, and contribu
ees’ Insurance Associa
tion or insuring
tem.
n o t i c e , if em
tion.
tory negligence, except
ized company or
in other com
ployer insures.
in domestic and farm
State association.
pany.
labor.
Presumed, in ab Presumed, in ab Assumed risks and fellow N ot permitted after em- Forbidden.................. Employer, except Insurance is under State More than 1 week
sence of notice
sence of notice
ployer’s election, unless
service;
contributory
for medical, etc.,
control.
(payment from
posted in estab * to employer and
he is in default on pre
negligence except will
services, to which
date of injury if
lishment a n d
filed w ith com
miums.
ful.
employee
may
disability lasts 3
filed w ith com
mission.
give $1 per month.
weeks or more).
mission.
Presumed in hazard Presumed in ab
Permitted if injury was
.do.
Employee 1 cent for ........do............................
ous employments
sence of written
due to employer’s fail
each day worked;
in absence of no
notice, if em
ure to comply with
employer
fixed
tice posted in
safety laws or his inten
ployer elects.
premiums; State
tion to injure, or em
establishment
subsidy.
and filed with
ployer is in default on
com m ission ;
insurance premiums.
other employers
file acceptance.
B y subscribing to No option..
........ d o .................................... More than 1 w eek. . .
Assumed risks and fellow N ot permitted against No waiver permit
State association
ted;
insurance
service;
contributory
employers accepting in
or insuring in
surance system except
with other com
negligence to be meas
other
company
ured.
for willful or gross neg
panies m ust con
and notifying em
ligence causing death.
form to law.
ployees.
B y paym ent of
p r e m iu m and
posting notice.
Remaining in serv Assumed risks, fellow serv
ice w ith notice of
ice, contributory negli
employer’s elec
gence, and negligence of
tion.
statutory employee.
N ot permitted after employer’s election, unless
he is in default on pre
miums or injury was
due to his intent to in
jure.
N ot permitted, but
approved employ
ers m ay give bond
and carry own
risk.
Employer, 90 per ........d o.............................
cent; employees,
10 per cent.
Permitted if injury was
due to willful act of em
ployer, his failure to
comply w ith safety law,
or i f he is in default on
premiums.
Permitted in addition to
insurance benefits if in
jury resulted from de
liberate intention of
employer.
Approved schemes
or insurance per
mitted; m ust con
tribute to surplus
fund of State.
— d o ..............................
Forbidden..................
___do..........................
Insurance, compulsory.
Ohio. P. 524. Approved June
15,1911. In effect Jan. 1,1912.
Amended, pp. 72,396,1913; 193,
1914.
A ll employing 5 or more
workmen; elective as
to others (casual em
ployees excepted).
W ashington. Ch.74. Approved
Mar. 14,1911. In effect Oct. 1,
1911. Amended .ch. 148, 1913;
ch. 188,1915.
:E x t r a h a z a r d o u s ”
(enumerated l i s t ) ;
elective as to all
others.
W yom ing. Ch. 124. Approved
Feb. 27,1915. In effect Apr. 1,
1915.
“ E x tr a h a z a r d o u s”
(enumerated list) in
which 5 or more per
sons are employed.
4418°—15. (To face page 45.)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
N ot perm itted..................... N o reduction of liability allowed.
1 Other employers may elect, but lose no defenses if they do not.
3 If complete disability still continues then a compensation during life, equal annually to 8 per cent of the death benefit, not less than $10 per month.
___do......................
66f per cent of wages for
500 weeks, $4 minimum,
$10 maximum; no de
pendents, $200.
$125 burial expenses; 40 to
60 per cent of earnings
for 100 months, $20
minimum, $60 maxi
mum, total not to ex
ceed $6,000.
$100 burial expenses;
widow or invalid wid
ower, $30 per month
until death or remar
riage, $6 additional for
each child under 16,
total not to exceed $50.
Fixed lump sums for
specified injuries; others
in proportion.
8 Abrogation is absolute and does not depend upon the rejection of the act.
4Construed b y industrial insurance department to exclude cases in which less than. 5 per cent of a working month was lost.
Courts.
Included.
P a r e n t s , widow,
widower,
and
children
included,
Included.
Only father and
mother included
except
w here
o t h e r w i s e pro
vided by treaty.
RETAIL PRICES OF FOOD IN THE UNITED STATES.
Actual retail prices of 19 principal articles of food in each of 45
important industrial cities throughout the United States are regu
larly reported by this bureau. So far as available the figures for the
current year show a decline of 4 per cent in prices from January to
June, and lower prices in each month, excepting January, than for
the year 1914. The relative retail prices of 17 articles of food, and
of all articles combined, in June of each year, 1911 to 1915, as com
pared with average prices for the year 1914, are given herewith.
The aggregate of actual prices of each commodity for the year 1914
is taken as the base, or 100, and prices in June of each commodity
for each of the years 1911 to 1915 are shown as changes from that
base.
R E L A T IV E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F FO O D IN J U N E EA C H Y E A R , 1911 TO 1915.
(P rice for 1914=100.)
Commodity.
June, 1911. Ju n e,1912. Ju n e,1913. Ju n e,1914. June,1915.
Sirloin steak...........................................................................
R o u n d stea k ...........................................................................
R ib ro a s t.................................................................................
Chuck ro a s t............................................................................
P late boiling beef............................................................
P ork chops.“. ............................................. . ..........................
B aco n ......................................................................................
H a m .........................................................................................
L a rd .........................................................................................
H e n s .........................................................................................
F lour........................................................................................
Corn m e a l...............................................................................
Eggs..........................................................................................
B u tte r......................................................................................
P otatoes...................................................................................
Sugar........................................................................................
M ilk..........................................................................................
All com m odities com bined ................................................
80
76
83
93
88
96
100
96
99
79
89
88
86
89
96
88
70
82
153
101
93
88
87
88
90
95
91
106
99
75
93
157
106
95
96
95
99
100
101
101
97
94
79
97
96
90
98
96
102
100
100
100
99
98
98
99
99
101
95
98
80
93
122
86
99
97
101
99
100
96
97
94
98
95
97
96
125
104
76
96
91
117
98
97
While the price of all articles combined and weighted according to
the average consumption in workingmen’s families was 9 per cent
higher in June, 1912, than in June, 1911, the advance in price from
June, 1912, to June, 1915, was very slight, but 1 per cent, and there
was no change from June, 1914, to June, 1915. For the articles
taken separately, 11 declined in price from June, 1914, to June, 1915,
but there was an advance so marked in flour and sugar as to offset
the decline in other articles.
RETAIL PRICES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
CANADA.
The Canadian Labor Gazette for July, 1915, reports that the fea
tures of the month in the movement of retail prices were the advances
in meats, lard, cheese, and eggs, while butter, flour, and potatoes
46
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
47
were lower. Milk and coal also declined to summer prices in several
localities. Sugar fluctuated, while beans rose in price.
There follows a table showing retail prices of commodities in
different cities in the Province of Ontario for June, 1915, as com
pared with June, 1914.
R E T A IL P R IC E S O F C O M M O D ITIES IN V A R IO U S C IT IE S IN T H E P R O V IN C E O F O N T A R IO ,
CANADA, JU N E , 1914 A N D 1915.
[Source: The L abour Gazette, D epartm ent of Labor, D om inion of Canada, O ttaw a, July, 1914 (pp. 112,
113); Ju ly , 1915 (pp. 105-107).]
B utter.
Cities.
Beef,
m edium
chuck,
p er pound.
Pork, fresh
roasting,
per pound.
Lard,
pure leaf,
per pound.
Eggs,
new laid,
per dozen.
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
as.
as.
C ts .
O tta w a ......................
Brockville................
K ingston...................
B elleville..................
P eterboro.................
O rilla.........................
T oronto.....................
N iagara F a lls ..........
St. C atherines..........
H a m ilto n .................
B rantford.................
G uelph......................
B erlin........................
W oodstock_______
Stratford...................
L ondon .....................
St. T hom as..............
C hatham ...................
W indsor....................
Owen Sound
Cobalt
Sault Ste. M arie___
Cities.
18
16-18
18
15
16
20
16-18
16
17-19
15
17
18
20
13-14
16
18
16
17
14
15-17
18
18
19
17
20
18-20 20-24 20-22
18
20
18
17
15
15
20
18
20
18 18-20
20
18
14 18-22
18
20
25
18
16
17
22
16
20
20
16
20
22
21
17-18
22
22
18
14-16
20
20
22
16
20
20
20
18
20
15-16
20
22
23
18
20
18
20
15 17
20 17-18
25
20
20
22
22
18
18
18-20
17
18
20
18
16-17
20
18
17
18
18
18
18
18
18
20
18
20
17
17
18
25
25
20-22
22
22
20
27
27
27
25
25
23
22
22
20
23
24
20
25
22
35
30
20
18
17
18
18
18
15
20
16-17
15
18
18
18
18
16
18
18
16
15
17
19
16
D airy, tub,
per pound.
Creamery
prints,
per pound.
1915
1914
1915
1914
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
as.
25
24
20
20
22
20
23-25
25
25
25
23
24
25
22
20
22
22
20
20
20
33
27
25
27
25
22
18-20
20-23
30
26
23-25
25
22
24
23-25
23
23
23
23
28
22
29
35
25-28
30
30
22
28-30
33
27
25-27
28
25
27
30
25
29
28-30
24
30
22
28
30
30-35
27
24
25
25-30
32
28-30
27-28
30
28
27
28-30
25
28
28
25
32
27
30
35
30
1915
C ts .
32
38-40
30-35
31
33
27
33-35
34
32
30-32
32
29
33
33
27
32
32
28
32
32
35
35
Cheese,
Canadian,
new,
per pound.
Bread,
p er pound.
Rice, good
m edium ,
p er pound.
Sugar,
granulated,
in 81 lots,
per pound.
Tea, black
m edium ,
Indian or
Ceylon,
per pound.
Coffee,
m edium
Mocha,
per pound.
1914
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts .
C ts.
6
5
5
as.
o
44
54
64
5
5
40
40
35
30-60
40
30
25-35
30-50
30
25-40
30
25-40
25-50
30
30
30
30-40
30-40
30
30
30
30-40
45
40
40
35
30
30
30
30
35
40-50
45
35
35-45
30
35
40
30
35-40
40
40
35
30
40
40
40
30-40
40
35
25-40
28
40-45
30-40
40
25-40
22-40
30
30
40
30-40
40
30
40
45
30-45
1915
as.
C ts .
19
O tta w a .....................
Brockville................ 18-20
K ingston...................
18
Belleville..................
18
P eterboro.................
18
O rilla.........................
18
T oronto.....................
17
N iagara F a lls ..........
20
St. Catherines..........
18
H a m ilto n ................. 18-20
B rantford .................
18
G uelph......................
20
B erlin........................
18
W oodstock...............
18
18
Stratford...................
L ondon .....................
19
St. T hom as..............
20
C hatham ...................
20
W indsor...................
20
Owen Sou n d............
C obalt. . .
18
Sault Ste. M arie___
22
22-23
20
22
20
22
22
22
20-22
22
25
25
22
22
25
22
22
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
25
24
3§-4
4
4
3J
5Î
3?,-4
3 |-4
4
4
34
34
4
4
4
34
4
34
34-4
4
4
34
4§
n
4j?
41
4
4
4f
4
4§
4f
41
41
41
41
4
4
41
54
41
41
4
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5-10
5
5
5
5
5
8
5
6
7
5
5
6
5
5-6
5
7
7
5
7
5
5
5
6
6
5
5
8
8
7*
7A
n
54
5
54
6
84
7TJ7-)7A
5
5y'f
84
54
7tt
5|
6
5.^
O]
5y j
84
8
84
84
8
74
45
40
40
30
40
40
30
30
30-35
35-50
45
40
25
30
40
45
35
40
40
40
40
30
48
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
R E T A IL P R IC E S O F CO M M O D ITIES IN V A R IO U S C IT IE S IN T H E P R O V IN C E OF
O N T A R IO , C A N A D A , J U N E , 1914 A N D 1915—Concluded.
Coal.
Potatoes, p er bag of
1J bushels.
Cities.
1914
O tta w a ......................
Brockville................
K ingston...................
Belleville..................
P eterb o ro .................
O rilla.........................
Toronto.....................
N iagara F a lls ..........
St. Catherines..........
H a m ilto n .................
B rantfo rd.................
G uelph......................
B erlin........................
W oodstock...............
S tratfo rd ...................
L ondo n.....................
St. T h o m as..............
C hatham ...................
W indso r...................
Owen Sound............
C obalt.......................
Sault Ste. M arie___
$1.35
1.75
$1.25-1.50
1.60
1.50
1.65
1.40-1.50
1.35
1.55-1. 65
1.50
1.50
1.25
1.50
1.60
1.25
1.30
1.50
1.00
1.35
1. 50-1.60
1.50
1.25
1915
A nthracite, p er ton
of 2,000 pounds.
1914
1915
B itum inous, per ton
of 2,000 pounds.
1914
1915
$0.75
$8.25
$7. 75
$9.00
$5.00
.90
7.50
7.00
5.00
.75
7. 75
7.75
5.50
7.50
.65
7. 75
7.75
7.75
5.50
.50
7.25
7.10
5.50
5.50
.50
6.95
6.60
6.00
5.50
.60
7. 50
7.50
5.50
5.60
.90
6.25
6.25
5.00
5.00
.85
7.50
7.50
8. 50 $4. 75-5. 00
.80
7.25
7.25
6. 00
6.00
.65
7.50
7.25
6.00
5.50
.50
7.00
7.00
5. 50
5.00
$0.40-, 50
7. 50
7.25
6.00
5.50
.65 $7. 75-8.00 $7.00-7.25
5.00
5. 00
.40
7.25
7.00
7.25
6.00
.65
7.40
7. 50
6.50
6. 50
. 65-. 75 7.50-7. 75
5.00
5.00
6.00
. 75-. 80
7. 50
7.50
5.25
6.00
.90
8.25
7.50
5.00
6.50
.50
7.25
7.25 $5.00-6.00 5.00-6.00
1.00
9.50
9.50
.70
8. 75
8.25 4.50-5.00 3.00-6.00
Coal oil,
per gallon.
1914
1915
C ts .
C ts .
25
20
15
20
20
15-20
20-23
20
20
18
20
18
22
18
18
17
18
15
20
15
25
22
25
20
15
20
20
15-20
20
20
18
18
18
18
20
18
20
17
18
18
18
15
25
25
DENMARK.
Since the occurrence of the war the Danish Statistical Office has
from time to time received reports of prices in certain localities
through the local committees, organized under the act of August 7,
1914, for the regulation of prices of food products and other com
modities. Returns from these committees for May and June of this
year 1 indicate a continual rise in the level of prices. Among the
commodities in which this increase was particularly noticeable was
potato flour, the normal price of which varies from 30 to 35 ore per
kilogram (3.6 to 4.2 cents per pound); in April its average price rose
to 57 ore per kilogram (6.9 cents per pound); in May to 63 ore per
kilogram (7.7 cents per pound); and in June it had reached 69 ore
per kilogram (8.4 cents per pound); the available supply of it in June
was far below the average. Prices of sago and other flours and grains
increased considerably. Brown beans, buckwheat, and certain other
articles appear to be unobtainable at present. The average price of
butter was about 2 ore per kilogram (0.24 cents per pound) higher in
June than in May; in Copenhagen butter was 125 crowns per 50
kilograms (30.4 cents per pound), while a year prior it was 95 to 97
ore per kilogram (11.5 to 11.8 cents per pound). The increase in
prices of meats is reported as very considerable, the increase between
April and May being 10 per cent, and from May to June 12 per cent.
1
Statistiske E fterretninger udgivet af d et Statistiske D epartem ent, Copenhagen, June 30, 1915.
7, No. 14.)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
(Voi.
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
49
The price of coke rose considerably as between May and June, while
coal prices showed no great variation.
The following table shows the prices of some of the more important
commodities:
R E T A IL P R IC E S O F P R IN C IP A L CO M M O D ITIES O F H O U S E H O L D C O N SU M PTIO N IN
D E N M A R K , A T IN D IC A T E D P E R IO D S IN 1914 AN D 1915.
Octo
July, August, ber,
first
last
last
week, week, week,
1914.
1914.
1914.
Com m odity.
C e n ts .
Milk" unskim m ed . per q u a r t................................................
B u tte r cream ery per p o u n d ...............................................
Oleomargarine p er pound _ ...........................................
Eges fresh T)anish p er d o z e n ...........................................
"Potatoes p er bushel ...................................... .....................
B ’re meal per pound
________ ___
W heat flour American p er pound ................................
Oats hnbed cleaned, per p o u n d ........................................
"Rice per p o u n d .......................................................................
P tta broad loaf npr nnnnd
Mivod LrociH wnftiit end rvA ner nnnnd .
Bread ry e flour best per p o u n d ........................................
B read7 French wheafen. per p o u n d ..................................
Pork 'fresh shoulder brisket, per p o u n d -.......................
L ard spiced p er p o u n d .........- .............................................
.........................................................
FTerring fresh each
Plaice m edium ¡size p er pound ......................................
Sugar brow n or m oist, per p o u n d......................................
Kerosene per uallon . „ „.......................................................
(Jon 1 household, per b u sh el..................................................
______ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coke crushed p er bushel
C'/-vfTr\r> f i o n t n o m i v t n r o r » V io a n o Q t ner nnnnd
C e n ts .
4.8
28.6
15.7
23.3
142.8
5.4
3.0
3.8
4.8
5.6
2 1.8
5.0
26.8
16.4
23.3
166.5
6.3
i 4.5
4.4
5.6
6.7
2 2. 4
2 2. 9
2 5.6
13.4
15.2
12.8
1.7
24.5
4.4
16.8
16.0
11.8
2 3.0
2 6.2
12.2
14.6
12.8
1.7
24.5
4.4
16.8
(3)
(3)
'
Decem May,
ber,
1915
last
week, (aver
age).
1914.
June,
1915
(aver
age).
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
5.0
31.0
17.9
40.2
131.1
9.1
4.5
4.1
6.2
8.4
4.5
32.9
16.7
46.5
13817
8.3
4.7
31.5
17.2
27.5
98.5
4.8
31.6
17.4
29.4
94.7
7.1
7.9
<5.1
7.3
7.0
<5.2
7.4
7.1
2.3
2 3.3
2 6.2
14.6
18.2
20.0
1.5
17.5
4.8
19.6
17.4
14.2
2.4
4.6
5.3
15.0
5.0
6.0
18.8
5.0
6.1
19.2
22.6
1.0
12.2
4.4
13.5
25.1
14.8
26.7
15.7
21.2
16.7
» 7.7
22.6
1.1
12.9
4.4
13.5
25.3
16.0
27.2
18.1
23.7
18.1
8.3
21.5
1.2
14.3
4.4
14.2
16.1
10.6
1
1 Price Aug. 15.
2 R eported from a single cooperative bakery.
3 Prices in A ugust very irregular; increases as high as 100 per cent.
< Pillsb u ry ’s best.
HELSINGFORS, FINLAND.
The journal1 of the Finnish board of industry (.Industristyrelsen)
publishes regularly for each quarter, by months, a table of retail
prices of 50 articles of ordinary consumption as reported from 21
cities or towns. The prices are shown as highest, lowest, and average
for each city separately for each month of the quarter. The follow
ing table is taken from the most recently received issue of the journal
mentioned, and indicates average retail prices of 37 more important
commodities as reported for Helsingfors, the capital. Nine out of
the 37 articles show a slight decrease in prices in March, 1915, as com
pared with March of the preceding year; while 27 on the other hand
show a slight increase. No prices are reported for American pork
during the period covered, indicating, perhaps, the shutting off of
imports. The price of sugar has risen most noticeably, while meats
i
A rbetsstatistik Tidskrift utgiven af In dustristyrelsen i F in lan d .
4418°—15---- 4
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Helsingfors, 1915, Vol. 9, No. 3.
50
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
show comparatively slight increases or even decreases.
follows:
The table
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S IN H E L S IN G F O R S , F IN L A N D , F O R EA C H O F T H E M ON TH S,
JA N U A R Y , F E B R U A R Y , A N D M ARCH , 1914 A N D 1915.
Jan u ary .
February.
March.
Commodity.
Milk:
W hole, per q u a r t.......................................
Skim m ed, p er q u a r t.................................
B u tte r:
T able, p er p o u n d ......................................
Cooking, per p o u n d .................................
Eggs:
F in n ish , per dozen....................................
R ussian, per dozen..................... ..............
Potatoes, per b u sh el........................................
P e a s......................................................................
Flour:
W heat, p er p o u n d .....................................
R y e, p er p o u n d ..........................................
O ats, h u lled , cleaned, p e r p o u n d .................
B uckw heat, hulled, cleaned, p er p o u n d . . .
W heat, h u lled , cleaned, per p o u n d .............
Rice, p er p o u n d ................................................
R ye bread:
H a rd , p er p o u n d ........................................
Soft, p er p o u n d ..........................................
Beef:
Fresh, steak, p e r p o u n d ...........................
F resh , soup, p er p o u n d ...........................
F resh , soup, sm oked, p er p o u n d ..........
Veal *
F atten ed , per p o u n d ..............................
Y oung (m o n th or less).............................
M utton:
Fresh, per p o u n d .......................................
Sm oked, p er p o u n d ..................................
Fresh, p er p o u n d .......................................
Sm oked, per p o u n d ..................................
Salt, p er p o u n d ........................................
A m erican, p e r p o u n d ...............................
F ish, fresh:
Pike, p er p o u n d .....................................
Perch, p er p o u n d ......................................
Bass, p er p o u n d .......................................
H erring, sm all, p er p o u n d .......................
I ish, salt:
H erring, p er p o u n d ...............................
H erring, sm all, p er p o u n d ......................
W hitefish, p e r p o u n d .............................
Coffee, green, p er p o u n d .................................
Sugar, loaf, p e r p o u n d .....................................
Petroleum , prim e, p er gallon.........................
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
1915'
3. 29
1.28
3.74
1.83
3. 47
1.28
3.93
2.19
3. 47
1.28
4.02
2. 01
28.54
24. 25
31.34
28. 63
28.27
24.07
31.16
28.28
27.05
23.81
30.11
26.43
38.56
26. 06
53.14
6.50
39.14
22.93
60.58
7.36
34.28
26.29
49. 45
7.02
37.64
22.93
69.17
7.53
30.11
23.28
49.45
6.67
36.82
23.85
69.17
7. 70
3.85
2.63
4.20
4.20
3.06
5.69
4.46
2.71
5.25
5.25
3.94
5. 69
3.85
2.62
4.20
4.20
3.06
5. 78
4.73
2.89
5. 52
5.43
3.94
6.13
3.85
2.62
4.20
4.20
3.06
5.78
4.73
3.15
5. 95
5. 43
4.38
6. 57
3. 76
2.62
4.20
2. 98
3.67
2.62
4. 46
3.15
3.67
2.62
4.99
3.94
10.30
8.50
17. 77
9.60
7. 79
16.55
10.20
8.14
17.51
9.80
7. 70
14.53
10.10
8.32
17.51
10.50
8.93
14. 97
15.58
6.83'
14.88
8.23
14.88
7.18
14.88
8.58
14. 70
6. 74
14. 61
8.32
14.44
17.51
13.66
15.84
14. 71
17.51
14.71
15.32
14.88
17.51
15.41
15.76
14. 44
20. 40
14.36
12.43
13. 66
24.25
13. 66
14.27
21. 89
14. 27
12.17
13.83
24.07
13.83
14.01
25.04
14.09
12. 26
14.79
23.90
14.71
14.97
10.15
22.94
5.69
14.44
9.63
17.68
5. 78
15.67
9.54
22. 15
5. 08
14. 79
9.19
17.68
4.90
17. 68
13. 57
20. 66
5.52
15.23
14.62
20.31
5.08
7.70
4. 55
17. 95
26. 96
10.24
14.60
7.53
4. 20
17. 51
29. 76
10.50
18. 26
7. 70
4.81
16.28
27.31
10. 33
14. 60
7. 27
4. 03
16. 98
31.16
10.85
18. 26
7. 70
4.73
16. 46
27.05
10. 33
14.60
7.18
4.20
17. 51
32.21
11.03
18.26
BERLIN (GERMANY).
The following table shows the average retail prices of more impor
tant food commodities in the Berlin markets during the months of
January, February, and March, 1915, as compared with the same
months of 1914. Of the 21 articles here listed 18 showed a consider
able increase in price in March, 1915, as compared with March, 1914,
and only three articles remained unchanged in price; the largest in
crease took place in the price of potatoes, from 38.9 cents a bushel in
March, 1914, to 90.7 cents in March, 1915, or a rise of 133.2 per cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y R E V IE W OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
51
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F 21 A R T IC L E S O F FO O D IN T H E M U N IC IPA L P U B L IC
M A R K E T S O F B E R L IN .
[Source: Preis-Zusam m enstellungen des Statistischen A m ts der S tad t, B erlin, January M arch, 1915.]
January.
February.
March.
Commodity.
1914
1915
Beef, per pound:
Sirjnin round steak, rlim p .................... $0.220 $0.227
.192
.188
............................
B reast
.175
.173
Flank
.....................................................
Veal, per pound:
.216
.231
Cut-let«? loin
.205
.199
B reast..........................................................
.192
.190
Shoulder ...................................................
M utton, per pound:
.227
.216
Chops loin ...............................................
.201
.190
Breast, flan k ..............................................
P ork, per pound:
.225
.218
Tioin spare r ib s .........................................
.199
.190
H am ........................................................
.194
.173
Shon Ider b a lly .........................................
.255
.207
Bacon sm oked, per p o u n d ...........................
H am , per pound:
.328
.320
Smoked
.................................................
.386
.386
Sliced
.....................................................
.248
.181
Bard per pound ...........................................
.300
.358
B litter per p o u n d ...........................................
.372
.288
Fggs per dozen................................................
.518
.389
..................................
Potatoes per bushel
2
.037
B ye bread per p o u n d .................................... 1 .030
W h ea t bread, per p o u n d ............................... 1 .059 2 .069
.054
. 054
M ilk,4 unskim m ed, per q u a r t.......................
P er cent of
increase,
March, 1915,
over March,
1914.
1914
1915
1914
1915
$0.220
.194
.171
$0. 229
.190
.175
$0.220
.192
.171
$0.227
.192
.175
.225
.203
.188
.218
.201
.190
.222
.201
.186
.222
.205
.196
2.5
5.4
.214
.188
.229
.207
.212
.188
.235
.214
10.8
13.8
.207
.184
.164
.201
.240
.220
.218
.298
.199
.175
.160
.194
.253
.235
.235
.324
27.1
34.3
46.9
67.0
.313
.380
.177
.298
.252
.389
1.030
1.058
.054
.363
.427
.274
.352
.348
.648
(3)
<*)
.054
.309
.378
.175
.298
.218
.389
1 .030
1 .058
.054
.382
.447
.294
.367
.348
.907
2.047
2 .073
.054
23.6
18.3
68.0
23.2
59.6
133.2
56.7
25.7
3.1
2.3
1 Average of 40 Bakeries, according to w eight tests of th e statistical office of the city of Berlin.
2 Average of 60 bakeries according to w eight tests of th e statistical office of th e city of Berlin.
3 N ot reported.
..
, _
,
, ...
i According to reports of th e cham ber of commerce (Ä ltesten der K aufm annschaft).
GREAT BRITAIN.
The British Board of Trade in the July issue of its Labor Gazette
reports that retail prices of food were on the whole about the same
on July 1, 1915, as on June 1 preceding; that prices of imported
meat averaged about 3 per cent over those of the preceding month,
while British meat showed little or no advance. Fish was about
4 per cent and tea about 2 per cent higher on July 1 than on
June 1 preceding; eggs showed an increase of about 6 per cent, ex
plained as being a seasonal fluctuation; on the other hand, prices of
flour and bread declined, the former about 6 per cent and the latter
about 4 per cent.
As compared with the prices prevailing in July, 1914, sugar showed
an advance of about 68 per cent and fish of about 64 per cent. Flour
was about 50 per cent and bread about 40 per cent higher. The prices
of British and of imported meat averaged about 40 per cent and 50
per cent higher, respectively. For the remaining articles the average
change varied from an advance of 33 per cent in the price of cheese
to a slight reduction in the price of potatoes.
The table following shows the per cent of increase of prices pre
vailing on July 1, 1915, as compared with prices on June 1, 1915, and
July 1, 1914. '
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
52
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
P E R C E N T O F IN C R E A S E IN R E T A IL FO O D P R IC E S IN G R E A T B R IT A IN , JU L Y 1, 1915,
AS C O M PA R ED W IT H JU L Y 1,1914, A N D JU N E 1,1915.
Per cen t of increase
Ju ly 1, 1915, as
com pared w ith —
Per c en t of increase
Ju ly 1, 1915, as
com pared w ith —
Commodity.
Commodity.
Ju n e 1,
1915.
Beef, B ritish :
R ib s ........................
T h in fla n k ............
Beef, chilled or frozen:
R ib s ........................
T h in fla n k ............ .
M utton, B ritish:
Legs.........................
B re ast......................
M utton, frozen:
Legs..........................
B re ast......................
Bacon (stre a k y ).......... .
F is h .................................
Flour (households)___
Ju ly 1,
1914.
2
1
37
46
3
3
46
64
29
42
(')
0)
3
3
41
61
18
64
49
1
4
26
1
Ju n e 1,
1915.
P o tato es.......................................
B re ad ............................................
T e a ................................................
Sugar (g ran u la te d )....................
Eggs (fresh).................................
M ilk..............................................
B u tter:
F re s h .....................................
S a lt........................................
Cheese...........................................
M argarine....................................
All above articles (weighted
n et percentage increase)..
No change.
2
Ju ly l,
1914.
21
24
22
41
28
2
21
12
68
24
(i)
10
(>)
0 )
15
16
33
4
1
21
0
32§
)
Decrease.
The general increase in retail prices of food since the beginning of
the war, making an allowance for the relative importance of the
several articles in working-class households, is rather greater in large
than in smaller towns, and may be estimated at 35 per cent for the
former and at 30 per cent for small towns and villages.
ITALY.
The semimonthly bulletin of the Italian Labor Office 1 publishes at
the beginning of each month a short table of retail prices of seven
articles of ordinary consumption, showing average prices in several
cities (40 to 42) as furnished by cooperative stores, local labor unions,
and chambers of commerce. Relative prices of these same commod
ities are also shown in parallel columns, the base from which changes
are reckoned being the average prices for the year 1912.
The following table shows the relative prices of the seven commod
ities for each of the months, January to April, 1915, as compared with
prices of the corresponding months of 1914:
R E L A T IV E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F 7 A R T IC L E S O F FO O D B A SE D ON A V E R A G E P R IC E S
FR O M 40 TO 42 C IT IE S IN IT A L Y , JA N U A R Y TO A P R IL , 1914 AN D 1915.
Jan u ary .
February.
March.
April.
Com m odity.
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
1915
1914
110.7
93.4
90.7
97.3
91.3
104.3
92.0
100.5
115.0
116.2
114.0
93. G
93.5
94.7
93.9
91.2
97.3
87.8
105.8
95.5
98.5
114.3
123.0
116.9
94.2
102.4
92.5
97.6
93.6
99.0
96.2
87.2
103.8
92.5
100.9
114.8
121.3
119.9
93.0
105.2
95.5
95.2
95.6
103.6
95.7
105.8
96.2
106.5
B read, w h e ate n ....................................
Flour, w h e a t..................................
Macaroni, spaghetti, etc.........................
B eef.........................................................
B acon ..............................................
Oil, ta b le ............................................
M ilk......................................
93.4
102.3
109.7
90.1
103.4
90.0
99.1
Average for all com m odities . . .
95.7
102.0
1
B ollettino dell’ Ufficio del Lavoro.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
95.9
92.8
98.3
87.7
100.2
111.1
102.8
Rome, 1915. New series (sem im onthly).
1915
Voi. 3, Nos. 5, 7, 9 ,
11.
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
53
NETHERLANDS.
The following table of relative retail prices is published by the
Journal ( M aandschrif t) of the Dutch statistical office for Juno 30,
1915, and presents the relative prices of 29 articles of everyday con
sumption for the year 1913, for 7 and 5 month periods in 1914, and
for each of 5 months in 1915, the basic prices being those reported
by two cooperative stores, one with branches in Amsterdam, Haar
lem, Arnhem, Utrecht, Leeuwarden, and the other at The Hague.
The prices of the year 1893 are taken as the base or 100 from which
base changes are calculated.
R E L A T IV E R E T A IL P R IC E S IN T H E N E T H E R L A N D S , 1913, 1914, A N D JA N U A R Y TO
M AY, 1915.
(Average prices, 1893= 100.)
Commodity.
1913
Jan u A ugust
ary to to De Jan u
ary,
Ju ly , cember, 1915.
1914.
1914.
F eb ru March, A pril,
ary,
1915.
1915.
1915.
Mav,
1915.
Beans, b ro w n ...........................................
Beans, w h ite.............................................
P e a s............................................................
Peas, field..................................................
Peas, green................................................
B arley, p e arl.............................................
B uckw heat, hu lled , cleaned.................
O ats, h ulled , cleaned..............................
Cheese. L e y d e n .......................................
Cheese, fu ll c re am ...................................
Coffee..........................................................
O leom argarine.........................................
F lo u r, ry e ..................................................
F lo u r, w h e at.............................................
F lo u r, b uck w h eat....................................
B u tte r........................................................
B u tte r, cooking.......................................
O il, rape seed............................................
R ic e ............................................................
S oda............................................................
S ta rc h .........................................................
S iru p ...........................................................
Sugar, m o is t.............................................
Sugar, g ra n u la te d ....................................
T e a ..............................................................
Vermicelli..................................................
Soap, w hite b risto l..................................
Soap, green, so ft......................................
S a lt..............................................................
154
166
150
125
157
113
104
103
140
124
94
127
85
124
105
94
135
136
116
83
103
100
89
85
112
121
100
87
80
150
169
167
152
140
110
104
103
140
126
87
98
78
124
105
94
134
133
112
83
103
100
89
87
112
117
100
83
80
164
179
161
139
147
126
137
107
139
124
89
101
85
141
119
101
151
142
119
100
107
100
95
92
114
141
100
92
90
168
179
169
143
157
132
162
107
149
128
91
105
107
147
133
106
161
145
125
100
110
100
95
92
115
166
109
108
90
164
179
169
143
157
132
171
110
149
133
90
105
111
153
138
113
174
160
122
100
113
104
96
92
115
176
115
108
90
164
186
181
152
160
139
175
117
154
135
90
102
115
165
143
113
185
173
125
100
120
125
96
92
115
186
115
112
90
171
200
186
155
160
145
167
133
156
136
91
102
115
165
138
122
196
188
128
100
133
121
98
93
115
200
111
121
90
171
203
183
168
147
145
167
140
166
147
91
102
115
165
143
130
200
196
128
100
133
129
98
93
115
207
117
129
90
Average for all com m odities___
114
113
121
128
130
135
139
142
NORWAY.1
The general increase in prices of many articles of ordinary con
sumption which had prevailed in 1911, 1912, and 1913 continued
during the first months of 1914. This was particularly true of
country products, beef, pork, butter, and eggs, while the prices of
other commodities were somewhat more stable. The war, however,
generally caused large fluctuations in the price level; but agricul1 Sociale M oddeblser u tg it av Socialavdelingen un d er D epartem entet for Sociale Saker, H andel, Industr i og Fiskeri. C hristiana, 1915. No. 2-3.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
54
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
tural products, with the exception of flours and grains which rose in
price in an extraordinary fashion, relatively declined.
Relative retail prices and average retail prices of certain indicated
commodities as reported from 20 different centers throughout the
Kingdom are shown in the two tables following; the first is a state
ment by means of index numbers; the second shows actual average
retail prices.
R E L A T IV E R E T A IL P R IC E S IN N O R W A Y , 1012 TO 1014.
(Average price of 1911=100.)
Commodity.
Beef:
, Steak, fresh......... ..............
Roup....................................
M utton:
Fresh, h in d q u arters.......
F resh , fore q u a rte rs ........
S alt.......................................
V eal:
Steak....................................
Fore q u arters........... .........
Very young........................
Pork:
Fresh ...................................
Norwegian, salt.................
A m erican............................
Milk:
W hole..................................
Skim m ed...................
B utter, cream ery.....................
Eggs, fresh...............................
Cheese, goat’s m ilk ..............
Flour:
R y e . . ..................................
W h eat..............................
Sugar:
R efined......................
Brow n or m oist.................
C rushed..............................
Coffee:
Java Malang.................
G uatem ala..................
Santos..........................
Kerosene, w ater w hite___
Coal....................................
Coke..................................
A verage for all com
m odities ...................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1912
1913
1914
Ju ly ,
1914.
Octo N ovem Decem
August, Septem
ber,
ber,
ber,
ber,
1914.
1914.
1914.
1914.
1914.
114
116
128
133
128
130
133
137
130
134
199
120
112
111
113
113
119
119
108
108
105
118
125
125
123
125
125
133
136
126
129
132
133
113
118
127
103
107
120
107
no
122
114
116
125
108
109
110
122
125
125
119
125
129
122
126
134
123
129
141
111
125
128
108
112
119
114
121
116
118
123
131
97
97
98
109
110
no
114
113
114
112
109
114
114
113
117
112
no
114
110
109
119
114
112
116
115
114
119
106
100
107
106
100
106
100
109
108
105
106
100
no
111
111
106
100
110
99
111
106
100
117
102
111
106
100
no
98
111
106
100
115
119
113
106
113
116
139
113
113
100
121
155
112
111
100
111
97
129
100
105
91
142
106
147
109
179
115
179
118
195
118
106
107
105
94
95
94
98
98
96
92
90
89
no
no
106
116
121
111
108
109
103
103
100
102
102
98
102
107
111
112
111
124
128
107
111
112
129
134
134
105
107
105
121
124
135
104
107
103
115
116
127
106
no
107
126
135
155
107
10S
107
125
133
149
106
109
109
125
128
137
106
109
108
123
127
136
108
114
115
113
120
117
115
117
107
in
107
124
128
137
120
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
55
A V E R A G E R E T A IL P R IC E S O F IN D IC A T E D CO M M O D ITIES IN 20 C IT IE S IN N O R W A Y ,
JU L Y TO D E C E M B E R , 1914, A N D JA N U A R Y TO M ARCH , 1915.
1914
Commodity.
July.
Octo Novem Decem Jan u
August. Septem
ber.
ary.
ber.
ber.
ber.
1915
F ebru March.
ary.
Beef:
Steak, fresh, per p o u n d .. SO. 171 $0.167 $0.157 SO. 145 SO. 146 $0.153 $0.151 SO. 164
.142
.131
.145
.125
. 152
.133
.123
.148
Soup, per p o u n d...............
M utton:
Fresh, h in d q u arter, per
.161
.156
.173
.146
.181
.153
.140
p o u n d ..............................
.175
Fresh, fore q u arter, per
.145
.158
.161
. 148
.134
.137
. 170
p o u n d ..............................
.165
.132
.132
.135
.139
. 136
.137
.130
Salt, per p o u n d .................
.143
Veal:
.169
.174
.154
.164
.165
. 159
. 175
. 176
Steak, per p o u n d .............
.152
.150
.157
.158
. 154
. 157
.139
Fore quart er, per pound.
.160
.108
.106
.101
.096
.111
.106
.098
Very young, per p o u n d ..
.117
Fork:
.184
.188
.176
.171
.168
.175
Fresh, per p o u n d .............
.171
.175
Norwegian, salt, per
.182
.186
.193
.191
. 184
.180
.177
. 177
p o u n d ..............................
.184
.194
.194
.192
. 196
. 191
A merican, per p o u n d ___
.187
. 187
Milk:
.046
.046
.046
.043
.043
.043
.043
.043
W hole, per q u a rt.............
.020
.020
.020
.023
.020
.020
Skim m ed, per q u a rt........
.020
.020
.314
.327
.333
.325
.310
B u tter, cream ery, per p ound.
.297
.355
.297
.411
.393
.410
.262
.270
.260
.368
Eggs, fresh, per dozen.............
315
Cheese, goat’s m ilk, per
.202
.202
.207
.203
.200
.200
.203
.200
p o u n d ......................................
Flour:
.046
.047
.041
.045
.034
.041
.024
.033
R ye, per po u n d .................
.050
. 050
.055
.050
.044
.045
.047
W heat, per p o u n d ...........
.038
Sugar:
.078
.077
.077
.084
.089
.083
.080
Refined, per p o u n d .........
.071
Brown or m oist, per
.070
.077
.071
.077
.063
.078
.090
.077
p o u n d ..............................
.074
.070
.084
.077
.080
.078
.077
Crushed, per pou n d .........
.067
Coffee:
.356
.357
.341
.350
.349
.346
.353
Java M alang, per p o u n d .
.349
.322
.312
.314
.317
.317
.309
G uatem ala, per p o u n d ...
.308
.315
.282
.284
.280
.283
.281
.277
.269
. 2S0
Santos, p er p o u n d -------Kerosene, w ater w hite, per
.201
.199
.203
.199
.201
.205
.203
.186
gallon.......................................
9. 49
7.93
7.85
7.88
8.58
8.33
8.17
Coal, per to n .............................. 7.16
. 172
. 174
.173
.183
.160
.196
.188
.173
Coke, per bushel.......................
SO.164
.164
.177
.169
.145
.180
.163
.101
.190
. 196
.205
.046
.020
.325
.370
.207
.050
.056
.078
.077
.071
.356
.321
.282
.199
11.12
. 202
S P A IN .1
Following the usual custom, the current prices of 12 articles of
prime necessity in the family budget in Spain have been collected
and changed to relative prices for a period of 5 years, and presented
in two tables: One, as found in the capitals of the Provinces, and one
in the various villages and cities, for two half-yearly periods of each
year—April to September and October to March (summer and winter
prices).
The bases for the index numbers are the average prices of the nine
periods from October, 1909, to March, 1914. In arriving at the total
for all commodities the geometric average has been used.
The following table presents relative prices for the villages and
cities. Prices given for the capitals vary but slightly from those
given for the provincial centers of population.
1 Boletín del In s titu to de R eform as Sociales, M adrid, June, 1915.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
56
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
R E L A T IV E R E T A IL P R IC E S (IN D E X N U M B E R S ) O F 12 FO O D C O M M O D ITIES AS
R E P O R T E D F O R T H E C IT IE S A N D V IL L A G E S O F S P A IN , O C T O B E R , 1909, TO S E P
T E M B E R , 1914.
(R elative average prices, O ctober, 1909, to M arch, 1914,= 100.)
Commodity.
Octo
Octo
Octo
Octo
Octo
ber,
April
ber,
A pril
ber,
A pril
ber,
April
ber,
A pril
1909, to Sep 1910, to Sep 1911, to Sep 1912, to Sep 1913, to Sep
to
tem ber,
to
tem ber,
to
tem ber,
to
tem ber,
to
tem ber,
M arch, 1910. March, 1911. March, 1912. March, 1913. March, 1914.
1911.
1910.
1912.
1913.
1914.
B read, w h e at............
B eef.............................
M utton.......................
Fish, cod....................
P otato es.....................
Peas, Spanish...........
R ice.............................
W in e ...........................
M ilk.............................
E gg’ ............................
S ugar...........................
Oil, ta b le ....................
105.5
101.2
98.4
100.7
92.8
97.2
93.1
89.1
100.0
97.2
107.3
99.2
102.7
98.1
95.4
100.7
100.0
101.3
98.2
102.7
100.0
109.0
109.0
100.8
97.2
100.0
96.2
92.2
107.1
97.2.
98.2
113.5
100.0
91.8
104.8
109.1
97.2
98.1
96.2
98.4
92.8
98.6
101.7
110.8
102.7
106.3
102.6
101.5
94.4
101.2
99.2
99.2
100.0
95.9
105.2
97.2
105.5
91.8
102.6
87.7
97.2
101.2
100.0
100.0
100.0
102.7
101.7
97.2
100.0
104.5
100.8
99.2
94.4
101.2
102.2
102.2
100.0
104.0
101.7
97.2
97.2
95.4
95.0
99.2
102.7
99.3
103.0
103.0
100.0
101.3
101.7
100.0
100.0
111.8
92.6
98.4
105.5
103.7
109.0
109.0
121.4
108.1
101.7
100.0
97.2
101.8
89.3
98.4
108.3
108.2
108.2
106.0
107.1
112.1
101.7
105.4
111.1
126.3
89.3
96.9
A verage for all
commodities
98.1
101.9
100.1
100.5
98.3
100.3
99.3
101.0
103.3
106.7
SW E D E N .1
Although the increase in prices which commenced with the begin
ning of the year continued in May, the increase was not so great for
that month as for April preceding. Out of a total of 56 articles, of
which average prices have been calculated, based on returns from 44
localities throughout Sweden, prices of 27 rose during the month of
May. Among these were butter, fresh eggs, bread, except wheat
bread (soft); meat, except salt mutton, pork; and peat (used for
fuel). Prices of 11 commodities fell and those of 18 remained un
changed. Prices in localities in Norrland, one of the northern Prov
inces of the Kingdom, rose relatively less than prices in other parts
of the country. There follows a table which shows the increase (per
centage) in retail prices in Sweden over prices of July, 1914, as
reported from 44 different localities during the months of August,
1914, to May, 1915.
Sociala M eddelanden u tg iv n a av K . Socialstyrelsen.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
Stockholm , 1915, No. 6.
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
57
IN C R E A S E IN R E T A IL P R IC E S IN S W E D E N O V E R P R IC E S O F J U L Y , 1914, AS R E P O R T E D
FR O M 44 D IF F E R E N T C E N T E R S F O R IN D IC A T E D M O N T H S, A U G U ST , 1914, TO M AY,
1915.
P er cent of increase since J u ly , 1914.
Commodity.
Milk:
U nskim m ed ..........................
H and-skim m ed...................
S eparato r...............................
Table, cream ery...................
Cooking, c o u n try ................
Oleomargarine, vegetable.........
Eggs, fresh ....................................
Peas, yellow .................................
Beans, b ro w n ..............................
F lour, w heat, Swedish, b e s t . .
Meal, rye, Swedish b e s t............
Flour, rye, Swedish b e s t..........
O ats, hulled, cleaned.................
Rice, best, Sw edish...................
R ye bread:
H ard, coarse.........................
Soft, loaf, sw eet...................
Loaf, sour..............................
B read, w heaten:
Zw ieback...............................
Cheapest, w ith w a te r.........
Cheapest, w ith m ilk ...........
Beef, fresh:
S te a k ......................................
Soup.......................................
Veal:
F atten ed , ste a k ...................
Y oung, s te a k .......................
M utton:
Fresh, steak ..........................
Salt, Sw edish.......................
Pork:
Fresh, sides...........................
Sait, Sw edish.......................
H erring, salt, f a t.........................
Coffee, green, prim e, S a n to s...
Sugar, loaf....................................
Kerosene, w ater-w h ite..............
Coal:
A nthracite, w alnut, de
livered ................................
English, household, de
livered................................
Coke:
Gas-work, delivered...........
English, stove, delivered..
No
Octo vem
ber,
ber,
1914. 1914.
Au
gust,
1914.
Sep
tem
ber,
1914.
0)
(9
0)
(9
0)
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
(9
16.7
(9
6.7
12.5
16.7
(9
0.9
3.3
8.0
8.8
16.7
10.9
12.9
19.0
14.8
30.6
7.7
8.6
10.5
13.0
51.8
43.3
15.2
19.4
28.6
22.2
41.7
7.7
10 .3
1.9
5.1
2 1.5
10.0
8.7
16.1
19.0
14.8
25.0
7.7
13.8
13.8
80.3
56.7
23.9
19.4
33.3
25.9
41.7
10.3
15.0
16.7
14.5
97.1
63.3
28.3
19.4
3313
25.9
44.4
10.3
18.0
16.2
14.5
90.5
70.0
37.0
22.6
33.3
29.6
47.2
12.8
13.3
13.3
20.3
65.0
93.3
41.3
25.8
47.6
37.0
52.8
15.4
14.2
16.2
25.4
37.2
106. 7
58.7
25.8
52.4
40. 7
55.6
17.9
15.5
18.6
26.1
9.5
106. 7
56.5
38.7
66.7
51.9
55.6
20.5
18.0
21.0
23.9
13.1
103.3
54.3
38.7
66.7
51.9
52.8
20.5
14.6
13.2
6.5
12.2
10.5
3.2
14.6
15.8
3.2
14.6
15.8
3.2
14.6
15.8
3.2
17.1
15.8
9.7
24.4
18.4
12.9
29.3
21.1
16.1
34.1
26.3
22.6
36.6
28.9
25.8
8.0
11.4
8.0
9.1
6.8
8.0
11.4
8.5
9.3
13.6
8.5
9.3
11.4
8.5
10.7
6.8
6.8
12.0
13.6
6.8
16.0
15.9
11.9
18. 7
22. 7
15.3
21.3
25.0
15.3
2 1.7
2 2.1
2 4.2
2 5 .2
2 9.3
10.3
2 7.6
2 8.2
2
1.7
2
1.0
(9
3.1
1.7
3.1
7.6
9.3
14.4
18.6
2 2.3
2 1. 4
2 3 .I
2 2.9
2 3 .8
2 2.9
2 .8
2 2.9
3.8
5.8
3.8
7.2
6.1
8.7
10.7
14.5
14.5
21.7
5.0
2 2.2
2 .8
1.5
2.5
5.9
4.1
12.5
10.7
16.2
10.7
10.2
21.1
33.6
31.1
7.6
2 9.3
2
2 4.6
2
De
cem
ber,
1914.
1.4
Ja n u F eb ru March,
A pril, M ay,
ary,
ary,
1915. 1915. 1915. 1915. 1915.
10.2
6.7
6.7
2 3.7
2 8 .1
14.0
2 14.0
2 .8
2 3.3
2 5 .8
2 5 .8
2 .8
2
1.6
(9
2 .8
4.7
1.9
3.1
1.5
4.7
1.9
3.1
2.3
3.7
7.0
2.5
3.1
10.4
4.7
2.5
3.1
14.1
14.1
4.7
2.5
3.1
18.5
7.0
2.5
3.1
2.5
3.1
39.8
35.6
9.3
2.5
3.1
0)
2 1.6
2 .7
4.7
1.3
3.1
5.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
10.0
19.1
13.5
8.9
7.7
7.4
9.7
13.0
14.0
14.5
15.8
26.6
15.3
11.4
9.6
12.2
17.5
27.1
38.4
41.0
45.4
12.4
25.4
11.0
12.4
9.0
11.7
9.0
13.1
9.6
15.2
12.4
18.6
17.5
19.3
20.3
26.9
24.9
28.3
24.9
.7
4.7
1.9
3.1
1 No change.
16.4
2
2
11.0
2
11.6
1 Decrease.
STRIKES IN SPAIN, MAY, 1915.
The monthly bulletin of the Institute of Social Reform in Spain
(Institute de Reformas Sociales ) for June, 1915, reports 26 strikes
as occurring during May of that year. The most important strike
reported, so far as regards the number of employees affected, was
that of the seamen. Of the 2,400 persons employed at the port of
Barcelona the entire number went on strike, demanding a 10 per
cent increase in wages; after remaining out 17 days, the strikers were
successful.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
58
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
Of the 1,200 barbers in the city of Barcelona 500 went on strike
for increased wages, a 9|-hour day, abolition of certain of their
duties, and the regulation of Sunday rest. This strike lasted 25
days, but was unsuccessful.
The only other strike of great importance, as measured by the
number of persons affected and its duration, was that of the makers
of electrical adding machines in Barcelona, involving 161 out of 328
employed; it was begun for the reinstatement of 5 discharged work
men. The strike lasted 33 days and was unsuccessful.
OFFICIAL REPORTS RELATING TO LABOR, RECEIVED FROM
JUNE 1 TO JULY 31,1915.
In the following pages the various State and foreign reports relating
to labor have been listed, and a brief note or statement made in
regard to the character of the report or its contents, and in certain
cases a brief summary of the more important facts presented in the
report. It will be the purpose of this R e v ie w to present such lists
monthly, adding wherever the material seems to demand it more
extended abstracts of the contents.
UNITED STATES.
California .—
C o m m is s io n o f I m m ig r a tio n a n d H o u s in g .
2, 1915.
123 p p .
F ir s t A n n u a l R e p o r t , J a n u a r y
I llu s tr a te d .
Contains a brief digest of prelim inary surveys covering th e tenem ent and lodginghouse problems in San Francisco, naturalization of aliens in California, education
of th e im m igrant, th e im m igrant and th e adm inistration of law, and th e im m igrant
and transportation. A report of th e inspection of labor camps and of th e activities
of the bureau of com plaints covers ab o u t 55 pages. A chapter is devoted to construc
tive housing and one to th e problem of unem ploym ent, th e latte r giving conclusions
and recom m endations and a p lan for tem porary relief. Scattered throughout th e
report are tables showing (1) working force and residents a t d ate of inspection in labor
camps, (2) general condition of labor camps, (3) sanitary condition of labor camps,
(4) nationalities represented in labor camps, (5) Summary of reinspection returns on
labor camps, (6) com plaints received, (7) tran scrip t of com plaint register, and (8)
bad law violations in ten em en t houses in San Francisco.
I n d u s tr ia l A c c id e n t C o m m is s io n .
T e n ta tiv e M in e S a fe ty R riles, 1 9 15.
66 p p .
Prepared b y a com m ittee of m ining m en a t th e request of th e in d u strial accident
commission u nder au th o rity granted b y th e S tate w orkm en’s compensation, insurance,
and safety act, and published for th e purpose of in v itin g criticism s or suggestions b y
employers, employees, and others interested. T he list of ten ta tiv e rules is prefaced
by a statem ent addressed to th e California m ine operators and employees calling
attention to th eir application and giving th e m ethod to be pursued in filing objections.
Colorado .— I n s p e c to r
o f C o a l M in e s.
S e c o n d A n n u a l R e p o r t, 1914■
83 p p .
T he m ines of Colorado produced 1,067,516 fewer tons of coal in 1914 th an in 1913,
th e reasons for th e decrease, as given in th e report, being th e E uropean war, the
M exican war, th e Colorado coal strike, and th e exceedingly m ild fall and w inter. T he
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
59
report contains data respecting m en em ployed, production of coal, chronological list
of fatal accidents, nonfatal accidents, and ends w ith a directory of coal mines. A
list of shot firers holding certificates issued during 1914 is presented. Of th e 75 fatal
accidents reported 42 were th e result of carelessness or negligence. F iv e h undred
and thirty-eight nonfatal accidents were reported. The im portant facts contained in
th e report include:
N um ber of mines in o p eratio n .............................................................................
188
N um ber of new m ines o p e n e d ........................................................................... ..
13
N um ber of old mines reopened............................................................................
17
21
N um ber of m ines closed or abandoned..............................................................
Tons of coal produced.............................................................................................
8, 201,423
Total num ber of machines u sed ...........................................................................
281
Average num ber of days w orked................... ......................................................
176. 9
N um ber of m en em ployed as m iners................ ................................................
5, 618
Total num ber of m en em ployed in and about th e m ines..............................
10, 596
D aily production of each m iner (average n um ber of to n s)..........................
8. 2
A nnual production of each m iner (average n u m b er of to n s)......................
1,451
Total num ber of tons of coke p ro d u ced.............................................................
666, 458
N um ber of coke ovens in operation....................................................................
1, 582
A m ount of compensation paid for d eath and in ju ry ...................................... $73, 256. 53
Cost of developm ent during th e y ear......................................... ........................ $440, 056. 60
G eorgia .— C o m m is s io n e r
o f C o m m erce a n d L a b o r.
y e a r e n d in g D ec e m b e r 3 1 , 1914■
T h ir d A n n u a l R e p o r t f o r the f is c a l
A tla n ta , 1915.
126 p p .
Presents 9 pages of historical m atter on th e commerce of Georgia, followed b y 85
pages devoted to a short history, together w ith a list of the m anufactures, th e streams,
banks, railroads, and population of each co unty in th e State. T he report contains
17 statistical tables relatin g to th e following industries: T extile mills; m en’s and
women’s garm ents; cotton compresses; fertilizer factories; cotton-oil mills; brick,
tile, and clay products; foundry, m achine, and repair shops; m arble and granite
quarries; bottlers and brewers; electric power plants; gas plants; buggies, carriages,
and wagons; ice factories; and miscellaneous m anufactures and u tilities.
Illinois [C h ic a g o ] , — F i r s t
S e m ia n n u a l R e p o r t o f the D e p a r tm e n t o f P u b l i c W e lfa re.
M arch 1 5 , 1 9 1 5 .
125 p p .
Tells of th e creation, organization, and purpose of th e new departm ent; gives an
account of th e activities of th e bureau of em ploym ent, and of th e bureau of social
surveys. T he bureau of em ploym ent investigated unem ploym ent in Chicago,
labor agencies in Chicago, vocational education, and city farming. T he bureau of
social surveys collected d ata relating to th e 12 sm aller park districts, 50 cheap lodg
ing houses, housing survey in th e Italian d istrict of th e seventeenth ward, and th e
function of a farm colony. On th e subject of unem ploym ent i t is stated th a t of
58,204 workers studied, 6,995, or 12 p er cent, were found to be unem ployed. Of th e
5,237 reporting as to length of tim e unem ployed, 707, or 13.5 per cent, stated th a t th ey
had been out of em ploym ent less th a n 1 m onth; 1,676, or 32 per cent, betw een 1 m onth
and 2 m onths; 733, or 14 per cent, from 2 m onths to 3 m onths; 644, or 12.3 per cent,
more th a n 3 m onths and less th an 6 months; 848, or 16.2 per cent, betw een 6 and 12
months; and 629, or 12 per cent, 1 year and over.
K entucky.—Bureau o f Agriculture, Labor, and Statistics.
1912
and 1 9 1 3 .
255
pp.
Twentieth Biennial Report
Illustrated.
,
Confined largely to work along agricultural and statistical lines, th e result of labor
inspection having been m ade in th e annual labor report.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
60
MONTHLY REVIEW OF THE BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS.
D e p a r tm e n t o f M in e s .
A b s tr a c t o f A n n u a l R e p o r t f o r the y e a r 1 9 1 4 .
40 p p .
Contains statistics of m ines showing num ber of employees, fatalities,
m ethods of operation, disposition, and selling value. T h e tonnage of coal
duced b y 70 companies, operating 364 m ines in 29 counties, em ploying
32,000 and 33,000 persons. A ccidents caused 61 deaths, 53 inside th e mines,
the surface or in shafts.
Louisiana .— F a c to r ie s
I n s p e c tio n D e p a r tm e n t o f the P a r is h o f O rle a n s.
tonnage,.
was pro
betw een
and 8 on
S e v e n th A n n u a l
R e p o r t, c o v e r in g the p e r io d f r o m S e p te m b e r 1, 1 9 1 3 , to D ece m b e r 3 1 , 1914-
8 pp.
Quotes at length from a report m ade by an investigator of th e Consumers’ League of
New Orleans comprising d ata obtained in 34 establishm ents as to wages p aid women
and children in industry , w hich report discloses th a t of th e 5,365 workers reporting
24 per cent earned less th an $4 per week, 56.3 per cent earned less th an $6 per week,
and only 10.3 per cent earned $10 per week and over. Two thousand and forty-seven
establishm ents were inspected; 428 accidents, of w hich 1 was fatal, are reported and
5 cases in w hich affidavits were m ade for violations of law are m entioned. The largest
industry scheduled was the dep artm en t stores. A plea is m ade for continuation
schools.
M assach usetts .— S ta te
B o a r d o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr ie s . S e c o n d A n n u a l
J a n u a r y , 1 9 1 5 ( P u b lic D o c u m e n t N o . 1 0 4 ). B o s to n , 1 9 1 5 . 60 p p .
R e p o r t,
Reviews th e work of enforcing th e provisions of th e various factory acts. D uring
the year th e factory inspectors inspected 28,858 establishm ents and issued 13,194
orders. Of these orders, 9,396, or 71.2 per cent, bore on questions of hours of labor,
school certificates, posting notices, and Sunday em ploym ent; 2,268, or 17.2 per cent,
concerned questions of ventilation, h u m id ity , d u st rem oval, toilets, etc.; 1,530, or
11.6 per cent, related to th e safeguarding of dangerous m achinery, openings, and egress.
O ther sections of th e report relate to home work, housing conditions, condition of
workrooms, and economic status of families.
B u r e a u o f S ta tis tic s .
S ix th
A n n u a l R e p o r t o n la b o r o r g a n iz a tio n s .
N o . 1 0 5 . 1 9 1 3 . 63 p p .
L a b o r B u lle tin
Presents d ata relating to th e advance of th e labor m ovem ent in th e State, special
attention being given to statistics showing th e n um ber and m em bership of organiza
tions, conditions of em ploym ent of members, and rates of pay and hours of labor.
T here were, in 1913, 1,403 local trade-unions w ith a total of 241,726 m em bers. The
m atter of unem ploym ent is given exten d ed consideration and some constructive
measures are proposed w ith a view to reducing to a m inim um th e n um ber out of
work. T he average per cen t of mem bers unem ployed from all causes was 8.7.
B u r e a u o f S ta tis tic s .
I m m ig r a n t
f r o m M a ssa c h u se tts.
a lie n s
d e s tin e d f o r a n d im m ig r a n t a lie n s d e p a r te d
L a b o r B u lle tin N o . 1 0 8 .
1914-
12 p p .
This b u lletin is P a rt V of the annual report on th e statistics of labor for 1915,
and was issued on Ju n e 1, 1915. I t is th e te n th an n u al presentation of th is subjecL
M assachusetts has ranked th ird or fourth for th e p ast 20 years as th e declared destina
tion of im m igrants coming to th e U nited States. For th e year ending Ju n e 30, 1914,
93,200, or 7.6 per cent, of th e total im m igrants ad m itted to th is country settled in
Massachusetts. W here formerly th e im m igrants were of Teutonic and Celtic origin
th ey were during th e period covered b y th is report largely from th e countries of
eastern and southern E urope and western Asia. A tab le is given showing th a t th e
increase in th e num ber of im m igrants over em igrants was 77,217. Of th e total n u m
ber of aliens who d eparted from th e U nited States, 5.3 per c en t departed from
M assachusetts.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
61
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
Teachers’ Retirement Board.
The Teachers’ Retirement System.
20 pp.
Bulletin No. 1 .
1 913.
Aside from containing th e te x t of th e M assachusetts law establishing th e retirem en t
system for public school teachers, th is pam p h let is arranged in th e form of questions
and answers, w hich are presented in response to a dem and for a concise explanation
of th e system and its workings. T he word “ a n n u ity ” is defined as a p ay m en t for
life to a retired teacher derived from his own contributions, and th e word “ p en sio n ”
m eans a p ay m en t for life from contributions from th e Comm onwealth. T he law
becam e operative Ju ly 1, 1914, and its provisions benefit all day p ublic school teach
ers employed b y the school com m ittee in towns and cities of th e State, ex cep t Boston,
also day school teachers in certain in d u strial schools. T he te x t answers questions
relating to m em bership, assessments, retiring allowances, refunds, m anagem ent, and
local retirem ent systems. U nder th e last division 13 cities, including Boston, are
m entioned as having adopted th e teachers’ pension law of 1908.
M issouri.—Bureau o f Mines, M ining and Mine Inspection.
R e p o r t, 1 9 1 4 .
Twenty-eighth A n n u a l
159, v iii p p .
Covers the entire m ineral production of th e State, including coal, zinc, lead, clay,
iron, barytes, and silicate. T he production of each and th e value is sum m arized in th e
following table:
A M O U N T A N D V A L U E O F M IN E R A L S P R O D U C E D IN 1914.
Mineral.
B ary tes...............................................................................
C lay.................................................
Coal............................................................
Iron........................................................
L ead............................................................................................
Silicate..........................................................
Z inc........................................................
T otal......................................................................................................................
Tons.
Value.
500
606,660
3,840, 453
31,394
398,118
252,626
146, 013
$2,146
597,284
6,691,060
62, 838
11,549,521
537,742
5,632,457
5,275,764
25,073,048
Forty-three fatal and 85 nonfatal accidents are reported, th e largest percentage of
both being in th e coal mines. T he 1914 production of lead broke all previous records,
while the production of zinc was less th a n in 1913. B etter safety an d 'san itary condi
tions are urged.
N ew J ersey .— B u r e a u
o f I n d u s tr ia l S ta tis tic s .
y e a r e n d in g O cto b er 3 1 , 1914-
T h ir ty -s e v e n th A n n u a l R e p o r t, f o r the
C a m d en , 1 9 1 5 .
240 p p .
Consists of three parts. P a rt I deals w ith th e statistics of m anufactures, and
includes all m anufacturing establishm ents whose annual products are n o t less th a n
$500 in value. Tables are presented showing th e nu m b er of workers em ployed each
m onth, b y industries; also th e n u m b er of m en, women, and children receiving each
classified w eekly am ount of earnings, b y industries. P a rt I I deals w ith statistics of
em ploym ent, wages, etc., on steam railroads in New Jersey; retail prices of food; and
fruit and vegetable canning industry. P a rt I I I deals w ith th e in d u strial chronology
of New Jersey for th e y ear ending S eptem ber 30, 1914, w hich is an in d u strial history
of th e State and records accidents to w orkm en w hile on d u ty ; perm an en t or tem porary
suspension of work in factories; increases and decreases of working tim e and wages;
new m anufacturing plants erected and old ones enlarged; damage to m anufacturing
plants b y fire and flood; trad e and labor unions organized; strikes and lockouts.
A ccidents causing death to th e n u m b er of 299 were reported and those causing serious
in ju ry num bered 3,402. Of th e to tal accidents, 2,723 occurred on railroads and 978 in
other industries.
Tables are given showing cause of accidents and n ature of injury.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
62
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
N ew M exico.—State Mine Inspector.
Third A n n u a l Report, fo r the year ending Octo
ber 2 1 , 1 9 U . 5 6 p p .
Contains detailed report of th e inspection of th e 44 coal m ines of th e State; also the
te x t of th e State m ining law. R eport concludes w ith a schedule of m ine b ell signals.
Statistical tables inclu d e cause and nu m b er of nonfatal accidents, fatal accidents,
prices paid for labor, and total production of coal. T he rep o rt is sum m arized in the
following statem ent:
N um ber of m ines in o peration....................................... ..................
44
Tons of coal p roduced......................................................................... 3, 826, 885
Total num ber of m achines u sed .......................................................
32
Tons of coke produced.......................................................................
405,127
N um ber of em ployees in and about m ines...................................
4, 021
N um ber of employees em ployed about coke ovens....................
291
N um ber of fatal accid en ts.................................................................
14
95
N um ber of nonfatal accid en ts..........................................................
Tons of coal m ined for each life lost............................................... 273, 348. 9
N um ber killed for each thousand em p lo y e d ...............................
3. 24
N ew Y ork .— S ta le
W o rk m e n 's C o m p e n s a tio n C o m m is s io n . F ir s t A n n u a l R e p o r t, f o r
the p e r io d M arch 30 to D ece m b e r 3 1 , 1 9 1 4 . 151 p p .
This report, subm itted to th e State legislature u n d er date of March 8, 1915, com
prises a brief relation of the acts of th e commission; an outline of organization; a
review of m ethods and work performed b y th e various subdivisions of th e commission;
a detailed statem en t of th e expenses of th e commission; a statem ent of th e n um ber
of awards m ade; a statem ent of th e condition of th e State insurance fund; and recom
m endations for am endm ents to th e law.
T he investigation and handling of claims proved to be an im portant function of the
commission. T he m edical division is closely related to th e claims division—in fact,
m any claim s for compensation resolved them selves in to purely m edical questions.
Over 130,000 notices of in ju ry were filed during th e seven m onths from J u ly 1, 1914,
to January 31, 1915, and 22,221 claim s for com pensation were m ade, or 17.09 per
cen t of th e total num ber of notices. T his low percentage is d u e to th e fact th a t th e
law allows com pensation only for such injuries as result in d isab ility for more than
14 days, th a t m any of th e notices of injury were from persons n o t in em ploym ents
covered by th e act, and th a t some reported injuries were sustained prior to J u ly 1,
1914, and were therefore not com pensatable. E ighteen thousand n in e hun d red and
th irty claims were allowed, involving $1,576,801.86. T he legal b u reau of th e com
mission considered 657 appeal cases.
T he first annual report of th e State insurance fund forms th e second main sub
division of th e report. T he total n um ber of policies in force at th e beginning of busi
ness Ju ly 1, 1914, was 5,011 representing sem iannual prem ium s am ounting to
$574,375.90. A t th e close of business on D ecem ber 31, 1914, th e n u m b er of policies
in force was 7,119, and th e am ount of sem iannual prem ium s was $692,583.64. T he
increase in five m onths—A ugust to D ecem ber inclusive—was a t th e rate of about 300
new policies per m onth. Of th e 6,373 policyholders a t th e end of th e first quarter,
5,346 had prem ium s of less th an $100 p er year.
T he th ird m ain subdivision of th e report is th e report of th e actuary for th e half
year ending D ecem ber 31, 1914. T his is supplem ented b y appendixes giving th e
bases and formulas for calculating th e value of compensation payable to beneficiaries.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
63
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
Ohio .— I n d u s tr ia l
C o m m is s io n .
O h io
S ta te
In s u r a n c e
E ffe c tiv e J u ly , 1 9 1 5 .
M a n u a l— R u le s a n d R a te s .
185 p p .
T he chapters in this pam phlet cover: A brief review of th e d evelopm ent of th e rates
and m erit rating system as un d er th e Ohio State insurance plan; resolution of Ju n e 25,
1915, controlling th e revision of rates as of Ju ly 1, 1915; rules of th e In d u strial Com
mission of Ohio governing m erit rating system ; rules governing contractors’ m erit
rating system ; and rules and regulations of th e In d u strial Commission of Ohio under
th e provisions of th e W orkm en’s Compensation A ct of 1913. As a p art of th e appendixes
tables are given covering th e trade hazard factor and cred it prem ium factor as relates
to th e contractors’ schedule. T he volum e is indexed both as to classifications and
schedules.
I n d u s tr ia l
C o m m is s io n .
D e p a r tm e n t o f I n v e s tig a tio n a n d S ta tis tic s ,
I n d u s tr ia l a ccid en ts i n C u y a h o g a
C o u n ty , O h io , f r o m
R e p o r t N o . 8.
J u ly 1, to D ece m b e r 3 1 , 1914-
43 p p .
One of a series of bulletins pertaining to specific localities, specific industries, or
specific causes of accidents issued for th e purpose of assisting employers and employees
in devising means and adopting plans for th e prevention of industrial accidents, and
shows some of th e more im portant facts concerning 8,G72 such accidents for w hich
awards were m ade under th e W orkm en’s Compensation Act. T he 44 fatal accidents
involved awards am ounting to $103,582.57. F ifteen of these accidents were in th e
contracting industry. T here were 8,628 nonfatal accidents, of w hich 165 caused
perm anent partial disability, 3,892 disability for more th an 7 days, and 4,571 disab ility
of 7 days or less. Of th e nonfatal accidents th e m etal industry shows th e largest p er
cent—45.1.
I n d u s tr ia l C o m m is s io n .
I n d u s tr ia l accid en ts i n
D e p a r tm e n t o f I n v e s tig a tio n a n d S ta tis tic s , R e p o r t N o .
M a h o n in g C o u n ty , O h io , f r o m
11.
J u ly 1 to D ecem ber 1, 1 9 1 4 .
25 p p .
As to th e subject m atter th is b u lletin is th e same as th e one m entioned above.
F acts are given concerning 15 fatal and 2,659 nonfatal accidents in Mahoning County,
Ohio, of w hich Youngstown is th e principal city. Of th e 15 deaths 7 occurred in th e
ore reduction and concentration industry, and of th e nonfatal accidents 1,960, or 73.7
per cent, occurred in th e m etal industry. T he report is largely statistical.
I n d u s tr ia l C o m m is s io n .
I n d u s tr ia l a ccid en ts in
D e p a r tm e n t o f I n v e s tig a tio n a n d S ta tis tic s , R e p o r t N o . 1 3 .
S ta r k
C o u n ty ,
O h io , f r o m
J u ly
1 to D ece m b e r 3 1 ,
1914-
25 p p .
Covers the same subject as th e two reports above. Contains statistical tables
giving inform ation relating to 16 fatal and 1,373 nonfatal accidents in Stark County,
Ohio, of w hich Canton is th e county seat. Awards am ounting to $88,239.62 were
paid. Of th e 16 deaths 5 occurred in th e m etal industry, and of th e accidents result
ing in partial, perm anent, or tem porary disab ility 1,007, or 73.3 per cent, occurred
in the same industry. T w enty pages are devoted to statistics.
C h ie f I n s p e c to r o f M in e s.
T h ir ty -n in th A n n u a l R e p o r t, f o r the y e a r e n d in g D ecem ber
31 , 1 9 1 3 .
486 p p .
Major portion of volum e devoted to detailed reports of th e work of th e 12 district
inspectors. Following these are lists by counties of coal companies, lim estone opera
tors, fire-clay m ine operators, and gypsum and iron ore operators in Ohio. The
report further contains th e usual coal review, special reports, accounts of m ine fires,
synopsis of fatal accidents, m ining laws and legislation, and concludes w ith the
report of th e Ohio Coal M ining Commission subm itted to th e governor of th e State.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
64
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
T he total production of coal am ounted to 36,285,468 tons, an increase over 1912 of
1,841,177 tons. More th a n 48,000 m en were em ployed and th e average tim e worked
in th e pick m ines of th e State was 189 days, w hile th e average tim e in th e m achine
mines was 204 days. One hu n d red and sixty-tw o fatal accidents are reported and
th e total num ber of accidents was 1,039, a n increase over 1912 of 313.
The report of th e Ohio Coal M ining Commission discusses three general subjects,
conservation of coal resources, prevention of accidents, and screened coal versus
m ine-run system of paym ent.
Oregon . — B o a r d
o f I n s p e c to r s
of
C h ild L a b o r .
P o r tla n d , 1 9 1 5 .
B ie n n ia l R e p o r t,
1913 an d 1914.
11 p p .
Notes a decided change in th e character of applications for perm its during th e
past two years, due to three causes. F irst, th ere is less effort to employ very young
children in store, shop, or factory. Second, there is b etter cooperation of school
authorities. T hird, u n d er th e rulings of th e in d u strial welfare commission as to th e
m inim um-wage law, m any firms refuse to em ploy child ren un d er 16 years of age.
D uring 1913 and 1914, 873 age and schooling certificates were granted, 296 perm its
were refused because of u n d er age and u n d er grade, and 127 refused because of pro
h ib ited em ploym ents. R eport closes w ith a synopsis of child-labor law.
C h ild
W elfare
C o m m is s io n .
F ir s t
B ie n n ia l
R e p o r t, 1 9 1 3 a n d 1 9 1 4 .
S a le m , 1 9 15.
43 p p .
Consists entirely of te x t m atter, discussing th e operations of th e Oregon School for
th e Deaf; School for th e F eeble-m inded; School for th e B lind; Boys’ T raining School;
G irls’ T raining School; also problems concerning d elin q u en t children; juven ile pro
bation work; illegitim ate children; in d u strial work in p ublic schools; physical and
moral welfare of school children. Special recom m endations are m ade looking toward
th e welfare of children.
P en nsylvania .— S ta te
D e p e n d e n ts C o m m is s io n .
R e p o r t a n d re c o m m e n d a tio n s , 1915.
88 p p .
Contains report of the investigation of th e question of th e care, education, and
support b y the State of all those who were b y accident, m isfortune, sickness, or dis
ease d ependent upon th e generosity of th e citizens of Pennsylvania. The discussion
of th e State supervision of charities is sum m arized in th e declaration th a t “ a system
of supervision should b e so p lanned as to u tilize th e knowledge an d a b ility of th e local
officers of existing institutions, and in add itio n to supplem ent th e ir knowledge in
fields w here a broader oversight is needed. T he prim ary need of local officers is
inform ation and instruction, rath er th a n u n d u e restriction and control.”
Care of the blind, deaf and dum b, insane and feeble-m inded, and d ep en d en t and
d elinquent children is described in some d etail and specific recom m endations are sub
m itted in ten d ed to im prove conditions of environm ent and supervision. E ig h t pages
are devoted to consideration of th e crim inal class, including a p lan of reform of the
county jail system. Child welfare is given considerable atten tio n . T he su b d iv i
sions of this chapter cover discussions of d ep en d en t an d d elin q u en t children, th e
juvenile court, incorrigible children, schools and th e ju v en ile delin q u en t, vocational
education, education an d industry, an d homes for children an d for th e aged.
The report concludes w ith a chapter on unem ploym ent, th e distrib u tio n of labor,
and w orkm en’s compensation.
D e p a r tm e n t o f M in e s .
R e p o r t, 1 9 1 3 .
P a r t I , A n th r a c ite .
n o u s.
606 p p .
P a r t I I , B itu m i
1078 p p .
P art I covers in detail th e operations in th e 21 anthracite districts and P a rt I I the
operations in the 28 bitum inous d istricts as related b y th e inspectors. Observations
and suggestions relating to m ine subjects, w ith special reference to th e prevention
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
65
of accidents, are offered. B oth volum es are largely statistical. T he im portant facts
are sum m arized in the following statem ent reproduced in th e in troduction to each
volum e:
T he production of coal in Pennsylvania for 1913 reached th e v ast proportions of
264,657,020 n e t tons, of w hich 173,030,064 tons were bitum inous and 91,626,956 tons
were anthracite. All previous records of production were beaten and th e great coalproducing territory of Pennsylvania has again th e d istinction of producing one-half
the entire o u tp u t of th e U nited States and ab o u t one-fourth th e o u tp u t of th e world.
In tho bitum inous region th e n um ber of inside employees was 156,289, outside
33,635, total 189,924; in th e an th racite region th e num ber of inside em ployees was
128,667, outside 46,641, total 175,308.
The num ber of fatal accidents in th e bitum inous region was 611, nonfatal 1,164.
The num ber of fatal accidents in th e a n th racite region was 624, nonfatal 1,238.
The production of coke b y operators of coal m ines u n d er th e supervision of the
m ine law was 24,718,238 n e t tons. In addition to this about 2,000,000 tons were pro
duced b y iron and steel establishm ents th at do n o t m ine coal.
South Carolina .—
C o m m is sio n e r o f A g r ic u ltu r e ,
A n n u a l R e p o r t, 1914■
C o m m erce, a n d I n d u s tr ie s .
L a b o r D i v i s io n .
C o lu m b ia , 1 9 1 5 .
S ix th
127 p p .
D evoted largely to a directory of th e p rincipal industrial establishm ents in th e
State and 10 statistical tables. Seven tables relate to th e te x tile and cottonseed
oil industries and three tables are sum maries of all industries. T he tables show th e
am ount of capital invested, value of products, num ber, sex, and age of employees,
and total wages paid.
T he report of the two factory inspectors covers 14 pages of te x t. T he p rincipal
work of th e inspectors was th e d etection of violation of th e child-labor laws. A tab u lar
statem ent of factory-em ployed children from 1909 to 1914 follows. In 1912 th e factory
law was changed so as to absolutely p ro h ib it th e em ploym ent of children u n d er 12.
C H IL D R E N E M P L O Y E D IN F A C T O R IE S O F SO U T H C A R O L IN A , BY A G E G R O U P S, 1909
TO 1914.
Children em ployed in fac
tories whose ages were—
Y ear.
14 to 16
years.
1909..................................................................................................................................
1910..................................................................................................................................
1911..................................................................................................................................
1912..................................................................................................................................
1913
1914..................................................................................................................................
T ex a s .— B u r e a u
4,412
5 ,099
4', 858.
5,073
5,003
4/945.
12 to 14
years.
3,876
4,095
3! 176
3,619
3'. 581
3', 4.35
o f L a b o r S ta tis tic s .
T h ir d B ie n n ia l R e p o r t, 1 9 1 3 a n d 1914•
1915. 207 p p .
U nder 12
years.
726
620
410
A u s tin ,
Contains wage statistics of railroad employees; wage statistics in other industries;
accident statistics; list of union labor organizations and officers; suggestions from wage
earners; opinions of th e attorney general on labor laws; analysis of safety-appliance
inspection; tab u lated repo rt of factory inspections during th e years ending A ugust
31, 1913, and 1914; and a statem ent of resources of th e S tate b y counties. A sum m ary
of factory inspection for th e two years ending A ugust 31, 1914, shows th a t 577 places
were inspected, employing 40,904 persons, of whom 32,241 were males and 8,663 were
females. T he num ber of children rem oved from service, as being un d er age (15 years),
was 251. A detailed statem ent of 84 ind u strial accidents w hich resulted fatally is
given. T here were 16,277 nonfatal in dustrial accidents recorded for th e period, caus
ing an approxim ate loss of 95,400 days.
4418°—15---- 5
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
66
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
W yoming .— S ta te
C o a l M in e I n s p e c to r s .
A n n u a l R e p o r t f o r the y e a r e n d in g S e p te m b e r
SO, 1914-
36 p p .
This pam phlet includes th e report of b oth S tate m ine inspectors, 18 pages being
devoted to each. The te x t covers Accidents, Steps tak en to p rev en t accidents,
Tim ber, Board of inquiry, Violations of rules, V entilation, Explosions, Safety first,
F irst aid to th e injured, and concludes w ith recom m endation of th e enactm ent of
laws relating to safety and prevention of accidents. T he report shows a total tonnage
of 7,221,771; m en em ployed, 8,418; fatal accidents, 52.
U nited S ta te s .— D e p a r tm e n t
o f C o m m erce.
tio n s , 1 9 1 5 .
B u r e a u o f the C e n su s, I n d e x to O c c u p a
414 p p .
Is an index in two forms—alphabetical an d classified—of 9,000 or more occupational
designations, classified under 428 occupations or occupation groups. T he occupations
and occupation groups, excepting clerical occupations, are grouped un d er th e eight
general divisions into w hich th e in dustrial field is d ivided b y th e Census Bureau,
each occupation being classified in th a t p art of th e industrial field in w hich it is most
commonly pursued. For exam ple, blacksm iths, carpenters, electricians, and ma
chinists have been classified under “ M anufacturing and m echanical in d u stries,”
although each of these trades is pursued in alm ost every industry. Clerical occupa
tions, w hich are as common to one general division of occupations as to another, have
been classified apart. The index enables th e user to see exactly th e k in d of occupa
tional designations returned by th e enum erators of th e T h irte e n th Census, w hich
were reported and classified under a specified occupation or occupation group. Six
pages of instructions for using th e index are incorporated in th e volume.
FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
Canada .— D e p a r tm e n t
o f L a b o r.
F o u r th A n n u a l R e p o r t o f L a b o r O r g a n iz a tio n s in
C a n a d a f o r the ca le n d a r y e a r o f 1914■
O tta w a , 1 9 15.
238 p p .
Contains account of trade-union developm ents in Canada during 1914 an d treats
of such topics as, th e war- and trades unionism , some incidents in th e history of organ
ized labor during 1914, international trade-union organizations, m iners’ organizations,
trades and labor congresses of Canada, federation of trade-unions, d istrict councils,
railroad brotherhoods, trades and labor councils, trade-union locals, business agents,
trade-union beneficiary work, organization of women wage earners, history of labor day
and labor Sunday, conventions to be h eld in 1915, an d statistics concerning local
trade-unions, etc. T he estim ated m em bership of trade-unions in Canada at th e end
of 1914 was 166,163, as compared w ith 175,799 a t th e end of 1913. Of th e above num ber
for 1914, 134,348, were m em bers of international organizations; and of th a t num ber
about 800 were women. Of th e total m em bership, railroad employees constituted 24.9
per cent, or th e largest proportion, w hile th e building trades m ade up 18.9 p er cent,
th e n ex t largest proportion. T he total disbursem ents for trade-union benefits for 1914
b y th e various international organizations am ounted to $12,837,987, showing a decrease
of $2,134,718 as com pared w ith th e figures reported for 1913. Of th e to tal expended
in 1914, $8,864,631 (the largest portion) was p aid in death benefits and $1,953,350
(the n ex t largest portion) in strike benefits.
D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r .
W h o le s a le p r ic e s , C a n a d a , 1914■
O tta w a , 1 9 1 5 .
259 p p .
T his report forms th e six th of a series on th is subject issued b y th e labor departm ent.
The report consists of an in troduction, a general sum m ary, m ovem ent of prices by
groups and comm odities, and statistical tables showing in d etail prices of grains and
fodder, anim als and m eats, d airy products, fish and vegetables, m iscellaneous grocer-
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
MONTHLY EEVIEW OF THE BUEEATJ OF LABOR STATISTICS.
67
ies, textiles, hides and tallow , leath er hoots and shoes, m etals and im plem ents, fuel
and lighting m aterials, building m aterials, house furnishings, drugs and chem icals,
and a collection of m iscellaneous articles (furs, liquors, tobacco, paper, rope, rubber,
soap, starch, gunpow der, etc.). Tables of in d ex num bers, 1890-1913, are presented,
showing m ovem ent of 13 principal com m odities. T here is an ap p en d ix sum m arizing
retail prices in Canada for all of th e years from 1910 to 1914, and one presenting prices
in G reat B ritain, U nited States, France, and A ustralia b y series of in d ex num bers
together w ith a final appendix regarding coal production in 1914. T he following table
presents a sum m ary b y in d ex num bers of th e prices of all com m odities b y certain
designated groups, 1905-1914. (A full account of th is in d ex n um ber is published in
B u lletin No. 173 of th is bureau.)
IN D EX NUMBERS OF W H O LESA LE PRICES IN CANADA OF ALL COMMODITIES, BY
GROUPS, 1905 TO 1914.
[Source: Canada. Department of Labor.
Wholesale prices, Canada, 1914, p. 4.]
(Average prices 1890-1899=100.)
Year.
( lasses oi commoaities.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
Grains and fodder...............
A nim als a n d m eats.............
D airy produce......................
F ish .........................................
O ther foods...........................
T extiles..................................
H ides, leather, b o o ts..........
M etals and im plem ents:
(a) M etals.........................
(6) Im p lem en ts...............
F u e l........................................
B uilding m aterials:
(a) L u m b er......................
(6) M iscellaneous............
(c) P ain ts, oils, glass —
H ouse furnishings...............
Drugs and chem icals..........
Miscellaneous:
( a ) F u r s .............................
( b ) Liquors, to b a c c o s.. .
(c) S u n d ry ........................
116.4
120.7
115.1
115.7
100.7
114.6
119.6
118.5
130.1
120.2
121.8
103.1
123.4
128.1
140.2
133.8
131.5
129.5
112.5
126.1
125.5
148.3
129.6
136.3
120.5
110.3
111.0
120.0
149.9
148.6
133.6
134.0
107.6
108.3
135.4
140.7
163.6
135.7
145.1
111.3
114.6
135.4
148.4
146.6
136.2
143.6
118.7
119.2
139.6
167.3
160.8
159.0
155.7
126.0
120.7
152.4
136.8
180.8
154.7
158.0
117.4
130.8
163.9
156.5
192.3
154.4
156.0
118.8
133.5
171.8
108.4
106.1
104.1
128.6
106.0
106.4
134.8
107.1
108. 8
106.3
104.2
102.2
101.9
102.4
103.8
97.6
104.5
103.0
108.3
104.5
100.5
117.4
104.7
113.3
119.1
105.6
118.2
113.9
106.8
110.9
134.1
106.8
125.3
107.3
106.4
152.7
104.7
135.3
113.0
106.3
165.2
108.7
141.2
112.7
108.5
162.6
107.5
136.8
112.8
107.1
154.6
105.7
135.2
110.4
103.9
158.5
109.2
145.5
110.6
109.5
165.4
102.6
154.5
110.4
112.1
166.5
105.4
148.6
114.5
115.5
181.3
112.7
144.8
126.2
113.3
182.1
111.4
140.7
129.5
121.6
217.4
108.1
121.1
229. 2
108.1
120.9
239.4
125.5
123.0
231.8
118.0
117.6
227.2
117.5
121.6
234.5
132.9
118.0
252.9
151.2
110.3
297.3
155.2
104.3
307.9
134.7
113.1
205.4
136.9
108.5
T o ta l.......................
113.8
120.0
126.2
120.8
121.2
124.2
127.4
134.4
135.5
136.1
D enm ark .— S ta te n s
S ta tis tis k e
B u reau .
C o p e n h a g en , 1 9 1 5 .
S ta tis tis k e
V o l. 4 5 .
M ed delesler.
F je r d e
R æ kke.
[352 p p . ]
T his is th e forty-fifth volum e of th e fourth series of th e general statistical series for
D enm ark. I t consists of six parts, presenting statistics concerning products subject
to G overnm ent control (alcohol, beer, sugar, oleomargarine, cigarettes, etc.) in 1913
and 1914; crop reports in D enm ark, 1913 and 1914; ofiicial prices of grains in 1914, and
th e results of an investigation on conditions of labor, wages, etc., of em ployees in com
m ercial offices. T he investigation concerning labor conditions of em ployees in com
m ercial offices during 1914 covered 2,814 offices, in w hich were em ployed 9,866 clerks
(6,241 m en and 3,625 women). In additio n to th e inform ation o b tained from th e
em ployers in these establishm ents, in d iv id u al schedules were obtained from 9,540
of th e em ployees concerned in th e in q u iry . Two tables relating to hours and wages
are here added, together w ith th e following sum m ary as to persons for whom wage
d ata were obtained:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
68
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
N U M B E R A N D S E X D IS T R IB U T IO N O F P E R S O N S F O R W H O M D A TA W E R E SE C U R ED
FR O M E M P L O Y E R S A N D E M P L O Y E E S .
N um ber reported by
employers.
Males.
C ities.......................................................
Provinces...........................................
T o ta l.......................
Females.
Total.
N um ber reported by
employees.
Males.
Females.
Total.
2,390
3,845
1,644
1,972
4,034
5,817
1,545
4,062
1,629
2,304
3,174
6,366
6,235
3,616
9,851
5,607
3,933
9,540
P E R C EN T O F P E R S O N S E M P L O Y E D IN COMM ERCE AN D A CCO U N TIN G E A R N IN G CLAS
S IF IE D A N N U A L W A G E S, B Y S E X , D E N M A R K , 1912.
P er cent of m ale employees earn
ing each classified am ount in—
Cities.
Classified wages.
Provinces.
Per cent of female employees
earning each classified am ount
in—
Cities.
Provinces.
R e
R e
R e
R e
R e
R e
R e
R e
ported ported ported ported ported ported ported ported
by em by em b y em by em by em b y em b y em by em
ployers . ployees. ployers. ployees. ployers. ployees. ployers. ployees.
U nder 200 crowns (.$53.60).....................
200 to 399 crowns ($53.60 to $106.93)...
400 to 599 crowns ($107.20 to $160.53)..
600 to 799 crowns ($160.80 to $214.13)..
800 to 999 crowns ($214.40 to $267.73)..
1,000 to 1,199 crowns ($268 to $321.33)..
1,200 to 1,399 crowns ($321.60 to
$374.93)....................................................
1,400 to 1,599 crowns ($375.20 to
$428.53)...................................................
1,600 to 1,799 crowns ($428.80 to
$482.13)....................................................
1,800 to 1,999 crowns ($482.40 to
$535.73)...................................................
2,000 to 2,399 crowns ($536 to $642.93)..
2,400 to 2,999 crowns ($643.20 to
$803.73)...................................................
3,000 crowns and over ($804)........... .
T o tal............ ...................................
1.4
9.1
6.4
7.0
6.6
7.1
1.4
8.4
6.3
8.1
7.6
7.5
3.3
11.1
12.6
9.4
9.6
10.1
3.8
10.2
14.0
8.8
10.7
11.4
11.0
13.0
12.9
11.8
6.9
7.6
8.0
8.9
5.3
5.4
3.2
3.7
5.1
7.7
5.8
7.6
5.1
4.2
8.9
17.5
7.4
13.9
100.0
100. 0
1.9
9.8
17.2
26.5
20.6
8.3
1.5
11.9
17.0
29.6
20.2
6.8
1.9
16.8
21.8
27.3
16.6
7.1
2.7
18.0
21.2
27.6
17.7
5.9
7.8
6.8
5.2
4.5
3.7
2.7
1.6
1.3
1.0
1.1
.7
.5
4.8
4.0
1.2
.7
.9
.4
.5
.5
.3
.3
4.3
6.2
3.6
4.3
.8
.5
^8
.3
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
A V ER A G E A N N U A L E A R N IN G S O F P E R S O N S W O R K IN G C L A SS IFIE D H O U R S P E R D A Y ,
D E N M A R K , 1912.
Class of commerce.
Males:
W holesale sto res........................................
G rain, coal, iron, e tc .......... ................. ..
Groceries.......................................................
W om en’s wear, lingerie, e tc ...................
C u tlery ...................................................
F inancial establishm ents.........................
Shipping houses.........................................
In d u s try .......................................................
Females:
W holesale sto res............ ............................
Meat shops...................................................
W om en’s wear, lingerie, e tc ...........
.
In d u s try .....................................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
8 to 8J.
9 to 9 |.
$562.80
569.23
$411.65
512.42
$358.32
392.08
543.24
458. 82
512.68
501. 43
449. 70
497.68
497. 68
448.63
411.38
274. 70
231.02
211.18
261.30
213.60
220.03
10 to 10i. 11 to H i. 12 to 12i.
483. 74
271.22
$371.18
395.03
354.30
417.01
325. 89
$358.85
393.96
255.14
300.70
252.72
381.90
392.03
377.08
416.74
214.94
180.36
210.11
211.72
182.24
177.68
173. 66
183.58
13 and
over.
$298.55
256.48
209.58
255.14
259.69
175.27
164.55
69
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
Finland .— S ta tis tis k a
C e n tr a lb y ra n .
S ta tis tis lc A r sb o h f o r F in la n d , N y S e rie .
A rg a n g en , 1914.
H e ls in g fo r s , 1 9 1 5 .
T o lf te
649 p p .
T his is th e tw elfth issue of th e new series of th e yearbook for F inland. T he subject
m atter is divided into 23 chapters or sections, consisting of 365 separate tables. I t
contains th e usual statistical inform ation found in publications of th is kind. Among
those parts of particular interest to labor m ay be m entioned section 3, presenting
statistics of emigration; section 7, relating to m anufacturing activities, persons em
ployed in industries, power used in industrial establishm ents, q u a n tity and value of
products; also section 13, containing statistics of social insurance, accid en t insurance,
etc.; and section 21, directly bearing upon labor m atters, containing such inform ation
as wages of agricultural laborers, railroad employees, sick benefit funds, industrial
accidents, household budgets, etc.
France .— B u r e a u
de la S ta tis tiq u e G én éra le.
V o lu m e .
1913.
A n n u a ir e S ta tis tiq u e .
P a r is , 1914■
T r e n te -T r o is iè m e
338, 239 p p .
This forms th e th irty -th ird issue of th e statistical yearbook of France, presenting
data for th e year 1913. The subject m atter is divided into seven principal chapters,
together w ith an appendix containing statistics for foreign countries. The volume
contains th e usual inform ation found in publications of th is k ind. Certain sections
contain m atters of interest to labor, as for instance, those parts containing statistics
of em ployers’ associations, labor organizations, strikes and lockouts, statistics of factory
inspection, statistics of m anufacture regarding th e num ber of persons em ployed,
power used, and th e q u a n tity and value of products. There are also presented
housing statistics, statistics of wages and hours of labor, m utual benefit funds, old-age
pensions, accident insurance, wholesale and retail prices, and in d ex num bers.
C o n s e il
S u p é r ie u r
des H a b ita tio n s à B o n
1914.
M arché.
R a p p o r t.
A n n ée 1913.
P a r is ,
97 p p .
Contains th e report of th e superior council on housing, having oversight of th e
adm inistration of th e various housing acts of France, particu larly those relating to th e
use of State funds to assist persons of small means in purchasing or erecting homes for
them selves. As th e m aterial contained in th is report has already been made use
of b y this bureau in B u lletin No. 158, relating to G overnm ent aid to hom e owning and
housing of th e working people in foreign countries, reference is m ade to th a t bu lletin .
The m aterial concerning housing in France will be found on p p . 125-156 of th a t bulletin.
D ir e c tio n d u T r a v a il. S ta tis tiq u e des G rèves et des R e c o u rs â la C o n c ilia tio n
V A r b itr a g e S u r v e n u s P e n d a n t V A n n é e 1 9 1 3 . P a r is , 1 9 1 4 • 459 p p .
et a
Contains th e report of th e F rench labor office for th e year 1913 w ith reference to
th e application of th e law of D ecem ber 27, 1892, on conciliation and arbitration and
labor disputes. D uring th e year there were reported 1,073 strikes, w hich affected
220,448 workmen (203,596 m en, 11,268 women, and 5,584 young persons), who were
occupied in 8,479 establishm ents. The unem ploym ent caused b y these strikes was
equivalent to 2,223,781 days of work of which 223,022 days of lost work was suffered
b y 19,507 workmen who did not particip ate in th e strike. The building trades fur
nished th e largest num ber of strikes, 267, involving 25,543 persons; n e x t in order
came th e tex tile industries, m etal trades, transportation, agricultural labor, wood
working (not including building), workers in leather and hides, clothing, and mines.
Classified according to th e num ber of workmen involved in th e strikes, th e m ining
industry furnished th e largest proportion of th e total involved, 40.3 p er cent; quarry
laborers formed 8.2 per cent of all persons involved in strikes during th e year; th e
building trades, 5.1 p e rc e n t; m etal work, 3.4 per cent; woodworking, 3.1 per cent;
transportation, 2.7 per cent; textiles, 2.5 per cent; leather in d u stry , 2.2 per cent;
chem ical in d u stry , 1.7 p er cent.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
70
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
D uring the year 1913 th ere were 8 lockouts, involving 3,495 employees, in 8 estab
lishm ents; b u t th e m axim um num ber of locked-out employees was 3,039. In 6 cases
a compromise was agreed upon, w hile 1 failed, and 1 was successful. Most of
the lockouts were of short duration, th e m axim um length being 25 days; in this
GOO persons were involved. The aggregate days of work lost b y reason of lockouts
was 12,573.
A group of sum m ary tables follows.
PERCENTAGE OF STR IK ES, AND STR IK ERS INVOLVED, BY RESULTS OF STR IK ES,
1903 TO 1912 AND 1913.
Year.
1903-1912.......................................................
1913.................................................................
Per cent of strikes which
were—
Per cent of strikers involved
in strikes which were—
Success Compro Failures.
ful.
mised.
Success Compro Failures.
ful.
mised.
20. 62
17. 05
37.74
34.58
41.64
48.37
11.63
39.31
52.95
29. 70
36.12
30.99
NUMBER OF LABOR D ISPU TES SUBM ITTED TO A RBITRATION AND CONCILIATION,
1903 TO 1912 AND 1913.
Total.
1903-1912.
N um ber of strik es....................................................................................................
N um ber of requests for m ediation before beginning of s trik e ................. ...................
N um ber of requests for m ediation by —
E m p lo y ers..........................................................................................................
Em ployees.........................................................................
B oth p a rtie s .........................................................................................
Justices of th e peace..................................................................................................
T otal................................................................................
. .
1913.
11,194
168
1,073
5
46
956
98
1,173
3
70
8
85
2,273
166
P er cent of all strikes su bm itted for arb itratio n ......................................................................
20.30
15.47
N um ber of strikes term inating during procedure before constituting a board ...............
80
9
661
40
93
61
794
67
96
699
3
64
Proposals for m ediation rejected b y —
E m p lo y ers................................. ................... ........................................
Em ployees.........................................................................................
B oth p a rtie s......................................................................
T o ta l.................................................................
N um ber of strikes abandoned or settlem ents made im m ediately after rejection of
proposals for m ediation......................................................
N um ber of strikes declared or continued after rejection of proposals................................
6
N U M B E R O F B O ARD S O F C O N C IL IA TIO N C O N S T IT U T E D AND R E S U L T S O F C O N C IL IA
T IO N , 1903 TO 1912 A N D 1913.
Total
1903-1912.
N um ber of boards of conciliation co n stitu ted .........................................................
P er cent of boards constituted of n u m b er of requests for boards......................
N um ber of settlem ents made b y —
C onciliation..........................................................................................
A rb itra tio n ....................................................... ...................................................................
T o tal...................................................................................................................................
P er cent of all cases su b m itted settled b y b o ard s....................................
N um ber of refusals to a rb itrate made b y —
E m ployers..................................................................................................................................
Em ployees................................................................................................................................
B oth p a rtie s..............................................................................................................................
T o tal...................................................................................................................................
N um ber of strikes indirectly settled b y conciliation b o ard s.........................
N um ber of strikes declared or continued following th e nonacceptance of aw ard s___
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1913.
1,396
61. 41
90
54. 21
799
53
42
4
852
46
61.03
51.11
90
37
36
4
1
8
213
13
63
480
2
42
71
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
R E S U L T S O F A W A R D S R E N D E R E D B Y C O N C IL IA T IO N A N D A R B IT R A T IO N B O A R D S
1903 TO 1912 AN D 1913.
Total
n um ber
of dis
putes
settled.
Year.
1903-1912..........................................
1913....................................................
D ir e c tio n d u T r a v a il.
R esults.
P er cent of awards.
Favor of Compro Favor of Favor of Compro Favor of
em ploy mised.
em ploy em ploy mised.
em ploy
ers.
ees.
ers.
ees.
1,094
60
187
15
764
39
143
6
17.09
25.00
69.84
65.00
13.07
10.00
A n n u a ir e des S y n d ic a ts P r o fe s s io n n e ls I n d u s tr ie ls , C o m m e rc ia u x
e t A g r ic o le s , D é cla rés C o n fo ré m e n t à la L o i d u 21 M a rs 1 884 e n F r a n c e e t a u x C o lo
n ie s .
19 e A n n é e , 1 9 1 4 .
P a r is , 1914-
956 p p .
This volum e constitutes a directory of so-called professional or occupational asso
ciations (s y n d ic a ts p r o fe s s io n n e ls ), together w ith statistical d ata concerning th eir
num ber and m em bership, as reported on January 1,1914, for b o th F rance and h er
colonies. These associations include em ployers’ and em ployees’ in dustrial organi
zations, professional associations (doctors, teachers, pharm acists, etc.), labor exchanges
and trade unions, m any of w hich m ain tain em ploym ent exchanges ( b o u rses d u tr a v a il)
u nder th eir d irect m anagem ent. T he directory is classified b y D epartm ents and
m unicipalities and according to th e character of th e organization, w h eth er formed
b y em ployers or workers, or b y b oth in cooperation. The following sum m ary table is
presented :
N U M B E R A N D M E M B E R S H IP O F IN D U S T R IA L A N D C O M M ERCIA L A SSO C IA TIO N S, BY
C LA SSES. F R A N C E AN D C O L O N IE S , 1910 TO 1914.
Year.
1910...................
1911...................
1912...................
1913...................
1914...................
Number of industrial and eommercial associations.
Number of members in associations of specified
classes.
E m L abor Mix
and
ploy- ersem
ers. ployees. ed.
L abor
E m ploy ers and
em
ers.
ployees.
4,450
4,742
4 ,888
5,063
4(967
5,260
5(325
5,217
5(046
4(846
184
194
225
223
233
Agri
cul
tu ral.
Total.
4,948
5(407
5(879
6,178
6,667
14,842
15,668
16,209
16,510
16,713
368,547
403,759
410,160
421,566
403(143
977,350
1,029(238
1,064,413
l( 027(059
1,026,302
Agri
Mixed. cultural.
Total.
38,005
813,038
912,944
40,145
934,317
46,646
976(157
50,295
51,111 1,029,727
2,196,940
2,386,086
2,455,536
2,475,077
2,510,283
T he G eneral Federatio n of Labor ( C o n fé d é r a tio n g é n é ra le d u tr a v a il ) com prised, in
S teptem ber, 1912, 53 national trade-unions federations and 5 in d e p e n d e n t unions, a
total of 2,163 unions, having a m em bership in round num bers of 370,000.
T he following table shows th e nu m b er of in d u strial unions in existence Jan u a ry 1,
1914, exclusive of th e p u rely agricultural unions, w ith th e m em bership b y occu
pational groups, and th e proportion th is m em bership bears to all persons shown by
th e last occupational census (1906) as engaged in th e respective occupations.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
72
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
N U M B E R A N D M E M B E R S H IP O F IN D U S T R IA L U N IO N S, AN D P E R C E N T M E M B E R S H IP
FO R M S O F P E R S O N S IN EA C H O C C U PA T IO N A L G R O U P , AS SH O W N B Y T H E 1906
O C C U PA T IO N A L C EN SU S, F R A N C E , JA N U A R Y 1, 1914.
M embership of unions.
N um ber of unions.
E m ployers.
Em ployees.
Occupational groups.
E m p lo y E m p lo y
ers.
ees.
A griculture, forestry, fishing 1.......................
M ining..................................................................
Q uarryin g ...........................................................
Food, production an d tra d e ...........................
Chemical p ro d u cts............................................
Paper, cardboard, prin tin g , b o o k b in d in g ..
Hides a nd le a th er.............................................
T extiles................................................................
Clothing, c le an in g ..........................................
W oodw orking, fu rn itu re m ak in g.................
Metal w orking....................................................
E arthenw are, p o ttery , e tc ........... : ................
B uilding trad es—wood, stone, a n d iro n ___
T rade and tra n sp o rta tio n ...............................
Domestic a n d personal service......................
L iberal professions, medicine, pharm acy,
e tc ......................................................................
259
7
14
1,691
90
133
108
144
136
170
321
48
342
822
135
547
T o ta l.........................................................
4,967
N um ber.
P e r cent
of persons
engaged N um ber.
in the
industry.
P e r cent
of persons
engaged
in th e
industry.
56,938
67,425
13,292
49;556
42,936
25,203
24,706
94,700
25,595
34,516
90,425
13,303
118,453
317,881
20,518
2.08
32.81
21.61
9.47
27.48
15.87
15.34
13.92
5.22
13.64
12.58
8.05
23.64
28.59
2.11
23,137
313
248
165,118
5,147
8,213
6,267
6,388
8,273
7,060
19,023
2,394
23,402
64,665
11,738
0.48
73.41
3.21
42.96
81.19
72.65
12.29
8. 88
4.06
9.32
18.77
32.11
17. 76
18.06
62.48
145
51,757
92.55
4,846
403,143
599
84
60
280
151
293
177
263
229
311
445
105
678
932
94
(2)
30,855
1,026,302
1 Including only in d u strial unions or those engaged in commerce in agricultural products.
agricultural unions n u m b er 6,667, w ith a m em bership of 1,029,727.
2 N ot reported.
M in is tè re d u T r a v a il et de la P ré v o y a n c e S o c ia le .
d u T r a v a il.
P a r is , 1 9 1 3 , 1 9 1 4 .
12.47
(2)
P urely
R e c u e il de D o c u m e n ts s u r les A c c id e n ts
N o s . 4 6 (4 5 6 p p . ) , 4 7 (1 3 7 p p . ) , a n d 4 8 (1 0 8 p p . ) .
T he first of these volum es is a report of th e decisions of th e various courts of France,
justices’ and d istrict courts, courts of appeal, and th e court of cassation, rendered dur
ing th e period March 17, 1909, to Ju n e 2, 1913, in cases arising u n d er th e industrial
accident law. T he second report is,an an alytic ind ex to opinions and decisions of
courts as reported a t various dates from May, 1902, to November, 1913. T he th ird
report contains statistical tables showing th e wages of insured persons; n um ber of
accidents reported, b y ind u strial groups, degree of injury, an d other essential data
relative to industrial accidents, 1899-1910. T his m aterial w ill be sum m arized in
more extended form in th e n e x t issue of th e M o n t h l y R e v i e w .
Japan . — B u r e a u
de la S ta tis tiq u e G én éra le.
29e A n n é e .
R é s u m é S ta tis tiq u e de L ’E m p ir e d u J a p o n .
T o h io , 1 9 1 5 .
225 p p .
T his volum e contains th e more im portant d ata selected from th e th irty -th ird sta
tistical yearbook. T he greater p a rt of th e tables are brought up to th e end of th e
fiscal year 1912 ; some inclu d e th e data for 1913. Many of th e tables show com parative
data for a period of 10 years or more. T he figures in all previous reports include those
of Chosen, Taiw an, Karafuto, and th e leased territory of Kwanto, w hile in th is volum e
th ey are shown separately. T he subject m atter is d ivided into 32 sections, of w hich
sections 7, 8, 12, and 18 are of more or less interest to labor. From these sections th e
tables w hich follow have been selected.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
73
M O N T H L Y R EV IEW OF T H E BU R E A U OF LABOR ST A T IST IC S.
N U M B E R O F ST A T E IN D U S T R IA L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , P E R S O N S E M P L O Y E D , A V E R A G E
D A Y S W O R K E D , A N D H O U R S O F L A B O R , JA P A N , 1906-1914.
N um
ber of
estab
lish
m ents
oper
ated.
Year.
1906..........................................
1907..........................................
1908..........................................
1909..........................................
1910..........................................
1911..........................................
1912..........................................
1913..........................................
1914..........................................
11
66
76
74
76
77
78
81
61
N um ber of persons em ployed—
In clerical
positions.
As laborers.
Male. Female.
975
2,357
2,654
2,711
2,674
2,659
3,023
3,377
1,273
Average num ber of—
74
91
79
74
70
70
68
73
66
Male.
Female.
13,961
105,394
104,340
97,244
93,594
92,020
97,364
93,546
67,847
1,622
9,449
7,237
6,549
6,810
7,363
8,479
8,602
8,621
D ays w orked
per year.
H ours of labor.
Male. Female.
Male. Female.
322
299
305
304
307
313
315
315
316
296
311
301
308
297
298
272
311
307
8.4
10.6
10.5
10.6
10.5
10.5
10.4
10.4
9.7
10.0
10.4
10.3
10.2
10.0
10.0
9.7
9.8
9.6
N U M B E R O F E S T A B L IS H M E N T S , P E R S O N S E M P L O Y E D , A V E R A G E D A Y S O F O P E R A
T IO N , AN D A V E R A G E H O U R S O F L A B O R IN V A R IO U S IN D U S T R IE S , JA P A N , 1912.
N um ber of establish
ments.
N um ber of persons
employed.
N ot
Oper oper
ated by ated
by Total.
m otive m otive
force.
force.
In d u stry .
Male.
N um
ber of
days
in
opera
tion.
Female.
Total.
527,039
97,725
T extile.............................................
M achinery, a n d mechanical
pursuits.
Chemical.........................................
Food p ro d u c ts...............................
P rin tin g a nd bookbinding.........
P a p e r...............................................
W oodenware..................................
E lectrical........................................
Metal refining................................
Mining.............................................
O th e r................................ ..............
5,116
948
3,003
312
8,119
1,260
76,557
92,126
450,482
5,599
608
738
422
18
371
70
40
180
199
929
1, 111
123
75
218
6
1
48
583
1,537
1,849
545
93
589
76
41
228
782
61,242
39,888
18,047
1,204
15,465
3,132
25,717
118,684
15,445
28,640
9,884
3,411
1,559
5,004
16
4,034
37,204
14,825
All in d u strie s.........................
8,710
6,409
15,119
467,507
Daily
hours
of
labor.
279
317
11.3
10.3
89,882
317
49,772
256
21,458
337
2,763
313
20,469
300
3,148
362
29,751
324
155,888
331
30,270 288-359
10.7
10.3
10.0
10.3
10.2
15.0
13.0
11.5
100-150
560,658 1,028,165
302
11.1
A V E R A G E D A IL Y W A G E S P A ID IN S P E C IF IE D O C C U PA T IO N S IN JA P A N , 1898, 1903,
1910-1912.
(In th is table th e equivalents in A m erican m oney have been com puted on th e basis of 1 yen=49.8 cents.)
O ccupation.
Carpenters..............................................................................
Plasterers ..............................................................................
Stone masons.........................................................................
Saw yers...................................................................................
Roofers (shingles, th a tc h )..................................................
Roofers, tile
.....................................................................
Tile setters (w all).................................................................
B rickm akers...................................................................... ..
Map m akers...........................................................................
Screen m akers........................................................................
P a p e r h an gers .......................................................... ...........
Joiners .................................................................................
Coopers................................................ .........- ........................
Sandal a nd slipper m akers............. ...................................
Boot a n d shoe m a k e rs........................................................
Saddlers, harness m ak ers...................................................
W heelw rights........................................................................
Tailors, Japanese cloth in g .................................................
Tailors, European cloth in g ................................................
Dyers
...............................................................................
Makers of m etallic utensils.................................................
Paper makers
..............................................................
Compositors, p rin tin g .......................................................
Pressm en, p rin tin g ..............................................................
Ship carpenters.....................................................................
Gardeners ...........................................................................
A gricultural labor, male .................................................
A gricultural labor; fem ale........ ..... ...................................
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
1898
1903
1910
1911
1912
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
C e n ts .
23
23
25
23
22
24
24
20
22
21
21
18
17
21
20
20
17
24
15
21
15
15
15
25
22
13
9
29
30
34
29
28
32
37
26
25
28
28
27
23
21
27
30
24
23
28
16
26
17
20
18
30
27
15
9
40
41
46
40
40
47
52
36
37
38
36
38
31
27
33
35
34
28
40
24
34
20
25
25
41
38
19
12
41
43
47
39
43
50
53
36
38
39
37
38
32
29
32
35
34
29
42
27
35
27
25
43
41
21
12
43
44
50
42
45
51
53
37
40
40
38
41
33
29
34
35
36
30
44
25
35
23
28
26
45
42
22
13
74
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
N etherland s .— C e n tr a a l
der N e d e r la n d e n .
B u r e a u v o o r de S ta tis tie k .
( R ijk in E u r o p a ), 1913.
J a a rc ijfe r s v o o r h et K o n in lc r ijk
T he H a g u e , 1 9 14.
360 p p .
Forms th e statistical year book for th e N etherlands for 1913, containing th e usual
statistical inform ation found in such publications; divided into 11 chapters; con
tains an alphabetical index. Of interest to labor are those sections and tables re
lating to th e occupational censuses of 1899 and 1909; work of th e factory inspection
service, councils of labor, em ploym ent exchanges, trade-union statistics, collective
agreements, wages and hours of labor, strikes and lockouts, cast of living, and social
insurance; industrial statistics for leading industries, indicating th e am ount of power
used in industry, persons em ployed, q u a n tity and value of o utput.
D e p a r te m e n t
sp e c tie i n
x v iii p p .
V an L a n d b o u w
het K o n in h r ijk
N ijv e r h e id en H a n d e l.
C e n tra a l
der N e d e r la n d e n o ver 1 9 1 3 .
V erslag der A r b e id s in -
T he H a g u e . 1 9 1 5 .
h i , 677
This annual report on th e inforcem ent of th e labor laws of th e N etherlands comprises
th e results of inspection in th e ind u strial establishm ents of th e country as authorized
by a series of labor laws, nam ely th e law on h ealth and safety of employees, th e general
labor law, the law on noxious or injurious trades, th e law for th e protection of stone
cutters, the phosphorus m atches law, th e accid en t law, and th e law for th e protection
of caisson workers. T he inspection service during th e year consisted of th e director
general of labor, 4 heads of divisions, 4 technical experts, 9 d istrict heads, 16 factory
inspectors (8 m en and 8 women), 23 assistant inspectors of various grades, together
w ith a clerical force of 54 persons. T he num ber of persons classified by industries in
th e establishm ents inspected during th e year is shown in th e tab le w hich follows :
N U M B E R O F P E R S O N S E M P L O Y E D IN IN D U S T R IA L E S T A B L IS H M E N T S IN S P E C T E D
D U R IN G T H E Y E A R 1913, B Y G R O U P S O F IN D U S T R IE S , N E T H E R L A N D S .
N um ber of employees in industrial
establishm ents as reported by—
Age and sex of em ploy
ees in establishm ents
inspected in 1913.
L abor inspectors, 1913.
Groups of in d u stry .
P o ttery , glass, lim estone,etc.
D iam onds a n d other precious stones..........................
P rin tin g a n d lithographing.
B uilding trad es.......................
S to n e e u ttin g ...........................
Chemical industries...............
W ood, cork, a n d s tra w ........
Clothing a n d cleaning...........
A rt in d u strie s.........................
Leather, oilcloth, ru b b e r___
Iro n an d coal m ining, p eat
digging..................................
M etal in d u strie s.....................
Medicine industries, tools,
e tc ..........................................
Shipbuilding a n d su p p lies..
P a p e r........................................
T e x tile s....................................
Gas an d electricity ................
Food p rep aratio n s.................
In d u s In d u s E sta b E sta b
lish
tria l
trial
lish
census census m ents m ents
no t
of 1899. of 1909. subject
to in subject
to
in
spec
spec
tion.
tion.
Persons
under
17 years
of age
Total.
and
women.
25,145
P er cent
in
spected
of total
em
ployees
Male
as re
persons
ported
over
Total. b y labor
17 years
inspec
of age.
tors.
31,365
9,983
29,097
39,080
7,954
21,807
29,761
76
9,951 10,183
13,196 20,443
142,832 167,977
2,068
2,210
10, 202 15,161
38, 820 47,831
91,567 108,320
1,684
2,523
39,826 37,135
1,371
4,530
9,130
180
2,947
9,504
62,135
433
4,893
8,535
14,560
26,845
1,932
9,045
29,741
12,252
625
9,771
9,906
19,090
35,975
2,112
11,992
39,245
74,387
1,058
14,664
512
3,390
3,250
179
2,400
5,709
38,902
165
3,159
2,361
10,912
13,193
1,856
7,353
19,112
9,329
369
6,884
2,873
14,302
16)443
2)035
9,753
24,831
48,231
534
10,043
29
75
46
96
81
63
65
50
68
242
9,610
1,892
28,562
2,134
38,172
151
6,227
1,308
20,491
1,459
26,718
68
70
6,945 32,115 39,060
3,720 25,288 29,008
3,893
7,791 11,684
30,202 36,136 66,338
89
8,104
8,193
27,889 104,664 132,553
5,419
2,488
3,088
26,425
65
18,112
26,249
19,287
6, 220
29,717
5,914
52,608
31,668
21) 775
9,308
56,142
5)979
70, 720
81
75
80
85
73
53
T o tal.............................. 649,847 790,137 187,696 386,955 574,651 127,595 254,970 382,565
66
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
16,255
40,325
23,102
42,696
19,952 33,760
22, 737 30,311
6,992 10, 433
49,486 61,011
4,485
9,518
114,324 136,158
75
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
N orw ay.—Statistiske Centralbyraa.
15,
79 p p .
Norges Bergverksdrift, 1 9 13. Christiania, 1 9 1 5 .
(Norges Officielle Statistik. V I: 2 9 .)
Contains statistics concerning operations of m ines and sm elters in Norway during
] 913, w ith a com parative sum m ary for th e years 1901-1905, 1906-1910, and 1912. R e
ports of the several m ine inspectors in th e different districts are also appended. The
following table shows the num ber of employees a t indicated periods, classified accord
ing to the character of the m ine or sm elting operations carried on:
N U M B E R O F P E R S O N S E M P L O Y E D IN T H E M IN E S A N D SM E L T E R S , N O R W A Y , 1901-1905,
1906-1910, 1912, A N D 1913.
N um ber of employees in—
1901-1905 1906-1910
1912
1913
Mines:
Silver....................................................................................................
Gold
........................................................................................
Copper..................................................................................................
N ickel..................................................................................................
Iro n .......................................................................................................
Z inc and le a d .....................................................................................
M olybdenite.......................................................................................
O th e r....................................................................................................
214
40
2,656
23
357
60
32
6
238
35
4,157
65
1,066
289
42
30
259
319
4,553
132
2,558
109
161
177
4,929
173
1,807
124
153
147
T o ta l. . . . ......................................................................................
3,388
5,922
7,949
7,652
Smelters:
Silver
..............................................................................................
Copper..................................................................................................
Nickel ................................................................................................
Pig iron................................................................................................
S te e lw o rk s.........................................................................................
17
143
14
20
58
10
153
41
4
24
11
320
219
15
308
259
T o ta l.................................................................................................
252
232
550
582
F is k e r id ir e k tg r e n .
N o rg e s
F is k e rie r 1 9 1 3 .
C h r istia n ia , 1 9 1 5 .
O fficielle S t a tis tik .
V I : 2 8 .)
27,
132 p p .
( N o rg e s
Contains a report of the fishing in d u stry in Norway for th e year 1913, th e value of
whose products during the year am ounted to 53,767,717 crowns ($14,409,748). D uring
th e year there were em ployed in th e in d u stry on an average 100,047, not including
14,687 engaged exclusively in th e m anufacturing branches of th e industry. There
were in use in th e in d u stry 51,981 open boats w ithout motors, 2,092 w ith motors,
7,390 dories, 2,417 sailboats, 4,405 decked motor boats, and 205 steam ships, all of
w hich had a value of 37,309,415 crowns ($9,998,923).
R ik s fo r s ik r in g s a n s ta lte n .
tia n ia , 1 9 1 5 .
U ly k k e s fo r sik r in g e n f o r I n d u s tria b e id e r e m . v . 1 9 1 2 .
34*, 95 p p .
( N o rg e s O fficielle S ta tis tik .
C h ris
V I: 3 8 .)
This is th e annual report on th e operation of th e State accid en t compensation
system in Norway for the year 1912. I t covers all establishm ents subject to com
pensation, except th e silver m ines of Kongsberg and th e State trunk-line railroad,
w hich have th eir own separate com pensation funds. There were reported in 1912
9,129 accidents, an increase of 1,276 over 1911. Results of operations from 1895 to
date are as follows:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
76
M O N T H L Y RE V IE W OP T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
T O T A L N U M B E R O F A C C ID E N TS, Y E A R S O F W O R K , PR E M IU M S A N D C O M PE N SA TIO N
P A ID , F O R A L L IN D U S T R IE S IN N O R W A Y , 1895-1908, 1909-1912.
A m ount of
prem ium s.
Year.
N um Years of
ber of
work
Wages paid.
estab
(300
lish
days).
m ents .
Total.
1895-1908 .
1909..........
1910..........
1911..........
1912..........
19,988
19,655
20; 984
21', 581
0)
1,472,189 $331,876,227 $5,166,181
531,918
35,699,871
144,425
569,092
37,771,501
150,771
624, 902
41,063,989
160,809
45,537,923
756,200
173, 783
189.5-1912.
0)
2,101,977
491,949,511
7,648,293
Per
cent
of
wages
Compensation
p aid, reserves,
etc.
Total.
N um
ber of
acci
dents
com
pen
Per
Caus sated
per
cent Total. Com
ing
pen
1,000
of
sated . death. years’
wages
work.
N um ber of
accidents.
1.6 $5,697,770
561,549
1.5
647,369
1.5
769,725
1.5
755,948
1.7
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.9
1.7
(*)
5,609
5,875
7,564
8,808
3,866
3,986
5,020
6,183
0)
( 1)
136
119
138
116
0)
8,432,361
1.7
(')
(')
(>)
(')
1.6
38.8
39.0
47.0
50.7
1 N ot reported.
For further information concerning accid en t insurance in Norway reference is m ade
to B ulletin No. 157 of th is b ureau and volum e 2 of its T w enty-fourth A nnual R eport.
Saliord, E ngland .—
M e d ic a l Officer o f H e a lth .
o f H e a lth f o r the Y e a r 1914■
A n n u a l R e p o r t o f the M e d ic a l Officer
M a n ch ester [1915].
254 p p .
Contains the report of th e public h ealth d ep artm en t for th e year 1914. T he report
notes a m arked decrease in in fan t m ortality, 126 per thousand births, th e lowest
num ber ever recorded for th e c ity . Sixty-tw o houses were reported as having been
closed for hum an habitatio n ; 73 houses were rem odeled and m ade h ab itab le; 218
new houses were erected, and 64 dem olished. D uring th e year 2,352 inspections
were m ade of factories, workshops, and work places; 42 notices were sent out, b u t no
prosecutions were rep o rted .
Spain .— C o m is a ria
R e g ia d e l T u r is m o y e l R e a l P a tr o n a to de C a sa s B a r a ta s de S e v illa .
M a rch , 1 9 1 5 .
A report of the royal com m ittee appointed to superintend th e construction of a
group of low-cost dwellings erected in 1913-1915 a t Seville for th e occupation of per
sons of sm all means. The group consisted of 2 buildings, comprising 72 dwellings,
of w hich some pictures and plans are shown. T he to tal expense was lim ited to
237,662 pesetas. ($45,868.76). The re n t was fixed to vary from 50 reales ($2.41) to 70
reales ($3.38) per m onth, according to th e size of th e apartm ents, including lighting
of th e common stairw ays and halls, w ater ren t, education of children un d er 7 years
of age, and th e use of a small flower and vegetable garden. No statem ent, however,
is m ade concerning th e size of th e rooms or th e n um ber in each apartm ent. No te n
ants are accepted who have an incom e of 3,000 pesetas ($579) p er year if over 50 per
cent of such am ount is derived from wages, salary, or pension; fam ilies of less th an
four persons; persons not having a regular income unless security is given for the
paym ent of rent. The first apartm ents were opened to ten an ts on Jan u ary 1, 1915,
and th e average cost per ap artm en t when com pleted is reported a t approxim ately
3,300 pesetas ($636.90).
C o n sejo S u p e r io r de e m ig r a c ió n .
B o le tin .
M a d r id , 1 9 1 5 ,
A ñ o 7 . N u m . 73, M a r c h - J u n e .
This report discusses th e necessity of further governm ental regulations relativ e to
em igration from Spain to other E uropean countries. T he following tab le shows th e
decrease in trans-A tlantic emigration of Spaniards from Spain during th e m onths
of March, April, May, 1914 and 1915, b y destination of em igrants:
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
77
S P A N IS H E M IG R A T IO N TO A M E R IC A D U R IN G M ARCH, A P R IL , A N D MAY, 1914, 1915, B Y
D E S T IN A T IO N .
N um ber of em igrants leaving forTotal.
M onth an d year.
U nited
States.
.1914..
1915..
.1914..
1915..
.1914..
1915..
March
A p ril.
M a y ..
552
83
661
139
100
85
Argen
tina.
5,092
1,211
3,243
995
3,163
830
Cuba.
1,302
839
951
1,061
899
846
Brazil.
O ther
countries.
741
175
410
113
335
164
354
96
236
77
188
110
8,041
2,404
5,501
2,385
4,685
2,035
T he crisis in th e home labor m arket is discussed. T he dem ands for em ploym ent
far exceed th e places open for em ploym ent; m any factories are doubtful of being
able to continue operations; m any are giving labor to th e ir employees for only th ree
days each week; and others, because of scarcity of raw m aterials, allow th e ir em ploy
ees to work in turns. Owing to these conditions th ere is little effort necessary to secure
laborers for em ploym ent in France. To p rev e n t deception and fraud, th is em igra
tion should be regulated; accredited em ploym ent agencies alone should be p erm it
te d to operate in Spain, and a deposit sufficient to pay re tu rn passage in case of fraud
should be required.
Several pages are devoted to labor conditions in th e countries to w hich most of th e
Spanish em igration is directed—Brazil, A rgentina, V enezuela, Paraguay, and Cuba.
I n s titu to
de R e fo r m a s S o c ia le s. L e g is la c ió n d el T ra b a jo . A p é n d ic e D é c im o ,
L e g is la c io n -P r o y e c to s de R e fo r m a .
M a d r id , 1 9 1 5 . 4 8 3 p p .
1 9 14.
Contains laws, decrees, and orders of in terest to labor enacted and prom ulgated in
Spain during th e year 1914, together w ith bills and adm inistrative measures proposed.
T he subject m atter is classified u n d er 15 heads: (1) In d u strial accidents, (2) M utual
aid and charity, (3) Associations, (4) Cooperation, (5) Em igration, (6) In d u strial edu
cation, (7) Statistics and investigation, (8) H ousing of th e working classes, (9) Factory
inspection, (10) Legislation affecting th e In stitu te of Social Reform (In stitu to de
Reformas Sociales), (11) E m ploym ent of women and children, (12) P u b lic granaries,
(13) Social welfare, (14) A gricultural associations, and (15) Miscellaneous.
I n s t i t u t o de R e fo r m a s S o c ia le s .
M e m o ria G e n e ra l de la In s p e c c ió n del T ra b a jo C orre
s p o n d ie n te a l A ñ o 1 9 1 2 .
M a d rid , 1914-
5 1 8 p p . a n d 2 8 ch arts.
This report is a review of th e activities of th e in dustrial inspection service in Spain
during th e year 1912.
The following shows th e more im portant d ata resulting from th e inspection of in d u s
trial establishm ents:
N um ber of inspections m ad e.................... ........................... ........... . . . ......... . ------- 13, 814
N um ber of infractions of law for em ploym ent of children u n d er age lim it.. . . . 2, 066
N um ber of infractions of law for not p erm itting opportunity for religious and
2,106
prim ary in stru ctio n ............................ ..................................................
N um ber of infractions of law for lack of certificate of vaccin atio n .......................... 77, 971
N um ber of infractions of law for working w ith o u t p aren ts’ perm ission............ 46, 346
N um ber of infractions of law for lack of age certificate........................................ 45, 802
N um ber of infractions of law for no display of law, rules, e tc ............
3, 408
N um ber of infractions of law for failure to d raft working ru le s.......................... 4, 062
N um ber of infractions of law for no book for registering insp ectio n s................ 2, 943
N um ber of infractions of law for law, rules, etc., n o t posted in visible p lace. . 3, 228
N um ber of infractions of law for failure to provide safety ap pliances. ............. 2, 783
N um ber of infractions of law for failure to observe S unday re s t........................ 5, 458
N um ber of infractions of law for all o th e r s .. . ........................................................ 5,; 046
N um ber of prosecutions____ ____ ____. . . . ----- . . . ------- ------------------------------431
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
78
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R E A U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
The total num ber of infractions of th e labor code was reported as 201,219. Of th is
total, 189,750 were reported as infractions of th e woman and child labor law.
Tables are presented showing th e num ber of persons em ployed in establishm ents
subject to inspection, b y sex and b y age. m axim um , m inim um , and average wages
paid; hours of labor for day and for nig h t laborers, b y sex: in each inspection district.
The totals of th e different classes of employees for th e kingdom are as follows:
Males :
U nder 14 years of ag e........................... ..................................................................
8,193
14 to 16 years of age.......................................................... ...................................... 21,351
Over 16 years of age................................................................................................ 296, 454
Females:
U nder 14 years of age................................................... .........................................
3,115
14 to 23 years of ag e.................................................................................... ............ 86,467
Over 23 years of age................................................................................................ 86,411
T o tal........................................................................................................................ 496,991
There were 31,118 males and 7,926 females, or a total of 39,044 persons, em ployed in
nig h t work.
The last chapter presents a chronological in d ex of all labor laws enacted to date in
Spain.
S w eden.—S o d a ls ty r e ls e n .
63 p p .
A r b e ts in s ta lle ls e r
i S v e r ig e , A r 1914■
S to c k h o lm
1915.
(S v e r ig e s O fficiella S t a t i s t i k S o c ia ls ta tis iik ) .
Contains report on strikes and lockouts, occurring in 1914, giving n um ber involved,
causes, duration, and results. D uring th e year 1914 th ere occurred 115 labor disputes,
of which 8 were lockouts and 2 were of m ixed character, involving 14,385 workmen.
As to results, 33 term inated in favor of th e em ployer and 26 in favor of th e workman,
47 were compromised, w hile as to 9 th e resu lt was unknow n or indecisive. Short
tables follow, presenting th e more im portant d ata concerning these strikes.
T he following table shows th e num ber of labor disputes, persons involved, and
result for each year 1908 to 1914:
S T R IK E S AN D L O C K O U TS IN S W E D E N , N U M B E R O P P E R S O N S IN V O L V E D , AND
R E S U L T S , B Y Y E A R S , 1908-1914.
D isputes resulting in —
Year.
um
N um Nber
ber
of
of
strikes. lock
outs.
Indeterm in ate.
F av o r of
em ployers.
N um
ber.
1908.........
1909.........
1910.........
1911.........
1912.........
1913.........
1914.........
229
102
66
85
108
118
105
38
22
5
9
4
1
8
35
14
5
4
4
2
F avor of
employees.
Total.
Compromise.
N ot
reported.
Per
P er
P er
Per
Per
sons N u m sons N u m sons N um sons N um sons
in
in
ber.
ber.
in
ber.
in
ber.
in
volved.
volved.
volved.
volved.
volved.
94
8,953
61 290,767
35
2,480
44
2,658
49
2,553
l ' 481
28
33
3,341
80
33
20
22
25
36
26
2,479
1,358
622
1,016
'778
2,027
'808
115
38
20
32
42
45
47
28,584
8,692
569
16,902
6j 649
5' 629
10,072
13
6
1
341
932
10
9
454
164
302
138
76
98
116
119
115
40,357
301,749
3,671
20,576
9,980
9,591
14,385
T he days of work lost varies from 11,799,700 in 1909 to 39,000 in 1910. In 1914
this item ig reported as 620,469.
The following table gives data sim ilar to th a t in th e preceding table for labor disputes
tu 1914 classified b y prin cip al causes.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
79
M O N T H L Y E EV IE W OF T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTIC S.
S T R IK E S A N D L O C K O U TS IN S W E D E N , N U M B E R O F P E R S O N S IN V O L V E D , A N D R E
SU L TS, B Y CA U SES, 1914.
D isputes resulting in—
Favor of
employers.
Principal causes.
Favor of
employees.
Compromise. N ot reported.
Total, i
Persons N u m Persons N u m Persons
u m Persons
N u m Persons
in
in
in N u m in
in Nber.
ber. volved.
ber. volved.
ber. volved.
volved. ber. volved.
5
1
93
6
71
4
10,427
370
186
1
40
5
538
52
1
2
4
75
1
23
9
6
260
181
2,426
32
3
8,770
364
Increase of wages........................
Ttftdnfition of w ages...................
O ther questions relating to
wages
14
1,163
17
401
2
312
2
Collective co n tra c ts....................
O ther questions relating to
i
21
2
T reatm en t of p ersonnel............
H ours of la b o r.............................
Discharge or rein statem en t of
employees.................................
4
3
106
103
1
42
18
4
1
112
37
9
1,636
Interp retatio n of co n tracts___
T o ta l...................................
33
3,341
1
2
95
3
695
14
1
14
1
94
2
108
26
808
47
10,072
115
14,385
9
164
i Including 8 lockouts and 2 disputes of indeterm inate character.
Switzerland.—H a n d e ls -,
I n d u s tr ie - u n d L a n d w ir ts c h a fts - D e p a r tm e n t.
B e ric h te der
K a n to n s r e g ie r u n g e n ü b e r d ie a u s fü h r u n g des b u n d esg esetze s b e tre ffe n d d ie A r b e it i n den
F a b r ik e n 1911 u n d 1 9 1 2 ; 1 9 1 3 u n d 1914■
tr ie d e p a r te m e n t.
A a ra u , 1913, 1915.
V e rö ffe n tlic h t v o m schw eize risc h e n I n d u s
2 v o ls .
These two volum es constitute th e reports of th e cantonal factory inspectors of
Switzerland, each report covering a b iennial period, i. e., 1911-12 and 1913-14. T he
Federal departm ent m erely brings together and prints th e reports of th e inspectors of
each of th e cantons, and no general sum m ary is presented. Save for annual confer
ences w ith th e d epartm en t of comm erce and industry th e cantonal inspectors work
q u ite in d ependently of th e federal inspection service, w hich consists prim arily of
functional inspectors who perform specialized duties and who refer all general m atters
of inspection to th e inspectors of th e different cantons. For fu rther inform ation on
factory inspection in Sw itzerland reference m ay b e m ade to B ulletin 142 of this
bureau.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
PERIODICAL PUBLICATIONS OF FOREIGN LABOR DEPART
MENTS AND BUREAUS.
In the pages following the various periodical publications issued
by the foreign departments and bureaus of labor are listed and the
table of contents given. This list includes all the periodical publi
cations received during July and the first week of August, 1915.
Some countries, it will be noticed, are not represented by any pub
lication. Since the beginning of the European war most of these
publications have been somewhat irregular in their appearance, and
in certain cases it will be noticed that the issues of several months
have been postponed or consolidated.
A r g e n ti n a .— D e p a r ta m e n to N a tio n a l.
B o le tin d e l T ra b a jo .
B u e n o s A ir e s .
N o . 2 9 —D ec. 3 1 , 1 9 1 4 .—R eports
from th e departm ent: R eports from th e d iv i
sion of inspection; Spread of labor legislation; Collaboration b y th e workmen in
inspection, etc.; In d u strial establishm ents; Infractions of th e law and prosecutions;
Sunday rest; A pplication of th e labor law; T he cooperative kitchens; H om e labor;
Grain elevators; Caisson workers; E m igrant agencies; A gricultural laborers; Labor
conditions in U pper Parana. Q uarry workers. Oil prospecting. Free courts for
laborers. E m ploym ent agencies. Division of statistics: Strikes and lockouts.
H ome labor in th e F ederal capital. U nem ploym ent. A ccident prevention during
1913. Division of legislation.
C a n a d a .— D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r .
T he L a b o r G a ze tte .
O tta w a .
J u ly , 1 9 1 5 .—Industrial
and labor conditions during Ju n e, 1915. Special articles
on—T he industrial disputes investigation act, 1907; W holesale prices in Canada d u r
ing 1914; A nnual convention of th e Canadian M anufacturers Association; Labor dis
putes in G erm any, 1914; New York S tate In d u strial Commission; S tatem en t of dis
p u te betw een th e D avie S hipbuilding & R epairing Co. of Levis, Q uebec, and its
employees. Statistical returns on W holesale and retail prices, Ju n e, 1915; T rade
disputes and industrial accidents during Ju n e, 1915; Em igration and colonization;
B uilding perm its during Ju n e. R eports of departm ents and bureaus. R ecen t legal
decisions affecting labor.
D e n m a r k .— S ta tis tis lc e E fte r r e tn in g e r , u d g iv e t a f d e t S ta tis tis lc e D e p a r te m m t.
C open
h ag en .
J u n e 1 4 , 1 9 1 5 .—Special
J u n e 3 0 , 1 9 1 5 .— Hotels,
census of farm anim als, May 15, 1915.
restaurants, and pu b lic houses, 1914. R etail prices, Ju n e
1, 1915. Im ports and exports of flour, grain, etc., 1914. D eaths b y accidents, 1914.
Divorces, 1914. Population of Sweden and Norway, Ju ly 12, 1915. T he crop out
look, J u ly 7, 1915. Im ports of products from eastern m arkets, 1914. Population of
D enm ark, Ju ly 1, 1915. In d ex num bers of th e Economist.
F in la n d .— I n d u s tr is ty r e ls e n .
N o . 3 , 1 9 1 5 .—A ctivities
A r b e ts s ta tis tis lc T id s r if t.
H e ls in g fo r s .
of th e em ploym ent offices, 1914. M aximum prices of food
products and of clothing and leather products fixed b y G overnm ent order. F innish
em ployers’ association, 1914. R eports from foreign countries. R etail prices, first
quarter, 1915.
80
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E B U R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
France .— B u lle tin
d u M in is tè r e d u T r a v a il e t de la P r é v o y a n c e S o c ia le .
81
P a r is .
J a n u a r y , F e b ru a ry , M arch, A p r i l , 1 9 1 5 .— (Single issue for four m onths.) Social
movem ent: France: In q u iry concerning in d u strial and commercial activities,
August, 1914, to January, 1915; Mine labor, December, 1914, to February, 1915;
Strikes from Jan u ary to A pril, 1915; U nem ploym ent in France during th e first seven
m onths of 1914 ; R eport of th e national unem ploym ent fund, 1914; Free pu b lic em ploy
m ent offices, 1914; Economic situation expressed in in d ex num bers, th ird quarter,
1914; R eports of operations on th e old age retirem en t laws for in dustrial and agricul
tural laborers; T rade associations, January 1,1914; Prom otion of cooperative societies;
Providing wages and norm al hours of labor in th e building trades in Paris, in 1913.
International: Strikes and lockouts during 1912 and 1913. Foreign countries: Review
of labor conditions in G erm any; Cost of living in Berlin, December, 1914, to January,
1915; Measures adopted to com bat unem ploym ent in G erm any; U nem ploym ent in
trade unions in A ustria, May to N ovember, 1914; Cost of living in V ienna, January,
1915; A ustrian census of occupations, 1910 (prelim inary figures); R eports of labor
conditions in G reat B ritain, strikes an d lockouts, January to February, 1915; Wages,
cost of living, and em ploym ent exchanges, 1914; Labor conditions in Ita ly during the
last six m onths of 1914; Conditions of labor in th e N etherlands, 1914; Legislation in
Portugal concerning hours of labor in th e em ploym ent of children; P u b lic em ploy
m ent offices in Sweden, 1902-1912. Miscellaneous: R eports from th e in d u strial courts
( C o n se ils de P r u d ’h o m m e s ), fourth quarter, 1914; E x p o rt trade of France, 1913-1914,
first three m onths of 1915; Production of sugar and alcohol; C urrent prices, January
to March, 1915; and prices of bread. Laws, decrees, orders, circulars relativ e to
industrial accidents, labor contracts, wages, p ublic employees, subsidies to m utual
benefit societies, housing of workingmen, trade unions, etc.
G e r m a n y - R e ic h s -A r b e its b la tt,
H e ra u sg eg eb en v o m
A b te ilu n g f ü r A r b e ite r s ta tis tik .
K a is e r lic h e n S ta tis tis c h e n A m te ,
B e r lin .
J u n e , 1 9 1 5 . —Labor m arket in Germany, May, 1915. Conditions in B erlin, May,
1915. Labor m arkets in foreign countries (G reat B ritain, N etherlands, Sw itzerland,
and B ritish colonies). Legislation: Prussian law on noncom m ercial em ploym ent
exchanges. E m ploym ent offices and unem ploym ent. W ar measures: Measures
taken in France to com bat unem ploym ent; M aternity benefits. Labor conditions:
Membership and wage statistics in th e Magdeburg sickness insurance fund; L im ita
tions upon attachm ent of wages. Social insurance: R esults of G erman accident in su r
ance during 1913; Sickness insurance reports from th e m iners’ funds, 1913. Labor
m arket statistics.
Great Britain.— T he
B o a r d o f T ra d e L a b o r G a ze tte .
London.
J u n e , 1 9 1 5 . —E m ploym ent chart. The labor m arket in May. Special articles on
E m ploym ent in Germ any in A pril ; R etail food prices in th e U n ited K ingdom a t 1st
Ju n e; Food prices in B erlin in A pril; R etail food prices in V ienna in A pril; Rise in
cost of living in Sweden; R egulation of food prices in Spain; Organization, in coal
m ines to increase o u tp u t; Changes in wages of agricultural laborers; Labor disputes
in G erm any. Conciliation and arbitration cases. G overnm ent work: com m ittee on
production. R eports on em ploym ent in th e p rincipal industries. Labor in th e
Dominions and in foreign countries. Board of trade labor exchanges. S tatistical
tables: Prices of bread, w heat, and flour; T rade disputes; Changes in rates of wages;
Sliding scale changes in wages; W om en’s em ploym ent bureaus; U nem ploym ent
insurance; Diseases of occupations; F atal in dustrial accidents; Pauperism ; Foreign
trade; Cooperative wholesale societies, qu arterly sales; D istress com m ittees; Pas
senger m ovem ent to and from th e U n ited Kingdom; Im m igration to and emigration
4418°—15-----6
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
82
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OF T H E BU R EA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
from U nited States; Em ergency grants to trade unions. Legal cases, official notices,
etc.
J u ly , 1 9 1 5 . —E m ploym ent chart. T he labor m arket in June, Special articles on
E m ploym ent in G erm any in May; E m ploym ent in D enm ark in May. R etail food
prices: U nited Kingdom on Ju ly 1; B erlin in M ay; V ienna in May. Farm servants
wages in Scotland. E m ploym ent of soldiers a t harvest. Produce of crops in the
U nited Kingdom in 1914. M unitions work bureaus. D anish labor arbitration court.
Conciliation and arbitration cases. Commonwealth of A ustralia; q u arterly statistics.
R eports on em ploym ent in th e p rin cip le industries. Labor in th e Dominions and in
foreign countries. Board of trad e labor exchanges. S tatistical tables: Prices of
w heat, flour, and bread; T rade disputes; Changes in rates of wages; B uilding plans;
Distress com m ittees; W om en’s em ploym ent bureaus; Diseases of occupations; F atal
industrial accidents; U nem ploym ent insurance; Pauperism ; Foreign trad e; Passenger
m ovem ent to and from th e U nited Kingdom ; Em ergency grants to trade unions. Legal
cases, official notices, etc.
Italy.- —B o le ttin o
d e ll’
U fficio d e l L a v o r o , M in is te r o d i A g r ic o ltu r a , I n d u s tr ia e C om m e rc io .
R om e.
(S e m im o n th ly .)
J u n e 1 , 1 9 1 5 . —Investigations
and provisions relativ e to unem ploym ent; Notices
of public works under construction; Labor m arket, b y locality and b y industries;
Labor disputes; R etail prices, A pril, 1915; E m ployers’ and em ployees’ associations;
Congresses and conventions; A ctivities of th e labor offices; In tern atio n al association
on unem ploym ent; Legislation relating to labor.
J u n e 1 6 , 1 9 1 5 . —Investigations and provisions relativ e to unem ploym ent; Notices
of public works under construction; Labor m arket, b y localities; Labor disputes;
E m ployers’ and em ployees’ associations; Congresses and conventions; A ctivities of
th e labor offices; Social insurance; Legislation and decisions of courts relating to
m atters of interest to labor.
J u l y 1 , 1 9 1 5 . —Investigations and provisions relativ e to unem ploym ent; Notices of
public works under construction; Labor m arket, b y locality and b y industries; Labor
disputes; R etail prices, May, 1915. E m ployers’ and em ployees’ associations, Con
gresses and conventions; A ctivities of th e labor offices; In tern atio n al association on
unem ploym ent; Legislation relating to labor.
N etherland s .—
M a n n d s c h rift v a n h et C e n tr a a l B u r e a u v o o r de S ta tis tie lc .
T he H a g u e .
M a y , 1 9 1 5 . —Review of th e labor m arket, 1915 and for May, 1915 (harbors and
fishing) ; Labor m arket conditions in th e b riq u ette in d u stry during th e w inter of
1914-15. Labor exchanges, A pril, 1915. U nem ploym ent and unem ploym ent
insurance, April, 1915. U nem ploym ent in th e b uilding trades. Strikes and lockouts
A pril, 1915; Strike of th e woodworkers a t Zaandam , W estzaan, and Zaandijk. Whole
sale and retail prices. Miscellaneous reports of social and economic im port (popula
tion, housing, harbor inspection, pensions, in d u strial accidents, w ar measures, tru ck
system, etc.). Foreign countries and th e w ar (D enm ark, Norway, Sweden, Finland,
Sw itzerland). Foreign countries: Labor m arket; E m ploym ent offices; Strikes and
lockouts; Wholesale and retail prices, etc. S tatistical tables: E m ploym ent ex
changes, A pril, 1915; B uilding and housing inspection, A pril, 1915; Factory licenses,
A pril, 1915; N um ber and occurrence of in d u strial diseases, A pril, 1915; S tate reve
nues, A pril 1914 and 1915. Laws and official docum ents concerning in dustrial acci
dents, wages of public employees, etc.
J u n e , 1 9 1 5 . —Introducto ry note. R eview of th e labor m arket, May, 1915. Labor
m arket, Ju n e, 1915 (harbors and fishing); Labor m arket conditions in b eet sugar
factories, 1914. E m ploym ent offices, May, 1915. U nem ploym ent, and unem ploy
m en t insurance, May, 1915. Strikes and lockouts, May, 1915. W holesale and retail
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OP T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STA TISTICS.
83
prices. Miscellaneous inform ation (housing, harbor inspection, old-age pensions,
industrial accidents, war measures, trades unions activities, January, 1915, labor con
tract, etc.). International: W ar measures in foreign countries (Germany, France,
Italy, A ustria, Belgium, Spain); U nem ploym ent in certain foreign countries during
th e w ar (Australia, Denm ark, Germany, G reat B ritain, and Ireland, Norway, Austria,
New York State, and Sweden); D iscount rates on letters of exchange in different
countries. Foreign countries: R eview of th e labor m arket; E m ploym ent offices;
Strikes and lockouts; Wholesale and retail prices; Miscellaneous information. Sta
tistical tables: E m ploym ent offices, May, 1915; B uilding and housing inspection,
May, 1915; Factory licenses, May, 1915; N um ber and occurrence of in d u strial dis
eases, May, 1915; State finances, May, 1915. Laws and official docum ents concerning
railroad employees, housing, emigration, etc.
N e w S o u th W a le s . — D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r a n d I n d u s tr y .
I n d u s tr ia l G a ze tte .
T he N e w S o u th
W ales
Sydney.
M a y , 1 9 1 5 .—Introductory m atter. The in d u strial situation, A pril, 1915: In d u s
trial arbitration and th e war; Em ergency legislation; Dislocations in industries and
unem ploym ent. Statistical review of annual returns from em ployers under th e
w orkm en’s com pensation act for th e year 1914. Special rules u n d er th e coal m ines
regulation act, 1912. Proclam ations of shopping districts u n d er th e early closing acts.
Awards continued under th e in d u strial arbitration act, 1912, from March 1 to A pril
30, 1915. Judicial and quasi-judicial proceedings: Court of in d u strial arbitration,
A pril, 1915; R eport of th e Ind u strial Registrar, April, 1915; Proceedings before mag
istrate courts, A pril, 1915, under th e early closing acts and th e factory and shops acts.
R eports from th e chief factory inspector’s office, labor exchanges, etc., A pril, 1915.
R eports relating to industrial boards (C onstitution and dissolution, appointm ents,
resignations, cost and tim e records), A pril, 1915. In d u strial awards and agreem ents
listed and filed, A pril 8 to May 12, 1915. A bridgm ent of records. Supplem ent,
relating to th e work of the labor exchanges, May, 1915.
N e w Z e a la n d . — J o u r n a l o f the D e p a r tm e n t o f L a b o r .
W e llin g to n .
M a y , 1 9 1 5 . —Labor. Conditions of em ploym ent and trade. W omen’s em ploym ent
branches (reports). U nions’ reports. R ecent legal decisions: Shops and offices act;
W orkers’ compensation act; Wages protection and contractors’ liens act, 1908. Sta
tistical: Persons assisted to em ploym ent, April, 1915; A ccidents in factories reported
up to A pril 27, 1915; U nions registered under th e industrial conciliation and arb itra
tion act, 1908; C urrent retail prices, A pril 30, 1915. Special articles on wage boards
in A ustralia; R etail food prices in th e U nited Kingdom Ju ly , 1914, to Jan u ary 1, 1915;
Food prices in B erlin; E m ploym ent of Belgian refugees; E m ploym ent in G erm any
as reported from th e B ritish Board of T rade Labor G azette.
J u n e , 1 9 1 5 . —Labor. Conditions of em ploym ent and trade. W omen’s em ploym ent
branches (reports). U nions’ reports. R ecen t legal decisions un d er th e shops and
offices act. R ecent legal decisions affecting labor in G reat B ritain. Statistical:
Persons assisted to em ploym ent during May, 1915; Cooperative works in New Zealand;
A ccidents in factories reported up to May 25, 1915; A ccidents reported under th e
scaffolding inspection act; U nions registered and canceled u n d er th e industrial con
ciliation and arbitration act, 1908; R etail prices May 31, 1915, and 1891-1914. Labor
and th e war (reprinted from contem porary review).
N o r w a y . — S o c ia le M ed d elelser u t g i t a v S o c ia la v d e lin g e n u n d e r D e p a r te m e n te t f o r S o c ia le
Salcer, H a n d e l, I n d u s tr i og F is h e ri.
N o . 2 - 3 , 1 9 1 5 .—Labor
C h r is tia n ia .
m arket in Norway, 1914; P ublic em ploym ent offices, 1914;
Labor m arket in Norway, Decem ber, 1914, to March, 1915; R etail prices, 1914; R etail
prices, January to March, 1915; R etail prices, O ctober to D ecember, 1914; Sickness
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
84
M O N T H L Y REV IEW OE T H E B U REA U OF LABOR STATISTICS.
insurance law; A ccident insurance for industrial workers, etc. ; A ccident insurance for
seamen and fishermen ; Sale of bread b y weight ; Price and w eight of bread in Norwegian
cities; Operations of local sick funds, 1913; Em igration legislation; Labor m arket in
Great B ritain and Ireland, 1914; Learning new trades in E ngland; Prices of necessi
ties in G erm any; B ill for th e legal regulation of em ploym ent exchanges in Germany;
German war insurance; Trade agreem ents in Germany.
S p a in .— B o le tín d e l I n s titu to de R e fo r m a s S o c ia le s , P u b lic a c ió n M e n s u a l.
M a d rid .
J u n e , 1 9 1 5 .—R eport of th e secretary’s office and of th e special divisions. Statistics:
Accidents; Strikes R etail prices and cost of living, etc. Conventions and con
gresses. C urrent legislation, bills, and decrees, etc. R eports from foreign countries:
Strikes and lockouts in France and Italy .
S w e d e n .—S o c ia ls ty r e ls e n , S o c ia la M e d d e la n d e n .
S to c k h o lm .
N o . 5, 1 9 1 5 .—State and m unicipal measures pending th e war (Reports of th e State
unem ploym ent commission and th e commission on food prices). Labor m arket dur
ing the first quarter, 1915. U nem ploym ent among trade unions, Jan u ary 1, F eb
ruary 1, March 1, 1915. War measures in foreign countries (Austria). State sub
ventions to tobacco workers. M unicipal building activ ity , 1913. Proposed new
poor relief law. Analysis of th e causes of poverty. Proposed form of instruction in
and outside th e public schools concerning th e benefits of total abstinence. A ctivities
of the factory inspectors January to March, 1915. R eports of th e factory inspectors
on fatal industrial accidents. Brief notices concerning collective agreem ents in
G ermany, 1913, and in Austria, 1912; Strikes and lockouts in Austria, 1913; D anish
sick benefit law, 1914; R eports from th e state insurance in stitu te, Jan u ary to April,
1915; Labor m arket in E ngland, March, 1915; Labor m arket in G erm any during
March and up to th e m iddle of April, 1915; U nem ploym ent in D enm ark, 1914; Co
operation in D enm ark; Housing and rents in Stockholm, 1915; R etail prices in
E ngland, March, 1915. P ublic em ploym ent offices in Sweden, A pril, 1915. Retail
prices, A pril, 1915, and sum m ary from 1904 to April, 1915. Prices of farm animals
in Sweden, 1904 to April, 1915, and February to April, 1915. Fish prices in Stock
holm from March, 1914, to April, 1915. R eports from th e R oyal Pension B ureau.
N o . 6, 1 9 1 5 .—State and m unicipal measures pending th e war (Reports of th e State
unem ploym ent commission). War measures in th e foreign countries (G erm any).
R etail prices in certain European countries since th e outbreak of th e war. Social
questions before th e parliam entary session of 1915 (health and safety of employees,
unem ploym ent, sm all holdings and housing, prohibition, pension legislation, taxes
and subsidies). A ccidents in loading and unloading of ships, 1914. Labor disputes
in Sweden, 1914. Jud icial aspects of collective agreements. R oyal notification con
cerning state subsidies to labor exchanges. Pension legislation. R eports of the
factory inspectors on fatal in dustrial accidents. Brief notices: Labor disputes in
G ermany, 1914; Compulsory arbitration in Norway; A ctivities of th e S tate insurance
in stitu te, January to May, 1915; New D anish sick benefit law; Sickness insurance in
G ermany, 1913, and in v alid ity and survivors insurance, 1914; Labor m arket in Eng
land, April, 1915, and in Germany, A pril to May, 1915; A pprenticeship among factory
employees, and housing in certain cities in Sweden. P u b lic em ploym ent offices in
Sweden, May, 1915. R etail prices, May, 1915, w ith sum m ary from 1904 to May, 1915.
Prices of farm anim als in Sweden, March, 1915, to May, 1915. Fish prices in Stock
holm, April, 1914, to May, 1915. R eports from th e R oyal Pension Bureau.
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
o
( C o n tin u e d fr o m s e c o n d p a g e o f co ver.)
Women in Industry.
No. 1. H ours, earnings, and duration of em ploym ent of wage-earning women in selected industries in
the D istrict of Columbia. (B ui. No. 116.)
No. 2. W orking hours of women in th e pea canneries of W isconsin. (B u i. No. 119.)
No. 3. E m ploym ent of women in power laundries in Milwaukee. (B ui. No. 122.)
No. 4. H ours, earnings, an d conditions of labor of women in In d iana m ercantile establishm ents and
garm ent factories. (B u i. No. 160.)
No. 6. Sum m ary of th e report on condition of w oman and child wage earners in the U nited States.
(B u i. No. 175.)
No. 6. Effect of m inimum -wage determ inations in Oregon. (B ui. No. 176.)
No. 7. W omen in th e boot and shoe in d u stry in M assachusetts. (B ui. No. 180.) [In press.]
Workmen’s Insurance and Compensation (including laws relating thereto).
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
No. 6.
Industrial
Care of tuberculous wage earners in G ermany. (B ui. No. 101.)
B ritish N ational Insurance Act, 1911. (B u i. No. 102.)
Sickness and accident insurance law of Switzerland. (B ui. No. 103.)
Law relating to insurance of salaried employees in Germany. ( Bui. No. 107.)
W orkm en’s compensation law s of th e U nited States and foreign countries. (B ui. No. 126.)
Compensation for accidents to employees of the U nited States. (B ui. No. 155.)
Accidents and Hygiene.
No. 1. Lead poisoning in potteries, tile works, and porcelain enameled sanitary ware factories.
No. 104.)
No. 2. Hygiene of the p ain ters’ trade. (B ui. No. 120.)
No. 3. Dangers to workers from dusts a n d fumes, a n d m ethods of protection. (B ui. No. 127.)
No. 4. Lead poisoning in th e sm elting and refining of lead. (B ui. No. 141.)
No. 5. In d u strial accident statistics. (B u i. No. 157.)
No. 6. Lead poisoning in th e m anufacture of storage batteries. (B ui. No. 165.)
No. 7. In d u strial poisons used in th e ru b b er in d u stry . (B ui. No. 179.)
Conciliation and Arbitration (including strikes and lockouts).
(Bui.
No. 1. Conciliation and arbitration in the building trades of Greater New York. (Bui. No. 124.)
No. 2. R eport of th e industrial council of th e B ritish B oard of Trade on its inquiry into industrial
agreements. (B ui. No. 133.)
No. 3. Michigan copper d istrict strike. (B ui. No. 139.)
No. 4. In d u strial court of th e cloak, suit, a n d sk irt in d u stry of New Y ork City. (B ui. No. 144.)
No. 5. Conciliation, arbitration, a n d sanitation in th e dress a n d w aist indu stry of New York City.
(B ui. No. 145.)
Labor Laws of the United States (including decisions of courts relating to labor).
No. 1. Labor legislation of 1912. (B u i. No. 111.)
No. 2. Decisions of courts a n d opinions affecting labor, 1912. (B ui. No. 112.)
No. 3. Labor laws of th e U nited States, w ith decisions of courts relating thereto.
No. 4. Decisions of courts and opinions affecting labor, 1913. (B ui. No. 152.)
No. 5. Labor legislation of 1914. (B u i. No. 166.)
No. 6. Decisions of courts affecting labor, 1914. (B ui. No. 169.)
Foreign Labor Laws.
(B ui. No. 148.)
No. 1. A dm inistration of labor law s and factory inspection in certain European countries.
No. 142.)
(Bui.
M iscellaneous Series.
No. 1. Statistics of unem ploym ent and th e work of em ploym ent offices in the U nited States. (B ui.
No. 109.)
No. 2. Prohibition of nightw ork of young persons. (B ui. No. 117.)
No. 3. Ten-hour m axim um working day for women and young persons. (B ui. No. 118.)
No. 4. E m ployers’ welfare work. (B ui. No. 123.)
No. 5. G overnm ent aid to hom e owning and housing of working people in foreign countries. (B ui.
No. 158.)
No. 6. Short-unit courses for wage earners, an d a factory school experim ent. (B ui. No. 159.)
No. 7. Vocational education survey of R ichm ond, Va. (B u i. No. 162.)
No. 8. Minimum-wage legislation in th e U nited States and foreign countries. (B ui. No. 167.)
No. 9. Foreign food prices as affected b y th e war. (B ui. No. 170.)
No. 10. U nem ploym ent in New Y ork City, N. Y. (B ui. No. 172.)
No. 11. Subject index of the publications of th e U nited States Bureau of Labor Statistics up to May 1,
1915. (B ui. No. 174.)
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
https://fraser.stlouisfed.org
Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis
@FedFRASER